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c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
Competition among individuals of the same species is referred to as _________ competition [Ecosystem]
Intraspecific
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
When competing individuals deplete a shared resources without direct interaction, it is called __________ competition [Ecosystem]
exploitation
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
_________ growth is the inverse relationship between population density and individual growth [Ecosystem]
density dependent
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
A _________ consists of a group of local,interacting subpopulations that are linked by dispersal [Ecosystem]
metapopulation
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
At the _______ scale, population dynaimcs are governed by the interaction of local popultions [Ecosystem]
regional
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
Metapopulation persistence is a dynamic balance between the _________ and (re)colonization of empty habitat patches [Ecosystem]
extinction
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
A ______ populaiton cannot support a positive population growth and is only able to persist when idividuals immigrate from elsewhere [Ecosystem]
sink
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
At the _______, or within-patch scale, individuals move and interact with each other in the course of their routine feeding and breeding activities [Ecosystem]
local
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
_________ occurs when a species expands its niche in response to the removal of a competitor [Ecosystem]
competitive release
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
_________ is a defense mechanism in which a similar color pattern is shared by many unpalatable or venemous species [Ecosystem]
Melerian mimicry
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
___________ is the intimate and protracted association betweeen two or more organisms of different species [Ecosystem]
symbiosis
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
c3455116_99_final_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecosystem
________ refers to the proportion of individuals in differentage classes [Ecosystem]
age structure
[]
NRCM 299 final Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecosystem
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nrcm-299-final-2190248
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00072-ip-10-236-191-2_387403394_0.json
451f3c42_05_Ch_26_Flashcards___Cram_com__fibrous_sac_encasing_the_heart
The coronary arteries arise for the?
Aorta near the origin of the left ventricle.
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NUR 205 Ch 26 Flashcards - Cram.com
Thin fibrous sac encasing the heart
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nur-205-ch-26-3088276
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00269-ip-10-236-191-2_385514929_0.json
451f3c42_05_Ch_26_Flashcards___Cram_com__fibrous_sac_encasing_the_heart
The pacemaker for the entire myocardium is the?
Sinoatrial node.
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NUR 205 Ch 26 Flashcards - Cram.com
Thin fibrous sac encasing the heart
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nur-205-ch-26-3088276
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00269-ip-10-236-191-2_385514929_0.json
451f3c42_05_Ch_26_Flashcards___Cram_com__fibrous_sac_encasing_the_heart
The intrinsic pace maker rate of ventricular myocardial cells is?
Fewer than 40 beats per min.
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NUR 205 Ch 26 Flashcards - Cram.com
Thin fibrous sac encasing the heart
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nur-205-ch-26-3088276
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00269-ip-10-236-191-2_385514929_0.json
451f3c42_05_Ch_26_Flashcards___Cram_com__fibrous_sac_encasing_the_heart
An example of a beta blocker that is administered to decrease automaticity is?
Lopressor
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NUR 205 Ch 26 Flashcards - Cram.com
Thin fibrous sac encasing the heart
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nur-205-ch-26-3088276
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00269-ip-10-236-191-2_385514929_0.json
451f3c42_05_Ch_26_Flashcards___Cram_com__fibrous_sac_encasing_the_heart
So that blood may flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery which of the following conditions is not required? a. the atriventricular valves must be closed. b. the pulmonic valve must be open. c. Right ventricular pressure muct be less than pulmonany arterial pressure. d. right ventricular pressure must ris...
c
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NUR 205 Ch 26 Flashcards - Cram.com
Thin fibrous sac encasing the heart
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nur-205-ch-26-3088276
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00269-ip-10-236-191-2_385514929_0.json
451f3c42_05_Ch_26_Flashcards___Cram_com__fibrous_sac_encasing_the_heart
Heart rate is stimulated by all of the following except: a. excess thyroid hormone. b. increased levels of circulating catecholamines. c. they sympathetic nervous system. d. The vagus nerve.
