context
stringlengths
152
1.15k
question
stringlengths
13
207
answer
stringlengths
1
171
context_length
int64
22
175
question_length
int64
3
30
answer_length
int64
0
30
during the permian all the earth ' s major land masses , except portions of east asia , were collected into a single supercontinent known as pangaea . pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles , with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean ( panthalassa , the universal sea )...
what was the largest ocean during the permian called ?
panthalassa
155
10
1
during the permian all the earth ' s major land masses , except portions of east asia , were collected into a single supercontinent known as pangaea . pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles , with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean ( panthalassa , the universal sea )...
there was an ocean between gondwana and asia in the permian , what was it ?
paleo tethys ocean
155
16
3
during the permian all the earth ' s major land masses , except portions of east asia , were collected into a single supercontinent known as pangaea . pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles , with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean ( panthalassa , the universal sea )...
the moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the paleo tethys ?
cimmeria
155
16
1
during the permian all the earth ' s major land masses , except portions of east asia , were collected into a single supercontinent known as pangaea . pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles , with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean ( panthalassa , the universal sea )...
during which period was the tehtys ocean dominant ?
the mesozoic era
155
9
3
during the cretaceous , the late paleozoic early mesozoic supercontinent of pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents , although their positions were substantially different at the time . as the atlantic ocean widened , the convergent margin orogenies that had begun during the jurassic continued in the ...
the current continents were formerly known as what continent ?
pangaea
134
10
1
during the cretaceous , the late paleozoic early mesozoic supercontinent of pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents , although their positions were substantially different at the time . as the atlantic ocean widened , the convergent margin orogenies that had begun during the jurassic continued in the ...
which oregenies followed the nevadan in the cretaceous ?
sevier and laramide
134
9
3
during the cretaceous , the late paleozoic early mesozoic supercontinent of pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents , although their positions were substantially different at the time . as the atlantic ocean widened , the convergent margin orogenies that had begun during the jurassic continued in the ...
south america was formerly which continent ?
gondwana
134
7
1
during the cretaceous , the late paleozoic early mesozoic supercontinent of pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents , although their positions were substantially different at the time . as the atlantic ocean widened , the convergent margin orogenies that had begun during the jurassic continued in the ...
the rifting in the cretaceous had what result on the oceans ?
raising eustatic sea levels
134
12
4
during the cretaceous , the late paleozoic early mesozoic supercontinent of pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents , although their positions were substantially different at the time . as the atlantic ocean widened , the convergent margin orogenies that had begun during the jurassic continued in the ...
antarctica was a part of what supercontinent ?
gondwana
134
8
1
the cenozoic era covers the 66 million years since the cretaceous paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day . by the end of the mesozoic era , the continents had rifted into nearly their present form . laurasia became north america and eurasia , while gondwana split into south america , africa , au...
how many years long was the cenozoic era ?
66 million years
104
9
3
the cenozoic era covers the 66 million years since the cretaceous paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day . by the end of the mesozoic era , the continents had rifted into nearly their present form . laurasia became north america and eurasia , while gondwana split into south america , africa , au...
which extinction marked the beginning of the cenozoic era ?
cretaceous paleogene extinction event
104
10
4
the cenozoic era covers the 66 million years since the cretaceous paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day . by the end of the mesozoic era , the continents had rifted into nearly their present form . laurasia became north america and eurasia , while gondwana split into south america , africa , au...
what geologic period are we in currently ?
cenozoic era
104
8
2
the cenozoic era covers the 66 million years since the cretaceous paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day . by the end of the mesozoic era , the continents had rifted into nearly their present form . laurasia became north america and eurasia , while gondwana split into south america , africa , au...
at the end of which era had the continents taken roughly their current shape ?
mesozoic
104
15
1
the cenozoic era covers the 66 million years since the cretaceous paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day . by the end of the mesozoic era , the continents had rifted into nearly their present form . laurasia became north america and eurasia , while gondwana split into south america , africa , au...
the collision of the indian sub continent and the asian plate created which mountain range ?
the himalayas
104
16
2
in many ways , the paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late cretaceous period . during the paleocene , the continents continued to drift toward their present positions . supercontinent laurasia had not yet separated into three continents . europe and greenland were still connected . north america an...
how many continents did laurasia break into ?
three
174
8
1
in many ways , the paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late cretaceous period . during the paleocene , the continents continued to drift toward their present positions . supercontinent laurasia had not yet separated into three continents . europe and greenland were still connected . north america an...
