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ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™
ืึทื ึฐื˜ื•ึนื ึดื™ื•ึน ืœื•ึผืฆ'ื•ึน ื•ึดื™ื•ึทื•ืืœึฐื“ึดื™ (ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช: Antonio Lucio Vivaldi; 4 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1678, ื•ื ืฆื™ื” โ€“ 28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1741, ื•ื™ื ื”) ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง, ื›ื ืจ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื– ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 25 ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ืžื•ืจื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืœื•ืฆ'ื• ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื”. ืื‘ื™ื•, ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื”, ืกืคืจ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ื ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืขื ื‘ื ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ. ื”ืื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ "ืกื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื“ืื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืฆ'ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื“ื™ ืกื ื˜ื” ืฆ'ืฆ'ื™ืœื™ื”", ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื. ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ ืœื’ืจื ื–ื™, ืžืืกื˜ืจื• ื“ื™ ืงืืคืœื” ื‘ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืกืืŸ ืžืืจืงื• ื•ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืืฆืœ ืœื’ืจื ื–ื™. ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ืงืกืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืงื•ืœื ื“ืจ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, (Laetatus sum (RV Anh 31, ืฉืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1691, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 13, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืจื ื–ื™. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•: ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืฉื La Fedeltร  sfortunata ื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1688 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื” ืจื•ืกื™, ื”ืฉื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืจืฉื ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื‘ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื™ืžื™ื• (ืจื•ืกื™ - ื”ืื“ื•ื, ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืขืจื•, ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช). ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืกื‘ืœ ืืžื ื ืžืงืฉื™ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” (ื›ื ืจืื” ืงืฆืจืช), ืืš ืืœื” ืœื ื”ืคืจื™ืขื• ืœื• ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15 (1693) ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื“ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ื›ืžื•ืจื”. ื‘-1703, ื‘ืŸ 25, ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืื™ืœ ืคืจื˜ื” ืจื•ืกื•", "ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื", ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืขืจื•. ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกืžื›ืชื•, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1704, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ืกื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœืงื•ื™ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1706 ืคืจืฉ ืžื›ืžื•ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœื”. ืžืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืœื ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื, ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืื ื” ื–'ื™ืจื•. ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื‘-3 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1703 ื”ืชืžื ื” ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืœืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ืคื™ื• ืื•ืกืคื“ืืœื” ื“ืœื” ืคื™ื™ืื˜ื”" ("ืžื—ืกื” ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื") ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžื—ืกื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื, ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ืื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชื. ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื”. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15. ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื• ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ืœืžืงื”ืœื” ื”ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื”. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื•, ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื•ืžื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”; ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืŸ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™, ื”ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1704 ื ื•ืกืคื” ื’ื ืžืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ. ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืกืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืจืขืชื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1709 ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืฉืจืชื• ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ 7 ื ื’ื“ ื•-6 ื‘ืขื“. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1711 ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื”, ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืคื” ืื—ื“; ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืœืžื•ืกื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1713 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1716 ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžืขืœืช ืžืืกื˜ืจื• ื“ื” ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ื. ื‘-1705 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืืงื•ืœื˜ื”) ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•: ืื•ืคื•ืก 1 ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ 12 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืกื• ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื•, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™. ื‘-1709 ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ 12 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืืกื• ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื• (ืื•ืคื•ืก 2). ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ 12 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช, "ืœ'ืืกื˜ืจื• ืืจืžื•ื ื™ืงื•" (ืื•ืคื•ืก 3), ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1711 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื–'ื”. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ืงืฆืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข "ืœื” ืกื˜ืจืื•ื•ืื’ืื ืฆื”" (ืื•ืคื•ืก 4), ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืกื•ืœื• ื•ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1711 ื ืกืขื• ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื‘ืจืฉื”, ืฉื ื ื•ื’ืŸ ื”"ืกื˜ืื‘ืื˜ ืžืื˜ืจ" (621 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™) ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื“ืชื™. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื–ื•ืŸ: ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื•ืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืคืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื’ืœื” ืขื•ืžืง ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื‘-1718 ื”ื—ืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืกืขื•ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช, ืฉื™ืœื ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื” ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืžื” ื›ืฉื™ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ 140 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 1723 ืœ-1729. ืืžืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืจื• ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ื‘ืœื˜ื”: ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, (Ottone in villa (RV 729 ืœื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ืืœื ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื’ืืจื–ืจื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1713. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื–ื™ื ืง ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืืžืจื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืกื ื˜'ืื ื’'ืœื•, ืฉื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• (Orlando finto pazzo (RV 727, ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื ืงืœืขื” ืœื˜ืขื ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1715 ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช (Nerone fatto Cesare (RV 274 ืฉืื‘ื“ื” ืžืื–. ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืื•ืคืจื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื ืื—ืช-ืขืฉืจื” ืืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื•, (Arsilda regina di Ponto (RV 700. ืื•ืœื ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื ืข ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื”; ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืขืœื™ืœื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืจื–ื™ืœื“ื”, ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉืžืชื—ื–ื” ืœื’ื‘ืจ. ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืคื™ื™ืื˜ื” ืื™-ืืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, (Moyses Deus Pharaonis (RV 643 ืื‘ื“ื”. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, (Juditha triumphans (RV 644 ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ื‘-1716, ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื” ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืช ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ืงื•ืจืคื•. ืืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“-ืขืฉืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื ืขืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื”, ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ืกื•ืœื•: ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ื“'ืืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœืจืื•ื•ื” ืืช ืงืฉืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื". ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1717 ืื• 1718 ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื” ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืžืืกื˜ืจื• ื“ื™ ืงืืคืœื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืžื”ืกื”-ื“ืจืžืฉื˜ืื“ื˜, ืžื•ืฉืœ ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื” ืื•ืคืจื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ (Tito Manlio (RV 738. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1721 ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื•, ืฉื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืช La Silvia (RV 734), ืฉืื‘ื“ื”, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื” L'adorazione delli tre re magi al bambino Gesรน ("ืกื’ื™ื“ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื™ืฉื• ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง", RV 645 ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ืื‘ื“ื”). ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื•ืžื ื‘-1722, ืœืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื”-13 ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1725 ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืฉื ื”ืคื™ืง ืืจื‘ืข ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ืืช "ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช", ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืชื ืืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, "ืื‘ื™ื‘", ืฉื•ืืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• Il Giustino ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืขื "ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช". ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืžืขื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช: ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืœืคืœื’ื™ื ืžืคื›ื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจื“), ื ื‘ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ื–ืžื–ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืจื•ืขื™ื, ืกืขืจื•ืช, ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ื™ื™ื, ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืฆื™ื™ื“ (ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ), ื ื•ืคื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื— ื•ืืฉ ืžื‘ื•ืขืจืช. ื›ืœ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื ืงืฉืจ ืืœ ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืžืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื-ืขืฉืจ, Il cimento dell'Armonia e dell'Inventione, ืื•ืคื•ืก 8 ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื‘-1725. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืœืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ, ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื ื™ื—, ื›ื™ ืขืจืš ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืช-ื—ืกื•ืชื•, ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืื ื” ื–'ื™ืจื•, ืฉืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืค. ืœ. ื’ืฆื™, ืจื•ืžื (1723) ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืžืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืงื ื˜ื˜ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช Gloria e Imeneo (RV 687) ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืœื•ืื™ ื”-15. ืื•ืคื•ืก 9 ,La Cetra, ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ืœืงื™ืกืจ ืงืืจืœ ื”-6. ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1728 ื›ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ืจื™ืืกื˜ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืžืช ื ืžืœ ื—ื“ืฉ. ืงืืจืœ ื”ืชืคืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœืฉืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ืžืฆื“ื•, ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืงืืจืœ ืขื•ืชืง ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืœ "ืœื” ืฆ'ื˜ืจื”", ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื–ื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ื›ืื•ืคื•ืก 9. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื” ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืื•ืœืชืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1730 ื ืกืข, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื•, ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ืคืจืื’, ืฉื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื” Farnace (RV 711). ื›ืžื” ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื‘ืจื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื. ืืช "ืœ'ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื”" ื•ืืช "ืงืื˜ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ื˜ื™ืงื”" ื›ืชื‘ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืžื˜ืกื˜ืื–ื™ื•, ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืงื“ื™ื” ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ืืช "ืœื” ื’ืจื™ื–ืœื“ื”" ืฉื™ื›ืชื‘ ืงืจืœื• ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืกื˜ื•ืœื• ื–ื ื•. ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื•, ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœื ื ื”ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”; ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš, ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื—ื™ื ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืžื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื—, ืฉืจืฆื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืงืืจืœ ื”-6 ื•ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ืช. ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื’ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื ืกืข ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืื•ืคืจื”, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืื•ืจ ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืฉื›ื ื• ืœืงืืจื ื˜ื ืจ ื˜ื•ืจ ืชื™ืื˜ืจ. ืืœื ืฉื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ื”ืœืš ืงืืจืœ ื”-6 ืœืขื•ืœืžื•. ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื–ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืœืฉื ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืืช ื ืคื˜ืจ, ื‘-27 ืื• 28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1741, ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจืช ืฉืžืžื ื” ืกื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ืช ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืื•ื›ืคื™ื ื•ื™ื ืื™. ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” (ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื”, ืฉื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงื”ืœื” ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”). ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื ืžืฆืืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงืืจืœืกืงื™ืจื›ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื ื”ืจืก ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืœื•ืŸ ื–ืื›ืจ. ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืžื ืฆื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืกืกืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉื•ืขืฉืขืช, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืจืืฉ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื•. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื•ื’'ื ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื”. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžื ืคืฆืช ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื•ืฆืงื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ื™ืžื•ืช; ื”ื•ื ืืฆืœ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื•, ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆืืช ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ื•, ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื•ืืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™. ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื‘ืขืœื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™. ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืคืจืกืžื” ืื•ืชื• ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆืจืคืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ืขืžื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื ืžื ื” ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืงื™ืช (ืขืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื”) ืืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™. ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ (ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ืฉืืช ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืคืกื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืชืื•ืก ืคืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช). ื‘ืืš ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืงืœื“ืช ืกื•ืœื•, ืœืฆื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขื™ื‘ื“ ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช (ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆ'ืœื•, ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื•ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื• (ืžืก' 580 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™). ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื ืœื• ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืกืก ืื•ืชื• ื›ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืœืคืจืงื™ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืคืจืงื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• (ืžื”ื™ืจ-ืื™ื˜ื™-ืžื”ื™ืจ). ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืงื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืกืขืจื” ื‘ื™ื". ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืชื” ืืš ืœื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืœืžื–ืžื•ืจNisi Dominus ืœืงื•ืœ ืืœื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืชื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืขื”. ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื ืฉื›ื— ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืืš, ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ. ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, "ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช" ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืคืจื™ืฅ ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืœืจ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ื•ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืงื™. ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžืืจืง ืคื™ื ืฉืจืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™. ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•, ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ื• ืคื•ืื” ื•ืคื™ืœื™ืคื• ื’'ื•ืจื“ืื ื• (ืœื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื, ืžืื•ืจื• ื•ืจื ืฆื•), ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™. ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืืจืง ืคื™ื ืฉืจืœ, ืžืจื™ื• ืจื™ื ืืœื“ื™, ืืœืคืจื“ื• ืงืื–ืœื”, ืขื–ืจื ืคืื•ื ื“, ืื•ืœื’ื” ืจืื“ื’', ืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ื˜ื•ืกืงื ื™ื ื™ ื•ืœื•ืื™ืก ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ ืชืจืžื• ืืช ื—ืœืงื ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื”ื—ื™ื™ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ืฉืœื ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืคืจื“ื• ืงืื–ืœื”, ืฉืืจื’ืŸ ื‘-1939 ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ื›ื™ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉืžืขื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”"ื’ืœื•ืจื™ื”" (RV 589) ื•"ืœ'ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื”". ืžืื– ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื”ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืžื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืจื‘ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ืชื”ื™ืœืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1947 ื™ื™ืกื“ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืคืื ื” ืืช "ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™", ืฉื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’'ืืŸ ืคืจื ืฆ'ืกืงื• ืžืืœื™ืคื™ื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืงื•ืจืœื™, ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืคืจื“ ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืก ืขืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช (ืืคืงื˜ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜), ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืชืจืืคื™ื™ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืžื“ื™ื” "Symphonic Guitars" Podcast #3 Vivaldi - "The Four Seasons - The Spring" - Dan Sindel http://www.dansindel.us/podcast/DanSindel_podcast3_Vivaldi_Spring.mp3 250 unique electric guitar tracks recreate the orchestral score..! Concerto b minor, 2nd movement (Adagio) - transcription for organ by Johann Gottfried Walther - https://www.musicalion.com/en/scores/sheet-music/11248/johann-gottfried-walther/25810/adagio-from-organ-concerto-no-3-b-minor ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-500 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ (ืžืชื•ื›ื 230 ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ึผืŸ, ืฆ'ืœื•, ืื‘ื•ื‘, ื—ืœื™ืœ, ื•ื™ื•ืœืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”. ื›-40 ืžื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื’ืจื•ืกื•- ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช, ื•ื›-30 ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช). 46 ืื•ืคืจื•ืช (ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100). ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช. 73 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช (ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืงืืžืจื™ื™ื ื•ื›-70 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื“ืชื™ืช (ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืžืก' 589 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืกื˜ืื‘ื˜ ืžืื˜ืจ ืžืก' 621 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•). ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: โ€“ "ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช" (ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช: Le Quattro Stagioni; ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: The Four Seasons) โ€“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื•ืœืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื• ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืคื•ืก ืžืก' 8. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2008 ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืคืจืื’ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ืืจื’'ื™ืคื•" ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ืฉืื‘ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ 278 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื”, ื’ื ืื–, ื‘ืคืจืื’. ืžื’ืœื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืชื—ืงื” ืื—ืจ ืžืกืข ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื•ืžืฆื, ืฉืžืคืจืื’ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืืœ ืจื’ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื—ืกืจ ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื›ืžืจื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1678 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1741
2024-08-17T18:16:06
ืงืจืœ ืื•ืจืฃ
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืงืจืœ ืื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื–ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1956, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•"ืœื™ืช ืœื™ื–ืœื•ื˜ื” ื”ื•ืœืฆืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืจ ืงืจืœ ืื•ืจืฃ (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Carl Orff; 10 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1895 โ€“ 29 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1982) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ื "ื›ืจืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ืจืื ื”" (Carmina Burana 1938) - "ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ื ื•ืคื™ืช". ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ืืช "ืงืื˜ื•ืœื™ ื›ืจืžื™ื ื”" (Catulli Carmina) ื•"ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ืคื• ื“ื” ืืคืจื•ื“ื™ื˜ื”" (Triunfo de Aphrodite), ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ืื•ืจืฃ, ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืจื•ื— ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืกื™ืกื™ืช, ืืš ืœื ื’ืœืฉื” ืœื’ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื’ืกื•ืช. ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• Schulwerk (1930โ€“1935), ืฉืชื•ืจื’ืžื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›"ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื" (Music for Children). ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœื” ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ ืื•ืจืฃ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™. ื’ื ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืื•ืจืฃ ืœื ืื”ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• "ืื•ืคืจื•ืช". ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” Der Mond ("ื”ื™ืจื—", 1939) ืงืจื Mรคrchenoper: ืื•ืคืจืช ืื’ื“ื”. Die Kluge ("ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื”", 1943) ืชื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืื•ืชื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืฆืœื™ืœ ื™ืžื™-ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืžื™ ืื• ื—ืกืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ืื•ืจืฃ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ืืš ืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื–ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื’ื‘ืœืก. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜, ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ื—ืœื•ื ืœื™ืœ ืงื™ืฅ", ื›ื–ื• ืฉืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื—ืจืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื (ืื•ืจืฃ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ). ืื•ืจืฃ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื‘ืืš ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืืฆื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ืขืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืชื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื ืืฆื™ืช, "ื”ื•ื•ืจื“ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ". ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืคืจื•ืค' ืงื•ืจื˜ ื”ื•ื‘ืจ, ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืžืชื•ืช ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื•. ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืžื ืข (ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืคืฆืจื•ืชื™ื” ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื•) ืžืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืืกืจื•. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืœืžื—ืฆื”) ืืš ืื•ืจืฃ ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ. ืื•ืจืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื–ืจ ืื ื“ื›ืก, ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ื ื›ืŸ, ืฉื’ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื‘ืฉืœืช ื‘ื™ืจื”. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื Was Carl Orff a Nazi? ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื›ืจืชื - ืงืืจืœ ืื•ืจืฃ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื•ื•ืืจื™ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1895 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1982
2023-04-26T06:49:36
ื‘ืืš (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื)
ื‘ืืš (Bach) ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื ื—ืœ". ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื
2022-03-07T17:42:21
ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš
ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ึทึผืืš (; 31 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1685 โ€“ 28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1750) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง. ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš, ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜, ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืงืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ. ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืืš ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืคื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื“ืขื›ื” ืชื”ื™ืœืชื•. ืฉืžื• ืฉื‘ ืœืชื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืชื”ื™ืœืชื• ืœื ืคืกืงื” ืžืื–. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื˜ื•ืงื˜ื” ื•ืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ืžืชืื•ืก ืคืกื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืคืกื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ื, ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ื”, ื”ืžื™ืกื” ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืš ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1685 ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืื™ื™ื–ื ืš, ื‘ื™ืจืช ื“ื•ื›ืกื•ืช ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื”-ืื™ื™ื–ื ืš (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”), ื‘ืŸ ื–ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืืžื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื•ืก ื‘ืืš ื•ืœืžืจื™ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ื” ืœืืžืจื”ื™ืจื˜. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื’ืื•ืจื’ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื•ืœืŸ, ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื•. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืืš ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžืชื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื ื’ื ื™ ื—ืฆืจ, ืขื•ื’ื‘ื ื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื. ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš, ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ, ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื’ื‘. ื‘ืืš ื”ื™ื” ื’ืื” ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช, ื•ื‘-1735 ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช: "Ursprung der musicalisch-Bachischen Familieโ€œ. ื‘ืžืื™ 1694 ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืืžื•, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1695, ื ืคื˜ืจ ื’ื ืื‘ื™ื•. ื‘ืืš, ืฉื˜ืจื ืžืœืื• ืœื• ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืš, ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”-24. ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืจื“ื•ืจืฃ, ืฉื ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘. ื‘ืืš ื”ื—ืœ ืื– ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ืขืชืงื”, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘. ืžืื—ื™ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงืœืื•ื•ื™ืงื•ืจื“, ื•ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฆื•, ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืคื›ืœื‘ืœ (ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ) ื•ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื™ืืงื•ื‘ ืคืจื•ื‘ืจื’ืจ, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื•ืœื™, ืœื•ืื™ ืžืจืฉืืŸ ื•ืžืจืŸ ืžืืจื” ื•ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื’'ื™ืจื•ืœืืžื• ืคืจืกืงื•ื‘ืœื“ื™. ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืื— ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืงื ื” ืœื• ื”ืื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื”ืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืื—ื™ื• ืœืœืžื“ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื•ืœื ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืกื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ืืš ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื›ืš. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1700 ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ื”ืฉืชื›ืจ ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืžื–ืžืจื” ื‘ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ืงื•ืœื•. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื’ื‘, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ืืš ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืžื“ ื’ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื ืžืฉื›ื” 3 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื•. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืืฆื•ืœื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื”ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื ื ื’ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืจื’ ื‘ื”ื, ื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืคื’ืฉ ื ื’ื ื™ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืงื ื• ืœื• ื’ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื. ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืœืžื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืืกื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื (ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื) ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื˜ืจื™ืš ื‘ื•ืงืกื˜ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ืื™ ืžืขื•ืœื”. ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1703, ื”ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืืš ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ืงืคืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืืจื ืกื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ, ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื”. ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืฉืจืชื• ืฉื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื›ื ื’ืŸ ืžืงืœื“ืช ื ื•ื“ืขื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื ื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื ื™ืคืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ("ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”") ื‘ืืจื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื” ืขืžื” ืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืืš ืงืฉืจ ืงืจื•ื‘. ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืจืฉืžื• ืžื ื’ื™ื ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจืช ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืจื” ืงืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืช ืฉื›ืจ, ื•ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืขืžื“ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื—ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืืš ืคื ื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืืœืชื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ื ื™ื›ืจื” ื‘ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1705 ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื•ืชื” ื ื™ืฆืœ ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžืกืข ืจื’ืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ื›-400 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืœื™ื‘ืง ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื˜ืจื™ืš ื‘ื•ืงืกื˜ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืืš ื”ืืจื™ืš ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืจื‘ืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืงืกื˜ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื•. ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืืš ืจืื” ื‘ื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืื‘, ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืืš ื—ื–ืจ ืœืืจื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ ืจืง ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1706, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ื•ืจืžืช ื”ื–ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื”ืœื”. ืฉื‘ืืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘-1707 ืžืฉืจื” ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช ื›ื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืืกื™ (Divi Blasii) ื‘ืžื™ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ืขื™ืจ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื• ื ืฉื ื‘ืืš ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื“ื•ื“ื ื™ืชื• ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืš ืžืืจื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜. ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืฉื• ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื”ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช "ื”ืืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืœื›ื™", ืจื™"ื‘ 71, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘-1708, ื•ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉื‘ืืš ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื™ื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืืš ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืœื• ืžืฉืจื” ืžืคืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ ื‘-1708, ืœืื—ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืืš ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ืžื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ืื™ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื“ื•ื›ืกื™, ืฉื ืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื.Johann Sebastian Bach: a detailed informative biography. The Baroque Music Site. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012 ื‘ืืš ื•ืืฉืชื• ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ. ืืœ ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืชื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื•ื”ืœื ื ืฉื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื–ื•ื’ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžื”ื ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื, ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ โ€“ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื‘ืืš ื•ืงืืจืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื‘ืืš โ€“ ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืงื•ืงื•, ืฉื‘ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง. ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืืš ืจืžื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ื›ืš ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืงืœื“ืช ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื ื›ืงื•ืจืœื™, ื˜ื•ืจืœื™, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืื—ืช ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืขืชื•ืง (transcription) ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื• ื•ืขื•ื’ื‘ (ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื“ืŸ ืื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื). ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืฉืื‘ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื”ื ืกื™ืš ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืืจื ืกื˜, ืื—ื“ ืžืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืืš ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืขื ื”ืื ืกืžื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก. ื‘-1713 ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื•ื‘ืืžืชื—ืชื• ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืืš ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื’ืจื•ืกื•: ืชื—ืœื•ืคื” ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืกื•ืœื• (concertino) ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœืžื” (tutti). ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ 3 (ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ืขื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืœืžื ืขื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื•) ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื ื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืืš ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืช. ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขื•ื’ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ. ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ืจืืœื™ื ืœื•ืชืจื ื™ื™ื (ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื) ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื ื’ื ื™ ืขื•ื’ื‘, ื•ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ (ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืื– ื•ืื™ืœืš). ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืืš ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืขื•ื’ื‘, ื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืœื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื–ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืขื ื” ืœื”ื–ืžื ืช ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ืžืื ื”ืœื˜-ืงื˜ืŸ (Anhalt-Cรถthen) ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ (Kapellmeister), ืืš ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ืžื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืฉื—ืจืจื• ืžืžืฉืจืชื•, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1717 ืœื›ืœื, ืฉืžืžื ื• ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื˜ืŸ. ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™, ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš, ืฉื™ืœื ืœื• ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื•ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืงืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ ื•ืœื ื ื–ืงืง ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืืช ืฉืฉ ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืืช ืฉืฉ ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฆ'ืœื•, ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื ื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžืงืœื“ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1720, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฉื”ื” ื‘ืงืจืœืกื‘ืื“ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“, ืคืงื“ื” ืืช ื‘ืืš ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”: ืืฉืชื•, ืžืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื”, ืžืชื” ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข. ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1721, ื ืฉื ื‘ืืš ืชื—ืชื™ื” ืืช ืื ื” ืžื’ื“ืœื ื” ื•ื™ืœืงื”, ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘-16 ืฉื ื™ื. ืื ื” ืžื’ื“ืœื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืžืจืช ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ืžื—ื•ื ื ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื 13 ื™ืœื“ื™ื (ืžื” ืฉืœื ืžื ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ื” ืžื’ื“ืœื ื” ื›ื–ืžืจืช), ืžื”ื ืฉืจื“ื• ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื”: ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื โ€“ ื’ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš, ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ืืš ื•ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ื™ื•ืœื™ืื ื” ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ื›ื”, ื™ื•ื”ืื ื” ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื” ืกื•ื–ืื ื”. ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1723 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืš ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืžืืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ (Thomaskantor), ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื”ืชืคื ื” ืขื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืงื•ื ืื•. ืœืžืฉืจื” ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืืš ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื• โ€“ ืจื™"ื‘ 22 ื•ืจื™"ื‘ 23 โ€“ ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื”. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื” ืœืงื ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ (Thomasschule) ื”ื ืกืคื— ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื•ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืกื—ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื” (ืฉื›ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื”), ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ โ€“ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืืฆื•ืœื”. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง 27 ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืชื•. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’, ืžืขืกื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ืœื’ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืืžื ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื”. ื‘ืืš ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืคืœื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืžืืก. ื‘ืืš ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืš ื”ืคืœื’ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื•ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’ื ืœื ื›ื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื‘ืืš ืœืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ 1000 ื˜ืœืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื”, ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœื• ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื“ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืืฃ ืœื™ืžื“ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช (ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืืœื•). ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืกืคืง ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืžืืก ื•ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™. ืžื˜ืœื” ื–ื• ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืืš ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-300 ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช (ืžื”ืŸ ื›-100 ืื‘ื“ื•),Wolff, Christoph, ed. (1997). The World of the Bach Cantatas: Johann Sebastian Bach's Early Sacred Cantatas. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 5 ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื”ื•ื ืชื•. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื ื—ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืœื•ืชืจื ื™ืช, ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืืš ื‘ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื• ืื• ื‘ืขื•ื’ื‘, ืื• ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” (ื•ืื– ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืžืงืœื“ืช ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืื• ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื). ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ื’ื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›-20 ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืืชื• ื”ืชืคืจื ืกื• ื’ื ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•, ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืืš ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื (ื—ืœืงื ืœืžืงื”ืœื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”). ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืืš ื’ื ืžื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืฅ. ืืฃ ืฉืฆื‘ืจ ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืืš ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1729 ื‘ืืš ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”-Collegium Musicum, ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘-1702 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ืจื• ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืง, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื˜ืœืžืŸ. ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืฉืชืคืก ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ื•ืœืฃ ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืืš ื›ืžื”ืœืš ืคื™ืงื—ื™, ืฉ"ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชื• ื”ืื™ืชื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’". ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืขืจืš ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื. ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื‘"ืงืคื” ืฆื™ืžืจืžืŸ" ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืงืœื“ืช (Clavier-รœbung) ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1737 ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืืš ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืงืจืœ ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืœืฃ ื’ืจืœืš. ื‘-1733 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืš ืœื ืกื™ืš ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื”, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืกื” ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืขื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™. ื‘ืืš ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆืจ, ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืจื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื• ืžื•ืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืคืจืงื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื” ืœืžื™ืกื” ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื” ื ืฉืืœื” ืžืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืคืจืงื™ ื”ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ืืš ืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืกื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’. ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืคื™ืงื ื“ืจ. ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื—ืฆืจ ืžื“ืจื–ื“ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื ื˜ืœืžืŸ, ืขืจื›ื• ืืฆืœื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืชื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืขืžื• ืชื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขื ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื ื“ืœ ืœื ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ. ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื•ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’. ื”ื ื“ืœ ืื•ืžื ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืืš ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืš ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ืคื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘-1747, ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ืกื“ืื ื‘ืืจืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืฉื ื™, ืžืœืš ืคืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘, ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืงืฆืจื”, ื•ืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื‘ืืš ืœืืœืชืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืืš ืืœืชืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื ืขื ื” ืœืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืืฃ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื•: ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืคื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ืงืื ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก "ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™", ื•ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืžืœืš ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ื”, ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงืื ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ื•ืฉื ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1742 ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš. ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 1749. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืžืืก. ื‘ืืš ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชืขื•ื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ. ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืชืœื” ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœ (ืื•ืชื• ืžื ืชื— ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื•ืฉืœ ื’ื ื‘ื”ื ื“ืœ). ื‘ืืš ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1750, ื‘ืŸ 65. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชื• ื ื’ืจื ืžืฉื‘ืฅ, ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจืœื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจืืœ, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื—ืชื ื•, ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืืœื˜ื ื™ืงื•ืœ, ืขืœ ืขืจืฉ ื“ื•ื•ื™. ืชื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืžืช ืžืื™ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช "JSB". ื›ื•ืจืืœ ื–ื” ืžื ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ื”ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืž"ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ื”", ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืชื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ "BACH". ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•, ื™ืจื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืืš ืœื ื ืฉื›ื— ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื• (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืจืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื‘ืืš), ืฉื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื ืฉืื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉืœืชื. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืงืœื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžื•ืคืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘-1774 ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื‘ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื’ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื“ ื•ืืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘-1777 ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ื“ืคื™ ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš (ื•ื”ื ื“ืœ) ื•ื”ืžืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื ืชื— ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš. ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ื• ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•. ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ืœืชื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1829, ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ-ื‘ืจืชื•ืœื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืชืื•ืก ืคืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™. ืืžื ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ืืš ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจืš ื’ืจืกืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืื•ืก ืคืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ: ื”ื‘ืืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ืช, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ืืœ ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืืœ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ืชื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืืš ื•ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘-1850 ื”ื•ืงืžื” "ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืืš" (Bach Gesellschaft), ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจื‘ ืœืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืืš ื•ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืชืจืžื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™, ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช: ืœื”ืงืช ื’'ืช'ืจื• ื˜ืืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืชืจ ืกื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ืืจื•ื "ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ" ื•ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ืคื•ืค "Everything's gonna be alright" ืžืฉื ืช 1997. ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขื™ื‘ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ืจื•ืง ื•ื‘-1969 ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื˜ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘). ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืืœ ื ื ืชืœืš" ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจ ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืš ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืœื•ื“ ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ืžืืช ื‘ืืš. ื‘ื’'ืื– โ€“ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืœื™ "ืกื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืœ ืกื™ื ื’ืจืก" ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื’'ืื–ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืš ื•ื‘-1962 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืœื‘ื•ื "ื’'ืื– ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš" ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื–'ืืง ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืš ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’'ืื–. ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื’'ืื– ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืืœื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ืืš ื•ื‘ืœื•ื–. ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ืงื˜ื” ื•ืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ โ€“ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืงื˜ืข ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ "ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื”" ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื“ื™ืกื ื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1940; ื›ืคืก ื”ืงื•ืœ ืœืกืฆื ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืจื•ืœืจื‘ื•ืœ" ืžืฉื ืช 1975; ื•ื›ืคืชื™ื— ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืื“ื". ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืืš ื‘ืื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950 ืคืจืกื ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืฉืžื™ื“ืจ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืš (ืจื™"ื‘ ืื• BWV). ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื ื›ืœืœื• 1,080 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืœื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื’ืกื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื•ืœื™ืช, ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืงืœื“ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืืžืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื: ืจื™"ื‘ 1โ€“222 โ€“ ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช; ืจื™"ื‘ 225โ€“248 โ€“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืงื”ืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ; ืจื™"ื‘ 250โ€“524 โ€“ ื›ื•ืจืืœื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื; ืจื™"ื‘ 525โ€“771 โ€“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ื’ื‘; ืจื™"ื‘ 772โ€“994 โ€“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืงืœื“ืช; ืจื™"ื‘ 995โ€“1012 โ€“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ; ืจื™"ื‘ 1013โ€“1040 โ€“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช; ืจื™"ื‘ 1041โ€“1071 โ€“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช; ืจื™"ื‘ 1072โ€“1078 โ€“ ืงืื ื•ื ื™ื, ืคื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื ืžืฆืื• ืื• ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ืฉืœื ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืืš. ืจืื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืืช ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืจื™ืฆ'ืจืงืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช:ืžื—ืงืจ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ื” (Die Kunst der Fuge) ืจื™"ื‘ 1080 ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช (Musikalisches Opfer) ืจื™"ื‘ 1079ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช "ืœื‘ ื•ืคื” ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื" (Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben), ืจื™"ื‘ 147, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”, "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring".ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื•ืœื™ืช ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ (Weihnachts-Oratorium) ืจื™"ื‘ 248 ืžื™ืกื” ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืจื™"ื‘ 232 ืžื’ื ื™ืคื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืจื™"ื‘ 243 ืžืชืื•ืก ืคืกื™ื•ืŸ (Matthรคus-Passion) ืจื™"ื‘ 244 ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืคืกื™ื•ืŸ (Johannes-Passion) ืจื™"ื‘ 245ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช 4 ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืจื™"ื‘ 1066โ€“1069 14 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ื ืœืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื• ืจื™"ื‘ 1052โ€“1065 2 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืกื•ืœื• ืจื™"ื‘ 1041โ€“1045 6 ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื ื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื ืจื™"ื‘ 1046โ€“1051 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืจื™"ื‘ 1043ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ื˜ื•ืงื˜ื” ื•ืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืจื™"ื‘ 565 ืคืจืœื•ื“ ื•ืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ "ืงื˜ื ื”" ืจื™"ื‘ 533 ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื•ืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ "ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" ืจื™"ื‘ 542 ืคืกืงืœื™ื” ื•ืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืจื™"ื‘ 582 ืคืจืœื•ื“ ืœื›ื•ืจืืœ "ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•, ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื ื•" (Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme) ืจื™"ื‘ 645ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืงืœื“ืช (ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื•/ืงืœืื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ืจื“) ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื•ื•ื” (Das wohltemperierte Klavier) ืกืคืจื™ื 1 ื•-2, 48 ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื’ื•ืช ืจื™"ื‘ 846โ€“893 ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ืจื™"ื‘ 988 6 ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืจื™"ื‘ 806โ€“811 6 ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ื•ืช ืจื™"ื‘ 812โ€“817 ืื™ื ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™"ื‘ 772โ€“801 ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื ื” ืžื’ื“ืœื ื” ื‘ืืšืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื›ืœื™ ืกื•ืœื• ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืกื•ืœื• ืจื™"ื‘ 1001โ€“1006 6 ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฆ'ืœื• ืกื•ืœื• ืจื™"ื‘ 1007โ€“1012 ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื” ืœื—ืœื™ืœ ืกื•ืœื• ืจื™"ื‘ 1013 ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ืœื™, ื‘ืืš, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื”ื“ ืกืœืข, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 1989. ืžืœืงื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื“, ื‘ืืš, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื’ื‘ื™ ืคืœื’, ื›ืชืจ, 1990. ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจ, ื‘ืืš - ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ืจื’, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื—ื•ืชื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, 2010. ื“ืื’ืœืก ื”ื•ืคืฉื˜ื˜ืจ, ื’ื“ืœ, ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืืš - ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืŸ-ืืœืžื•ื•ืช''', ืชืจื’ืžื•: ื˜ืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2011. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืืš ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฆืคื•ื ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ืžืชืื•ืก ืคืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคืจื˜ืงืกื˜ - ืื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืคืœืืฉ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื’ื™ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” (ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” 39 ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš, ืคืจืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ), ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ, 9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2013 Secret Mathematical Patterns Revealed in Bachโ€™s Music ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื•ืชืจื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื’ื ื™ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1685 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1750
2024-09-10T17:29:30
ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ
ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคื•ืจืคื™ืจื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะะปะตะบัะฐะฝะดั€ ะŸะพั€ั„ะธั€ัŒะตะฒะธั‡ ะ‘ะพั€ะพะดะธะฝ; 12 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1833 - 27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1887) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืœื™ื“ ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”", ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื™ื—ื“ื” ืืช ืžืจืฆื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืฉืœื ื—ื™ืงืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ื”ืœืึพื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉืœ ืืฆื™ืœ ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืช ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ. ื‘ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืœืึพื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช, ืจืฉื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืืฆื™ืœ ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆืžื™ืชื™ื•, ืคื•ืจืคื™ืจื™ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข, ื•ื“ืื’ ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืจื ืกื” ืœื• ื•ืœืึดืžื•. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืึดืžื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื”. ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื” ืกืžื•ืš ืืœื™ื•, ืืš ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืคื ื” ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื“ื•ื“ื”". ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื• ื’ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื—ืœื™ืœ ืฆื“ ื•ืฆืณืœื• ืžืžื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืช ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1856. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”, ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ืงื”, ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ืืš ื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจื•ืคื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1859 ืœ-1862 ื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’, ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืกื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ึพ1863. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1862 ื ืชืžื ื” ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื“. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื• ื•ืžืžื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืœื“ื”ื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืœื“ื•ืœื™ืช, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช (Hunsdieckerโ€“Borodin reaction) ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื•ื™ื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื•ืฉืจื“ ื•ืืฃ ื›ืžื” ื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘ ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืช ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื ืฉืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ึพ27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1887. ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ื™ื—ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื ื–ืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1863, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘. ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ื›ื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™, ืกื–ืืจ ืงื•ืื™ ื•ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™ึพืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1869 ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื•. ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืœื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ึพ1877. ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘ึพ1879, ื•ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ืืจื’ืŸ ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ึพ1880. ื›ืš ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ืชึพืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1869 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื’ื ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืžืžื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื•ื‘ืฆื™ื™ื". ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืขืฆืžื” โ€“ ื•ื’ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืœืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื”. ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• "ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช", ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™ึพืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื•ืืช ืชื–ืžื•ืจื”. ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื”, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื•, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืืžื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ("ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”"), ืฉืชื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช (ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™, ื•ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžืชื•ื›ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“), ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ืืš ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžื”. ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชื–ืžืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืงื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื›ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ื•ืืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”), ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•, ืืš ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ืžืฆืœื•ืœ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืกื™ื”. ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื”ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 1 ื‘ืžื™ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ (1862โ€’1867) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 2 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (1869โ€’1876) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 3 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (1886โ€“1887, ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘) โ€ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”โ€œ, ืคื•ืืžื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช (1880) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช (1862) ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ืžืกืณ 1 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–ืณื•ืจ (1874โ€’1879) ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ืžืกืณ 2 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–ืณื•ืจ (1881) ืกืงืจืฆื• ืœืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช (1882, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ โ€ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืงื˜ื ื”โ€œ, ืฉื‘ืขื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื (ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ึพ1885, ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ) ืกืงืจืฆื• ื‘ืœื”ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ (1885) ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ (1869โ€’1887, ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•. ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื•ื‘ืฆื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื”) ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื–ืจื— ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• (ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช) ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื—ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1833 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1887
2024-05-16T13:35:00
ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื•ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื•ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ (; 17 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1770 โ€“ 26 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1827) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™. ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื’ืื•ื ื™ื•ืชื• ืขื•ืจืจื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืฉืžื™ืขืชื•, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื•. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื•, ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืืจื’ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื ืชืžืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืœืงื•ืชื• ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื•. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืจืฉ ืจืง ืžืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืชื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ("ื”ืจื•ืื™ืช" - Eroica), ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ("ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ", "ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ"), ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ("ื”ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืช" - Pastoral), ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ("ื”ืžืงื”ืœืชื™ืช" - Choral) ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”"ืื•ื“ื” ืœืฉืžื—ื”" - An die Freude, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืจืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื™ืกื” ืกื•ืœืžื ื™ืก, ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 5 ("ืงื™ืกืจ" - Emperor), ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืคืจืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื "ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™, ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ: "ื”ืคืืชื˜ื™ืช" (Pathรฉtique), "ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—" (Mondscheinsonate), "ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ" (Waldstein), "ืืคืืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื”" (Appassionata), "ืกื•ื ืื˜ืช ื”ืืžืจืงืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ" (Hammerklavier), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืœืืœื™ื–ื”" (Fรผr Elise). ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื—' Bonngasse 20 ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžืงืœืŸ, ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”), ืœื™ื•ื”ืืŸ (1740โ€“1792) ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื ื” (1744โ€“1787) ื•ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืœ ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘-17 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื—ื’ื’ื” ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื‘-16 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ. ืกื‘ื• ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ืง (Lodewijk) ื•ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ (1712โ€“1773), ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืžื“ื•ื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ืจืื‘ื ื˜ (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืคืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”) ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 21, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืจ ื‘ืก ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืงืœืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืืคืœืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื“ ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• (ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืคืœืžื™ืช). ื”ืื‘ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ, ื–ืžืจ ื˜ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื, ื ืชืŸ ื’ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืชื•. ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคืจื ืกืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืื›ืŸ ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•. ื”ืื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืงืฉื•ื— ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื• ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจื•. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืขื ื‘ื ื•, ืจืฆื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื›"ื™ืœื“ ืคืœื", ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžืœืื• ืœื• ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1778. ื”ืื‘ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืข ื”ื—ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืœืžื“ื• ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืœื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื‘ ืฉื‘ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉืชื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ื’ื•ืจืจ ืืช ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืžื™ื˜ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื’ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ืจื“ืžื•. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ืื• ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” โ€“ ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ืœื™ืœื“ ืžืงื•ื ืžืคืœื˜ ืžืžื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื•. ืžื•ืจื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 11, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืœื•ื‘ ื ืคื” (1748โ€“1798). ื›ืฉื–ื” ืขื–ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื ืงืจื ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืœืžืœื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื•ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื›ื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ, ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•. ื‘-1787 ื ืกืข ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืขื ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื. ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื”. ืœืคื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ื ืชื•, ืืžืจ: "ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• โ€“ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•". ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืขืงื‘ ื’ืกื™ืกืช ืืžื• ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช. ืžืื– ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื—ืœื ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™. ืขื ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื•, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 17, ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื•ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืฆื ืืช ืคืจื ืกืชื• ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืชื”, ืื•ืชื• ืคื’ืฉ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœืฆืืช ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ, ื•ืœืจืฉื•ื ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืคื ืงืก ืงื˜ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื•. ืžืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืคื™ืชื— ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื• 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืช ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื”ื•ืจื ื™ืžืŸ, 1803 ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžืžื ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ืจืื” ืœื• ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืžื ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ื“ืื’ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื•ืืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘-1792 ื•ื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (Waldstein). ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืจืื” ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืฉืžืช ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื ืขืœื” ื™ืคื”. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžืจื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ืกื‘ ืœื• ื ื—ืช. ื›ืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžืฆื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื•. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื• ืœืงื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1794 ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ืกืข ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ "ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ", ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืจืื”ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืฅ ื•ื’ืก ืœืžืจืื”, ื—ืกืจ ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื, ื—ื ืžื–ื’ ื•ืขืงืฉืŸ. ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืจืจืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื• ื›ืื“ื ื’ืก ืจื•ื—. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื– ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืฉ. ื‘ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ืชื• ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื–ื•ืœืชื•, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื• ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื—ืžืชื•. ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ืชื›ืคื•, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ื”ื ื ื•ืืฉื• ืžืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืžืกื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ื–ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ืกืœื—ื ื™ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ. ื”ื ืชืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื, ื”ืžืœื ืžืคื” ืœืคื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืกื•ืขืจื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช, ืืš ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืžืžืงื•ืžื• ืขืœ ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืจื™ืข ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•, ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื—ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื”, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืงื ื”ื›ื ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ (ืœืคื™ ืกื˜ื ืœื™, ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื™ื) ื•ื”ืคื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืฉื ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื• ื›ืื“ื ื’ืก ืจื•ื—, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืฆื•ืœื” ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื•ืคืจืกื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช. ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ื•ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก โ€“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืฆ'ืœื• ืื•ืคื•ืก 1 โ€“ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1795. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืื• ื—ืฆืจ ืืฆื•ืœื” (ื›ืฉื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืื– ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื), ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืืฃ ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื–ื“ืžื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืกืก ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœื’ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื”, ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื, ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|190px|ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื•ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื™ืฉื. ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘-1805, ืขื ื–'ื•ืกืคื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’, ืืœืžื ื” ื•ืื ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืชื” ืืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื” ื–'ื•ืกืคื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื”. 13 ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957 ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืงืจื‘ืชื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื’ ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื ื™, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™. ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ ืžื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื ื‘ืœื™ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”, ืืš ื’ื ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1810 ื ื™ืฉืื” ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช. ื‘-1812 ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืื”ื‘ื” ืืจื•ืš ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืจืง ื›"ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช". ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ืฉืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืคืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1812โ€“1816 ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื™ื ืฉื. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ืคืจืกื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1816 ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืืก ื”ืืกืœื™ื ื’ืจ, ืืฉืจ ืคืจืกื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• (ื•ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื). ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืืกืœื™ื ื’ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืš. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื”ื ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืกืœื™ื ื’ืจ. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื•; ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืชืงืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืžืฉืจืชื™ื•, ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื• ื•ื”ื™ื” "ืžื›ื•ืจ ืœืชืขืœื•ืœื™ื". ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ ืขื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืื‘ืง ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื›ื•ืื‘ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืงืืจืœ, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื’ื“ื•) ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืชื›ื ืก ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•; ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืื™ืฉ ื’ืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืขืฆื•ื‘. ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจืข ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื•, ื›ืื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ืœืคื ื™ 1792. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1826 ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืช ื‘ืŸ 57. ื“ื•ื— ื”ื ืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื“, ื‘ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ืœื‘. ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024 ืคื•ืจืกื ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื— ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืงื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ืžืฆืื” ืขื•ืคืจืช ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ 100 ืžื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ืืจืกืŸ ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ 13 ืžื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืคื™ 4. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืคืจืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืœ, ืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืœื™ื•ื. ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืคืจืช, ืฉืคืขืคืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื” ืขื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ืคืจืช ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœื• ื˜ืขื ืžืชื•ืง. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ื˜ืœ 75 ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืขื•ืคืจืช. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1826 ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืช ื‘-26 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1827 ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืืจื•ืš, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืช ืจืขืžื™ื ืขื–ื”. ื”ื™ื• ืฉืืžืจื•, ื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•: "ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืืฉืžืข". ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื•ืืจื™ื ื’ืจ ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ื ื”, ืฉื ื ื˜ืžื ื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜, ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1888 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืงื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื•ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืœืฆื“ ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื”ืื‘); ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1897) ื ืงื‘ืจ ืœืฆื™ื“ื ื’ื ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื‘ืจื”ืžืก. ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•; ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืื™ืจื•ืื™ืงื” ื”ืกืžื•ืš ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช: ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฆืขื“ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืงืจ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช "ื”ืคืชื˜ื™ืช" ื•"ืกื•ื ืื˜ืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—". ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืืฃ ืฆืคืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืื‘ืง. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืฉ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืก' 3โ€“8, ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 3โ€“5, ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ืžืก' 7โ€“11, ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 21โ€“27, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช "ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ" ื•"ืืคืืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื”", ื•ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ โ€“ ืคื™ื“ืœื™ื•. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|260 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื’ื’ ื”ืจืขืคื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ื• ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 1816 ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1827. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื™ื ืฉื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืฉืžืข ื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™, ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื– ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืื•ืค' 131 ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื•ืœื ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื•ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืžืงื”ืœื” ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ). ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืกื” ืกื•ืœืžื ื™ืก (Missa Solemnis), ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช, ื•ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ื’ื ืกื•ื ืื˜ืช ื”ืืžืจืงืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืœ ืจื‘ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื”. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ| 200 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืžืก' 32 ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื•ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉื™ืจืฉ ืžื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืืš ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืคืจืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”, ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ืขืœืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืคืจืงื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื” ืžืฉืชื ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืœืืช ื—ืŸ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช, ืžืœื‘ื‘ืช ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื ืืžื ื” ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ืขืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืœืื” ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื, ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืชื™, ื•ื ื•ืขื–ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื. ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ื—ื–ืง ื•ื”ืขืงืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื— ืืช ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœื•. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืœืคื ื™ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉืชื™ ืืกื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ: ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืขื ื” ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ืœืคืกื ืชืจื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ ืžืœื ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืื™ืžืฅ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“. ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื ืื ื“ืจืืก ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1809, ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื™ืชืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืจ ืขืœ "ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืจื›ื•ืช, ื”ืœื˜ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ืงืœื•ืช-ื”ื”ื›ื ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืฆืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื– ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคื›ื” ืจื‘ืช-ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื™ืชืจ ืขื•ื– ื•ื™ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœื• ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืคืจ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชื™ืจื”, ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจืง ื”ืงืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“...". ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืคืจื ืฅ ืงืกืื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืงืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1791 ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืงืœ ืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ. ื›ืฉื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘, ื”ืชื’ืจื” ื‘ื• ืฉื˜ืจืงืœ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•, ืฉื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืจื™ื™ื˜ื” "ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืžื•ืจื”" ("ื‘ื•ืื™, ืื”ื‘ื”") ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื ืฆื• ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื™ (ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืืฉืืคื ื‘ื•ืจื’) ืงืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ืฉืกืคืง ืื ืžื—ื‘ืจืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื’ื ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื›ืœ 24 ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืืœื ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•, ืฉื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืืช ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืงืœ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืงืœ ื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžื”ืคื›ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|260 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ืคืจืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืืœื’ืจื• ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ืžื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”: ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” โ€“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื™ื ื•ืื˜-ื˜ืจื™ื•-ืžื™ื ื•ืื˜ (ื”ืคืจืง ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื-ื‘-ื). ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 2 (ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืก' 8) ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื˜ ื‘ืกืงืจืฆื• (ื”ืœืฆื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช). ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ืงืจื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ืื˜, ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ื’ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืกืงืจืฆื•. ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืก' 4, 5, 6 ื•-7 ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœ-ื-ื‘-ื-ื‘-ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืกืงืจืฆื•-ื˜ืจื™ื•-ืกืงืจืฆื•-ื˜ืจื™ื•-ืกืงืจืฆื•. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืงื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืชืฉืข ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ. ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 5, ืฉื‘ื” ืคืจืงื™ื 3 ื•-4 ืžื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 6 ("ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืช"), ืฉื‘ื” ืคืจืงื™ื 3, 4 ื•-5 ืžื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ. ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืฉืื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคืจื” (ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ), ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืชืคื™ืกืชื” ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืจืงื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื. ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 6 ืชื™ืืจ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื›"ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ", ื•ืœื›ืœ ืคืจืง ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ("ืกืฆื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ืœ", "ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื›ืคืจ"). ืืžื ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ (ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื ืกืื ืก ื•ื‘ื‘ืืจื•ืง ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื“ื•ืžื”), ืืš ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ืฉืฆื™ืจืฃ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืชื•ื•ื™ื, ืœืคื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืžื–ื’-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื, ืืœื ื‘"ื ื•ืคื™ ื ืคืฉ". ื‘ื›ืš ืคืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžื”ื• ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืง โ€“ ื”ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืง ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ื ืื˜ื”. ืืฆืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืฆืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื” ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”. ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” โ€“ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ื”ืžื’ืžื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืžื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืจื™ืชืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื (ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื "ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ" ืื• "ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ"). ื‘ื›ืš ืชื•ืจื ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืžืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช (ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื) ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื ื•ืชืžื˜ื™ืช (ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืžืื’ื“ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืง, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”). ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืคืจืง ื”ืคื™ื ืืœื” (ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ) ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืคื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืงื”ืœื” ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื•ืœื ื™ื, ืคื™ืงื•ืœื•, ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืชื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžืฆืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ. ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืคื™ืงื•ืœื•, ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืคืจืงื™ื 1, 2 ื•-4 ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ืงืจื ื•ืช. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช: ื”ืกืงืจืฆื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืฆืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื˜, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืฆืœ ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœื›ืœื™ ืกื•ืœื• (ื’ื ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ); ืืฆืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ; ืืฆืœ ืกืŸ ืกื ืก ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช; ืืฆืœ ืจื—ืžื ื™ื ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื– ื›ืชื‘ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื โ€“ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืืฆืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืง ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 9 ืฉืœื•, "ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ", ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื•. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”, ืฉื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ืžืื”ืœืจ ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื”ืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘. ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื›ืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื– ืืžืฆืข ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืจืฉ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื‘ืง ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœ. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช, ืžื™ืกื” ืกื•ืœืžื ื™ืก, ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืกื•ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืฆืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื•ืžืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืจื‘ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื•, ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืงืกื ืจื‘. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ืื—ื•ื•ื” ืžืคืขืคืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•, "ืืจื•ืื™ืงื”" (ื”ื”ืจื•ืื™ืช), ืœื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช; ืื•ืœื ื‘-1804, ื›ืฉืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืงื™ืกืจ, ืงืจืข ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืœ"ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืื™ืช, ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื“ื’ื•ืœ". ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืชื’ืœื” ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื•ื ืžืจืฅ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ืจื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉื ื˜ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื™ืขืชื•, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•. ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ืืช ื”"ืื•ื“ื” ืœืฉืžื—ื”" ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืœืจ, ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืจื™ืจื•ืชื• ื•ืขืœ ื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืื“ื™ืจ ืœื—ื“ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืื—ื“ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœื. ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|300 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืคืืจืง ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ - ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืื• ืงืœืืกื™. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืขื“ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™" ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”"ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”" ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื”, ื”ื›ืœืœืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืžื ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืขื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื’ืชื” ื•ืฉื™ืœืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืคืจืกื™ ืฉืœื™. ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื•ืจ ืื• ื”ื•ืคืžืืŸ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืจื ืก. ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืœื—ื ื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืœืงื•ืœ, ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืฆ'ืœื•. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื•ืคืชื•. ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืชื•ืก; ืœื“ืขืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืœืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”, "ืžืžืฆื™ื" ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช; ืœื“ืขืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืื™ื•ืช. ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื ืข ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื ื•ืฉื ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขื–, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืงืฃ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื”. ืœืืœื” ืฉืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืืจื” ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœืืœื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžืคืชื— ืœืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•), ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืืคืฉืจื™: ื™ืฉื ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืžืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืื ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•: ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื•. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ืงืœืื–ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžืงื”ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื–'ืื ืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืž"ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ ืื• ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™" ืœ: "ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื˜ื” ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช?" ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื: ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘-1808 ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉื™ื‘ืฅ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจืงื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” (ืฉื ืฉืžืขื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜). ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ื ื” ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™ืช (ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”), ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช ืฉืงื˜ื” ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืื” ื”-19, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืš, ืงืืจืœ ื“ืืœื”ืื•ืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืฃ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืžื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื•. ื“ืืœื”ืื•ืก ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื ืฉืื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช-ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืงื•ื—ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ Opp. 74 ื•-97, ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช. ื“ืืœื”ืื•ืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜, ื•ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื ืœืงื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืž-Opp. 74 ื•-97. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช, ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืชื• ื›ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืื•ืชื• ื–'ืื ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื•ื™ืœื•ืง ืชืื™ื™ืจ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืื‘ืœื™ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืจื™, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ - ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืกืขืจื”, ื ื”ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื, ืชืฉืข"ื 2011. ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจื’, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ - ืžื•ืจื“ ื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”, 2005. ื’'ืจืžื™ ืกื™ืคืžืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ - ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื˜ืจ, 2007. ืžืจื™ื•ืŸ ืž. ืกืงื•ื˜, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืชืจื’ื ืขืคืจ ืฉืœื—, ื›ืชืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1987. ืคืื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจ, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืชืจื’ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ืจื’, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื™ื‘ 1962. ื ื•ืจืžืŸ ืœื‘ืจื›ื˜, ืœืžื” ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ: ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ, 2023 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ - ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœื”ืื–ื ื” (ืืชืจ ื•ื‘ื• ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœื”ืื–ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ mp3) ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื•ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื: ืขืžื™ืช ืคืœื“, ืืœื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื˜ื™ืœืžืืŸ. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ: ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื: ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืœื”ืื–ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• "ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช" ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ืช, ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ื“ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฉื˜ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื”, Melodia.me ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืืœืืก, ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืฉืžืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ, 29 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื•ื™ื ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื›ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1770 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1827
2024-09-10T16:05:50
ื–'ื•ืจื–' ื‘ื™ื–ื”
ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ-ืกื–ืืจ-ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ื–'ื•ืจื–' ื‘ื™ื–ื” (ื‘ืฉื ืžืœื ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Alexandre-Cรฉsar-Lรฉopold Georges Bizet; 25 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1838 โ€“ 3 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1875), ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืจื™ื– ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืงืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืงื•ืœ ื•ืืžื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช. ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœยณื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื”. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉืืจืœ ื’ื•ื ื•, ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ืžืจืžื•ื ื˜ืœ ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ืœื•ื™, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืชื ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืจ, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื”. ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1857, ื”ื™ื” "ืคืจืก ืจื•ืžื" ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™, ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืคืจื ืกื” ืœืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื• ืืœื” ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™. ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœืคืจื™ื– ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื ื“ื—ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ; ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืงืคืื” ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืžืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขืชืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืืช ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื—ืกืจ-ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืฉืืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื ื˜ืฉ. ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื™ื ืž-1863. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืืš ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืžื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฆืจืคืชโ€“ืคืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1870โ€“1871, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช, "ื’'ืžื™ืœื”", ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืœื ื ื—ืœื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืืš ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžื—ื–ื” "ื”ื ืขืจื” ืžืืจืœ" ืฉืœ ืืœืคื•ื ืก ื“ื•ื“ื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื–ื”, "ื›ืจืžืŸ", ืฉืขืœื™ืœืชื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืกืคืจ ืžืจื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืจืฆื•ืคื” ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”, ืžืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืจืฆื—, ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื” ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘-3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1875, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื– ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื, ื’ืจืžื” ืœื‘ื™ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื—ืจื•ืฅ; ื”ื•ื ืžืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืžืืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืขื ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช "ื›ืจืžืŸ" ืœืื—ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืงื”ืœ ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื”, ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืื“ื•ืจ", ื•ื”"ื”ื‘ื ืจื”". ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืจ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื–, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืž-1848 ืขื“ 1857 (ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009) ื‘ื™ื–ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืจ ื‘-9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1848, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื•, ื›ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืœืคื’', ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ืคื™ื™ืจ-ื–'ื•ื–ืฃ-ื’ื™ื•ื ืฆื™ืžืจืžืŸ, ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืจ. ืฆื™ืžืจืžืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืคื•ื’ื”, ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1853. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืืœ ื—ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืžืจืžืŸ, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจืœ ื’ื•ื ื•, ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ื’ื ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื ื•, ืงืืžื™ ืกืŸ-ืกื ืก ื‘ืŸ ื”-13, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืžืจืžื•ื ื˜ื”, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืจ, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช; ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1851, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืืœ ืžืจืžื•ื ื˜ื”, "ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ; ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™". ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืจ, ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืืชืื™ืกื˜, ืกื™ืจื‘ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ืื•ืคืจื” ืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืจื•, ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ืœ ืกื•ืคืจืŸ, ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1850. ื‘-1853 ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–'ืืง ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื•, "Petite Marguerite" ื•-"La Rose et l'abeille" ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1854. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1855 ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืขื™ื‘ื“ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื ื•: ื”ืื•ืคืจื” La nonne sanglante ื•ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื ื• ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืœืื• ืœื• ืฉื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืฉืœื•, ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•, ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื ื• - ืชื• ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืื‘ื“ื”, ื ืžืฆืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘-1933 ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-1935. ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื–'ืืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืจ (1862โ€“1939), ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืฉืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžืืจื™ ืจื™ื˜ืจ, ืฉืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื•. ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1913 ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื™ื• ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืžื•, ืขืœ ืขืจืฉ ื“ื•ื•ื™, ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืืžืช. ื–'ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ Le Temps ื•ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฉื ื™, ื–'ืืง ื‘ื™ื–ื” (1871โ€“1922), ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืืฉืชื• ื–'ื ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ื ืจื•ืžืŸ ืกื•ืขืจ. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื ื™ืฆื” ืฉืื•ืœ, ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืจืžืŸ: ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–'ื•ืจื–' ื‘ื™ื–ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ื“ืŸ, 2014. Hugh Macdonald, Bizet, Oxford University Press, 2014 Mina Kirstein Curtiss, Bizet and his World, A.A. Knopf, 1958 Susan McClary, Georges Bizet, Carmen, Cambridge University Press, 1992 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“, The Bizet Catalog ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื– ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจ ืœืฉื– ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1838 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1875 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืจื•ืžื
2024-04-16T14:50:13
ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ
ืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืคึผื•ึนืœ (ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ฮผฯŒฮฝฮฟฯ‚, "ืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืก" โ€“ ืื—ื“ ื•ึพฯ€ฯ‰ฮปฮตแฟ–ฮฝ "ืคึผื•ึนืœึธื™ึถืŸ" โ€“ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ) ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืืจื™ ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ (ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช) ืžืกื•ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืœืฉ ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืื• ืื“ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื›ื•ื— ืฉื•ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืกืคืงืช ื ื›ืกื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืงื ื” ืœืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ืจื, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ" ืื• ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื (ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื) ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืื’ื“" ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืชืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื˜ืจื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ืื• ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืื• ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ืกื ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื•ืง, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืคืจื•ื˜ืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžืจืงื ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฆืฃ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืขืจื‘ื• ื‘ื• (ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช) ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”"ื˜ื‘ืขื™". ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืฉื™ื— ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื— ื–ื” ืžืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ึนื ื•ึนืคึฐึผืกื•ึนืŸ, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืงื•ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืื•ืœื™ื’ื•ืคืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช; ืงืจื˜ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช; ื•ืื•ืœื™ื’ื•ืคื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ืขื ืื• ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืงืจื˜ืœื™ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžื™ื ื ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ื•ืžืกืคืจื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ('ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ'). ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื, ืื•ืชื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื›ื–ื” ื”ื ื”ื ื” ืžื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ ืื• ื—ื•ืœืฃ): ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“: ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื’ื•ืจื ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื’ื ืื ื ืชื— ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“ ื–ื ื™ื— (ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื). ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช: ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœืคื” ืขืœ ื ืงืœื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื—ื•ืžื•ืก ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ื™ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื: ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ื’ื•ืจื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ. ื—ืกื ื›ื ื™ืกื”: ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ืืกื•ืจื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ืกืžื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’ื ืื ืœื ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ืขืœโ€“ืคื™ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื ื•ืขืœโ€“ืคื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืขืœโ€“ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื•ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืื• ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžืขืžื“ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง; ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง (ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉืจืง ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง); ื•ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช. ืขืœโ€“ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื, ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ื›ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ. ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš, ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืœื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืืกืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื’ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื›ืชื• ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ืคืฆืชื• ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืจื›ืŸ. ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคืงื™: ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืคืงื™. ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืคืœื—ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื‘ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืžื—ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื•ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžืคืœื” - ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืจืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืคืœื—ื™ ืฉื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื•. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื (ืœืœื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”) ืืš ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžืคืœื” ืžื•ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืคื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืื• ืขื•"ื“ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืœื™ (ืฉื•ื ื”) ืžื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื— ื•ืœืงื•ื— ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื ื•ื›ืš ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื. ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœโ€“ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉื ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ื‘ืชืงื ื” ืื• ื‘ื ื•ื”ืœ, ืขืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœื’ื•ืจื ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœโ€“ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืื• ื›ืœืœ-ืืจืฆื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจ. ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœโ€“ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง, ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืื• ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื›ื•ืคื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื”ื ืชื” ืžืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœโ€“ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ืœืžืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1992. ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืขืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืœื—ื‘ืจืช "ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ" ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™, ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื–ื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™" ืื• ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ. ืœืจื•ื‘, ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช; ื•ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ. ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื—, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืœ ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื›ืœืœ ืื• ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืขืœโ€“ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขืœโ€“ื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืœื˜ืขื ืช ืืœื• ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืืกืคืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืจืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจ ืืœื•. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื”ืžื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ืื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืชืฉืชื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืื• ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื”ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื’ื–, ื”ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™, ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืชืคืชื—, ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” โ€” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” โ€” ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•. ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื ืขืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืกื ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ืจื™ืื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื™ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื, ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™" ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืžืชืŸ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ. ื›ืขื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœโ€“ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ื–ื”. ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›"ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™" ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืขื ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช (ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื”), ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื’ื–, ื”ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ, ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™, ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•"ืœ ื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— (ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”) ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื—ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื–ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืืกืคืงืชื, ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื•ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืื•ืœื™ื’ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžืฉืง ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืง ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื ืชื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื•ืง, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง (ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืกืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืื• ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื). ืชื—ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืชื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ืช (Marginal Cost - MC) ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ (Marginal Revenue - MR). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืœื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ, ื ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช, ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืืกืคืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืื• ืชืงื ื”, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืงืฆืจืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜, ืฉืœื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช. ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ "ืืคืืฆ'ื™" ืฉืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ 70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืฉื•ืง ืฉืจืชื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืื• ืžืกืคืง ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืžื•ืฆืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื›ื ื›ื•ื‘ืœ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฆืฃ. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงืจื˜ืœ ืื•ืœื™ื’ื•ืคื•ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืื•ืคืงื™ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืื ื›ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืืœื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืชื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ - ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช, ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื•ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืŸ, 2012. ืคืจืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฆืจ-ื’ืœ ื•ืืžื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ "ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ: ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ" ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื–, 139 (2007). ืกื“ืจืช ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘-ื›ืืŸ 11: "ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื ื“"- ืฉืื•ืœ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ืžืกืงื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘. ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘-ื›ืืŸ 11: ื™ื’ืืœ ื’ื•ืื˜ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืกืข ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืœืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื— ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉื•ืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชื—ืจื•ืช (ื›ืœื›ืœื”) ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1 (ืžืกืคืจ)
2024-08-25T20:39:23
ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ
ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: ; 4 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1824, ืื ืกืคืœื“ืŸ โ€“ 11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1896, ื•ื™ื ื”) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ืฉืคืขืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ื•ื•ื’ื ืจื™ืื ื™. ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”. ืืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืžื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืกืคื’ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื–ื•. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืคืชืŸ ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื”, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ืื•ืจื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ืจ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืกื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ. ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื ืกืคืœื“ืŸ (ื›ื™ื•ื ืคืจื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ืฅ). ืื‘ื™ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื›ืคืจ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื›ื ืกืชื•. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžื ื–ืจ ื”ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืกื ื˜ ืคืœื•ืจื™ืืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1851 ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืกื ื˜ ืคืœื•ืจื™ืืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื, ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืคืจื ืฅ ื–ื™ื™ืœืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 40 ืืฆืœ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื˜ืจ ื•ืื•ื˜ื• ืงื™ื˜ืฆืœืจ, ืฉืงื™ืจื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ. ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื—ืงืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1863 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื’ืื•ื ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืžืฆืข ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœืชื”ื™ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืชื•ืœื™ ืื“ื•ืง ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1861 ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืืœ ืœื™ืกื˜, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืื“ื ื“ืชื™ ื•ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ื–ื ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื•ื’ื ืจ. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืืฆืœ ื–ื›ื˜ืจ ื•ืงื™ืฆืœืจ, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื™ืกื” ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1868 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ืžืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžืจืฆื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืืœื” ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• "ืคืจื•ืขื•ืช" ื•"ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืจ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1875 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื™ื ื”, ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื” ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื”ื ืกืœื™ืง. ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื•ื’ื ืจ ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืœืฆื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืกืœื™ืง ื›ืื•ื™ื‘. ืœื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืžืฉืœื• โ€“ ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืจืชื•ืจ ื ื™ืงื™ืฉ, ืคืจื ืฅ ืฉืืœืง ื•ื”ืจืžืŸ ืœื•ื™, ืฉื ื™ืกื• ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ "ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื", ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื”ืชื™ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื”, ืืš ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืชื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืคื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ืจืื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืœื ืคืขื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืงื•ื“ืžืชื”. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื’ื ืžื™ืกื•ืช, ืžื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื”ืœื”. ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื•ืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื”. ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื•ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื”, ื›ืฉื–ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื”. ืคืขื, ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื ื™ื’ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื”ื ืก ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ. ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ืกื™ืคืจ, "ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™, ืคื ื™ื• ืงื•ืจื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ื•ื•ื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืฅ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื“ืง ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืืœ ื›ืคื™, 'ืงื— ืื•ืชื•', ืืžืจ ืœื™, 'ื•ืฉืชื” ื›ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื™'". ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข (ืชืืœืจ ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืžืจื™ื” ืชืจื–ื”) ื•ืขื ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืขื•ื ื• ืžืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ืงื”ืœ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ืžื•ืขื˜ื•ืช, ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืืœืชื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœื™ืžื“ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืก ืจื•ื˜ (ืื '), ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ. ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ืžืช ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1896 ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• (ื‘-11 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1903). ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ืœื ื ื™ืฉื ืžืขื•ืœื (ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืข ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ื ื“ื”ืžื•ืช). ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชื™ื, ื•ืคืขื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืจื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ืช ื’ื•ืคืชื•. ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื“ืจืžื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืœ (ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืœื™ื ืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1823) ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1932 (ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2004 ื ืงืจื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ "ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ"). ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ืžืงื•ื˜ืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช WAB (ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ Werkverzeichnis Anton Bruckner). ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื ื˜ื” ื’ืจืกื‘ืจื’ืจ (Renate Grasberger). ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1923 ืคืจืกื ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื‘-Classic Cat ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื‘-Free Scores ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื’ื ื™ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื•ื™ื ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื’ืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื•ืžื™ื-ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1824 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1896
2024-10-18T11:36:42
ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง
ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง (ื‘ืฉื ืžืœื ื‘ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช: Antonรญn Leopold Dvoล™รกk, , 8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1841 โ€“ 1 ื‘ืžืื™ 1904) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฆ'ื›ื™, ื™ืœื™ื“ ืคืจืื’. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” "ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ", ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืฆ'ืœื•, ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืจื•ืกืœืงื” (ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื”" ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ) ื•ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ "ื“ื•ืžืงื™", ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” "ืงืจื ื‘ืœ" ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ื•ืช (Te Deum, ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื) ืกื˜ืื‘ื˜ ืžืื˜ืจ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ืœื”ื•ื–ื‘ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืคืจืื’, ืฉื ื—ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืื’ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ืžืกืชื™ืื˜ืจ ("ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™", ืขื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช), ืฉืžืฉื ืช 1866 ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื“ื–'ื™ืš ืกืžื˜ื ื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ื’ื ื• ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช. ืžึพ1892 ืขื“ 1895 ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื–'ืื ื˜ ืชืจื‘ืจ, ืืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืฉื™ืจื”, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื™ื•ืงืจื”. ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืžื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“. ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืชืžืœื ืื—ืจ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื•: ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื, ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื. ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืกืข ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืืจื™ ื‘ืจืœื™ (Harry Burleigh), ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืง ืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ื‘ืจืœื™ ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”; ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื‘ืจืœื™ ืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืง ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืจืœื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืืœื”. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืกื™ืขืชื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช, "ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ". ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืžืข ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืฆ'ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆ'ืœื• ื•ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืฉืžืข ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืฆ'ืœื• ืžืฉืœื•, "ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ" (1895). ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื– ื ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ื’ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจื”, "ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ" (1865), ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื ื•ื’ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื’ื™ื ืชืจ ืจืคืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1925 ืœึพ1929. ืœื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื’ื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•: ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืคืจืื’, ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1901 ื•ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘-1904. ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืงืืจืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉึถื”ึฐืจืื“ ื‘ืคืจืื’. ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ , ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื‘ื•ืฉ ืงื•ื”ื•ืื•ื˜ืง ื‘-1974, ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–ื'ืง ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช: ืชืฉืข ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืงืœืกื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื”ื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื‘ืจื”ืžืก, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืคื™ืชื— ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื ื™ื›ืจืช. ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืขื ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช; ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœื ื ื˜ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืืจืฆื•. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื•, ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื 11 ืื•ืคืจื•ืช (ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื "ืจื•ืกืœืงื”") ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื, ืกื˜ืื‘ื˜ ืžืื˜ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืงื•ืœ ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืงื•ืœ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงืืžืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืžืกืคื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ; ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช "ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ" ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืขืฆืžื• ืงืจื ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื• "ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช", ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืชืคืœื” ืฉืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืžื” ื’ื ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœื• ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืคืจืกืžืŸ. ื‘"ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ" ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื”ื“ื™ื ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื“ืœื• ืฉืœื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœื•, ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื‘ืจื”ืžืก), ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ 1 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ืŸ 24. ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ ื–ืœื•ื ื™ืฆื”", ืขืœ ืฉื ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื” ืืจืฆื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื ื•ืกื”, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืจื‘ ืœืขืชื™ื“. ื”ืกืงืจืฆื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคืจืง ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื’ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืคื ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืœืคืจื ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜. ืœืœื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืจื‘, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ 2 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ 3 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 10 ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉื”ืฉืจืชื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื•ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜. ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืžืจืฉ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืืœ ืžืจืฉ ื”ืื‘ืœ, ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช "ื”ื”ืจื•ืื™ืช" ืžืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ืคืจืง ื•ืคืจืง ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื ื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฆืœื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืื ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”. ืืš ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื ืจ ืœื ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘; ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ 4 ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 13. ื–ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื. ืจืง ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ื. ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื• ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืžืจืื” ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืจืื” ืืช ื—ื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™. ืœืคืจืง ื–ื” ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื ื‘ืœ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื”. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง, ืžืกืคืจ 5 ื•ึพ6, ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืช ื•ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 76/24 ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™, ืฉืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื–ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื“ื•ืจืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื• ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื ืคืชื— ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืงืจื™ ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืœื: ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื›ื–ื” ืืžื ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื–ื”ื• ืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ืขื–. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ืก: 24. ื‘ืจื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฉืžืขื” ื•ื ื•ื’ื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ 1880 ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ื’ื ื” ื›ืœืœ. ื‘-1887 ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืคืจื™ืฅ ื–ื™ืžืจื•ืง ืฉืžืข, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืฉื™ืฉืœื— ืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืจืกื•ื. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืฉืœื— ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช. ืืš ื›ืฉื–ื™ืžืจื•ืง ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคืจืกื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื•, ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ 3 ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ืก 76. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืจืกื ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 60 ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 2 ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืžืจืชืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืงืจืฆื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข: ืคื•ืจื™ืื ื˜. ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืง. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื—ื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืจื—ื‘. ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ 7 ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 70, ืžึพ1885, ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื‘ืจื”ืžืก ื•ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื•ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืคืจืื’ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื”. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืื–ื ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœืžืื‘ืง ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืกื•ื—ืคืช ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื. ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคืก 88, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืงืจืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชืžืฆื•ืช ืจื‘. ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื. ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื–ื•. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉืชื™ ืืœื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืคืกื’ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ19. ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 95, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืช-ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœื”, "ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ" (From the New World). ื”ื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”, ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ืชื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช. ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช. ืžืืฉืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ื“ื•ืกื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืžืžื™ืช, ืืš ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง. ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ืคืจืง ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืžื”ืคืจืง ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•ืื—ื™ื“. ื ื™ืœ ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ืœืงื— ืขืžื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื™ืจื— ื‘ืืคื•ืœื• 11, ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ึพ1969. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืฆ'ืœื• ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ืกื•ืœื•. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื• ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘-1865. ืืš ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื ื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื• ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื”: ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 33. ื›ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืื™ื“ืื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœืช, ืœื ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžื‘ืฆืข. ื‘ืฉืœ ื–ืืช ืขื“ ืœืขืชื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื ื˜ื™. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืœื ื‘ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืจื—ื‘ ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืคืจืงื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืื™ื ื ื• ื ื•ืคืœ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ ืืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื•. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืœื ืจืง ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ ืืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื•-ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืื‘ืง. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1876 ื•ืขื“ 14 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ: ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ (1875) ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (1876โ€“1877) ื•ื”ืกื˜ืื‘ื˜ ืžืื˜ืจ (1876โ€“1877) ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1878 ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื•ืกืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื. ืขื“ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1883 ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืคืจ ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื ื’ื™ื ืช ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื–ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1919 ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฆ'ื›ื™ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืงื•ืจืฅ, ื™ืฉื‘ ืขื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืชืจื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืฃ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช. ืืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื ื ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ืงื•ืจืฅ. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืคืจืง ืจื—ื‘ ื™ืจื™ืขื”, ืžืœื•ื“ื™, ืœื™ืจื™ ื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™. ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื•ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•. ื”ืคืจืง ืกื•ืขืจ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ืžืจืื” ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืช ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœืคืชื— ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืคืจืง ืจื•ื ื“ื• ืžืœื ื‘ืจืขื ื ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื ื•ืขื– ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื”: ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 53. ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1879 ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ืœื›ื ืจ ื•ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื™ื•ืื›ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื‘ืจื”ืžืก. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื™ื•ืื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื” ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื™ื“ืข ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ื•ืืฃ ืฆ'ืœื•. ื™ื•ืื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก. ืžืฉืืฃ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื™ื•ืื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื”ืžืก ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื”, ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ื ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื™ืชืจื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืื›ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืขืชื•. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1883 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืžืจื•ืง ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ ืืฉืจ ืงื ื” ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืžื›ื•ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื•. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืคืจืง ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื•. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืžืœื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืขืœื™ื–ื•ืช. ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืคืš ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื–ื” ืœื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื”: ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 104. ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืฆ'ืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ื•ื ืงืจื: "ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืš ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื• ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืื—ื“". ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1894 ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื”ืืŸ ืฆ'ืœืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ื™ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื•. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ื‘ืจื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื™, ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืฆ'ืœื•. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืœื ืงืœื” ื•ืืฃ ืงืฉื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืฆ'ืœื• ื”ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืืจ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืคืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื’'ื•ื–ื™ืคื™ื ื” ืื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ืชื•. ื›30 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื’'ื•ื–ื™ืคื™ื ื” ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง. ืขืชื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ืชื ืชืง ืžืžื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืขืฉ ืžื›ืš ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื›ืžื” ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื’'ื•ื–ื™ืคื™ื ื”. ืœื›ืฉืกื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื’'ื•ื–ื™ืคื™ื ื” ื ืคื˜ืจื”. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื”ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืžืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืื”ื‘ื” ื’'ื•ื–ื™ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืชืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ืš ื”ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื™ืขืช ืฉืžืฉ ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื–ื” ื”ืœืš ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืžืก ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขื˜ืจื” ืœื™ื•ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืงืœืืกื™. ื”ืคืจืง ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื–ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช. ืืœื ืฉื”ืจืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืœื ืžื™ื“ ืืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื ื™. ื”ืคืจืง ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื“ื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ ืœื”ื‘ืขื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืœืœื‘. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื ื“ื• ืžืœื ื‘ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืœื‘. ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ืขื•ื“ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช. ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ 14 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจืงื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ืขื“ ืขืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื•, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื ื˜ื” ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืœืžื“ื™ื•ื ื–ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช: ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ืฉืคืชื• ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ืช ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช, ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื™ื ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 1 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืœืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก) ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 2 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 2 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 3 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 4 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 4 ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 9 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 5 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 10 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 6 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 12 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 7 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 16 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 8 ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 34 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 9 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 51 (ื”ืกืœืื‘ื™ืช) ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 10 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 61 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 11 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 80 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 12 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 96 (ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช) ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 13 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 106 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 14 ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 105 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก. 1 ื‘ืจื” ืžื’'ื•ืจ: ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ 1870 ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืขืฆืžื• ื ืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื›ื™ื”. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื’ื ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื’ื ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงืืžืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 72 ื“ืงื•ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘, ืชืขื•ื–ื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืœื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืงืจืฆื•. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™. ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื ืืกืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช. ืขืฆื ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื›ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื•. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ืืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื ื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื•ืก 46 ื•- 72 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื‘ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื”, ืžื•ืจืื‘ื™ื” ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช. ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื‘ืฆ'ื›ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืฉืžื• ืœื”ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืชื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื–'ื™ืš ืกืžื˜ื ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” "ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื”" (The Bartered Bride) ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช "ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™" (Ma Vlast). ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกืžื˜ื ื” ื”ืชื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืฉืื™ืžืฅ ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ืชื• ื•ื”ื™ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกืžื˜ื ื”, ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘-1874 ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืืจืฆื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืœ ืกืฃ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืœื›ืŸ ืคื ื” ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืœื’ื” ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืœื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืš. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืœื’ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1874 ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1877. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื”ื ืกืœื™ืง ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื‘ืจื”ืžืก. ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืกืœื™ืง ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ื”ืชืจืฉืžื• ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1877 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื”ื ืกืœื™ืง, ื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ "ืžืจ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ืฉื ืืช ืœื‘ื• ื•ืขื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ืš ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืฉืจื•ื—ืฉ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžืจ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ืš ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื ืืชืš ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉื›ื ืขื• ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืคื™ืก ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืชื‘ืช." ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืืœ ืคืจื™ืฅ ื–ื™ืžืจื•ืง, ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืš ืขื ื™ ืžืจื•ื“. ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขื ืคืจืกื•ืžื ืืช ื”ืฉื: "ื“ื•ืื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืจื‘ื™ื™ื". ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื™ืžืจื•ืง ืคืจืกื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื•, ื”ื—ืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฆื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื•ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืืช ืขืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื—ื ื”, ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื–ื™ืžืจื•ืง ื›ื™ ื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก, ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื”ืžืก, ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืœืงื˜ ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื (ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ, ื—ืœืงื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช) ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฆื• (ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื ื™), ืืš ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง, ื›ื™ ืžืฆืœื•ืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœืชื–ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1878. ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื ืžื›ืจื• ืžื™ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืคื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”.. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ืœื• ื–ื›ื• ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื–ื™ืžืจื•ืง ืžื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืืš ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœื ื ืขื ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉื”, ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื–ื™ืžืจื•ืง ื—ื–ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื‘ืงืฉืชื•, ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืชืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช (ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื›ืžืกืคืจ 2) ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืœื–ื™ืžืจื•ืง, ื›ื™ "ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื” ืœื™ ืื•ืฉืจ ืจื‘ ื•ืกื“ืจืช ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”". ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืจื›ืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืืช ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ื’ื ื”ืคืขื, ืขื ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื—ืฉ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ื™ ืžืฆืœื•ืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืœื—ื ื”, ืชื™ื–ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžื, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1887 ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื–ื›ื• ืœืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื” ื–ื›ื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื•ืก 46 ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 1 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ: ืคืจืกื˜ื• - ืคื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 2 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ: ืืœื’ืจื˜ื• ืกืงืจืฆื ื“ื• - ื“ื•ืžืงื” ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 3 ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ: ืคื•ืงื• ืืœื’ืจื• - ืคื•ืœืงื” ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 4 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ: ื˜ืžืคื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืื˜ื• - ืกื•ืกื“ืกืงื” ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 5 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ: ืืœื’ืจื• ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืฆ'ื” - ืกืงื•ืฆ'ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 6 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ: ืืœื’ืจื˜ื• ืกืงืจืฆื ื“ื• - ืกื•ืกื“ืกืงื” ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 7 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ: ืืœื’ืจื• ืืกืื™ - ืกืงื•ืฆ'ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 8 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ: ืคืจืกื˜ื• - ืคื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื•ืก 72 ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 1 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ: ืžื•ืœื˜ื• ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืฆ'ื” - ืื•ื“ื–ืžืืง ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 2 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ: ืืœื’ืจื˜ื• ื’ืจืฆื™ื•ื–ื• - ื“ื•ืžืงื” ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 3 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ: ืืœื’ืจื• - ืกืงื•ืฆ'ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 4 ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ: ืืœื’ืจื˜ื• ื’ืจืฆื™ื•ื–ื• - ื“ื•ืžืงื” ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 5 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ: ืคื•ืงื• ืื“ืื’'ื™ื•, ื•ื•ื™ื•ืืฆ'ื” - ืกืคืืฆ'ื™ืจืงื” ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 6 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ: ืžื•ื“ืจืื˜ื• ืืกืื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืื˜ื• - ืคื•ืœื•ื ื™ื– ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 7 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ: ืืœื’ืจื• ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืฆ'ื” - ืงื•ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืก. 8 ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ: ื’ืจืฆื™ื•ื–ื• ืื” ืœื ื˜ื• ืžื” ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืคื•, ืงื•ืื–ื™ ื˜ืžืคื• ื“ื™ ื•ืืœืก - ืกื•ืกื“ืกืงื” ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืฆ'ืœื• ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื›ืชื‘ 4 ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืกื ืชืจ. ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื“ืจืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืข ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืžืงื”. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”-8 ื•ื”-9: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจ 0-486-24740 ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”-6 ื• ื”-7: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจ0-486-28056-8 ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืจื’ (Eulenburg) ืžืก. 593 ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืžืก. 751 ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื•ืก 46: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจ 0-486-25394-5 ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื•ืก 72/1-4: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืžืก. 1348 ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื•ืก 72/5-8: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืžืก. 1349 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงืืžืจื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจ 0-486-25663-4 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจ 0-486-25135-7 ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืก ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ืŸ, ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ื•ืจื™, ื”ืขืจืš "ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง", ืขืž' 317โ€“332 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ - ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง - 150 ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ื–ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื˜ื”, ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ "ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช" ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืืชืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืกืคื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฆ'ื›ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฆ'ื›ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1841 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1904
2024-04-28T06:02:23
ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื”
ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื” (Charpentier) ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื ื’ืจ. ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื”
2021-03-31T03:12:44
ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก
ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (Strauss) ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืื‘ืง, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื–ืจ ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืขืŸ. ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื
2024-07-21T14:45:48
ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžื’ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช
ืžื’ืœื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื• ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืขืจืš ืžืกืขื•ืช ื—ืงืจ ื•ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื•. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื’ืœื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืืชื ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ืžื’ืœื” ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืœืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืฉืื™ืคืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžื’ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”-15, ื”-16 ื•ื”-17, ืฉื—ืฉืคื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง. ืžื’ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ืœื” ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื—ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืŸ ืงืจืชื’ื• ื”ืžืื” ื”-5 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ื—ื™ืžื™ืœืงื• ืงืจืชื’ื• ื”ืžืื” ื”-5 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืคื™ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ, ืกืคืจื“, ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืจื˜ืืŸ ืคื™ืชืืก ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกืœื™ื” (ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืจืกื™ื™) 380 ืœืคื ื”"ืก - 310 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืขืจืš ืžืกืข ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื’'ืื ื’ ืฆ'ื™ืืŸ ืกื™ื ื™ื”ืžืื” ื”-2 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื—ืงืจ ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืžืžืœื›ืช ืคืจืก ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืจื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ 970โ€“1020 ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื™ืกืœื ื“, ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช. ืืคื•ื ืกื• ื“ื” ืืœื‘ื•ืงืจืงื™ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ 1453โ€“1515 ื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืคืจืกื™, ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืื”, ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืคื“ืจื• ื“ื” ืืœื•ื•ืืจืื“ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1486โ€“1541 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ืกืœื•ื•ื“ื•ืจ, ื’ื•ืื˜ืžืœื” ื“ื™ื™ื’ื• ื“ื” ืืœืžื’ืจื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1475โ€“1538 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆ'ื™ืœื”. ื“ื™ื•ื’ื• ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ืฉ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16 ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื ืงืจื ื”ืื™ ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’. ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื“ื” ืืœืžื™ื™ื“ื” ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ 1450โ€“1510 ื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•. ืจื•ืืœื“ ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ 1872โ€“1928 ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื‘-14 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1911 ืคื“ืจื• ืืกืงื•ื‘ืจ(Pedro Escobar) ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื™ื™ ืกืื• ื˜ื•ืžื” ื•ืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื” ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ืืคื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™1584โ€“1622 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ื‘ืืคื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ ื‘ืืคื™ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืืกื•ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™1480โ€“1560 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื‘ืืจืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ 1821โ€“1865 ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืืžื” ื‘ื•ื ืคืœืืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ 1773โ€“1858ื—ืงืจ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืืžื–ื•ื ื™ื”, ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืงื•, ื‘ื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื˜ื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื™ืœื™ื“ ื˜ื ื’'ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืจื•ืงื• 1304โ€“1377 ืขืจืš ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”. ื•ืกืงื• ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืก ื“ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1475โ€“1519 ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืžืžื–ืจื—, ื‘-1513 ืคื‘ื™ืืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืœื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ืกื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ 1778โ€“1852 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ื“ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-12 ืžืกืข ืฉืœ 13 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ืก ืื ื’ืœื™ 1771โ€“1803 ื—ืงืจ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืฆืจ ื‘ืก ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ืจื•ืก ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ 1730โ€“1794 ืžืฆื ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ 1821โ€“1890 ืžืกืข ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื’ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื ื™ 1681โ€“1741 ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ, ืžืฆืจ ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ (ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื™ื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช) ื•ืืœืกืงื” ื•ื™ืœื ื‘ืจื ืฅ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ 1550โ€“1597 ื—ืงืจ ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืฅ, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื’ืฉืคืจ ื“ื” ื’ืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ 1444โ€“1510 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื• ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ืืกืงื• ื“ื” ื’ืืžื” ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ 1469โ€“1524 ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื, ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืžื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื’ืจื ื™ื™ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ 1835โ€“1873ื—ืงืจ ื ื”ืจ ืžืงื•ื ื’ ื–'ื•ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืื•ืจื‘ื™ืœ ืฆืจืคืชื™ 1790โ€“1842ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืกืžื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื–'ื ื™ื•ื‘ (Semyon Dezhnyov) ืจื•ืกื™ 1605โ€“1673 ื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื™ื ืฆ'ื•ืงืฆ'ื™ ื•ื”ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ ื‘ืืจืชื•ืœื•ืžื™ืื• ื“ื™ืืฉ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ 1450โ€“1500 ืขืจืš ืžืกืข ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื’'ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ืื ื’ืœื™ 1543โ€“1605 ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืฆืจ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื™ ืคื•ืงืœื ื“. ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื“ืจื™ื™ืง ืื ื’ืœื™ 1540โ€“1596 ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื. ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ 1570โ€“1611 ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื ืœื™ืก ื“ื” ื”ืื•ื˜ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ 1565โ€“1599 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”. ื’'ื ื’ ื—ื” ืกื™ื ื™1371โ€“1433 ื—ืงืจ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืกืจื™ ืœื ืงื”, ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืงื ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืคืจืกื™. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ 1827โ€“1917 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ืื ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืกืคืŸ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ 1394โ€“1460 ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ 1757โ€“1798 ื—ืงืจ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงื” โ€“ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืืœืกืงื”, ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ (ืžื“ื™ื ื”). ืคื™ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœื˜ื™ื” ื“ื” ื•ื•ืจืŸ (Pierre Gaultier de Varennes) ืฆืจืคืชื™ 1685โ€“1749 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื“ื”. ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื•ื™ืœืงืก ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ 1798- 1877 ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื”ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื•. ืืžืจื™ื’ื• ื•ืกืคื•ืฆ'ื™ ื’ื ื•ืื–ื™ (ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”) 1454โ€“1512 ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื ืคืจื“ืช ื•ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืกื™ื” ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ ื“ื” ื•ืจืืฆืื ื• ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ 1485โ€“1528 ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืชืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื—ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1506 โ€“ 1552 ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืชื ืื™ื™ืจื™ืง ืชื•ืจื•ื•ืืœื“ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ 950โ€“1003 ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“. ืœื•ืื™ืก ื•ืืก ื“ื” ื˜ื•ืจืก ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1565โ€“1607 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ ื˜ื•ืจืก. ืื‘ืœ ื™ื ื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ืกืžืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ 1603โ€“1659 ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ืกืžื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื™ ืคื™ื’'ื™. ืžื™ืคื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื–'ืืŸ-ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืœื” ืคืจื•ื– ืฆืจืคืชื™ 1741 โ€“ 1788 ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” (ืฆ'ื™ืœื”, ืืœืกืงื” ื•ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”), ื”ื•ื•ืื™, ื™ืคืŸ, ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืกื—ืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื” ืžืจื™ื•ื•ื“'ืจ ืœื•ืื™ืก ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ 1774โ€“1809 ื—ืงืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜. ืจืื• ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืœื•ืื™ืก ื•ืงืœืืจืง ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ 1813โ€“1873 ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื’ืฉืคืจ ื“ื” ืœืžื•ืฉ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื™ื• ื“ื” ื–'ื ื™ื™ืจื• ืกึฐื˜ึตืคึธืŸ ืžืืœื™ื’ื™ืŸ(Stepan Malygin) ืจื•ืกื™ ? - 1764 ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ ืžื’ืœืŸ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ 1480โ€“1521 ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืกื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœื’ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ืฉืžื• ืืœื‘ืจื• ื“ื” ืžื ื“ื ื™ื” ืกืคืจื“ื™1542โ€“1595ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืื™ื™ ืžืจืงื™ื– ืคื“ืจื• ืžืกืงืจื ืก ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™1470โ€“1555ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื™ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื• ื’ืจืกื™ื” ื•ืื™ ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžืงื ื–ื™ ืกืงื•ื˜ื™1764โ€“1820ื—ืงืจ ืงื ื“ื”, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ื”ืจ ืžืงื ื–ื™ ื–'ื•ืื• ื“ื” ื ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ 1460โ€“1509 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื™ ืืกื ืฉืŸ ื•ืื™ ืกื ื˜ ื”ืœื ื” ื–'ืืŸ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื” ืฆืจืคืชื™1598โ€“1642ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื™ืžืช ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ, ื—ืงืจ ื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ืกื™ืŸ ืืคื ืกื™ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ(Afanasy Nikitin) ืจื•ืกื™? - 1472ืขืจืš ืžืกืข ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•. ืžืจืงื•ืก ื“ื” ื ื™ืกื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1495โ€“1558 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื” ื•ื ื™ื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืืจื ื ื“ื• ื“ื” ืกื•ื˜ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1496โ€“1542 ื—ืงืจ ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™. ื“ื™ืื’ื• ื“ื” ืกื™ืœื‘ืก (Diogo de Silves) ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืคืจื ืื• ื“ื• ืคื• (Fernรฃo do Pรณ) ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ื—ื•ืงืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”; ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ืžื” ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ื’ื™ื ืื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ ื‘ึดึผื™ื•ึนืงื•ึน ืžืจืงื• ืคื•ืœื• ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™ 1254โ€“1324 ืขืจืš ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืœืกื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืฉื”ื” 17 ืฉื ื™ื. ืืœื•ื ืกื• ืืœื•ื•ืจืก ื“ื” ืคื™ื ื“ื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ื”ืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ื•ื—ื•ืคื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื ืกื• ืคื™ื ืกื•ืŸ(Martin Alonzo Pinzรณn) ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1441โ€“1493 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก, ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื ื˜ื”. ื•ื™ืกื ื˜ื” ื™ืื ื™ื™ืก ืคื™ื ืกื•ืŸ (Vicente Yรกรฑez Pinzรณn) ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1460โ€“1523 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก, ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื ื™ื”. ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ืคื™ืกืืจื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1475โ€“1541 ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืคืจื• ื–'ื•ืื• ืคืจื ื ื“ืก (Joรฃo Fernandes) ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืœื‘ืจื“ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื•ื’ื• ืงืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ื• ืืœื‘ื™ืกื” ืงื“ืžื•ืกื˜ื• ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™ ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ 1432โ€“1488 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื™ื™ ื›ืฃ ื•ืจื“ื”. ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ื˜ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ 1450โ€“1499 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ 1451โ€“1506 ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื• ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘-12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1492 ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ื•ื•ื“ืื™ืช. ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื’ื•ื ืกืœื• ืงื•ืืœื™ื• ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ 1451 (1454) - 1512 ื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืืŸ ื“ื” ืœื” ืงื•ืกื” (Juan de la Cosa) ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1460โ€“1510 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘-3 ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ื˜ื” ืžืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก. ื ืกืข ื’ื ืขื ืืžืจื™ื’ื• ื•ืกืคื•ืฆ'ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื ื•ื•ื˜ ื•ื›ืจื˜ื•ื’ืจืฃ. ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื” ืงื•ื ื” (Tristรฃo da Cunha) ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ 1460โ€“1540 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื™ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื” ืงื•ื ื” ื–'ื•ืืื• ืงื•ืจื˜ื”-ืจื™ืืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“ (?) ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืงื‘ื•ื˜ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ 1476โ€“1557 ื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ื”ืจ ืคืจื ื” ืคื“ืจื• ืงื‘ืจืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ 1467โ€“1520 ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื‘-22 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1500 ื”ืจื ืืŸ ืงื•ืจื˜ืก ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1485โ€“1547 ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื–'ืืง ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ 1491โ€“1557 ืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืงื ื“ื”, ื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“ ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืง ื—ื•ืืŸ ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ืก ืงื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ 1499โ€“1543 ื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื• ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื•ืกืงืก ื“ื” ืงื•ืจื•ื ื“ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1510โ€“1554 ื—ืงืจ ื ื™ื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื ื”ืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•. ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื“ื” ืื•ืงืžืคื• (Sebastiรกn de Ocampo) ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื“ื” ืื‘ืจืื• ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ื”ืžืื” ื”-16 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื™ ื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ืื™ื™ ื‘ื ื“ื” ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื“ื” ืื•ืจื™ื™ืื ื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ 1511?- 1546 ื—ืงืจ ื ื”ืจ ืืžื–ื•ื ืืก ืกืžื•ืืœ ื“ื” ืฉืžืคืœืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™1567โ€“1635 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืง ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื ื”-ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ื™ื”, ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”-ืกืืœ ืฆืจืคืชื™ 1643โ€“1687 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ื•ืœื•ืื™ื–ื™ืื ื” ื™ืืงื•ื‘ ืจื•ื—ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ 1659โ€“1729 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื™ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงื•ืง ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ 1728โ€“1779 ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื. ืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื˜ื™, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ืืœืกืงื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™. ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืงืœืืจืง ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ 1770โ€“1838 ื—ืงืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜. ืจืื• ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืœื•ืื™ืก ื•ืงืœืืจืง ืจื ื” ืงืื™ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ 1799โ€“1838 ื—ืงืจ ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืขื™ืจ ื˜ื™ืžื‘ื•ืงื˜ื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžืงื“ื•ืืœ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ (John McDouall Stuart) ืื ื’ืœื™- ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ 1815โ€“1866 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืกื˜ื•ืจื˜ (Charles Sturt) ืื ื’ืœื™1795โ€“1869 ื—ืงืจ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ื”ืจ ืžืืจื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงืœืืจืง ืจื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ 1800โ€“1862 ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื™ื ืจื•ืก, ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ืืจื‘ื•ืก ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื”ื•ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™1821โ€“1871ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื’'ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ 1815โ€“1901 ื—ืงืจ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” - ืื’ื ืื™ื™ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืื™ื™ืจ. ื”ื ืจื™ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ 1825โ€“1892 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืืžื–ื•ื ื™ื” ืกืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ 1821โ€“1893 ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื— (ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”) ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืืจื™ืง ื ื•ืจื“ื ืฉืœื“ ืคื™ื ื™-ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ 1832โ€“1901 ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™. ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ื ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ 1834โ€“1885 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืคืจื–'ื•ื•ืืœืกืงื™ ืจื•ืกื™ 1839โ€“1888 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื”, ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื ืจื™ ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ 1841โ€“1904 ื—ืงืจ ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืžืฆื ืืช ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“. ื’ื™ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืืช ืจื›ืก ืจื•ื•ื ื–ื•ืจื™ ื•ืื’ื ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื“ื” ืกืจืคื” ืคื™ื ื˜ื• ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ 1846โ€“1900 ื—ืงืจ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” - ื ื”ืจ ื–ืžื‘ื–ื™, ืžื•ื–ืžื‘ื™ืง, ืื’ื ืžืœืื•ื•ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคื™ืจื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ 1856โ€“1920 ื”ื•ื›ืจ ื›ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™. ื‘-1996 ื”ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื‘-40 ืง"ืž. ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืคื•ืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืจื•ืžื ื™ 1857โ€“1893 ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช, ื›ืจื˜ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื•ื™ื–ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืงื™ืกื˜ืื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ื” ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืฃ ื ื ืกืŸ ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ 1861โ€“1930 ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืžืจื—ืง 400 ืง"ืž ืžืžื ื• ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจ ืงื•ื–ืœื•ื‘ ืจื•ืกื™ 1863โ€“1935 ื—ืงืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื”, ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคืœืงื•ืŸ ืกืงื•ื˜ ืื ื’ืœื™ 1868โ€“1912 ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ื’ื™ืข ืฉื ื™ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื•ื ืกืคื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืืจื ืกื˜ ืฉืงืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ 1874โ€“1922 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื ืœื›ื“ 16 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืงืจื— ื•ื ื—ืœืฅ ืœืœื ืคื’ืข. ื”ื™ื™ืจื ื‘ื™ื ื’ื”ืื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ 1875โ€“1956 ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ืžืืฆ'ื• ืคื™ืฆ'ื• ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื‘ื™ืจื“ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ 1888โ€“1957 ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืก ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™. ืฉื”ื” ืœื‘ื“ื• 4.5 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืืœื–ื•ื•ืจืช' ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ 1880โ€“1951 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืจื™ ืืœื–ื•ื•ืจืช' ื•ืื’ื ืืœื–ื•ื•ืจืช'. ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคืืคืื ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ 1894โ€“1986 ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™. ื ื—ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื• ืชื—ื ืช ืžื—ืงืจ. ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืงืจื—. ื˜ื ื–ื™ื ื’ ื ื•ืจื’ื™ื™ ื ืคืืœื™ 1914โ€“1986ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜. ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ื”ื™ืœืจื™ ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ื™1919โ€“2008ื”ื”ืขืคืœื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคืกื’ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืฉื” ื’ืœืขื“ (ืขื•ืจืš), ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื - 28 ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื, ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžืกืข ืื—ืจ, 2005 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืจื™ ืงืฆื™ืจ, ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18, ืกืคืจ ืž-1785, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช *
2024-04-10T10:31:36
ื”ื™ื•ืœื˜ ืคืงืืจื“
ื”ึดื™ื•ึผืœึถื˜-ืคึธึผืงึทืืจึฐื“ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Hewlett-Packard Company), ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›-HP, ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืฉืžืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ืคืืœื• ืืœื˜ื•, ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื (ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื), ื”ื“ืคืกื” (ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืก) ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช (ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช). ื‘-1 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2015 ื”ืชืคืฆืœื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช: HP ืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื– (ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื HPE) ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืกืงื™, ื•ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื• ืฉืจืชื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ื•-HP Inc ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™, ื•ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืž-1939 ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืกืžืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ (HP Enterprise (HPE HP ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘-1939 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ื™ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืคืืงืจื“, ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื‘-1934, ื›ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื“ื”. ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื ื“ (ืื•ืกืฆื™ืœื˜ื•ืจ) ืงื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื“ื’ื 200A. ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื•ืฆื‘-ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื’ืœ. ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื“ื’ื 200A ื‘-54.40 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืžื›ืจื• ืžืชื ื“ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘-200 ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืื—ื“ ืžืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื“ื™ืกื ื™, ืฉืจื›ืฉื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืชื ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื 200B (ืชืžื•ืจืช 71.50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืื—ื“) ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื•ืœ ืœืกืจื˜ "ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื”". ื‘-1968 HP ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืฉื™", ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืœืžื›ื•ื ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ืช. ืืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ (desktop calculator), ื•ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ (computer). ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืœื˜ "ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืžื—ืฉื‘, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ืž. ืœื›ืŸ ืงืจืื ื• ืœื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืขืœืžื•". ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”"ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื™" ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘-1972 (ื”-HP-35), ืืช ื”"ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช" ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘-1974 (ื”-HP-65), ื•ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”"ืืœืคืื ื•ืžืจื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื”" ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘-1979 (ื”-HP-41C). HP ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื-ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืขื“ ื”ืงืžืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ื‘-1960 ืœืขืจืš. ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœืื” HP-150 ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื˜ ืคืงืืจื“ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1983 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ืœื‘ ืžืกืš ืžื’ืข. ื‘-1984 ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” HP ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืงืช ื“ื™ื• ื•ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื• ื”ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื‘-ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืคืกืช/ืกื•ืจืง/ืžื›ื•ื ืช-ืฆื™ืœื•ื/ืคืงืก ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ื—ืœื” HP ืœื™ื™ืขื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•, ืจื›ืฉื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘-2002 ืืช ืงื•ืžืคืืง (ืฉืจื›ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ). ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช HP ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘-1987 ื”ื•ื›ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืš ื‘ืคืืœื• ืืœื˜ื• ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ืœื˜ ื•ืคืงืืจื“ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืกืงื™ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ HP ืคื•ืฆืœื• ืžืžื ื” ื‘-1999 ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ืื’'ื™ืœื ื˜". ื‘-2001 ืจื›ืฉื” HP ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื•, ื—ืœื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” HP Indigo. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2002 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืชื—ื“ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื โ€“ ืงื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืง ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื™ืกื“ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘-2003 ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืขื ื›ืžื” ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. HP ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”, ืœืžื™ื–ืžื™ ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—. ื‘-2005 ืคื•ื˜ืจื” ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื ืงื•ืžืคืืง, ืงืจืœื™ ืคื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืžื ื›"ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื›ืœืœืช ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื“ืื• ื’'ื•ื ืก. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืžื•ื ื” ืžืจืง ื”ืจื“ (Mark Hurd). ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืจื›ืฉื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ืกืื™ื˜ืงืก ื•ื™ื–'ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืžื—ืชื” ื‘ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืจื—ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” 151,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘-2006 ืจื›ืฉื” HP ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžืจืงื•ืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘. ื‘-2007 ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ื ื•ืจ ืžืืงืจื•ืคืจื™ื ื˜ืจืก. ื‘-2008 ืจื›ืฉื” HP ื—ื‘ืจืช Electronic Data Systems ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘-IBM ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2010 ื”ื™ื ืจื›ืฉื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ืคืืœื (ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 1.2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ), ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื‘-2010 ืจื›ืฉื” HP ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช 3COM ื•ืžื•ืชื’ H3C ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืจืืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ื™ื•ื HP ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื™ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื•ื›ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื™ืฆืจื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื–ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืขื ืง ืกื™ืกืงื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจืช HP (ืœืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช) ื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืืžื ืกื˜ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืœื˜ ืฉื ื›ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื”ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืคืจืš, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืกื›ื ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉืง ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœ 7. ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|165x165 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืกืžืœื™ืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืœ HP Inc ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|130x130 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื”ืกืžืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ HP Inc ืœืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘-1 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2015 ื”ืชืคืฆืœื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช: HP ืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื– (ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื HPE) ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืกืงื™, ื•ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื• ืฉืจืชื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ื•-HP Inc ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™, ื•ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช. ื‘-2016 ืจื›ืฉื” HP Inc ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืžืกื•ื ื’ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-6,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืกืžืกื•ื ื’ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืกืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ HP ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ืจื›ืฉื” HP ืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื– ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช SimpliVity ืชืžื•ืจืช ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›-650 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2016 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื™ืงืจื• ืคื•ืงื•ืก ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ืœืžื–ื’ ืืœื™ื” ืืช ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ HP ืื ื˜ืจืคืจื™ื™ื– ื•ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ HP HP ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืจืงื•ืจื™, ื”ืงื™ืžื” HP ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจืงื•ืจื™. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืื—ืกื ื”. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื, ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” (Application) ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ (Operation). ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื•. ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช QC, PC ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, NNM ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื•-BAC ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช Operation Manager - ovo ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื Integrated Lights Out - iLO ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืจืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจืฉืช HP Systems Insight Manager - SIM ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืจืชื™ื ื•ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืืชืจื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื“ื‘ืงื” ืžื˜ืขื HP ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ "ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื ื ืฆื—!" - ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกืคืจ ืืชืจื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: HP ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง, ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืจืชื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืขื ื ื” ICSC โ€“ ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ืฉืœ HP, ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื” (ืคืืจืง ืฉื™ืื™ื) HP Labs โ€“ ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื•"ืค ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืคื” HP Indigo โ€“ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื’ืช HP Industrial Large Format (ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ Scitex Vision) โ€“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื ืชื ื™ื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” (ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžืจืงื•ืจื™) โ€“ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2010 ื”ื•ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื• 850 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื›-30% ืžื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ EDS โ€“ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืช ืœ-HP, ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ IT, ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ื‘-1 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2015, ืขื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืชืคืฆืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ื’ื ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืชืจ HP ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืกื—ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืœื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ: ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1930
2024-08-21T22:12:16
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช - ืงืžืคื•ืก ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘-1984 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื’ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชืžื ืชื” ืกื’ื ื™ืชื”, ื’ื™ืœื” ื—ื ื•ื ื”, ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2006. ืžืื– ืกื™ื•ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื”, ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืจ, ืขื“ ืœ-2017. ืžืฉื ืช 2023 ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื•ืจื“ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ. ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” (ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื—ืžืžื”") ืฉื‘ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื' - ื’'. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ "ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก" ืฉื‘ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื“ืณ ืขื“ ื˜', ืื•ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืชื“ ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืื’ืฃ ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ืชืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืŸ ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฉืจื™ ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืžื—ื•ืœ, ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื: ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื’'ืื–. ื‘ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืžื ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื• ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืชื™. ื‘-2017 ืืกืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืื– ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืœื”. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ืœืฆื“ ื ืชืŸ ื“ื˜ื ืจ ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืจืืฉ" ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1988โ€“1991. ืขื ืžืฉืชืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื ืžื ื•, ื˜ืœ ื•ืขื™ื“ื• ืžื•ืกืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืืœื•ืŸ ืืžื’ื•ืจ, ืจื™ืงื™ ื‘ืœื™ืš, ืื•ืจื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™, ืื•ื”ื“ ืงื ื•ืœืจ ื•ื“ื ื” ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ืŸ. ืขื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื ื ืžื ื™ื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™, ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืžืื™ื” ืžืจื•ืŸ, ืจื•ืขื™ ื—ืŸ, ืืœื•ืŸ ืขื“ืจ, ืื ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ืื™ื” ื˜ืจืื•ื‘, ืชืžืจ ืขืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืกื’ืœ ื•ืชืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998 ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืจื‘ ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืฆื“ ื“ื˜ื ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื“ื˜ื ืจ, ืžื™ืงื™ ืงื, ื“ื ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื ื™ ื•ื“ื ื” ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ืŸ. ื™ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืžืื– ืžื•ืชื”, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื”. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื—. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•: ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•: ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•: ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ
2024-09-06T17:23:49
ืžืืจืง-ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื”
ืžืืจืง-ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื” (ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Marc-Antoine Charpentier; 1643 โ€“ 24 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1704) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืื• ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืœืจ ืืžืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืื™. ืžืืจืง-ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืขื•ืœื” (ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื™ื) ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื ืจืฉื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1667 ืœ-1669, ื›ื ืจืื”, ืœืžื“ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ืืฆืœ ื’'ืืงื•ืžื• ืงืจื™ืกื™ืžื™; ืœืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื ืกืข ืœืจื•ืžื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื™ืžื™, ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ื“. ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืจื›ืฉ ื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืฆืง ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ืœืฆืจืคืช. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœืฆืจืคืช ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืืฆืœ ืžืืจื™ ื“ื” ืœื•ืจืŸ, ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ืช ื“ื” ื’ื™ื– (ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” ื’ื "ืžื“ืžื•ืื–ืœ ื“ื” ื’ื™ื–"), ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ื›ื–ืžืจ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื”-ื˜ื ื•ืจ, ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1688. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืคืกื•ืงื™ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืžื’ื ื™ืคื™ืงื˜, ืžื™ืกื” ื•ืžื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื (ืฉืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื). ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1672 ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืžื•ืœื™ื™ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื™ืชืง ืืช ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ื–'ืืŸ-ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืœื•ืœื™. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”. ืžื•ืœื™ื™ืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื”, ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื”ืฆื’ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ืžืช ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80' ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื›ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื™ืช ืกืืŸ ืœื•ืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค, ื“ื•ื›ืก ืฉืจื˜ืจ. ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœ- maรฎtre de musique ร  la Sainte Chapelle - ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืกื ื˜ ืฉืืคืœ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– - ื‘ืฉื ืช 1698, ืžืฉืจื” ืฉื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1704. ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืืœื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœืœืžื“ื ืกื•ืœืคื’' ื•ื–ืžืจื”. ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื™ืกื” "ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืจื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื”". ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ืกื•ืช, ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืžื™ื•ืŸ. ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืชื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉื: ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืงืจื ืœื”ืŸ air sรฉrieux ("ืืจื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช") ืื• air ร  boire ("ืืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืชื™ื™ื”") ืื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ืื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช. ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจืœื•ื“ ืœ"ื˜ื” ื“ืื•ื" ืฉืœื•, H 146 ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืจื•ื ื“ื•, ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ื”ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืืช ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืขืจืš ื™ื• ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ืฆ'ืงื•ืง, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืช H (ื”ื™ืฆ'ืงื•ืง) ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ืืงื™ืก ื•ื’ืืœืืชืื” (1678) ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืื•ืจืคื™ืื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ (1686 - 1687) ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืืจื™ืก (1690) ืคื™ืœื•ืžืœื” (1690) ืžื“ื™ืื” (1693) ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ, 1688 490 H (ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™ืช ืžืืช ืค. ื‘ืจื˜ื•ื ื•). ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื˜-ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืœื˜ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืžื ื˜ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืœื•ื“ื™ื ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžืœื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื• ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช) ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืจืคื ื˜ื™ื™ื”- ืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง -ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืฆื’ืช "ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”" ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ืžืจื™ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื”-ื˜ื ื•ืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1643 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1704
2024-05-16T13:35:30
ืชื•ืžืื–ื• ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™
ืชื•ืžืื–ื• ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ (ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช: Tomaso Albinoni; 8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™/14 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1671, ื•ื ืฆื™ื” - 17 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1751) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ืง ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™. ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช, ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”"ืื“ืื’'ื• ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ" ืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืฉืžืขืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืงืื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื›ืœื‘ืœ. ื›ื™ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืžื• ื’'ืื–ื•ื˜ื• (Remo Giazotto) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื˜ืข ืžืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืชื•ืžืื–ื• ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ืฉืื‘ื™ื•, ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ (1634โ€“1709), ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื—ืจ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืืฆื™ืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืœืžื“ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื–ืžืจื”. ืžืขื˜, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื•ืžืชื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1694 ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 1 ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ืŸ-ืขื™ืจื•, ื”ื—ืฉืžืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ (ื‘ืŸ-ืื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™); ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื, ื›ืžื• ืืจื›ืื ื’'ืœื• ืงื•ืจืœื™ ื•ื“ื•ืžื ื™ืงื• ืกืงืจืœื˜ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1700 ืขื‘ื“ ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื›ื›ื ืจ ืืฆืœ ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ื• ืงืจืœื•, ื“ื•ื›ืก ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 2, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ 12 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื•ืช: 6 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช) ื• 6 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ 5 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ืขื ื‘ืืกื• ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1701 ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 3, ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื•ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ื›ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกืงื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1705 ื ืฉื ืื™ืฉื”; ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืคืจื™, ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืกืŸ ืžืจืงื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™. ื ืจืื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืฉืœืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืืช ืชื”ื™ืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื’'ื ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”, ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื•ื“ื™ื ื”, ืคื™ืืฆ'ื ืฆื” ื•ื ืืคื•ืœื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช: ืœืคื ื™ 1705 ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื˜ืจื™ื• ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ 1719 ื›ืชื‘ ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืกื•ืœื• ื•ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืื‘ื•ื‘. ืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื•ืก 7 ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื•ืก 9: ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื•ื’ื ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช. ืฉืœื ื›ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื•, ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืžืฉืจื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ืืฆื•ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1722 ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืืจื™ื”, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•. ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื-ืขืฉืจ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™, ืื•ืคื•ืก 9 ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ: 4 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืื‘ื•ื‘, 4 ืœืฉื ื™ ืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•-4 ืœื›ื ื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1742 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™. ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื›-"posthumus", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืกื‘ืจื• ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืžืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื ืจืื” ืฉืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช; ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืžืงื”ื™ืœืช ืกืืŸ ื‘ืจื ืื‘ื”, ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•, ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืžืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1751, "ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 84" (ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื™ืื”), ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจืช. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืคืจื•ืช, ื•-28 ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงื• ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1723 ืœ-1740, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืื‘ื•ื‘. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืฉื›ื” ืืœื™ื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืชื™ ืคื•ื’ื•ืช (BWV 946 ื•-BWV 951), ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืจื™ื• ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 1 ืฉืœื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืกื• ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื•. ื‘ืืš ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื“ ื•ืœืชืจ, ืขื™ื‘ื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืืช ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ืกื•ืœื•, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ืืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืืช ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ื™. ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื–ื“ืŸ ื ื”ืจืกื” ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืžืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื”ืื“ืื’'ื• ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1945 ืฉืขืฉื” ืจืžื• ื’'ืื–ื•ื˜ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื˜ืข ืžืคืจืง ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ื• ืกื•ื ืื˜ื”, ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื’ืœื™ืคื•ืœื™" ืžืฉื ืช 1981, ืฉืขืœื™ืœืชื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื”. ื’ื ืœื”ืงืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื’ืจืกื” ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืœื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ืœืืœื‘ื•ื "An American Prayer". ื’ื ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ืจื ืกืื ืก ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื’ืจืกื” (ืขื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ืฉืจ) ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ื’ื ืฉืœืžื” ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื’ืจืกื” ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื• "ืืช ื•ืื ื™" ืžืฉื ืช 1975. ื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื˜ืืžื•ืจืคื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ืื•ืก ื“ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ืืกื˜ื•, ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืคืจื˜ืฆื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1671 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1751
2023-10-16T08:09:56
ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื ื”ื’ื”: ืœื ืืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืกื˜ื™ืŸ; Leonard Bernstein; 25 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1918 โ€“ 14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1990) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืžื ืฆื— ื•ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20. ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืงื ื“ื™ื“" (Candide), "ืกืœื‘ื”" (Slava) ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1954 ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžืŸ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื‘ืœื˜, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื”ืœื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื•ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžื—ื–ืžืจ "ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื" ื•ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื•ืจื ืก ืฉื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”). ืกื‘ืชื• ื”ืชืขืงืฉื” ืฉืฉืžื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืื™ืก, ืืš ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“, ื•ืฉืžื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื”. ื ื’ื™ื ืช ืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืฉืžืข ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื• ืื‘ื™ื•, ืฉื‘ืชื” ืืช ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืงืกืžื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื›ื™ืœื“ ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื’ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ . ืื‘ื™ื•, ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื—ื“ืœ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืชืžื•ืจืช ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืชืžื•ืจืช "ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืชื•ืช ื“ื". ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืœื’' ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘-1935, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืฆืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืงืจื˜ื™ืก ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ืืฆืœ ืคืจื™ืฅ ืจื™ื™ื ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืขื ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ื•ึถื ื’ึถืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื’ื‘ื”ืจื“. ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืžื ืฆื— ื“ื™ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืžื™ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ืก, ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ืก ืœื ื“ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ืœื ืฆื— ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ, ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืื”ืœืจ. ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช "ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ" ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžืื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ืขืจื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืื™ืชื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื›"ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ื”". ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืขื ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื‘ืืงืจื•ืกื˜ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”-80 ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืชื• ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืื ื” ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœ ื’ืœื•ื™. ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื• ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืžืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ื•ืขื ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื“ื ื™ ืงื™ื™, ืืš ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืคืœื™ืกื™ื” ืžื•ื ื˜ืืœื’ืจื”, ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืฆ'ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951. ืžื•ื ื˜ืืœื’ืจื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื” ื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืžื•ื ื˜ืืœื’ืจื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, "ืงื“ื™ืฉ", ืขื ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20, ื›ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ืช (ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื—ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื). ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 1944 ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื ืฆื—, ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื›ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื•ื›ืžื—ื ืš. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ""ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื"". ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื–ืžืจ ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1943, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ืžื ืฆื— ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื•ืœื˜ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™. ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” 15:00 ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืžื ื—ื” ื•ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ "ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜" ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืžื—ืœืชื•, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื• ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืœืžื“ื” ืขื ื•ืœื˜ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ื‘-1945 ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืขื“ 1947. ื‘-1947, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืงืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืขืงื‘ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืœืืฉืจ ืœื• ื•ื™ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื” ืื•ืฉืจื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ื“ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืฉืื”ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื•ื™ื–ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” (ื"ื™) ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1947, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ืžื ื”ืœื• ื•ืื—ื•ืชื• ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืื•ืฉืจื” ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948 ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืคืชื•ื— ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข. ื”ื”ืชืงื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“, ืฉื ืฆืคืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื’ืจืžื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื“, ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช, ื•ื”ื ืจื™ื›ื–ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ืจืฆื” ื”ืžืงืจื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืชืงืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ื›ืš, ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืœื’ื•ืจื ื”ืกื—ื” ืฆื‘ืื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ื—. ื‘-1949 ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื’ืœื™ืœื”" ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืืŸ. ื‘-1951 ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืงื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ื›ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ื‘ื˜ื ื’ืœื•ื•ื“. ื‘-1957 ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘; ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืจืš ืฉื ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1963 ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืขื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื–ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ""ืงื“ื™ืฉ"", ืขื ื–ืžืจืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ื’'ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืืœ, ื”ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื—ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื, ืžืงื”ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื•ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืฆื“ื™ืงื•ื‘. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ "ืงื“ื™ืฉ", ื‘-22 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1963, ื ืจืฆื— ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื ื“ื™, ื•ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”, ืฉื ืžืฆื ืื– ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ "ืœื–ื›ืจื• ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“ ืงื ื“ื™". ื‘-1958 ื”ืชืžื ื” ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืขื“ 1969. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžืคืขืœื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช "ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื" (ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง), ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช, ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื’ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“, 25 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1989, ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืœืจื’ืœ ื ืคื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ืืจืฆื•ืช, ืœืงื”ืœ ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›-100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ. ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืœืจ ืœ"ืื•ื“ื” ืœืฉืžื—ื”", ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื—ื™ืจื•ืช" (Freiheit) ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืฉืžื—ื”" (Freude). "ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื•", ืืžืจ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ืžื ืฆื— ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื•ืœื”ื•ืงืจืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืžืขืžื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืจ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ืฆื— ืื•ืจื— ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ, ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื‘ืจื”ืžืก, ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ, ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืง ื•ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื ื’ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ, ืขื ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฆื” ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืž"ื— ืื‘ืจื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” - ื”ืชืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ืขืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช "ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•" ืฉืœื•, ื”ื™ื” ืจืš ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื ื™ืฆื— ืžืŸ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืื’ื‘ ื ื’ื™ื ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืจืงื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ืขืœ "ื”ื•ืืœืก" ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืจืื•ื•ืœ. ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื˜ื ื’ืœื•ื•ื“, ื‘ื‘ืจืงืฉื™ื™ืจืก ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก, ื‘-19 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1990. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื’ื ื” ืืช "ืื™ื ื˜ืจืœื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื" ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ืชื”ืœื•ื›ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื”ื, ื ื•ืคืคื• ื•ืฆืขืงื• "ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื, ืœื ื™". ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื’ืŸ ืขื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, 1948 ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•: ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื (ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”) ื•ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘"ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ" ืื• ื‘"ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ ืฆ'ื™ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ"). ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืืช ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ื—ืœื™ืœ" (1981), ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ , ื ื’ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 19. ืขื•ื–ืจื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช "ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื“", ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ืžืชืขืกืง ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|100px|ืจื—ื‘ืช ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|100px|ื—ืชื™ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ืงืจื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023 ื™ืฆื ื”ืกืจื˜ ืดื”ืžืืกื˜ืจื•ืด ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ื•ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื“ืœื™ ืงื•ืคืจ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 1, ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• (1944) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 2, ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื“ื” (1949, ื’ืจืกื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘-1965, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ืฉื ื–ื” ืžืืช ื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื• ืื•ื“ืŸ) ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื˜ื™ (1951) - ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ืงื ื“ื™ื“ (1956) - ืžื—ื–ืžืจ "ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื" (1957) - ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ืกืœืื‘ื” - ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 3, ืงื“ื™ืฉ (1963, ื’ืจืกื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘-1977). ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื 22 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1963 ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ "ืœื–ื›ืจื• ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“ ืงื ื“ื™". ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-10 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1963, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืขื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ืจื•ืช ืžื ื–ื”, ืžืงื”ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื•ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืข"ืฉ ืฆื“ื™ืงื•ื‘, ืขื ื—ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื›ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื’'ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืืœ ื›ืกื•ืœื ื™ืช. ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘-23 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015 ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืจืงื•ืจื™ื•, ืขื ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™-ืคืจืฅ, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื ืชืจื•ืค ื”ืžื ื•ื—, ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืงื”ืœืช ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื• ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืงื”ืœืช ืื ืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืžื™ืกื” (1971) - ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื“ื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™ื”ื•ืืฉ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ืจื’), ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืฉืคื™ื, 1960. ืจื‘ื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ืจื’ ื•ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ืจื’), ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืฉืคื™ื, 1973. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช: ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 1: ื™ืจืžื™ื”. (ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืžื’ื™ืœืช ืื™ื›ื”) ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, "ืงื“ื™ืฉ". ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื ื˜ื™-ื“ืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืœืืœ, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืขื– ื•ืกื•ืขืจ ืฉืกื•ืคื• ืคื™ื•ืก ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ื‘ืžืคืœืก ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ืืช. ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ ืฆ'ื™ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืฆ'ื™ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ื ื•. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”. ืœืกื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืกื™ืงืกื™ืง, ื‘ืŸ 13, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื• ืฉืจ. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื’'ื•ืืŸ ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ, ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ: ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ืขืžืฉื™ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ื ืจืช, 1988. ื ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืžืืกื˜ืจื• - ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2006, ื”ืคืจืง "ืœื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ - ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจื ืกืื ืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™", ืขืž' 251โ€“277. Nigel Simeone, The Leonard Bernstein Letters, Yale University Press, 2013 Jamie Bernstein, Famous Father Girl: a Memoir of Growing Up Bernstein, Harper, 2019 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘, ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ] ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืงืจื˜ื™ืก ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื’ืจืืžื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื’ืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ื™ืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื“ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“: ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืœืื•ื ื™ ืกื•ื ื™ื ื’ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืžืจื›ื– ืงื ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1918 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1990 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืืจื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ืก
2024-08-01T00:32:42
ืื“ื•ื•ืจื“ ื’ืจื™ื’
ืื“ื•ื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ืจื•ืค ื’ืจื™ื’ (ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ืช: Edvard Hagerup Grieg; 15 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1843 โ€“ 4 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1907) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ ื ื•ื“ืข. ื—ื™ื™ื• ื’ืจื™ื’ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืžื™ื“ื”. ืื‘ื™ื•, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืฆื ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸ. ืืžื•, ื’ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืื’ืจื•ืค, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช, ื•ื›ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืข, ืืš ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื›ื ืจ ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ ืื•ืœื” ื‘ื•ืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ื’ืจื™ื’ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืจืืฉ. ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœ ื ืกืข ื’ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืŸ ื”-15 ืœืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื’ื ืฅ ืžื•ืฉืœืก, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื’ืจื™ื’ - ื˜ืจื•ืœื“ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืคืกืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื’ืจื™ื’, ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืคืกืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื’ืจื™ื’, ืžืืช ืื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื‘ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1863 ื ืกืข ืœืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืจืช ื“ื ืžืจืง, ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืฉื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื ื™ ื ื™ืœืก ื’ืื“ื” ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”. ื’ืจื™ื’ ื ืขื ื” ืœื›ืš, ืืš ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื ืžืฆืื” ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื ื. ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื–ื• ืœื ื ืขื ืชื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1866 ื—ื–ืจ ืœื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืื ื™ื” (ื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ืกืœื•). ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืจื™ืงืจื“ ื ื•ืจื“ืจืืง, ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื‘ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื’ ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉืงืฃ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืืช ืžื•ืœื“ืชื•, ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1867 ื ืฉื ื’ืจื™ื’ ืœืืฉื” ืืช ื“ื•ื“ื ื™ืชื•, ื ื™ื ื” ื”ืื’ืจื•ืค, ื–ืžืจืช ืžื—ื•ื ื ืช ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ 1869 ืฉื”ื” ื’ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ. ืœื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื•ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ืžืžื ื• ืžืื•ื“. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื’ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1897, ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืžื ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช. ื’ืจื™ื’ ื—ื–ืจ ืœื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืื ื™ื”, ืฉื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืจื ืกื˜ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืจื ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืš ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืกืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืžื—ื–ื”ื• ืคืจ ื’ื™ื ื˜. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื’ ืฉื‘ืชื” ืืช ืœื‘ ื”ืขื ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™, ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ื’ื ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1874 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื’ืจื™ื’ ืžืขื ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื‘ืจื’ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1885 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื˜ืจื•ืœื“ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืจื’ืŸ, ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื–ื• ื ืฉืžืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื’ ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘-1899 ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืื“ื•ืืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื•ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœืคืจื“ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ืฉื ื™ืช. ื’ืจื™ื’ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื”, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœืงื•ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื "ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืข ืžื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฆืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง" ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื—ืฉืง ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ืฆืจืคืชื™. ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ืจืจ ืกืขืจื”, ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื’ืจื™ื’ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื ืืฆื” ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืจืง ื‘-1903, ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื– ืžืฆื“ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื”ืœ, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืœื’ืœื’ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืงืœื•ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™. ื’ืจื™ื’ ื™ืกื“ ืืช "ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช". ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืก' 1 ืื•ืค' 16 ืคืชื™ื—ื” "ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘" ืื•ืค' 11 ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืช "ืžื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื‘ืจื’" (ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื”ื•ืœื‘ืจื’) ืื•ืคื•ืก 40. ื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช. ืฉืชื™ ืืœื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืื• ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ืื•ืค' 34 - "ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืคืฆื•ืข" ื•" ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ". ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืœืžื—ื–ื” "ืกื™ื’ื•ืจื“ ื™ื•ืจืกืœืคืจ" (ืกื™ื’ื•ืจื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื) ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื ืกื˜ืจื ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืจื ืกื•ืŸ ืื•ืค' 22 - "ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš", "ืื™ื ื˜ืจืžืฆื•", "ืฉื™ืจ ืœื›ืช". ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืค' 64. ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืœืžื—ื–ื” ืคืจ ื’ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืกืŸ - ืžืก' 1 ืื•ืค' 46 (ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืžื•ืช ืื•ื–ื”, ืžื—ื•ืœ ืื ื™ื˜ืจื”, ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื); ืžืก' 2 ืื•ืค' 55 (ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื›ืœื”, ืžื—ื•ืœ ืขืจื‘ื™, ืกืขืจื” ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ืกื•ืœื•ื•ื™ื’) ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืค' 7 66 "ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื™ื" ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืค' 12, 38, 43, 47, 54, 57, 62, 65, 68, 71. ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืื•ืค' 35 ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ ืื•ืค' 24 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงืืžืจื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก 1 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืค. 8 ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืค' 13 ืกื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 3 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืค' 45 ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืค' 36 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืค' 27 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื , 15 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1843 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1907 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
2024-06-01T07:26:15
ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืจื—ื•ื‘ 42 ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื ืื•ืœื ืึถืื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืžืฉืžืืœ ื‘-1919, ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ื• ืคืขืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: George Gershwin; ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, 26 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1898, ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง โ€“ 11 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1937, ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“, ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก) ื”ื™ื” ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื•ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืืฃ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืžืœืื• ืœื• 39 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ืœื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช: ื‘ืื—ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืช-ื–ืžืจ ื•ืœืกืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" (Great American Songbook), ืื•ืชื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ืื–. ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื•ืืฃ ืื•ืคืจื” ืื—ืช (ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก). ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช, ืคื™ืชื— ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ืฉืฉืื‘ ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื’'ืื–, ื‘ืœื•ื–, ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื›ืœื™ื–ืžืจื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื—ืชืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืžืขื ื” ืœืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ืฉื›ืžื• ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ื ื˜ื” ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ื ื™ืกื— ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”"ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ" ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื: ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื‘ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื‘ืœื•ืืจ ืื™ืกื˜ ืกื™ื™ื“ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1898 ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืฉื” (ืžื•ืจื™ืก) ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื ืจืฉื ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1890. ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื•ืืจ ืื™ืกื˜ ืกื™ื™ื“ ื•ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืจื•ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ืœืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘-21 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1895, ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ. ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ืคืจื ืกืก (1906โ€“1999), ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ืืš ื ื™ืฉืื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื”. ื”ืื— ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืืจืชื•ืจ (1900โ€“1981), ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื™ืจื” (ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืจื›ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืื•ืœื ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ (ื’'ื•ืจื’'), ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉืžื• ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืชื— ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ื•ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ืœืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืžืงืกื™ ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ (ืžืงืก ืจื•ื–ืŸ), ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ื›ื ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ื”ื—ืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื. ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื”ืžื‘ื™ืฆืจ (Charles Hambitzer), ืฉื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘-1912. ื”ืžื‘ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื• ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘-1918. ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ื—ืฉืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืจืกื™ื˜ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื’ืื•ืŸ. ืขื ืžื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืจืง (Rubin Goldmark), ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœื ื™ (Edward Kilenyi) ื•ื”ื ืจื™ ืงืื•ื•ืœ, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืกืžื˜ืช ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืืŸ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|170px|ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืขื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ืžื ื•ืงื‘ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ Welte-Mignon ืžืฉื ืช 1927 ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|170px|ืคืกื ืชืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžืขื” ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื• ืจื›ืฉ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ืจื ืžืœืื• ืœื• 15 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื• ื”ืฆืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืืช ื’'ืจื•ื ืจืžื™ืง, ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช Jerome H. Remick and Company ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื•ื™ื, ืฉืฉื›ื ื” ื‘ืกืžื˜ืช ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘ืกืžื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื•ืฉื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ". ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืืœ ื”ืงืœื—ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1914, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืœื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžื ื•ืงื‘ื™ื (Piano Rolls) ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื ื”ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜. ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ -"ืžืงืœื™ื˜" ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืงื‘ื• ืงืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืกืจื˜ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืฉื ื”ืฉืžืขืชื ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ-ื”ืžืงืœื™ื˜ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืžืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ 15 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1975 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉืžืข ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ" ืขืœ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืžื›ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ ืกืจื˜ ืžื ื•ืงื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืงื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20, ื•ืืช ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• (38 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื’'ืื– ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื˜ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืชื•ืžืืก. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืขืกืง ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16 ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื, When You Want 'Em You Can't Get 'Em, When You've Got 'Em, You Don't Want 'Em (ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: "ื›ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืื•ืชื, 'ืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ'ืชื, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ'ืš ืื•ืชื, 'ืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืื•ืชื"). ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื”ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘, Rialto Ripples, ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืžื˜ืช ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืืŸ. ืจืžื™ืง, ืžืขืกื™ืงื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื• ืฉ"ืขื•ืฉื™-ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง". ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืจืžื™ืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื•ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื–ืžืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืืžืจื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืคืœื•ืจื ืฅ ื–ื™ื’ืคืœื“, ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืคืขื™ื•. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ืชื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืŸ ืžืœื ื”ื™ื” La La Lucille, ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘-1919 ื‘ื”ืคืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืก ืื™ื™ ืื”ืจื•ื ืก ื‘ืŸ ื”-29 ืฉื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ืžื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื•. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื ืกืข ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก, ื•ื ื”ื’ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื•. Swanee ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ื”ืฉื™ืจ swanee, ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืืœ ื’'ื•ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืž-1920 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1918 ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ Swanee (ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืืช ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื–ืจ) ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืคืข ื•ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื Demi-Tasse. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืžืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ืกื™ื–ืจ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื–ืžืจ "ืกื™ื ื‘ื“". ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ, ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืœ ื’'ื•ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉื‘ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื—ื–ืžืจ. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ Columbia Records ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืืจืฆื™. ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 18 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘-1920, ืชืฉืขื” ืžื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืœื—ืŸ ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืคื™ ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•. ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ืžืขื™ืจ ื›ื™ "ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืงืœื™ื˜, ืœื ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ." ืื•ืœื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืค ืงืœื™ืœื™ื. 1919โ€“1924 ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืขื ืื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื”, ืฉื•ืชืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ืคืข ื‘ืื•ืœื ืืื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืชืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืจืง ื•ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœืื ื™ (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ), ื•ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช, ืœืœื ืžืืžืฅ, ืžืืœืชืจ ื•ืžืžืฆื™ื ืœื—ื ื™ื ืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืจื•ื–ื•ืช ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ื–ืจืงื• ืืœื™ื• ืžืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื•ืช). ืื—ื™ื•, ืื™ื™ืจื”, ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื—ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’'. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฆืžื“ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ, ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืฆืžื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืง ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’'. ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ื›ืœืœื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ืื“ืœ ื•ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ืจ, ื”ื›ื ืจ ื™ืืฉื” ื—ืคืฅ, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื”ืคื–ืžื•ื ืื™ ื™ืค ื”ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืื•ืกืงืจ ืœื‘ื ื˜ ื•ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื“ืืžืจื•ืฉ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1923 ื”ืขืœื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืžืจืช ื”ืžืฆื• ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ืช ืื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืข ื‘ืื•ืœื ืืื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื’'ืื– ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืงืœืืกื™. ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ืŸ ืžืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’'ืื– ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1923 ื•-1924 ื›ืชื‘ื• ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืœื—ื•ื“, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” Lady, Be Good ("ื’ื‘ืจืช, ื”ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”"), ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืืช ื’ืื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืจืชื• ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1924. ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• Fascinating Rhythm ("ืงืฆื‘ ืžืจืชืง"), ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื’'ืื– ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื, !Oh, Lady Be Good, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืœื”ื™ื˜, ืคืจืกื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจืงื“ืŸ ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ืจ. ื‘-1923 ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื” Rainbow ("ืงืฉืช ื‘ืขื ืŸ") ืฉื”ื•ืคืง ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1923, ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. Blue Monday ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1920โ€“1924 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื ืœืกื“ืจืช ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื”"ืจื•ื•ื™ื•" (ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืจืžื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืจืงื“ื ื™ ื•ืจืงื“ื ื™ื•ืช-ืฉื•ืจื”) George White's Scandals, ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื”ื–ื ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ ืงื ื˜ื•ืจ, ืืœ ื’'ื•ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื•. ืกื™. ืคื™ืœื“ืก, ืืชืœ ืžืจืžืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ืฉืœ 1922 (ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื ืื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ื) ื”ืขืœื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจืช-ื’'ืื– ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื Blue Monday (ื›ืคืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ: "ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ / ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ / ื”ื‘ืœื•ื–ื™") ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืฉื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืœ"ืื•ืคื•ืก 1" ืฉืœื•. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื”ืืจืœื, ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ ืงื ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืืœ ื’'ื•ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื-ื–ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื) ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจืœ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืชื•ื–ืžืจื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื“ ื’ืจื•ืคื” (ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชื–ืžืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช "ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ"), ื•ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืจื—ื•ื‘ 135" (ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืืจืœื), ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืชื”: ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื’'ืื– ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• "ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก". ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ, 1945 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1924 ืคื ื” ืืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื’ ื‘ื ื“ "ืžืœืš ื”ื’'ืื–" ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื ืžืฆื ืื– ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื’ื'ื–-ืงืœืืกื™ ืขื ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืืื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ื—. ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืœื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1924 ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ืžื”ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช?" ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื’'ืื–, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื–ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ; ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืคื• ืžื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ ื’ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ืžืชื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื•ื‘ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืกื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื‘-12 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1924. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขื“ ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื”ื• Primrose, ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ. ืžืืžืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ืงื‘ืข ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ืกืงื•ืค ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื– ื•ืžื”ื•ืžื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช". ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช (ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•) ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ืคืชื—ืช ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 16 ื“ืงื•ืชื™ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืœื• ื ื•ื˜ืก, ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืžื–'ื•ืจื™ ืื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™, ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคื™ ืžื•ื“ื•ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืืจื˜ื•ืง. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื–, ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ ืืœื ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” (ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื’ื ื›"ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืœื•ื–ื™"). ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ืœื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช "ื”ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ" ืขื ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”, ืืš ืขื ื—ื•ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœ"ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช". ื•ืื•ืœื, ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื‘ื™ืฆืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืขืกืง ืขืžื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืจืง ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื• ื”ืื”ื•ื‘, ื‘-1918. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœืื ื™, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ื”ืžื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”. ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืขืžื•ืงื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื™ืฆืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” (1884) ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ืืฆืœ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืžืกืงืื ื™, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงืœืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘-1908. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-1915 ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ืฉื ื‘ืจื’, ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื ื” ืืœ ืงื™ืœืื ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื™ืฆืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืฆืœื• ืจืง ื‘-1919, ื•ืงื™ืœืื ื™ ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”, ื’ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืขื“ 1923. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืœืงื™ืœืื ื™, ื›ืชืจื’ื™ืœ, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ืฉื™ืจ ืขืจืฉ", ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื™-ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• Blue Monday. ืงื™ืœืื ื™ ืชื™ืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— (ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœื ืฉืงื“ ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื•), ื•ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ื”ืกื—ืช-ื“ืขืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฅ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉืจืง ื™ืคืจื™ืขื• ืœื–ืจื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื•. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉื ืžืชื—ื” ืขืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื”. ื‘-1923 ืœืžื“ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ (ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ) ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืจืง, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง ื•ืžื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“. ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืจืง ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืกื•ืจืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื” ืœื’ื•ืœื“ืžืจืง ืืช ืชื•ื•ื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœื• "ืฉื™ืจ ืขืจืฉ" (ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืงื™ืœืื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ), ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืจืง ืฉ"ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื™". ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืจืง ืื™ื ื ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ ืขืžื™ืชื•, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืง: 1925โ€“1930 ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1924โ€“1925 ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื–ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช. Tip-Toes, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืืช ื’ืื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืŸ (ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ืืช Lady, Be Good), ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘-28 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1925 ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœ-192 ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•-182 ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื ืœืกืจื˜ ืื™ืœื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืื™ืœืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื•. ื”ืžื—ื–ื”, ื”ืœื•ืขื’ ืœืื™ืœื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ "ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื", ืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื’'ืื–, ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืงืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืฉืœื• ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ), ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื•ื”ืžืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื”ื Song of the Flame. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืคืš ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1925 ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื’'ืื– ืฉืžื ื’ื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ (Negro Jazz, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”), ื•ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืง ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื’'ืื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ (ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืกืงื•ื˜ ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“ โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื’'ืื–ื™ื•ึผืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื–, ืขืœ ืกื™ื ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืงืฆื‘ ืื—ื™ื“ ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื). ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื’'ืื– ื‘ื”ืืจืœื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืค. ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืคืื˜ืก ื•ื•ืœืจ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื™ืื ื•, ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ ืกืžื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื’'ืื– ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืฉืžืข ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืœื• ื ื•ื˜ืก, ื‘ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™-ืžืงืฆื‘, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืกืชื™ื• 1925 ืขืกืง ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” "ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง", ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘-3 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1925 ื ืขืจืš ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืงืจื ื’ื™ ื”ื•ืœ, ืขื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื“ืืžืจื•ืฉ (Walter Damrosch), ื›ืฉื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื ื’ืŸ ื›ืกื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื•, ื”ื ืงืจื ื›ื™ื•ื "ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ", ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื’ืจื•โ€“ืื“ื’'ื™ื•โ€“ืืœื’ืจื•. ืœืคื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืืจืœืกื˜ื•ืŸ (ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™), ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืืžืฆืขื™, ื”ืžืกื•ืžืŸ "Adagio - Andante con moto", ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื•ื–, ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืกื•ืœื• ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”. ืงื˜ืขื™ ื”ืกื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’'ืื–. ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื•ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื–ื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฆืง ืชื›ื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื ื›ื—ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื”ื• ืื– ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ื›ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืจื—ืžื ื™ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "Blue Monday" ื•ื”ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื”), ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืชื™ื–ืžืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื, ืคื™ืงื•ืœื•, 2 ืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืงืจืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, 2 ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ, ื•-2 ืงืœืจื ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืก, 2 ื‘ืกื•ื ื™ื, 4 ืงืจื ื•ืช ื™ืขืจ, 3 ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช, 3 ื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, 3 ืชื•ื ืคื ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื” (ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ื’ื•ื ื’, ืคืขืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“), ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ืกื•ืœืŸ. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉืฉืืฃ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘, ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื•ืฆื™ืคื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืชื•; ืืš ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื™ืฃ, ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜. ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืœืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืชืื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžืฉ ืจืง ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘-1928 ืชื™ื–ืžืจ ืคืจื“ ื’ืจื•ืคื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ. ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืจื•ื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืจื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ืกื•ืœื• ื”ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ Columbia Records ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช Music for Moderns ("ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื"). ืื•, ืงื™ื™! ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืงื™ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1920 ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ 1925 ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ 1926 ืจื’ื™ืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 1926 ืคื’ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื™ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ (Kay Swift; 1897โ€“1993), ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืจ ื™ืืฉื” ื—ืคืฅ. ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜, ืืฉืชื• ื”ืฉื ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ืคื” (ื•ื”ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื”) ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื™ืžื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื” (ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืจื“). ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘, ื›ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ. ื”ืงืกื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืงืกืžื• ืœืงื™ื™, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื•. ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขืกืงื™ื•, ื•ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื ื•ืฆืฅ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ ื•ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1926 ื”ืคืš ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœ"ืžืกืžืจ" ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืงื™ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื•ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ื’ืจื ื›ืื‘ ืœื• ื•ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ืืš ืงื™ื™ ื•ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื›ืŸ ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื; ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ืื’ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-1926), ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ "ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ" ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืž-Lady, Be Good ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืกื•ืœื• ืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, !Oh, Kay, ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืืช ื’ืื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืค. ื’. ื•ื•ื“ื”ืื•ืก ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ (ืขื™ื‘ื“ ื•ืชื–ืžืจ: ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืจืืกืœ ื‘ื ื˜). ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ืงืจืืช ืงื™ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ืงืจืืช ื’'ื™ืžื™, ื›ืฉื ื‘ืขืœื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘-8 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1926, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ 256 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•-213 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืื ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.. ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื›"ืชืžื”ื™ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™", ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื˜ืจื• ื‘ื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืœื”ื™ื˜. ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ื–ื”, Clap Yo' Hands ("ืžื—ืื• ื›ืคื™ื™ื"), ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืคื ื˜ื˜ื•ื ื™, ื•ืฉืื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ืžื”ืกืคื™ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื–, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื“ืชื™ืช-ืขืžืžื™ืช ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื•ืกืคืœ. ื’ื ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ (ื”ืœืœื•ื™ื”! ื”ืœืœื•ื™ื”!) ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืกืคื™ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ", ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ื ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื›ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ืจ) ืœืขื‘ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื“ื•ืžื”. Strike up the Band: ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช "ืื•, ืงื™ื™!", ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื, Strike up the Band, ืกืื˜ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืจื™ืกืงื™ื ื“ ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช, ืืš ืื—ื™ื• ืื™ื™ืจื”, ื›ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืฉืžืืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1927 ื™ืฆื ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืœืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœืืชื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืืš ื ืืœืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื›ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืš ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ืœื ื•ืช, ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืคืชื— ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™; ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื”ืชืื™ื ื›ื ื•ืฉื ืœืžื—ื–ื” ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื•ื“ืจื• ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื—ืกืจ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืžืจืงื™ื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ื ืฉืง ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆืคื•ื ื. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื ืขืจืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ The Man I Love (ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ ื•ื”ืคืš ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜) ื”ื•ืฆื ืžืžื ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ืฉื‘ ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ โ€“ ื ื•ืฉื ืืคืœ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืขืจื•ืช". ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืขืœื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘-1930. ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืžืื•ื“ Funny Face ("ืคื ื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื•ืช"; 1927), ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืกื•ื—ืฃ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื“ืœ ื•ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ืจ, ืฉื—ื ืš ืืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957 ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ืจ ื•ืื•ื“ืจื™ ื”ืคื‘ื•ืจืŸ. ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– (ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ), ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื•ืื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื”. ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื•ืœ, 7 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1928. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1928 ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืคืจื™ื–. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืžืฆืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืื ื– ืืœื™ื–ื”. ืืœื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื, ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–". ืืš ืœืฆื“ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืฉื—ืฉ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื–ืžื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืจืื•ื•ืœ, ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืื’ื™ืœื‘, ื–'ืืง ืื™ื‘ืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื•ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ืืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื’, ืงื•ืจื˜ ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื”ืืจ. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื›ืชื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžื ืฆื— ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื“ืืžืจื•ืฉ, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื• ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื™ืช-ื‘ืœื˜ ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื "ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–". ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืจืงื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื›ืฉืื– ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืœืžืืจื—ื™ื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื• ืงื˜ืข ื—ื“ืฉ, ืงืฆืจ, ืฉื”ื›ืชื™ืจ ื›"ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ืœื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–". ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืชืขืกื™ืง ืืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ืจื›ืฉ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืžืื– ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืžืคืจื™ื–, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืœื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื•, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชืืจืช ืชื™ื™ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืกืงืจืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืขื“ ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืื ื– ืืœื™ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืœืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืืช ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืงื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจืชื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงืคื” ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืงืข ื‘ื“ื›ื“ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื–ื™. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืžื”, ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ืขืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืืŸ-ืงืืŸ, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ืคืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืจื™ื–!" ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืชื™ื–ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื’ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆื•ืคืจื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ื (ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื™ ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื), ืฆ'ืœืกื˜ื” ื•ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ื ื™ื. ืขืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื–ืžื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืจืื•ื•ืœ ื•ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™. ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘-13 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1928 ื‘ืงืจื ื’ื™ ื”ื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ื” ื ื™ืฆื— ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื“ืืžืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื ื“ืืžืจื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื•, ื™ืืฉื” ื—ืคืฅ, ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืคื•ืœื ืง, ื’ืจื˜ืจื•ื“ ืœื•ืจื ืก, ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืžืื•ื ื˜ื‘ืื˜ืŸ, ืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ืจ, ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื•ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื’ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืขื ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• "ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช". ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืชื–ืžื•ืจ, ื ื•ื’ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื” ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951 ื”ื•ืคืง ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ืกื ื˜ ืžื™ื ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™, ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืื•ืกืงืจ ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ืคืจืฉืช "ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื‘" ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1926 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืฆื’ืชื ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืž-1918 ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืืœ ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ื‘' ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, "ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื‘" (East is West). ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื” ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืื“ืื ื‘ืื˜ืจืคืœื™ื™, ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ืง ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืืžื™ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืžืฆื™ืœ ื ืขืจื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื ื’-ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื, ืืš ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžื™ื ื’-ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉื ื—ื˜ืคื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืžืชืืคืฉืจื™ื. ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืจืง ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1929. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ "ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช" ืžืืฉืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืขื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›"ื’ืŸ ื”ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื“ืจื™ืŸ", "ืชื—ืช ืขืฅ ื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืŸ" ื•"ื ืขืจืช ื”ื™ืจื—", ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื "ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื". ื’ื ื”ืœื—ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข Embraceable You, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื—ื–ืžืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคืกื‘ื“ื•-ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืžื ื ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืคื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืžืกืงื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืื—ื“, ืืœื ืื ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”"ืžื–ืจื—ื™" ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื’ื–ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื”, ืขืช ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื• ืงืœื•ืงืก ืงืœืืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืื ื•ื ื—ืงืงื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืขืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื–ื™ื’ืคืœื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืœืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ. ืกื™ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื’ืคืœื“ ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ "ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื" (Show Boat), ืฉืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชืŸ ื”ืงื•ืคืชื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช. ื ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื’'ื•ืจื’' (ื™ื•ืฉื‘) ื•ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ Girl Crazy ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ื–ื™ื’ืคืœื“ ื”ื™ื” Show Girl ("ื ืขืจืช ืžื•ืคืขื™ื"), ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช-ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ื“ื™ืงืกื™ ื“ื•ื’ืŸ", ื“ืžื•ืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืค' ืžืงื™ื•ื•ึนื™ (McEvoy), ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืกื“ืจืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก, ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืกืฆื ื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืœื˜ ืœืคื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–". ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื’ืคืœื“ 111 ืคืขืžื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื ื™ืฆื— ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ Girl Crazy ("ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช"), ื’ื ื”ืคืขื ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืืช ื’ืื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1930, ื•ืคืชื—ื” ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ 272 ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื”ื–ื ื™ืง ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื’'ื™ื ื’'ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก, ื”ืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืืชืœ ืžืจืžืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžืช ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืจ I Got Rhythm ("ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืงืฆื‘"), ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื Embraceable You ื•-But Not For Me, ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื›ืœืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื ื’ื ื™ ื”ื’'ืื– ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ื”ื ื’'ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ืคื”, ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื“ื•ืจืกื™, ื’'ืง ื˜ื™ื’ืจื“ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืžืŸ, ืจื“ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ื•ื’ืœืŸ ืžื™ืœืจ (ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืจืืกืœ ื‘ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ื’'ืื–ื™ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืžืชื›ืช ื•ืฉื™ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™). ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืฉื ืช 1943 ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื™ ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื’'ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืืจืœื ื“. ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ I Got Rhythm ืžื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื’'ืื– ืื”ื•ื‘ ื•ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™, ืืœื ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื’'ืื– ืžื”ื™ืจ. ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื™ืื ื•, "ืžืžืกื’ืจ" ืืช ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื•ืคืฃ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืžืงื•ื ืœืืœืชื•ืจ. ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ 32 ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืจื™ืช'ื ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื’'ืก, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ืื– ืžืื–. ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื’ื "ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืคืจื˜ ืœื‘ืœื•ื–". ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื•ื™ื ื’, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ืคืื˜ืก ื•ื•ืœืจ ื‘-1931, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื’ืœืŸ ืžื™ืœืจ, ื’'ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืžืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื•ื ืœ ื”ืžืคื˜ื•ืŸ, ืืจื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื, ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื’ืจืคืœื™ ื•ื’'ืื ื’ื• ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื“ื˜, ื•ื”ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ืคืืจืงืจ ื•ื“ื™ื–ื™ ื’ื™ืœืกืคื™ ื‘-1947 ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืช'ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืก ืžื•ื ืง, ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™-ื‘ื•ืค. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืค, ื•ื‘ื”ื Salt Peanuts ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœืกืคื™, Anthropolgy ื•-Moose the Mooch ืฉืœ ืคืืจืงืจ, Oleo ืฉืœ ืกืื ื™ ืจื•ืœื™ื ืก, Lester Leaps In ืฉืœ ืœืกื˜ืจ ื™ืื ื’ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืœื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืค. ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืฆืžื“ ื—ืชืžื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” Of Thee I Sing ("ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš ืื ื™ ืฉืจ"; 1931), ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืคื•ืœื™ืฆืจ. ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื— ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืขื™ืงืจื• ืกืื˜ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื•ืขืœื” 441 ืคืขืžื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืงื•ืคืชื™ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ. ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, Let 'em Eat Cake ("ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ืขื•ื’ื•ืช", ื‘ืคืจืคืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืื ื˜; 1933) ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืกืื˜ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขื ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืจื™ืกืงื™ื ื“ ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ, ื•ื ื›ืฉืœ (ื™ืจื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื›-80 ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื• ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื˜) ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืืžืชื• ืœื˜ืขื ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืจื™ืฃ ืืฉืจ "ืกื’ืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™" ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื. ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœื ื”ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืงืกื ืžืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ืฉื ื‘ืจื’ ื•"ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืกืง" (ืขืœ ืฉื ืขื™ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืืจืง ืฉื’ืืœ) ืžืืช ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘-1929 ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช "ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง" ืœืื•ืคืจื”. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื ืขื• ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ; ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืคืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžืงืจื™ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•-ื‘ื•ื– ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื“ (DuBose Heyward), "ืคื•ืจื’ื™", ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืื•ืคืจื” ืขืžืžื™ืช, ืืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืœื ื‘-1934. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืœื—ื ืช ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื ืื•ื ื’ื˜ื™ืกื‘ืจื’ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืœืกื•ืœืŸ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืœื—ื ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 1926 ื ื•ืœื“ ืืœืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ืืžื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืžื ืจืก (Margaret Manners). ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ืืŸ ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืžื ืจืก ื—ืคืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœื’'ื•ืจื’', ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืืœืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื ืืžื• ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื™ื“ ื“ืจื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื-ืžื–ืจื—. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืคื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ืืœืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ Someone to watch over me ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืžื•. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืœืื ื–'ื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘-1927 ืืฆืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื•ื•ืœ, ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื˜ ื•ืื•ืคืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืงืจื "tone clusters" ("ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื"), ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื”ื›ืื” ืขืœ ืงืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืคื•. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ ืืฆืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงืื•ื•ืœ, ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืจื’ื™ื–ื• ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื“ืจื’ื” ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช "ืขืกื™ืกื™ืช" ืื• ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื•ืกื˜ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ืจื™ื ื”. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืืฆืœ ืงืื•ื•ืœ ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืœืื ื–'ื” (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ ืชื•ืžืกื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื™ืกื“ื• ืืช ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื“ื• ืืฆืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื’ื ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื’ืœืืก, ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืกื™ ื’'ื•ื ืก ื•ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื), ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”, ื˜ืขื ื” ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1938, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื•. ื’ื ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“, ื•ืฉืืœื•: "ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“?". ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—. ืžืฉื ืงื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื, ื”ืฆื™ืข ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืฉื”ื•ื-ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ืขืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืœื ื–'ื” ื•ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืจืื• ื‘ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ "ืคืจื ืืฆื™ืœ" ืฉืื™ืŸ "ืœืืœืฃ" ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืกื’ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืง ื™ืขื›ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืกื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืขืžื™ืง ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ. 1931โ€“1936 ื”ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื‘-5 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1930 ืขื‘ืจื• ื’'ื•ืจื’', ืื—ื™ื• ืื™ื™ืจื” ื•ืืฉืชื• ืœืื•ื ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•, Delicious, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืืช ื’ืื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกืจื˜ Delicious ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ "ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื”" ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื” "ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืงื™ืช". ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžืœื. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ืฉืืจื›ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืชื” ื›-14 ื“ืงื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื” "ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื™ืช ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ", "ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื™ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง" ื•-Rhapsody in Rivets ("ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืžืจื™ื", ืจืžื– ืœืžืกืžืจื™-ื”ืคืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ), ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื‘ืข ื”ืฉื "ื”ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”". ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘-29 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1932, ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืงื•ืกื‘ื™ืฆืงื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืคืขื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืงื‘ืจื™ื™ื“, ืฉื ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืคืจื ืง ืงืžืคื‘ืœ-ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื™ืฆื ืœืืงืจื ื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ "ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš ืื ื™ ืฉืจ" (Of Thee I Sing) ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™. ื‘ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืคื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืœืขื’, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืกืฆื ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ื ืก ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจ, ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ "I Got Rhythm" ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืงื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘-1932 ื”ื—ืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจ, ืฉื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื ืกืข ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืจื•. ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจ ื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื”, ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉืœื ืžืฆื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”"ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช". ื•ืจื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืขื™ื“ ืฉื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ, ืฉืžืฆื ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘"ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจ ืœืžื“ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืœื—ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ ื›ื’ืจืฃ, ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•. ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ืงืจืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื ื” ื‘ื™ืจืช ืงื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1932, ืฉื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืžืงืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ืžื‘ื” ื•ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืฉืชื™ื–ืžืจ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ืคืชื— ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™-ืงื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืงื˜ืขื” ืจืง ืขื ืžื•ืชื•. ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืฉืœื” ืงืจื ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” "ืจื•ืžื‘ื”", ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” 'ืžื”ื™ืจ-ืื™ื˜ื™-ืžื”ื™ืจ'. ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ืžื” โ€“ ืชื•ืคื™ ื‘ื•ื ื’ื•, ืžืืจืืงืก, ืชื•ืฃ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื“ืœืขืช (Gourd) ื•ืžืงืœื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื (ืงืœืื•ื•ื”) (Claves). ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื›ืœืœ, ืคืจื˜ ืœ"ืจื•ืžื‘ื”", ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช "ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–", "ื”ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”", ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœ-Of thee I sing, ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืคื”, "ื”ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ" ื•ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืœืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืกื’ืจืช, ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ", ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœ"ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืงื•ื‘ื ื™ืช", ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืื ืชืฉื•ื•ืง ื›"ืจื•ืžื‘ื”" ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืชืคืก ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช 1933 ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื’'ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืื• ืจื™ื™ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื•, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืคืจื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ I Got Rhythm. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืคื ื˜ื˜ื•ื ื™. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขื ื” ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืœืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื ื•ื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช: ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืืœืก, ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ืช, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’'ืื–. ื‘ื›ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1934. ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ ืคื ืื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขื ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคื ืื™ ืจื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ืืช ื–ืžื ื• ืžื™ืœื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื: ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” (ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื), ื•ืจื›ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืจืฆื“ืก-ื‘ื ืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืื™ืง. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžื”ื•ื ื• ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืžืืช ื–'ื•ืจื–' ื‘ืจืืง ื•ืžืืจืง ืฉืื’ืืœ, ื•ื’ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืžื™ื. ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ืื™ื™ืจื” ื ื”ื’ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ื›"ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ืžืœืืช ื—ืŸ". ื•ืื•ืœื ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื ื— ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืœื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ืขืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”. ืงื™ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื—ืช-ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ื›ื ืก ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื• ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืœื• ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื˜ื ื™ืก ื ืœื”ื‘, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื™ื™ืจื” ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืœืื•ื ื•ืจ ืืฉืชื• ืขื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”, ืžืกืข ืœืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1934 ื•ืกืชื™ื• 1935 ืขื‘ืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ ื–ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื’ (Gregory Zilboorg), ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง. ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื’'ื•ืืŸ ืคื™ื™ื–ืจ, ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืชืคืจืฉื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื›ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืžืฆื‘ ื ืคืฉื™. ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžื‘ืขืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืื ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืืฉื”. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ืฉื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’, ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื’ื• ืจื™ื‘ืจื” ื•ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืงืืœื• ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืจื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืชืคืก ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื (ืื—ื™ื•, ืื™ื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช, ืืš ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืขืžืžืช ืื•ืชื•). ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืขืžืžื™ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืงื“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช (ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช), ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953 ืชื™ืืจ ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืžืงืืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›"ื—ืชืจื ื™ืช" ื•ืืฃ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืžืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก) ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืคืจื” (ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืื•ืคืจื” ืขืžืžื™ืช", Folk Opera) ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ 1927, ืขืช ืงืจื ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ "ืคื•ืจื’ื™" ืžืืช ื“ื•-ื‘ื•ื– ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื“, ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช (ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืงืจื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™). ื‘-1928 ื”ื•ืžื—ื– ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื“ ื•ืืฉืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืžื—ื–ื” ืœื-ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื’ื™ืœื“ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ". ื‘-1933 ื—ืชืžื• ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื“, ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื™ืœื“ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืคืจื”, ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ 1934 ื‘ื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื“ ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื• ื•ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืื™ื™ืจื” ื—ื–ืจ ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” Life Begins at 8:40 ืขื ื™ืค ื”ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืื•ืคืจื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื“ (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ Summertime, "ืขืช ืงื™ืฅ"), ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื It Ain't Necessarily So ("ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื›ืš"), ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื”ืžึดื–ึฐื›ึถึผื” (ืงืจื“ื™ื˜) ืœืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื“ื•-ื‘ื•ื– ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื“. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช 700 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ื—ืฉ, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืื•ึถื•ืŸ (David Ewen), "ืคืœื™ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืก ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื“ืœ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช.". ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืœืื•ืคืจื” "ืื•ืคืจื” ืขืžืžื™ืช" ืขื ื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ: ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจืง ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื™ืจ ืขื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ: Summertime. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœ"ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก" ื›ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ, ื”ื”ืคืงื” ื•ื”ืœื™ื”ื•ืง. ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื–ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช; ื˜ื•ื“ ื“ืื ืงืŸ, ืฉืฉื™ื—ืง ืืช ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื‘ื”ืคืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืฆืŸ ื ื›ื”, ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžืขื•ืœืžื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื“ืื ืงืŸ ืชืคืก ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืกืžื˜ืช ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืจื• ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืคืจื”, ื ืฉื‘ื” ื“ืื ืงืŸ ื‘ืงืกื ื•ืืžืจ: "ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืขื•ื“ื™. ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ I'm on My Way, ื‘ื›ื™ืชื™, ื”ืชื™ื™ืคื—ืชื™". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1935 ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื•ืคืจื”" ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื”. ื‘-10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1935 ื ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื”ืคืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™, ืขื 124 ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื˜ืœื’ ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื“ืจืžื”" "ืžื—ื–ืžืจ" ืื• "ืื•ืคืจื”". ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื”ืื ื–ื• ืื•ืคืจื” ืื• ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœื ืชื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืคืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื“ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘-1940. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื“ื” ื›ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื•ืคืจืื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข 1936 ื ื™ื›ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืคื’ื™ืขืชื• ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืคืงื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืืคืกื™. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืขื‘ืจื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืคืชื— ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“, ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืจ. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1936 ืขื–ื‘ื• ื’ื ื’'ื•ืจื’', ืื™ื™ืจื” ื•ืœืื•ื ื•ืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก. ื”ื ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ ื˜ื ื™ืก. ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื’ืคื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ืื™ื™ืจื” ื•ืœืื•ื ื•ืจ. ืงื™ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜, ืคื ื•ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื”, ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืจื•ืคืฃ. ื”ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื ื™ื”ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื—ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžืจื›ื– ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืืจื—ื• ืชื“ื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ืจ, ื’'ื™ื ื’'ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก, ื’'ืจื•ื ืงืจืŸ, ืื•ืกืงืจ ืœื‘ื ื˜, ื”ืืจืคื• ืžืจืงืก, ื™ืค ื”ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื• ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื˜ื ื™ืก ื ืžื ื” ื’ื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ืฉื ื‘ืจื’. ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืคื•ืœื˜ ื’ื•ื“ืืจื“, ืืฉืชื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ืฆ'ืคืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ื”ื ื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืืงืœื™ื, ืžื”ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืจืขื ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ื™ื“ื•ืขื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“, ืื•ืœื ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืงืข ื‘ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ื”. ?Shall We Dance โ€“ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ Shall we dance. ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ: ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืžืฉืžืืœ ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ืจ ื•ื’'ื™ื ื’'ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก. ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืฃ ื•ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ื”ืจืžืŸ ืคืืŸ (Hermes Pan), ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืžืจืง ืกื ื“ืจื™ืฅ' (Mark Sandrich), ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืจื•ื›ืŸ) ื•ื”ืžืชืื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื ืื˜ ืฉื™ืœืงืจื˜ (Nat Shilkret) ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 1937 ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืื™ื™ืจื” ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ืกื ื˜ ืžื™ื ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ืจ ื•ื’'ื™ื ื’'ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก, ?Shall We Dance ("ื”ื ืจืงื•ื“?"), ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืงื“ืŸ ื‘ืœื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ ืœืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœืœื• ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจ ื•ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ืฉื™ืฉื”-ืฉื‘ืขื” ืงื˜ืขื™ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ("ื ืืžื‘ืจื™ื") ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืžืœืœื™ื, ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ื›ืฉื‘ืฉืืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืœื ื ื›ืœืœื• ืงื˜ืขื™ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘-?Shall we Dance ืขืจื›ื• ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ืจ ื•ื”ืจืžืก ืคืืŸ ื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืคืกืงื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืกืจื˜ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืืจื›ื•. ืงื˜ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื”ืกืจื˜, ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงืืžืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื Walking the Dog ("ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘"; ื ืงืจื ื’ื "ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช"), ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื‘ืœื˜ ืงืœืืกื™ "ื’ื‘ื•ื”" ืขื ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™, ืฉื–ืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจ ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก, ืชื•ืš ืฉื–ื™ืจืชื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืื—ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืกืงื•ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืกืฆื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืœื”ืงืช ื‘ืœื˜ ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืงื•ืžื” ืžืชื—ืช ื ืขืจืš ื ืฉืฃ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ: They All Laughed ("ื›ื•ืœื ืฆื—ืงื•") ืฉื”ืคืชื™ื— ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืœื˜, Let's Call the Whole Thing Off ("ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”") ื•-They Can't Take That Away from Me ("ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ื–ืืช ืžืžื ื™"), ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืคืจืก ืื•ืกืงืจ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื—ืฉ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืข. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืกืžื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฃ. ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืชื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืžื ื• ืกื‘ืœ (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ). ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉ"ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืœื”". ื”ืกืจื˜ ื™ืฆื ืœืืงืจื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื™ 1937 ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืงื•ืคืชื™ืช. ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงืจื ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืจื˜, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจืงืข ืงื˜ืข ืงืฆืจืฆืจ ืžืชื•ืš "ื”ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ". ืกืจื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืกืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืืš ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” The Goldwyn Follies ("ืฉื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ"), ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืืงืจื ื™ื ื‘-1938. ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ืขืžื™ืชื• ื•ืจื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ืงืจื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’'ืจื•ื ืงืจืŸ. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, Our Love is Here to Stay ("ืื”ื‘ืชื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ"). ื”ืกืจื˜ Damsel in distress ("ืขืœืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”") ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ืจ ื•ื’'ื•ืืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆื ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขื ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื Things Are Looking Up ("ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื‘ื”ืจื™ื"), A Foggy Day (in London Town)โ€Ž ("ื™ื•ื ืกื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ") ื•-Nice Work If You Can Get It, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืžืื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉ ื‘ืจืข ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ 1937. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืกื—ืจื—ื•ืจืช, ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ืช ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฃ ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื–ื›ืจื• ืžื›ืจื™ื• ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ืจื™ื— ื’ื•ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื‘-1934, ืื•ืœื ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช. ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืืš ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืจื™ื’. ื‘-23 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ืฉืคื– ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื "ืืจื–ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ" (Cedars of Lebanon) ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืจื•ืคื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืฉืœื• ื–ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื™ืฃ ืฉืžื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช, ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืค ื”ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช: ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื•, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื–ืœื’ ืื• ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืžืขื“ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ื’ื ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ, ื•ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืชืงืฃ ืื—. ื‘-9 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืฉืงืข ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช. ืจื•ืคืื™ื• ื‘"ืืจื–ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ", ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื”ืœ, ื’ื™ืœื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื•. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ืจื•ืคืื™ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื”ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืจืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืกื‘ื‘ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื ืขืจืš ืืฃ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื—ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ืžื•ื— ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก. ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื• ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืกืคื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื— ืืš ื ืคื˜ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ 11 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1937. ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื•. ืžื•ืชื•, ื‘ื˜ืจื ืžืœืื• ืœื• 39 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื›ื” ื‘ืฆืขืจ ืืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื•. ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื•. ืืจื•ื ื• ื”ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ืขืจืš ืœื• ื˜ืงืก ื”ืกืคื“ ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช 3,500 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืžื ื•-ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช" ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก (ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืงืจ ื”ืžืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื’'ืจื•ื ืงืจืŸ, ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื•ื”ืืจื˜, ืฉื ื‘ืจื’, ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ืจ). ืืœืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืฆืขื“ื• ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืคื™ื•ืจืœื• ืœื” ื’ื•ืืจื“ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื•ืจื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืคืจื“ ื’ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื“ืืžืจื•ืฉ, ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช "ืžืื•ื ื˜ ื”ื•ืค" (Mount Hope), ื•ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ืช ืงื‘ืจื• ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืื•ื–ื•ืœื™ืื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื•. ื‘-9 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืขืจื›ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืื™ืกื•ืŸ (Lewisohn Stadium) ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืคื ื™ 20,223 ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืืชืœ ืžืจืžืŸ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ "ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก" ื•ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ ื’ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘-8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1937 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคืจื“ ืืกื˜ืจ, ืืœ ื’'ื•ืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-26,000 ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ื• ื ื™ืฆื— ืื•ื˜ื• ืงืœืžืคืจืจ ืขืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื ืขืจืฅ, ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื”ืœ ื•ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืœืขื•ืœื ืžืžื•ืช ืื—ื™ื•, ืฉืžืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืืจืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื ืกืก ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืคืงื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืจ ืฉืœื•, ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื›ื›ื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ื›ืืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื• ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืคืงื• ืกืจื˜ื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื—ืœืงื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ (ืœืžืฉืœ Strike up the band ืž-1940 ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื™ ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื’'ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืœื ื“ ื•-Lady Be Good ืž-1941). ื‘-1945 ื”ื•ืคืง ื”ืกืจื˜ Rhapsody in blue, ืœืคื™ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื”ืกืจื˜, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื (ืœืžืฉืœ ืื•ืกืงืจ ืœื‘ื ื˜, ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื), ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›"ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื". ืคืกืงื•ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืจืฉืจืช ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘-1951 ื”ื•ืคืง ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–" ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™. ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืขืœื™ืœืชื• ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–", ื•ืฉื™ืื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ืŸ 18 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืื•ืกืงืจ ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืคืจืก ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื–ื”ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 ืขื™ื‘ื“ื” ืงื™ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืคืจืœื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื Sleepless Night ("ืœื™ืœื” ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื”"), ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื—ืชื ืงืื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉื‘-1973 ืคืจืกื ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” โ€“ "Impromptu in Two Keys": ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘-1929, ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ืืš ืœื ืคืจืกืžื”ึผ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1945โ€“1951 ื”ื•ืฉืžืข ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืื—ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื• (ื›ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื‘ืืจื˜ื•ืง, ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื™ืช, ืฉื•ืกื˜ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืื• ื“ืจื™ื•ืก ืžื™ื•). ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช-ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ืืŸ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜-ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘-1949 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื‘-1953 ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื” ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœื ื’ื™ื ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• (ื”-Blue Express; ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘-1959). ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืงืœื”". ื‘-1957 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืœื ื™ื ื’ืจื“ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื•ืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ (ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ืงืคื•ื˜ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื•ืช ื ืฉืžืข". ืงืคื•ื˜ื” ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืกืจื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ "ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืจื•ืกื™". ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’'ืื– ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“ ื•ืœื•ืื™ ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืค ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื• ื‘ื’'ืื– ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื™ืžืฆื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืžื”"ืงืื ื•ืŸ" ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื. ืืœืชื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืืจืงืจ ืขืœ Embraceable you, Fascinatinโ€™ Rhythm ื•ืขืœ I got Rhytem ื”ืชื•ื• ื“ืจืš ื‘ืืœืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ืื– ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื’ื ืืช Things Are Looking Up, S Wonderful , The Man I Love A Foggy Day ื•ืืช ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ Summertime. ื‘-1957 ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืืœื” ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“ ื•ืœื•ืื™ ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืœ"ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก". ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜, ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ ื’'ืื–, ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘-2001 ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืก ื’ืจืืžื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1959 ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“, ืชื—ืช ืขื™ื ื• ื”ืคืงื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช Verve ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช Ella Fitzgerald Sings The Gershwin Songbook, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขื ืง ืœืชืขื“ ืืช "ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ". ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื–ื›ื” ื‘-1960 ืœืคืจืก ื’ืจืืžื™. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“ ื ื•ืชืจื” ื›"ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงืœืืกื™" ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” (1959) ื”ื•ืคืง ื’ื ืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืื•ืคืจืื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ "ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก", ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ื ื™ ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ืกืžื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ื’'ื•ื ื™ื•ืจ ื›ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ืฃ. ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘-1958, ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืžื™ื™ืœืก ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ื•ื’ื™ืœ ืื•ื•ื ืก ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื ืœืื•ืคืจื” ืขื ื‘ื™ื’ ื‘ื ื“, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ืงื ื•ื ื‘ื•ืœ ืื“ืจืœื™, ืคื•ืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืžื‘ืจืก, ืคื™ืœื™ ื’'ื• ื’'ื•ื ืก ื•ืขื•ื“. ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืื™ืœืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972 ืคื•ืจืกื ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืง ื•ื™ืœื“ืจ (Alec Wilder), ืฉื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืœื•ืžื“ืช, ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœื”, ืืฉืจ ืคืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ). ื‘-1979 ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ื•ื“ื™ ืืœืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืจื˜ื• "ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ" ื‘ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื˜ื”, ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืกืื•ื ื“ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœื”, ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžื ืฆื— ืœื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžืื–ืœ ืขื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงืœื™ื‘ืœื ื“ ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœืžื”, ืœื ืžืงื•ืฆืฆืช, ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก". ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ื•ืจื“ื™, ื•ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื• ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืœืืœื• ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืงื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™. ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื 1984โ€“1985 ื”ื•ืฉืžืข ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘-72 ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ืช ื™ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืงื”ืœ ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจืง ื”"ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ", "ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–" ื•ืžื—ืจื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื) ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืขืจ. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”; ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืขื“ืจื• ืžื”ืžื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื’ื ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืืช ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉืคื• ืงื”ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992 ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืœื™ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืžื›ื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘-1916. ื’ื "ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก" ื ื”ื ืชื” ืžื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืคืงื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื. ื‘-1985 ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืืช ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก โ€“ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื•ืขื ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” โ€“ ืœื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ "ืชืจื•ืžืชื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช-ืžืŸ-ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998 ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืงืจื•ืคื•ืจื“ (Crawford) ืขืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”"ื’ืจื•ื‘" (Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians): ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช 2001 ืฉืœ ื”"ื’ืจื•ื‘" ื ื›ืœืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2007 ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืคืจืก "ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ" ืœืžืคืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก, ืœื–ืžืจ ืคื•ืœ ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ. ื”ืคืจืก ืžื•ืขื ืง ืžืื– ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ. ื”ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื”, ื•ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื ืžืกืจ ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ื ื• ืœืืžื•, ื•ืึถื—ื™ื• ืื™ื™ืจื”, ืืจืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื ืกืก ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืกืฃ ื’ื ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื’ื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ื ื•ืจ, ืžื ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจืฉืชื” ืจืง ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ืชืจืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื•ื›ืš ื ืคืชื—ื• ื’ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™, ืืš ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื“ื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื "The Gershwin Estate", ืฉื ืœื—ื (ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงืจืŸ ืกื•ื ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื•, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื“ื™ืกื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื) ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืจื›ืช ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื ืคืงื™ืขืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ (Isaac Goldberg, 1930), ืฉื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื•ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช. ืขื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืืช ืžื˜ืœืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’', ืจื™ื›ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืจืง ืœื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืืฉืจ ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื›ืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช (ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”; ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืื—ืจ) ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™. ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ืขืฉื” ืœื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื›ืื“ื ืงืœื™ืœ, ืฉื˜ื—ื™, ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ. ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœื ื–'ื”, ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืฉื ื‘ืจื’ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื "ืœืงืœืงืœ" ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืชื•. ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืžืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ืœืคืจืกื ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ื’ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื) ื›ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ืฆ'ืคืœื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืœ ืจื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ, ื™ืค ื”ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืคืฉื™ื–ื ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”), ื•ืฉื ืžื ื” ืขื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ื•ืืœืืก, ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืžืืœื ื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื“ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื—ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืคืจืกื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืจื™ื›ื– ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืจื•ื›ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจืœ ืืจืžื™ื˜ื’' (Merle Armitage) ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘-1938. ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื™ืžืคื•ืœืกืงื™ ื•ืœื•ืจื ืก ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ (Edward Jablonski and Lawrence D. Stewart) ืจื™ื›ื–ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ "The Gershwin Years", ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื‘-1958. ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืกื•ื’ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื "The Gershwins", ืž-1973. ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ื”ืคืืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืฅ ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช, ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ืขื“ 1973 ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ("ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื"). ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืื•ื•ืŸ (David Ewen), ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื” ื‘-1943, ื•ืกืคืจื™ื• ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 "George Gershwin: his journey to greatness" ื•-"George Gershwin: Man and Legend", ืฉืจืง ืžืฉืžื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ื ืœื”ื‘ (ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973 ืคืจืกื ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ (Schwartz) ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "Gershwin: His Life and Music", ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื“ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ (Deena Rosenberg) "Fascinating Rhythm: The Collaboration of George and Ira Gershwin", ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ, ืฉืขืฉื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืฉื—ืจืจ ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื ืงืชื ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืกืคืจ "The Life and Times of Porgy and Bess: The Story of an American Classic" ืžืืช ื”ื•ืœื™ืก ืืœืคืจื˜ (Hollis Alpert). ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืขื•ืจืจื• ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืกืคืจื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜ (Steven E. Gilbert) "The Music of Gershwin". ื’ืœ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-1998, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขื•ืจืจื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืจื‘, ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื”ื (Carles Hamm), ื”ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ "The Gershwin Style: New Looks at the Music of George Gershwin". ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื " Towards a New Reading of Gershwin", ืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื•ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข. ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”, ืฉืœืžื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื-ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื. ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”"ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช". ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, "ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื", ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื•ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช" ื‘"ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ" (1927). ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืคื•ืœื™ืฆืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ื–ืžืจ (Of Thee I Sing) ื‘-1931. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืื•ืคืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ("ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก"), ืฉืœื ืจืง ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ืื•ืคืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ "ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืื• ืœื‘ื ื”". ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฆื•ืคืจื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืงืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืขื•ืžืง ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉ"ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืื” ืžืœื•ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ืงืžื• ืœื• ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20", ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ, ืฉื™ื“ืข ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื’'ืื– ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืืจื˜ื•ืง ื•ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืืง, ืฉื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื”ื, ื›"ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช". ืฉื™ืจื• Clap Yo' Hands ืฉืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื–ืžืจ "ืื•! ืงื™ื™" ื•ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืคื ื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื•ืช" ื”ื ื™ืข ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช (ื”ืกืคื™ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื–); ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื• I Got Rhythm (ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืจื™ืช'ื ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ื’'ืก) ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื’'ืื–, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’'ืื– ืคืจื˜ ืœื‘ืœื•ื–.ย  ื–ืžืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ืื• ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืชื• ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ืขื•ืœื ืืœื™ื• ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืงืก ืจื•ื–ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืืš, ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืืžืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืฉื ื‘ืจื’, ืจืื•ื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื™ืช ื•ืืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื’, ืฉืœืจื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื•, "ื•ื•ืฆืง", ื ืกืข ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”. ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืžื‘ื™ืฆืจ, ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื•ืœื™ืกื˜. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ืื—ื“ ืžืกืžื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืขื ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ื•ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืงื• ื‘ืก ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื‘ืจื’, ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื™ืœืื ื™, ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืงื• ื”ื‘ืก ื‘ืฉื™ืจ Do it again ื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ Nice Work if you can get it. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœื™ื™ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช "ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืก", ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื–'ื•ืจื–' ื‘ื™ื–ื” (ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ "ื›ืจืžืŸ") ืœืฉืœื‘ "ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื" ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื™ื (ืกืคืจื“ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ "ื›ืจืžืŸ"). ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืขื˜ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ื™ืœื ื“ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื•ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื•ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื’'ืจื•ื ืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืžื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืืš ืฉืื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืืช ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช; ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืœืื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื– ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ืจื“ื™ืคืชื• ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื’'ืื– ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื’'ืื– ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’'ืื– ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•. ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ื™ "ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื’'ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืœื•ืฉื”" (ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื“ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ืงืกื˜ืจ), ืื• ื›ื™ "ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืง ืจืง ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงืœื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• embraceable you, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื” ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ืคืืจืงืจ ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื" (ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ Andrรฉ Hodeir), ืืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” (Barbera) ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืงื— ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืืช "ืฆื•ื•ืืชื•" ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื–'ืง: ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืœื”ืงื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ืืœื ืคืงื“ ืžืฉื ืช 1925 ื•ืื™ืœืš ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืืจืœื, ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื™ืื ื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆ'ืืจืœืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื™ื—ืกื• ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื™ื—ืกื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืœื’'ืื–. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉ"ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’'ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”"ื‘ืœื•ื–ื™" ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืจืื™ืช, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ื˜ืกืงื™ืช ืฉืœื•"., ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืžืงื•ื ืจื‘ ืœืืœืชื•ืจ. ืืžื ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื’'ืื– ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืค, ื”ืžืืœืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืชื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื”ืงืกื ืฉื‘ื•, ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื•, ื”ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ: ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืขืจืš "ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ" ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ืœ (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื) ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ื›ื™ "ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืœืงื•ื™ ืขืœ ืืฃ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ืื•ืœื ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฆืื•ืชื™ื•, ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืจืขื ื ื”, ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืœืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืื—ื“." ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื ืฉื ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ื’'ืจื•ื ืงืจืŸ ื›"ืžืœื•ื“ื™ืกื˜" โ€“ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื• ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœื”. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื; ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืืจื˜ื•ืง, ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืฉื ื‘ืจื’, ื—ืงืจื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฆืขื“ื• ืœืื•ืจืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ืœืœื•, ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ืช ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ืช ืœืžืจืื”, ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19. ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” "ืžืฉืขืžื" ืžื”ื™ืจ-ืื™ื˜ื™-ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ. ืจืง ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”"ืงืœื”" ืฉืœื•, ื•ืงืจื ืืช ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืง ื”ื—ืœ ืžืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ืžืฆื ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื’'ืื– ื”ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ืื– ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืžืœื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืขืจืš ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื“, ืขื ื”ืžืืœืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืœื ื•ืขื ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช, ืฉืžื”ื ืœืžื“ ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืค ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ืืœืชื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ืคืืจืงืจ ืขืœ I Got Rhythm ื•-Embraceable You ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ื ื ืžืงืจื”, ื›ื™ ืื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคืš: ืžืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ ื ืขื™ื ืืš ืœื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ โ€“ ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” "ืงืœื”" ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื, ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื’'ืื–, ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืงืฆื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ "ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช". ื•ืจื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืขื™ื“ ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืš ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื "ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืช". ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”, ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ืœื ื ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช "ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช" ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช, ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ. ืฉื ื” ืฉื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืกื•ื’ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืืžื™ืœื™ื/ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ 1916 When You Want 'Em, You Can't Get 'Emืฉื™ืจ1917Rialto Ripplesืงื˜ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™1918(The Real American Folk Song (Is a Ragืฉื™ืจืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1919Swaneeืฉื™ืจืžื™ืœื™ื:ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื–ืจ1919La, La, Lucilleืžื—ื–ืžืจืžื™ืœื™ื:ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื–ืจ1922Blue Monday ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช George White's Scandals of 1922ื ืงืจื ื’ื "ืจื—ื•ื‘ 135"ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืชืœึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™ืช: ื‘ื™' ื’ื™' ื“ื” ืกื™ืœื•ื•ื” 1924ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืชืขื™ื‘ื•ื“: ืคืจื“ ื’ืจื•ืคื”1924Lady Be Goodืžื—ื–ืžืจ Fascinating Rhythm Lady Be Goodืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1924Primroseืžื—ื–ืžืจืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1925ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช1925Short Storyืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ1925Tip-Toesืžื—ื–ืžืจืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ19263 ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื: ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื• ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ1926!Oh Kayืžื—ื–ืžืจClap Yo' Handsืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1927Strike Up the Bandืžื—ื–ืžืจ The Man I Love Strike Up the Bandืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1927Funny Faceืžื—ื–ืžืจ S Wonderful' He Loves and She Loves ?How Long Has This Been Going Onืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1928ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช1929Show Girlืžื—ื–ืžืจืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1930Girl Crazyืžื—ื–ืžืจ I Got Rhythm Embraceable You But Not For Meืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1931ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš ืื ื™ ืฉืจ (Of Thee I Sing)ืžื—ื–ืžืจืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1931Deliciousืกืจื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1932ื”ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช1932ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืงื•ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช1933Let 'Em Eat Cakeืžื—ื–ืžืจืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1934ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ I Got Rhythmuื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช1935ืคื•ืจื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืกืื•ืคืจื” Summertime It Ain't Necessarily So I got plenty of nothing I Love you Porgyืœื™ื‘ืจื™ืช:ื“ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื•ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1937?Shall We Danceืกืจื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ They Can't Take That Away from Me They All Laughed Let's Call the Whole Thing Offืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1937A Damsel in Distressืกืจื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ Things Are Looking Up (A Foggy Day (in London Town Nice Work If You Can Get Itืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1938The Goldwyn Folliesืกืจื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ Our Love is Here to Stayืžื™ืœื™ื:ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ1946"Sleepless night"ืคืจืœื•ื“ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“: ืงื™ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ ื”ื ืฆื—ืชื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘- 17 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1996, ื”ื ืคื™ืง ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœืื™ ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื’'ื•ืจื’' ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืกื“ืจื” ืขืœ "ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื". ื”ืืžืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืจืฉืœื‘ืš ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœ. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืืŸ, ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ', ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ื—ื•ื” ืฉื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ื•ืจื™, 1959. Isaac Goldberg, George Gershwin: A Study In American Music, Simon & Schuster, 1930. Merle Armitage (Ed.), George Gershwin, Da Capo Press, 1938. Merle Armitage, George Gershwin: Man and Legend, Books for Libraries Pr., 1958. David Ewen, The Story of George Gershwin, H. Holt, 1943. David Ewen, George Gershwin : His Journey to Greatness, Prentice-Hall, 1958. Edward Jablonski, Lawrence D. Stewart, The Gershwin Years, Da Capo Press, 1973. Robert Payne, Gershwin, Robert Hale Publishers, 1960. Robert Rushmore, Life of George Gershwin, Atheneum, 1968. Charles Schwartz, Gershwin: His Life And Music, Da Capo Press, 1973. Robert Kimball, Alfred Simon, The Gershwins, Cape Publishers, 1974. Edward Jablonski, Gershwin, Doubleday, 1987. Gregory R. Suriano (ed.), Gershwin in His Time: A Biographical Scrapbook, 1919โ€“1937, Diane Pub Co., 1998. Norbert Carnovale, George Gershwin: a Bio-Bibliography, Greenwood Press, 2000. William G. Hyland, George Gershwin : A New Biography, Praeger Publishers, 2003. Jablonski, Edward. Gershwin Remembered, Amadeus Press, 1992. Robert Wyatt, John Andrew Johnson (Eds.), The George Gershwin Reader, Oxford University Press, 2004. Howard Pollack, George Gershwin. His Life and Work, University of California Press, 2006. Joan Peyser, The Memory of All That: the Life of George Gershwin, Simon & Schuster, 1993. Walter Rimler, George Gershwin : An Intimate Portrait, University of Illinois Press, 2009. Ean Wood, George Gershwin: His Life & Music, Sanctuary Press, 1996. Catherine Reef, George Gershwin: American Composer, Morgan Reynolds Inc., 2000. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื Steven E. Gilbert, The Music of Gershwin, Yale University Press, 1995. Allen Forte, Listening to Classic American Popular Songs, Yale University Press, 2001. Jon Alan Conrad, Style and Structure in Songs by George Gershwin, University Microfilms International, 1988. Wayne Joseph Schneider, George Gershwinโ€™s Political Operettas: Of Thee I Sing (1931) and Let โ€™em Eat Cake (1933) and their Role in Gershwinโ€™s Musical and Emotional Maturing, University Microfilms International, 1988. Walter Rimler, A Gershwin Companion, Popular Culture, 1991. Gregory Sloop, What Caused George Gershwin's Untimely Death? in Journal of Medical Biography 9 (February 2001): 28โ€“30. Hollis Alpert, The Life and Times of Porgy and Bess: The Story of an American Classic, Nick Hern Books, 1991. Michael Feinstein, Nice Work If You Can Get It: My Life in Rhythm and Rhyme, Hyperion Books, 1995. Deena Ruth Rosenberg, Fascinating Rhythm: The Collaboration of George and Ira Gershwin, University of Michigan Press, 1997. Wilfred Sheed, The House That George Built: With a Little Help from Irving, Cole, and a Crew of About Fifty, Random House, 2007. Ari Katorza, Stairway to Paradise: Jews, Blacks, and the American Music Revolution, De Gruyter, 2021. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืชืจ ื”ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื ืœื™, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช: ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœื”ื ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืก ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ | ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื•ืขื ืง ืœืกื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื•ื ื“ืจ, 2009 | ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื•ืขื ืง ืœืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, 2010 | ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ AP ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื–ืžืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ืžื“ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื“ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“: ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืคื•ืœื™ืฆืจ: ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื— ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1898 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1937
2024-08-17T18:10:11
ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ
ืคืจื ืฅ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Franz Joseph Haydn; 31 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1732 โ€“ 31 ื‘ืžืื™ 1809) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™, ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืขืฉื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™ ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ืชื ื”ื ื™ื“ื—ืช. ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืฉื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžืžื’ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื“ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื, ืื™ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื ื–ืืช, "ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช". ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื–ืžืจ ื˜ื ื•ืจ. ื—ื™ื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืจื•ื”ืจืื• ืฉื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ืœื ื“ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. ืื‘ื™ื•, ืžืชื™ืืก ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ืคืจ (Marktrichter), ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื˜ื™ืคื— ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืžืจื™ื” ืงื•ืœืจ, ืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ื›ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืืจืืš, ื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืฉื—ืœืฉ ืขืœ ืจื•ื”ืจืื•. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืชื•ื•ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื™ืืก ื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืžืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืžื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ืœ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื”ืจื‘ืชื” ืœืฉื™ืจ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื•ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืจืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื”ืจืื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื”. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื, ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืžืชื™ืืก ืคืจื ืง, ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื•ืžื ืฆื— ืžืงื”ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™. ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืฉืคืจื ืง ื™ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืžื• ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ืคืจื ืง ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื–ืชื” ืœื•, ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื”. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืื™ืคื•ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1738 (ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืจื ืžืœืื• ืœื• ืฉืฉ) ืขื ืคืจื ืง ืœื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ (ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 16 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื”ืจืื•) ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื‘ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืคืจื ืง ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื• ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ. ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ืฉืœื• ืžื–ืžืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•: ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ืกื˜ืคื ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื‘-1740, ื”ื•ืกื‘ื” ืืœื™ื• ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ืกื˜ืคื ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืฉืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื ืขืจื™ ืžืงื”ืœื” ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืขืจืš ืœื• ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืฉื ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืฉืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื”ืœื”, ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืžื™ื›ืืœ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืจื ืง, ื’ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืœื ื“ืื’ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื•ื•ื“ื, ืฉื ืขืจื™ ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ื™ืื›ืœื• ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื ื•ื’ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืœืœื• ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื“ืช, ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ืกื˜ืคื ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืฉืžืขื” ืฉื ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืข. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขืฆื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉื. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืœื˜ืฉ ืืช ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ื•ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืœื‘ืจื™ืชืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืžื˜ืกื˜ืื–ื™ื• ื•ืืช ื ื™ืงื•ืœื ืคื•ืจืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื—ื ื”. ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1749, ื›ืฉืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ื‘ืžืงื”ืœื”, ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœืกืจืกื•, ืืš ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื•ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืงื”ืœื”. ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ื ืจืื”, ืขืœ ืกืคืกืœ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืขืฆืžืื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื“ืจืŸ-ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื ืคื•ืจืคื•ืจื”, ืฉืžืžื ื•, ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืžื“ "ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช". ื”ื•ื ืขืžืœ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื•, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื“ืœื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”. ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืงืืคืœืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1759 (ืื• 1757, ืœืคื™ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”), ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื ืฆื— (ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™) ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืงืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจืฆื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”, ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืžื•ืจืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืœืฆื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื˜ืจ ืืช ืกื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื”ืขืกื™ืง, ืืš ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื ืื™ื—ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื ืฆื— ืืฆืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™, ืื—ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื”ื–ืงืŸ, ื’ืจื’ื•ืจ ื•ืจื ืจ, ืžืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1766, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืžื ืฆื— ืžืœื. ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ ืžืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™, ื”ืชืœื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืœ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื• ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื: ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜, ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื•"ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื”", ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืืจ, ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื›ืคืจื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60' ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18. ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื›ืœืœ ื”ืœื—ื ื”, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื ื’ื™ื ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืชื, ื•ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ืื•ืคืจื”. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืคืจืš ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืžื–ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื–ื•. ื ืกื™ื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™ (ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืคืื•ืœ ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื•ืื ื™ื ื™ ื˜ืขื, ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1760, ื ืกืžืš ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ืžืฉืจืชื• ื›ืžื ืฆื—, ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืฉื”, ืžืจื™ื” ืื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงืœืจ. ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืœื ืขืœื• ื™ืคื” ื•ืœื–ื•ื’ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืœื•ืื™ื’'ื” ืคื•ืœืฆืœื™, ื–ืžืจืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™, ืฉืขืžื” ื ื™ื”ืœ ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื•ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™, ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—. ื’ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™ ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1777 ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 53 (L'Impรฉriale). ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ ืžืขืกื™ืงื• ื•ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื– (1785-6) ื•ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•" (1786) ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1781 ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืก, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1782 ืขื“ 1785 ื›ืชื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืกื“ืจืช ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืื•ืคื•ืก 33 ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฉื ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื”. ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื”, ืื•ืœื™, ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืื”ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื: ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1784, ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช, ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื ื›ื— ื‘ืืฃ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืžืื– ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1787 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืกื“ืจ ื ืคืกืงื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1785 ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ "ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™" ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืฆืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฉื ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืก' 90โ€“92. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1789 ืคื™ืชื— ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืจื™ื” ืื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื ืฆื™ื ื’ืจ (1750 - 1793), ืืฉืช ืจื•ืคืื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื, ืฉืชื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืื™ืชื ื”, ืืš ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื— ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–ืช ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™. ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ื ืฆื™ื ื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1793 ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžืช ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื”ืฉื–ื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ืชื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืœืš ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืฉืœ ื ื’ื ื™ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1766 ืขื“ 1772 ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืกืขืจ ื•ื”ืคืจืฅ, ืฉืฆืžื—ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ืฉืฉ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 20, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›"ืžื™ื™ืกื“" ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1790 ืžืช ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื™ืจืฉ ื ืกื™ืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฉืคื™ื˜ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ื—ืฆืจื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื•, ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืขื” ืžืฉืชืœืžืช ืžื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืคื˜ืจ ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ, ืืžืจื’ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™, ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ (1791-2), ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจ (1794-5) ื ื—ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจืจืช. ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื‘ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืชื”ื™ืœื”: ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืื—ืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉ"ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื•". ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืŸ "ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”", "ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช", "ื“ืจื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ" ื•"ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ", ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช "ื”ืคืจืฉ" ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ "ืจื•ื ื“ื• ื”ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื". ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืคืจื”, "ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ", ืฉื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื›ื‘ื“, ืืš ืจืง ืืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืขืชื”, ื•-11 ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก; ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื” ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950. ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ื ื“ืœ ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืืš ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1793 ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืคื ื” ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืงื”ืœื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ืขื ืืœื” ื ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•, "ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”" ื•"ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช" ื•ืฉืฉ ืžื™ืกื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™, ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขืžื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืกื™ืš ื‘ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืื– ื’ื ืืช ืชืฉืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช "ื”ืงื™ืกืจ", "ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื”" ื•"ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช". ืขืœ ืืฃ ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืžืชืงื“ื, ืฆืคื” ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“. ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ื›ืจื™ื–, "ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ื ืฉืืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจืช ื”ื–ืืช!" ื‘ืฉื ืช 1802 ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื—ืœื” ืžืžื ื” ืกื‘ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืขื“ ืฉืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื, ื–ืจื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื•ื™ื, ืœื ื—ื“ืœ. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืกื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืจืชื™ื• ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื—ืœืชื•, ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื ืคืขื ื ื™ื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืช Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1797. ื”ื ืขื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 1809 ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื•ื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘-10 ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื’ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืคื’ื–ื™ื ื ืคืœื• ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื“ื• ืืช ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื‘ืื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืจื‘ ืืš ืขืฆืžื• ื ืชืงืฃ ืจืขื“. ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”-26 ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื•ืžืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืื™ 1809, ื‘ืŸ 77. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžืฉืžืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื—. ืื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืื“ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืชื—, ืฉืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืœืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื›ืจ ืœื ืคืขื ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• (ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”). ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ื ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืœื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืขืกื™ืงื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืœืืช ื—ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ 45 ("ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื”"). ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืชื” ื‘-1772, ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืชืืจื›ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ืžื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืžื™ื ื ื’ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื, ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื ืจ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืœื ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ื›ื ืจื™ื ื”ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืื˜. ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืื”, ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืงืชื•ืœื™ ืื“ื•ืง ื•ืœื ืคืขื ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืฉื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื”, ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ. ืœื›ืŸ, ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ "ืœืื•ืก ื“ืื•" ("ื™ืฉืชื‘ื— ื”ืืœ") ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ืื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืฆื™ื™ื“ ื•ืœื“ื™ื™ื’. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืฅ, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื•. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•, ื—ืœื” ื‘ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื“ ืื•ืชื”, ืืš ืคื ื™ื• ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื—ื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืงื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื”-ืชื•ืืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคืชืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืงื”ืœื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›"ืื‘ื™" ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืจืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื‘ืืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ "ื”ืชืงื ื™" ื•ื ืฉืืจื• ืฉื. ืื‘ื”ื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง: ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื“ื™ื•ื•ืจื˜ื™ืžื ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื™ืกื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืกื“ ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช, ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™, ืื ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงืจืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื‘ืืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืงืœื“ืช (ื”ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื• ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื) ื•ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš ื•ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืœื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืœืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ ื“ืจื›ื•, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ืกื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ืœืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื•ืœื”ืขืฉืจืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืจื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ ืœื›ื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ืคืขื ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืœื•ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื•ืจื ื™ืช, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™. ื”ื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืœ ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื– ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš, ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช. ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื ื‘ืข ืžืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ ื”ืžื•ื“ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงืก ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืคื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ืง ื•ืงืจืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื‘ืืš. ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, "ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•, ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ". ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ื–ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืง ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื ืงืœ ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื”. ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืื• ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื–ื•. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื”ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืชืฆื•ื’ื” (ืืงืกืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”) ืžื•ื ื•-ืชืžืื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืื• ื–ื”ื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืคื•ืชื—. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืžืื˜ื™ ืจื—ื‘-ื”ื™ืงืฃ. ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื”: ืžื‘ื•ื: ืื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช, ืงื˜ืข ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื– ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ - ืชืฆื•ื’ื”: ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืชืžืื˜ื™, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื” ืžืกื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื‘ืกืกืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื” ืื• ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืคื•ืชื—: ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžื•ื ื•ืชืžืื˜ื™ืช. ืคื™ืชื•ื—: ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืชืžืื˜ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืจืฆืฃ ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื ื” ืฆื•ืจื”, ืžืชืคืจืง ืื• ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉ. ืื ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช "ืกื•ื ืื˜ื™ื ื”". ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ. ืจืคืจื™ื–ื” (ืจื™ืงืืคื™ื˜ื•ืœืฆื™ื”): ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ืกื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืขื•ืจืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื”. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืฉืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” (ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ืžืื˜ื™ืช) ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงื•ื“ื”. ืงื•ื“ื”: ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืจืคืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื”, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืชืžืื˜ื™. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฆื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื“ื ืฆื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืจืคืจื™ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืคืขื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื• ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืฉืจืง ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ. ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ืงื˜ ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื ื‘ืืœื” ืฉื ืจืื• ืœื• ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื‘ื”ืœืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช "ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”" ืฉืœื•, ืžืก' 94, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืžื‘ื“ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ืกื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 33 ืžืก' 2 ื•ืื•ืคื•ืก 50, ืžืก' 3, ืื• ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ืจื™ืชืžื™ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืงื˜ืข ื”ื˜ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื•ืก 50, ืžืก' 1. ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœื” ื–ื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื ื”ืืจื™ื›ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื”ืขื“ื ื” ืœื” ื–ื›ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•; ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘. ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ืงื”ืœ ื™ืจื“ื” ืงืจื ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”. ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฉื•ืžืืŸ ืžืœื’ืœื’ ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”"ืืจื›ืื™" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืชื• "ืกื‘ื ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ". ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืก-ืœื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืจืง ื›-75 ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืงืจื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื‘ื” ืื ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืขืฆื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืก-ืœื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืขืชื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืก-ืœื ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืจืš ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื“ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ื“ืื’ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ืืกืชืจื”ืื–ื”. ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ "ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ" ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955. ืžืคืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืฉืžืข ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืขื ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืืช ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืจื™, ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ - ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื ื”ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื, 2014. Rosemary Hughes - Haydn "J.M.Dent&Sons,1989,London series "The Masters Musicians ืจื•ื–ืžืจื™ ื™ื•ื– - ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ - ื“ื ื˜ ืื ื“ ืกื•ื ืก, 1989 Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Walther Pianoforte Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Steinwy D ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื“ื, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืื•ืจื™ ืงืฆื™ืจ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืช ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• http://home.wxs.nl/~cmr/haydn/catalog/main.htm ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ืจ ืžืœืžื‘ืจื’ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื•ืžื™ื-ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1732 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1809