d
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NUR 205 Ch 26 Flashcards - Cram.com
Thin fibrous sac encasing the heart
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/nur-205-ch-26-3088276
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00269-ip-10-236-191-2_385514929_0.json
2d7e14e9_volution_Flashcards___Cram_com__biogeography
The process by which species of living things undergo modification in successive generations, with such modification sometimes resulting in the formation of new, separate species. [biogeography]
common descent with modification
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Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com
biogeography
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-chapter-16-an-introduction-to-evolution-787495
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00270-ip-10-236-191-2_382314449_0.json
2d7e14e9_volution_Flashcards___Cram_com__biogeography
A process in which the differential adaptation of organisms to their environment selects those traits that will be passed on with greater frequency from one generation to the next. [biogeography]
natural selection
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Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com
biogeography
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-chapter-16-an-introduction-to-evolution-787495
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00270-ip-10-236-191-2_382314449_0.json
2d7e14e9_volution_Flashcards___Cram_com__biogeography
The unified evolutionary theory that resulted from the convergence of several lines of biological research between 1937 and 1950. [biogeography]
modern synthesis
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Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com
biogeography
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-chapter-16-an-introduction-to-evolution-787495
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00270-ip-10-236-191-2_382314449_0.json
2d7e14e9_volution_Flashcards___Cram_com__biogeography
A technique for determining the age of objects by measuring the decay of the radioactive elements within them. The age of fossils can be determined with this technique. [biogeography]
radiometric dating
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Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com
biogeography
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-chapter-16-an-introduction-to-evolution-787495
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00270-ip-10-236-191-2_382314449_0.json
2d7e14e9_volution_Flashcards___Cram_com__biogeography
The physical form of an organism. [biogeography]
morphology
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Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com
biogeography
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-chapter-16-an-introduction-to-evolution-787495
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00270-ip-10-236-191-2_382314449_0.json
2d7e14e9_volution_Flashcards___Cram_com__biogeography
The study of how animals develop from fertilization to birth. [biogeography]
embryology
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Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com
biogeography
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-chapter-16-an-introduction-to-evolution-787495
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00270-ip-10-236-191-2_382314449_0.json
2d7e14e9_volution_Flashcards___Cram_com__biogeography
In anatomy, having the same structure owing to inheritance from a common ancestor. Forelimb structures in whales, bats, cats, and gorillas are homologous. [biogeography]
homologous
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Biology Chapter 16: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards - Cram.com
biogeography
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-chapter-16-an-introduction-to-evolution-787495
43/1438042988399.65_20150728002308-00270-ip-10-236-191-2_382314449_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
Adults- 60% Infants- 70-80% Varies with gender, age, and body mass
Water accounts for what percentage of the body in adults? infants?
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)- inside cell Extracellular Fluid (ECF)- outside cell Trans-cellular Fluid- specialized cavities
Three different fluid compartments of the body
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
Input, Output
Water _____ must equal water _____.
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
Positive Negative
Cation are ____ charged. Anions are ____ charged.
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (Water movement) Ex.- Lump of sugar in water.
Diffusion is? Give example.
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
Like simple diffusion, however when it is combined with a specific carrier molecule the rate of diffusion accelerates. Ex.- Glucose transport in a cell
Facilitated Diffusion is? Give example.
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
a process in which molecules move against the concentration gradient. Ex.- Sodium potassium pump
Active transport is? Give example.
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
the movement of WATER between two comparments seperated by a semipermeable membrane. Water moves through the membrane to the area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Osmosis is?
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
275- 295 mOsm/kg
What is the normal plasma osmolality range?
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
That the concentration of particles is too great or that the water content is too little, termed water deficit.
A plasma osmolality of greater than 295 mOsm/kg indicates?
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
Too little solute for the amount of water or too much water for the solute, termed water excess.