in the paleocene period greenland was joined to which continent ?
north america
174
11
2
in many ways , the paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late cretaceous period . during the paleocene , the continents continued to drift toward their present positions . supercontinent laurasia had not yet separated into three continents . europe and greenland were still connected . north america an...
what mountain chain in the cretaceous was lifted as a result of the laramide oregeny ?
the rocky mountains
174
16
3
in many ways , the paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late cretaceous period . during the paleocene , the continents continued to drift toward their present positions . supercontinent laurasia had not yet separated into three continents . europe and greenland were still connected . north america an...
in which period did north and south america join ?
neogene
174
10
1
in many ways , the paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late cretaceous period . during the paleocene , the continents continued to drift toward their present positions . supercontinent laurasia had not yet separated into three continents . europe and greenland were still connected . north america an...
which ocean was closed when africa moved northward during the paleocene ?
tethys
174
12
1
during the eocene ( 56 million years ago 33 . 9 million years ago ) , the continents continued to drift toward their present positions . at the beginning of the period , australia and antarctica remained connected , and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder antarctic waters , distributing the heat around the world...
during what years did the eocene period take place ?
56 million years ago 33 . 9 million years ago
137
10
10
during the eocene ( 56 million years ago 33 . 9 million years ago ) , the continents continued to drift toward their present positions . at the beginning of the period , australia and antarctica remained connected , and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder antarctic waters , distributing the heat around the world...
australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the eocene ?
antarctica
137
14
1
during the eocene ( 56 million years ago 33 . 9 million years ago ) , the continents continued to drift toward their present positions . at the beginning of the period , australia and antarctica remained connected , and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder antarctic waters , distributing the heat around the world...
how long ago did antarctica and australia split ?
around 45 ma
137
9
3
during the eocene ( 56 million years ago 33 . 9 million years ago ) , the continents continued to drift toward their present positions . at the beginning of the period , australia and antarctica remained connected , and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder antarctic waters , distributing the heat around the world...
around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun ?
40 million years
137
16
3
during the eocene ( 56 million years ago 33 . 9 million years ago ) , the continents continued to drift toward their present positions . at the beginning of the period , australia and antarctica remained connected , and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder antarctic waters , distributing the heat around the world...
the mixing of equatorial currents with antarctic waters in the eocene resulted in what ?
keeping global temperatures high
137
15
4
the northern supercontinent of laurasia began to break up , as europe , greenland and north america drifted apart . in western north america , mountain building started in the eocene , and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts . in europe , the tethys sea finally vanished , while the uplift of the alp...
during which period did mountains form in the western part of north america ?
eocene
128
14
1
the northern supercontinent of laurasia began to break up , as europe , greenland and north america drifted apart . in western north america , mountain building started in the eocene , and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts . in europe , the tethys sea finally vanished , while the uplift of the alp...
in the eocene , in europe , which sea ceased to be ?
tethys sea
128
13
2
the northern supercontinent of laurasia began to break up , as europe , greenland and north america drifted apart . in western north america , mountain building started in the eocene , and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts . in europe , the tethys sea finally vanished , while the uplift of the alp...
the mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the eocene ?
tethys sea
128
14
2
the northern supercontinent of laurasia began to break up , as europe , greenland and north america drifted apart . in western north america , mountain building started in the eocene , and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts . in europe , the tethys sea finally vanished , while the uplift of the alp...
what began to form in the flat basins in north america during the eocene ?
huge lakes
128
15
2
the northern supercontinent of laurasia began to break up , as europe , greenland and north america drifted apart . in western north america , mountain building started in the eocene , and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts . in europe , the tethys sea finally vanished , while the uplift of the alp...
which oregeny was created when india collided with asia ?
the himalayan orogeny
128
10
3
antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap . mountain building in western north america continued , and the alps started to rise in europe as the african plate continued to push north into the eurasian plate , isolating the remnants of tethys sea . a brief marine incursion ma...
what permanent structure formed on antarctica ?
ice cap
122
7
2
antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap . mountain building in western north america continued , and the alps started to rise in europe as the african plate continued to push north into the eurasian plate , isolating the remnants of tethys sea . a brief marine incursion ma...
the lift of which mountain range in europe was the result of the african plate moving north into the eurasian ?
the alps
122
21
2
antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap . mountain building in western north america continued , and the alps started to rise in europe as the african plate continued to push north into the eurasian plate , isolating the remnants of tethys sea . a brief marine incursion ma...
during what period was there a land bridge joining europe and north america ?