2024-08-29T03:10:43
ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื ื“ืœ
ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื ื“ืœ (; ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ - George Frideric Handel; 23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1685 โ€“ 14 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1759) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™-ืื ื’ืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง, ื™ืœื™ื“ ื“ื•ื›ืกื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื—ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื— โ€“ ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืกื•ืœื ื™ื, ืžืงื”ืœื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื•ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื‘ืฆืขื” ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื•ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื ื“ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื”ืืœื”, ืื– ื‘ื“ื•ื›ืกื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืจื ื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’-ืคืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘-1685, ืœืื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจ-ืžื ืชื— . ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืข ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-1700 ืœืžื“ ืืฆืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืฆืื›ื• (Zachow), ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” (Liebfrauenkirche). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1702 ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื•. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืคืจืฉ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจืช ื›ื ืจ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’. ืฉื ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1705 ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, "ืืœืžื™ืจื”" ื•"ื ืจื•", ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1708 ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, "ื“ืคื ื™" ื•"ืคืœื•ืจื™ื ื“ื•". ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1706โ€“1709 ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื›ื™ ื—ื–ื” ืฉืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื™ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืจื”. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ื’ื ื”ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช, ืืš ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ื’ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขืชื™ืจืช ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืงืœื“ืช ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืงื•ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื”ื ื“ืœ ืœืงื— ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืžืืชื–ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืืš ื—ืœืฉื” ื‘ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื”, ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœืชืงืŸ ื–ืืช. ื‘ืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘-1707 ืืช "ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื•", ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘-1708 ืืช "ืื’ืจื™ืคื™ื ื”". ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-1710 ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ื”ื ื“ืœ ืืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืงื•ืจืœื™ ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ืฉืžื”ื ืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื•ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื”, ืืœืกื ื“ืจื• ืกืงืจืœื˜ื™, ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื•ื”ืงื ื˜ื˜ื”, ื•ื‘ื ื•, ื“ื•ืžื ื™ืงื• ืกืงืจืœื˜ื™, ืฉืขืžื• ื”ืชื—ืจื” ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื”, ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื•. ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื” ื•ืœื”ืขืจืฆื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื“ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืžื, ืฉื ื ืืกืจื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ "ืœื•ืงืจืฆื™ื”", ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” "ืื•ื ืก ืœื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”" ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื•"ืืงื™ืก, ื’ืืœืืชื™ืื” ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืคืžื•ืก". ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืžืœืš ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื“ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืชืžื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1710 ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’, ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžื”ื ื•ื‘ืจ, ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ืกืชื›ืกืš ืขืžื• ื•ืคื ื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1712 ื”ืฉืชืงืข ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1713 ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื‘ืกืš 200 ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจืœื™ื ื’, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื”. ืœืจื•ืข ืžื–ืœื•, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1714 ืžืชื” ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืŸ ื‘ืœื ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืื—ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžืขืกื™ืงื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžืœืš ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื ืคื’ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืœ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืชืคื™ื™ืกื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื“ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1717 ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืืช ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” "ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื", ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ื ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืžืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1719 ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1720โ€“1728. ื‘-1727 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1729โ€“1734 ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-1732 ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื ื ื•ืœื“ (ืฆื•ืœื ื‘-2009) ื‘ืฉื ืช 1737 ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘, ืืš ื ืจืคื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืกืข ืœืืื›ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1738, ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื (RSM). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1751 ื”ืชืขื•ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžืช. ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื•ืกื˜ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจ ืฉื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืœ ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืคืจื•ืช, ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืœื™ืช. ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืŸ: ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ืืกืชืจ (1720) ืฉืื•ืœ (1738, ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘-1739) ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื (1739) ืžืฉื™ื— (1741) ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ (1743) ื‘ืœืฉืฆืจ (1743) ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ (1745) (ืžืชื•ื›ื” ื ืœืงื— ื”ืœื—ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” "ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจื™ืžื”" - !HWV 63 - See the conqu'ring hero comes) ื™ืคืชื— (1752). ืงื ื˜ื˜ื•ืช: ื“ื™ืงืกื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื‘ื— ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช: ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื (1717) ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ (1727), ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื˜ืงืก ื”ื”ื›ืชืจื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ ื”ื”ื›ืชืจื” ืžืื– ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978 ืคืจืกื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ Bernd Baselt ืืช ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืœ, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ HWV. ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื”ื“ื•ื ื”ืงืจื— ื”ื ื“ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื ื“ืœ. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช W.S. Rockstro, The Life of George Frederick Handel, Macmillan, 1883 Donald Burrows, Handel, Oxford University Press, 1996 David Hunter, The Lives of George Friedrich Handel, The Boydell Press, 2015 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื ื“ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื’ื ื™ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื’ื ื™ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื ื–ืจ ื•ืกื˜ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1685 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1759 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
2024-09-16T08:40:46
ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืข"ืฉ ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜, ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ (1847) ืคึถืจึถื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Franz Liszt, ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช: Liszt Ferenc; 22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1811 โ€“ 31 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1886) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™. ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื• ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžืกืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืœื™ืกื˜ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ึนื‘ึผื•ึนืจื™ึธืืŸ (Doborjรกn; ื›ื™ื•ื ืจึทื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”) ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”. ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื—ืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืžื™ืงืœื•ืฉ (ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก) ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืฆ'ืœืŸ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื ืกื™ืš. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 7 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื™ืกื˜ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 8 ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 10 ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืžื“ ืฉื ืคืกื ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืงืืจืœ ืฆ'ืจื ื™ ื•ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืืฆืœ ืกืืœื™ื™ืจื™. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 11 ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ื™ืฆื ืžื’ื“ืจื• ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืœืคืจื™ื– ื•ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 38 ื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื ืกื™ืš. ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืกื˜ ืœืจื•ืžื, ืืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืช ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช (ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื ื–ืจ ื‘-1863 ื•ื”ื•ืกืžืš ื›ื›ื•ืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘-1865), ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ื“ืช ืฉืฉืจืชื” ืขืœื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“. <div class="center"> ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืคืืจืง ืœื–ื™ืื ืงื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื” ื‘-1823 ืขื–ื‘ ืœื™ืกื˜ ืืช ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืจื™ื–, ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื“ ื”ืœื—ื ื”. ื‘-20 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1832 ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืจ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื– ืคื’ื ื™ื ื™. ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ื ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืžื—ื”, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืืฃ ืœื™ืกื˜ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื’ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ื•ื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืชืžื˜ื™ ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘-ร‰tudes d'exรฉcution transcendante d'aprรจs Paganini. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื 12 ื”ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช. ืกื•ื’ื” ื–ื•, ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืžืจืืฉ, ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช. ืœื™ืกื˜ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื™ืกื˜ ื›ืชื‘ ื›-1,300 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช; 400 ืžื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžื ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืš ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืขื“ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ. ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื– ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืœื” ื™ื™ื—ืœ. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื– ืื•ืœื ื’ื ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ืคื ื ืฉืœื• ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉื•ืคืŸ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจืงื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช. ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ืฉื•ืžืืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืœืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืืกืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• (ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื•ื’ื ืจ) . ืฉื•ืžืืŸ ื ืฉืžืข ืื•ืžืจ ืฉ"ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ืœืžื™". ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• "ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืจื›ื ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืขืœ ืงื‘ื™ื™ื" ื•ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื "ืชื•ืงืข ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ืžื• ื•ืคื™ืื ื™ืกื™ืžื• ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื—ื•" ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืจื”ืžืก ื ืจื“ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืกื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืŸ , ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื (ืœื™ืกื˜) ืžืงื“ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืืš ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื "ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ". ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืกื˜, ืฉื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืœื•, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ". ื”ืžืกืข ื‘ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื” ื‘-1847 ืขืจืš ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ืžืกืข ื‘ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ืขืจื‘ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื™ืืจ ืืœืงื• ื‘ืืœืก, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ืืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ืกื™ืœื” ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™, ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืก ืืช ื”ื˜ืืจืืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ืืจื‘ื• ืœืื•ื˜ืืจื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืื•ื˜ืืจื• ื•ืœื”ืงืชื• ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฆื•ืขื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื• ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ื•ืื™ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื•. ืœืื•ื˜ืืจื• ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื• ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ ืœื™ืกื˜. ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื•ืœืื•ื˜ืืจื• ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืชื•ืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ืกื˜. ืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื” ื–ื›ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ La vie Parisienne, ื‘ืžืกืคืจ 48 ืžื™ื•ื 28 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1874. ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืฉืžืข ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช", ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืืจื˜ื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ืœื™ืกื˜. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 1 ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืžื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 2 ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช "ืคืื•ืกื˜" ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช "ื“ื ื˜ื”" 13 ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื, ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžื—ื•ืœ-ื”ืžื•ื•ืช (Totentanz), ืคืจืคืจื–ื” ืขืœ "Dies irae", ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช 12 ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื™ืœืื™ืช (ร‰tudes d'exรฉcution transcendante), ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”-ืœืจื’ืœ (Annรฉes de Pรจlerinage), ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช (Harmonies Poรฉtiques et Rรฉligieuses), ืœืคืกื ืชืจ 19 ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืœ-9 ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื– ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื’ื ื™ื ื™ "La Campanella" ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื” (Liebestrรคume), ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ืื• ืคืกื ืชืจ ืกื•ืœื• 4 ืงื˜ืขื™ "ื•ืืœืก ืžืคื™ืกื˜ื•" ืœืคืกื ืชืจ 4 "ื•ืืœืกื™ื ื ืฉื›ื—ื™ื" (Valses Oubliรฉes), ืœืคืกื ืชืจ "ืขื ื ื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื" (Nuages Gris), ืœืคืกื ืชืจ Bagatelle sans tonalitรฉ (ื–ื•ื˜ื” ืœืœื ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช), ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื’'ื•ืœื˜ ื”ืจืฉื ื™, "ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช" ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื”ืจ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜. ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช Demko Miroslav, Franz Liszt compositeur Slovaque, LยดAge dยดHomme, Suisse, 2003. Oliver Hilmes, Franz Liszt: Biography of a Superstar, Yale University Press, 2016. Erika Quinn, Franz Liszt: a Story of Central European Subjectivity, Brill, 2014. Alan Walker, Reflections on Liszt, Cornell University Press, 2011. Dana Gooley, Christopher H. Gibbs (eds.), Franz Liszt and his World, Princeton University Press, 2006. Adrian Williams, Portrait of Liszt: by Himself and his Contemporaries, Clarendon Press, 1990. Alan Walker, Franz Liszt, A.A. Knopf, 1983. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืกื˜ ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืฆื™ืคืจื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื“ื™ ืคืœื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ืคืจื ืฅ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1811 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1886
2024-10-20T09:32:15
ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื ืขืจื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ (ืื• ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืช, ืื• ืขืฆื ื“ืžื•ื™-ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ) ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืจื‘ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื™ืŸ-ื™ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื”ื•ืงื™ ืงืจื— ื”ื•ืงื™ ืจื•ืœืจ ื”ื•ืงื™ ื’ืœื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืช (ืงื•ืื“) ื”ื•ืงื™ ืฉื“ื” ืคืœื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืœ (ื”ื•ืงื™ ืื•ืœืžื•ืช) ื‘ื ื“ื™ (ื”ื•ืงื™ ืจื•ืกื™) ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืก ("ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ") ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ 3x3 ื›ื“ื•ืจืขืฃ ื›ื“ื•ืจืขืฃ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจืฉืช (Throwball) ื ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ (Netball) ื›ื“ื•ืจืฉืช (Newcomb Ball]) ืœืงืจื•ืก ืกื•ืคื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืคื•ืœื• ืคื•ืœื• ืงืื ื• (Canoe polo) ืคื˜ืื ืง ืงื•ืจืคื‘ื•ืœ ืงื˜ืจื’ืœ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ ืจื•ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื˜ื ื™ืก ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช/ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืื™ ืืœืื™ ื˜ื ื™ืก ื˜ื ื™ืก ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ("ืคื™ื ื’-ืคื•ื ื’") Headis ืกืงื•ื•ืฉ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืงื‘ื•ืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืชื•ืจื™ื (ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืจ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช) ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ืื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืงืจื•ืงื˜ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื ื’ื” ืขืžื•ื“ื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืงื™ืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜
2024-01-08T11:08:00
ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืื”ืœืจ ื›ื™ืœื“ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžึทืื”ืœึถืจ (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Gustav Mahler; 7 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1860 ืงืืœื™ืฉื˜, ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื” โ€“ 18 ื‘ืžืื™ 1911, ื•ื™ื ื”) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ืฆื— ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœื–ืจื ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ (ืื• ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™), ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชืฉืข ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–'ืื ืจ, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื ืช "ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ", ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืฉืืœ ืฉืขืจืš BBC Music Magazine ื‘ึพ2016 ื‘ืงืจื‘ 151 ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื, ื“ื•ืจื’ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืขืฉืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ืจืงืข ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžืื”ืœืจ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื”. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ืื‘ื™ื•, ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื•ืš โ€“ ื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžืื”ืœืจ (1793โ€“1865) ื•ืžืืจื™ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื ื“ื™ (1805โ€“1883) โ€“ ื˜ื™ืคืก ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื”. ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืื”ืœืจ (1827โ€“1889) ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืžืืจื™ ื”ืจืžืŸ (1837โ€“1889), ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืจืžืŸ (1807โ€“1868), ื•ืœื–ื•ื’ ื ื•ืœื“ื• 14 ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื 9 ืฉืจื“ื• ืขื“ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืฉืจื“. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืชื™ื ื•ืง. ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืช ืื—ื™ื•. ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื™ืงื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืื•ื˜ื• ืฉื—ืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืื‘ื“. ืื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืจื ืกื˜ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 13 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1875, ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืขื“ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ืื™ื’ืœืื• (ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื”ืœื‘ื”) ืฉื‘ืžื•ืจืื‘ื™ื”, ืฉื ืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื•ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื—. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืืฆืœ ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ, ืคืชื— ืžืื”ืœืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ื ื™ืฆื•ื—. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงืืกืœ, ืคืจืื’, ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’, ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ (1887โ€“1891) ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1897 ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื•ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื”. ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื ื˜ื‘ืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœื“ืช ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืจื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1898โ€“1901 ื ื™ืฆื— ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื”. ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1902 ื ื™ืฉื ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœืืœืžื” ืฉื™ื ื“ืœืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”. ืืœืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืœืื•ืฉืจื•. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ืœ"ื‘ืœืื™ ื”ื ื’ืจื ื›ืฉื ืคืฉ ืขื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ืฉืœื• ื“ื•ื—ืงืช ื‘ืš ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ". ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืžืจื™ื” ื•ืื ื”. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื—ืชื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1907 ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืงืฅ ืคืจืฅ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ืœื”ื‘ (ืืœืžื” ืจืืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืื•ืช ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืืกื•ื ื•ืช). ื”ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืืกื›ืจื”, ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืื™ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืื™ืœื•ืฅ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืžืฉืจืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืจื™ืืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืชื™ืฉื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•. ื›ืฉื ื™ื—ืชื• ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืงื• ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ื•ืืœืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ืฉื” ืืœืžื” ืฉืžืื”ืœืจ ืžืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื, "ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืจื™ื—ื•ืง" ื›ืชื‘ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1910 ืคื’ืฉื” ืืœืžื” ืืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื’ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืก, ืฉืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจืื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื. ืืžื” ืฉืœ ืืœืžื”, ืื ื” ืžื•ืœ, ื ืชื ื” ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื” ืœืจื•ืžืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืื•ืชื•. ืื—ื“ ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืก ืœืืœืžื” ื ืคืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ, ื•ื—ืจื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื’ื‘ืจื•. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืคื’ืฉ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืืช ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื•ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935 ื›ืชื‘ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืจื™ื™ืง (ืื ') ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžืื”ืœืจ: "ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืฉืชื• ื”ืชืจืขืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืคืชื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ืžืจื™ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”". ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ืžื“ื™ ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ืœื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื ืขืกืง ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช, ืฉืื•ืชื” ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1911 ื—ืœื” ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืฉื ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื ืงื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืชื• ืžืจื™ื” ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” (ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช) ื”ื™ื• ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ืฉื ื‘ืจื’, ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืงืœื™ืžื˜. ืืœืžื” ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ืืจื™ื›ื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืขืœื”. ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1915) ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื’ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืก, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929) ืœืกื•ืคืจ ืคืจื ืฅ ื•ื•ืจืคืœ. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964. ืื ื”, ื‘ืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ, ื‘ืจื—ื” ื‘-1938 ืžืื™ืžืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืžื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคืกืœืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•. ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื”. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ืจืžืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™, ืฉืœื”ื’ืฉืžืชื• ื ืขืฉื• ื’ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืชืคืื•ืจื”. ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื”ื™ืกืก ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ. ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืœื“ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื•ืื•ื˜ื• ืงืœืžืคืจืจ. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื”ืœืจ, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื 01 ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื›ืžื ืฆื— ื•ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•. ืืฃ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื—ื•ื’ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘, ื ืชืงืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื”ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื–ื›ื” ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ืฆื— ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื ื•ื’ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ืžืื”ืœืจ ื ืชืคืก ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืืžืŸ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืคื ื” ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื (Fin de Siรจcle). ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžืจืฆื• ืœื ื™ืฆื•ื— ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืœืคื™ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฆืจ ืœืžื“ื™, ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ืจืง ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื (Lieder). ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื ื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืœื‘. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืœื™ื” ื ื•ื“ื“" ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื ื›ื–ื‘ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ (ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจืื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช), ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืืกื•ืคืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื. ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจ Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen ืžืชื•ืš "ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื™ืงืจื˜", ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ Der Abschied ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืคืจื“ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืื‘, ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฆืขืจ-ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื”. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช, ืืœื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื, ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช. ืœื—ืœืง ืžืคืจืงื™ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžืื”ืœืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื, ื”ืžื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื•ืืช ื”ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ-ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœืคืจืงื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžื”. ืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกื•ืœื ื™ื™ื, ืžืงื”ืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื”ืœื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• (ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ 1889), ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื "ืื—ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘" ื›ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ืœื•ืื™ื’'ื™ ื“ืืœืืคื™ืงื•ืœื” ืกื‘ืจ, ืฉืคืจืง ื–ื” ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœืืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ืœืื–' ืฉืœื• ื•ืœืงื•ืจื˜ ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืคื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืงืฆืจ ื–ื” ื ื™ื‘ื ืžืื”ืœืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ืฉ"ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ืžืงื• ืžืžื ื™; ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ืขื– ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื•ืจืข ืื• ืคื•ืฉืข". ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|350px|ืงื˜ืข ืžื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, 1895 ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, (ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ 1895), ืคื ื” ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืื•ืœืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืช ืื• ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1895 ืœ-1896 ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-9 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1902), ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘. ืžืฉืš ื ื’ื™ื ืชื” ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 90 ืœ-100 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœืจ ื—ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืžื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขื“ ืื– ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจืงื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช (ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ, 1901) ื”ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืš ื ื’ื™ื ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื”. ืืš ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื™ืฃ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืกืงืจืฆื• ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ื“ื”ื™ืžื• ืืช ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืื™ื˜ื™, ืฉืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื• ืงื•ืœ ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ื–ืš ื•ืฆืœื•ืœ, ื‘ืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืชื•ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ (ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืœื’ืœื•ื’, ืกื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘"ืชื•ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™"). ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช (ืงืœืŸ, 1904) ืžื‘ืฆื‘ืฆืช, ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”. ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ื‘ืžืจืฉ ื”ืื‘ืœ. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื”"ืื“ืื’'ื˜ื•", ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ, ืงื˜ืข ื—ืจื™ืฉื™ ื•ืžื•ืคื ื ืœื ื‘ืœ ื•ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ, ื”ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืžื™ืœื™ื "ืื‘ื•ื“ ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื" "Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen". ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžืื”ืœืจ, ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื (ื•ื™ื ื”, 1905). ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช, (ืืกืŸ, 1906) "ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืช", ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืžืฉ ื•ื‘ื. ืคืจืง ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืฉืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืžืขื•ื“ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ืœืืœืžื”. ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช (ืคืจืื’, 1910) ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื, ืžื ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื” ื•ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ื’ื ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื‘ื•ืœื– ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื”. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื”ืคืจืžื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|"ื›ื•ืจื•ืก ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืก" ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช, "ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืืœืฃ", ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ("ื‘ื•ื, ืจื•ื— ื‘ื•ืจื", Veni Creator Spiritus), ื•ืืช ืกืฆื ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ "ืคืื•ืกื˜" ืžืืช ื’ืชื”, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืงื•ืœื•ืกืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื–ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืงื”ืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืขื ืง. ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื ืฆื— ืฉื”ื•ื, ืืš ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืคื™ืฆื ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” "ืคืœืกื˜ืจื™ื ื”" ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘"ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ืžืก". ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ (ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ, 1911) ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช. ืฉืฉืช ืคืจืงื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืœื•ืœื” ืคืจืื™ืช ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืจื’ื™ืข. ืžืื”ืœืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืืช ื—ืฉืฉื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื™ืขื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืชื“ื—ืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืขืฆืžื ืœื“ืขืช. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช (ื•ื™ื ื”, 1912) ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื•. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื•ืื™ืคื•ืง, ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืžื”, ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื’ืœื•ื’. ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืื“ื’'ื• ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘, ืฉืืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื›"ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”". ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื•, ื›ื™ "ื”ืžืื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™". ืžืื”ืœืจ, ืฉืžืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 50, ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช. ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื“ืจื™ืง ืงื•ืง ืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ. ื’ืจืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืง ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964. ืงื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื’ืจืกืชื•, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื•ื’ืจืกื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1976. ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื’'ื• (ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช) ื™ืฉ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื›ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื ื‘ืจื’. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืžื•ืคืชื™, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื”. ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” โ€“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœืกื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืก โ€“ "ื›ืžื•ื” ื›ืขื•ืœื: ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื—ื‘ื•ืง ื”ื›ื•ืœ". ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื ื•ืขื“ื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœื ืœืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืืœื ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื”ืงื ื” ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืื•ืคืงื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืขื“ ืื– ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื, ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืขืชื• ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•. ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1902 ื ื™ืฉื ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœืืœืžื” ืฉื™ื ื“ืœืจ, ืžืžื ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื•: ืžืืจื™ื” ืื ื” ืžืื”ืœืจ (1902โ€“1907) ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ื•ืื ื” ืžืื”ืœืจ (1904โ€“1988). ืžื‘ืชื• ืื ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉืชื™ ื ื›ื“ื•ืชื™ื•: ืืœืžื” ื–ื•ืœื ืื™ (1930โ€“2010) ื•ืžืจื™ื ื” ืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืœืืจื™ (ื™ืœื™ื“ืช 1943). ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื / ื ื•ืจืžืŸ ืœื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื ืจื™-ืœื•ืื™ ื“ื” ืœื” ื’ืจืื ื–' ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื ื•ืจืžืŸ ืœื‘ืจื›ื˜, ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ืงื“ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ื•ืจื™, 1996. ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืก ื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืื‘ืŸ, ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื. ืฉืŸ-ืืจื™, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ื•ืจื™, 1991. ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืงื ื“ื™, ืžื”ืœืจ, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืคืจ ืฉืœื—, ื›ืชืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1986. ืกื˜ื•ืืจื˜ ืคื“ืจ, ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ: ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™ืื™ืจ ืœื•ื™. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2009. Jens Malte Fischer, Gustav Mahler, Yale University Press, 2011 Zoltan Roman, Gustav Mahler's American Years, 1907-1911: a Documentary History, Pendragon Press, 1989 Stephen E. Hefling, Mahler Studies, Cambridge University Press, 1997 Jeremy Barham (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Mahler, Cambridge University Press, 2007 Donald Mitchell, The Mahler Companion, Oxford University Press, 1999 Henry-Louis de La Grange, Gustav Mahler, Oxford University Press, 1999 Norman Lebrecht, Mahler Remembered, Faber Press, 1987 Norman Lebrecht, Why Mahler? How One Man and Ten Symphonies Changed Our World, Pantheon Books, 2010 Charles Youmans (ed.), Mahler in Context, Cambridge University Press, 2021 Peter Franklin, The Life of Mahler, Cambridge University Press, 1997 Alfred Rosenzweig, Gustav Mahler: New Insights Into his Life, Times and Work, Routledge, 2016 Donald Mitchell, Gustav Mahler: the Early Years, Boydell Press, 2003 Donald Mitchell, Gustav Mahler: the Wunderhorn Years, Boydell Press, 2005 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ืื‘, ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืชื’ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื ืฆื— ืืœื™ื”ื• ืขื ื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœืจ, ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืขื ื‘ืœ, "ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ: ืชื "ืš ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื" ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื•ืก, 15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื ืฆื—ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื ื” ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื•ื™ื ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื ื’ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืชื ืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1860 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1911
2024-10-04T16:32:15
ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืืžื“ืื•ืก ืžื•ืฆืจื˜
ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืืžื“ืื•ืก ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; 27 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1756 โ€“ 5 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1791) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื– ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-800 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืจืขื ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืชืจื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืงื•ื˜ืœื’ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1862 ื‘ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™-ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื›ืœ. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืงื›ืœ (ืฉื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื˜ืœื’ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืž-K.1a ืขื“ K.626) ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืื– ืžืกืคืจ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืข, 1763 ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ื” ืžืก' 9 ื‘ื–ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจื’. ืื‘ื™ื•, ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ, ื•ืืžื•, ืื ื” ืžืจื™ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ืช. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืœ ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื‘ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ืจื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื›ืจื™ืกื•ืกื˜ื•ืžื•ืก ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ื•ืก ืชืื•ืคื™ืœื•ืก (ื’ื•ื˜ืœื™ื‘) ืžื•ืฆืจื˜. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื•ืกื˜ื•ืžื•ืก, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜. ื”ืฉื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื• ืขืœ-ืฉื ืกื‘ื• ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• "ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื”" ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืกื ื“ืงื•. ืฉื ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื›ืฉื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื•, ื ื”ื’ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืฉืœืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื•ืœืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื•. ื›ืš ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• "ืืžื“ืื•" (Amadeo), ื‘ื–ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ื™ื” "ื’ื•ื˜ืœื™ื‘" (Gottlieb) ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช "ืืžื“ื”" (Amadรฉ). ื”ืฉื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœืจืื™ื”, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื ื‘ื• ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื•. ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืœื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ. ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืžื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื• ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื”, ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื•. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืขื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืข ืœืคืจื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื›ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช-2024 ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ืœืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืจื›ื” ื›-12 ื“ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ ื•ื’ืก, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืš ืืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื“ื•ื“ื ื™ืชื• ื‘-5 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1777 ื—ืจื– ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืื ืืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ืงืื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืืจื•ื“ื™ K.382c. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ืืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœ. ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืŸ 6, ื•ืื—ื•ืชื• ืžืจื™ื” ืื ื” (ื ืื ืจืœ) ื‘ืช 11, ื™ืฆื ืื™ืชื ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืœืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืœืจืื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื›ื™ืœื“ ืคืœื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื•ืชื•, ืฉื ื™ื—ื ื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืื˜ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’, ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืจื•ืฉื ืขื– ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื”ื. ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืขืœื• ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ืงื˜ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืžืฉ, ื•ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉื ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื•. ื”ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ื›ื™ืกื™ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื• ื”ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ื ืชื•. ื‘ืจืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื‘ ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื“ืจืš ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืฆืจืคืช, ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ. ื‘ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ ืฆืคื” ื‘ื• ื’ืชื” ื‘ืŸ ื”-14, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืชื™ืืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื. ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉืืจืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื”, ื•ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืคื’ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื’ื ืืช ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš (ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš). ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื.Halliwell, Ruth (1998). The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context. New York City: Clarendon Press, pp. 51, 53 ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืขื™ืจ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืื•ืคื ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉื™ืœื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืชื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื• ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืงืœื˜ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืข ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืžื™ื“, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื—ื•ืชื ืื™ืฉื™. ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื: ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื“ (ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืงื™ืฅ 1764),Halliwell 1998, pp. 82-83 ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื (ื”ืื’, ืกืชื™ื• 1765).Halliwell 1998, pp. 99-102 ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ (ื”ืื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ). ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1780 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1769 ื›ืฉืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 13, ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ืžืกืข ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื™ืฆืื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืžืกืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ื”ืžืกืข, ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืกื™ื•ืžื ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื–ื›ื” ื”ื ืขืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘, ื•ืฉืžื• ื”ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืคื ื”. ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืงืœืžื ืก ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื”ื•ืงืกื ืžื’ืื•ื ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื’ืื•ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจื”: ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื–ืจืจื” (ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื“ืชื™ืช) ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ื• ืืœื’ืจื™ ืœื ืฉื’ื‘ืช; ืžื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืจืง ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ, ื•ืชื•ื•ื™ื” ื ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ืกื•ื“. ืœื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื•, ืฉื‘ื ื• ื ื›ื— ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืืช ืชื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืžื™ืกืœื™ื‘ืฆ'ืง ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ ืขืžื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืกืœื™ื‘ืฆ'ืง ื—ืœื” ื‘ืขื’ื‘ืช, ืคืงื“ ืœื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื• ืœื ืชืง ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืืš ืกื‘ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืกืœื™ื‘ืฆ'ืง ื ื’ืข ืœืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1777, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื”ื” ืขื ืขืžื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ืžื™ืกืœื™ื‘ืฆ'ืง ืฉืฉื”ื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ.ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจ, "ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜", ืกืคืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื’, 2006, ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื‘ื™ืขื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืจ, ืขืž' 83-82 ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1773โ€“1777 ืขืฉื” ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ื–ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ-ื—ืฆืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš-ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื–ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจื’. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื—ื“ื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืขืžืžืช, ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืื“. ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื, ืžื™ืกื•ืช, ืกืจื ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืžืกืขื• ืœืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ื‘-1775, ืœืฉื ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” La finta giardiniera (ื ืขืจืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืžืชื—ื–ื”), ื›ืชื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 6. ืœืžืกืขื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืŸ ื”-21 ื‘-23 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1777 ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืžื•. ืžืกืข ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ืืš ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืžืกืข ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคื•ืฃ ืขื’ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื ืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉืจื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ, ืืš ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื–ื‘ื” ืชืงื•ื•ืชื•. ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ืฉื ื”ืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืจืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื ื ืช ืืœื•ืื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื• ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืš ื“ื—ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ืœืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•. ืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืช; ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื ืคืœื” ืื™ืžื• ืœืžืฉื›ื‘, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื ืคื˜ืจื”. ืžื™ื•ืืฉ ื•ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ ืขื–ื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืืช ืคืจื™ื–. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืกื˜ืคืืŸ ืกื“ืœืืฆ'ืง, ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1781 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืžืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš-ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื–ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจื’. ื™ื—ืกื• ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื ื ืขื ืœืžื•ืฆืจื˜ (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื),Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life: Selected Letters. Translated by Robert Spaethling. W.W. Norton. 2000, letter to his father dated 24 March 1781 ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื ืคืจื“ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ืืจ ื–ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืขืฆืžื•: ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืžืžืฉืจืชื• "ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•". ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืฆื™ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืคืชื— ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช. ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื™ืจ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืคืชื— ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื”. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคื ื” ื•ืื ื™ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืกื“ืจืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืžื›ืจ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืืฆื•ืœื”. ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืงื ื” ืœื• ืฉื ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื” ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื‘-4 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1782 ื ืฉื ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืจ (1842-1762), ื“ื•ื“ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงืจืœ ืžืจื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืฆืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืกืœื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื. ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ืฆื” ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืš ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืงืจืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ื•ืคืจื ืฅ ืงืกืื•ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’. ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœื ื ื™ืฉืื• ืžืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืฆืืฆืื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื ื”ืงืฅ ืœืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืงืฆืจืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืฉื ืช 1782 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืžื ืฆื— ื•ื›ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1782โ€“1785 ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืžื“ืŸ, ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-155,000 ืื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื”. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ืคื•ืจื˜ืจื˜ ืžืฉื ืช 1789 ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1782โ€“1783 ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืš ื•ื”ื ื“ืœ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื“ ื•ืืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ (Gottfried van Swieten), ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื ืชื— ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื•. ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ืฉืคืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ื’ืืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 41, ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ืงืกื ื•ื‘ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1783 ื ืกืข ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืฉืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื–ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจื’, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื ืชืง ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžื™ื•ื ื—ืชื•ื ืชื•. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืœื ืขืœื” ื™ืคื”, ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœืืฉืชื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ื ื™ื‘ ืืช ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ืžื™ืกื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (ืฉืœื ื ืฉืœืžื”), ืฉื”ื•ืฉืžืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืคื’ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืืช ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ืงืฉืจ ืืชื• ืงืฉืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื ื™ื’ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืฉื›ื–ื• ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืช ืฉืฉ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื 1782โ€“1785. ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืœืกื“ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืื•ืค. 33 ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1781. ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืจื™ืฅ ื ืœื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜; ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืคื ื” ืืœ ืœื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ื›ืื“ื ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืืœ, ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขืš ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื™, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžื•ืขื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื”".Mozart, Wolfgang; Mozart, Leopold (1966). Anderson, Emily (ed.). The Letters of Mozart and his Family (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan, p. 1331 ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1784 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘: "ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ืงืกื", ืฉืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื”, ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืจืื” ืžืžื ื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื”. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื ืงืœืข ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชืขืจืขืจื”. ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื–ื›ื” ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ื–ืขื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1786 ื’ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืฉื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืคื™ื’ืืจื• ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ (1787). ื“ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืืชืจ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืชื•ื— ืœืงื”ืœ ื•ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜. ืฆื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืคืจืื’ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืจื—ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืขื™ืจ ืคืจืื’ ื•ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืจื“ื” ืงืจื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื’ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื ื—ื•ื’ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืคืืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ: "ื”ืคืจื’ืื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื™" (Meine Prager verstehen mich). ืžืœื‘ื“ ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื–ื›ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืคืจืื’ ื’ื ืœืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื ืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืžืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืคืจืื’: ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 38, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช "ืคืจืื’". ื•ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™" ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืื’ ื‘-29 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1787. ืžื—ืœืชื• ื•ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื—ืœื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืคืจืื’ ื•ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘-6 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1791 ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ื—ืกื“ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก". ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื”ื–ืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื›ืชืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื‘-1790 ื›ืืจื›ื™ื“ื•ื›ืก ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”.Freeman, Daniel E. (2021). Mozart in Prague. Minneapolis: Calumet Editions, pp. 193-230 ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื•ื‘-30 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ืงืกื". ืืš ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื” ื‘-20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืชืง ืœืžื™ื˜ืชื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืื•ืช.Solomon, Maynard (1995). Mozart: A Life (1st ed.). New York City: HarperCollins, p. 491 ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืฉืชื• ื•ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืชื•ืžืืก ืคืจื ืฅ ืงืœื•ื–ื˜. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืคืจื ืฅ ืงืกืืคืจ ื–ื™ืกืžืื™ื™ืจ.Solomon 1995, pp. 493, 588 ืกื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืื™ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื• ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื›"ืงื“ื—ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”", ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžืžื ื” ืกื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช (Trichinosis), ื”ืจืขืœืช ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื•ืงื“ื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื•ืจืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืงื ืื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• (ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืŸ "ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ืฆื”" ืฉื™ืฆื ื›ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ - ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™). ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืœืคื™ื” ืžืช ืžื“ืœืงืช ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘-5 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1791 ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 35 ื‘ืžื•ืชื•. ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, "ืกืื ืงื˜ื•ืก", "ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืก" ื•"ืื’ื ื•ืก ื“ืื™" ืœื–ื™ืกืžืื™ื™ืจ, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜. ืื•ืœื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ืŸ โ€“ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื, ืฉืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคื–ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•. ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืžืฉืœื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื ื˜ ืžืจืงืก ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืขืช ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื—ืกืจ ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื“ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื•. ืื•ืœื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื, ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื—ืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชื’ืžืœืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ, ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืžืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืคืจืื’. ื™ืฉ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš, ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›-10,000 ืคืœื•ืจื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื” โ€“ ืคื™ 20 ืžืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืืžื™ื“. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœื ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืืœื ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื ื˜ ืžืจืงืก, ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื•. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืงื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื, ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ื ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืจืง ืœืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื,Walther Brauneis [in German]. Dies irae, dies illaโ€”Day of wrath, day of wailing: Notes on the commissioning, origin and completion of Mozart's Requiem (KV 626) (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014 ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื ืฉื›ื— ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜; ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ืช ื‘"ืฆื ื˜ืจืœืคืจื™ื“ื”ื•ืฃ", ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื ืงืฉืจื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœืืจื•ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก, ืฉื‘ืขืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ืฆื”, ืฉืกื™ืคืจื” ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืืžืจ ืœื” ื›ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•. ื’ืจืกื” ื–ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื• ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืฉ ืคื•ืจืžืŸ "ืืžื“ืื•ืก", ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืืช ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืืคืจ. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”, ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืืžืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื ืคืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืืžื“ืื•ืก" ืœื”ื–ืžื ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืจื•ืžื–ืช ื›ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืื—ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™, ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืฉ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืืžืช. ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื–ืžื ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—, ืืš ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืœืžื•ื ื™ ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื–ืŸ , ืื™ืฉ ืืฆื•ืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ืœื”ืขืชื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœื•. ืืช ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื–ื›ืจ ืืฉืชื•. ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉืชื• ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ (ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื ื—ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœื‘ื ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืืœืกืื’, ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื, ื•ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“. ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืฉืชื•, ื•ื–ื• ื“ืื’ื” ืœื”ืฉืœืžืชื” ื•ื”ืฉืžืขืชื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—. ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ, ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฆื ื›ืฉื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื•ื ืืœืฅ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœืžื•ืชื• ื”ืงืจื‘ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช "ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ" ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื, ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1808 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื ืฅ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจ ื ื™ืžืฆ'ืง. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก, ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืงื ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื’ืื•ื ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื•, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1830 ื›ืชื‘ ืคื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืจื– ืฉืฉืžื• "ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™". ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™, ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืงื ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ืชื•. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1897 ืœืื•ืคืจื” "ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™" ืžืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืืคืจ ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืืžื“ืื•ืก" ื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืงื ืื” ืฉืœ ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื˜. ื”ืืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืœืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืจื—ืฉื• ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืืฉืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™. ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ืงื ืื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืงื ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื”ืคืš. ืื•ืœื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ื”, ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืจื—ืฉื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”"ืงืืคืœืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืจ" ื‘ื—ืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืคื™ื’ืืจื•" ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืœื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืคืจื” ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ืืฃ ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืงื˜ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืœืกื•ืคืจืŸ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ, ืงื˜ืข ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื–ืžืจืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ (ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1791) ื›ืชื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ืงืกื" ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ื— ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™: "ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื” ื•ื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงืฉื‘, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœืืงื•ืจื“ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืžื—ืžืื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ืžืคื™ื•". ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื•ื˜ื• ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1856, ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ื ื›ื— ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื“ืฃ ืžืกื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื” ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆ'ืœื• K104, ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ 1770 ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ โ€“ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฆื™ื’ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื; ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืืœืื ื˜ (ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืงืœื™ืœ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง) ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืœืจื‘ ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“, ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืคืจื•ืช, ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืกื•ืœื• ืœื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืกื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ืชื• ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื•ืœื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื, ื“ื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืžื ื˜ื™, ืกืจื ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœื” ื•ืžื‘ื“ืจืช. ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜; ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื•. ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื” ืฉืžืข. ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื—ืฉืคื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง. ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืคื•ื’ืืœื™ื, ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืงืœื“ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืจื‘ ืงื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช). ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช: ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ื•ืคื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืคื™ื’ืืจื•", ืื•ืคืจื” ืกืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื™ื“ื•ืžื ืื• ื•"ื—ืกื“ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก", ื“ืจืžื” ื’'ื•ืงื•ื–ื• ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ (ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืœืœื™ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช), ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ืฉืคื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ืงืกื . ื‘ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื–ืขืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื•ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื•ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื‘ืขืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื•ื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืœื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™: ื‘ื ื™ ืืฆื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ื. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ื ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื”, ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื’'ื•ืืงื™ื ื• ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื•ื "ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ืข ื›ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื’ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ื“ืข". ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื•ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื ืคืขื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ (ืื•ืคื•ืก 18 ืžืกืคืจ 4) ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื” ืžืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ (K.464). ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื™: ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขืจืฅ ืขืœื™ื•. ื’ื ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 3 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ (K.491). ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืื•ืคื•ืก 16 ืžืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื–ื”ื” ืžืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ (K.452). ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš "ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ืงืกื"; ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื“ื ืฆื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืกืคืจ 20 (K.466). ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ: ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจ ืื™ืœื™ืฅ' ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ "ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ื™ืื ื”" ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ; ื•ื›ืŸ ื”"ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ื’ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜", ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืก ืจื’ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1914. ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ืžื•ืฆืจื˜". ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืคืกืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ ื•ื™ื ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืœืฆื“ ืžืกืคืจืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ("ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืงื›ืœ"), ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™-ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืฉืขืจืš ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1862. ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืกืžืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืช K ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ืื•ืคืจื” 23 ืื•ืคืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ: ืื™ื“ื•ืžื ื™ืื• (Idomeneo, re di Creta ossia Ilia e Idamante, K.366) ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจืžื•ืŸ (Die Entfรผhrung aus dem Serail, K.384) ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืคื™ื’ืืจื• ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Marriage of Figaro2.ogg ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ (Don Giovanni, K.527) - ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Don Giovanni - Overtรผre.ogg ื›ืš ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ (Cosรฌ fan tutte, K.588) ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ืงืกื (Die Zauberflรถte, K.620) ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช: ื”ืชืžื™ืžื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคืช (La finta semplice, KV 51/46a) ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจื•ืขื” (Il re pastore, K. 208) ื—ืกื“ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก (La Clemenza di Tito KV. 621) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช 27 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช: ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืžืงืœื“ืช ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 37 (ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜) ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืžืงืœื“ืช ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 39 (ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜) ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืžืงืœื“ืช ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 40 (ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜) ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 4 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืžืงืœื“ืช ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 41 (ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜) ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 5 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 175 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 6 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 238 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 7 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 242 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 8 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 246 ("Lรผtzow") ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 9 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 271 ("Jeunehomme") ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 10 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 365 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 11 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 413 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 12 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 414 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 13 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 415 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 14 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 449 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 15 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 450 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 16 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 451 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 17 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 453 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 18 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 456 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 19 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 459 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 20 ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 466 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 21 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 467 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 22 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 482 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 23 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 488 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 24 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 491 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 25 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 503 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 26 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 537 ("ื”ื”ื›ืชืจื”") ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 27 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื›ืœ 595 2 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœื—ืœื™ืœ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.313 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.314 4 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ื•ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืจื•ื ื“ื• ืœืงืจืŸ ื™ืขืจ K.417, 447, 495, 386b ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื—ืœื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.299 ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ K.207, 211, 216, 218, 219 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.622 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.314 ืื ื“ื ื˜ื” ืœื—ืœื™ืœ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.315 41 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ: ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 25 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ K.183 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 29 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.201 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 31 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.297 ("ืคืจื™ื–") ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 34 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.338 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 35 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.385 ("ื”ืืคื ืจ") ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 36 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.425 ("ืœื™ื ืฅ") ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 38 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.504 ("ืคืจืื’") ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 39 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.543 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 40 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ K.550 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 41 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.551 ("ื™ื•ืคื™ื˜ืจ") ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Symphony No. 41 1st Movement (Jupiter), K.551.ogg ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช 23 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื. ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืŸ 6 ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ (ืื '): ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” 14 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 387 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” 15 ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 421 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” 16 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 428 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” 17 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 458 ("ื”ืฆื™ื“") ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” 18 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 464 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” 19 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 465 ("ื”ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืกื™ื") 2 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆ'ืœื•: ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 478 (1785) ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 493 (1786) 4 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื™ืœ, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆ'ืœื•: ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื—ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 285 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื—ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 285a ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื—ืœื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ ื ืกืคื— 171 (285b) ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื—ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 298 ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื‘ื•ื‘, ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜, ืงืจืŸ ื™ืขืจ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 452 (1784) 6 ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉืชื™ ื•ื™ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืฆ'ืœื•: ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 174 (1773) ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 406 (ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื ื“ื” ืœื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืงื›ืœ 388) ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 515 (1787) ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 516 (1787) ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 593 (1790) ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืงื›ืœ 614 (1791) ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืงืœืจื™ื ื˜, ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆ'ืœื• ืงื›ืœ 581 (1789) ืกืจื ื“ื” ืžืก' 13 ืœืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื‘ืก ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.525 ("ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืœื™ืœื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”") ืกืจื ื“ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื”ึพืขืฉืจ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.361 ("ื’ืจืืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื”") ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื›ืœื™ ืกื•ืœื• 18 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ: ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 6 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.284 ("ื“ื™ืจื ื™ืฅ") ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 8 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ K.310 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 11 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.331 (ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”-Rondo alla turca โ€“ ืจื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 14 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ K.457 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 16 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.545 ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ: ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ K.626 ืžื™ืกืช ื”ื”ื›ืชืจื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ K.317 ื”ืžื™ืกื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ K.427 ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจื•ืฉ ื›ื ืคื™ืš ืขืจื‘, ืžื™ืœื™ื: ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืคื ื™ืก, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“: ื’ื™ืœ ืืœื“ืžืข. ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื, ืžื™ืœื™ื: ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืคื ื™ืก, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“: ื’ื™ืœ ืืœื“ืžืข. ื™ื•ืจื” ื™ืงืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ืื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ืื™ ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื: ืžืฉืœื™ ื’' ื™"ื– ื•ืื™ื›ื” ื”' ื›"ื ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ื”ื“ื•ื ื”ืงืจื— ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ื•ืืชืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•: ื ื•ื ืื˜ืืง ืคื™ื’ืืจื•, ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืืคื ืจ. ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉื” ื‘ืฉื "ืืžื“ืื•ืก" ื”ื•ืคืงื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”-250. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืขื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืงื•ื—ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื: ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืกืจื˜ ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•"ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ" ืจืื• ื’ื ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืงื›ืœ - ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืืคืงื˜ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜-ืงื•ื’ืœ - ืžืžืชืง ืชื—ืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื’'ืจืžื™ ืกื™ืคืžืŸ, ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ - ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื˜ืจ, 2006. ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜: ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•, ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ืื‘ื™ืขื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื’, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2007. ืืจื™ืง ื‘ืœื•ื, ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื’ื‘ื™ ืคืœื’, ื›ืชืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1986. ืืœืคืจื“ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ืจื’, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื™ื“ื™ืช, 1957 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื˜"ื— ืืชืจ ื•ื‘ื• ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžื•ืฉืžืขื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช Neue Mozart Ausgabe, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ืื–ื ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ - ืžืื’ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ MIDI ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ืจ - ื“"ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืคืจืœ ืขืœ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืงืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื•ื™ื ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื“ื™ ืคืœื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื•ืžื™ื-ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1756 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1791
2024-10-13T11:31:35
ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ
ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ-ื‘ืจืชื•ืœื“ื™ (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy; 3 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1809 โ€“ 4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1847) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืžื ืฆื—, ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืจ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ: ื—ืœื•ื ืœื™ืœ ืงื™ืฅ (ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช "ืžืืจืฉ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื”" ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข), ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช, ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคืื•ืœื•ืก, ื”ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื”ื”ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ. ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ. ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ-ื‘ืจืชื•ืœื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข, ืžืฉื” ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืœืœื ื“ืช. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืœ ื›ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ืชืจื ื™. ืคืœื™ืงืก ื”ื•ื›ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื›ื™ืœื“ ืคืœื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ืืš ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ืœืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืื—ื•ืชื•, ืคืื ื™ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ื™ื ื” ื•ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ืžื•ื›ืฉืจืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”. ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืฉื ืื—ื™ื”. ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชืื•ืก ืคืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืช ื‘ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1829. ืขื“ ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ื ืขืœืžื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืžื ืฆื— ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืกื•ืœืŸ. ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืชื ื›ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜, ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ, ืฉืืจืœ-ื•ืœื ื˜ืŸ ืืœืงืืŸ ื•ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื–. ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1843, ื”ืคืš ืœืžืขื•ื– ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ื•ืคืกืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื˜ืขื ืžืฉืชื ื”, ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ "ื›ืฉืจื•ื— ื”ืขืจื‘ ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื" ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•: ืคืื ื™, ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ืคืื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”), ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืชื‘ื•ืœืœืช. ืกื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ืžืฉื” ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ. ืื‘ื™ื• ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื•ืืžื•, ืœืื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื–ืืœื•ืžื•ืŸ (Salomon) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื ื›ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืื™ืฆื™ื’, ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืชื•, ื’ื“ืœ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืžื™ื“ื” ืœืžื“ื™. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืชื. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืœื ืขืจื›ื• ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืœ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืœื• ื’ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื”ืื‘ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืจืชื•ืœื“ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื’ื™ืกื• (ืื—ื™ ืืฉืชื•), ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืœ ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืื“ื•ืง, ืกื™ืจื‘ ืคืœื™ืงืก ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1811. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืœืื” ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื - ืคืื ื™, ืคืœื™ืงืก, ืคืื•ืœ ื•ืจื‘ืงื” (ืืฉืชื• ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืคื˜ืจ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืœื–'ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื™ื›ืœื”) ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ. ืคืื ื™ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื” ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืคืœื™ืงืก, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืš ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื• ืคืœื™ืงืก ืœื ืจืื• ืฉื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืื™ืฉื” ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ืืš ืœื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืœื™ืงืก ืœื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœื• ืืžื ื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื“ื˜, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื“ื˜ ื•ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืคื˜ืจ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืœื–'ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื™ื›ืœื” (ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ืชื• ืจื‘ืงื” ืœืขืชื™ื“). ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืจื” ืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื™ "ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื". ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืืžื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 7, ื—ื•ื ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืจื™ ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื‘ืจื’ืจ , ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื™ื• ืงืœืžื ื˜ื™. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžืื™ 1819, ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ (ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ืื—ื•ืชื• ืคืื ื™) ืœืžื“ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืืฆืœ ืงืจืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืฆืœื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ืฆืœื˜ืจ ื”ื•ืžืœืฅ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจื” ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืœื•ื™, ื‘ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ืกื‘ืชื-ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ. ืฉืจื” ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื‘ืืš ื•ืงืจืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื‘ืืš. ืฉืจื” ืœื•ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื›ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื’ื ื” ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืฆืœื˜ืจ. ืฉืจื” ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืื•ืกืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืืš. ืฆืœื˜ืจ, ืฉื˜ืขืžื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืจื ื™, ื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืืš. ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื˜ืขืžื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”. ืคื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืืš. ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื ื™ื›ืจื” ื‘ื• ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 9 ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 11 ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื’ื ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ืคืื ื™ ืื—ื•ืชื• ื ื”ื’ื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ืงื” ืื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื–ืžืจืช ื•ืคืื•ืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆ'ืœื•. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15 ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 17 ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•: "ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื ืœื™ืœ ืงื™ืฅ" ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ. ื•-17 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœ"ื—ืœื•ื ืœื™ืœ ืงื™ืฅ", ืœืจื‘ื•ืช "ืžืืจืฉ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื”" ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื. ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืœ 20 ืกื™ื™ืจ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื•ืงื ื” ืœื• ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžื ืฆื— ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•: ืืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžืขืจืช ืคื™ื ื’ืืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1830, ื•ืื– ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช "ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืช" ืืš ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืจืง ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ("ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช") ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืขื“ 1833. ื‘ื ื•ืกืขื• ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื— ื–ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืงืจืื™. ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1833 ืžื•ื ื” ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกืœื“ื•ืจืฃ. ืž-1835 ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžื ืฆื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื“ื”ืื•ืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’, ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ืฆื— ืžื”ื•ืœืœ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ืงืกื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜, ืฉืจืง ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืชื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืช ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื›ื— ืขื“ ืื–, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืชืื•ืก ืคืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1843 ื™ื™ืกื“ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื• ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื•. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื“ืจื“ืจื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืคืฃ. ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืคืื ื™ ื’ืจืžื” ืœื• ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 38. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• (2009) ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื“ื”ืื•ืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ืฉื ื”ืจืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืžืืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื” ื•ืงืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืงื•ืœื—ืช ื•ืžืขื ื’ืช ืืช ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื”. ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืชื•ืคืกื™ื "ื”ื•ื•ืืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช" ื•"ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื". ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื ืžื ื” ืขื ื—ื•ื’ ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฉื•ืžืืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ื• ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ "ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”", ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ืคืงืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืงืข ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ื’'ืืงื•ืžื• ืžืื™ื™ืจื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื "ืžืชื•ืงื” ื•ืžืฆืœืฆืœืช ืœืœื ืขื•ืžืง", ืจื“ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื” ืžื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืžื—ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ื‘"ืจื•ื— ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœืง (ื”ืขื)". ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืื’ื ืจ (ะ ัƒััะบะธะต ะฒะตะดะพะผะพัั‚ะธ, 29.11.1872): "ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ืชืจื ื™ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ื”ื ืื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื•ืื’ื ืจ - ื‘ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉื•ืช, ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžืฉืขืžืžื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™". ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื•ืื’ื ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื”, ื”ื—ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืืช ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ื•ืจืžื”, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืœื• ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื•ื–ื›ืจ. ืืช ื”"ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื" ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืœื• ืืžื ื ื”ื“ืคื™ืกื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™, ืืš ืจืฉืžื• ืฉ"ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข". ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื’ื ื”ื—ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• "ื—ืœื•ื ืœื™ืœ ืงื™ืฅ", ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงืจืœ ืื•ืจืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืœืžื—ื–ื”. ื”ื ื”ืจืกื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ืืช ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœื–ื›ืจ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื“ื”ืื•ืก, ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื“ื”ืื•ืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื ื—ื ื›ื” ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืœื™ื“ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืกื ื˜ ืชื•ืžืืก. ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืžืคืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ืืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘-25 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1996, ื”ื ืคื™ืง ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœืื™ ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ืืจ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ื•ืงื˜ืข ืชื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื” "ืืœื™ื”ื•" ืฉืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื™ื“ื•. ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื ืขืžื™ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœ. ื“ืืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื›ืจ 798,000 ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 5 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ืข ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืžื›ื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ืœืจื’ืœ 200 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•, ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ืจื•. ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื—ืžืฉ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช: ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ "ืฉื™ืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื”" ืขื ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ืœืกื•ืœื ื™ื ื•ืžืงื”ืœื”, ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ โ€“ "ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืช", ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ โ€“ "ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช" (ืžื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ), ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ โ€“ "ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”". 12 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช (ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ (ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 64. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื - ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื) ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 25, ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 40) ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (ื ืžืฆืื• ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืžืจืฆืœื• ื‘ื•ืคืœื™ื ื™) ืจื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 29 ืกืจื ื“ื” ื•ืืœื’ืจื• ื’'ื•ื™ื•ื–ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 43 ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. "ื—ืœื•ื ืœื™ืœ ืงื™ืฅ" (ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืžืชื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคืจืง "ืžืืจืฉ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื”") ื”ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช "ืืœื™ื”ื•", "ืคืื•ืœื•ืก" ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช: "ืžืขืจืช ืคื™ื ื’ืืœ" (ื”ื”ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื™ื), ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฆืœื—ื”, ืžืœื•ื–ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืคื”, ืจื•ืื™ ื‘ืœื, ืขืชืœื™ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืงื•ืœ ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื: "ื‘ืจื›ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ", "ืขืœ ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ"). ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 49, ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 66) ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 20 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช (ืื•ืคื•ืก 12 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 13 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 44 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 80 ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, 4 ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 81) ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช (ืื•ืคื•ืก 1 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 2 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 3 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ - ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ 13) ืฉืชื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช (ืื•ืคื•ืก 18 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 87 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ) ืฉื™ืฉื™ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ืื•ืคื•ืก 110 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืฉืฉ ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ืื•ืคื•ืก 65 ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื’ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ืื•ืคื•ืก 37 ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ (ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ (1820), ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ (1838), ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 4 ืฉืชื™ ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ (ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 45, ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 58) ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ืฉื ื™ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ ื•ื‘ืืกื˜ ืื• ื‘ืกื•ืŸ (ืื•ืคื•ืก 113 ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 114 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ) ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืกื•ืœื•: ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™, ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื’ื•ืช, ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช, ืจื•ื ื“ื• ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื•ื–ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื”ืœื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืœืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื ืื• ื”ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” "ืœื™ืœ ื•ืืœืคื•ืจื’ื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ". ืจืื• ื’ื ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืœืื ื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืคื™ื™ืจ ืœื”-ืžื•ืจ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืฉื•ืงื”, ื—ื™ื™ ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ-ื‘ืจืชื•ืœื“ื™, ืชืจื’ืžื” ืฉืจื” ืจื–ื™, ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืขื™ื“ื™ืช", ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉื™"ื˜. ืžื•ื–ืœ ืžื•ืฉื ืกืงื™, ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืชืจื’ืžื” ืื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื—, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 1989. ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืจื“ืงืœื™ืฃ, ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื’ื‘ื™ ืคืœื’, ื›ืชืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1990. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื Felix Mendelssohn Leipzig Edition of the Works by Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy edited by the Sรคchsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (in German) Ralf Wehner: Thematic-systematic Catalogue of the Musical Works (MWV), Sรคchsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig Mendelssohn: A Life in Music (2003) by Larry Todd; Oxford University Press (Jakob Ludwig) Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (1809 - 1847) - Vocal Texts and Translations at the LiederNet Archive Original Texts of the Lied of Mendelssohn translated in various languages. Complete Edition: Leipzig Edition of the Letters of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (in German) Felix Mendelssohn House and Foundation, Leipzig The Mendelssohn Project A project with the objective of "recording of the complete published and unpublished works of Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn". A Renaissance Man Among the Romantics: Felix Mendelssohn at 200 A virtual exhibit of Mendelssohn manuscripts and early editions held at the Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, Yale University. Reichwald, Siegwart, ed. Mendelssohn in Performance. Indiana University Press: Bloomington, IN. Program note to Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64 (1844) from the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra (by the Internet Way Back Machine) ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืชืืžื• ืœืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ื–ึถืžึถืจึถืฉึถืืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืชื ืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื•ืชืจื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืงืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื“ื™ ืคืœื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื’ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1809 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1847
2024-08-01T00:33:02
ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก
ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Richard Georg Strauss; 11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1864 โ€“ 8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1949) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืžื ืฆื—, ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื•ื›ื ืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™. ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ ื›ื™ื•ืจืฉื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื•ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืขื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืžืชืงื“ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื–ืคื™ืŸ ื•ืคืจื ืฅ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก . ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ืŸ ืงืจืŸ ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืืจื™ื” ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžืžืœืืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ืขืจ, ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื•. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 4 ื•ืœืžื“ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื˜ื•ืžื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ืœืื™ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ืžื ืฆื—. ืืช ื”ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1872, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 8, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื• ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ , ืžื ื”ืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 11, ื”ื—ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืืฆืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืžืื™ื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1882 ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” "ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ืก" ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1882โ€“1883. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 20 ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 21 ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืžื ื”ืœื” ื”ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื• ื”ืคืš ืืช ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—ื™ื•. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืคื•ืŸ-ื‘ื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืœ"ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“" ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื–, ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ, ืžื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืืžื“ืื•ืก ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืฉื ืื• ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ื‘ื• ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” "ืžืชืืจื™ื" ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื• ื ื•ืฉื. "ืžืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”" (Aus Italien) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืคื™ "ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ". ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช "ื“ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืืŸ" ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1889 ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืžืฉืจืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืคื•ืืžื” "ื—ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ" (1898) ืชื™ืืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื›ืื•ืžืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืคืจืง ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื• ื•ืคืจืง ืœืงืจื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ื. ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื ื™ืฉื ื‘-1894 ืœื–ืžืจืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจืŸ, ืคืื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ื” ืื”ื ื”, ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื“ื” ืื”ื ื”. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืงืชืŸ. ื—ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื ืืœืฅ ืœื ืื—ืช ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื’ ืขืœ ืขืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืกืคื’ ืžืจืขื™ื™ืชื•, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืžื ืฆื— ื•ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื ืื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช (ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื—ื–ื” "ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ืื•ืกืงืจ ื•ื™ื™ืœื“) ื•"ืืœืงื˜ืจื”" (ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ื”ื•ื’ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืžื ืกื˜ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ "ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช" ื•"ืืœืงื˜ืจื”" ื—ืฉ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืชื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืŸ ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข. ื•ื›ืš ื’ืžืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื•, ืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืจื“ (Der Rosenkavalier) ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™, ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืืžื“ืื•ืก ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื–ื“ืŸ ื‘-1911. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1911 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ืžืฉืืœ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื–ื“ืŸ ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืขืจืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’ืจื”ืจื˜ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ืžืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ืฉื•. ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืคืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื”ื“ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื•ืžืกืžืœืช ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, 1933-1935, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›"ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš", ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชืจื ืืช ืฉืžื• ื•ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจืื™. ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืžืจืืฉ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื“ื—ื” ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1935 ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉื›ืชื‘. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืืฃ ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื’ืกื˜ืคื• ืœื—ืงื™ืจื”. ืžื™ื“ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ื‘-1934 ื”ื•ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘"ื“ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืจืžืจ" ืขืœ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืคืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘-1944 ืฉืžื• ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ืœืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื”ืขื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืื ื˜ื™ ื ืืฆื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื›ืื•ืžืจ: "ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื’ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื. ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™..." ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืžืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื™ืฉ-ืคืจื˜ื ืงื™ืจื›ืŸ ื‘-1949. ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื ืฉืจืคื•. ื”ื›ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืžื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืžื™ืฉ-ืคืจื˜ื ืงื™ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืืฉืชื• ืคืื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื ืคืจื ืฅ (1898โ€“1980) ื•ืืฉืชื• ืืœื™ืก (1904โ€“1991), ื ื›ื“ื• ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ (1927โ€“2007) ื•ืืฉืชื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ. ื ืงื‘ืจื•, ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื˜ืจ (1939โ€“2020), ื•ื”ื ื›ื“ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื•ืืฉืชื• ื‘ืจื™ื’'ื™ื˜, ืœื‘ื™ืช ืืงื”ืจื“ื˜ (1925โ€“1988). ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื—ืจื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™. ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืื’ื” ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžื“ืื’ื” ืœืืฉืชื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืžื ื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ, ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ. ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื•ืื’ื ืจ. ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื: "ื”ืงื“ืฉื”", "ื”ืœื™ืœื”", "ื ื•ื—ื™, ื ืฉืžืชื™", "ืฆืฆื™ืœื™ื”", "ืžื—ืจ", "ืฉื™ืจ ืขืจืฉ" ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ "ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื" (ืœืžืœื™ื ืžืืช ื”ืจืžืŸ ื”ืกื” ื•ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื›ื ื“ื•ืจืฃ) ืœืกื•ืคืจืŸ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ืžืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืขื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืชื–ืžื•ึผืจื•ึน ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•: ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžืงื”ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš "ืืœืงื˜ืจื”". "ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜". "ื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืœื ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ". "ื“ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืืŸ". "ื—ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ". "ืžื˜ืžื•ืจืคื•ื–ื•ืช". "ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช". ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช (ืื•ืคืจื”). "ืืœืงื˜ืจื”". ''ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืœื ืฆืœ'' "ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื–ืจืชื•ืกื˜ืจื". ืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืจื“. "ืืจื™ืื“ื ื” ื‘ื ืงืกื•ืก". ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืฆื™ืœื™ื, ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืคื•ืก 60. ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื. ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช "ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื–ืจืชื•ืกื˜ืจื" ืืฉืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ื• 2001: ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ. ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ื™ื”ืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืคื•ื˜ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืขื ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื›ืœืชื• ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื“ื™ื• ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1947, ื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื ื” ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1952 ื ืžื ืขื” ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืขืงื‘ ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืœื ืืฆื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1952 ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953, ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ื ืจ ื™ืืฉื” ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืืช ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจืื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื ืืฆื™, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืืกื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืจืฉืžื™, ืœื”ืฉืžืขื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ. ืื ื›ื™ ืขื‘ืจื• ืื– ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื—ืคืฅ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ "ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื”... ืœื ืืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™." ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ื“ืžืžืช ืžื•ื•ืช. ื—ืคืฅ ื”ื•ืชืงืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจืกื™ื˜ืœ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื—ื‘ื˜ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื• ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื›ืฉื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—, ื”ื–ืขื™ืง ื—ืคืฅ ืืช ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื, "ืชื™ืจื• ื‘ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื™". ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ื ืžืœื˜ ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืžืฆื. ื”ืชืงืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืคืฅ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก. ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืžืŸ ื”ืจืกื™ื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจ. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ืจื•ืขื• ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื›ืื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ื—ื–ืจ ืืœื™ื” ืขื“ 1970. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1990 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื ืขื ืฉืจื™ืฃ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืžื ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืžืื– ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื™ืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื•ืžื•ืช" ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื ื‘ื•. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื›ืžืŸ, ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ืื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 1998. Bryan Randolph Gilliam, The Life of Richard Strauss, Cambridge University Press, 1999 Michael Kennedy, Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma, Cambridge University Press, 1999 Matthew Boyden, Richard Strauss, Northeastern University Press, 1999 Linda Hutcheon, Four Last Songs: Aging and Creativity in Verdi, Strauss, Messiaen, and Britten, University of Chicago Press, 2015 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื ื” ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื•ื•ืืจื™ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื›ื ืจื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1864 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1949