A plasma osmolality of less than 275 mOsm/kg indicates?
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
Fluids with the same osmolality as the cell interior.
Definition of olutiIsotonic
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
Solutions in which the solutes are less concentrated than the cells. Water moves into the cell.
Definition of hypotonic. Effect on cells?
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
Solutions in which the solutes are more concentrated than the cells. Water moves out the cell.
Definition of hypertonic. Effect on cells?
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
the major force that pushes water out of the vascular system at the capillary level.
Hydrostatic pressure is?
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
the force that pulls fluid into the vascular space.
Oncotic pressure is?
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
First Spacing- normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF Second Spacing- Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid. Edema Third Spacing- Fluid accumulation in part of the body where it is not easily exchanged with ECF.
Fluid Spacing What does each mean? First Spacing Second Spacing Third Spacing
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
A body fluid deficit or increase in plasma osmolality is sensed by osmpreceptors which stimulates thirst and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release. ADH causes water reabsorption resulting in increased free water in body and decreased plasma osmolality.
Regulation of Water Balance Describe Hypothalamic Regulation
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
;Releases ADH, regulating water retention. Water is resorbed into the blood and not excreted in the urine.
Regulation of Water Balance Describe Pituitary regulation
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
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Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids help to regulate water and electrolytes. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) have an antiinflammatory effect and increase serum glucose levels. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) enhance sodium retention and potassium excretion. When Sodium is absorbed, water folllows.
Regulation of Water Balance Describe Adrenal Cortical Regulation
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The kidneys regulate water balance by adjusting urine volume.
Regulation of Water Balance Describe Renal Regulation
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Natriuretic peptides are natural antagonists to the RAAS. Produced in response to increased atrial pressure and high serum sodium levels. They act on the renal tubules to promote excretion of sodium and water, resulting in a decrease in blood volume and BP.
Regulation of Water Balance Describe Cardiac Regulation
[]
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Is the invisible vaporization from the lungs and skin, assists in regulating body temp.
Regulation of Water Balance Describe Insensible Water Loss
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- decrease in the glomerular filtration rate - decreased creatinine clearance - the loss of the ability to concentrate urine and conserve water - narrowed limits for the excretion of H2O, Na, K, and H - decrease in renin and aldosterone - increase in ADH and ANP - decrease in the thirst mechanism
Changes in the elderly that increase their susceptibility to F& E imbalances.
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- Illness and Conditions: GI issues, CVD, Renal disease, burns, endocrine disorders, cirrhosis of the liver, pulmonary disease - Interventions and treatments: surgery, medications, IV fluids, NG suctioning, low Na diets, NPO status - Stress
Factors contributing to F&E Imbalances
[]
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EVERYONE
Who do you assess for F& E imbalances?
[]
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Hypervolemia
Fluid volume excess is called?
[]
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- results from excessive intake of fluids, anormal rentention of fluids, or interstitial to plasma fluid shift, HF, Renal failure - S/S: cough, SOB, JVD, bounding pulse, crackles, weight gain, HTN, change in LOC, peripheral edema, increased BP - Treatment: diuretics and fluid restriction, Na might also be restricted
Fluid Volume Excess Results from? S/S? Treatment?
[]
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Hypovolemia
Fluid volume deficit is called?
[]
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- results from loss of normal body fluids, decreased intake, plasma to interstitial fluid shift, diabetes insipidus, hemorrhage - S/S: decreased urine output, concentrated urine, weakness, weight loss, orthostatic hypotension, low BP, poor skin tugor, dry mucous membranes, thirst - treatment: balanced IV solutions give...
Fluid volume deficit Results from? S/S? Treatment?