oligocene
122
14
1
antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap . mountain building in western north america continued , and the alps started to rise in europe as the african plate continued to push north into the eurasian plate , isolating the remnants of tethys sea . a brief marine incursion ma...
in the oligocene period south america broke free from what other continent ?
antarctica
122
13
1
antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap . mountain building in western north america continued , and the alps started to rise in europe as the african plate continued to push north into the eurasian plate , isolating the remnants of tethys sea . a brief marine incursion ma...
which current resulted in the cooling of antarctica ?
the antarctic circumpolar current
122
9
4
during the miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions . of the modern geologic features , only the land bridge between south america and north america was absent , the subduction zone along the pacific ocean margin of south america caused the rise of the andes and the southward extension of th...
the formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the pacific ocean side of south america ?
the andes
134
22
2
during the miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions . of the modern geologic features , only the land bridge between south america and north america was absent , the subduction zone along the pacific ocean margin of south america caused the rise of the andes and the southward extension of th...
which continent was india colliding with in the miocene ?
asia
134
10
1
during the miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions . of the modern geologic features , only the land bridge between south america and north america was absent , the subduction zone along the pacific ocean margin of south america caused the rise of the andes and the southward extension of th...
when africa was colliding with eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the miocene ?
the tethys seaway
134
15
3
during the miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions . of the modern geologic features , only the land bridge between south america and north america was absent , the subduction zone along the pacific ocean margin of south america caused the rise of the andes and the southward extension of th...
between what period of time did the tethys disappear ?
19 and 12 ma
134
10
4
during the miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions . of the modern geologic features , only the land bridge between south america and north america was absent , the subduction zone along the pacific ocean margin of south america caused the rise of the andes and the southward extension of th...
which crisis occured towards the end of the miocene period ?
messinian salinity crisis
134
11
3
south america became linked to north america through the isthmus of panama during the pliocene , bringing a nearly complete end to south america ' s distinctive marsupial faunas . the formation of the isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures , since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an atlant...
what is the link between north and south america called ?
the isthmus of panama
156
11
4
south america became linked to north america through the isthmus of panama during the pliocene , bringing a nearly complete end to south america ' s distinctive marsupial faunas . the formation of the isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures , since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an atlant...
in which period did north and south america become linked ?
pliocene
156
11
1
south america became linked to north america through the isthmus of panama during the pliocene , bringing a nearly complete end to south america ' s distinctive marsupial faunas . the formation of the isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures , since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an atlant...
the mediterranean was created by the collision of europe and what ?
africa
156
12
1
south america became linked to north america through the isthmus of panama during the pliocene , bringing a nearly complete end to south america ' s distinctive marsupial faunas . the formation of the isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures , since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an atlant...
what period came after the pliocene ?
the quaternary period
156
7
3
south america became linked to north america through the isthmus of panama during the pliocene , bringing a nearly complete end to south america ' s distinctive marsupial faunas . the formation of the isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures , since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an atlant...
the pliocene saw the end of what fauna in south america ?
marsupial faunas
156
12
2
a police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law , protect property , and limit civil disorder . their powers include the legitimized use of force . the term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of...
what does the state want a police force to do ?
enforce the law , protect property , and limit civil disorder
103
11
11
a police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law , protect property , and limit civil disorder . their powers include the legitimized use of force . the term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of...
what are gendarmerie ?
military units charged with civil policing
103
4
6
a police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law , protect property , and limit civil disorder . their powers include the legitimized use of force . the term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of...
what are police usually separate from ?
military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors
103
7
14
law enforcement , however , constitutes only part of policing activity . policing has included an array of activities in different situations , but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order . in some societies , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , these developed within the context of ma...
how are police usually paid ?
through taxes
96
6
2
law enforcement , however , constitutes only part of policing activity . policing has included an array of activities in different situations , but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order . in some societies , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , these developed within the context of ma...
when were police used to protect the class system ?
late 18th and early 19th centuries
96
10
6
law enforcement , however , constitutes only part of policing activity . policing has included an array of activities in different situations , but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order . in some societies , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , these developed within the context of ma...
what kind of service are police ?
public sector
96
7
2
law enforcement , however , constitutes only part of policing activity . policing has included an array of activities in different situations , but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order . in some societies , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , these developed within the context of ma...
what problem do many police forces have ?
corruption
96
8
1
law enforcement , however , constitutes only part of policing activity . policing has included an array of activities in different situations , but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order . in some societies , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , these developed within the context of ma...
how are police usually paid ?