2024-09-22T07:56:14
ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืžืกืงืื ื™
ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืžืกืงืื ื™ (Pietro Mascagni; 7 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1863, ืœื™ื‘ื•ืจื ื• - 2 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1945, ืจื•ืžื) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื ืžื ื” ืขื ื–ืจื ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ื–ืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืจื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื–ืจื ื–ื”. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” "ืื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ืช" (Cavalleria Rusticana). ื’ื ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช "ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืคืจื™ืฅ" ื•"ืื™ืจื™ืก" ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขืชืŸ, ืืš ื ืฉื›ื—ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•. ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืกืงืื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ืกืงื ื”. ืžื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืืœืคืจื“ื• ืกื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื™, ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื™ืกื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” "ืœื” ืคื™ืœืื ื“ื”" (1881), ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช "ืคื™ื ื•ื˜ื”" ื‘ืฉื ืช 1883, ื–ื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืคืœื•ืจืกื˜ืื ื• ื“ื” ืœืืจื“ืจืœ, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืื ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื• ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืœืงืืจื” ืคื•ื ืงื™ื™ืœื™, ื•ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื’'ืืงื•ืžื• ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™. ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขื–ื‘ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1885 ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื”ืงื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ื• ืืงื•ื ืฆ'ื™, ืฉื”ืขืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื” ืฉืœื• "ื”ืžืœืš" ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™. ืขื“ 1886 ืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืฆ'ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืืคื•ืœื™ื” ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืฉืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1888 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืกื•ื ื–ื•ื ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ืื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ืช" ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ 72 ืžืชื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื ื—ืœื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ืชื™ ืžืื– ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืจื•ืžื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1890. ื’ื ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช "ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืคืจื™ืฅ" ื•"ืื™ืจื™ืก" ื”ืคื›ื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืžืกืงืื ื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” "ืื™ืจื™ืก" ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืชื›ื™ืคื•ืช ืž"ืื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ืช". ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช "ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืคืจื™ืฅ" ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืงืžืŸ-ืฉื˜ืจื™ืืŸ ื ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืœืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื’ื ืืช "ืื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ืช", ืขื ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืื•ืคืจื” Le maschere ื ื›ืฉืœื” ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื—ืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื•ืจืง ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืงืื ื™ ื›ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืžื. ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ืฆื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืงืื ื™ ื›ืžื ืฆื— ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1892 ืงืฆืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ืคืจื™ื–, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื ื˜ ื’ืืจื“ืŸ. ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื–ื›ืชื” "ืื™ ืจื ืฆืื•", ืฉื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ืื•ืชื” ื›"ื“ืจืžื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1895 ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžืกืงืื ื™ ืืช "ืจื˜ืงืœื™ืฃ", ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืฉืขืชื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช "ืื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ืช", ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืœื” ืกืงืืœื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ืกื™ืœื‘ืื ื•", ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกื•ื ื–ื•ื ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขื•ื ื”, ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื›ืื—ื“. ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืื™ืœืฆื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื–ืืจื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ืงืจื“ื• ื–ื ื“ื•ื ืื™. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืกืงืื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ืื•ืคืจื•ืช, ืื•ืคืจื˜ื” ืื—ืช, ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ. ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื ืฉืืจื” "ืื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ืช". ื‘-1905 ื ื—ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘"ืืžื™ืงื”", ืœืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•"ืœ ืคื•ืœ ื“ื” ืฉื•ื“ืŸ. ืื•ืคืจื” ื–ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื•ื•ืจื™ื–ืžื• ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ืื™ื–ืื‘ื•" (1911), ืœืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ื’'ื™ ืื™ืœื™ืงื”. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉื“ืจืฉ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืžืจืฆืชื•. "ืคืืจื™ื–ื™ื ื”" (1913) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืจื‘-ืขืจืš ืขื ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื” ื“'ืื ื•ื ืฆื™ื•, ืฉื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืงื˜ืœื• ืœืœื ื”ื™ืกื•ืก. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื• ื ืขืจืš ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช "ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื ื™ืช" ืœืกืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื (1915). "ืื™ื“ื•ืœื˜ื”" (1917) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืคืจื” ืœื™ืจื™ืช ืกื ื˜ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชื—ืจืชื” ื‘"ืœื” ืจื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ" ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™. ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื” "ืกื™", ืื™ืฉืจื• ืืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืงืื ื™ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื“ืจืžื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื—ื–ืจ ืžืกืงืื ื™ ืœื•ื•ืจื™ื–ืžื• ื‘"Il piccolo Marat" (1921). ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื”, ื—ืฉ ืžืกืงืื ื™ ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœื ื›ืžืขื˜, ืฉื”ื•ืคืจ ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•, "ืคื™ื ื•ื˜ื”", ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932, ื‘"ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™" Guardando la Santa Teresa del Bernini ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ Nerone (1935), ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ื ืกื’ื ื™ืช. ืื•ืคืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืงืื ื™, ืงืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืื•ืคืจื”, ืฉื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”, ื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืืช ืžืกืงืื ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ื™ืœืชื• ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™, ืฉื“ืื’ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื” ืกืงืืœื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืงืื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื•. ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœ"ืื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ืช", ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืœื™ืฆ'ื™ื ื• ืจืคื™ืฆ'ื” "ื”ืœื™ืžืคื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”; ื”ืฉืœื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืœื•ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื”; ื—ืจื‘ ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™". ืžืกืงืื ื™ ืžืช ื‘-1945 ื‘ืจื•ืžื, ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช ืžื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืœื—ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืงืื ื™, ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ ืฉืžืข ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1863 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1945
2023-09-18T17:42:41
ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“
ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ (ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Aaron Copland; 14 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1900 โ€“ 2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1990) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืฆืžื“ ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื". ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื’ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœืื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื’ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืฉื” ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื”, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื, ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ืœืฆื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืขืกืง ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื ืฉื ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืžื ืฆื—. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืืš ืœื ืชืžื™ื“, ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื "ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืคืœืฆ'ื™ื", ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืœื”ืงืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืจืชื” ื’ืจื”ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืจื•ื“ื™ืื•". ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ "ืชืจื•ืขื” ืœืื“ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜", ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื”ืœื” - ื‘ื”ืŸ An Immorality, I Bought Me a Cat ื•ืขื•ื“. ื—ื™ื™ื• ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช-ืœื™ื˜ืื™ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืฉื™ื ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืž"ืงืคืœืŸ" ืœ"ืงื•ืคืœื ื“", ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ืœื ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ื‘ื ื ื•ืœื ื—ืฉืคื• ืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ืืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉืื™ืคืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืจื›ืฉ ืืฆืœ ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืจืง (ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ื’ื ืืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื’ืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืŸ), ื•ืืฆืœ ื ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืœืื ื–'ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” "ืคื•ื ื˜ื ื‘ืœื•" ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1921โ€“1924. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืœื’ืช ื’ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1925 ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘-1926. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ 1936, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘-FBI ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงืืจืชื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื”ื•ืกืจื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• "ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ" ืžืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื˜ืงืก ื”ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ื ื”ืื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื–ื•ืžืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœื”ืขื™ื“, ื›ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜. ื ืจืขืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช, ืจื•ืžืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื›ืื•ืช ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955 ื•ื ื—ืชืžื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1975. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืŸ-ื—ืกื•ืชื•, ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“. ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ืง ื•ืคืืœืžืจ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืคืœื ื“: "ืชืจื•ืขื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜" ื•-Hoe-Down. ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœ"ืชืจื•ืขื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜" ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื’ื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืืช ืงื•ืคืœื ื“. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืฆืžื“ ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื". ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื’ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœืื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื’ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืฉื” ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื”, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื, ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ืœืฆื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืขืกืง ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื ืฉื ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืžื ืฆื—. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืืš ืœื ืชืžื™ื“, ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื. ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืชื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ืคื•ืœืืง, "ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“:ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืœื-ืคืฉื•ื˜". ื‘-1964 ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืืช ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ื‘-1986 ื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ืœื• ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก; ืฉื ื™ ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืžืช ืžืžื—ืœืช ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื•ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ืจืช' ื˜ืืจื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง (ื›ื™ื•ื ืกืœื™ืคื™ ื”ื•ืœื•ืื•), ื‘-2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1990. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช "ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ" ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื’'ืื– ื›ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ืื•ื‘ื•ืช Grohg, ืฉืชืจื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืชืžืื˜ื™ ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ื”ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช) ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช "ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ" ื‘ืฉื ืช 1925, ื”"ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ" ื‘ืฉื ืช 1930 ื•"ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื”" ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ื’'ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื•ื›ืš ืืจืข, ืฉื”ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ ื“ืช ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืœื™ืžื“ื• ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื ืžืฆื. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉื‘ื” ืคื ื” ืœื ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1936 ืขื "ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื ืขืจ" ื•"ืืœ ืกืœื•ืŸ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•". "ืชืจื•ืขื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜", ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืžืชื›ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื”, ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘-1942 ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื™ื•ื’'ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืกื ืก, ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื™. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืชื•ืฉืžืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืชืจื•ืขื” ื’ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืงื˜, ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื™ ื•ืื—ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื ื•ืขื–ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืืช "ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ", ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ื‘ ืขืœ ืงื”ืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื˜, "ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืคืœืฆ'ื™ื", ืฉืขื™ื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช. ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœ"ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืคืœืฆ'ื™ื" ื‘ืื” ืžืžืจืชื” ื’ืจื”ื, ืฉื ื™ืกื—ื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื” ื›"ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ืœื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™", ืœืœื ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื”ื›ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžืจืชื”", ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืžืฅ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”. ื’ืจื”ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ืฉื "ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืคืœืฆ'ื™ื", ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื ื“ื‘ืง ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืขืฉืข ื•ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืืœื™ื• ื•ืืžืจื•" "ืฆื“ืงืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš - ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืคืœืฆ'ื™ื", ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ื‘ืืœื˜ "ืจื•ื“ื™ืื•", ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจ, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืžื• "ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ" ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืงืกืžืŸ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืื™ืŸ-ืกืคื•ืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื›ื›ืืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”" ื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ืฉืžื˜ืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื•ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืงืจื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•. "ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืงืฆืจื”" ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉื™ื™ื”. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื; ืคืจืง ืฉื ื™, ืกืงืจืฆื•; ืคืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืื“ื’'ื•) ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ื ืฉืœืคื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื–ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื Groh ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืคืง ืžืขื•ืœื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ื’ืฉื” ืœื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ RCA. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืกืจื˜ื™ื; ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืคืจืก ืื•ืกืงืจ ืœืคืกืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืจื˜ "ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•" (1940). ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ืœืกืจื˜ "ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉืช" ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื•ื™ื™ืœืจ ืž-1949 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืื•ืกืงืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ืœืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื (1939). ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืžื›ื•ื ืกื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” "ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืกืจื˜ื™ื" ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื”ืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื•ื, ืกืจื˜ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืง, "ื”ืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื•ื" ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืœื”. ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ืžืฉื ืช 1961 ืœืกืจื˜ "ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืจืื™" ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืกืจื˜ "ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื™ืง ืœื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1998, He Got Game. ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืฉื›ืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžืขืจื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ 1940 ืœ-1960, ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืงื•ืคืœื ื“. ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืจืก ืคื•ืœื™ืฆืจ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื” ืขืœ "ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืคืœืฆ'ื™ื". ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช Roger Kamien, Music: an Appreciation, McGraw-Hill, 1984. Elizabeth Bergman Crist, Music for the Common Man: Aaron Copland During the Depression and War, Oxford University Press, 2005. Judith Tick, Carol Oja, Aaron Copland and his World, Princeton University Press, 2018. Sally Bick, Unsettled Scores: Politics, Hollywood, and the Film Music of Aaron Copland and Hanns Eisler, University of Illinois Press, 2020. Arthur Berger, Aaron Copland, Oxford University Press, 1953. Howard Pollack, Aaron Copland: the Life and Work of an Uncommon Man, Holt, 1999. Paula Musegades, Aaron Copland's Hollywood Film Scores, University of Rochester Press, 2020. Matthew Mugmon, Aaron Copland and the American Legacy of Gustav Mahler, University of Rochester Press, 2019. Marta Robertson, Aaron Copland: a Guide to Research, Routledge, 2016. Nadine Hubbs, The Queer Composition of America's Sound: Gay Modernists, American Music, and National Identity, University of California Press, 2004. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื•ืกืฃ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคืœื ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื’ืจืืžื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืžืœื’ืช ื’ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืžืจื›ื– ืงื ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืคื•ืœื™ืฆืจ: ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1900 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1990 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ืœื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
2024-01-02T10:36:32
ื’'ืจืžื™ื” ืงืœืืจืง
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ |ืชื•ื•ื™ืืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื’'ืจืžื™ื” ืงืœืืจืง - ื‘ื•ื, ื‘ื•ื ื’'ืจืžื™ื” ืงืœืืจืง (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Jeremiah Clarke; 1674 - 1 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1707) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™. ื’'ืจืžื™ื” ืงืœืืจืง ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1674, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืื•, ื‘ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืœ. ืื—ืจื™ ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘"ืงืืคืœื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช". ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ื– ื‘ื• ืžื—ืžืช ืื”ื‘ื” ื ื›ื–ื‘ืช ื’ืจื ืœืงืœืืจืง ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื”. ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืงืจื•ืคื˜. ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืงืœืืจืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืงืœื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœื•, "ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ืš ื“ื ืžืจืง". ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืกื•ืœื• ืœื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”" ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื—ืกื” ืœื”ื ืจื™ ืคืจืกืœ. ืžืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ืœืžื—ืฆื” "ื ืกื™ื›ืช ื”ืื™", ื”ืคืงื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืงืœืืจืง ื•ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคืจืกืœ, ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ืคืจืกืœ, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื• ื•ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืžื™ืกื•ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช (ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ 20 ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช) "ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ืš ื“ื ืžืจืง" ืžืชื•ืš "ื ืกื™ื›ืช ื”ืื™", ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ืกื•ืœื• ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”", ืžืฉื ืช 1699 ื‘ืขืจืš. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื Easybyte - free easy piano music for Trumpet Voluntary ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื: ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ืกื ื˜ ืคื•ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1674 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1707
2024-08-21T08:54:15
ืืจืื ื—ืืฆ'ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ
ืืจืื ืื™ืœื™ืฅ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ (ื‘ืืจืžื ื™ืช: ิฑึ€ีกีด ิฝีกีนีกีฟึ€ีตีกีถ, ื‘ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ืช: แƒแƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒแƒฉแƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜, ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะpaะผ ะ˜ะปัŒะธั‡ Xaั‡aั‚ypัะฝ; 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1903 โ€’ 1 ื‘ืžืื™ 1978) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ืฆื— ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืจืžื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ื–ืจื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™ ืฉื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช (ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืจืช ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”), ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืจืžื ื™ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1921 ื ืกืข ืืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ืืš ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื”ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืงื‘ืœื• ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืกื™ืŸ. ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆืณืœื• ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ื ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1925 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929 ืขื‘ืจ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืœืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื•ืœืžื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืžื™ืืกืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1930 ื ื™ืฉื ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื” ื ื™ื ื” ืžืืงืืจื•ื‘ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืžื™ืืกืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืจืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืกื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื. ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื–ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1948 ืœื”ื•ืงื™ืข ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืืฉืžืช "ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ื", ื”ืืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื—ื” ื’ื ื‘ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื‘ื”ื ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ. ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื ื ื•ื“ืขื• ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืขื ืงื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช", ื•ื”ื ื ืžื ื™ื ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ20. ืฉืœื ื›ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคืชืข ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืžืš ื ืœื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ื’ืื™ื ื” (ิณีกีตีกีถีฅ) ืžืฉื ืช 1941. ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ืชืขืžื•ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื—ื•ื–. ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื›ื• (ื•ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”) ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื“ืข. ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ื 1948 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœืกืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืŸ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ 1948, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืจืง ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืจื—ื‘. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ 1948 ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื˜ "ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก" (ืฉืงื˜ืข ื”ืื“ื’ืณื• ืžืชื•ื›ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ืงื• ืื•ื ื™ื“ื™ืŸ"), ืžืฉื ืช 1954. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืกื” ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืขืœ ืชืคื•ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ (ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื’ื•ื ืชื” ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช), ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื” ื’ื ืœื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• (ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1950 ื•ืขื“ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื•ืชื•). ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืืจืžื ื™ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1944. ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืช ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ึพ75. ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืงืฆืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื•. ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1943 (ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ึผ "ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ") ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ 25 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžื”ืคื›ืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ (ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜), ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื”. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื•ื”ื–ื ื•ื—ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื•, ืžืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1975. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืขื’ื•ื ืฉื‘ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื—ื ืชื”. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื•ืคืขืช ื‘ื•ืžื‘ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ื’ื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ื‘ื• ืžืœื‘ื“ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื’ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ 30 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžื”ืคื›ืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืืชื’ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืชื—ื‘ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื’ื•ื ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” "ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช" โ€” ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื“ื™, ืื˜ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืื• ื“ื•ื“ืงืคื•ื ื™ืช). ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื‘ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื) ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืœืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื, ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื–ื’ื™ื ืงื” ืžืชื•ืš "ื’ืื™ื ื”" ืื• ื”ืื“ื’ืณื• ืžืชื•ืš "ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก". ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืช ืžืกืงืจื“, ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืืœืก ื”ืคื•ืชื—, ื•ื‘ื” ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืœืจืžื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ (ืžืฉื ืช 1940) ื ื™ื’ื ื• ื›ื ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืš (ืฉืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ืœื•) ื•ืœืื•ื ื™ื“ ืงื•ื’ืŸ. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ. ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืงื“ื ืฆื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืš ืขืฆืžื• (ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ). ื’ืจืกื” ืœื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื•ืชืงื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืณืืŸึพืคื™ื™ืจ ืจืžืคืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื›ืœื™, ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืกื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื• ื’ื ืœื—ืœื™ืœ. ืจืžืคืœ ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืืš ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื’ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ื›ื—ืœื™ืœ (ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจืžืคืœ ืงื“ื ืฆื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืณื™ื™ืžืก ื’ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื’ืœื•ืื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ2000 ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ืœืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืคื”ื•, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืžืคืœ. ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืžืฉื ืช 1936), ืฉื–ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื ื™ื’ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืœื‘ ืื•ื‘ื•ืจื™ืŸ (ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื”), ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืงืืคืœ, ืžื•ืจื” ืœื™ืžืคืื ื™ ื•ืืœื™ืกื™ื” ื“ื” ืœืจื•ืฆืณื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”'ืคืจืื™ืช' ืฉืœ ื–'ืืŸ-ืื™ื‘ ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืขื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืงื–ื•ืงื™ ื™ืžืื“ื”. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืœืฆืณืœื•, ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946, ืœื ื ื—ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช (ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกืžืžืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื™ ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื•), ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืœื ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื™ืคื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” (ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืฆืณืœืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืื˜ื•ืกืœื‘ ืงื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืงื™, ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื”) ื ื™ื’ื ื•ื” ืขื•ื“ ืฆืณืœื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช. ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืœืื™ึพื”ืฆืœื—ืชื”, ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืงืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ (ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื–ืณื“ืื ื•ื‘) ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชื•ื•ื” ืœืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืœืฆืณืœื• ืœืขื“ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืชื ืฉืœ ืฆืณืœื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ ืฉื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืจืคืืœ ื•ื•ืœืคื™ืฉ, ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžื™ืœืจึพืฉื•ื˜. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” โ€“ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื•ืœื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•, ืืœื ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•ึพืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื”. ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืžื ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ ื›ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™, ืืš ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืจื™ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื“ื ืฆื” ืกื•ืœื ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืชืŸ. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•ึพืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961. ืœืื•ื ื™ื“ ืงื•ื’ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ (ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ), ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื•ื’ื ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1962. ืงื•ื’ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื ื™ืฆื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืกืžืŸ. ื”ืฆืณืœืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืกื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื›ืœื™, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืื• ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ ืœืฆืณืœื• (ื ืจืื” ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1946). ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963 ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•ึพืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืฆืณืœื• ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” (ื•ื’ื ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•), ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968 ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•ึพืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืคื˜ืจื•ื‘, ื–ื•ื›ื” ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื•ืืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื‘ืจืŸ (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1962). ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•ึพืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืฆืณืœื•, ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ, ืขื ืคื˜ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื’ื ืœืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืžืฉื ืช 1936, ืžืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื—ื™ ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ืืฆืณื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื™ึพืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื’ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœื”ื, ืœื ื ื—ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ30 ื•ื”ึพ40. ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 1 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (1934) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 2 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ "ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ" (1943โ€’1944) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 3 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–ืณื•ืจ "ืคื•ืืžื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช" (1947) ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืช ืžืกืงืจื“ (1944) ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื’ืื™ื ื”, ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช (1939โ€’1941, ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ึพ1957) ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก, ื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช (1954) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื‘ืจื”ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ (1936) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (1940) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืœืฆืณืœื• ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (1946) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•ึพืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื‘ืกื™ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (1961) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•ึพืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืฆืณืœื• ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (1963) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•ึพืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื‘ืจื”ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ (1968) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช ื•ืกื•ืœื• ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืงืœืจื™ื ื˜, ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (1932) ื˜ื•ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (1932) ืืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, 19 ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ 1947, ื›ืจืš ืฉื ื™ 1964โ€“1965) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ (1961, ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช 1976) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื”ึพืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”, ืœืฆืณืœื• ื‘ืœื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ (1974) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื”ึพืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’, ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ (1975) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื”ึพืฉื™ืจ, ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ (1976) ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช Ehrenburg, I., Khachaturian, A., and Pomerantsev, V. (1953). "ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืžื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช". Soviet Studies, 5(4), 427โ€“434. Yuzefovich, V. (1985). Aram Khachaturyan (N. Kournokoff & V. Bobrov, Trans.). New York: Sphinx Press. . ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืชืจ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช 100 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• NPR report including many audio examples of his Sabre Dance Aram Khachaturian 100th anniversary Web site Music composed by Khachaturian Aram Khachaturian International Competition ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืœื˜ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืœื ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื’ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืžืœ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1903 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1978 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืืจืžื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืืจืžื ื™ื”
2024-07-22T19:16:28
ื’'ื•ืืงื™ื ื• ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™
ื’'ื•ืืงื™ื ื• ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ (ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช: Gioacchino Antonio Rossini; 29 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1792 โ€“ 13 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1868) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื - ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ืŸ ืงืจืŸ ื•ืืžื• ื–ืžืจืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื Giovacchino (ื’'ื•ื‘ืืงื™ื ื•), ืืš ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืจ Gioacchino. ื›ื™ืœื“ ืœืžื“ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื•, ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื ืขื™ื ืœืื•ื–ืŸ. ืืžื• ืžื ืขื” ืืช ื”ืชืžืžืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆืขืช ืื—ื™ื” ืœืกืจืก ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืงื•ืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื•ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืœืžื“ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื•ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆ'ืœื• ื•ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” Tancredi, ืื•ืชื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1813, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1815 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื ื”ืœื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืืคื•ืœื™. ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื”ืขืกืงื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืคืจื” ืื—ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื”, ืืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื”: ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื”" ื•ืฉืœ "ืกื™ื ื“ืจืœื”" ื‘ืจื•ืžื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื›ื• ืœืื”ื“ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ. ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ืžืจืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ืงื•ืœื‘ืจืืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1823, ื•ื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1836. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืฉื›ืจ ื ืื” ื‘-King's Theatre, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1824 ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœืžืคืงื— ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช. ื‘-1829 ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช "ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื˜ืœ", ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื 39 ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืงื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉื ืฉืœ ืืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ื•ืคื” (ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืช), ืืฃ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1830 ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืฉืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืœืš ืฆืจืคืช ื ืืœืฅ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื™ื•ืœื™. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืขืฆืžื• ืงืฆื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื ื”ื ืชืŸ ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืคืจืกื•ืžื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืŸ ื”ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™: ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ (Tournedos Rossini): ืื•ืžืฆืช ืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืงืจ ืฆืœื•ื™ื” ืขื ืคืจื•ืกืช ื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ื•ื–, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืงืจ. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืคืจ, ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1836 ืขื“ 1848 ืคืขืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืชื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืงืืžืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ื’ื ื ืฉื ืืช ืืฉืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ืžืค ืคืœื™ืกื™ื™ื”, ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™ ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•. ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืงื˜ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื ืžืœื˜ ื‘-1848 ืœืคื™ืจื ืฆื”. ื‘-1855 ืฉื‘ ืœืคืจื™ื–, ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ "ืกื˜ืื‘ืื˜ ืžืื˜ืจ" ื•-Petite Messe Solennelle, ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืช 90 ื“ืงื•ืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžื”. ืœื—ื ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื•ื’ื ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ("ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ืืกื˜ืžืชื™ื™ื", "ื•ืืœืก ืžืขื•ื ื”", "ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื”") ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื•. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉื ื‘ืข ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืžื—ืœืช ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืขื™ื•, ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจ ืœืฉื– ืฉื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืฉื ืช 1868. ื‘-1877 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ืฉื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžื•ืœื“ืชื•, ืืš ืžืขืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ 1810 ืœ-1815. ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื’'ื•ืืงื™ื ื• ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-29 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1792 ื‘ืคื–ืืจื•, ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืืคื ื™ื ื™, ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ืจื™ืื˜ื™, ื“ืื– ื—ืœืง ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื, ื’'ื•ื–ืคื” ื•ืื ื” ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™. ืื‘ื™ื• ื’'ื•ื–ืคื” (1758โ€“1839) ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจืŸ ื•ืืžื• ืื ื” (1771โ€“1827) ืœื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ืืจื™ื ื™, ืชื•ืคืจืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื” ื•ื–ืžืจืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื ื” ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ื. ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืงื•ืžื•ืช. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ืคื–ืืจื• ืขื“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืขืช ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœื ื“ื•ื“. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 10 ืขื‘ืจ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืœื•ื’ื• (ืื '), ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืืžื™ืœื™ื”-ืจื•ืžืื ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืงืจืŸ ื™ืขืจ ื•ื‘ืฆโ€™ืžื‘ืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื™ืจื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืงื•ืœ ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื—. ื“ื•ื“ื• (ืื—ื™ ืืžื•) ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืงืกื˜ืจื˜ื• ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืจื•ืก ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืงื•ืœื•, ืืš ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื—ืจืฅ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื” ืืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืœื•ื’ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืœืจืื•ื•ื”. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ืจ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื) ื‘ืœื•ื’ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 12 ืขื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืืœ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”. ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™, ื’'ื•ื–ืคื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืจืืฉื™ืช ืชืžืš ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ืขืžื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ืช ืจืฆื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืจืฉืžื™ - ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18, ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื“ืื– ืžืžืœื›ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”; "ืฆื• ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื" (La cambiale di matrimonio). ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืื•ืคืจื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืคืืจืกื” (ื–'ืื ืจ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“) ืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื’'ืื˜ื ื• ืจื•ืกื™. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘-3 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1810 ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ 'ืกืŸ ืžื•ืื™ื–' (San Moisรจ) ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”. ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืžื“ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ึผืึตื˜ "ืื– ืื ื™" (Dunque io son) ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•. ื•ื ืฆื™ื”; "ื˜ื ืงืจื“ื™" ื•ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|350x350 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื˜ื ืงืจื“ื™ - ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืคืชื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขื ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืกืŸ ืžื•ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™, ื”ืชืคืชื— ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ. ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™, ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ. ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, "ืฆื• ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื", ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช. ื”ืคืชื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืื—ืช, "ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกืฆ'ื™ื ื•" (Il Signor Bruschino), ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืขื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืกื‘ื‘ ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื ืจื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืขืžื“ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ืžื”ืœืš 'ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™' ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื”-18 ื•ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ื ื“ืจืฉ ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžื”ื•ืžื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื ื”ื’ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 21 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœื” ืคื ื™ืฆ'ื” (ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœ") ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื” ืคื ื™ืฆ'ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช, "ื˜ื ืงืจื“ื™" (Tancredi). ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืืช ืื•ืคืจื” ืกืจื™ื” ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” "ื˜ื ืงืจื“" (Tancrรจde) ืฉืœ ื•ื•ึนืœื˜ึถืจ. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘-6 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1813 ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ "ื˜ื ืงืจื“" ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืกืจื™ื”. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืคืฆืจ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืš ืฉืกื•ืคื” ืชืื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื—ืฉ ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืœื ืื•-ืงืœืืกื™ืฆื™ื–ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืกืŸ ืžื•ืื™ื– ื ื”ืจืก, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื˜ื• (ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืื™ื˜ืœื™ืื ื” ื‘ืืœื’'ืจื™; ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืœื’'ื™ืจ" (Italiana in Algeri)) ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืจืง ืœื” ืคื ื™ืฆ'ื” ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“. ืขื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘"ื˜ื ืงืจื“" ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื”ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ืืœ ื ืืคื•ืœื™, ืžืžืœื›ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื•ืช. ื ืืคื•ืœื™; ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1820. ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข. ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1810โ€“1820 ื”ื™ื• 'ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื”' ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-30 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™, ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืคืจื™ื–, ืืฉืจ ื”ืืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื•. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื•, ื‘ื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืœ ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™, ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืขื•ืจื‘ ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื" (Gazza ladra) ื•"ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”" (Il Turco in Italia). ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ืืช ื“ื•ืžื ื™ืงื• ื‘ืจื‘ื’'ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ" ืœื” ืกืงืืœื”, ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื•. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช, ืœืฆื“ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืœื” ืกืงืืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช. ืœื” ืกืงืืœื” ื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืงืคื”, ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื•ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื ื™ืงื• ื‘ืจื‘ื’'ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจืื™. ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืกื“ืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืจื‘ื’'ื” ื”ืคืš ืืช ืœื” ืกืงืืœื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืžืจื›ื– ืœื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืžื ืืคื•ืœื™, ืืฉืจ ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื•ื ืฆื™ื”), ื—ืœืง ืžืžืžืœื›ืช ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื“ื™ื”-ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื•ื™ื ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1815. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืš ืžื•ืงื“ื ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืœื” ืกืงืืœื”, ืฉืžื• ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ืขื‘ื•ืจื. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉืœ ืœื” ืกืงืืœื” ื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืคืกืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื”ืœื—ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”; ืœื” ืกืงืืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื•, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืกืŸ ืงืจืœื• ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™ ื•ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ื•, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ืชื‘ 9 ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืœื ืืคื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ืงื•ืœื‘ืจืืŸ, ืคื™ืœื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื‘ื’'ื”. ื‘ืจื‘ื’'ื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ืงื•ืœื‘ืืจืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ืชื ื” ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘-1822. ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืž-1817. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ืงืจืœื• ื•ืคื•ื ื“ื• ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืจื‘ื’'ื” ื”ืคืš ืกืŸ ืงืจืœื• ืœืžืื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกืขื“ื” ืขื ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฆืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœ 2,000 ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ืืœื ืžืงื•ื ืขืกืงื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1816, ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™, ืกืŸ ืงืจืœื• ื ืฉืจืฃ ืขื ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืคื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืืคื•ืœื™. ื‘ืจื‘ื’'ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืจืชื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœืฉืจืคื” ื‘ืชื•ืš 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืœื• ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืกืŸ ืงืจืœื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1822 ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื ืืคื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ืงื•ืœื‘ืจืืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื™ ื•ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื• ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืืจื’'ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืžื. ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 23 ื›ืชื‘ ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื•ื’ืจืจื” ืชืงืจื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ื›ื”, ืืš ืขื“ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื”" (Il barbiere di Siviglia) ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืืจื’'ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจื•ืžื ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ื”, ื”ืคืขื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื“ืœื” ื•ืืœื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ืงืจืื” "ืกื™ื ื“ืจืœื”" (Cenerentola), ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ืขื“ ื›ื”. ื”ื˜ื ื•ืจ ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ื›ื™ ื”ืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืกื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข. ื–ืžืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื”'ืคืจืกื˜ื• ืกื™ืœื‘ื˜ื•' (ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ) ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™. ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื”. ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืืš ื”ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืื”ื“ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืจื•ืžื. ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•ืฉืœืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืž"ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื”" ืชืจืžื• ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื”". ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื”" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืกื•ืขืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื’ื ื›ืŸ. ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ืžืจื™ื ืžืขื“ ืขืœ ื“ืœืช ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื•ื ืคืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื’ืžืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืคืชืื•ื ื—ืชื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžืœื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืงืคืฅ ืขืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ืžืจ. ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืขื•ื’ ื•ื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื”. ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘"ืื™ื˜ืœื™ืื ื” ื‘ืืœื’'ืจื™" ื•ื‘"ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื”", ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื 'ื”ืงืจืฉื ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™'. ืื—ืช ื”ืกืฆื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ื• "ืงืœื•ืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ ืจื•ื—". ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืฉื ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ ืจื•ื— ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืชื—. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1822 ื•ืขื•ืจืจ ืื”ื“ื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ืช. ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™. ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• 8 ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื›-60 ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื ืงืจื˜ื ืจื˜ื•ืจ, ืฉืžื ื”ืœื• ืคื’ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื‘ื’'ื”, ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืืจื— ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื–ื™ืœืจื’ืื–ื” 14 ื•ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืœืื ื“ืกื˜ืจืืฉ 60. ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ืงืฉื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื”ืคืš ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื—ื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืืžืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ) ืขื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืžืœืš ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1823, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืœื™ืชื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืืช ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืžื•ื˜ื”.ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”-31 ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš (Kingโ€™s Theatre) ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืคืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ; "ื”ื•ื’ื• ืžืœืš ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”" (Ugo re d'Italia). ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™, ื”ืคืจื™ืžื” ื“ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ืงื•ืœื‘ืจืืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1823 ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช, ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื ืžื™ืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื‘ืจืืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืื›ื–ื‘ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืงื•ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืœืฉ ืขืงื‘ ื’ื™ืœื”. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืžืœืš ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ื”ืจืขื™ืคื” ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื”, ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•', ื•ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื˜ืจื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™, ืฉื ื™ืฉื ื–ื” ืขืชื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ื“ืจืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ 5 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื‘ ืืœื™ื”. ืคืจื™ื–; ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืžืœื›ื™ ืฆืจืคืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื–. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”-32 ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื ื”ืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืจื™ืงื” (Thรฉรขtre lyrique) ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื”ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1824. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ืœื•ืื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจ, ืžืœืš ืฆืจืคืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืจื™ื–. ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื’'ื•ืงื•ื–ื• "ื”ืžืกืข ืœืจื™ื™ืžืก" (Il viaggio a Reims), ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ื›ืชืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืจืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™, ืžืœืš ืฆืจืคืช, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ืžืก. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ื•ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ืื ื“ื” ืกื˜ืืœ "ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื• ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”" (ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Corinne ou l'Italie). ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื”. ื”ืงืจื ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื‘-19 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1825, ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•: ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจื” ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืื•ืคืจืื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื” - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ืœืชืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืงื”ืœื”. ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคื™ืข "ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืก" (Le Siรจge de Corinthe) ืž-1826, ืืฉืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืจืžื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื–. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1820, ืขืช ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ืžื”ืžื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™" (Maometto II), ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ ืžื”ืžื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื‘-1453, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืคื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช. "ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืก" ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ "ืžื”ืžื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™" ื•ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘-9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1826, ื‘ืกืืœ ืœึถื” ืคึถึผืœึถื˜ึฐื™ึตื™ื” (Salle Le Peletier), ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื– ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1821. ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืืจืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™, ืžืœืš ืฆืจืคืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื›ืชืจืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืืช "ื”ืžืกืข ืœืจื™ื™ืžืก" (Il viaggio a Reims). ืื—ืจื™ "ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืก" ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืžืฉื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื" (Mosรจ in Egitto) ืžืฉื ืช 1818. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื›ื“ื™ "ืžืฉื” ื•ืคืจืขื” ืื• ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื" (Moรฏse et Pharaon, ou Le passage de la Mer Rouge). ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘-1827 ื•ื‘ื•ืกืกื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืจื™ืงืจื“ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘-1828 ืขื‘ื“ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื‘ืจื™ืชืŸ ืื–'ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืื•ืจื™" (Le comte Ory), ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ื•ืคื” ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ืœื›ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืืช ืื•ืคืจื” ืงื•ืžื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš "ื”ืžืกืข ืœืจื™ื™ืžืก" ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช 9 ืกืฆื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” 11 ืกืฆื ื•ืช. ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื– (ืกืืœ ืœื” ืคืœื˜ื™ื™ื”), ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ (ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš), ืื•ืจืœื™ืืŸ ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘-1831. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1829 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฆืืช ืœืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ืœืงืจืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•; "ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื˜ืœ" (Guillaume Tell), ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื˜ืœ. ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืื™ื›ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-14 ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. "ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื˜ืœ" ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘-3 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1829 ื‘ืกืืœ ืœื” ืคืœื˜ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื–, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืžืกืคืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื”. ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืœื™ื”ื•ืง ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข. ื‘ื”ืงืจื ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื ื–ืจื” ื›ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื ื™. ืจืง ื‘-1833 ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™. ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1856 ื”ื•ืคืงื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืœื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘-1830 ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘-1831. ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื - ื ื‘ืœ, ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื‘ืก, ืฆ'ืœื•, ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื” - ืžืฆืœืชื™ื™ื, ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืก, ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืคื ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ืคืœื™ื– - 3 ื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื™ื, 2 ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•-4 ืงืจื ื•ืช ื™ืขืจ, ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื”: 2 ื‘ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื ื’ืŸ, ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ ื•ืึทื‘ึผื•ึผื‘ื™ื, ื—ืœื™ืœ ื•ืคื™ืงื•ืœื•. ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ "ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื˜ืœ" ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ืœืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™ืช ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืช, ืื ื›ื™, ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืœืฆื“ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื–ื” ื›ื•ื ื” "ืื•ืคืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19. ื›ืฉืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข, ื”ื•ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•"ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื˜ืœ" ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืืชื’ืจ. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืจืคืชืงื”. ื”ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื", ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืฉืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื›-3 ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืคืชื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื• ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืžืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื‘ื•ืจื’. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืคืจืฉ ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 37 ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืฉืืจืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื•ื“ื— ืžื›ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื™ื•ืœื™ 1830 ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืœื•ืื™ ืคื™ืœื™ืค, ืžืœืš ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžื•ื ืจืš-ื—ื•ืงืชื™. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื” ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื”ืขืกืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื” ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™. ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืคืจืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”. ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘-1856, ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื™ื“ื™ ื ื“ืืจ. ืขื ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืจื™ืงื” ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืœืžื ื”ืœื•, ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ืงื•ืœื‘ืจืืŸ ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคืจื™ื–. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืขืงื‘ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืงื•ืœื”, ืงื•ืœื‘ืจืืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืฆื“ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืœืžืชื— ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1829 ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืœื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”, ืฉื ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืžืขืชื” ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื•, ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืคืจื™ืžื“ื•ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืื•ืคืจื”, ืืš ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ื›ืจ ืœื” ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืงื•ืœื‘ืจืืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืžืžื ื• ื‘-7 ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืกืข ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1845 ืงื•ืœื‘ืจืืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื•ื ืงื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืกื”. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื” ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื” ืคืœื™ืกื™ื™ื”, ืืš ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”, ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืงื ื” ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื• ืขื‘ืจ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”. ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืฃ ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืžืฉื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืจืชื” ื”ืชืžืžืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื˜ืื ื• ื“ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ื™, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื‘ืจืืŸ ืขื–ื‘ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืืช ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ืœืชืžื™ื“, ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื›ืขืก. ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืื‘ืงื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ("Risorgimento"), ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืขื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื•. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืœื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื• ืืช ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืฉืืฉืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืจืขื”. ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช, ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืืฆื” ืžื’'ื•ืจื”. ืขื ื‘ื›ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขื–ื‘ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืืช ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื” ืคืœื™ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1832, ืžืกืคืจืช ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื•ืงื•ึนืจื˜ื™ื–ึธื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืคื’ืขื• ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™, ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืœื›ืื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืืฉืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1845, ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื”, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ืขื“ ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™. ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื” ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘-1878, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 78. ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื•ืื” ื“ื” ืœื” ืฉืื•ืกื” ื“'ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ (Rue de la Chaussรฉe dโ€™Antin) ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1860 ืื™ืจืข ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ. ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื”-47 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”-68. ืžื™ืฉื•ื˜, ืขื•ื–ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™, ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื ืกื•ื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ื•ื’ื ืจ (ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™) ืฉื™ื‘ื— ืืช ืกืฆื ืช ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืž"ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื˜ืœ", ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ื“ืงืœื•ื ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกืฆื ื”. ื•ื’ื ืจ ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœืคื™ ืกืฆื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืž"ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื”". ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ: "ืื– ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื–ืืช?". ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘-1906. ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื–ื™ื‘ื”, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ืžื’ื™ืœ 35 ื”ืœืื”, ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ืจืจื• ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืืœื” ื›ืœืœื• ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืœืงืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉืžื ื”. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ืœ, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื™, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืงืœื” ืžื›ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืœืš ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1856 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื” ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืฆื” ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืกืชืจ, ืืš ืœืžื—ืจืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|219x219 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจ ืœืฉื– ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื•. ื‘-1846 ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืก" (Robert Bruce) ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืื™ ื ื™ื™ื“ืžืื™ื™ืจ. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘-1831 ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ "ืกื˜ืื‘ื˜ ืžืื˜ืจ" (Stabat Mater) ื•ืงืจื ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื. ื‘-1841 ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืกื“ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื”ืœืฆื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื”" (Pรฉchรฉs de vieillesse). ื‘-1863 ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืžื™ืกื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”" (Petite messe solennelle) ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžื” ืื•ืจื›ืช 90 ื“ืงื•ืช. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืืœืงืกื™ืก ืคื™ืœื”-ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืขื™ื™ืชื•. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”"ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื”" ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื ื›ืœืœื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ "ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื”" ืืš ืืœื• ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1868 ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืคืœืกื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืขื™ื• ืœื”ืกืจืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืงื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจ ืœืฉื– ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืคืจื™ื–. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-29 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ื—ื’ื’ ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืจืง 19 ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1877 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืงื‘ืจื• ืžืื•ืœื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืืœ ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”, ืžืžืœื›ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืื•ื—ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืš ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•. ืžืื– ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื— ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช "ืกื ื˜ื” ืงืจื•ืฆ'ื”" ื‘ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”, ื”ืคืจืชื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ืื™ืคื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืงื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื ื™ืงื•ืœื• ืžืงื™ืื•ื•ืœื™, ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•, ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืืงื™ื ื• ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช Warren Roberts, Rossini and Post-Napoleonic Europe, University of Rochester Press, 2015 Denise P. Gallo, Gioachino Rossini: a Research and Information Side, Routledge, 2010 Benjamin Walton, Rossini in Restoration Paris: the Sound of Modern Life, Cambridge University Press, 2007 Arnold Jacobshagen (ed.), Rossini after Rossini: Musical and Social Legacy, Brepols Press, 2020 Richard Osborne, Rossini, Oxford University Press, 2007 Emanuele Senici (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Rossini, Cambridge University Press, 2004 Herbert Weinstock, Rossini: a Biography, Knopf, 1968 Stendhal, The Life of Rossini, Alma Classics, 2015 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจ ืœืฉื– ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1792 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1868
2024-09-01T00:43:26
ื’'ืืงื•ืžื• ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™
ื’ึธ'ืืงื•ึนืžื•ึน ืึธื ึฐื˜ื•ึนื ึฐื™ื•ึน ื“ื•ึนืžึถื ึดื™ืงื•ึน ืžึดื™ืงึถืœึถื” ืกึถืงื•ึนื ึฐื“ื•ึน ืžึธืืจึดื™ึธื” ืคึผื•ึผืฆึด'ื™ื ึดื™ (ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช: Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini; 22 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1858, ืœื•ืงื” - 29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1924, ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืžืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืื•ืคืจืื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืœื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื•ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื–ืคื” ื•ืจื“ื™ ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœ ืงืื ื˜ื• ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืื•ืคืจื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ื–ืžื•. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื’'ืืงื•ืžื• ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœื•ืงื” ืฉื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื˜ื•ืกืงื ื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื; ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืจืช ื”ืงืคืœืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ื ืฉืœื— ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ื“ื•ื“ื•, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ืื˜ื• ืžืื’'ื™, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืืฆืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“, ืืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ืฉืœื•. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘. ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืคืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืืื™ื“ื” ืžืืช ื•ืจื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื™ื–ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื™ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื”; ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” "ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื”" (1877), ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืœืคืื•ืœื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ (1877) ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ืกื” ืžืฉื ืช 1880. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืœื•ืงื”, ืขื‘ืจ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืื ื• ืืฆืœ ืืžื™ืœืงืืจื” ืคื•ื ืงื™ื™ืœื™ ื•ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื‘ืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1880 ื•-1883. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1883 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืœื—ื ืช ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ื•. "ื”ืจืคืื™ื" (Le Villi), ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืœื™ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ื• ืคื•ื ื˜ืื ื”, ืืžื ื ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1884 ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื“ืœ ื•ืจืžื” ืฉื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื’'ื•ืœื™ื• ืจื™ืงื•ืจื“ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ื•. ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื”, ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ืจื“ื™ ืžื”ืฆืžื“ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™-ืคื•ื ื˜ืื ื” ืื•ืคืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืคืขื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืœื” ืกืงืืœื”, ืืš "ืื“ื’ืจ" (1889), ืฉ"ืขืœืชื”" ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืืš ืœื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืขืจืš ื‘ื” ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืื•ืคืจืื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืงื™ื ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”; ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจื™, ืื– ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืงื— ื”ืœื•ืงื–ื™ ื ืจืฆ'ื™ื–ื• ื’'ืžื™ื ื™ืื ื™. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืžื™ื ื™ืื ื™ ื™ื›ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื. ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืžื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™. ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืขืžื” ืืœ ื—ื™ืง ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืช ื‘ืชื” ืคื•ืกืงื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1886 ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื–ื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ "ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•", ื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื˜ื•ืจื” ื“ืœ ืœืื’ื• ื‘-1891 ืขื‘ืจ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœื˜ื•ืจื” ื“ืœ ืœืื’ื• (ื›ื™ื•ื "ื˜ื•ืจื” ื“ืœ ืœืื’ื• ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™"). ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืื”ื‘ ื‘ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืœืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ื™ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื ื™ื. ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืจืื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื” ื“ืœ ืœืื’ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืžืคืœื˜, ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘-1900, ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื ื” ืœื• ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื›ืš ืชื™ืืจ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื™ื•ืœื™ 1900 ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืืœืคืจื“ื• ืงืื–ึถืœื™: ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื”: ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื’'ืืงื•ื–ื” ื•ืื™ืœื™ืงื” ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ "ืื“ื’ืจ", ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช - ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืกืงื• - ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™. "ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืกืงื•" ืกื™ืžื ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื•ืื™ื’'ื™ ืื™ืœื™ืงื” ื•ื’'ื•ื–ืคื” ื’'ืืงื•ื–ื”; ื–ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืžืืจืงื• ืคืจืื’ื” ื•ืืช ื“ื•ืžื ื™ืงื• ืื•ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืื•ืคืจื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™, ื’'ืืงื•ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื™ืœื™ืงื” ื•ื’'ืืงื•ื–ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืฃ ืœืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•: ืœื” ื‘ื•ื”ื, ื˜ื•ืกืงื”, ื•ืžืื“ืื ื‘ืื˜ืจืคืœื™ื™. ืœื” ื‘ื•ื”ื - ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช. "ืœื” ื‘ื•ื”ื", ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช (ื•ืœื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื›ื ื”ื•ื’), ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืช ืื ืจื™ ืžื™ืจื–'ื” "Scรจnes de la vie de Bohรจme" (ืกืฆึตื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืžื”). ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ ื•ืขื ื•ื’, ื•ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื• ื›ืžืชื–ืžืจ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื ื•ืขื–ืช ืžื“ื™, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืืจื“, ืืš ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืœืžื“ื• ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืžืžื–ื’ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื”. ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื™ืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ื•. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžืื ื•ืŸ ืœืกืงื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืงื˜ืข ืžื™ื•ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื’ ืžืœื•ื— ืื—ื“. ื˜ื•ืกืงื” - ืื•ืคืจื” ืžืฉื ืช 1900. ืขืœื™ืœืชื” ื”ืขืงื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื ืžืืช ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืกืืจื“ื•. ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืœืื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืกืงื” ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืื’ื ืจ, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•. ืžืื“ืื ื‘ืื˜ืจืคืœื™ื™ - ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ืฉืขืœื™ืœืชื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืืช ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืœืืกืงื•. ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช. ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืœ"ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื–ื" ื–ื” ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ("ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•ื˜", "ื”ื ืขืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘" ). ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”ย ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืœื”-ืกืงืืœื” ื‘ 1904 ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื‘ื”. ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ 1907 ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” [26] ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ืืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืื•ืคืจืื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื™ืœื™ืงื” ื•ื’'ืืงื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™. ืขืœ ืื™ืœื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื’ ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื—ืœืงื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขืœ ื’'ืืงื•ื–ื”, ืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื’'ื•ืœื™ื• ืจื™ืงื•ืจื“ื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืืš ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืชื’ืœืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” (ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™-ืื™ืœื™ืงื”-ื’'ืืงื•ื–ื”) ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื“ื™ ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ืžื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืขืœื™ืœืชื™-ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1884 ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืื™ืฉื” ื ืฉื•ืื”, ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื’ืžื™ื ื™ืื ื™ (1860โ€“1930) . ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื™ื” "ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข". ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืชื” ืœืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• (1886โ€“1946) ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื” ืžื‘ืขืœื” ื•ื‘ื ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•. ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืชืื•ื ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžืžืื”ื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1904 ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื . ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื•ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืืฃ ื”ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืขื ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1909 ื”ืืฉื™ืžื” ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื ืขืจื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ื–ืืช ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื” ื”ื ืขืจื”, ื“ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื ืคืจื“ื™. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื“ื” ืฉื“ื•ืจื™ื” ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื•ื ืฉืคื˜ื” ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืžืืกืจ. ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื ืคืจื“ื™ ื—ืกืš ืœืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืืกืจ. ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคืจื™ืขื” ืœืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•ื˜, ื ืขืจื”-ืžืฉืจืชืช ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืืฆืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื ืคืจื“ื™ ื‘ 2007, ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ื”ืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขื ื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ืžื ืคืจื“ื™, ื“ื•ื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื™ื”. ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื ื“ื™ื” ืžื ืคืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื• ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• . ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1903 ื ืคืฆืข ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืงืฉื” ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื”ื—ืœืžืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืืจื›ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘. ื‘-1906 ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ืชืŸ ื’'ืืงื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ื–ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืขื“ ื›ื”. ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืื™ืœื™ืงื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืื ื˜", ื ื›ืฉืœื•. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘-1909 ืื™ืจืขื” ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื–ืขื–ืขื” ืืช ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช. ืืฉืชื•, ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื”, ื”ืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื ืคืจื“ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืžื ืคืจื“ื™ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื–ื• ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืขืช ืจืขืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ. ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœืืฉืชื• ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืจืืชื” ืฉืžื ืคืจื“ื™ ืžืชื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื” ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืžืืกืจ. ื‘-1912 ืžืช ืืฃ ื’'ื•ืœื™ื• ืจื™ืงื•ืจื“ื™, ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืื•ืชื• ืืฃ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืฉื ื™. ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื–ื ื—ื•, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืชืงื“ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” (ืจืื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš). ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื” ื“'ืื ื•ื ืฆื™ื•, ืืš ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ. ื”ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ื™ืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืืœ ื”ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื–ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช "ืžืื“ืื ื‘ืื˜ืจืคืœื™ื™", ื“ื—ืคื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช: ื›ืš ื ื›ืชื‘ื• "ื”ื ืขืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘" ("La fanciulla del West") ื‘ืฉื ืช 1910, ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ-ืื•ืคืจืื™, ื•"ื”ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช" (1917), ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืœื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจ-ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืœืื•ืคืจื˜ื”. ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืืงืœืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืง ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืœื ื‘"ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•". ืื™ืœ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื• (Il trittico) ื”ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืื—ื“. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”"ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื•" (ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: "ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ื™ืš") ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1918. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ ืฉื•ื ื”: "ื”ืื“ืจืช" - ืื•ืคืจื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืืคืœื”, ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืื ื’'ืœื™ืงื” - ืื•ืคืจื” ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจื™, ื•ื’'ืื ื™ ืกืงื™ืงื™ - ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ืงื•ืœื—ืช ื•ืฉื•ืคืขืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืื—ื•ืช ืื ื’'ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื”ืงื”ืœ ื ืžืฉืš ืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœ"ื’'ืื ื™ ืกืงื™ืงื™", ื•ืื™ืœื• "ื”ืื“ืจืช", ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืื”ื“ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืื—ื“, ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื—ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืคืจื” ืงืฆืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™. ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•ื˜, ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื•ืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ื˜ื•ืกืงื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•ื˜, ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืžื•ืจื”: ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืžืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1924 ืขืงื‘ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืŸ. ืงื‘ืจื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืคืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื” ื“ืœ ืœืื’ื•. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•ื˜" ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื ืงื• ืืœืคืื ื•, ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ืฆื— ืืจื˜ื•ืจื• ื˜ื•ืกืงื ื™ื ื™, ืืš ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื–ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืข ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ืขื ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช "ืœื™ื•". ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001 ืจืืชื” ืื•ืจ ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืกื™ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”. ืกื™ื•ื ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ืฆ'ืื ื• ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™. ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืื’ื“ื”-ื‘ื™ืžืชื™ืช" ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืœื• ื’ื•ืฆื™ ื•ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1762. ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช, ืœืžืขืฉื”, "ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ", ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื”: "ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช: ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช". ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื–ื ืžืื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื•ืจื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•; ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืกื™ืŸ ืœืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื”ืืจื•ืก. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื•ืคืขืช ืชืขืชื•ืขื™ ื—ืœื•ื, ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืคืื™ื, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”"ืื—ืจ", ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื. ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื ืœื”ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื“ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืžืจืชืงืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื›ืช ื”ืงืจื— ืฉื•ื—ืจืช ื”ื“ื ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•ื˜, ืืš ื ืชืงืฃ ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ืคื™ื ืืœื”, "ื”ืคื™ ืื ื“" ืžืคื•ืืจ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื ืชื• ืขืžืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ืจืกื” ืฉืชื ื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื•. ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”-19 ื•ื”-20, ื ื˜ื” ืœื ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” - ืœื ืœื–ื• ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœื–ื• ื”ื“'ืื ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™ืช ื”ื“ืงื“ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืืฃ ืœืžืงื ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช, ืืฃ ื”ื ืœื ื ื˜ื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื”, ื–ื• ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื” ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื–ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืžืชื™ืช, ื ื™ืกื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฉืœื‘ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ืื”ื“ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ. ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืขืจืš ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืืœื” ืชื–ื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืื•ืคืจืื™. ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืื™ืคื” ื–ื• ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืœืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืคืจื”, ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื• (ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ) ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉืืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื•ืจื“ื™. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืžืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ืชื–ืžื•ืจื™, ื‘ืœื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคืขืช, ื‘ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืง, ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืžืชื™ืช. ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ื’ื ืื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื”ื“ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืขืžื“ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืฆื“ื•; ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืœื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื, ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื”ืคื›ื” ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืž"ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื", ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืคืื•ืกื˜ื• ื˜ื•ืจึถืคืจื ืงื”. ื˜ื•ืจืคืจื ืงื” ืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912 ื›ืชื‘ ืคืœืกืชืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืกื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื "ื’'ืืงื•ืžื• ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช". ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื›"ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื ืงืœื”, ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืžื•ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ื˜ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืœื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื“ืจืžื”." ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืฉืžืžื ื” ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคืจื ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืื•ืžื ื™ืช: ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœืžื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคืจื ืงื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืขืจืฆื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื’ืช ืžืฆื“ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื•: ืžืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืขื“ ืฉื ื‘ืจื’, ืžืจืื•ื•ืœ ืขื“ ื•ื‘ืจืŸ. ืืฃ ื‘ืžืชืงืคืชื• ื”ืขื•ื™ื ืช (ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžืจื” ืขืงื‘ ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช), ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื˜ื•ืจืคืจื ืงื” ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืคื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืœ"ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช" ื•ืœืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœื” ื–ื›ื” ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชื ื•ืคื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื•ืžื•ืกืงื• ืงืจื ืจ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™, ื ืชื‘ืกืกื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื—ืงืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืคึถื“ึถืœึถื” ื“'ืืžื™ืงื• ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื›ึถึผืœึถื” ื’'ื™ืจืืจื“ื™, ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื›ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™". ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื™ื™ืืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืชืคืชื” ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืชืคื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืœืืžืฅ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ื–ื• ื”ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘"ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”" ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื—ืช ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื•: ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื ื•ืขื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืืœืื ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ (ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืกืงื•, ืฉืขืœื™ืœืชื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ื•ืื’ื ืจ. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืืฃ ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”"ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”" ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ื•ืœื• ืžืงืฆืช ืžืŸ ื”ืืžืช. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•. ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ ืžืื– ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืœืžื™ืœืื ื•, ืžื™ืงื ืขืฆืžื• ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ; ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื›ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ โ€” "ืคืจืœื•ื“ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™" ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ (1882) ื•"ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื• ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™" (1883) โ€” ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืชืžืื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื ืจ: "ืœื•ื”ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ" ื•"ื˜ื ื”ื•ื™ื–ืจ". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช 1883 ืจื›ืฉ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืกืคืกืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืžืกืงืื ื™ื™, ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืคืจืกื™ืคืœ, ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืชื•ื›ื” (Abendmahl-Motiv), ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ "ืœึถื” ื•ึดื™ืœื™". ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืœึถื” ื•ื™ืœื™ (Le Villi), ืžื™ืœืื ื•, 1884 ืื“ื’ืจ (Edgar), ืœื” ืกืงืืœื” ืžื™ืœืื ื•, 1889 ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืกืงื• (Manon Lescaut), ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•, 1893 ืœื” ื‘ื•ื”ื (La Bohรจme), ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•, 1896 ื˜ื•ืกืงื” (Tosca), ืจื•ืžื, 1900 ืžืื“ืื ื‘ืื˜ืจืคืœื™ื™ (Madame Butterfly), ืœื” ืกืงืืœื”, ืžื™ืœืื ื•, 1904 ื”ื ืขืจื” ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘ (La fanciulla del West), ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื”, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, 1910 ื”ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช (La rondine), ืžื•ื ื˜ื” ืงืจืœื•, 1917 ืื™ืœ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื• (ื”ืื“ืจืช, ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืื ื’'ืœื™ืงื”, ื’'ืื ื™ ืกืงื™ืงื™), ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื” ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, 1918 ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•ื˜ (Turandot), ืœื” ืกืงืืœื”, ืžื™ืœืื ื• (ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื ืงื• ืืœืคืื ื•, ืขืงื‘ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื”), 25 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1926 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืคืจืœื•ื“ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ - 1882 ืื“ื’'ื˜ื• ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช - 1881โ€“1883 ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื• ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ -ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘-1883 ื”ืœื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ - Scossa elettrica ืฉื™ืจ ืœื›ืช - 1896 ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืกืงืจืฆื• ืœืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ - 1882 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ - 1881โ€“1883 ืคื•ื’ื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื -1882 ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืื˜ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื - 1890 ื”"ื›ืจื™ื–ื ื˜ืžื•ืช" ืœื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื - 1890 ืฉื ื™ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ื“ืฃ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื, ืคื•ื’ื” ืงื˜ื ื”) - 1910? ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื™ืกื” ืœ 4 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ- 1880 ืฉืœื•ื ืœืš ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื (ืกืืœื•ื•ื” ื“ืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืœ ืจื’'ื™ื ื”) Salve del ciel regina ืœืกื•ืคืจืŸ ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ื - ืœืคื ื™ 1880 ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ืœืžืงื”ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืœื”, ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ื’ื‘ - 1905 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื”ืœื” ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” "ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื”" I figli d'Italia bella - ืœืกื•ืœืŸ, ืžืงื”ืœื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช - 1877 ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืื ื” - ืœืžืงื”ืœื” ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ (ืœืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™) Inno a Diana - 1897 ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืื•ืจื ื™ื” - ืœืžืงื”ืœื” ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ - 1899 !Avanti Urania ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืจื•ืžื - Inno a Roma ืœืžืงื”ืœื” ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ (ืœืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™) - 1919 ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืกื ืชืจ 1881 - 1899 ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ืง, ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™, ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืขื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื˜ืจ, ืชืฉืข"ื 2011 ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื”ื•ืืฉ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ืจื’, "ืงืกื ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืจืžืœ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2020 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื "ื˜ื•ืกืงื”" - ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืœื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืงื“ื (ืงื•ื‘ืฅ RAR). ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1858 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1924
2024-07-14T16:09:55
ื—ื•ืืงื™ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื•
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœื—ื•ืืงื™ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื• ื‘ืืจื ื—ื•ืืก ื—ื•ืืงื™ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื• ื•ื™ื“ืจื” (ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช: Joaquรญn Rodrigo Vidre; 22 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1901 โ€“ 6 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1999) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืกืคืจื“ื™. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ื“ื” ืืจื ื—ื•ืืก โ€“ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกื’ื•ื ื˜ื• ื•ื”ืชืขื•ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืœืช ืืกื›ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื•ื•ืœื ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ืืฆืœ ืคื•ืœ ื“ื™ืงื. ืื—ืจื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืคืจื™ื– ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "Cinco Piezas Infantiles" ื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืืช ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1925. ื‘-19 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1933 ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงืžื—ื™, ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื˜ื•ืจืงื™. ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”"ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ื“ื” ืืจื ื—ื•ืืก", ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืฉื ืช 1939. ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืคืจืงื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื”ืื“ื’'ื•, ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื•ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืžืฉืชืœื‘ืช ื‘ื• ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืขื ืงืจืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืืฃ ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ื ื’ืŸ ื”ื’'ืื– ืžื™ื™ืœืก ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ื•ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื’'ืื– ืฆ'ื™ืง ืงื•ืจื™ืื” - Spain. ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืขืžื” ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืžื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืกื•ืœื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ ืฉื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืœืŸ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื’ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื”ืฆ'ืœืŸ ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืœื•ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืจ. ื”"ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ืื ื“ืืœื•ืก" ืฉืœื•, ืœืืจื‘ืข ื’ื™ื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืœื“ื•ื ื™ื• ืจื•ืžืจื• ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื•. ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื•, ืกืกื™ืœื™ื”, ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-27 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1941. ืžืื– 1947 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื ื•ืืœ ื“ื” ืคืื™ื”, ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืžืคืœื•ื˜ื ืก ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991 ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื•ืืŸ ืงืจืœื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื• ืืช ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” "ืžืจืงื™ื– ื’ื ื™ ืืจื ื—ื•ืืก". ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ืกื™ืš ืืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืืก ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996 (ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืœืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ). ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฆืจืคืช ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998 ืืช ืชื•ืืจ ืื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื• ืžืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999 ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“. ื”ื•ื ื•ืืฉืชื• ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ื˜ืžื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจื ื—ื•ืืก. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช: ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ืืŸ ืžื•ื“ื• ื’ืืœืื ื˜ื” (1949) ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ืงื•ืžื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืžื ื˜ื• (1978 - 1981) ืœื—ืœื™ืœ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช: ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœ (1978) ืœื’ื™ื˜ืจื”: ื”ืขืœืืช ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ (1961) ืืœื’ื™ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ืจื” (1971) ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” (1938) ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื (1954) ื˜ื•ืงื˜ื” (1933) ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ื’ื™ื•ืงื•ืกื” (1959) ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” (1971) ืœื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช: ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ื“ื” ืืจื ื—ื•ืืก (1939) ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ืื ื“ืืœื•ืก (1967 - 4 ื’ื™ื˜ืจื•ืช) ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ืœืคื™ืืกื˜ื” (1982) ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืืฆื™ืœื™ื (1954) ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ื”ืจื•ืื™ืงื• (1942 - ืคืจืก ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช) ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ืžื“ืจื™ื’ืœ (1968 - 2 ื’ื™ื˜ืจื•ืช) ืœื ื‘ืœ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช: ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ืกืจื ืื˜ื” (1954) ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช: ื—ื•ื’ืœืืจืก (1923 - 2 ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื; ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ, 1924, ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ืœื ืกื™ื”) ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ื”ืจื•ืื™ืงื• (1943) ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช: ืงื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ื“ื” ืืกื˜ื™ื• (1944) ืจืื• ื’ื Spain ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื ืกื™ืš ืืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืืก ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1901 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1999
2023-04-29T15:04:33
ืคืจื ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜
ืคืจื ืฅ ืคื˜ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Franz Peter Schubert; 31 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1797 โ€“ 19 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1828) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ืฉืคืขืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื ืžื ื•ืช: ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ("ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืžื•ืจื”"), ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช, ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื’ ื”ืฉืžืš, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช ืžืกืคืจ 14 ("ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืœืžื”"), ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ืช ื”ื™ืคื”" ื•ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ืื‘ื™ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ื˜ื™ืคื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื. ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืื‘ื™ื•, ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ืžืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ืฉืžืžื ื• ืœืžื“ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1808, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 11, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ืช (Stadtkonvikt) ื›ื ืขืจ ืžืงื”ืœื”, ืฉื ื—ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืœื’ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื’ื‘, ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื’ื ื›ื ืจ, ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœื›ื ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™. ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ื›ืฉื ืขื“ืจ ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ืžื™ืœื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืชืžืกืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืœื—ื ื”, ื•ื‘ืกืชืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืงื˜ืขื™ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืœ-4 ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, 3 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช, ืžืกืคืจ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืžื•ืจื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1813 ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืฆืœ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืจื›ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื•ืžืฉื ืช 1814 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื” ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืžืฉืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืขื“ 1818. ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช: ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1815 ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ 5 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช, 3 ืžื™ืกื•ืช, 3 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|230px|ืคืจื ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|230px|ืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืืช ืงืจืœ ืงื•ื ื“ืžืŸ ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘-1814 ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื’ืจื˜ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ" ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืคืื•ืกื˜ ืžืืช ื’ืชื”. ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”"ืœื™ื“" (ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-150 ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื "ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืขืจ", "ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืจ" ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1816โ€“1817 ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ("ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช"), ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1818 ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืžืื– ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืืžืŸ, ืœืœื ืคืจื ืกื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžืื™ื™ืจื”ื•ืคืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1820 ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ 500 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1822, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 25, ืœืงื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืขื’ื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื‘ืข ื’ื ืžื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืจื”, ืืš ืœื ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™. ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื ืืœืฅ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื”ืื–ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ 1823โ€“1824. ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ (1827โ€“1828) ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“; ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืžืกืข ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ", ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ืจ, ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 9 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ("ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”"). ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืช ื‘-19 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1828, ื‘ืŸ 31. ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืขื’ื‘ืช ื•ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืื™ื“. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ 9 ืื•ืคืจื•ืช, 7 ืžื™ืกื•ืช, 9 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, 15 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช, 2 ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, 3 ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ ืกื•ืœื•, ื“ื•ืื˜ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“) ื•ื›-600 ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื“ (ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™), ื‘ื• ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ืžื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืœืืช ื”ื‘ืขื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื”, ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช.Gammond, Peter (1982). Schubert. London: Methun, p. 76-81 ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืืœื ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช (ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™) ื•ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฉื•ืžืืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื‘ืจื”ืžืก. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืจืง ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื• ื–ื›ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืื•ืจ ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื•, ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ืช ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืกืข ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืฉืื•ืชื ืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื–ืžืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืคื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืจืง ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ (ื›ืืœืฃ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ) ืงื•ื˜ืœื’ื• ื•ืžื•ืกืคืจื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื˜ื• ืืจื™ืš ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื•ืฆืจื”: ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (ืจืฉื™ืžืช D). ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืื“ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ (ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•). ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื "ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืื“ื”", ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” "ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคืื•ืŸ" ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ ืžื•ืจื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ, ืžื•ืงืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ (ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฆื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19). ื›ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื "ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืื“ื•ืช", ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘-31 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”"ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืื“ื”" ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ืื• ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” "ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืื“ื”" ื›ื–ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-2007. ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช (ื”ืžืกืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 82 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก 2 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 125 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก 3 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 200 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก 4 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 417 "ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืช" ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก 5 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 485 ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก 6 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 589 "ื”ืงื˜ื ื”" ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก 7 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืชื•ื–ืžืจื” ื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก 8 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 759 "ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืžื•ืจื”" ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก 9 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 944 "ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก 10 ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 936/708ื (ืชื•ื–ืžืจื” ื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20) ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžื—ื–ื” "ืจื•ื–ืžื•ื ื“ื” ืžืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ" ืฉืชื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช "ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™" (ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 590 ื•ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 591) ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 648 ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 470 ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช: ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 1 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ / ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 18 (ื‘ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื) ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 2 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 32 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 3 ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 36 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 4 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 46 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 5 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 68 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 6 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 74 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 7 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 94 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 8 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 112 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 9 ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 173 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 10 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 87 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 11 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 353 ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 12 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 703 (ืคืจืง ืื—ื“) ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 13 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 804 "ืจื•ื–ืžื•ื ื“ื”" ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 14 ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 810 "ื”ืขืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช" ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 15 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 887 ืคืจืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 103 ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื’ ื”ืฉืžืš ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ื•ืœื”, ืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื‘ืืก ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 667 ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ื•ืฉื ื™ ืฆ'ืœื™ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 956 ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืฆ'ืœื•: ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืฆ'ืœื• ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 898 ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืฆ'ืœื• ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 929 ืคืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื”, "ื ื•ื˜ื•ืจื ื•", ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืฆ'ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 897 ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจืง ืื—ื“ (ืกื•ื ืื˜ื”) ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 28 ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช: ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 581 ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 471 (ืคืจืง ืื—ื“) ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 934 ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 803 (ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืœื”, ืฆ'ืœื•, ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื‘ืก, ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜, ื‘ืกื•ืŸ, ืงืจืŸ) ืžื™ื ื•ืื˜ ื•ืกื™ื•ื ืœืฉืžื™ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 72 (ืฉื ื™ ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืชื™ ืงืจื ื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื ื™ื) ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ (ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 384, ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 385, ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 408) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” "ื’ืจืื ื“ ื“ื•ืื•", ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ืจื•ื ื“ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืืจืคื’'ื•ื ื” ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 821 (ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฆ'ืœื• ืื• ื•ื™ื•ืœื”) ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืคืจื—ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ื", ืœื—ืœื™ืœ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืกื•ืœื• ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืกื•ืœื•: ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 960 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 154 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 157 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 279 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 459 ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 537 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 557 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 566 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 567 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 568 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืคื” ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 571 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืกื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 575 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 613 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 625 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื• ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 655 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 664 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 769A ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 784 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 840 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 845 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 850 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 894 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 958 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 959 3 ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืžืก' 459A ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) 4 ืื™ืžืคืจื•ืžืคื˜ื™ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืžืก' 899 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) 4 ืื™ืžืคืจื•ืžืคื˜ื™ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืžืก' 935 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) 6 ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืžืก' 780 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) 3 ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืžืก' 946 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื™ืช "ื”ื ื•ื“ื“" ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 760 ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžืขืœ 600 ืฉื™ืจื™ื (Lieder). ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื: ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืžืกืข ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ" ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ืช ื”ื™ืคื”" (ืžืก' 795 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ" ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืขืจ" ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื’ืจื˜ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ" (ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”) ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืœืžื”" ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื“ื’ ื”ืฉืžืš" ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื•" ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื ื•ื“ื“" ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืกืจื ื“ื”" ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืœื‘ื™ื”" ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ืจื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืข" (ืœืกื•ืคืจืŸ, ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื” ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 940 "ื’ืจื ื“ ื“ื•ืื•", ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 812 ื“ื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืžืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 818 ื“ื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืžืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 823 ืืœื’ืจื• ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 947 "ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" 6 ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 819 ืจื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 951 4 ืคื•ืœื•ื ื–ื™ื ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 599 6 ืคื•ืœื•ื ื–ื™ื ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 824 3 ืžืืจืฉื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 733 ืžืจืฉ ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 859 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 617 ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืžื™ืกื” ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืžื™ืกื” ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืžื™ืกื” ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืžื™ืกื” ืžืก' 4 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืžื™ืกื” ืžืก' 5 ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืžื™ืกื” ืžืก' 6 ื‘ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช "ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”'" ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 953, ืœืคื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฆ"ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื ืื™ ื–ื•ืœืฆืจ) ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืžืคืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜. ืจืื• ื’ื ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืืœืคืจื“ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ืจื’, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื™ื“ื™ืช, ืชืฉ"ื› 1961. ื•ื•ื“ืคื•ืจื“ ืคื’ื™, ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืคื– ืฉืจื™ื’, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉืž"ื˜ 1989. ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืคืœืจ, ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ื•ืจื™, 1990. ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืจื™, ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ - ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื”ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื, 2010. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช: ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜, ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ื“"ืจ ื“ืŸ ืขืจื‘, ื“"ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ืช: ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืื–ื ื” ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ - ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืจื ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ื ื’ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืืœื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜, ืคืจื ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜, ืคืจื ืฅ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื“ื™ ืคืœื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื•ื™ื ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1797 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1828
2024-08-01T00:33:12
ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื”ืื‘)
ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื”ืื‘) (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Johann Strauss Vater; 14 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1804 โ€“ 25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1849) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื”ื‘ืŸ), ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื•ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ ืœืคืจื ืฅ-ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ืืก ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (1764โ€“1816) ื•ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ืœึฐืžึธืืŸ (1770โ€“1811) ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืง. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืกื‘ื•, ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก, ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืœ ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ ื›ืงืชื•ืœื™. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 7 ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืืžื• ืžืงื“ื—ืช ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช. ืื•ืœื ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 5 ืฉื ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืข ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื” (ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช). ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืื‘- ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื•"ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืืก ื”ืืกืœื™ื ื’ืจ. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืœืื ืจ. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืื‘ ืขื ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœื•. ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœืจ, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืฉืฆ'ื“ืœ ื•ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืจื™ื›ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื˜ืฉืฆ'ื“ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1816. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืœืžื“ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื•ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื›ื•ืจืš ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1822. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœืžื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ืฉื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื ื™ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืคืžืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1819 ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืœืื ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืœืื ืจ (ืื '), ื”ืื—ื™ื ื“ืจืื ืง ื•ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก. ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื–ื• ื ื™ื’ื ื” ื•ืืœืก ื•ื™ื ืื™ ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืœืื ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ื”ื•ืืœืก ื”ื•ื™ื ืื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืืœืกื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืคืš ืœืกื’ืŸ ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืœืื ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงืจื ื‘ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1824. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื ื™ื”ืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืœืื ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1825, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืžื—ื•ืœ) ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช. ื”ืงืžืช ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืžื” ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—. ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงืจื ื‘ืœ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1826, ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื˜ืื•ื‘ืจืœืŸ-ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ .ย ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกื. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ืจ ืขื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื–ื• (ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก) ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืขื“ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1901. ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1837 ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™: ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1840, ืฉื ื”ืคืš (ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“) ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืžืื•ื“. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1837) ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื”ืœื™ื ืžืจืงืขื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืกืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืœื”ื›ืชืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1838. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื’ื ืขื™ื‘ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•"ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืืก ื”ืืกืœื™ื ื’ืจ ืคื™ืชื— ื“ืจื›ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืชื•. ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืงื™ืฉื˜ ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• "ืžืืจืฉ ืจื“ืฆืงื™" ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ืœืœ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืจื“ืฆืงื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื“ืฅ (1858-1766), ื™ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื”. ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืื‘ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1849 ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื™ืช (ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ืกื˜ืจืคื˜ื•ืงื•ืงื•ืก) ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”-24 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืœ-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืื• ืืฉืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืชืคื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื - ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืœืื ืจ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1904, ื’ื•ืคืช 2 ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช "ืฆื ื˜ืจืืœ-ืคืจื™ื“ื”ื•ืฃ". ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื– ื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืื‘ ื›ื™ "ื•ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืฉืงื•ึผืœื” ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืœืœื ื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื”". ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืžืจื™ื” ืื ื ื” ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1825 ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ื ื˜ืœ (ืื ') ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืฉื ื’ืจืžื” ืžืกื™ื•ืจื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’. ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ื‘ืŸ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1825), ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1827), ืื ื” ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-1829), ืชืจื–ื” ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-1831), ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1834 ื•ื—ื™ ืจืง ืขืฉืจื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื) ื•ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1835). ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืœืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ื™ื• 7 ื™ืœื“ื™ื "ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื" ืžืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช: ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ืช ืืžื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจืžืคื•ืฉ. ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื• 14 ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ื: ืืžื™ืœื™ ืชืจื–ื™ื” ื’'ื•ื”ื ื”, ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช, ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-18 ื‘ืžืื™ 1835 ื•ื™ื ื”, ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ 1870. ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื, ืคืงื™ื“ ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื™ืœื™ื“ 28 ื‘ืžืื™ 1836 ื•ื™ื ื”, ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1864 ื•ื™ื ื” ืœื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜. ืงืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื” ืืžื™ืœื™ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืชื” ืชืจื–ื™ื”, ื’ื ื ืช (ื’ื™ื“ืœื” ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœื™), ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-19 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1837 ื•ื™ื ื”, ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ 1878. ืงืจืœ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-20 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1840, ื•ื™ื ื”. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1840, ืคืจื™ื–ืจืŸ. ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืžื•ืจื™ืฅ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1842, ื•ื™ื ื”, ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1842. ืžืจื™ื” ื•ื™ืœื”ืœืžื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-25 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1843, ื•ื™ื ื”, ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘-4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1849 ืžืฉื ื™ืช. ืชืจื–ื™ื” ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื”, ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-22 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1844 ื•ื™ื ื”, ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘-2 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1851 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื”, ืžืฉื ื™ืช. ื•ื™ืœื”ืœืžื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ึพ26 ื‘ืžืื™ 1846 ื•ื™ื ื”, ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1846 ื‘ืคืจื™ื–ืจืŸ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืงืจื 'ื”ื™ืจืฉื ื”ืื•ืก', ืืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” 'ื’ื•ืœื“ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืฉ' (ืื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘). ืœืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขืช ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื ืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื. ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื—ื™ื• ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-300 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ื•ืืœืกื™ื ื˜ืื•ื‘ืจืœืŸ-ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ, ืื•ืค. 1 "ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช" (1827). ื˜ืื•ื‘ืจืœืŸ-ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ, ืื•ืค. 2 ื•ืืœืก ืจืื•ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’. ืงืจื ื‘ืœ, ืื•ืค. 3 "ืงืจื ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื ืื™" (1828). ืงื˜ื ื‘ืจื•ืง ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ, ืื•ืค. 4 "ื’ืฉืจ ืชืœื™ื”" (1828). ืงื˜ื ื‘ืจื•ืง ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ, ืื•ืค. 5 ื•ืืœืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื”. ื•ื™ื ืจ ืœืื•ื ืŸ-ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ, ืื•ืค. 6. ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืจืื˜ืกืฅ' ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ, ืื•ืค. 39. (1830). ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ, ืื•ืค. 49. "ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจื™ืงื•ื“". ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืชืŸ-ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ, ืื•ืค. 71. ืคื™ืœื•ืžืœืŸ-ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ, ืื•ืค. 82. ืคืจื™ื–-ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ, ืื•ืค. 101 (1838). ืื•ืค. 103 ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืžืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื•ื•ื™ื ืจ ื•ื•ืœืฆืจ, ืื•ืค. 116 ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ื (1840). ืœื•ืจืœื™-ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ืงืœื ื’ื”, ืื•ืค. 154 ื”ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืจืœื™ (1843). ื’ืืœื•ืคื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœืงื•ืช ื”ื’ืืœื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช: ืฉืžืคื ื™ื”-ื’ืืœื•ืค, ืื•ืค. 8. ืกืื•ืคื–ืจ-ื’ืืœื•ืค, ืื•ืค. 9. ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ืกืจ- ื’ืืœื•ืค, ืื•ืค. 20. ื’ืืœื•ืค, ืื•ืค. 35. ืกืคืจืœ-ื’ืืœื•ืค, ืื•ืค. 42. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื”-ื’ืืœื•ืค, ืื•ืค. 69. ื’ืืœื•ืค- ืจื•ื— ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ืื•ืค. 90. ืกืืฆ'ืืฆื”- ื’ืืœื•ืค, ืื•ืค. 97. ืงืจื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ืื•ืค. 100. ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื“ืจ-ื’ืืœื•ืค, ืื•ืค. 111. ืกืคืจืœ-ืคื•ืœืงื”, ืื•ืค. 133. ืื ืŸ-ืคื•ืœืงื”, ืื•ืค. 137 (ืœื ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืขื ืื ืŸ-ืคื•ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก, ืื•ืค. 117 ืžืฉื ืช 1852). ื•ื™ื ืจ ืงืจื•ื™ืฆืจ- ืคื•ืœืงื”, ืื•ืค. 220. ืคื•ืœืงื”, ืื•ืค. 235. ืžืืจืฉื™ื ืžืืจืฉ ืจื“ืฆืงื™, ืื•ืค. 228 (1848). ืžืืจืฉ, ืื•ืค. 244. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืื‘. ืขืฅ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ืืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช). ืืชืจ "ืฆืœื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื”"- ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืื‘. ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•. (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช). ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1804 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1849
2024-08-08T14:06:02
ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื”ื‘ืŸ)
200px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืฆื‘ืช ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืคืกืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ื‘ืŸ (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Johann Strauss; 25 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1825 โ€“ 3 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1899) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™, ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ื”ืื‘). ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื•ืืœืกื™ื". ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื•ืœืื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืช. ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื•ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 6 ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืืœืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•. ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื ื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1842. ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืงื™ื ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘-1844 ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ-ืœื™ืœื” ืœืžืชื—ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 19 ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื•ืืœืกื™ื". ื‘-27 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉื ืช 1862 ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ื–ืžืจืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ื” (ื™ื˜ื™) ื˜ืจืคืฅ ื‘ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ืกื˜ืคื ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืช ื”ื•ืคืชืขื” ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืืœื”, ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก. ื‘-8 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1878 ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื™ื˜ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘-28 ื‘ืžืื™ 1878 ืขื ืืจื ืกื˜ื™ื ื” ื”ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืงื” ื“ื™ื˜ืจื™ืš, ื›ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืช ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1882 ื ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื’ืœื™ืงื” ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืœืžืขืŸ ืคืจื ืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจ ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1885 ื•ื™ืชืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžืืฉืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื ืฉื ืฉื•ื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืกืงืกื”-ืงื•ื‘ื•ืจื’-ื’ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ืืช ื“ืชื• ืœืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืœืื“ืœื” ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก (ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื–ื”ื”). ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ: ื”ื•ื•ืืœืกื™ื "ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ" ืž-1864, "ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืž-1882", "ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”" "An der schรถnen Blauen Donau" ืž-1866, "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื ื”" ืž-1868 ื•"ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื–ืžืจ" ืž-1869. ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื•ืช "ื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ" ืž-1874, ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ืž-1885 ื•"ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”" ืฉืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ืœื›ืœื•ื›ื™ืช. ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืชื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื•ืืœืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช - ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื”, ืฉืื—ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ืืœืก. ื”ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืžืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืืœืก ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืื—ื“, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-500 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื”ื“ืจื ื™ื. ื‘ื•ื•ืืœืกื™ื ืฉืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื•ืœื™ืกื˜. ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืื‘ื™ืจ ืคืื–ืžืืŸ (1892) ืื•ืคืจื˜ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื• ื•-40 ื”ื’ื ื‘ื™ื (1871) ืงืจื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืžื (1873) ื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ (1874) ืงืืœื™ื•ึนืกื˜ืจื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” (1875) ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืžืชื•ืฉืœื— (1877) ืคืจื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช (1878) ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” (1880) ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื–ื” (1881) ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” (1883) ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื (1885) ืกื™ืžืคึผืœื™ืกื™ื•ึผืก (1887) ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื ื™ื ื˜ึธื” (1893) Jabuca ืื• ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื (1894) ื—ืกืคืกื ื™ืช (ืฉื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—) (1895) ืืœืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” (1897) ื“ื ื•ื™ื ืื™ (1899) ื‘ืœื˜ ืœื›ืœื•ื›ื™ืช (1899) ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื•ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื˜ื” ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ืคืจื ืฅ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1825 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1899
2024-10-18T09:17:25
ื‘ื“ื–'ื™ืš ืกืžื˜ื ื”
ื‘ื“ื–'ื™ืš ืกืžื˜ื ื” (ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช: Bedล™ich Smetana, , 2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1824 - 12 ื‘ืžืื™ 1884) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฆ'ื›ื™, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืžื™ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื” ื•ืžืช ื‘ืคืจืื’. ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืžื˜ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืœืช ืฉื™ื›ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ืœื”ื‘. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื—ืœ ืกืžื˜ื ื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื›ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื• ื‘ืคืจืื’ ื•ืžืžื ื” ื™ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื. ืžืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉื‘ ืœืขื™ื™ืจืชื• ืืš ื‘ืชื•ื ืฉื ื” ื—ื–ืจ ืœืคืจืื’ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืœื™ืžื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ืชืคืจืกื ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ืœื”. ื‘ืกื™ื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืงื™ื ืกืžื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคืจืื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1848. ืœื™ืกื˜ ืืฃ ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืกืžื˜ื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืจื” ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ื—ืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“. ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ื™ื. ืขืงื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืขื‘ืจ ืกืžื˜ื ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ ืœืคืจืื’, ืฉื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ืžืงื”ืœื•ืช, ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื‘ืงืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ื‘-1874 ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืืฆืœื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืขื’ื‘ืช, ื•ื‘-1881 ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืงืฉื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืงื” ืกืžื˜ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื ื›ืฉืœื•. ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืฉืžืข ืžืขื•ืœื. ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ืœ ืžื”ืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืœืชื• ื“ื™ื›ืื• ืืช ืจื•ื—ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืืฉืคื•ื–ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ืกื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ, ืฉื ืžืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืขื’ื‘ืช. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™. ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืกืžื˜ื ื” ืืช ื”ืœื”ื˜ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืฉื™ืœื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื•, ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื—ืฉ ืœื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื ืืžื ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ืงืจืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ืกื˜. ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื˜ื• ื˜ืจื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื”" ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžืงื”ืœื” ืชื—ืช ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืจืคืืœ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื‘ื•ืฉ ืงื•ื”ื•ืื•ื˜ืง, ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™ (Mรก vlast), ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื”ืŸ, "ื•ืœื˜ืื‘ื”" (ืื• ื”-"ืžื•ืœื“ื‘ื”"), ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. (ืจ' ืขืจืš). ื”ื‘ืจืื ื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื” (Braniboล™i v ฤŒechรกch), ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื” (Prodanรก nevฤ›sta), ืื•ืคืจื” ื“ืืœื™ื‘ื•ืจ (Dalibor), ืื•ืคืจื” ืœื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” (Libuลกe), ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืชื™ ืืœืžื ื•ืช (Dvฤ• vdovy), ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” (Hubiฤka), ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืกื•ื“ (Tajemstvรญ), ืื•ืคืจื” ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ (ฤŒertova stฤ›na), ืื•ืคืจื” ื•ื™ื•ืœื” (Viola), ืื•ืคืจื” (ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”) ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืžืก' 1 "ืžื—ื™ื™" (Z mรฉho ลพivota), ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืฆ'ื›ื™ื™ื (2 ื›ืจื›ื™ื), ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืจื ื“ื” ืžื™ืœืจ ื•ื”ื ืจื™ ื•ืกืจืžืŸ, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขืจืฉ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช - "ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืกืžื˜ื ื” ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืกืžื˜ื ื”, ื‘ื“ื–'ื™ืš ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1824 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1884
2023-09-17T04:29:17
ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘
ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะกะตั€ะณะตะน ะกะตั€ะณะตะตะฒะธั‡ ะŸั€ะพะบะพั„ัŒะตะฒ; 27 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1891 โ€’ 5 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1953) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกื•ื ืฆื•ื‘ืงื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืฆืืจื™ืช. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื•, ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื•) ื›ื•ื ื” โ€ื’ืืœื•ืค ื”ื•ื“ื™โ€œ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืคื” ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืืš ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ โ€“ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื ืื”ื‘ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืœืžื“ ื’ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืฉื—ืžื˜, ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืืœ ืืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืจืื•ืœ ืงืคื‘ืœื ืงื” ื•ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื ื™ืง. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืข ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืœื“ ื”ืคืœื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, "ื”ืขื ืง", ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1902, ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืžืจื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื“ ื’ืœื™ืืจ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืจืฉืžื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื•ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื ืฆื•ื‘ืงื” ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืœื ืฉืฉื• ืœืฉืœื—ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืชื— ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™, ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1904 ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ื ืจืฉื ืœืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื. ืขื“ ืื– ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช, โ€ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจโ€œ ื•โ€ื”ืžืฉืชื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื’ืคื”โ€œ, ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืคืจื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, โ€ืื•ื ื“ื™ืŸโ€œ. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืœื—ื ื”, ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื. ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฉื—ืฆืŸ ื•ืœืชื™ืžื”ื•ื ื™, ื•ืœื ืคืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ื ืืช ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉื—ืฉ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ืขืžืžื• ืื•ืชื•. ืขื ืžื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืžื ื” ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™ึพืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืฅ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื ืงืฉืจ ืงืฉืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ืืกืคื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืžื™ืืกืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช โ€ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื ื•ืจืโ€œ (L'enfant terrible) ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืืš ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื’ื ืจืื• ื‘ื• ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1909 ืกื™ื™ื ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืืš ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“, ืืš ื”ืชืจื›ื– ืžืขืชื” ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื™ ืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ื• ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื. ืžื•ืจื™ื• ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืจืื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1910 ืžืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ื•ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืขืฆืจื”. ืœืžื–ืœื•, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื, ื”ื’ื ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ืžื ืŸ. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืืช ืžืกืขื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1913, ืœืคืจื™ื– ื•ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœึพBallets russes ืฉืœ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืื’ื™ืœื‘. ื‘ึพ1914 ื–ื›ื” ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–, ื‘ืคืจืก ืขืœ ืฉื ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ. ื‘ึพ1918 ืขื–ื‘ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ื” ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกืข ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืœื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ืื•ืค' 40, ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ), ื”ื–ื ื•ื—ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืกื” ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื˜ืขื ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” (ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื). ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื™ืคื” ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”, ื•ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื”ืœ, ืœื "ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ" ืืช ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืข. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืชื›ื ืŸ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืงืฆื” ืœืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก ื—ื“ืฉ (ืื•ืค' 136), ืืš ืžืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื”. ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ึพ1935, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืืš ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœึพื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ (ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื) ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื˜ืจ, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืกื›ืช ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžื”. ืืฉืชื•, ืœื™ื ื” ืœื•ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1923 ื•ืขื–ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1941, ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ โ€“ ื•ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืœืึพื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื. ืœื™ื ื” ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1956, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974 ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื, ืฉืขืจืงื• ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื. ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช โ€“ ืขื ืžื™ืจื” ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” โ€“ ืืš ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžืœื™ื ื”. ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกืžื˜ืช ืงืžืจื’ืจืกืงื™ ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1947โ€“1953 ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ื: โ€ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื•ืŸโ€œ, ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืจื•ืกื™, ืฉืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืกืจื˜ื™ื•, โ€ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื ื™ื™ื‘ืกืงื™โ€œ ื‘ึพ1938 ื•โ€ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ื”ืื™ื•ืโ€œ ื‘ึพ1945. ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ื ื—ื‘ื ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948 ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ื•ืืช ืืจืื ื—ืืฆ'ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืŸ, ื‘โ€ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืโ€œ โ€“ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ โ€“ ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื ื ืฉืžืขื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ื“ื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ื–ื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืฆื™ืคื• ืœืชืจื•ืขืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื’ืช ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืจ, ื›ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื•, ื‘ืืฉืžืชื• ื‘ื ืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืจื•ื—, ืืš ืœื ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœโ€ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸโ€œ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื‘ื• ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืœืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืชื” ื•ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชื”, ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช. ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืื›ืŸ ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ืžืฅ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1917 ืกื™ื™ื ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” โ€ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืกโ€œ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืกืงื™, ืืš ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืคืจืฆื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”, ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1929. ืื– ื ื•ื’ื ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ โ€“ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืจืง ื‘ึพ1963, ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืคืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ืืจื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืขื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืชึพืžื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ โ€ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื‘ืช ืžืžื—ื•ื– ืžืฆื ืกืงโ€œ, ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” โ€ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชืคื•ื–ื™ืโ€œ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื“ืœ ืืจื˜ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1761 ื•ืขืœื™ืœืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื“ื—ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”. ื‘ื›ื•ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื‘ึพ1921. ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœื›ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœื›ืช, ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ โ€“ ื•ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœื›ืช ืžื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื“ืจืŸ. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” โ€ืžืœืืš ื”ืืฉโ€œ ืžึพ1923 ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืจืง 30 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฉืืœื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ื–ื• ื ื•ื’ื ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ืคื™ื™ืจ ืžื•ื ื˜ื”. ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” โ€ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืโ€œ, ืฉืืช ื”ืœื—ื ืชื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ึพ1941, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื•ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืจ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ืขืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžื•ืคืขื™ื” ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืืช ืงื”ืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973 ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ื ื™. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืœื ืขืœื• ื™ืคื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืฉืœื ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืคื™ืคื• ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, โ€ืœื—ื™ื™ื!โ€œ (ะ—ะดั€ะฐะฒะธั†ะฐ), ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ึพ60 ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ืžืื•ืกื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื”. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™ โ€“ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื”, ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืื˜ื•ืกืœื‘ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ืจืื” ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืคืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, โ€ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืชโ€œ, ืžื•ืœื—ื ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื” โ€“ ืืœืคืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืงื” ืฉึดื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื•ื. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืงืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20; ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืœืฉื•ืคืŸ; ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจืช ื‘ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื™ืชืจื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื˜ "ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“", ืฉืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืื’ื™ืœื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929; ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• โ€“ ืืš ืœืฆื“ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ, ื ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืžืคืจืงื™ื” ื’ื ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช; ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืจื” ื”ืœืš ืจื•ื— ืืคืœ ื•ืžื“ื•ื›ื, ื”ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืขืœื™ืฆื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช; ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ, ืฉืขืจืขืจื• ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘. ืคืชื™ื—ืชื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ืฆื•ืช. ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื›ืกืฃ ื•ืจืฆื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืก ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 100 ืืœืฃ ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื” ืกื™ื•ืžืช ืขื•ืœืฆืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืงืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆืณืœืŸ (ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžื ืฆื—) ืžืกื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ, ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืœื ื™ื ื’ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืืœื ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืกืคืช. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื™ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ 1914, ื”ืจืชื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื• ืฉื ืฉืœ โ€ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืคื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื•ืชื•ื ืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ืโ€œ. ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืคืจืฆื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ืœื™ื–ื. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ืกืง ื‘ึพ1913, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื›ื™ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืžื” ื•ืคื—ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื•, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื›ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื“ืคื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืจื”. ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืฉึดื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื‘ึพ1923, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื ืœืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” โ€ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืžืกืณ 4โ€œ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื‘ึพ1921, ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืคืชื—ื” ืœืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืคืชื— ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื ืคืื•ืœ ื•ื™ื˜ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ื ื”ึผ ืžืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ (ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืจืื•ื•ืœ, ืคืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืŸ, ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื•ืืจื™ืš ืงื•ืจื ื’ื•ืœื“). ื•ื™ื˜ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ืืš ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื ื’ื ื”, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื• ืชื• ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1956, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘. ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“ ืจืืค, ืฉื›ืžื• ื•ื™ื˜ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื“ื ื’ื ื”ื•ื. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืกื™ืจื‘ ื•ื™ื˜ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืชืช ืœื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• (ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื˜ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื’ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“), ืืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืจืฆื” ื•ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœืจืืค ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื“ื—ื” ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืชื• (ื•ื’ื ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœื™ื•, ืžื”ืคืกื ืชืจ) ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ึพ1932. ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ (ืฉืชื”ื” ืื ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืœื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ). ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื, ืœืชื“ื”ืžืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ื–ื” ืžืกื›ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืชึพืžื” ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืขื“ ืื–, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื ืงืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ืœื›ืช ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื›ื” ื•ืžื”ื•ืจื”ืจืช. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืชื›ื ืŸ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ (ืืš ืžืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื”) ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ, ื”ืคืขื ืœืฉื ื™ ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ื•ืœืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืงื•ื‘. ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืงื•ื‘, ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ืืจืฆื• ืืš ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”, ืขื–ืจ ืœืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ืœืื•ืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืื•ืคืณ 135). ื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื ื›ืจ โ€“ ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” โ€“ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ืก 38 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ืœื•ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืงื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืง ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืœืฉื›ืชื‘) ืขื“ ืชื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•. ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช โ€“ ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ โ€ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”โ€œ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ื ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืชืคื•ื’ื’ืช ืœืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช. ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžื›ืœ ืชืฉืข ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘. ืคืจืงื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืงื˜ื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ื•ึผื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื›ืœ ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ. ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ืœื•. ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื˜ืจื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ื‘ืฉืœ, ื•ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื’ื ื” (ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืข ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช). ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืืžื™ืœ ื’ื™ืœืœืก, ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช. ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ื›ื” ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœืœืก ืœืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื—ืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื ื’ื ื”. ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”), ื–ื•ื”ืชื” ืขื ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืงื•ื‘ โ€’ ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื’ื ื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชืฉืข ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืจ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื– ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืš, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื”ืงื•ื“ืจืช ื•ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื”, ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 โ€“ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ. ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืš. ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื• ื›ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ืก ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื (ืื•ืคืณ 80), ืืฃ ืฉื”ืœื—ื ืชื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืœื—ืœื™ืœ ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืื•ืคืณ 94), ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ. ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ืœื™ืœื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ื ืจื™ื. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื’ืจืกื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืžื ื•ื’ื ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืš ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืœืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ. ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื•ืคืณ 19, ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ืชืจื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืฉื ื™, ืื•ืคืณ 63, ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืจ ื™ืืฉื” ื—ืคืฅ, ื•ื”ืงืœื˜ืชื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืœื™ืจื™, ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉื ื™. ื‘ึพ1933 ื—ื–ืจ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื‘ึพ1934 ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ืื™ื ืกืงื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ืจื•ืžืื• ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื” (ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจื™ืช, ืจื•ืžื™ืื• ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื”), ื•ื‘ึพ1936 ืขื‘ืจ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื ืจืื• ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืืช โ€ืจื•ืžืื• ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื”โ€œ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ื ื’ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ, โ€ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื‘ืช ืžืžื—ื•ื– ืžืฆื ืกืงโ€œ. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื” ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืœื—ื ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” โ€ืชืขืžื•ืœืชื™ืช ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืชโ€œ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืœืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, โ€ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื ื™ื™ื‘ืกืงื™โ€œ. ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืœืฆืณืœื• (ืื•ืคืณ 58) ืฉืœื ืขืœื” ื™ืคื” ืžืฆื ืืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”ึพืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• (ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื’ื, ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ โ€ืกื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื” ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื ื˜ื”โ€œ), ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืžืข ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ืžื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ื‘ึพ1947 (ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืกื ืชืจ), ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉื›ืชื‘ื•. ื’ืจืกื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ืฉื ื•ื’ื ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1954 (ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ), ื”ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืณืœื• ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ20, ื•ืžื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ. ื’ืจืกื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”ึพืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•, ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ โ€ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืžืกืณ 2 ืœืฆืณืœื• ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืชโ€œ, ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื ื’ื™ื ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ึพ18 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1952. ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ ื•ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”) ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืžื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ืืš ืชืคื•ืฆืชื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื•ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื”. ื’ืจืกื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”ึพืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืœื’ืจืกื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ (ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™). ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘, ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืกืœื— ืœืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื—ืง ื‘ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืกื™ื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ืฉืžืข ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืกื•ืœื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืชื” ื•ืกื•ืคื” ื ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ื ืืœื™ ืžืขื˜. ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœืฆืณืœื• ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 119. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” (ืœืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ึพ1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1950, ืขื ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ ื‘ืฆืณืœื• ื•ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื™ื ื• ืœืฆืณืœื• (ืื•ืคืณ 132), ืงืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”ึพืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•, ื”ื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืืš ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื ืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืืช ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”. ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ, ืฉื™ื“ืข ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื•ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื‘ืกืงื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื–ืžืจื”. ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ, ื”ืคืขื ืœืฆืณืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืกื ืชืจ, ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืืœื ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”). ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ. โ€ืคื˜ืจ ื•ื”ื–ืื‘โ€œ, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื’ื“ืช ืขื, ืฉื’ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœื” ื›ืชื‘ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ืคืจืกืžื” ืืช ืฉืžื• ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื”ืœ ืฉื•ื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”, ืœื”ืงืœืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื”. ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืžืœื ื”ืื‘ื•ื‘, ื•ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžืœืื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช. ื”ืกื‘ ื”ื–ื•ืขืฃ ืžืชื’ืœื ื‘ื‘ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’, ื›ืฆืคื•ื™, ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ. ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช). ืœื™ื ื”, ืืฉืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ืืฃ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ืช (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช) ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื ื ืื•ืœื’ (ืขื ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื‘ื ื•, ื ื›ื“ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ื•ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ื”) ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื”ื‘ืœื˜ โ€ืจื•ืžืื• ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื”โ€œ ื•ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” โ€ืœื™ื™ื˜ื ื ื˜ ืงื™ื–ืณื”โ€œ ืชืจืžื• ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 1 โ€ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืชโ€œ ื‘ืจื” ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 25 (1916โ€’1917) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 2 ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 40 (1924โ€’1925) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 3 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 44 (1928) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 4 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 47 (ื’ืจืกื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, 1929โ€’1930), ืื•ืคืณ 112 (ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, 1947) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 5 ื‘ืกื™ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 100 (1944) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 6 ื‘ืžื™ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 111 (1945โ€“1947) ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกืณ 7 ื‘ื“ื•ึพื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 131 (1951โ€’1952) ืกื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืœื” ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 5 (ื’ืจืกื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, 1909), ืื•ืคืณ 48 (ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, 1929) ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ืœื›ืœื™ ืกื•ืœื• ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืžืกืณ 1 ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืจื”ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 10 (1911โ€’1912) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืžืกืณ 2 ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 16 (1913, ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ึพ1923) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืžืกืณ 3 ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 26 (1917โ€’1921) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืžืกืณ 4 ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (ืœื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“) ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืกื™ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 53 (1931) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืžืกืณ 5 ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 55 (1932) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืžืกืณ 1 ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืจื” ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 19 (1916โ€’1917) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืžืกืณ 2 ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 63 (1935) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืœืฆืณืœื• ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 58 (1933โ€’1938) โ€ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”ึพืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื•โ€œ ืœืฆืณืœื• ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 125 (1950โ€’1952, ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื• ืœืฆืณืœื•, ืื•ืคืณ 58) ืงื•ื ืฆืณืจื˜ื™ื ื• ืœืฆืณืœื• ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 132 (1952, ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืžืกื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณ) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืžืกืณ 1 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 50 (1930) ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืžืกืณ 2 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 92 (1941) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืกืณ 1 ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 80 (1938โ€’1946) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœื—ืœื™ืœ ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืจื” ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 94 (1942, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื’ืจืกื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ [ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืกืณ 2], ืื•ืคืณ 94bis) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœืฆืณืœื• ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 119 (1949) ื‘ืœื“ื” ืœืฆืณืœื• ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 15 (1912) ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืœืงืœืจื™ื ื˜, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 34 (1919) ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืœืื‘ื•ื‘, ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜, ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ื•ืœื” ื•ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื‘ืก, ืื•ืคืณ 39 (1924) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 56 (1932) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืกื•ืœื• (ืื• ืœืื ืกืžื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ืกื•ืŸ) ื‘ืจื” ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 115 (1947) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืกืณ 1 ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 1 (1907โ€’1909) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืกืณ 2 ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 14 (1912) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืกืณ 3 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 28 (1907โ€’1917) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืกืณ 4 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 29 (1917) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืกืณ 5 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 38 (ื’ืจืกื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, 1923), ืื•ืคืณ 135 (ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, 1952โ€’1953) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืกืณ 6 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 82 (1939โ€’1940) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืกืณ 7 ื‘ืกื™ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 83 (1939โ€’1942) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืกืณ 8 ื‘ืกื™ึพื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 84 (1939โ€’1944) ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืกืณ 9 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–ืณื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 103 (1947) ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 2 (1909) ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 3 (1911) ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 4 (1910โ€’1912) ื˜ื•ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 11 (1912) ืขืฉืจื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 12 (1912โ€’1914) โ€ืกืจืงืื–ืžื™ืโ€œ, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 17 (1912โ€’1914) โ€ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืคื™ืโ€œ, ืขืฉืจื™ื ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 22 (1915โ€’1917) โ€ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ืชื ื”ื–ืงื ื”โ€œ, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 31 (1918) ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 32 (1918) โ€ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืœืขืฆืžืโ€œ, ืฉื ื™ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 45 (1928) ืฉืชื™ ืกื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืช (ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–ืณื•ืจ), ืื•ืคืณ 54 (1931โ€’1932) โ€ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชโ€œ, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (1933โ€’1933) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืึพืขืฉืจ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืงืœื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 65 (1935) ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืžืจ (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืกืงื™), ืื•ืคืณ 24 (1915โ€’1916, ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ึพ1927) ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื, ืื•ืคืณ 33 (1919) ืžืœืืš ื”ืืฉ, ืื•ืคืณ 37 (1919โ€’1927) ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื–ืจ, ืื•ืคืณ 86 (1940โ€’1941) ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™), ืื•ืคืณ 91 (1941โ€’1952) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ืœื˜ ืจื•ืžืื• ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื”, ืื•ืคืณ 64 (1935โ€’1936) ืกื™ื ื“ืจืœื”, ืื•ืคืณ 87 (1940โ€’1944) ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืกืงื™ืชื™ืช, ืื•ืคืณ 20 (1915) ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ื™ื˜ื ื ื˜ ืงื™ื–ืณื”, ืื•ืคืณ 60 (1933) ืคื˜ืจ ื•ื”ื–ืื‘, ืœืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ืื•ืคืณ 67 (1936) ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื ื™ื™ื‘ืกืงื™, ืงื ื˜ื˜ื” ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ืžืงื”ืœื” ื•ืžืฆื•ึพืกื•ืคืจืŸ, ืื•ืคืณ 78 (1939) ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืจื™, ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืชื•, ื ื”ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื, 2016. ื˜ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืฆ'ืืื•ื˜, ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืฉื‘ ืืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืจ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื”, 18 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2022 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืœื˜ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืœื ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1891 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1891 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1953 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1953
2024-07-22T17:44:13
ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืจืื•ื•ืœ
ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื–'ื•ื–ืฃ ืจืื•ื•ืœ (ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Maurice Joseph Ravel; 7 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1875 โ€“ 28 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1937) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช (ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงืœื•ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™). ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ืจ (Ciboure), ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืืจื™ืฅ (Biarritz) ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืกืงื™ื, ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืกืคืจื“. ืื™ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืงืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆื ื‘ืกืงื™, ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฆื™ื ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™, ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื•ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืœืื• ืœืจืื•ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืคืืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื’ืื• ื‘ื‘ื ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ, ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื•ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื–, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืคื•ืจื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืจื“ื ื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื "ื—ื•ืœื™ื’ื ื™ื" ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื ื™ืกื” ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืก ืจื•ืžื (ืคืจืก ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื), ืืš ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืจืก ืœื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืœื•ืื” ื‘-1905, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื”ืœ", ื”ืงื™ื ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืกืงื ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ืคืื•ื•ืืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื›ื” ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ "ื’ืกืคืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”", ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ื™ืกื™ ืžืชื–ืžืจ ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ (ื”ื•ื ืชื–ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” "ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ), ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขืฅ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืง ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื”. ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™, ืฉืงื˜ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื ืขืจืฆื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ืจื”ืžืก, ืืฃ ื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช "ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืžืฆื", ืžื—ืžืื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืชื–ืžืจ ื“ื’ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™, ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉืŸ ืžืื•ื“. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœื˜ "ื“ืคื ื™ืก ื•ื›ืœื•ืื”" ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืื’ื™ืœื‘. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืฉืขื”, ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื•ืœ, ืฉืืฃ ื”ืชืขืœื• ืขืœ "ืื‘ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื", ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™, ื•ื’ื ืืช ืชื–ืžื•ืจื• ื”ื ื•ืขื–, ืชื•ืš ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœื™ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1920 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืื’ื™ืœื‘, ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœืจืื•ื•ืœ ืืช ืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื• ืขืžื. ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช "ื‘ื•ืœืจื•". ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื, ืืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื, ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืงื˜ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื™ืœ, ืื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ ื•ื”ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”, ื•ื’ื ืœื›ืœื™ื ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื›ืžื• ืฆ'ืœืกื˜ื”. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื ื•ืขื– (ืžืกื•ืœื ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืกื•ืœื ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ) ื•ื‘ืžื˜ื— ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืžืชื›ืช, ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ืฆื” ื•ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื” ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื– ื ื›ืชื‘ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ ื•-"10". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1928 ืคืชื— ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื›ืš ืกื™ืคืจ, ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืจืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆืจืคืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื–ื›ื” ืœืชื•ืืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื˜ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“. ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื™ืฉื, ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932 ื ืงืœืข ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืœืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืกื‘ืœ ืžืืคื–ื™ื”, ืฉืžื ืขื” ืžืžื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืง ืœืžื•ื—ื•. ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื•: "ื“ื™ืื’ื™ืœื‘ ืžืช ื‘ืฆืจื—ื•ืช, ื’ื•ื’ื•ืœ ืžืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง, ืืš ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืžืช ืœืื˜, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืžื›ื•ืœ". ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช (ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื•) ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื• ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ืื– ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื ื‘ืกืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืกื˜ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงืœื•ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืืจื˜ ื•ืงื•ืคืจืŸ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง, ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืจืŸ". ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืขืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื’ื ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ื ื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื•ื”ืฉื›ื•ื— ืืจื ืกื˜ ืคื ืœื™, ืืš ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื™ื (ืคืกื ืชืจ, Jeux D'eau) (1901) ื’ืกืคืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” (ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืœื•ืื™ื–ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืจื˜ืจืืŸ, 1908) (Gaspard de la Nuit) ื“ืคื ื™ืก ื•ื›ืœื•ืื” (ื‘ืœื˜, 1909) (Daphnis et Chloรฉ), ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืžื”ื‘ืœื˜ ืฉืชื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืืžื ืื•ื•ื–ื”, ืจืื•ื•ืœ (ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, 1908โ€“1910, ื‘ืœื˜ 1911) (Ma Mรจre l'Oye) ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืจืŸ (ืคืกื ืชืจ, 1914โ€“1917, ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช 1919) (Le Tombeau de Couperin) ืœื” ื•ื•ืœืก ("ืคื•ืืžื” ื›ื•ืจืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช" ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, 1919โ€“1920) (La Valse) ืฆื™ื’ืืŸ (ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ, 1924) (Tzigane)-ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื“ ื–ืืช ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืœืจื• (ื‘ืœื˜, 1928) (Bolรฉro) ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืœื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืจื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ (1929โ€“1930) ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (1929โ€“1931) ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช (1907-Rapsodie espagnol) ืืœื‘ื•ืจืื“ื” ื“ืœ ื’ืจืืฆื™ื•ืกื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (1904, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘-1918) ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืืœื’ืจื•, ืœื ื‘ืœ, ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ื•ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ (1906). ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ืœ, ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜, ื—ืœื™ืœ ื•ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช: ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื, ื˜ืจื™ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืฆ'ืœื•, ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืฆ'ืœื•, ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ืงืกืžื™ื, ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืœืคื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜. ืคืื•ื•ืืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื›ื” ืฉืžืชื”, ืœืคืกื ืชืจ (1899) (Pavane Pour Une Infante Dรฉfunte) ืžืื™ืจืงื” ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ''', ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ืžื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื’ื™ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืจื’, ื”ื•ื•ืืœืก ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื•ืœ, ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ ืืชืจ "ื”ื‘ืžื”", ืขืœ "ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ืงืกืžื™ื" ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื‘ืกืงื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1875 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1937
2023-11-22T06:17:58
ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘
250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื™ื™ืœืก, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|350px|ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ - ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืกื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ึถื—ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื›-100,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ, ืขื•ื‘ื™ื” ื›-1,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืœ-400 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœ-220 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœืœื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค, ื›-6,000 ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘. ืงืฆื” ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“, ืืœื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื. ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืŸ ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืขืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืขืจื• ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื›ืกื’ื•ืจืก ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื™ื˜ื•ืก. ืœืขื•ืžืชื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™ืช. ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”"ืฉื‘ื™ืœ" ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื™, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจ. ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืชื•ืžืืก ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื“ื™ืกืง ื•ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•. ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ืจืฉืœ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื“ืฉื”, ื”ืขื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–. ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื—, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1924, ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”: ืื™ืœื• ื›ื•ื•ืฆื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืื– ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื—ืก, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื•ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื™ืžืฉืš ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืคืก ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจ, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›-600 ืง"ืž ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื’ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘-13.2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื›-600 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›-220 ืง"ืž ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืœืœื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืกื•ืชืจืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ืืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืคื•ืœื˜ืช ืื• ื‘ื•ืœืขืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘, ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืžืกืชื• ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื›ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช), ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”. ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื–ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื ืžื“ื“ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœื”. ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืฉืช A*, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ืช ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•. ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืง ื”ืคื—ื, ื”ื ืขื ื ื™ ืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืฉืช - ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”. ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ึพ22 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2024 ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉืืงื˜ื™, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืคื ื™ 12โ€“13 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืืœื "ื”ื™ื’ืจื•" ืืœื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื’ืื™ื”. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื›-26,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ืขืœ ื”"ื–ืจื•ืข" ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื’ื–, ืื‘ืง ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื–ืจื•ืข ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืžื“ ื”ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืžืฆืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืฉืชื™ ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘. ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื›-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”. ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื ืžื ื™ืช ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืกืคืจ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช. ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ (ืžื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืคื ื™ืžื”): ื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ (Cygnus Arm) ื–ืจื•ืข ืคืจืกืื•ืก (Perseus Arm) ื–ืจื•ืข ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (Orion Arm), ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื–ืจื•ืข ืงืฉืช () ื–ืจื•ืข ืžื’ืŸ-ืงื ื˜ืื•ืจ (Scutumโ€“Centaurus Arm) ื–ืจื•ืข ืกืจื’ืœ (Norma Arm) ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื›-20 ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื•, ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืคื” ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ืŸ ืžื’ืœืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขื ืŸ ืžื’ืœืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช: ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™ืช ืืจื™ื” II, ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™ืช ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™ืช ืชื ื•ืจ, ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™ืช ืกืงืกื˜ื ื˜ ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉื“ืจื™ืช. ื’ื ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™ืช ืคืกืœ ืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ, ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ืืœื™ืคืกื•ืื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ื ื ืกื™ืช ืงืฉืช, ื•ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™ืช ืืจื™ื” I, ืœื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช", ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ืœืœืช ื’ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืืœืคื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืจ-ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›-4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื•ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” , ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ืงื— ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ืชืžื–ื’ื• ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืœื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช. ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืŸ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืฉืžื”ึผ (ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช): ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื‘ืงืขื” ื—ืœื‘ื™ืช" ืื• "ื‘ืงืขื” ืœึทื‘ึฐื ื•ึผื ึดื™ืช"ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ืžืฉืœื™ ืœ ื™ื˜, ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื•ืืžืจื•ึน ื“ึถึผืจึถืšึฐึพืึณื ึดื™ึธึผื”", ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš "ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื™", ื•ื›ื™ื•ื "ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘". ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื "ื ื”ืจ ื“ื™-ื ื•ืจ" (ืžืืจืžื™ืช: ื ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ืืฉ)ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื“ืฃ ื "ื—.. ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืจืื• ื’ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืœืช-ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื‘ืืชืจ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ ืืกืฃ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžืจืขื™ืฉื”: ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืืชืจ nrg the_milky_ways_collision_with_the_andromeda_galaxy - ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžืืชืจ ื ืืก"ื Dark matter is putting the brakes on our Milky Way galaxy's spin, ืžืืช Space.com ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
2024-09-29T01:54:14
ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ
ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืฉื•ืคืŸ (ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช: Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin; ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Frรฉdรฉric Franรงois Chopin; 1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1810 โ€“ 17 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1849) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื– ืคื•ืœื ื™ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื™ื, ื”ืžื–ื•ืจืงื•ืช, ื”ืคื•ืœื•ื ื–ื™ื, ื”ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืืจืชื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืคืืจืง ืœืื–ื™ืื ืงื™ ื‘ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1810 (ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ืื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื•, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-22 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ), ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื–'ืœืื–ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื•ืœื” (ลปelazowa Wola) ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืื–ื•ื‘ื™ื” (Mazowia), ืื– ื‘ื“ื•ื›ืกื•ืช ื•ืจืฉื”. ืื‘ื™ื•, ื ื™ืงื•ืœื ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžืœื•ืจืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘-1787 ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื”. ื ื™ืงื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘-1806 ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ื™ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื” ืงื–'ื™ื–'ืื ื•ื‘ืกืงื” (Justyna Krzyลผanowska), ืงืจื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืกืงืจื‘ืง, ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืืฆืœืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื. ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื, 23 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1810, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืจื•ื›ื•ื‘ (Brochรณw) ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืื–ื•ื‘ื™ื”. ืกื ื“ืงื• ื‘ืŸ ื”-18, ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื, ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืง ืกืงืจื‘ืง (Fryderyk Skarbek), ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื. ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’, ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืœื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” (Ludwika), ื•ืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ื•ืืžื™ืœื™ื”. ื ื™ืงื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืžืืžืฆืช, ื•ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 7 ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืคื•ืœื•ื ื–ื™ื (ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ). ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืฉืžื• ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืจืฉื”. ืžื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆ'ืš ื–'ื™ื‘ื ื™ (Wojciech Zywny), ืืฉืจ ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1816โ€“1822. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืžื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื•ืจืคืœ (Wilhelm Wรผrfel), ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1826 ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืก ืžืžื•ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ืจืฉื”, ืืš ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืืœืกื ืจ (Jรณzef Elsner), ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื” ืœื• ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืš ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืคื“ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ืจืฉื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืืœืกื ืจ ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืกื•ืคื™: "ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ืค., ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™.". ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘-1829 ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืกื ืจ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช: ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืžืชื•ืš "ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™" ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ (ื”ืืจื™ื” "Lร  ci darem la mano" - "ืฉื ื ืฉืœื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื"), ืื•ืคื•ืก 2, ืจื•ื ื“ื• "ื ืœื” ืงืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืืง", ืื•ืคื•ืก 14, ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคื•ืœื ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืคื•ืก 13, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜, ืื•ืคื•ืก 22, ื”ืžื ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืง "ืื ื“ื ื˜ื” ืกืคื™ืื ื˜ื•" ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1829 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœ ื•ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื ื“ื• "ื ืœื” ืงืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืืง" ื•ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™". ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืื•ืจ. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ืŸ ื—ืœืฉ ืžื“ื™, ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื• ื›ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ื’ืื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ. ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช (ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ), ืืช ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืืœืกื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืจืงื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืชื›ื ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉื ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1830 ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื•ืจืฉื” ื•ื‘ื• ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ื‘-2 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืขื–ื‘ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื›ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (Tytus Woyciechowski), ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืขื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื›ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื™ืฆื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืชืงื•ืžื; ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื ื•ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื•, ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืื’ื” ืœืืจืฆื• ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืืœืกื ืจ ื›ืชื‘: "ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉื•ื•ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื–ืจื— ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืืฃ ืื ื–ื” ื›ืš, ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ืกืชื™. ื›ืคื•ืœื ื™ โ€“ ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ 20." ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1831 ื•ื‘ื• ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื–ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉ ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื”, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืงืจืฆื• ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก 20 ื•ืืช ื”ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืคื•ืก 10. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืชืจ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื ืกื™ืขืชื• ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื‘-28 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื•ืžืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื˜ื•ื˜ื’ืจื˜. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉื ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืจืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื. ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื—ืœื” ื‘ืงื“ื—ืช, ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื ืคืฉื™. ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื• ื›ืชื‘: "ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช... ื”ื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ืืชื” ืงื™ื™ื? ืืชื” ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื™ื ืš ื ื•ืงื. ื”ืื ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืœื ื—ื˜ืื” ืžืกืคื™ืง? ืื• โ€“ ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืš ืžื•ืกืงื‘ืื™... ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื! ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื’ื ื•ื—, ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ!". ืคืจื™ื– ื•ืžืจื™ื” ื•ื•ื“ื–'ื™ื ืกืงื™ โ€“ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1831 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœืคืจื™ื–, ื•ืคื’ืฉ ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื—ื• ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื“ ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื. ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื›ืืžืŸ ื’ื“ืœื• ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜, ืคืœื™ืงืก ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื ื™, ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื– ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1831 ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™" ื‘ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’. ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฉื•ืžืืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื›ืชื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” "Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung": . ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ืื”ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืกืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืคืชื—ื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“. ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืคืœื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืคืขื ืื—ืช โ€“ ื‘ืงืจืœืกื‘ืื“, ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1835. ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ (Aleksander Hoffman), ืคืœื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื–ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ ืืช ืคืจื™ื–, ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœื’ื•ืจ ืขื ื™ืืŸ ืžืื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™ (Jan Matuszynski), ืจื•ืคื ืคื•ืœื ื™ ืื—ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ืจื–ื“ืŸ, ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื•ื“ื–'ื™ื ืกืงื™ (Wodzinski), ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ืžืจื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ื ืขืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ืจืืชื” ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืจื‘, ื•ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืขื ืžืจื™ื” ื‘ืช ื”-17 ื•ืขื ืืžื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจื–ื“ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžืจื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœื•. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื ืขื ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ืืš ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื”, ืœืื—ืจ "ืฉื ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ", ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉืฉื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ืชืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ืœื‘ืชื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•. ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืคืŸ. ื–'ื•ืจื–' ืกืื ื“ โ€“ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื•ื–'ื•ืจื–' ืกืื ื“ ืžืืช ืื–'ืŸ ื“ืœืงืจื•ืื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ื—ืชื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ืื•ืคื•ืก 53 ("ื”ื”ืจื•ืื™") ืžืฉื ืช 1842. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1837 ื ืกืข ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืงืืžื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืœ (Camille Pleyel) (ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื ืฅ ืคืœื™ื™ืœ), ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจ. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงืฉืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืขื ื”ืกื•ืคืจืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื” ื–'ื•ืจื–' ืกืื ื“. ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘-6 ืฉื ื™ื, ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœืฉื•ืคืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ โ€“ ืจื•ืš, ื—ื•ื ื•ื“ืื’ื” ืื™ืžื”ื™ืช. ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ 1838-1839 ื‘ืื™ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืžื™ื•ืจืงื”. ืฉื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ืžื–ื’-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื, ื—ืœื” ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืืฆืœื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืคืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ืœืฉ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช: ืกื“ืจืช ื”-24 ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื, ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ื‘ืœื“ื” ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืกืงืจืฆื• ื‘ื“ื• ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื–ืจืชื ืžืžื™ื•ืจืงื”, ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืœืžื” ื‘ืžืจืกื™ื™ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื–'ื•ืจื–' ืกืื ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืืŸ (Nohant), ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฆืจืคืช. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1846, ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืคืจื™ื– ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื• ืืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืกื•ืคืจืช ื›ืืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื ืฉื•ื™, ืืฃ ืฉื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืื—ื“ ืืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1847 ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื ื ืคืจื“ื•. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืฉืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–'ื•ืจื–' ืกืื ื“, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืฉื ืื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืืžื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–'ื•ืจื–' ืกืื ื“, ืื ื“ืจื” ืžื•ืจื•ืื”, ืžื‘ื™ื ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกืื ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ ืขื ืืžื”, ื”ืกื™ืชื” ืืช ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืกืื ื“ ื•ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ. ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื•ืืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืคื•ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™. ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1848 ื ืกืข ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืœืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“. ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•, ื’ืจื ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื•. ื‘-16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1848, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ืฉืชืงืคื” ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืคืจื™ื–. ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ, ื•ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ืœ ืœืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1849, ืื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื•ื•ืจืฉื” ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•. ื‘-17 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1849 ื ืคื˜ืจ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื• ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 39 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจ ืœืฉื– ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื•ื•ืืชื• ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื™ื‘ื• ืžื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช "ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ" ืฉื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื”, ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” (ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืจื›ื–ื”). ืฉืืœืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœ. ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืกื™ื• ืขื ืžืจื™ื” ื•ื•ื“ื–'ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื•ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื›"ืžืกืš ืœื”ืกืชืจืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืคืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื›ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื›ืชื‘ . ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืžื•ืจื™ืฅ ื•ื•ื‘ืจ (Moritz Weber) ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื•ืกื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ืืœืืŸ ื•ื•ืงืจ (Alan Walker) ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืขื ืกืื ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœ"ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ ื—ื•ืœืฃ" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื›ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืืš ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ "ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™", ื•ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืžืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•-ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ืฆ'ื” ื’ืœื“ื•ื‘ืกืงื”, ืžืžื ื” ื”ื•ืงืกื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1927 ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ืœ 5 ืฉื ื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉืžื• - ื•ืžื•ืขื ืง ื‘ื” "ื’ืจืืŸ ืคืจื™ ื“ื• ื“ื™ืกืง ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ". ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื•ืจืฉื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ื‘-1934 ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืข"ืฉ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœ"ื—ื‘ืจืช ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ" ื”ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืœืจื’ืœ ืžืœืืช ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉื ืช 2010 ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ "ืฉื ืช ืฉื•ืคืŸ". ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื” ื”ื•ืงื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ "ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ", ื•ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฆื’ ืคืกื ืชืจื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื•ืกืฃ ื›ืชื‘ื™-ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•. ื‘-10 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2010 ื ื—ื ืš ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื•ืืœื“ืžื•ืกื™ Valldemossie, ื‘ื–'ื ื‘ื”, ืคืจื™ื–, ื“ื•ืฉื ื™ืงื™-ื–ื“ืจื•ื™ (ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ), ื’ื ื˜ ื•ื›ื•'. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1999 "ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช" ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืืช ืคืจืกื™ "ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง" ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื”ืคืกืœื•ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืื•ืกืงืจ ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืคืจืก. ื‘"ืคืืจืง ืœื–'ื™ื™ื ืงื™" ลazienki ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื” ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ืžืืช ื”ืคืกืœ ื•ืืฆืœื‘ ืฉื™ืžื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื’ื‘ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ. ืžืฆื•ืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื’'ื•ืจื’', ื‘ืื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืœื ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•: "ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”" (Nocturno der Liebe, 1919), ืกืจื˜ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืื™ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ ืงืืจืœ ื‘ื•ืกื”, ืขื ืงื•ื ืจื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ื˜ (ื›ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ), ื’ืจื˜ืจื•ื“ ื•ื•ืœืงืจ (ื›ืกื•ื ื™ื” ืจืื“ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื”, ื–ืžืจืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžื•ื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืฉื•ืคืŸ ื—ื™ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”), ืจื™ื˜ื” ืงืœื™ื™ืจืžื•ื ื˜ (ื›ืžืจื™ื•ืœืงื”, ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื• ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื•) ื•ืืจื ื” ื“ื ืจื” (ื›ื–'ื•ืจื–' ืกืื ื“). ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืจืงืข.Der Film magazine, nr. 2, 11 January 1919, pages 39-40Der Kinematograph magazine, nr. 627, 8 January 1919 "ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื–ื›ืจ" A song to remember , ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื•ื™ื“ื•ืจ, (1945) ืขื ืงื•ืจื ืœ ื•ื™ื™ืœื“ Cornell Wilde ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื•ืคืŸ. "ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ" La note bleue, ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ ืื ื“ื–'ื™ื™ ื–ื•ืœื‘ืกืงื™ (1991), ืขื ื™ืื ื•ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ื™ื ื™ืฆืืง, ืžืจื™-ืคืจืื ืก ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื”, ืกื•ืคื™ ืžืจืกื•, ื ืขืžื™ ื ื“ืœืžืŸ ื•ื›ื•'. "ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืื”ื‘ืชื™" (1991), ืขื ื™ื• ื’ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื•ืคืŸ. "ืฉื•ืคืŸ:ืชืฉื•ืงืช ืื”ื‘ื”" (2002), ืกืจื˜ ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ ื™ื™ื–'ื™ ืื ื˜ืฆ'ืืง ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช (1800โ€“1900) ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืืคื” ืœื”ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืคืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™). ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืืžื ื ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืžื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื”ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ. ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื•ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 20 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืจื™ื–. ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ 39 ืฉื ื”. ื’ื ืžื•ืฆืื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื”. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืจืคืช ื•ืืžื• ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื ื™ (ืคื•ืœื•ื ื–ื™ื, ืžื–ื•ืจืงื•ืช) ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืจืคื•ืžื˜ื•ืจ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” (ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข) ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช: ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื - ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื›ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืคืจืง "ืขื™ืงืจื™", ืืœื ื›ื–'ืื ืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืžืœื ื‘ืจื’ืฉ, ืื•ืคื™ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช 16 ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืคืจืœื•ื“ ืžืก' 7 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ). ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืš, ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืฆืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ (ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืš) ืืœื ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช. ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื - ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื”ืคืš ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืžืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื. ื”ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” (ื›ืžื• ืื™ื’ื ืฅ ืžื•ืฉืœืก ืื• ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืœื˜) ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืงืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืื• ืžืขืงืžื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื•ืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื›ื•ืœื”. ืกืงืจืฆื™ - ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืกืงืจืฆื™ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืกืงืจืฆื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื›ืคืจืง ืขืฆืžืื™, ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ื ืื˜ื”. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกืงืจืฆื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื™ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ (ื‘ื—ืœืงื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื ื•ื’ื“ ืœื”ื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขืฆื•ื. ื”ืกืงืจืฆื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœืš ืจื•ื— ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื™ืžืคืจื•ืžืคื˜ื™ - ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื•ืžืคื˜ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ (ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื”ื ืื™ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืœื ืžืจืฅ, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื‘ืœื“ื”, ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืกื•ื—ืฃ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ืช - ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื’ืœ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ืฉื”ืคืงื™ืข ืืช ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”"ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช", ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืื–ื ื” ื•ืœื ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“. ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืจืงื•ืช, ื”ืคื•ืœื•ื ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื•ืืœืกื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื’ืื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื•ืืœืกื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื, ื‘ืžื–ื•ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœื•ื ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืคื•ืœื ื™ื™ื, ืืš ืฆื•ื‘ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™. ื”ืคื•ืœื•ื ื–ื™ื - ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื›ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื•ืชื• ืœื: ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ ื•ืžื”ื•ืจื”ืจ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืกื•ืขืจ ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™. ื”ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (Hรฉroรฏque), ืื•ืคื•ืก 53. ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืœื‘ืœื“ื”, ืืš ื–ื”ื• ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืกืคืง. ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ. ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื“ื’ื•ืœื™ื (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ) ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื ื’ื ื• ื›ื”ื“ืจืŸ. ืžื–ื•ืจืงื•ืช - ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืจืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ - ืืœื• ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ืžื–ื•ืจืงื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื”ื˜ ื”ืกื•ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื•ื ื–ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืืœืกื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืฉื ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื. ื”ืžื–ื•ืจืงื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื ืงืฉืจื” ืœืขื“ ืืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช - ื”ื‘ืœื“ื” ื•ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืืฆืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื™ื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื“, ื•ื”ื ืงื˜ืขื™ ืื•ืคื™ ืงืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืฉืจื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” "ืœื™ืœื™ืช". ื”ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ (ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ื ืื˜ื”, ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื•ืคืŸ ืคื ื” ืืœื™ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช), ื•ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืคืŸ ืืคื™ ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื™ื - ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื ื›ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื• (ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื“ ื›ืชื‘ ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•), ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืืคืฉืจื™ืช: ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืคื•ืก 9 ืžืกืคืจ 2, ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ืœื“, ื•ืขื“ ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืคื•ืก 48 ืžืกืคืจ 1, ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืกื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช - ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืจื—ื‘. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” (ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืžืืŸ, ืœื• ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืœื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”) ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื ื• ืœื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ืืš ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช 2 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื™ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช: ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 11 ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 21 ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™" ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ืื•ืคื•ืก 2 ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื ืคื•ืœื ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืคื•ืก 13 ืจื•ื ื“ื• ื ืœื” ืงืจืืงื•ื‘ื™ืืง ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 14 ื’ืจื ื“ ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ ื‘ืžื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 22 ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืฆ'ืœื•, ืื•ืคื•ืก 3 ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ, ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 8 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืฆ'ืœื• ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 65 ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืงื•ืœ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 74 (ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืกื•ืœื• 3 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืกื•ืœื•: ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืก' 1 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 4 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืกื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 35 ืกื•ื ืื˜ื” ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 58 4 ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช: ื‘ืœื“ื” ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 23 ื‘ืœื“ื” ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 38 ื‘ืœื“ื” ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, 47 ื‘ืœื“ื” ืžืก' 4 ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 52 4 ืกืงืจืฆื™: ืกืงืจืฆื• ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 20 ืกืงืจืฆื• ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืกื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 31 ืกืงืจืฆื• ืžืก' 3 ื‘ื“ื•-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 39 ืกืงืจืฆื• ืžืก' 4 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 54 4 ืื™ืžืคืจื•ืžืคื˜ื•: ืื™ืžืคืจื•ืžืคื˜ื• ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 29 ืื™ืžืคืจื•ืžืคื˜ื• ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืคื”-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 36 ืื™ืžืคืจื•ืžืคื˜ื• ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืกื•ืœ-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 51 ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”-ืื™ืžืคืจื•ืžืคื˜ื• ื‘ื“ื•-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืกื•ืœื• ืื•ืคื•ืก 66 (ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•) 21 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื™ื: ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืกื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 9 ืžืก' 1 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืžื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 9 ืžืก' 2 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 9 ืžืก' 3 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 4 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 15 ืžืก' 1 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 5 ื‘ืคื”-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 15 ืžืก' 2 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 6 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 15 ืžืก' 3 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 7 ื‘ื“ื•-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 27 ืžืก' 1 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 8 ื‘ืจื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 27 ืžืก' 2 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 9 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 32 ืžืก' 1 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 10 ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 32 ืžืก' 2 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 11 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 37 ืžืก' 1 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 12 ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 37 ืžืก' 2 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 13 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 48 ืžืก' 1 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 14 ื‘ืคื”-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 48 ืžืก' 2 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 15 ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 55 ืžืก' 1 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 16 ื‘ืžื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 55 ืžืก' 2 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 17 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 62 ืžืก' 1 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 18 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 62 ืžืก' 2 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 19 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 72 ืžืก' 1 ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 20 ื‘ื“ื•-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) - ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืคื•ืœื ืกืงื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืจื˜. ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืก' 21 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื›ึพ60 ืžื–ื•ืจืงื•ืช 24 ืคืจืœื•ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืคื•ืก 28 12 ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืคื•ืก 10: ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 1 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ "ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช" ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 4 ื‘ื“ื•-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 5 ื‘ืกื•ืœ-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ "ืงืœื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื" ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 6 ื‘ืžื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 7 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 8 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 9 ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 10 ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 11 ื‘ืžื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 12 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ "ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”" 12 ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืคื•ืก 25: ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 4 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 5 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 6 ื‘ืกื•ืœ-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 7 ื‘ืกื•ืœ-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 8 ื‘ืจื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 9 ื‘ืกื•ืœ-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ "ืคืจืคืจื™ื" ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 10 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 11 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 12 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ "ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก" ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื•ืก: ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืจื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ 19 ื•ืืœืกื™ื: ื’ืจืื ื“ ื•ืืœืก ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜, ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 1 ื‘ืžื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 18 ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 2 ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 34 ืžืก' 1 ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 34 ืžืก' 2 ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 4 ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 34 ืžืก' 3 ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 5 ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 42 ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 6 ื‘ืจื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 64 ืžืก' 1 "ื•ืืœืก ื”ื“ืงื”" ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 7 ื‘ื“ื•-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 64 ืžืก' 2 ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 8 ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 64 ืžืก' 3 ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 9 ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 69 ืžืก' 1 (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 10 ื‘ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 69 ืžืก' 2 (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 11 ื‘ืกื•ืœ-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 70 ืžืก' 1 (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 12 ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 70 ืžืก' 2 (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 13 ื‘ืจื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 70 ืžืก' 3 (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 14 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 15 ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 16 ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 17 ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 18 ื‘ืžื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื•ืืœืก ืžืก' 19 ื‘ืžื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื‘ืจืงืจื•ืœื” ื‘ืคื”-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 60 16 ืคื•ืœื•ื ื–ื™ื: ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ื“ื•-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 26 ืžืก' 1 ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืžื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 26 ืžืก' 2 ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 40 ืžืก' 1 (Militaire) ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 40 ืžืก' 2 ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืคื”-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 44 ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 53 (Hรฉroรฏque) ืคื•ืœื•ื ื–-ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 61 ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 71 ืžืก' 1 (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืกื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 71 ืžืก' 2 (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 71 ืžืก' 3 (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืกื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืกื•ืœ-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืกื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ืคื•ืœื•ื ื– ื‘ืกื•ืœ-ื“ื™ืื– ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื‘ื•ืœืจื• ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 19 "ืฉื™ืจ ืขืจืฉ" (Berceuse) ื‘ืจื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 57 ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 49 ื˜ืจื ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืœื”-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 43 Allegro de concert ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 46 ืจื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 1 ืจื•ื ื“ื• ื ืœื” ืžื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 5 ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืจื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ืžื™-ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ, ืื•ืคื•ืก 16 ืจื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ื“ื• ื”ืืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ (ืœืœื ื”ืฆื“ืงื”) ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ ืืจืกื™. ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื•ื”ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ื›ื™ "ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ืื’ื ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืงืจืกื•ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ". ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžื•ื•ืื’ื ืจ, ืœื ื ืชืคืฉ ื›ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื—ืจืžื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ืฉื ื• ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ (ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960, ืœืจื’ืœ ืžืœืืช 150 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ). ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 1939 ืืฉื” ืคื•ืœื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืคืื•ืœื™ื ื” ืฆ'ืจื ื™ืฆืงื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืืช ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื’'ืจืžื™ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก, ืฉื•ืคืŸ: ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• (ืกืคืจ ืคืœื•ืก ืฉื ื™ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื), ืชืจื’ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ืขื“ื• ืื‘ืจื‘ืื™ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื˜ืจ, 2008. Franz Liszt, The Life of Chopin, Andrews U.K. Ltd., 2010 Jim Samson, Chopin, Oxford University Press, 1998 J. Cuthbert Hadden, Chopin, Cambridge Scholars Press, 2002 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ืคืŸ , ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜"ื— ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ืืชืจ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ืืชืจ musikethos.org ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ Classic Cat ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ Classical Connect ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจ ืœืฉื– ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื‘ื ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžื’ื•ืคื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ: ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื“ื™ ืคืœื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ืžืฉื—ืคืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1810 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1849