[]
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22-26 mEq/L
Normal serum electrolyte values Bicarbonate
[]
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96-106 mEq/L
Normal serum electrolyte values Chloride
[]
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2.4- 4.4 mg/dL
Normal serum electrolyte values Phosphate
[]
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3.5- 5.0 mEq/L
Normal serum electrolyte values Potassium
[]
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1.5- 2.5 mEq/L
Normal serum electrolyte values Magnesium
[]
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135- 145 mEg/L
Normal serum electrolyte values Sodium
[]
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8.5- 10.3 mEq/dl
Normal serum electrolyte values Calcium
[]
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an elevated serum sodium may occur with water loss or sodium gain
Hypernatremia is?
[]
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a loss of sodium containing fluids, from water excess or combination of both
Hyponatremia is?
[]
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- IV fluids - hypertonic tube feedings without water supplements - inadequate water intake - excessive water loss - disease states: diabetes insipidus, Cushings, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Causes of hypernatremia
[]
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- restlessness, agitation, twitching, seizures, coma - intense thirst, dry, swollen tongue - postural hypotension, decreased CVP, weight loss - weakness, lethargy
Symptoms of hypernatremia with decreased ECF volume
[]
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What are the functions of body water?
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- restlessness, agitation, twitching, seizures, coma - intense thirst, flushed skin - weight gain, peripheral and pulmonary edema, increased BP and CVP
Symptoms of hypernatremia with increased ECF volume
[]
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If oral fluids can not be given, IV solutions of 5% dextrose in water or hypotonic solution. Must decrease Na levels gradually to prevent shift in of water back into the cells, it can cause cerebral edema. Diuretics may also be given. Dietary Na intake may be restricted
Treatmeant of hypernatremia
[]
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- excessive sodium loss: GI losses, renal losses, skin losses - inadequate sodium intake: fasting diets - excessive water gain: excessive hypotonic IV fluids - disease states: SIADH, HF, primary hyperaldosteronism
Causes of hyponatremia
[]
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What are the functions of body water?
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- irritability, apprehension, confusion, dizziness, personality changes - dry mucous membranes - postural hypotension, decreased CVP and jugular venous filling, tachycardia, thready pulse - cold and clammy skin
Symptoms of hyponatremia with decreased ECF volume
[]
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What are the functions of body water?
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- headache, apathy, confusion, muscle spasms, seizures, coma - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps - weight gain, increased BP and CVP
Symptoms of hyponatremia with increased ECF volume
[]
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What are the functions of body water?
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Caused by water excess, Fluid restriction is often all that is needed. For severe symptoms, small amounts of IV hypertonic saline solution (3% NaCl) are given. For hyponatremia with fluid loss, treatment includes fluid replacement with sodium containing solutions.
Treatment of hyponatremia
[]
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- Transmission and conduction of nerve impulses - Maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms - Skeletal muscle contraction - Acid-base balance
Potassium is necessary for what 4 things?
[]
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high serum potassium
Hyperkalemia is?
[]
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low serum potassium
Hypokalemia is?
[]
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- Excess K intake: excessive or rapid parenteral administration, K containing drugs, K containing salt substitute - Shift of K out of cells: acidosis, tissue catabolism (fever, burns), crush injury, tumor lysis syndrome - Failure to eliminate K: renal disease, K-sparing diuretics, adrenal insufficiency, ACE inhibitors
Causes of hyperkalemia
[]
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- Irritability, anxiety - Abdominal cramping, diarrhea - Weakness of lower extremities - Paresthesias - Irregular pulse, cardiac arrhythmias - Cardiac arrest if hyperkalemia is sudden or severe
Symptoms of hyperkalemia
[]
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- Eliminate oral and parenteral potassium intake - Increase elimination of K: diuretics, dialysis, increased fluid intake - Force K from the ECF to the ICF: administration of IV insulin with glucose or IV sodium bicarb in the correction of acidosis - Reverse the membrane potential effects of the elevated ECF K: adminis...