through taxes
96
6
2
law enforcement , however , constitutes only part of policing activity . policing has included an array of activities in different situations , but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order . in some societies , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , these developed within the context of ma...
what kind of service are police ?
public sector
96
7
2
law enforcement , however , constitutes only part of policing activity . policing has included an array of activities in different situations , but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order . in some societies , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , these developed within the context of ma...
when were police used to protect the class system ?
late 18th and early 19th centuries
96
10
6
law enforcement , however , constitutes only part of policing activity . policing has included an array of activities in different situations , but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order . in some societies , in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , these developed within the context of ma...
what problem do many police forces have ?
corruption
96
8
1
law enforcement in ancient china was carried out by " prefects " for thousands of years since it developed in both the chu and jin kingdoms of the spring and autumn period . in jin , dozens of prefects were spread across the state , each having limited authority and employment period . they were appointed by local magi...
which chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement ?
chu and jin
148
7
3
law enforcement in ancient china was carried out by " prefects " for thousands of years since it developed in both the chu and jin kingdoms of the spring and autumn period . in jin , dozens of prefects were spread across the state , each having limited authority and employment period . they were appointed by local magi...
what period was the chu kingdom in ?
spring
148
8
1
law enforcement in ancient china was carried out by " prefects " for thousands of years since it developed in both the chu and jin kingdoms of the spring and autumn period . in jin , dozens of prefects were spread across the state , each having limited authority and employment period . they were appointed by local magi...
what period was the jin kingdom in ?
autumn
148
8
1
law enforcement in ancient china was carried out by " prefects " for thousands of years since it developed in both the chu and jin kingdoms of the spring and autumn period . in jin , dozens of prefects were spread across the state , each having limited authority and employment period . they were appointed by local magi...
which countries adopted the ' prefecture system ' from china ?
korea and japan
148
11
3
law enforcement in ancient china was carried out by " prefects " for thousands of years since it developed in both the chu and jin kingdoms of the spring and autumn period . in jin , dozens of prefects were spread across the state , each having limited authority and employment period . they were appointed by local magi...
what did ancient china call its police ?
prefects
148
8
1
as one of their first acts after end of the war of the castilian succession in 1479 , ferdinand and isabella established the centrally organized and efficient holy brotherhood ( santa hermandad ) as a national police force . they adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials ...
what war ended in 1479 ?
war of the castilian succession
89
6
5
as one of their first acts after end of the war of the castilian succession in 1479 , ferdinand and isabella established the centrally organized and efficient holy brotherhood ( santa hermandad ) as a national police force . they adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials ...
who formed spain ' s first national police force ?
ferdinand and isabella
89
10
3
as one of their first acts after end of the war of the castilian succession in 1479 , ferdinand and isabella established the centrally organized and efficient holy brotherhood ( santa hermandad ) as a national police force . they adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials ...
what was spain ' s first national police force called , in spanish ?
santa hermandad
89
14
2
as one of their first acts after end of the war of the castilian succession in 1479 , ferdinand and isabella established the centrally organized and efficient holy brotherhood ( santa hermandad ) as a national police force . they adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials ...
what does santa hermandad mean ?
holy brotherhood
89
6
2
as one of their first acts after end of the war of the castilian succession in 1479 , ferdinand and isabella established the centrally organized and efficient holy brotherhood ( santa hermandad ) as a national police force . they adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials ...
when did spain suppress local police units ?
1835
89
8
1
in france during the middle ages , there were two great officers of the crown of france with police responsibilities : the marshal of france and the constable of france . the military policing responsibilities of the marshal of france were delegated to the marshal ' s provost , whose force was known as the marshalcy be...
which two entities in medieval france had police duties ?
the marshal of france and the constable of france
166
10
9
in france during the middle ages , there were two great officers of the crown of france with police responsibilities : the marshal of france and the constable of france . the military policing responsibilities of the marshal of france were delegated to the marshal ' s provost , whose force was known as the marshalcy be...
how were the marshal and constable of france formally classified ?
great officers of the crown of france
166
11
7
in france during the middle ages , there were two great officers of the crown of france with police responsibilities : the marshal of france and the constable of france . the military policing responsibilities of the marshal of france were delegated to the marshal ' s provost , whose force was known as the marshalcy be...
what was the marshal ' s force called ?
the marshalcy
166
9
2
in france during the middle ages , there were two great officers of the crown of france with police responsibilities : the marshal of france and the constable of france . the military policing responsibilities of the marshal of france were delegated to the marshal ' s provost , whose force was known as the marshalcy be...