2024-09-15T04:09:14
ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘
ื ึดื™ืงื•ึนืœึทืื™ ืึทื ึฐื“ึฐืจึถื™ึถื™ื‘ึดื™ืฅ' ืจึดื™ืžึฐืกึฐืงึดื™-ืงื•ึนืจึฐืกึทืงื•ึนื‘ (ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะะธะบะพะปะฐะน ะะฝะดั€ะตะตะฒะธั‡ ะ ะธะผัะบะธะน-ะšะพั€ัะฐะบะพะฒ; 18 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1844, ื˜ื™ื—ื•ื•ื™ืŸ โ€“ 21 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1908, ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™, ืฉื ืžื ื” ืขื ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”" โ€“ ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืฉืืคื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืื•ืžื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ืกื™ื”. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืŸ ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™, ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื 15 ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืืจ ืกืœื˜ืืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ืœืœืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกื˜ืืกื•ื‘. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืœื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื–ื. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1871 ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 27. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœ"ื—ืžื™ืฉื”". ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืขืฉืจื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืืช ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื• ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืžืคืงื— ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ืžืงืจื™ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื• ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืกื“ืงื• (ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืกื“ืงื• ืžืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ) ื•ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”. ื‘ืขืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืคืงื— ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืขืฅ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืžืชื›ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื–ืžื•ืจ. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืกืฃ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื‘ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืžื—ื ืš. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืืคื•ื ืœ"ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™" ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืจื•ืื” ื‘"ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™". ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื. ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”, ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื–, ืคืจื ืฅ ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ื’ื ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืœื-ืจื•ืกื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืจืื•ื•ืœ, ืงืœื•ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™, ืคื•ืœ ื“ื™ืงื ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืจืกืคื™ื’ื™. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|225x225px|ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘.ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘-18 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1844 ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืฉืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืจื•ื“), ื›-200 ืง"ืž ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืจืœื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื• ื”ืฆืืจ, ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™ 1677 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™:"ืจื™ืžืกืงื™" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืจื•ืžื™", ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฆื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื” ืž"ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™" - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืฆ'ื›ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื‘-22 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืžืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืืฆืœ ืื•ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืชื•. ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ (1784-1862), ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืฉืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื˜ื ื ื˜ ื’ื ืจืœ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืืžื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื• ืขื ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ืืจืงืฆ'ื™ื™ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ื. ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืฉืช ื”ืื—ื™ื. ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืื ื“ืจื™ื™, ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื›ืกื’ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœ ื ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืจื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื•ื•ื”ืœื™ืŸ. ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืกื™ืœื™ื‘ืื ื” ืจื™ืžืกืงืื™ื”-ืงื•ืจืกืืงื•ื‘ื” (1802-1890) ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืช ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืœ ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ืคื“ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืกืงืืจื™ืื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืืฆื™ืœื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16. ืื‘ื™ื” ื’ื™ื“ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืœืื”, ืืš ืขื ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจ, ื•ืกื™ืœื™ื‘ืื ื”, ื•ืœืœื ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ืงื™. ื›ืฉืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืคื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื”, ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืืœืžืŸ. ืืฉืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืงื ื™ืื–ื” ื•ืฉืžื” ื™ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ืžืฉืฆ'ืจืกืงืื™ื”, ืžืชื” ืจืง ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกืงืจื™ืื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื• ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื‘ืชื•, ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ "ื’ื ื‘" ื‘ืกืชืจ ืืช ื›ืœืชื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉื ื ื™ืฉืื•. ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื‘-22 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื•ื˜ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื ืงืจื ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1822 ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืกืงื•ื ืจ "ื•ื•ืกื˜ื•ืง" ื‘ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื™ื‘ืคื™ืžื™ ืคื•ื˜ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 49 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1871 ื‘ืคื™ื–ื” ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืืžื• ื ื™ื’ื ื” ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ, ื ืœืงื— ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื’ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, "ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ืœโ€ฆ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืงืฆื‘". ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘.ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืฉืœื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืชืฉืข. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืื˜ ื‘ืฉื "ืคืจืคืจ". ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืžืงืจื™ืืชื• ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืื”ื‘ื” ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ื "ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื•ืœื". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1856, ื ืจืฉื ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื-ืขืฉืจื” ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆ'ืœื• ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืื•ืœื™ื™ืš. ืื—ื™ื• ืžื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืชื•. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”-12 ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฆื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ืžืจ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1862. ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขื ืงืื ื™ืœ ืื•ืœื™ื™ืš, ืžื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื” ืื—ืจ, ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืงืื ื™ืœ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1859, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืžืงืื ื™ืœ, ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ื”. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืื ื™ืœ, ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืืช ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฉื•ืžืืŸ. ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืงืื ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ื›ืกื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžื™ื“. ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืœ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ืคืกื ืชืจ, ืืœื ืœืชืช ืœืžืœื— ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื•ืžืืŸ, ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืืŸ, ืคืจื ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜, ื•ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื™ื™ืจื‘ื™ืจ. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื”ืคืงื•ืช ืื•ืคืจื”, ื•ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื•ืฆ'ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืœืžืจืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืื˜ื ื• ื“ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ื™ ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’'ืืงื•ืžื• ืžืื™ื™ืจื‘ืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ืจื•ืกืœืืŸ ื•ืœื•ื“ืžื™ืœื”" ืžืืช ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื–, ื ื™ื›ืจื” ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืœื—ืŸ ืžืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ืจืืœื™ื ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืงื”ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืฉืจื” ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืช ืžืืช ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”: "ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืืจ", ื•ืืฃ ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื™ืฆืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื—ืžื”, ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ืฉืžืชื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืขื“ ืื–, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 17, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”. ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ืงื˜ืข ื”ืกื™ื•ื. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ืžื•ืจื• ืงืื ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืžื ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘: "ืœื, ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœืš ืืช ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘! ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•." ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื”. ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1861. ืงืื ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ืœื™ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘. ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืฉื”ื” ืืฆืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื•ื”ื ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ 17, ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืฆืœ ืงืื ื™ืœ. ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1866. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื ืขืจ, 1856.ืงืื ื™ืœ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœื ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืืœื ืœื ื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื• ืืช ืฆื–ืืจ ืงื•ืื™ ื•ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื”ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืชื: "ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ื ื’ ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื [ื“ื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘] ืขืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจ, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื•ืœื™! ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื›ืžื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื! ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื ืงืœืขืชื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื™, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฉื ื—ื–ืง." ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช. ื•ื›ืฉืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืจืื” ืœื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•-ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ืฉืžื” "ืจื•ืกื™ื”", ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืฉืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื”. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืงืœื™ืคืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืžืกืข ืฉืืจืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1862, ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืกื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืจื›ืฉ ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืžืœ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคืกื ืชืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืžื™ืœื ืืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื– ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชื–ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืขื’ื ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื•ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื™ื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืืช ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก, ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ, ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืœืจ ื•ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืชื” ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืช ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘. ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžื”ืฆื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1873. "ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื–ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”", ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืš ืœื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ: "ืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื™, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ืื ื›ื™, ืื ื ืืžืจ, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื™ืžื— ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ืœืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื™". ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื ื—ืœืฉืช. "ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ืœืงืจืืช ืžืื™ 1862, ื”ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืกืงืจืฆื• ื•ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”. ื”ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื–ื›ื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื“ื’'ื™ื• ืœื ื ื—ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ: ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉืชื™ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื ื’ื™ื ื”. ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžื ืข ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ื ื•ืช. ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ื“ื ื˜ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืœื ื• ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื•ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ. ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ ืคืกื ืชืจ (ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•), ืื•ืœื™ ืคืขื ืื• ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ." ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•"ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”" ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|296x296px|ืžื™ืœื™ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืงืฉื•ื—. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ืืš ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื ื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืžื ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืกืงื ื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’.ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืื™ 1865. ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ, ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืกืชื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ "ื ื‘ืœืโ€ฆ ืœื ื”ืขืกืงืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ." ืื•ืœื ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1865 ื’ืจืžื” ืœื• "ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืชื•ื›ื”". ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ, 1866 ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘ (ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘). ื”ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืžืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘. ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืœื ืขืฆืจ ืจืง ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืืœื ืืฃ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ื–ื›ืจ:"ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ืืจื‘ืข ืื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื™ื“ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชื— ืขืœื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื‘ื— ื•ืžืฉื‘ื— ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืœื•ืขื’ ืœื”ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ ืœืกืœื•ื“ ืžื”ืŸ." ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘.ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ื–ื›ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ: "ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืœื ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืื™ืชื™. ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืขื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื™ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืฉืœืžืชื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืืœืชื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•". ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื ืงืช, ื•ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžื ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฉื‘ื— ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื›ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ. ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืกืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกื˜ืืกื•ื‘, ืžื‘ืงืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ะœะพะณัƒั‡ะฐั ะบัƒั‡ะบะฐ" (ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”). ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ื“ืŸ ืื™ืชื ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ืคื ื” ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืชื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื ืฉืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืกืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืคืืŸ ืกืœืื‘ื™ื–ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1867. ื‘ืกืงื™ืจืชื• ืขืœ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื–ื”, ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกื˜ืืกื•ื‘ ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ Moguchaya kuchka (ะœะพะณัƒั‡ะฐั ะบัƒั‡ะบะฐ) ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘. ืžื–ื”ย ื™ืฆื ื”ืžื•ื ื—: ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "ืื ื˜ืจืงื˜" ื”ืœืš ื›ืš: ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” "ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืกืจื‘ื™ืช" ืžืืช ืžืจ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช, ื’'ื™ื‘ืจื™ืฉ - ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืกืจ ืฆื‘ืข, ื—ืกืจ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื—ืกืจ ื—ื™ื™ื!" ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ืขื™ืจ ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจ ืื™ืœื™ืฅ' ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื• ืฉืขืจืš ื‘ื ื•ืฉื: ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกื˜ืืกื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื™: ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื”ืกืจื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• ืกื“ืงื• ื•ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•: ืื ื˜ืืจ , ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื›ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”: ืœืžืขืœื”: ืžื™ืœื™ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืฆื–ืืจ ืงื•ืื™ ื•ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”: ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื–ื” ื ื’ืจื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื: ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืจื™ื—ื•ืงื• ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ. ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืช ืื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืชื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืคืš ืื˜ ืื˜ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื ืคืœ ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืกืœืื‘ื•ืคื™ืœื™ืช. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ื™ืชืงื• ืื™ืชื• ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืžื’ืข. ื›ืฉื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ. ื”ื•ื ื ืกื•ื’ ืœืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•, ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ืจืžืจ, ื”ืชื ื›ืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื, ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืื– ืœืžืจื›ื– ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”. ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื•ืขืข ื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ "ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”". ื”ื ืžืชื—ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื•ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ ืขื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• "ื”ื“ื”ื™ืžื”" ืื•ืชื•. ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ: "ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื•. ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืืฆืœื• ืžืฆืืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœื ืคืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืจืชื•. ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื– ื—ืกืจ ืฆื‘ืข, ื•ื–ื™ืงืง ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžื›ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื•. ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ืจื™ื ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ืœืจื™ืง." ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืœื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™. ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื•ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื ื™ื’ื ื• ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื“ื•ืื˜ื™ื. ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ื˜ื• "ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”, ืฉื•ืžืืŸ ื•ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ". ืžื ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ "ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื™ื", ื‘ืืš "ืจืง ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืจื’ืฉ", ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื– "ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขืจืš ืžืื•ื“", ืœื™ืกื˜ "ื ื›ื” ื•ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช", ืขืœ ื•ื’ื ืจ ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ "ื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคื’ ืืช ื˜ืขืžื ืฉืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื•ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ืœืœื ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”". ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืžืขื• ืœืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžืœืื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืœื ืžื ืขื” ืžืžื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”. ื”ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”", ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืœื” ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืชื, ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืžืชื–ืžืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืœืชื–ืžืจ ืžืืจืฉ ืžืืช ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืžืื™ 1868, ืฆื–ืืจ ืงื•ืื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืชื–ืžืจ ืืช ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• "ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืจื˜ืงืœื™ืฃ" ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื“ืืจื’ื•ืžื™ื–'ืกืงื™. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”. ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™,1870. ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื’ื•ื“ื•ื ื•ื‘, ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฆ'ื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืงื™ืจื—. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1871, ืขื‘ืจ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื“ื™ืจืชื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื• ืœื—ื“ืจ. ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืื• ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ืงืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช. "ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกืชื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ืฉื ื™ื ื• ืขืกืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”", ื›ืชื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, "ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช, ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืชื–ืžืจ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืื ื™ ืชื–ืžืจืชื™ ื•ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืจืชืช ืžืคืกืงื•ื‘." ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืืฉืชื• ื‘-27 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1871: "..., ืžืื– ืฉื”ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื“ืจ, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื—ื“, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืฉื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจืฆื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื–ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืจื•, ื”ืจืก ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืœืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืฉืžืช, ืชื™ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ, ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช - ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช, ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš". ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื”, ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืคืงื— ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1871, ื”ืชืžื ื” ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื”-27 ืœืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ ืคืขื™ืœ, ื•ืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื (ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืืช ืžื“ื™ื”ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“). ืฉื ื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘, ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ ื•ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™. ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืื–ื ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืจืฆื” ืฉืื“ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื–ื˜ืœื™ืŸ (Mikhail Tsetlin) ืžืฆื™ืข ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–ื ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืกืคื’ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืฆื“ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื–ืžื ืชื• ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื ืœืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ืจื”. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืืงืœื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื. ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื–ืืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืืš ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื–ืจื ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™. ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื ืกืžืš ืขืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืกื“ืงื• ื•ืื ื˜ืืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™. ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื•ื ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืœื ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื. ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืขื ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ื—ืžื™ืฉื”" ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืžื–ื“ืžืŸ ืขืžื•. ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœ"ื—ืžื™ืฉื”", ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื•ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœ-3 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื“ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืคื•ื’ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื”ืœื”, ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื-ืงืคืœื”. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืคืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ืจื” ื ืœื”ื‘ ื•ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืคืจ ื•ืขืจืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 1874, ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื– ื›ืžื• ืกื“ืงื• ื•ืื ื˜ืืจ, ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืฉืืจ ืื™ืชื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื™ืชืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ื—. ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื ืฆื—, ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืชืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ, ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื›ืžืคืงื— ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื. ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืชืœืช-ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื ื“ื–'ื“ื”, ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1871, ื”ืฆื™ืข ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืคื•ืจื’ื•ืœื“, ืื™ืชื” ืคื™ืชื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”" ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ืจื’ื•ืœื“. ื”ื ื”ืชื—ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1872. ืœืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืช. ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื•, ืื ื“ืจื™ื™, ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’, ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืœื™ื” ื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื’ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืžืชื•ืš 10 ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื™ื - ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื‘ื™ืฅ', ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘: ืื•ืœื’ื” ืคื‘ื•ืจืกืงืื™ื”, ื–ืžืจืช ื•ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”. ื ื“ื–'ื“ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”, ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืœื” (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืœืจื” ืฉื•ืžืืŸ) ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ืขืœื” ื›ืฉื ื™ืฉืื•. ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ื•ืœืžื“ื” ืคืกื ืชืจ ืขื ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืงื”, ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™, ื—ื‘ืจย ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”. ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ืืฆืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื–ืจืžื‘ื” , ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจ ืื™ืœื™ืฅ' ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื›ืžื‘ืงืจืช ื ืื” ื•ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื”. ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื•ืกื˜ืืกื•ื‘ ื™ืชื”ื• ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืœ ื ืฃ (Lyle Nef) ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืขืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื›ืฉื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, "ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช [ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘]. ื”ื™ื ื ืกืขื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื‘ื“ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืชื” ื ื™ื’ื ื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”. ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœื”ื ืคืงืช ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื”ื›ื ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•". ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืคืงื— ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1873, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืคืงื— ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืฉื›ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืืš ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœ ืืœื ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™. ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ, "ื ืคืจื“ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ืื” ื”ืŸ ืžืžืขืžื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืžื“ื™ ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™", ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ: "ืžืขืชื” ื•ื”ืœืื” ืื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ". ื›ืžืคืงื— ืคืขืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื ืื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืคื™ืงื— ืขืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื, ืกืงืจ ืืช ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืง ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืžืœื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื ื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจ. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืžืžืฉ ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืœืœื”ืงื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืขื ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื•ืช, ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืกืงืจ ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื, ืขืจืš ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืชื™ื–ืžืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1884 ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื— ื”ืœื”ืงื•ืช, ื•ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืชื—ืช ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื‘ืงืืคืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื›ืกื’ื ื• ืขื“ 1894, ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืืคืœื”, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืœื™ืœ ืžืื™ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืžืืช ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืกืจื•ื‘. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื’ืจืžื• ืฉืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื™ื‘ื•ื–ื• ืœื•, ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืœืฉื ื”ืœื—ื ืช ืคื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงืืžืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜, ืงืจืŸ ื™ืขืจ, ื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืง, ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ "ื”ืชืžืœืื• ื‘ืฉืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืืš [ื”ื™ื•] ื—ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ืคื“ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ". ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš "ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™". ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืืฉืจ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ "ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”" ืœื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื• ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืš ืžืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื•, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื”ืจืคื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ, ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื, ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืžื ืฆื—, ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1874, ื‘ื• ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื•. ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฆื• ืœื ื ื˜ื• ื—ืกื“ ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ื–ื•. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืชื‘, ื›ื™ "ื”ื [ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”] ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•, ืื›ืŸ, ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ ืžื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžื˜ื”". ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•: "ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉื”ื•" ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื”ืŸ ืืช ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ืง ืื•ืคื™ื•. ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืืžืจ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืง, ื›ื™ "ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื [ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘] ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื•ืื™ืš ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืงืฉื” ืœื ื‘ื. ืื• ืฉื™ื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ืืžืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉืงืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ื™ื™ื". ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, 1874, ื”ืชืคืจืงื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”, ืื™ื•ืจ, ืื™ืœื™ื” ืจืคื™ืŸ. ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื–ืจ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ืื™ืชื” ื ื™ืชืง ืงืฉืจ. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›"ื—ืกื™ื“ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข" ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”. ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื”, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืขืจืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืกืคื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1874. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืชืžืœืœ 40 ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ืœืงื•ืœ ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื˜ื™ ืคื™ืœื™ืคื•ื‘ (Tvorty Filippov), ืฉืคื ืชื” ืืœื™ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘. ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœ 100 ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื, ืื• ืœืงื•ื—ื™ื ืžืื•ืกืคื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ื“ืคื•ืก. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื™ื—ืก ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืกื™ืคืง ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืขืชื•ืง ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื• ื›ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ืœื—ื ื”. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื˜ืขื™ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื•ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘. ืื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”, ืœื•ื“ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉืกื˜ืงื•ื‘ื”, ืจืฆืชื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก, ื•ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื›ื™ืกื”. ืืฃ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืกื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืจื™ื›ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ "ืœืชืงืŸ" ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ื“: "ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™", ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ: "ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืกื’ื“ืชื™ ืœื”ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ืขื“ ื”ืชื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื... ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืกืœืœื” ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงืคื“ื ื™". ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ "ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘", ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ืืš ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ื—ืชื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื”. ืœื™ืœ ืžืื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข 1877, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจ, ืœื™ืœ ืžืื™ , ืžืืช ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื’ื•ื’ื•ืœ. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืืฉืชื• ื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืกื, ื›ืฉืงืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื™ื—ื“. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืงื“ืžื• ืœ-1877, ื›ืขืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1878 ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœืื•ืคืจื” ืœื™ืœ ืžืื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช "ื”ืฉื™ืœ ืžืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ืงื˜ [ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘]". ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื•ื“ื™ ืขืžืžื™, ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืคืจื” ื–ื• ื•ื”ื‘ืื” ืื—ืจื™ื”, ื ืขืจืช ื”ืฉืœื’, ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ืกื‘ืœ ืžืžื—ืกื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1881 ื•-1888. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ (ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-1881, ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘-1887). ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื ืขืจืช ื”ืฉืœื’ ื•ื”ื™ื—ืœื•ืฉืชื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืคืจืคืจื–ื” ย ื‘-1879 ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ืคืจืคืจื–ื”, ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” 24 ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื•-14 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืงื•ืื™, ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘ ื•ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืืžื ื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืœื• ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ืžืœืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจืคืจื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื "ืฉื™ืจ ืขืจืฉ" ื•"ื˜ืจื–ื‘ื•ืŸ". ื”ื™ื—ืœื•ืฉืชื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืืช ืื™ืœื™ื” ืจืคื™ืŸ. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ื‘ืจืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆืขืจ ืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืกื” ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื ืช ืื•ืคืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“, ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืืช "ื—ื•ื‘ื ืฉืฆ'ื™ื ื”", ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืช "ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ". ืื– ื”ื•ื ืชื–ืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืืช "ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคืจืกื™ื", "ืžืงื”ืœืช ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘" ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืžืืช ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘-10 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1879: "ืื ืืชื” ืชืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื•ื ืช 1880โ€“1881, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืš, ืœืชืจื’ื, ืœืฉื›ืชื‘, ืœืชื–ืžืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ืš ื•ื›ื•', ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ, ืชืืžื™ืŸ ืœื™, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœืš ืชืขืœื” ืœื‘ืžื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”. ืืฉืžื— ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™. ืžืฆืคื•ื ืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืข, ืื ื™ ืœื ืื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืœื™ ืœืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœืš, ื•ืื ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชืš, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื›ืืœื” ืฉืืชื” ืขืฆืžืš ื”ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื‘ื“ื™". ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื‘-1881, ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘-1887, ื”ื•ื ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ืชื—, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืœ. ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคืจืกืžื• ืื•ืชืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื‘ื“ ื”ื›ืœ, ืกื™ื“ืจ ื”ื›ืœ, ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ (ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื“ืจืฉ ื–ืืช), ืชื–ืžืจ ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื: ื—ื•ื‘ื ืฉืฆ'ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืืคืœื”, (ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘) ืžืฆื ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™, ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœืชื”ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืงื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื•ื‘ืฆื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžืืช ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉืชื•ื–ืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•, ื”ืจืื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•. ื™ืฉื ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืงื“ืจื•, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื– ื‘-1889, ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื—ืœืงื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื– ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืชืคืจืงื” ื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื“ื™ืขื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืฉืžื” ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘. ื ืขืจืช ื”ืฉืœื’ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ืื™ื ืกืงื™, 2012. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1882 ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ืื™ื ืกืงื™, ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื ืขืจืช ื”ืฉืœื’, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืืคื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ืจืžืชื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืžืืช ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”. ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืื—ืจืช, ืฉ"ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืจืช ื”ืฉืœื’ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื•ืžืขื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื ืขื ืง. ื”ืœื—ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช, ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช. ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืฆืœืฆื•ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื’ื•ื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™". ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ืœื—ื ืช ืœืœื ืื•ืคืงื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžืžื‘ื™ื ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช" ื‘ืžื™ืจื›ืื•ืช ื•ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื•ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ. ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืื™ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื‘-ืื™ื•ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ "ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื›ืขืช ืœื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืืช ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืจื™ืงื”." ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1884, ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉ"ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืื“ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืคืจื”, ื—ื™ืคืฉ ื‘ื”, ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื ื™ื (ืืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจ ืฉืฉื™ื—ืง ืืช ื”ืฆืืจ ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ื™, ืืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจ ืฉืฉื™ื—ืง ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืขื” ืœืœ ื•ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื-ืงืคืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”) ื•ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื•ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืืœื™ื”. ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื• ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื™ื˜ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘, ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื”. ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืžืืช ืื™ืœื™ื” ืจืคื™ืŸ.ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”, ืžื™ื˜ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ (M Belaieff) ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1882. ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ืžืกืคืจื ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืกืื‘ื” ืžืžื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืคืื‘ืœ ื˜ืจื˜ื™ืืงื•ื‘. ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘, ืžืžื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื˜ืจื˜ื™ืืงื•ื‘ "ืจืฆื• ืœืชืจื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื". ื”ื ืคื™ืœืกื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœืขื•ืฉืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืคืืŸ ืกืœืื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคืชื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื ื ื˜ื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืืžื ื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืžื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืืœื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื™ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืขื“ 1883 ื”ืคืš ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘"ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื™ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉื™" ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืฉื ื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ืžื™ื˜ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘. ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘, ืฉื›ืจ ืื•ืœื ื•ืฉื›ืจ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘-1884 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ืจืข. ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจืง ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืืช ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื ื—ื ื›ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื•ื ืช 1886โ€“1887, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืœืง ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ืขื ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœื• ืœืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืงื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื•ื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืืช ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™, ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”.ย ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• "ืžืจืื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ื˜ืืœื™ืช, ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื–ืง ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™". ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืคืจืก ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘, 1905. ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื ืฉืจ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืชื•. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1884 ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ "ืคืจืก ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”" ืฉื ืชื™, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1885 ื”ืงื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืœื•, ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืืช ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘, ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘ ื•ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืื™ืœื• ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืกืฃ, ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืื• ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื ื• ืœืขื–ืจื”, ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘, ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘ ื•ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื”ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื•ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืื™ืœื• ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืงืžืช ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืขื ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘, ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘ ื•ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘, ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืฉืœื”ื. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคืชื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื”ื. ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ื”ืžื ืฆืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ื•ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืงืข ืืงื“ืžื™ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื”, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”"ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื" ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืžืฆืื” ืืช ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ "ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื ืื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืจ". ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื ืคื˜ืจื•. ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืกื” ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜. ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืคื™ื•ื˜ืจ ืื™ืœื™ืฅ' ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœื” ืžืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื, ืืš ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1887 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•. ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืื—ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงื ืช. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘.ย ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื— ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืžืื– 1876, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื”ื“ื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช, ื›ืชื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, "ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืชื“ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ." ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ืฉืžื• ืกืžื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื’ืœื™ืงื•ื‘. ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื - ืžืชื— ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืžื•ื“ืกื˜, ื™ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœ"ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืžื˜ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืืš ืฉื•ืžืจืช ื‘ืงื ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ". ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื ืขืฉื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืงื ืื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ืกืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื ืื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ืคื›ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘, ื•ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื— ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ, ืœื ื ืขื“ืจ ืžืชื— ื•ืงื ืื” ืžืฆื“ื•, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื ื” ืฉืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืื™ 1893 ืฉืืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืืช ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืื ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ืก, ื ืขืชืจ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉื”. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1893 ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื•ื’ื ืจ ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืžืืช ืื™ืœื™ื” ืจืคื™ืŸ. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19. ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ื— ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื•: ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ (1882โ€“1883), ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื (ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, 1887), ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ (1887), ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ (1888) ื•ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื” (1888). ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืชื•. ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœ ืžืื™ ื•ื ืขืจืช ื”ืฉืœื’, ืžืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื•. ื‘-1886 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื: "ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”". ื”ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื”, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื. ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ "ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ื”ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืฆื ืฅ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ ืžืกื ื•ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื˜ืขื™ืชื™" - ื›ืชื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื”, My Musical Life. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1887, ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”: ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืžื—ืื• ื›ืคื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื•ืื– ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ ื“ืจืฉ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื™ื“. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืœื ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช Capriccio italien ืฉืœื• ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1880. ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืงื“ื ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”, "ืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช", ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช Capriccio brillante ืฉืœื•, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’'ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืืจืื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1845. ืื‘ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื‘ื™ืœื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื ื‘ื™ืœื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืœื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืขื• ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ืฉืืจืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืขื ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช; ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืฉืžืจ, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื™ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื• ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื—ื•ืคืฃ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ื”ื ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื”. ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช "ืืœื‘ื•ืจื“ื”", ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื—ืจ". ืืœื‘ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืชื•ืฃ ืฆื“. ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ืชื•ืกืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื, ืžื ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืจืŸ, ืืช ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ, ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆ'ืœื•ืื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงืจืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืงืจืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ, ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžืœืื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืจื“ื”, ืžื’ื™ืข ืงื˜ืข ืฉื ืงืจื "ืกืฆื ื” ื•ืฉื™ืจ ืฆื•ืขื ื™", ืฉื ืคืชื— ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื“ื ืฆื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื—ืœื™ืœ, ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ ื•ื ื‘ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ืช "ืคื ื“ื ื’ื•", ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืกืคืจื“ื™, ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืจื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ. ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืข ืจืื•ื•ื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžืฆื“ ื›ืœ ื ื’ืŸ. ืกื•ืœื•ืื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ (ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช), ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื ื’ื™ื ืชื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘"ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืขื ื™" ื‘ื• ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆ'ืœืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ื’ื™ื˜ืจื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•:ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืฉื• ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชื•ื–ืžืจืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื - ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืฆื™ื”, ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™, ืงื“ื ื–ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืกื•ืœื•, ืงืฆื‘ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื›ื•', ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืฉืœื”. ืœื—ื•ื“ ืื• ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจ. ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™, ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘-ืฆื•ืจื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื” (ืืœื‘ื•ืจื“ื”, ื‘ืžื™ ืžื–'ื•ืจ), ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืจื ื–'ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืคื”; ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืงืŸ, ืื ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื–ื” ื•ื™ืžืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ืžื• ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชืงื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™. ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืžืืช ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืกื˜, 1917. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ืจืฃ 1887, ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืืœืฃ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืฉืœื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”-4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœ-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1888. ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื” ื›ืœืœื” ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžืื•ื—ื“. ื”ื—ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื–ืจื—. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ืคืจืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืคืจืœื•ื“, ืคืจืง ืฉื ื™: ื‘ืœื“ื”, ืคืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ืื“ื’'ื™ื• ื•ืคืจืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ืคื™ื ืืœื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงืœื•ืœ ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื•ื“ืงื“ืงื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืืœืฃ ื•ืœื™ืœื”. ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืžืกืขื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ืกื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื›ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื’'ื™ื‘. ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืœื™ืœ, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืžืข ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืจืง ื›"ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื•ืฉื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืื’ื“ื™ืช", ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื•:ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืžืข, ืื ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื–ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืคืœืื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืจื‘ืข ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื•. ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื.ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ืืช ืคืœืื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืืœืฃ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1888, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื” ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื”, ืขื‘ื“ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™: ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ื”. ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“: "ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-25 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™. ืขื“ ืœ-20 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1888", ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืชืืจื™ืš ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ืก ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ "ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”", ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ 26 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1888, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืืฆืœื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘, ืื™ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื‘-ืื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘, ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืจื ืกืงื™, ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘, ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืžื™ืืกืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื•ื›ืŸ, ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™, ืจืื•ื•ืœ ื•ืจืกืคื™ื’ื™, ืื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื”ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื—ื’ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ", ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•. ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืงืก ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืคื’ืื ื™ืช. ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืžื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืงื•ื—ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•, My Musical Life, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•: ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืœื—ื ื” ื•ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”) ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืž"ืกื•ืคืจ ืืžื™ืชื™" (ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื•) ืœืกืคืง ืœื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชื™ื— ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืื˜ื™. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ Golyenishchev-Kutuzov, ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืจืื” ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืงืจื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช "ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืจื•ื•ื™ืช ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืืš ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืข ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข 'ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ!' ืฉืจื” ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ืจืคืจื•ืฃ ื›ื ืคื™ื”ื. ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข 'ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช!' ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช, ืœืื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื ืจื•ืช, ืœืฆืœืฆื•ืœ ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ". ืžืœืื“ื” ื‘-1889 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืžืœืื“ื”. ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืข ืฉื›ืœืœ ื›ืื•ืจื’ืจืคื™ืืช ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘-1892 ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ืื™ื ืกืงื™. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืœืื“ื” ืœื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ืื™ื ืกืงื™ ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ 8 ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืžืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื‘ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ื™ื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืืš ื’ื ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื ืจืื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืจ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืชืฆืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1871. ื•ื’ื ืจ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘.ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1889 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ" ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืฆืคื” ืฉื ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ืžืืช ื•ื’ื ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืงืจืœ ืžืืง. ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ื‘ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื ืจ, ืืš "ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ื’" ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื”ื ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืชืžืกืจ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœื”ืœื—ื ืช ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื’ื ืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืงืœื•ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืจืื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืคืœื™ืงืก ื‘ืœื•ืžื ืคืœื“ ืžื ื’ืŸ ืืช ืืกื˜ืžืคืก ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื•, "ืขื ื™ ื•ื“ืœ ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”...". ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืฆื“ื•. "ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™", ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืขืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื”. ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฆื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘"ื—ืžื™ืฉื”" ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœื•. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™, ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื’ื•ื“ื•ื ื•ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1895, ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืœื•, ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ื™ืืกื˜ืจื‘ืฆื‘, "ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื–ื•." ืžื—ืกื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1892 ืกื‘ืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืžืžื—ืกื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื ื’ืจืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืื™ื’ื™ื: ืขื•ืžืก ื“ื ืœืจืืฉ, ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ "ื ื•ื™ืจืกื˜ื ื™ื”"- ืžื—ืœืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ, ืฉืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ื•ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืคืชืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1890, ืžื•ืช ืืžื• ื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืžืฉืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืฉืงืœ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื—ื–ืจ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ื— ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื– "ืœื™ืœ ืžืื™" ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”-11 ืฉืœื•. ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1893 ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืขืžื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืคืจื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื’ื ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“", ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื’ื•ื’ื•ืœ, ืฉืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ื™ืกืก ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• "ื•ืืงื•ืœื” ื”ื ืคื—". ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“" ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืคืจื” ืžื“ื™ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 1893 ืœ-1908 - ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ 11 ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ื ื˜ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื•. ื—ืชื ื•, ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912. ืชืงื•ืคืช ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ (ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะœะพั†ะฐั€ั‚ ะธ ะกะฐะปัŒะตั€ะธ) ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืช ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘-1897 ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืžื“ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1830 ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ืืคื•ืงืจื™ืคื™ืช ืœืคื™ื” ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืืช ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืืžื“ืื•ืก ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืงื ืื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืจืงื•ื•ื™ืื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืžื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื˜ืืจื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืกื•ืœื•ื“ื•ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื‘-7 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1898. ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืชืคืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ืื’ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืงื™ื˜ื–' ื•ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืคื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1898 ื”ื—ืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช. ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ืื’ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืงื™ื˜ื–' ื•ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืคื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื”". ื‘ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ืœืกืงื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1902, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘, ื“ืžื•ื™ ืื’ื“ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืจืื™ ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ืื– ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืขื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1904, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืžื ืฉืจ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1905 ื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืจืฆืฃ ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืื•ืคืจื” ืœืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื”. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ ืขื ืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ืœ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื”. ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื”, ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœืกื•ืคืจืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™, ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”, ื ื•ืงื‘ ื•ืžืœื ื‘ืจืง. ื‘ืขืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื ืขื“ื•. ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ืœื™ืจื™-ืžืœื, ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืš ืจืš ื•ืฉื™ืจืชื™, ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืจืื” ื“ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื”. ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืืช ื”ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื’ื“ื” ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ. ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืืš ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืงืืฉืฆ'ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1899, ืœืจื’ืœ ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ, ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืืจ ืกืœื˜ืืŸ, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ, ืื’ื“ืช ืฆืืจ ืกืืœื˜ืŸ. ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื”, ื™ื‘ื’ื ื™ ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืคื˜ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืจื•ืกื™, ืคื ื” ืœืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ืจื•ืกื™. ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืืš ืœื ืžืฆื ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ื. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืฉืชื•, ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื•ืคืจื” ืงืืฉืฆ'ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช . ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื ืฉืจ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ืฉืจ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ (1905) ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1905 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื ืฉืจ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ืชื‘: "ื ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื ืกืขืจื™ื", ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ, ืฉืžืžืฉ ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, "ืขืœื• ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช, ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ". ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื™ื‘ืจืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ื’ืœื•ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื” ืฉืจืื” ื›ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ื™, ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืชืžื• ื”ืคืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืกื’ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื“ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื›ืชื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืกื•ืœืงื• ื›-100 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ื— ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื•ื ืฉืœืœ ืžืžื ื• ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื”. ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืฆื™ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื (ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘) ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืจื’ืขืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื. "ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜, ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”", ื›ืชื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, "ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช." ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืชื•. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืงืืฉืฆ'ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื”ืขืœื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• "ืงืืฉืฆ'ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช". ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื›ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ, ืืœื ื”ืคื’ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื”, ืงื ืžื™ื“ ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืื” ื–ื•ืขืžืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”. ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืคื• ืืช ืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื, ืฉืœื ืฉืžืขื• ื•ืœื• ืฆืœื™ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉืœื—ื• ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจืฉื• ื‘ืžื—ืื” (ื‘ื”ื ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘ ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘), ื•ื›ืš ื’ื 300 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืคืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืžื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1906. ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืžืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืืช ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœืกืงื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืจื•ืžื–ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”-ื™ืคืŸ, ื ืชื ื” ืœื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขื“ 1909, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื•ื’ื ืื– ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช. ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ืœืชื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ื ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืื’ื“ื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื ืืกืจื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆืืจื™ืช ืฉืจืืชื” ื‘ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืคืŸ. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1909. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ืžื—ื•ืœ ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื’ืจืกื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื–ืžืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืฉืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื. ืœื’ืจืกื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืื’ื™ืœื‘, ื‘ืœื˜ ืจื•ืก. ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1907 ื ื™ืฆื— ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืืžืจื’ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืื’ื™ืœื‘. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืœืœื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ืช, ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• ืกื“ืงื• ื”ื•ืคืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื ืขืจืช ื”ืฉืœื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืจื”-ืงื•ืžื™ืง. ืœืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ืกืก ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก, ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื“ื™ืื’ื™ืœื‘, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™ "ืคืœืืก ื•ืžืœื™ืกื ื“": "ืืœ ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืื—ืจืช ืื ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืŸ!". ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ืชืง ืžืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืืงื“ืžืื™ืช, ืื• ืฉื ื•ืชืจ "ื—ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื’ืื”". ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืขื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—ืกื™ื“ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฉื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืขื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื•ืžื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืคื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื›ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ืžืงื˜ืœื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื. ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1890, ืกื‘ืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืžืชืขื•ืงืช ืœื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1907 ื”ื•ื—ืžืจื” ืžื—ืœืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ืœื ื’ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1908, ื ืคื˜ืจ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื ื–ืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”, ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื•ืกื˜ืืกื•ื‘. ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืชื‘: "ืœืจื’ืœ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืืช 'ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื”', ื•ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื•, ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™." ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืคื™ื•ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืืœื™ืืคื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกืชื• ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื’ื•ื“ื•ื ื•ื‘, ืžืืช ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™. ืฉืืœื™ืืคื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืืš ืžืื– ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืคื•ืœืจื™ืช. ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืžืืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื•ื”ืคืฆืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ื–ื” ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžืืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืชื” ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืจื˜ืงืœื™ืฃ ืžืืช ืฆื–ืืจ ืงื•ืื™ ืœื”ืคืงืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-1869. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืชื–ืžืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ืื•ืจื— ื”ืื‘ืŸ" ืžืืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื“ืืจื’ื•ืžื™ื–'ืกืงื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื. 1869, 1892 ื•-1902. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื“ืืจื’ื•ืžื™ื–'ืกืงื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘"ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”" ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืœืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืžืืก ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืžื ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื—, ืืš ื”ื ื’ื ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืขืจืš ื•ืชื–ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืชื™ื—. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื˜ืืจื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืคืื‘ืœ ืœืื, ืฉื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืกื™ืจื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืžืฅ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ. ืœืื ืงื‘ืข ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ. ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืชื” ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืชื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื”. ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืžืืก, ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื‘-1881, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืชื™ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื”. ืžืืก, ื‘ืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™, ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืืคืฉืจ ืœ"ืžืฆืคื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™" ืœื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืชืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื™ืจื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, "ื”ื•ืืฉื" ื‘ืžื™ืจื›ืื•ืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืกื‘ืจ:ืื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื“ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช [ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”: ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช] ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจืŸ (ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ื—ืœืช ื›ืœ ืžื•"ืœ ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ), ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช [ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช], ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื™ืœื›ื• ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื. ืื•ืœื ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื’ื•ืช, ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืื“ื™ืจ [ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™], ื•ืœื ืœืขืฆื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื•ื—ื˜ืื™ื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื.ืžืืก ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™. ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉ, ื–ื•ื›ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืขืจืฆื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืชื•. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™: ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืงื™ืจื—, ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื’ื•ื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™. ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, 1900, ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืžืืช ืืžื™ืœ ื•ื™ื–ืœ.ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกื˜ืืกื•ื‘, ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”", ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-1882, "ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ืœื™ื ืงื”, ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ [ื“ืจืš] ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื. ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœื™ื• [ืืœ ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘] ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”". ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ืงืคื” ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”, ืฉืœืžื“ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืงื™ืงื” ืขื ื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืืจ ื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืกืคืจื™ื. ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื–ื• ื’ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ืฉ"ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืื“ื™ืจื”", ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื•, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืืš ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืืงื“ืžื™ ื•ืกืคืจื•ืชื™. ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืืกื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื”, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืืช "ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื" ืฉืœื• ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉื•ืจ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ืกื•ื’ื• ืžืžื ื• ื•ืกื˜ืืกื•ื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›"ืขึธืจึดื™ืง". ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื˜ืืจื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘: "ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจ, ื›ืš ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”." ื›ืืฉืจ ืกืžื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื’ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืงืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™, ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช:ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื”... ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืœื•ื. ื ื™ืกื™ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ืš ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™... ื›ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื‘ื“. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืขืฆื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“... ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฆื•ืื™ ื•ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™, ืื›ืŸ ื–ืœื–ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•. ืื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ ืฉื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“. ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžืขื˜. ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™. ืงื•ืื™, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ืœ. ื•ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจื•ืฉืœ.ื˜ืืจื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืืžื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื”ืชื ื›ืจื•ืชื• ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืคืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ืขื“ ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘ ื•ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘, "ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”". ื‘ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘-1887, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืจืžื” ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ืช. ืžืขืชื” ื›ืœ ืจื•ืกื™ ืฉืฉืืฃ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืœืžื“ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื”. "ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ [ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ] ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื•ื’ื ืœื [ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ] ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’". ื˜ืืจื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘. "ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”, ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืืกื•ื‘, ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ." ืžื” ืฉื˜ืืจื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ืฉื“ื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ื•ืคื•ืขืœื”, ื›ืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื“ื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช. ื•ื›ืฉื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืงื”, ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžืจ ื–ืืช ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืค ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ื‘ืชื•, ื”ืืจื•ืก ืฉืœื” ื•ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™. ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘.ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืœื›-250 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ 35 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื™ืžื“, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘, ืื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘, ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืื™ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื‘-ืื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘, ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืจืกืคื™ื’ื™, ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืžืืœืงื•, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืกื ื“ื™ืืจื™ืืŸ, ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืœื“ ืžืœื™ืฉื‘ืกืงื™, ืžื™ืงื•ืœื” ืœื™ืกื ืงื•, ืืจืชื•ืจ ืงืืค ื•ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืื•ืกื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœื–ืจ ืกืžื™ื ืกืงื™. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื•. ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื”ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฆื ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•. ืœืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื—ืกืจื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ ืœื ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื ืขืจืช ื”ืฉืœื’, ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื”. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื—ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื”. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื›ืœืœื” ื›ืžื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื: ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืคื•ื ื˜, ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื”, ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”, ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืœืชื•ืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจ, ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืžื•ืœืื• ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื™ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืžืืœืงื• ื ื–ื›ืจ, ื›ื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: "ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืืชื ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื•. ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช, ื•ืืชื ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ืื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืืชื ืชืขื‘ื“ื•." ืžืืœืงื• ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ื›ื™ ื›ื™ืชืชื• ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื–ื”. "ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื›ื”ืœื›ื”." ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื’ืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช. ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ืกื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืืกื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช. ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘: "ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•: ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืกื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืชื” (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™: ืคืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ื”), ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื–ืžืจ. ื›ืฉืชื–ืžืจืชื™ ืงื˜ืข, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงื˜ืข. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ." ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืงื˜ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืžืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืื•ืค. 35 ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ืจ ืžื•ื ื˜ื”. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžืขื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื“ื’ืœื• "ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”". ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™, ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื‘-ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘-ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื” ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืงืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขื“ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ื—ืœืง ื›ืžื• ืื ื˜ืืจ ื•ืกื“ืงื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื ืื—ืช. ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘, ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื— ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ืืžืจ ืœืขืžื™ืชื•, ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ื™ืืกื˜ืจื‘ืฆื‘, "ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื•ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ื™ืืกื˜ืจื‘ืฆื‘, "ืชืœืžื“ ืืช ืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืชืจืื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ [ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™] ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืœื™". ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ ื›ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•ื‘ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ืœืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”"ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืงืกื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืฅืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืชืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืกืœื™ื“ื” ืžืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื - ื™ื™ืฉื•ื "ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™" ืฉืœื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื–ืืช. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื’ื ืฉืžืจืŸ. ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื’ืจื ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื• ืžืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืฉืžืจืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื•. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื - ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืื• ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ื“ืจืš ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืืœื”, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืืš ื›ืคื” ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืœืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืืจ ืกืœื˜ืืŸ ื•ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, "ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื•ืฉื ืขืžืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื•ืช". ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–'ืื ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืขื ืกื“ืงื• ื•ืื ื˜ืืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืขื ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื ืฉืืจื• ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื. ื’ื ืื ื˜ืืจ ื•ื’ื ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืจื•ืกื™" ื—ื–ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื•ื ื•ืฉื "ืžื–ืจื—ื™" ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื–ื›ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืจืงืžื™ื ื”ื“ืœื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื“ืงื• ื•ืื ื˜ืืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืœื-ืชื•ื›ื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืื•ืชื” ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืกื“ืจืช ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื” ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ("ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืกืจื‘ื™ื™ื", "ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™" ื•ื›ื•'). ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื”. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ืคืจืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื”ื™ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื‘ื“. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืื•ืค. 35, ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”. ืื•ืค. 34, ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™.ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ืคืจืง ืฉื ื™: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืงืœื ื“ืจ. ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ. ืื•ืค. 36, ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ืคืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉื™ื” ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ (1876). ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ. ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื–'ื•ืจ. ืฉืืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ืคืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื“.ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 1 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ืื•ืค. 28, ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื. ืื•ืค. 6, ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืกืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ืื•ืค. 5, ืกื“ืงื•. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืฉื: ืกื“ืงื• (ืคื•ืืžื” ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช) ื•ืกื“ืงื• (ืื•ืคืจื”). ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื•ืค. 9, ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 2 'ืื ื˜ืืจ'. ืื•ืค. 32, ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 3 ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ. ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืงื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ ื•ืœื”ืงื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–'ื•ืจ. ืื•ืค. 29, ืกืงืื–ืงื” (ืื’ื“ื”). ืื•ืค. 31, ืกื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื” ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ืื•ืค. 30, ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ. ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืžืก' 4, ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื•ืค. 33, ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ. "ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”", ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžื–ื•ืจืงื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคื•ืœื ื™ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ืžืก' 4 ื‘ืœื” ืžื–'ื•ืจ. Noch'na gore Triglav (ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื’ืœื‘). ืื•ืค. 37, ืกืจื ื“ื”. ืื•ืค. 57 Skazka o Tsare Saltane (ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืืจ ืกืœื˜ืืŸ), ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื”. ืื•ืค. 59, ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” "ืคืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ื”". ื”ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื” "ืžืœืื“ื”". Noch' pered Rozhdestvom (ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืช ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“). ืื•ืค. 61 Nad mogiloi (ื‘ืงื‘ืจ), 1904. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘. ืื•ืค. 63 Neapolitanskaya pesen'ka (ืฉื™ืจ ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื ื™). Skazka o rybake io rybke (ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื•ื”ื“ื’), ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžืขื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช.ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืืžื ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ืืš ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืงื”ืœื”. ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘. ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืขื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”" ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืืจ ืกืœื˜ืืŸ, ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืื•ืคืจืื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชืžืœื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืขื™ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืจื—ืžื ื™ื ื•ื‘. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• 15 ืื•ืคืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืจืง ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื•ื—ืœื˜: ื ืขืจืช ื”ืฉืœื’ ื•ื›ืœืช ื”ืฆืืจ. ื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืจืชืช ืžืคืกืงื•ื‘, ื’ืจืกื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: 1873, ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: 1878. ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช: 1892. ื”ืืฆื™ืœื” ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•ื’ื”. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืžืงื•ืจื” ืžื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื”ืžืฉืจืชืช ืžืคืกืงื•ื‘. ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื•ืกืœื™ื™ืจื™ 1897. ื›ืœืช ื”ืฆืืจ, 1898, ื”ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” 1899, ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ืกืจื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื” , 1902. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื™ื›ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืœื ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ื›ืš, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืกืจื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ืกื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•"ืœ ืขื ืืฉืชื•, ื›ืฉื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืœื ืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•. ืคืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ื”, 1903, ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1904. ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืœ ืžืื™, 1878-1879. ืื•ืคืจื” ืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“, 1894. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื’ื•ื’ื•ืœ, ืฉืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ื™ืกืก ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• "ื•ืืงื•ืœื” ื”ื ืคื—". ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืกื“ืงื•. ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1929 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืจ ื•ืืฉื” ืคืจื•ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื ืขืจืช ื”ืฉืœื’, ื’ืจืกื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” 1881, ื”ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘-1882, ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’; ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1895. ืžืœืื“ื” 1892. ืกื“ืงื•, 1896, ื”ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” 1898, ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืืจ ืกืœื˜ืืŸ, ื”ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” 1900, ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” (ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”). ืงืืฉืฆ'ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ", 1902. ืื’ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืงื™ื˜ื–' ื•ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืคื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื”, 1904. ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, 1907, ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1909. ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1902: "ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื ื™ ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, [ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™] ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจืขื ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื, ืชื–ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ืœื ื›ื•ืœื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื™". ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืจื•ืœื“ ืกื™ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื’ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ "ืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืขื ื’, ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื•ืกื™, ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™, ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ืชืื™ื–ื ื”ืกืœืื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืžื•. ืฉื™ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืกื•ื—ืคืช ืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจืง ื•ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื." ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื—ืกืจื” ื›ื•ื— ื“ืจืžื˜ื™, ืคื’ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืจืื™. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืชื• ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจืŸ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช ื•ืœืคืกื ืชืจ. ืืžื ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืœื—ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืคื”. ื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืจื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืจื—ืžื ื™ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืจื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื. ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื”ืœื”, ืžื”ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื™ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ืขื–ืจ ืœืขื‘ื“, ืœืขืจื•ืš ื•ืœืคืจืกื ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”: ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ: ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’ืœืื–ื•ื ื•ื‘. ืฆื–ืืจ ืงื•ืื™: ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืจื˜ืงืœื™ืฃ (ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื”, 1869). ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื“ืืจื’ื•ืžื™ื–'ืกืงื™: ืื•ืจื— ื”ืื‘ืŸ (ืชื–ืžื•ืจ). ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”: ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืืจ (ืขืจืš ืขื ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื•ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘). ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืงื”: ืจื•ืกืœืืŸ ื•ืœื•ื“ืžื™ืœื” (ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘ ื•ืœื™ืื“ื•ื‘ ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืžืœื). ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™: ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื’ื•ื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ (ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื”). ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืง: ื—ื•ื‘ื ืฉืฆ'ื™ื ื” (ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื”). ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™: ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช (ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“). ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™: ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืงื™ืจื—. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1953, ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื’ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืœื•ื‘. ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืžืฉื ืช 1950 ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืกืงื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™. ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืชืจ: "ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, 1858. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”" ื ืคื’ืฉืช ืืฆืœ ื‘ืืœืืงื™ืจื‘. ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื’ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™, ื”ืคืš ืฉื ืœืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกืข ืœืืจืฅ, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ 'ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ' ืžืืช ื’ื•ื’ื•ืœ, ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืื™ื ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื’ื•ื“ื•ื ื•ื‘. ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ืื™ื ืกืงื™ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื•ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืง. ื›ืืฉืจ 'ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื’ื•ื“ื•ื ื•ื‘' ืžื•ืขืœื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘-1874, ื–ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช." ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืงืฆืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2004 ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืชืงืฆื™ืจ: "ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืžืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ (1906), ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืคืจื™ืฆ'ื™ื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ (1887), ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื” (1888) ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ (1888). ื”ืกืจื˜ ื•ืฉืžื• ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื” (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Song of Scheherazade), ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžืŸ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืœื—ื ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘, ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”. ืชืงืฆื™ืจ: "ื‘ืฉื ืช 1865, ื”ืฆื•ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•; ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ 'ื ื™ืงื™' ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื ื™ืงื™ ื•ืจื•ืคื ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ืžื–ืžืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคืขื... ื•ื‘ืชื ืงืืจื” ืฉืจื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ืกืชืจ ื‘ืงื‘ืจื˜. ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ืงื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืืจื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•." ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืคืจ Frunzewiec ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื ืืจื•-ืคื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืคืฆืง. ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื–'ื ื™ ื ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืจื•ื“. ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืง ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื’ื” (ะ›ัƒะณะฐ). ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ื ืฆืง. ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืžื™. ืงื–ื—ืกื˜ืŸ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืืœืžื˜ื™. ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•. ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืจืื• ื’ื ืื•ืคืจื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ืกืคืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืจืื• ืื•ืจ. ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘-1892 ืืš ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“, ืฉืื‘ื“ ื›ืขืช, ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข. My Musical Life. [ะ›ะตั‚ะพะฟะธััŒ ะผะพะตะน ะผัƒะทั‹ะบะฐะปัŒะฝะพะน ะถะธะทะฝะธ โ€“ literally, Chronicle of My Musical Life.] Trans. from the 5th rev. Russian ed. by Judah A. Joffe; ed. with an introduction by Carl Van Vechten. London: Ernst Eulenburg Ltd, 1974. ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ: "ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•. ื—ืœืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžื”ืกืคืจ ืžืชืืจ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื‘ ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืื™ื™ื‘. Practical Manual of Harmony. [ะŸั€ะฐะบั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะธะน ัƒั‡ะตะฑะฝะธะบ ะณะฐั€ะผะพะฝะธะธ.] First published, in Russian, in 1885. First English edition published by Carl Fischer in 1930, trans. from the 12th Russian ed. by Joseph Achron. Current English ed. by Nicholas Hopkins, New York, New York: C. Fischer, 2005. Principles of Orchestration. [ะžัะฝะพะฒั‹ ะพั€ะบะตัั‚ั€ะพะฒะบะธ.] Begun in 1873 and completed posthumously by Maximilian Steinberg in 1912, first published, in Russian, in 1922 ed. by Maximilian Steinberg. English trans. by Edward Agate; New York: Dover Publications, 1964 ("unabridged and corrected republication of the work first published by Edition russe de musique in 1922"). Abraham, Gerald, "Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay Andreyevich". In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (London: Macmillan, 1980) 20 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie. . Abraham, Gerald, Studies in Russian Music (London: William Reeves/The New Temple Press, 1936). ISBN n/a. Abraham, Gerald. Rimsky-Korsakov: a Short Biography (London: Duckworth, 1945; rpt. New York: AMS Press, 1976. Later ed.: Rimsky-Korsakov. London: Duckworth, 1949). Abraham, Gerald, Slavonic and Romantic Music: Essays and Studies (London: Faber & Faber, 1968). . Abraham, Gerald, "Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay Andreyevich". In The New Grove Russian Masters 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1986). . Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Early Years, 1840โ€“1874 (New York, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1978). . Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Crisis Years, 1874โ€“1878, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1983). . Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885โ€“1893, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991). . Calvocoressi, M.D. and Gerald Abraham, Masters of Russian Music (New York: Tudor Publishing Company, 1944). ISBN n/a. Figes, Orlando, Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2002). (hc.). Frolova-Walker, Marina, "Rimsky-Korsakov. Russian family of musicians. (1) Nikolay Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov". In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition (London: Macmillan, 2001) 29 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie. . Holden, Anthony, Tchaikovsky: A Biography (New York: Random House, 1995). . Leonard, Richard Anthony, A History of Russian Music (New York: Macmillan, 1957). LCCN 57-7295. McAllister, Rita and Iosef Genrikhovich Rayskin, "Rimsky-Korsakov. Russian family of musicians. (3) Andrey Nikolayevich Rimsky-Korsakov". In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition (London: Macmillan, 2001) 29 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie. . Maes, Francis, tr. Pomerans, Arnold J. and Erica Pomerans, A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2002). . Morrison, Simon, Russian Opera and the Symbolist Movement (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002). . Neff, Lyle, "Rimsky-Korsakov. Russian family of musicians. (2) Nadezhda Nikolayevna Rimskaya Korsakova [nรฉe Purgold]". In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition (London: Macmillan, 2001) 29 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie. . Poznansky, Alexander Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man (Lime Tree, 1993). . Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai, Letoppis Moyey Muzykalnoy Zhizni (St. Petersburg, 1909), published in English as My Musical Life (New York: Knopf, 1925, 3rd ed. 1942). ISBN n/a. Schonberg, Harold C. Lives of the Great Composers (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 3rd ed. 1997). . Taruskin, Richard, Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions: A Biography of the Works Through Mavra, Volume 1 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). . Taruskin, Richard, On Russian Music (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2009). . Yastrebtsev, Vasily Vasilievich, Reminiscences of Rimsky-Korsakov (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), ed. and trans. Florence Jonas. . Zetlin, Mikhail, tr. and ed. George Panin, The Five (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1959, 1975). . Nelson, John: The Significance of Rimsky-Korsakov in the Development of a Russian National Identity. Diss. Studia musicologica Universitatis Helsingiensis, 25. University of Helsinki, 2013. ISSN 0787-4294 . Abstract. Seaman, Gerald :Nikolay Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov: A Research and Information Guide, Second Edition, Routledge, 2014. .Biography, Encyclopedia of Russian History. 2004 :STADELMANN, MATTHIAS Malko, N. A., Vospominaniia. Stat'i. Pisma [Reminiscences. Articles. Letters] (Leningrad, 1972) ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ My musical life ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ืžืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™, ืžืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืžืœืื“ื”, ืžืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”, ืžืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืžืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ืื ื˜ืืจ, ืžืืช ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. My Musical Life, ืกืคืจ ืžืืช ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ื›ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืงื•ืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ Classical Music Archives. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื—ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1844 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1908
2024-08-27T23:46:59
ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ
250px|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื’ืจื”ืืจื“ ืœืžืคืจืกื‘ืจื’ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื• ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื”, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื›ืžื• ืชื•ื•ื™ื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข. ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœืœื ืกื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื ืคื–ืžื•ื ืื™, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื—ืŸ. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ืืš, ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื•ืคืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜, ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื–'ืืง ืื•ืคื ื‘ืš ื•ืคืจื™ื“ ืืœ ืื˜ืจืฉ. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืืชืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืกืคื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื
2023-06-04T11:15:55
ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸ
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืืคื™ื’ืจืฃ ื•ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืžื”ืคื•ืืžื” ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸ (ืื• "ืืจืฅ ื”ืฉืžืžื”", ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: The Waste Land) ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืืžื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช (ื•ืœื ืืคื•ืก ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื) ืžืืช ืชื•ืžืืก ืกื˜ืจื ืก ืืœื™ื•ื˜, ืฉืจืืชื” ืื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1922. ืืœื™ื•ื˜, ืœืฆื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืขื–ืจื ืคืื•ื ื“ (ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”) ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืœืฃ (ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื”), ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. "ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸ" ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื”ืชืžื•ืช (ื ื•ืฉืื™ื) ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ืžืื‘ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืงืขืช, ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช; ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืง-ื›ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ื•ื”ืคืชื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ืฉื ืงื˜ ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ. ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืค. ืœ. ืœื•ืงืืก, ืกืœื“ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื”, "ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ" (Criterion). ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืชื‘ื™-ื™ื“ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืžื’ืœื”, ืฉื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ื›ื™ืœื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืจืืชื” ืื•ืจ, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขืงื‘ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื–ืจื ืคืื•ื ื“, ื‘ืŸ-ื–ืžื ื• ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื•ื˜, ืฉืžืกืจ ืืช ื›ืชื‘-ื”ื™ื“ ืœืขื™ื•ื ื•. ื’ื ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ืคืกืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ืจื•ืžื– ื‘"ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸ" ืœืžื‘ื—ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืจืคืจื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืš ืœื›ื•ืœืŸ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืก, ื•ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืก, ืื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ืก, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื“ื ื˜ื”, ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ, ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ืกืคื ืกืจ (ืœ-Prothalamion, ื‘-3,176 ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘-183,184), ื–'ืจืืจ ื“ื” ื ืจื•ื•ืืœ, ืชื•ืžืืก ืงื™ื“, ืชื•ืžืืก ืžื™ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื’'ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื ื“ืจื• ืžืจื•ื•ืœ, ืฉืืจืœ ื‘ื•ื“ืœืจ (1,76), ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ (ืœื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืื™ื–ื•ืœื“ื”, ื‘-1,31-34 ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘-42), ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ืกืžื™ืช', ื”ืจืžืŸ ื”ืกื”, ืคื•ืœ ื•ืจืœืŸ ื•ืืœื“ื•ืก ื”ืืงืกืœื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขื•ืฉื” ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืชื "ืš, ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•"ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ืืฉ" ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื”, ืœืฆื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "ื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘" (The Golden Bough) ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคืจื™ื™ื–ืจ ื•"From Ritual to Romance" ืฉืœ ื’'ืกื™ ื•ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื•ื”ื: The Burial of the Dead (ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืžืชื™ื)- ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืงื ื˜ืจื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื™ื‘ A Game of Chess (ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื—ืžื˜) The Fire Sermon (ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ืืฉ) Death by Water (ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ื) What the Thunder Said (ืืฉืจ ืืžืจ ื”ืจืขื)- ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช, ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืžื›ื™ืœ ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื "ืš ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฆื•ืจืคื” ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื”: 'For Ezra Pound: 'il miglior fabbro, ืžืฉืžืข: "ืœืขื–ืจื ืคืื•ื ื“, ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ". ื›ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ืžื”ืกื˜ื™ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืก: NAM Sybillam quidem Cumis ego ipse oculis meis vidi in ampulla pendere, et cum illi pueri dicerent: ฮฃฮฏฮฒฯ…ฮปฮปฮฑ ฯ„ฮฏ ฮ˜ฮญฮปฮตฮนฯ‚; respondebat illa: ฮฌฯ€ฯƒฮ˜ฮฝฮตฮนฮฝ ฮ˜ฮตฮปฯ‰ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื•-ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžืื™ (Cumae) ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžืจื• ืœื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื: "ืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื”, ืžื” ืจืฆื•ื ืš?", ืขื ืชื”: "ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืžื•ืช". (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืืจ - ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช). ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ ื ืœื•ื• ื’ื, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืืžื”, ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื (ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช). ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืชื•ืจืžื•ืช ืืžื ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืืš ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื, ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ืขื ื•ื— ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ, ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืคืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืกืชื•ืžื•ืช-ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ. ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื-ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ืคืกืช "ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸ" ื›ืกืคืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•; ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื ื–ืจืขื•, ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืจืžื–ื™ื ืกืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจืชื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื—ืกืจื™-ื”ื™ืฉืข. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938, ื‘ืฉื "ืืจืฅ ื”ืฉืžืžื”", ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื ื— ืฉื˜ืจืŸ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืชืจื’ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ (ืชื—ืช ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ) ื‘ืฉื "ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸ", ื‘-1967, ื•ืืกืชืจ ื›ืกืคื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืืจืฅ ื”ืฉืžืžื”" ื‘-2001. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื The Waste Land ื‘ืืชืจ bartleby.com. ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ. Eliot reads The Waste Land - ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” (ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื‘ืฆื™ื). ื”ื”ื˜ืขืžื•ืช ืฉื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืคืกืงืื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื™ืžื” ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. Exploring The Waste Land - ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืคืจ-ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืืชืจื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ-ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