Treatments for hyperkalemia
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- Potassium loss: GI losses, renal losses, skin losses, dialysis - Shift of K into cells: increased insulin, alkalosis, tissue repair - Lack of K intake: stravation, diet low in K, failure to include potassium in parenteral fluids if NPO
Causes of Hypokalemia
[]
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- Fatigue, muscle weakness, leg cramps, soft, flabby muscles, decreased reflexes - Nausea, vomiting - weak, irregular pulse - polyuria - Hyperglycemia
Symptoms of hypokalemia
[]
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- Giving potassium chloride supplements (orally or IV) and increasing dietary intake of potassium - NEVER give KCl IV push or in concentrated amounts
Treatments for hypokalemia
[]
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- Blocks sodium transport - Stabilizes cell membrane - Transmission of nerve impluses - Myocardial contractions - Blood clotting - Formation of teeth and bone - Muscle contractions
What are the functions of calcium?
[]
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excessive calcium > 10.2 mg/dL
Hypercalcemia is?
[]
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low calcium levels < 8.6 mg/dL
Hypocalcemia is?
[]
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- Increased total calcium: multiple myeloma, prolonged immobilization, hyperparathyroidism, Vit D overdose, thiazide diuretics, milk-alkali syndrome
Causes of hypercalcemia
[]
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- Lethargy, weakness, depressed reflexes, bone pain, fractures - Decreased memory, confusion, personality changes, psychosis - Anorexia, nausea, vomiting - Polyuria, dehydration - Nephrolithiasis - Stupor, coma
Symptoms of hypercalcemia
[]
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- Decreased total calcium: chronic kidney disease, elevated phosphorus, primary hyperparathyroidism, Vit D deficiency, Mg deficiency, loop diuretics, diarrhea - Decreased ionized Ca: alkalosis, excess admin of citrated blood
Causes of hypocalcemia
[]
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- Depression, anxiety, confusion - Numbness and tingling in extremities and around mouth - Hyperreflexia, muscle cramps - Chvostek's sign - Trousseau's sign - Tetany, seizures
Symptoms of hypocalcemia
[]
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Contraction of facial muscles in response to a light tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear.
Chvostek's sign is?
[]
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Refers to carpal spasms induced by inflating a BP cuff on the arm above the systolic pressure. Shows up within 3 minutes.
Trousseau's sign is?
[]
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- Oral or IV Ca supplements - Diet high in Ca rich foods - Vit D supplements
Treatment of hypocalcemia
[]
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- Function of muscle - RBCs - Nervous system - Deposited with Ca for bone and tooth structure
Phosphate main functions are?
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http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
excess of phosphate > 4.4 mg/dL
Hyperphosphatemia is?
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Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
low serum phosphate < 2.4 mg/dL
Hypophosphatemia is?
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
- Renal failure - Chemotherapeutic agents - Enemas containing phosphorus - Excessive ingestion - Large Vit D intake - Hypoparathyrodism
Causes of hyperphosphatemia
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
- Hypocalcemia - Muscle problems, tetany - Deposition of Ca
Symptoms of hyperphosphatemia
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
- Dietary phosphate should be restricted - adequate hypdration and correction of hypocalemia can enhance the renal excretion of phosphate
Treatment of hyperphosphatemia
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
Reciprocal When there are high serum phosphate levels there are low calcium levels
Phosphate and calcium have a _______ relationship?
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
- Malabsorption syndrome - Nutritional recovery syndrome - Glucose admin - TPN - Alcohol withdrawal - Phosphate- binding antacids - Respiratory alkalosis
Causes of hypophosphatemia
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json
921b39e7_trolytes_Flashcards___Cram_com__e_the_functions_of_body_water_
- CNS dysfunction - Muscle weakness - Renal tubular wasting of Mg, Ca, HCO3 - Cardiac problems - Osteomalacia
Symptoms of hypophosphatemia
[]
Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the functions of body water?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/fluid-and-electrolytes-1634016
43/1438042989042.37_20150728002309-00292-ip-10-236-191-2_383216150_0.json