what was the constable ' s force called , in english ?
the constabulary
166
12
2
in france during the middle ages , there were two great officers of the crown of france with police responsibilities : the marshal of france and the constable of france . the military policing responsibilities of the marshal of france were delegated to the marshal ' s provost , whose force was known as the marshalcy be...
what was the constable ' s force called , in french ?
conn tablie
166
12
2
in france during the middle ages , there were two great officers of the crown of france with police responsibilities : the marshal of france and the constable of france . the military policing responsibilities of the marshal of france were delegated to the marshal ' s provost , whose force was known as the marshalcy be...
which two entities in medieval france had police duties ?
the marshal of france and the constable of france
166
10
9
in france during the middle ages , there were two great officers of the crown of france with police responsibilities : the marshal of france and the constable of france . the military policing responsibilities of the marshal of france were delegated to the marshal ' s provost , whose force was known as the marshalcy be...
how were the marshal and constable of france formally classified ?
great officers of the crown of france
166
11
7
in france during the middle ages , there were two great officers of the crown of france with police responsibilities : the marshal of france and the constable of france . the military policing responsibilities of the marshal of france were delegated to the marshal ' s provost , whose force was known as the marshalcy be...
what was the marshal ' s force called ?
the marshalcy
166
9
2
in france during the middle ages , there were two great officers of the crown of france with police responsibilities : the marshal of france and the constable of france . the military policing responsibilities of the marshal of france were delegated to the marshal ' s provost , whose force was known as the marshalcy be...
what was the constable ' s force called , in english ?
the constabulary
166
12
2
in france during the middle ages , there were two great officers of the crown of france with police responsibilities : the marshal of france and the constable of france . the military policing responsibilities of the marshal of france were delegated to the marshal ' s provost , whose force was known as the marshalcy be...
what was the constable ' s force called , in french ?
conn tablie
166
12
2
the first centrally organised police force was created by the government of king louis xiv in 1667 to police the city of paris , then the largest city in europe . the royal edict , registered by the parlement of paris on march 15 , 1667 created the office of lieutenant g n ral de police ( " lieutenant general of police...
in what year did paris get a police force ?
1667
127
10
1
the first centrally organised police force was created by the government of king louis xiv in 1667 to police the city of paris , then the largest city in europe . the royal edict , registered by the parlement of paris on march 15 , 1667 created the office of lieutenant g n ral de police ( " lieutenant general of police...
who created paris ' s police force ?
king louis xiv
127
8
3
the first centrally organised police force was created by the government of king louis xiv in 1667 to police the city of paris , then the largest city in europe . the royal edict , registered by the parlement of paris on march 15 , 1667 created the office of lieutenant g n ral de police ( " lieutenant general of police...
what was the largest european city in 1667 ?
paris
127
9
1
the first centrally organised police force was created by the government of king louis xiv in 1667 to police the city of paris , then the largest city in europe . the royal edict , registered by the parlement of paris on march 15 , 1667 created the office of lieutenant g n ral de police ( " lieutenant general of police...
what was the title of the head of paris ' s police , in english ?
lieutenant general of police
127
16
4
the first centrally organised police force was created by the government of king louis xiv in 1667 to police the city of paris , then the largest city in europe . the royal edict , registered by the parlement of paris on march 15 , 1667 created the office of lieutenant g n ral de police ( " lieutenant general of police...
what was the title of the head of paris ' s police , in french ?
lieutenant g n ral de police
127
16
6
this office was first held by gabriel nicolas de la reynie , who had 44 commissaires de police ( police commissioners ) under his authority . in 1709 , these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police ( police inspectors ) . the city of paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires , each as...
who was paris ' s first head of police ?
gabriel nicolas de la reynie
108
10
5
this office was first held by gabriel nicolas de la reynie , who had 44 commissaires de police ( police commissioners ) under his authority . in 1709 , these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police ( police inspectors ) . the city of paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires , each as...
how many commissioners worked under reynie ?
44
108
7
1
this office was first held by gabriel nicolas de la reynie , who had 44 commissaires de police ( police commissioners ) under his authority . in 1709 , these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police ( police inspectors ) . the city of paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires , each as...
how many policing districts was paris divided into ?
16
108
9
1
this office was first held by gabriel nicolas de la reynie , who had 44 commissaires de police ( police commissioners ) under his authority . in 1709 , these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police ( police inspectors ) . the city of paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires , each as...
when was paris ' s police system expanded to the rest of france ?
october 1699
108
14
2
this office was first held by gabriel nicolas de la reynie , who had 44 commissaires de police ( police commissioners ) under his authority . in 1709 , these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police ( police inspectors ) . the city of paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires , each as...
when were police inspectors added to paris ' s police ?
1709
108
11
1
the word " police " was borrowed from french into the english language in the 18th century , but for a long time it applied only to french and continental european police forces . the word , and the concept of police itself , were " disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression " ( according to britannica 1911 ) . before ...
when did the french language adopt the word ' police ' ?
in the 18th century
104
12
4
the word " police " was borrowed from french into the english language in the 18th century , but for a long time it applied only to french and continental european police forces . the word , and the concept of police itself , were " disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression " ( according to britannica 1911 ) . before ...
which dictionary said police were ' a symbol of foreign oppression ' ?
britannica 1911
104
13
2
the word " police " was borrowed from french into the english language in the 18th century , but for a long time it applied only to french and continental european police forces . the word , and the concept of police itself , were " disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression " ( according to britannica 1911 ) . before ...
what language did french borrow the word ' police ' from ?
english
104
12
1
the word " police " was borrowed from french into the english language in the 18th century , but for a long time it applied only to french and continental european police forces . the word , and the concept of police itself , were " disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression " ( according to britannica 1911 ) . before ...
when were the marine police created in the uk ?
1798
104
10
1
the word " police " was borrowed from french into the english language in the 18th century , but for a long time it applied only to french and continental european police forces . the word , and the concept of police itself , were " disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression " ( according to britannica 1911 ) . before ...
what was the first use of ' police ' in the uk ?
the appointment of commissioners of police for scotland in 1714
104
13
10
in 1797 , patrick colquhoun was able to persuade the west indies merchants who operated at the pool of london on the river thames , to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of 500 , 000 worth of cargo . the idea of a police , as it then existed in france...
who convinced the west indies merchants in london to establish police ?
patrick colquhoun
149
12
2
in 1797 , patrick colquhoun was able to persuade the west indies merchants who operated at the pool of london on the river thames , to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of 500 , 000 worth of cargo . the idea of a police , as it then existed in france...
where did the west indies merchants in london create a police force ?
docks
149
13
1
in 1797 , patrick colquhoun was able to persuade the west indies merchants who operated at the pool of london on the river thames , to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of 500 , 000 worth of cargo . the idea of a police , as it then existed in france...
when did the west indies merchants in london create a police force ?
1797
149
13
1
in 1797 , patrick colquhoun was able to persuade the west indies merchants who operated at the pool of london on the river thames , to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of 500 , 000 worth of cargo . the idea of a police , as it then existed in france...
how much cargo had been being stolen from west indies merchants in london each year ?
500 , 000
149
16
3
in 1797 , patrick colquhoun was able to persuade the west indies merchants who operated at the pool of london on the river thames , to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of 500 , 000 worth of cargo . the idea of a police , as it then existed in france...
how did colquhoun praise the french police ?
" the greatest degree of perfection "
149
8
7
with the initial investment of 4 , 200 , the new trial force of the thames river police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33 , 000 workers in the river trades , of whom colquhoun claimed 11 , 000 were known criminals and " on the game . " the force was a success after its first year , and his men had " esta...
what was the initial size of the thames river police force ?
50
169
12
1
with the initial investment of 4 , 200 , the new trial force of the thames river police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33 , 000 workers in the river trades , of whom colquhoun claimed 11 , 000 were known criminals and " on the game . " the force was a success after its first year , and his men had " esta...
how many dock workers were the thames river police policing ?
33 , 000
169
11
3
with the initial investment of 4 , 200 , the new trial force of the thames river police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33 , 000 workers in the river trades , of whom colquhoun claimed 11 , 000 were known criminals and " on the game . " the force was a success after its first year , and his men had " esta...
how many dock workers did colquhoun say were criminals ?
11 , 000
169
10
3
with the initial investment of 4 , 200 , the new trial force of the thames river police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33 , 000 workers in the river trades , of whom colquhoun claimed 11 , 000 were known criminals and " on the game . " the force was a success after its first year , and his men had " esta...
when was the thames river police made a public service ?
28 july 180
169
11
3
with the initial investment of 4 , 200 , the new trial force of the thames river police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33 , 000 workers in the river trades , of whom colquhoun claimed 11 , 000 were known criminals and " on the game . " the force was a success after its first year , and his men had " esta...
how much cargo theft did the thames river police prevent in its first year ?
122 , 000
169
15
3