2024-10-04T19:59:05
ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ
ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืžื’'ื™ื“ ื-ืชื™ื›ึผืจื™ืชื™ (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุตุฏุงู… ุญุณูŠู† ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฌูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชูƒุฑูŠุชูŠ, ืชืขืชื™ืง ืžื“ื•ื™ืง: ืฆื“ืื ื—ืกื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœืžื’'ื™ื“ ืืœืชื›ึผืจื™ืชื™; 28 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1937 โ€“ 30 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2006), ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1979 ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืจืช ืขื™ืจืืง, ื‘ื’ื“ืื“, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2003. ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช' ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช 1968 ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ืืจื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื. ืžืžืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ืจืืŸโ€“ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1980โ€“1988 ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991. ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื›ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ื“ื™ื›ื ื•ืžื ืข ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื›ืืœื” ืืฉืจ ื“ืจืฉื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืื• ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืคืืจ ื•ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื” ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง. ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ืคืืŸ-ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื. ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื—ืฉื• ืืœื™ื• ืื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื™-ืืžื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ื•ื“ื— ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื” ื•ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2006 ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœื™ื™ื”, ื•ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘-30 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2006 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื™, ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืขื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื“ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™. ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-28 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1937 ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืืœ-ืขื•ื’'ื” ืฉืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชื™ื›ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง. ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœื—ื™ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื—ืžื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ืœื’ืœื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืžื ืขื• ืžืžื ื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉืœืคื• ืื•ืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื™ืกืชื” ื”ืื ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื‘ืจื—ืžื”, ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื˜ื ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืคืชืŸ ื“ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžืจื” "ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื‘ืจื—ืžื™ ื”ืจื’ ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืืช ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ", ื“ืงื” 5:45. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ื˜ื•ืœื˜ืœ ืกื“ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืืžื•, ืฉื ื™ืฉืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœืœ ื‘ื•, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื—'ื™ื™ืจืืœืœื” ื˜ืœืคืื—. ื—'ื™ื™ืจืืœืœื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื ืš ืืช ืื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืกื“ืื ืืช ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืืกืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 (ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ืงืืกื ื•ืขืืจืฃ, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”) ืงืจื ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจืฉื ื•ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ืฉืื™ืžืฅ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•Con Couglin, https://www.amazon.com/Saddam-King-Terror-Coughlin/dp/0060505419, ืขืž' 47-49. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955 ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1956, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช' ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช. ื‘ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช' ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1963โ€“1968 ื—ื™ื–ืง ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช' ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช' ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968 ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืžื•ื ื” ืกื“ืื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื™ื•"ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืจืง ืœื ืฉื™ื. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืจืง ื›ืกื’ืŸ, ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื“ืื. ืกื“ืื ื’ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ืง ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื™ืžื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืชื ืžื˜ืขื ืขื™ืจืืง ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืืœื’'ื™ืจ ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1975. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืกื“ืื ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช'ื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘-1968 ื”ืชืžืงื“ ืกื“ืื ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ืฉืกื‘ืœื” ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืงืจืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืงืจืขื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ืช, ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื™ืขื™ื, ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื›ืจื–ื™ ืฉื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ืกื“ืื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืกื“ืื ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืขื™ืจืืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืกื“ืื ื”ืงื™ื ืืช "ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช" ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช "ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช" ื•ืืช ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ื™ื ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง" ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืชื• ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืขื“ ืœืจืžืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœืงืจื•ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืขื™ืจืืง ืืช ืื—ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืชื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืืฉืคื•ื– ื—ื™ื ื ืœื›ื•ืœื, ืขื™ืจืืง ื–ื›ืชื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืคืจืก ืžื˜ืขื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื (ืื•ื ืกืง"ื•). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืชืžื›ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื ื” ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜, ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื“ืื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื ืคื˜. ืกื“ืื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™, ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืขื–ืจ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื™ื›ืจื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช 1970. ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืœืกื“ืื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘-1972 ื—ืชื ืกื“ืื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืจ.ื”. ื˜ืจื™ืค, "ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช". ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืžื™ืžื ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื ื‘ืืจื–ืื ื™. ืกื“ืื ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืช'ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœืืžืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื–ืจื”, ืคื™ืงื— ืกื“ืื ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื•ื”ืคืฆืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ืื™ื›ืจื™ื. ื”ื‘ืขืช'ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1974โ€“1975. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช "ืžืงืœ ื•ื’ื–ืจ" ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื“ืื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1975 ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืช' ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง. ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, 1979 ื‘-1976 ืขืœื” ืกื“ืื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื ืจืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืคืš ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœ-ื‘ื›ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื•, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืกื“ืื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ. ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืคืš ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘-1979. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช'. ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืคื—ื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”, ื•ืกื“ืื ืฆื‘ืจ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืคืœื’ืชื•. ื‘-1979 ื”ื—ืœ ืืœ-ื‘ื›ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื—ืืคื– ืืœ-ืืกื“, ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกื’ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ืกื“ืื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื. ืกื“ืื ืคืขืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—. ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ืืœ ื‘ื›ืจ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘-16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1979 ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืจืืง. ื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืจืืง ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช' ืžื™ื“ ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื•, ืขืจืš ืกื“ืื ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช' ื‘-22 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1979. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืกืคื”, ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ืœืฆืœื, ื˜ืขืŸ ืกื“ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื "ืœื ื ืืžื ื™ื" ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช' ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 68 ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”. ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›"ืœื ื ืืžื ื™ื", ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ื•ื ืœืงื—ื• ืœืžืขืฆืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืจืš ืกื“ืื ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืชื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. 68 ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขืฆืจื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืขืžื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื ืžืฆืื• ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”. ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’. ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1979 ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืžืื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช' ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ (ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ) ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ืืคื– ืืœ-ืืกื“ (ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืžืืœ) ื‘ืคืกื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1978 ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉืคืœ ื‘-1977, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ืขืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืื ื•ืืจ ืกืื“ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-1978 ืื™ืจื—ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืคืกื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื’ื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืื•ืœื, ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืงืžื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืžืื– 1983 ืงืจืื” ืขื™ืจืืง ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื "ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™" ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ืกื“ืื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1974, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ืกืคืจื“, ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ืคืจื ืงื•, ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ืจื™ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืจืื ื“ื”, ืงื•ืจื“ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื˜ื•ืœื“ื•. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1975 ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื–'ืืง ืฉื™ืจืืง ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื›ืžื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื—ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืกื“ืื ืžื™ืžืŸ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืืง. ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื. ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจืืง, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืคืกืงื•ืื”, ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื ื”ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืขื ืกื“ืื. ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ืจืืŸโ€“ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืื ื•ืจื•ื—ืืœืœื” ื—'ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™. ื—'ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™, ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘-1964, ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื ื’'ืฃ. ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ืขื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืชื— ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื•ืื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืกื“ืื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื—'ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืขื™ื ืฉื ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืกื“ืื. ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืฉืื”, ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘-1975, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืกื“ืื ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื—'ื•ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978 ืœืฆืจืคืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื‘-1979, ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืกื“ืื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ื™ื ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™, ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจืฆื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—'ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื’ืœืขื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืื˜ ืืœ-ืขืจื‘ื™. ืกื“ืื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ืืš ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืื•"ื ืฆืœืื— ืขื•ืžืจ ืืœ ืขืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื. ืขื™ืจืืง ืื›ืŸ ืคืœืฉื” ืœืื™ืจืืŸ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชืงืคื” ืืช ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžื”ืจืื‘ืื“ ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืœื—'ื•ื–ืกืชืืŸ ืฉื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืขืจื‘ื™ ื ื™ื›ืจ, ื‘-22 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1980 ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง. ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืคืจืกื™, ื”ืคืš ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœ"ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™" ื ื’ื“ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืกืคืง ื›ืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืขื™ืจืืง ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื™ืื•ื ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืกื“ืื ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง "ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืช". ื”ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขื™ืจืืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื ื•ืžืืžืฆื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœืคืชื— ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื™ืจืืง ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื—'ื•ื–ืกื˜ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื. ื‘-1982, ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื’ื ื ื” ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืขื™ืจืืง ืžืฆืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ื ืฉืง ื›ื™ืžื™ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื ืฉืง ื›ื™ืžื™ ื–ื” ืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืขื™ืจืืง ืขืงื‘ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื ืœื“ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœืขื™ืจืืง ื’ื "ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืกื•ืช ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช". ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ืขื ืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืกืจื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ, ืื ื›ื™ ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื ื•ืืœ ืงื•ืš ืืžืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ: "ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ... ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืจืืง ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืื™ืจืืŸ". ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90% ืžื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1980 ืขื“ 1988 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืกื™ืŸ. ืกื“ืื ื—ืชืจ ืœืชืžื™ื›ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง. ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืกื™ื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื›ืกืคื™, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืžื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืกื™ืŸ, ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื—ืฉืฉื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื, ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ืขื™ืจืืง ืœืฉืœื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืื™ืจืืŸ, ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืขื“ 20 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1988. ื‘-16 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1988 ื”ื•ืชืงืคื” ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื—ืœื‘ื’'ื” ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื—ืจื“ืœ ื•ื’ื– ืขืฆื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-5,000 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืื™ืจืขื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืœ-ืื ืคืืœ, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืกื“ืื ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง, ืืš ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืฉืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืชืงื™ืคื”. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื. ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื•, ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืื–ื•ืจ ื—'ื•ื–ืกืชืืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆืจื” (ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื), ื ื”ืจืกื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ 1979 ื ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™. ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืขื™ืจืืง, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกืฃ ืงืจื™ืกื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื“ืื ืœื•ื•ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืืคืจื™ืœ ื’ืœืกืคื™ ื ืคื’ืฉืช ืขื ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ. 25 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1990 ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืื™ืจืืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื ืชื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช. ืกื“ืื ื“ื—ืง ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›-30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื”. ืกื“ืื ื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ืกื™ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืค"ืง ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืกื“ืื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ. ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื™ืจืืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืฉืžืŸ ื™ืงืจ ืžื”ื‘ืืจื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื•ื. ืกื“ืื ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืขื™ืจืืง, ื•ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ืงืžื” ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื’ื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช (ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืขืœืช 25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื) ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง. ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›-20% ืžืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืกื“ืื ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ืงื“ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื” ืขื ืขื™ืจืืง, ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ืกื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื”. ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืงื˜ื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ. ืžืžืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื™ืจืืง ื›-4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื” ื ื’ื“ ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืขื™ืจืืง ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1990 ื”ื•ื ืื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ืฉืง ื›ื™ืžื™ ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืคืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ืขื™ืจืืง. ื‘ืžืื™ 1990 ื”ื•ื ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ "ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื". ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1990 ื”ื•ื ืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืžืจ: "ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช... ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืืžืจื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื". ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื—ื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืคืจืกื™. ืฉื’ืจื™ืจืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืืคืจื™ืœ ื’ืœืกืคื™ ื ืคื’ืฉื” ืขื ืกื“ืื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘-25 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1990, ืฉื‘ื” ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœื— ืกื“ืื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ืช. ืขื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืกื“ืื, ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืชื—ืช ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘, ืืช ืงืฉืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™, ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื, ื ืฉืง ื•ืกื™ื•ืข. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘-2 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1990 ืคืœืฉ ืกื“ืื ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื‘ืข ืกื™ื•ืข ืœ"ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช", ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืขื•ืจืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘-4 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ื ืชื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื•-ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช, ืืš ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘-8 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืขืœ "ืžื™ื–ื•ื’" ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘-28 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืžื—ื•ื– ื”-19 ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง. ืจืง ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘-1988. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื”ื•ื "ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืกืœืื". ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1991, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ืกื™ื’ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ืžื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”. ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืจืกื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืขื•ืจืจื” ืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื. ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืชืช ืœืขื™ืจืืง ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ืขื“ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืื ืกื“ืื ืœื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ืฉืฉื• ืžืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื ื’ื“ ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื ืคื˜, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื”, ืคืจืกื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื‘ื–ื–ื• ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืืจืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืืจืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, 1996 ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื”, ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืืชื ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ืกื“ืื. ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจืฆื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืขื™ืจืืง, ืืš ื“ื•ื›ืื• ืœืœื ืจื—ื. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื“ื—ืงื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžื ื ื’ื“ ืกื“ืื, ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืจื“. ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืฉื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืกื“ืื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืจื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื• ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ. ืกื“ืื ืืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื• ื›"ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื™ืจืืง ืื›ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช". ืžืกืจ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื“ืื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืขื™ืจืืง ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืขืช ืคืœื™ืฉืช ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืกืจื•, ื•ื—ืกืžื• ืืช ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ื”ืื•"ื ืฉืงืœ ืœื”ืคื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืžื”ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง. ื™ืฉื ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช. ื‘-9 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1996 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื“ืื ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืื•"ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-1992. ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืขื™ืจืืง ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืคืงื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื‘-26 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1993, ื‘ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื•ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ืช. ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืกื“ืื ื‘ื”ืคืจืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•"ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืกื“ืื ื™ื•ื“ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœื ืฉืง ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืืžืชืœื” ืœืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1997 ืขื“ 1998, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ืื ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืจืืง, ื‘-16โ€“19 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1998. ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”-CIA ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืจ, ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ "ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื" ื‘-1995, ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ "ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง". ื‘-2002 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื—ืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื’ื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ "ื”ืคืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ื ืคื•ืฅ ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ". ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืžืขื™ืจืืง ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœ"ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช". ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื ืคื™ืœืชื• 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ื”ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืจืืง ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืื ืขืจื™ืฅ ืœื•ื—ืžื ื™, ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ื—ืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก, ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2002, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ "ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืจืฉืข", ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื™ืจืืŸ, ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืขื™ืจืืง. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืœืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืขื™ืจืืง, ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื ื”ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ "ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื–ืžื ืœืคืชื— ืื ืชืจืงืก ื•ื’ื– ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉื•ืจ... ืขื™ืจืืง ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืชื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ". ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1441 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ืžืขื™ืจืืง "ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืชื ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœ" ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ืจืืง ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ืกืื“ืื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืก ื‘ืœื™ืงืก ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2002, ืœื ืžืฆื ื‘ืœื™ืงืก ืฉื•ื ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘-20 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2003, ืคืœืฉื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืืคืจื™ืœ ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืกื“ืื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ืœื›ื™ื“ืชื• ื•ืžืขืฆืจื• 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื ืชืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, 13 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2003 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื ืคื™ืœืช ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืžืฆืื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกืคืง. ืกื“ืื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื‘-13 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2003, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฉื—ืจ ืื“ื•ื", ื ืชืคืก ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืœื™ื“ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืชื™ื›ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื•, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืกื“ืื ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื™ื“ ืชื™ื›ืจื™ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ื‘-14 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ืฉืจื” ื›ื™ ืกื“ืื ืื›ืŸ ื ืชืคืก. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ. ืกื“ืื ื ืจืื” ืขื ื–ืงืŸ ืžืœื ื•ืฉื™ืขืจ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช. ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืกื“ืื ืœื“ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื˜ืจื ื ืงื‘ืขื•. ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขื ืกื“ืื ืœืื—ืจ ืœื›ื™ื“ืชื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›"ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื•ืฆืง". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืกื“ืื ื ื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”-FBI ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืคื™ืจื•. ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฆืจื• ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2004, ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช "ืžื—ื ื” ืงืจื•ืคืจ", ื™ื—ื“ ืขื 11 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืžืžืฉืœื•, ื ืžืกืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืืฉื ืกื“ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื‘ืคืฉืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืœ ื‘-1982, ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœ ื ื’ื“ื•. ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ 148 ืื ืฉื™ื, ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉืœ 399 ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื•: ืกื“ืื ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ื ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืจืืง. ื”ื—ืœืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘-5 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2006, ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืืฉื ื‘ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœื™ื™ื”. ืื—ื™ื• ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื, ื‘ืืจื–ืืŸ ื-ืชื™ื›ึผืจื™ืชื™ ื•ืขื•ื•ืื“ ื—ืืžื“ ืืœ-ื‘ื ื“ืจ, ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘-1982, ื”ื•ืจืฉืขื• ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจื• ืฉืœ 30 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2006, ื”ื•ืฆื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืชืœื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 69 ื‘ืžื•ืชื•. ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืชืœื™ื™ืชื• ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ืคืฅ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืชืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืฆื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืขืฆืžื” ื™ืฆืื• ืืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืขื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืžื‘ื’ื“ืื“". ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืชืื‘ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’. ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืจื›ื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ื•ืงืจืื• ืœื›ืš "ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™", ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืกืคืจื“, ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื•ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”. ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืœื•ืœ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ืจืืŸโ€“ืขื™ืจืืง. 1988 ืœืกื“ืื ื”ื™ื• ืืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช, ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื, ืคืกืœื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง. ืคื ื™ื• ื ืจืื• ืขืœ ืฆื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ื ืจืื” ืกื“ืื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช: ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื, ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื›ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ (ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื (ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื•ืจื“ืคื•ื‘), ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ื’ื ื›ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืื“ื•ืง, ืขื•ื˜ื” ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ื—ืœื•ืง. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื™ ืืฉื“, "ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ - ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืžื‘ื’ื“ื“", ื‘ืืชืจ "ื”ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ ืืฉื“", 17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2007 ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ: ืื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืฃ ืืช ืื™ืจืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ News1 ืžื—ืœืงื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” , 19 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2021 ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืชื™ ืคืœื™ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื•ื™, ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ - ื›ืืŸ, 11 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ืขืช' ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฉื™ืื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจืืฉื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืขื™ืจืืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ื˜ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ื˜ื™-ืื™ืจืื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ื˜ื™-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจืืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืขื• ื‘ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1937 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-2006
2024-10-20T08:54:06
ื˜ืจื•ืจ
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|376x376px|ืงืจื™ืกืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืขืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2001, ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืก ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ืืจื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ืคืชืข ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืง ืืœื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืคื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ืขืช ืคื—ื“, ืชื•ืš ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืคืœืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ืœืชืืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืขืฉื” "ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™". ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœึพ3,000 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|220px|ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื•ืคืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื›ืžื” ืคื’ื–ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืกื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื ื“ืจ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืคืฅ ืžื›ืœื™ ื“ืœืง ื•ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ื’ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ terrere, ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“, ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื”, ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืœ.Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), , Oxford: Clarendon Press, ืขืจืš terrฤ•o ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช terreur, ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื ืื• ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืคื—ื“ื”. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืขืžื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืกืคื™ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื• โ€“ ื”ืขืœืื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืœื’ืจื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ืืช ื›ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ (ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Rรฉgime de la Terreur). ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคืš ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืžืื• ื“ื–ื”ึพื“ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ืœื‘ื“ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืื• ืœ"ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจื™ื" ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ืืช ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืฆืืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื“ื’ืœื• ื‘"ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™", ื›ืžื• ืžืคืœื’ืช ืก"ืจ (ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื-ืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื), ืฉื ื‘ื“ืœื” ืžืจืกื“ืจ"ืค (ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœ-ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”) ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•: ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืก"ื“ ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืงื“ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื”ืก"ืจ ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื“ืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช (ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ "ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™"). ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื˜ืจื•ืจ" (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Terrorism) ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืจืง ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืœืขื™ืœ). ืžื•ื ื— ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20 ืขืงื‘ ื’ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืืœื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืงืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ-ืงืœืื•ื–ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืœืคื™ื• "ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืืœื ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื". ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืงื˜ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืจืช, ื•ื”ืื ืœืฆื“ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”, ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืฉืจื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื— ืขืžื•ื ื•ืขืฆื ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ, ื•ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืข. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื ื•ื’ืข ืœ"ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื• ืื™ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช", ืื•ืœื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช), ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืžื”ืคื›ื”, ืžืจื“ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ืจื™ืœื”. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื”ื• ืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ "ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืคื•ื’ืข ื•ืžืื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืจ". ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ื™ืฉ ืื™ึพื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื ื›ืœืœ ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžื” ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืืœื ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ ืžืื‘ืง ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ืืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืœื ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช: ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืขืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืชื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืืกื•ืจ, ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ืœื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื‘ืง ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ืกืžื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืขืจืขืจื•ืช ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ. ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื’ื ืคื•ื’ืข ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื: ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืงื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืœื•ืžื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆืจื™ ืฉื•ื•ื, ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืžืกืžืœื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืืœื ื”ื ื’ื ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื ืื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืขื ืื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ) ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืคืœืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืข ืžื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” โ€“ ืคื—ื“, ื—ืจื“ื”, ืื™ืžื” โ€“ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืื™ืžื” ื•ืคื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืงืฃ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื“ืžื•ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ืœืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ื’ื ื›ืคืขื•ืœืช ื ืงืžื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื ืฉืง ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืกืช. ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” "ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื), ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžื›ื”ื ืช, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืจืžื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืืงื˜ ืืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ "ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื›ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช: ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื“ืชื™ืช, ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื’ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื”, ืชื•ืš ืื™ื•ื ืœืจื•ืฆื—ื, ื™ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช-ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื–ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ โ€“ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื“ื” ื’ืจื™ื“ื โ€“ ืื ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช โ€“ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื ื“ืœื™ื–ื ืงืœ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœื”), ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื— ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื”ื•ื“ ืฉืคืจื™ื ืฆืง ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื "ื”ืคืขืœืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื”, ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื, ื›ืืงื˜ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ื•ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืกืจ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘". ื“"ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื ื•ืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ "ื›ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื• ืื™ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช", ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ื›ื–ื•, ื•ื›ื™ "ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ". ื’ื ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืจื•ืก ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ "ื›ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ืื™ื•ื ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืขืžื•ืง". ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ (2016) ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื™ืคื” ืืœื™ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ืชื ืื™ื: ื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžื ื™ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ื“ืชื™, ืœืื•ืžื ื™ ืื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™; ื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืคื—ื“ ืื• ื‘ื”ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืืœืฅ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”, ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื”; ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื•, ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”, ืื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ ืœืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”: (ื) ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•; (ื‘) ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื•; (ื’) ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืฉื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืคืกืงืื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” (ื) ืื• (ื‘) ื•ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ; (ื“) ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ ื“ืช; ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, "ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ ื“ืช" โ€“ ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”; (ื”) ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืื• ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื, ืื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” "ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™". ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืคืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืฉืข ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืคืฉืข ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืื• ื”ืคืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื”, ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืื• ืžืžืžื ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื• ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื—ืฉืื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขืžื”. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ ืžืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”ืŸ (ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ื”ื’ื•ืœืื’ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื”), ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื›"ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื", ืื• ืืฃ ื›ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืืš ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ืš ื–ื” ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืืคืœื™ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื”, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื ืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžื” (ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืขืœ ื ื’ืกืืงื™, ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืกืงืื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ), ืื ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” (ืื ื—ืจื’ื• ืžื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” (ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืกืช ืคืืŸ ืื 103 ืžืขืœ ืœื•ืงืจื‘ื™). ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœื’ืจื™ืœื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื โ€“ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื‘ืกึฐืคึธืจ. ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœื’ืจื™ืœื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื›ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืกื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืœื•ื—ืžืช ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื, ื•ืืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืงื•ื ื’ ืฉืคืขืœื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื ืกื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื’ืจื™ืœื”, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืืš ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื•"ื’ืจื™ืœื”" ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื ื’ื“ืŸ ื›"ื˜ืจื•ืจ", ื’ื ืื ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื›"ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื—ืžื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ื ื’ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื (ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื). ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื›"ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื" ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืืฆ"ืœ ื•ืœื—"ื™, ืฉืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื›ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืขื•ืœืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ื›ื•ืœื”, ื ื’ื“ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืขื•ืœื ื›"ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื" โ€“ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜" ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ืื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ืืช ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืžื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืœื ื ืฉื ืคืจื™ ื•ืืžื ื” ื–ืืช ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืงืฃ. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ืืช ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื "ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืœื”" ืื• "ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉ". ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื ื•ืจ, ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจ "ื›ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื• ืื™ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช". ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘. ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ืืช ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื—ืœื” ืจืง ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื—ื•ืœื” ื’ื•ืจืคืช. ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืคื—ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ, ื›ื•ื— ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืคื—ื“ื”, ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืื• ืื™ื•ื. ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ืกื’ืจืช ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื, ื’ื™ื•ืก ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืชืขื•ื’ืŸ ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžืฉืจืชืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืชื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืืกื•ืจ, ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ืœื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืกื›ื ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืงื™ื™ื ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกืคืจ ืืš ืœื ืœื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžืฆื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2011, ื”ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืคื” ืื—ื“ ื›ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื–ื•ื”ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืคืฉืข ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ืœืคื™ื” ืžื•ื ื—ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™. ืื•ืœื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชืŸ ืฉืœ 13 ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืกืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืื™ืžืฆื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืจืง ืขื ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืชื ื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” "ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช" ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช. ื‘ืฆื“ ืืžื ื•ืช "ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช" ืืœื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืฉื ื•ืกื—ื• ื‘ื—ืกื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ืจื•ืจ: ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืช ื”ืืžื ื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื•ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, 1937: ืืžื ื” ื–ืืช ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืงืฃ. ืกืขื™ืฃ 1.1 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืžืขืฉื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ืกืขื™ืฃ 2 ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ืื ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 1. ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 2000 ื”ืืกืคื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ืืžื ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”: ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืฉืข ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืื– 2002 ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ืื•"ื ืžืฉื ืช 1996 ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืžืฉื ืช 1994 ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืกื•ืคื—ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื 51/210, ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืžืขืฉื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืื• ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืฆื‘, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื’ื–ืข, ืจืงืข ืืชื ื™, ื“ืชื™ ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื•ืชื. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 1566 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืฉื’ื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืžืขืฉื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืื• ืœื ื–ืง ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืื• ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื• ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชืŸ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื•, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื, ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื’ื–ืขื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืืชื ื™ ืื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืคืื ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื, ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004, ืคืื ืœ ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื, ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ื ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช (The High-Level Panel on Threats Challenges and Change and the Secretary General), ืงืจื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœืืžืฅ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืืžื ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™, "ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื”ื‘ื: ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืืžื ืช ื–'ื ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ 1566 (2004), ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืื• ืœื ื–ืง ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ืœื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื›ื–ื”, ืขืœึพืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืื• ื”ืงืฉืจื•, ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืื• ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื™ืฉืจ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืงื•ืคื™ ืื ืืŸ, ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืคืื ืœ ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”" ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœืืžืฅ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืžื ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ื›ืœืœืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืืžื ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื ื“ื—ืชื”. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืื ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื, ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื—ืกืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™. ืงืจืœื•ืก ื“ื™ืื–ึพืคืื ื™ืื’ื•ืื”, ืฉืชื™ืื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™, ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืžื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื“ืื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื’ืŸ". ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ (2002) ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ; ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืื˜"ื• ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืื˜"ื• AAP-06 ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›"ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืื• ืื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืื• ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช". ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ โ€“ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื•ื‘. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1987 ื›ื•ื ืกื” ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื ืกื— ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื”ื’ืฉืชื” ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื. ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืืžืจ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื›ื™ "ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืกืชืขืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช". ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ืื•"ื ื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืชืฉืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืืœื”, ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื ื•ืจ, ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืขืฆืžืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžืขื•ื ืฉ. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืฉืขื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ืงื•ื“ืงืก ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืžื’ืžื” ื–ืืช ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืชืืกื•ืจ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”. ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ โ€“ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื”ื• ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, "ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ" ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืžื ื™ืขืช ื’ื™ื•ืก ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžืขืฆืจ ื•ื”ืกื’ืจืช ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•'. ืœืคื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ื’ื ื•ืจ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ื•ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืืš ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ื• ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืœื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืœื ื‘"ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™" ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื. ื”ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, 2009 ื”ืชื›ื ืก ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2009, ืข"ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื— ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื ืชืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืขื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื: ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืื• ืื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืฉืข ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื›ืžื• ืจืฆื—, ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื”ืฆืชื” ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืคื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื›ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ืœื’ื•ืจื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืจื‘ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ื—ื•ืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื–ื•ื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืคื ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืงืงื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ โ€“ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ืืช ืชื•ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ืžืื•ืชืชืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืขืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื•ืœื ืกื—ื” ืชื—ืช ืืžื ื”. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืืžื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœื ืื—ืช ื ืฉืžืขื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื–ืืช ื ืฉืžืขืช ื’ื ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื ืฉืžืขื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื ืฆื—". ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ืœื ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื• ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืœื ืืฃ ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ื•ื”ืขืฆื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื•. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืฆื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง. ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืื—ืช, ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ืช ืœืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืืฉืจ ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช Pacta sunt servanda (ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื). ืืžื ื” ื–ืืช ืชื—ื–ืง ืืช ืจื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ ืชืชืžืจืฅ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื•ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืฆื“ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘, "ืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื ื™ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืื“ื, ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ ื“ืช. ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื’ื ื•ืจ โ€“ "ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช", ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื’ื ื•ืจ โ€“ "ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช". ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื”, ืค"ื“ ื ื•ืขื ืคื“ืจืžืŸ ื ' ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ "ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”". ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื‘: ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืืš ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ โ€“ ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื•ืจ โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ืื™ื•ื ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื”, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ืจืฆื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืœื ื›ืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“ ืงื ื“ื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™ ื•ืœื•ืื™ืก ืงืืจืจื• ื‘ืœืื ืงื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืจื•ืจ (ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ). ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืคื—"ืข", ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœื ื™ืช ืขื•ื™ื ืช". ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื• ืืชื ื™: ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ืืช ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืจื™ ืœื ืงื” ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœ: ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ืืช ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, 17 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ื•ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื• ื•ืจืฆื™ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืœื“ื• ืžื•ืจื• ื‘ึพ1978. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ืืช ืืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ืื•ืงืœื”ื•ืžื” ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืžื•ืชื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื™. ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื ืคืืœ, ืฉื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืœื™ืžื”, ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืืกืœืืžื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืงื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื–ืงืคื™ื ืœื—ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ืœืคืœื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ื, ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืจืฆื— ืื ื•ืืจ ืกืื“ืืช ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืกื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ืืจื› ื‘ืื“ื™ืก ืื‘ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ. ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช: ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืฉื•ืืคืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื“ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ืืช ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืœึพืงืืขื™ื“ื”, ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™, ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ืช ืฉื ืœื—ืžืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืกื•ื ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ืœืง ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื—ืžืืก ื•ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืชื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื’ืœื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืช ("ื’'ื™ื”ืื“") ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืงืฆื™ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื: ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื•ืช "ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ", ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ืื™ืจืืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ ื—ืžื™ื ืื™, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืคืื– ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ืืกื“, ื•ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืžืจ ืงื“ืืคื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืข ืกืคื™ื ืช ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื™ืžื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคืฉืข ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืจืคืช ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข, ืืš ืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืฆืจืคืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืขื“ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื™ืข ืื—ื“. ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืžืคืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืžืคืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื—ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืื•ืœื ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื ื•ืข, ื”ืกื‘ืจื”, ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื•ื›ื•') ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื—ืกื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆื‘ืื™, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืงืœื•ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืจื•ื‘ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืžื“ื›ื, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื“ื›ืืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ืืช ืฉื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื›ืื•ืช, ืฉืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื›ืื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืคื ื• ืืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉื“ื•ื›ืื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืคื ื• ืืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื˜ืขื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”ื ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื• ืื•ืชื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ, ืขื™ืจืืง ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืœื ืฆืžื—ื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื ื’ื“ ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื (ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืจืš) ืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช, ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื’ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืœื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ, ืื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’, ืฉืžื•ืชื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืจื‘ืช ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืคื—ื“ ื•"ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืš ื”ื ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ืงื•ื‘ื” ื•ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืคืชื— ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืžื“ื›ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืœื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ. ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื ื—ืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื ื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืงืจืงืข ื ื•ื—ื” ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื‘ืจืชื, ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืื“ื ืขื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืขืฉื™ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืจืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ืื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืื“ื ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ (ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื•), ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืขื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื•ื— ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ (ืื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื™ืฉื ืคืจื™, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื™ืฉืชืคืจ). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื–ื”. ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช (ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืจืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™), ืื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ืคื ื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื”). ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืื•ืกืืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื•ืงืจืœื•ืก ื”ืชืŸ ื‘ืื• ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“. ืชืžื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื“ ืืืœ ืช'ืื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืชื•ืžืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื, ืœืื“ื ืขื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืจืฆื• ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ื ืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืงืฉื” ืœื• "ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ" ื•ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื—ืฉืง, ืžืจืฅ ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื ืฆืžื—ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืžืฉื• ื•ื”ื ื—ื• ืื•ืชื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ื“ืข, ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืืœึพืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื•ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื, ืื• ื’ื™ื•ืก ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืชืจื”, ื”ื‘ืจื—ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื•ื›ื•') ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืงืข ืขื ื™, ื’ื ืื ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืจืงืข ืขื ื™. ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืงืข ืืžื™ื“ ืื• ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืืœื” ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”. ืกื“ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ืงืจื•ื’ืจ ื•ืžืœืงื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002 ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืœืคื™ ืžืžืฆืื™ื”ื, ื’ื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื’ื ืคื™ืื–'ื” ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ืฉืœืคื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืื’ืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื•ื“ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื• ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ืฉื•ืจืจืช ืืžื•ื ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืœื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืืช, ื•ืœื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”; ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืื–ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืขืฆืžื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืžืื‘ืง, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื›ืื•ื™ื‘, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื“ืžื’ื•ื’ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชืขืžืช ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœื” ื•ืœื ืžื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ืจืžืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• (ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•, 1993โ€“1996 ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ื) ืขื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืื•ืคืง ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ืฉื‘ื” ืคืจืฆื” ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืืฆื”, ื•ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื” ืื™ ืคืขื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืงื•ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”. ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื ื—ืฉืœื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉืœืžื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื›ื•ื— ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืจื›ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™, ื•ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•, ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืกืœืืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืขืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ, ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช. ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืงืจื™ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ืขืจืคืืช ืฉืื‘ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื ืกื™ื’ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉืืฃ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ืžื™ืฉ"ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืขืฉื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืืก, ื’ื ื”ื”ืชืขืžืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื ืคืช"ื— ื‘ืขื–ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื”, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื” ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืžื•ื ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืืžื•ื ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื ืืžื•ื ื” ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื”, ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืื• ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” (ืจืื• ืกืขื™ืฃ), ื•ืžื ื™ืขืชื” ืžืงื™ื“ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ื” ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื’ื•ืจื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืชืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื—ื•ืฃ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื•ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ" ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืกื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืฉื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืืช ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ืžื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ืžื•. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื™ืคื ื™. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ืืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืงืœื”ื•ืžื” ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืื• ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืื• ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•. ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžื”ื™ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื™ื ื–ืืช ืฉืžืงื“ืžืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช, ืจืื• ืคืกืงื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืงื“ืฉืช ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืงืœื”ื•ืžื” ืกื™ื˜ื™, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืฉื’ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 168 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืืžื™ืจื” "ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืงื“ืฉืช ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื" ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื™ืื•ื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื’ื ืื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืžื”ืกืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื, ืื• ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ื›ืœืœ, ืืฃ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืงื• ืชื•ื—ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืืœื” ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•. ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืื ืชื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืชืชื’ืœื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ืจื™ืง, ื•ืœื ื›ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ืฉืืคื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช, ืืžื•ื ื” ื–ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ืช, ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื’ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืืœื™ืžื”. ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืคื’ื ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืจืžืืœืœื”. ื—ืžืืก ื”ื•ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืกืœืืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช-ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืœื—ืžืืก ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง, ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ืœ. ืจื•ื‘ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื™ื•ืก ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื”, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื™ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื”ื. ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ึพIRA ื•ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจื• ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื™ืฉื ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืกืงื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื•ืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœืชืžื™ื›ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืžืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช, ื™ื—ืฉืคื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื”. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ืื• ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืœื•ืงืจื‘ื™, ืœื ื–ื›ื• ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ืื•ืœื ืื– ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืืœื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก ื•ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื”. ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืืœึพืงืืขื™ื“ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื™ืกื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืขื–ื”, ื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื“ืืขืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืจืืง ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•ื™ื ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืžืืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ืจื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื•ืข, ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืจืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช, ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืชืจื ื™ืช. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ืชืžื›ื• ื•ื“ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ื• ื™ื“ ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช. ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืจืœื™ืช, ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืขืฉื• ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืงื•ื ื’ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ึพIRA, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืืฉ"ืฃ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื‘ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฆ'ืื‘ืก ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ึพFARC ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืื ื™ืช. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจื•ืก ืื—ืจื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ึพ5 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2003 ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืื ืชืจืงืก ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืืจื‘, ื‘ื” ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื™ื™ื“ื” ืื‘ื ื™ื, ืžืฉืœื™ืš ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืชื‘ืขืจื” ืื• ื™ื•ืจื” ืžื”ืžืืจื‘ ื•ื ืžืœื˜ ืžื™ื“ (ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ), ืื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ืฉืง ืงืจ ืื• ื—ื, ื‘ื” ืœืžืคื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืชืคืก ืื• ื™ื”ืจื’ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืื• ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”. ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื: ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ: ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืงืจ, ื™ืจื™ ืžื ืฉืง ืงืœ, ื–ืจื™ืงืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืชื‘ืขืจื”, ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื“ ืื• ื“ืจื™ืกื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘. ื”ืคื’ื–ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื: ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืคื’ื–ื™ื, ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืจื’ืžื”, ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืื• ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื. ื”ืคืช"ื— ื•ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ื ืงืจืื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช "ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช"), ื•ืžืขื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืงืกืื ื•ื’ืจืื“ ื ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื™ืฃ ื•ื ื’ื“ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช, ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”. ื”ื˜ืžื ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื”: ื”ื˜ืžื ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ืคืฅ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืžืœื›ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ืคืฅ, ืžืžืขื˜ืคืช ื ืคืฅ ื•ืžืงืจืจ ืชื•ืคืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื•ืคืช ื•ืœืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืช. ื”ื˜ืžื ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื™ ืื“ื. ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืžืขื˜ืคื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื•ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืžืขื˜ืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืื ืชืจืงืก. ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื˜ืžื ืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ืช ื ืคืฅ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ืืช, ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืคืืŸ ืื, ืฉื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• 270 ืื™ืฉ โ€“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988 ืžืขืœ ืœื•ืงืจื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื‘. ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื•ืคืช ื‘ึพ18 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1994 ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก, ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• 86 ืื ืฉื™ื. ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื“: ื”ื˜ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ืืช ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ึพ2003 ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืกืข: ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื›ืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื”ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืงืœืขื™ื, ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื "ื˜ ืื• ื˜ื™ืœื™ื). ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืจื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช RPG ืขืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื•ืžื‘ืกื”, ืงื ื™ื” ื™ืจืชื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœึพืงืืขื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื˜ื™ืื• ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืก ืืจืงื™ืข. ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืžื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” โ€“ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื— โ€“ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ืืช ืžื™ื•ืฉืžืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœื•ืื™ื. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”. ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2004 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืžื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ืกืœืืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžึพ325 ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื”, ื–ื”ื• ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื— ืจื‘ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2002 ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื›ึพ50 ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื›ืฉื‘ื• ื›ึพ700 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืฆืขื” ืคืขื•ืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื–ืจื ื’ื– ืจืขื™ืœ ืฉื’ืจื ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 67 ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ึพ34 ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืžื”ื›ืœื. ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืกืข (ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ื•ืก, ืื•ื ื™ื” ืื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก) ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื•: ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20 ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ืืช, ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืกื—ื™ื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื, ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.ืื—ืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืจ ืคืจืื ืก ืœืื•ื’ื ื“ื”, ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื• ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื ื˜ื‘ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืืงื™ืœื” ืœืื•ืจื•. ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช: ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืฉื—ื•ื’ืจ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื ืคืฅ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืžื” ืื“ื, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื• ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื’ื ื ื”ื™ื’ืช ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืžื•ืœื›ื“ ืื• ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ) ื•ืจื™ืกื•ืงื• ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ืจื•ืกืงื• ืขืœ ืกืžืœื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื (ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ), ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืœืฉืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืขืœื” ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ืžืœ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ื›ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช. ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืžืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืœื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ืคืš ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื ื‘"ืง: ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืฉืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื ืฉืง ื›ื™ืžื™ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื–) ืื• ื ืฉืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ (ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื”ืจืขืœืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื™ื”), ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•. ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—, ื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘. ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช: ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืื• ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช). ืคืฉืข ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื, ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืกืคืกืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ืงืฉืŸ. ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืงืจื ื•ืช "ืฆื“ืงื”" ืฉืžืชื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืืš ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื ืชืจืžื• ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืืคื™ืง ื–ื” ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืกืœืืžื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื. ื–ืœื™ื’ื” ืžืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™. ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•. ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ื•ืŸ. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืืช ืืœื“ื• ืžื•ืจื•, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื–ื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืคืขื•ืœื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ (ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”), ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืžื“ื™ื, ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ, ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ (ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ). ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืื’ื“ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ ื•ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืง ืœืฉื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช, ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช, ืžื“ื™ื, ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ืจื•ืจ (ืืœึพืงืืขื™ื“ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ). ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืกืคื•ืจื“ื™ ("ื–ืื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ื“"), ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ โ€“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ื— ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• 29 ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืชื• ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึพ25 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1994. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ื“ ืงื–ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื•ืžื‘ืจ, ืฉืคืขืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 18 ืฉื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ื›ืคืฉืข ืฉื ืื” (Hate Crime) ื•ืœื ื›ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›"ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™", ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื, ืžืžืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื โ€“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืžื•ื™, ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืš. ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืคื“ืื™ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1955โ€“1956 ื•ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1966โ€“1967 (ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ ืชืจืžื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”). ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืขืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ึพื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื—ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื. ืœื—ืœืง ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ื•ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื™ืช) ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื–ืจื•ืข ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช "ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช", ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื”, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ืืฃ ื ื•ื˜ืœืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ื™ืž"ืž, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื™ืž"ืž ื‘ื“ื™ื’ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืžืœื, ืขื ืจื•ื‘ื™ M4A1 ืงืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืžื’ืŸ ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ื•ื›ืœื‘ ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฆื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื”, ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื•ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ 2002. ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื•ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืชืงืคื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ื—ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ืง ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื’ื AH-64 ืืคืืฆ'ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื’ืจ ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืœืคื™ื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื (ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2018). ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื ืืกืจ ืกืœืื— ื-ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ21 ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืชื™ืื•ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืžืื’ื“ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ; ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื ื™ื˜ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื•ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื—ืชืจื ื•ืช (ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ืืช ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ); ื”ืžื˜ื” ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืš ืœืื’ืฃ ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืฆื“ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืงื•ื ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968 ืฉืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืกืคื’ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืกื’ืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื‘ึพ1975, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื™ื’ ืืช ืฆืจืคืช ืžืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ึพ1962, ืœืื—ืจ 8 ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืงืฉื•ืช, ืขืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืžืืก ืžื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืกืœืืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ, ื”ื›ื ืขืช ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืžืื• ืžืื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20. ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื‘ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1970, ื•ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืืฉ"ืฃ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002, ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžื ืฉืง ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2005, ื•ื”ื›ื ืขืชื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื ืžืจื™ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืืžื™ืœ ืื™ืœื ื‘ืžืื™ 2009, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื™ ืœื ืงื”. ื”ื›ื ืขืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื˜"ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื‘-20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011 ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืงื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘-3 ื‘ืžืื™ 2018. ื”ื›ื ืขืช ืžื—ืชืจืช PKK ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื‘ึพ2013. ื’ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืฉืžื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื›ืื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ึพ1970, ืืช ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืืฉ"ืฃ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืืช ื’ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืื™ื•"ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื•ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื‘ืง ืžืžื•ืฉืš. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื”) ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกืื“ื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ21 ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉื’ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืจืืง. ื—ื–ื™ืช ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื—ืžืืก ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืฉื ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื ื ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ, ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื“ืœื™ืช, ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืœื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ืžื•ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ืจื’ื™ืฉื”, ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ื‘"ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™" ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™. ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื™ืฉื ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™. ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืžื™ื“ืจื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืžื’ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ื™ืกืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืœื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936, ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืขื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1970, ื•ืืฃ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืจืฅ 2002, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื•ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ, ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื“ ืžืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœึพ11 ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ "ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™" ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืกืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืฉื’ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื: ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ: ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื—ื‘ืœื”, ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘, ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ื•ื, ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ืง ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื—ืจื™ืžื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงืฉ ื•ืงืจื ื•ืช "ืฆื“ืงื”"). ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ื•: ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื—ืกื” ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื”. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืจื™ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ: ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืืชืจ ื•ื’ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ืื ืฉื™ ืžืคืชื— ืฉืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืคื•ืชื•. ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื. ืžืขืฆืจื™ื: ืžืขืฆืจ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžืคืงื“, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— (ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืคื’ืข) โ€“ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืขืฆืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื—. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช: ื“ืจืš ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืชืคื™ืกืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืขื“ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื•ืงื“), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืกืช ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื”ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื‘ืชื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื). ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ืื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืœืžืขื•ื–ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ: ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื–'ื ื“ืจืžืจื™ื” ื•ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉืง ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื•ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื˜"ืจ ื•ืœืฉ"ื‘, ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช/ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” (ืœืžืฉืœ: ื”ื™ืž"ืž ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ: ืžืกืชืขืจื‘ื™ื). ืจืื• ื’ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• (ืขื•ืจืš), ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื ืฆื—, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ ืืจืฆื™, 1987. ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 2004. ื’ื“ื™ ืืฉื“ "ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ" ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจืš ื™ื’ (2010). ืืœืŸ ื“ืจืฉื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ืื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื™ื ืฆื—?, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ, 2003. ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื ื•ืจ, ืžื‘ื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ โ€“ ื›ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืคืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”, 2003. ืฉืœืžื” ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ, ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2019 ืœื•ืื™ื– ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ืกื•ืŸ, What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Enemy, Containing the Threat (2006) ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ื— ื”ืจืจื™, ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ื•? ืžื™ืžื™ึพื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ื–ืžื ื™ื 108, ืกืชื™ื• 2009 ื“"ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื ื•ืจ, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื˜"ื— ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืจื•ืจ โ€“ ืืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืงืจืŸ ืขื ื‘ืจ Terrorism and Islamic Fundamentalism: Background - Archive 1988-2003, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจ, ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” - ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ (inss) ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจึพื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ โ€“ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืง, 13 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2008, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™, ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจ โ€“ ื“"ืจ ืืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ืœืช ืžืืจื— ืืช ื“"ืจ ื™ื ื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, 26 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2009, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™, ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช
2024-10-02T13:57:58
ืชื–ืžื•ืจ
ืชึดึผื–ึฐืžื•ึผืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืžื•ืœื—ื ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืŸ, ืืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ืงื•ืจื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื”. ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื›ืงืฆื‘, ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”. ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืœืื›ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื ืขื“ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ืžื ืขื“ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืจืชื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช. ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื• ืชื‘ื•ืฆืข ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืชื–ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ื’ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื”ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•/ืื• ื”ืžื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ. ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื– ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื™ื• ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื•ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ ืฉืฉื™ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื•ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื•ื›ืœื™ ืขื“ ืชื•ื. ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื” "ืงืจื ื‘ืœ ืจื•ืžืื™" ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื– ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืžืกืงื™-ืงื•ืจืกืงื•ื‘ "ืฉื—ืจื–ืื“ื”". ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจ - ืœื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื (ืกืงืฆื™ื”) ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ื›ืš ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื•ื’ื‘ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื (ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื). ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ืจ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ื“ื•ืžื”. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื ืฆืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”"ืงืฆื•ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืžื ืขื“ื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื•. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืŸ ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื ืขื“ ืฉ-50 ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• 'ืžืขื™ื–ื™ื' ืœืชืช ืœื•, ืืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืœืื‘ื•ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืฆืœื™ืœื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื ืขื“ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื ืขื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘'ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘' ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืื”ื‘ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”"ื ืžื•ืš" ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™ ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”"ื’ื‘ื•ื”" ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ืขื“ ืฉืœื•. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื ืขื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืกื’' ืกื•ืœื•. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื’ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ืขื“ ืจื—ื‘ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืงืจืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืก, ืคื™ืงื•ืœื•, ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืŸ, ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื. ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื“ื‘ื™ืกื™ ื•ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืฉืžื• ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ื–, ืืœื ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืฃ ื•ืจื•ื˜ื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ (ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™). ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืจืื•ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืžืืช ืžื•ื“ืกื˜ ืžื•ืกื•ืจื’ืกืงื™. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช
2023-07-19T03:50:21
F
F (ืืฃ) ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™, ื ื”ื’ื™ืช ื›ืค"ื ืจืคื•ื™ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืคืชื™-ืฉื™ื ื™, ื—ื•ื›ืš, ืื˜ื•ื (/IPA: /f). ื”ืื˜ืจื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”; F ืขืฆืžื” ืกื™ืžืœื” ืืช /w/ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื˜ืจื•ืกืงื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช (ืฉื ื”ืื•ืช F, ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจืื” ื“ื™ื’ืžื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื ืขืœืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ืจื” /w/ ืžื”ืฉืคื”). ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ F ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ื• (wรขw) ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” /w/ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื•ื• ืื• ืืœื”. ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืช F ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|100px|ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืช F. ื‘ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืคื•ืงืกื˜ืจื•ื˜" (Foxtrot). ื‘-ASCII ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 70 (F) ื•-102 (f). ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืžื•ืจืก ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืงื• ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื”: ยทยท-ยท ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืœ: 60px ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืช F ืคืจื•ื˜ื• ืฉืžื™ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืื˜ืจื•ืกืงื™ Wืื˜ืจื•ืกืงื™ Fืœื˜ื™ื ื™ Fื•ื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื• ืฉืžื™ืชื•ื• ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืชื“ื™ื’ืžื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืชW ืื˜ืจื•ืกืงื™ืชF ืื˜ืจื•ืกืงื™ืชF ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, F ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืžืœ: ื‘ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœืžื” ื•ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืงื“. ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, F ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ืœืืœื ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื”, F ื”ื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ (Friday) ืื• ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ. ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, F ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ. ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช), F ืžืกืžืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ื›ืฉืœ. ื‘ืงื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, F ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ืฆืจืคืช (France). ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, F ืžืกืžืœืช ืกืคืจื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื—ืžืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืงืกื“ืฆื™ืžืœื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ-16. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช F ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ืคืืจืื“, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ SI ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช. F, ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืคืžื˜ื•, ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช 10-15. ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, F ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื• ืคื”. ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”: ื‘ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” F ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื•ื—. ื‘ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” F ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื”ื•ืœืฅ. f ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื f ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš. ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ืช ืœื•ื˜ืฉื™ ื”ืขื“ืฉื•ืช, f ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืฉื”. ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, โ€ŽยฐFโ€Ž ื”ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ื ื™
2024-04-24T18:16:35
K
K (ืงื™ื™ ืื• ืงึธื”) ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™. ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืงืคื, ืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืช ื›"ืฃ, ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืฃ ื•ืกื™ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ (ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื›ืฃ ื™ื“), ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ื - /k/. ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|100px|ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืช K. ื‘ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืงื™ืœื• (Kilo). ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืžื•ืจืก ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงื•: - ยท - ื‘ืงื•ื“ ASCII ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 75 (K) ื•-107 (k). ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืœ: 60px ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืช K ืคืจื•ื˜ื• ืฉืžื™ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืื˜ืจื•ืกืงื™64px|ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ ืคืจื•ื˜ื• ืฉืžื™ืชื›ืฃ ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืชK ืื˜ืจื•ืกืงื™ืชืงืคื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืชK ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, K ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืžืœ: ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” K ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืžืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”: K ืžื™ืฆื’ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ. K ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ. K ืžื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ. k ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ืง. k ืžืกืžืŸ ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”: K ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืฉืœื’ืŸ (ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™: kalium) K ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ. k ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”, K ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ 1000. ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, K ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™ื–ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื—ืžื˜, K ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืœืš. ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ, K ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืžืกืžืœืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ื›ืฉืจ. ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘: K ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” 210 = 1,024 K ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืžื•ื ื— ืงื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ (ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ KB) K ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœ-ืฉืคืช ืชื›ื ื•ืช K. ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”, K ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื”ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื”, K ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื“ื” ืงื™ืค (1k = ืืœืฃ ืœื™ื‘ืจืื•ืช ื›ื•ื—). ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, K ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ (ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืงื›ืœ). ื‘ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื ื•ืช, K ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงืจื˜. ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, K ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ื‘ืกืคืจื ื•ืช, K ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืกืคืจื™ ื—ื•ืง. ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ K ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืงืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื“ื. ื‘ื—ืคื™ืกืช ืงืœืคื™ ืžืฉื—ืง, K ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ืงืœืฃ ื”ืžืœืš. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืช: k ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช 103 = 1,000. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, K ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœืกืžืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ืช. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1000 (ืžืกืคืจ)
2024-06-02T08:23:02
ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื‘-10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื” ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ืจืก"ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืื“ื ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ืจืืฉ ืืž"ืŸ ืืœื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื, ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ืืœื•ืฃ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ (ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขื ืฉืคื), ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื•ืคื™ ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืจืก"ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืคืจื™ ืจืœ"ืฉ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ (ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ), 10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973 ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ; ืžืœื—ืžืช 73'; ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ; ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุญุฑุจ ุชุดุฑูŠู†, ืชืขืชื™ืง: ื—ึทืจึฐื‘ึผ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ืื• ุญุฑุจ ุฃูƒุชูˆุจุฑ โ€“ ื—ึทืจึฐื‘ึผ ืึปื›ึฐึผืชื•ึนื‘ึทึผืจ: "ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ" ื•ื’ื ุญุฑุจ ุฑู…ุถุงู† โ€“ ื—ึทืจึฐื‘ึผ ืจืžืฆ'ืืŸ: "ืžืœื—ืžืช ืจืžื“ืืŸ") ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื“, 6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ื‘ื”ืชืงืคืช ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื ืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืžื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื“, 24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ื™ื•ื ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืœืชื•ืงืฃ. ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืืฉ ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื“ 26 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ืขื“ ืžืื™ 1974 ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช, ืืฃ ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื. ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืœื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ึพ1967, ืคื™ืชื— ืืช "ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื”", ื•ืœื ืฆืคื” ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืคืชื™ื—ืชื”, ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื”, ืืช ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืœ ืขื•ืžืง ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืœืฆืœื•ื— ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ืชืคื™ืฉื‚ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืžื•ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืฆื“ ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืœื–ื™ืจืช ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื ืชืžื›ื• ื•ื—ื•ืžืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืชืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉืืฃ ื—ื™ืžืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื•ืงื“ ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื’ื•ืฉื™. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชืืจื›ื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื›ืฃ ื ื˜ืชื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช: ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ื-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช - ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ืช ืื’ืจื ื˜ ื•ืœื”ื“ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืจืืฉ ืืž"ืŸ ืืœื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื, ื•ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”; ื•ืœืฆื“ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ื ืชืคืกืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื”ืคืš ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘-1977. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืจืงืข ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืจืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืคื’ื ืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื•. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืžื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ: "ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—' ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—'". ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื•, ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืืžืจื” ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื: "ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ". ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืคื’ืขื• ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช, ืฉืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืœื•, ืฉืœื ืฆืœื—ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1970 ืžืช ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื ืืฆืจ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืชืžื ื” ืื ื•ืืจ ืกืื“ืืช, ืฉื ืชืคืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืคืจื•ืจื™ ื•ื—ืกืจ ืขื•ืฆืžื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1971โ€“1972 ื ื™ืกื” ืกืื“ืืช ืœื™ื–ื•ื, ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืกื™ืจืช ืกื™ื ื™ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ื—ืฉื“ื” ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืœืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืืžืช, ืœืื•ืจ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ืœืคื™ ื“ืขื” ืื—ืจืช, ืกืื“ืืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฆืขื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืกื›ื™ื ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืขื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ืกืื“ืืช ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื”ืœืš ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื”, ื•ืคืขืœ ืœื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื‘ืื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืกื™ื ื™ ("ื’ืจื ื™ื˜") ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืžื”ืœืš ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืกื™ื ื™, ืฉื™ื–ืขื–ืข ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ ืชื™ืืจ ื›ืš ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืกืื“ืืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื–ื ืื•ืชื”: "ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืกืื“ืืช ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉืจืฆื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืœื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืื—ืช, ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืืชื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืœืื•ืžื™". ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ืžืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ืืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืขื“ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืžืคื•ื›ื— ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืื ืœื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”, ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื’ื‘ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื ื™ื™ื“ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื "ืž ืœืขื•ืžืง ืกื™ื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ื›-10 ืง"ืž ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืžืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ืขื ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ืกืชืจื” ื’ื ืžื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืคืชืขื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื ื” ื—ื•ืชืจืช ืœืขื•ืžืง ืกื™ื ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื”ืคืชืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื ื” ืกืื“ืืช ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช-ืขืจื‘ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืขื–ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื›ื•ืœื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžื”ื ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื ืขื ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื• ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ืจืืง, ืœื•ื‘, ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื”, ืžืจื•ืงื•, ืกื•ื“ืืŸ, ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื” ื•ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืจื›ืฉ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ืฉืง ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืื•ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืฆื“ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื ืงื˜ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”. ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืœืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื›ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช ืืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื—ืจืฆืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ืืคื– ืืœ-ืืกื“ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืกืื“ืืช, ืฉืœื— ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™. ื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืขืฆื™ืจืช ืชื ื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื ืกืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชืŸ. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ืฉืคืขืœื” ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ืื•ื ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืกืคืงื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืœ"ื— ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื”. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื ื™ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื” ื’ื ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืœ"ื— ืžืชืงื“ื ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืชืขืจื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชืŸ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืกืžื›ื” ืขืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืกืคืงื™ืช ื ืฉืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1967. ื”ืืžื‘ืจื’ื• ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ 1967 ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจืงื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืชื”ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ืื™ื. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืืžืœ"ื— ืฉื ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื’ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกืœืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื“ื˜ืื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืฉืืคื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ. ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืืžืฆืข 1973 ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื 350,000 (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื) 650,000 270,000ื˜ื ืงื™ื 2,100 2,200 1,650ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื 800 2,200 1,250 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ 430 627 354ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ืง"ื 10 146 34 ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ (ื“ื“ื•) ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™ ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืคืงื“ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื•ืคื™ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื™ื•ื ื” ืืคืจืช ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืคืœื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืชืœื ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืืœื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื”ืจืฆืœ ืฉืคื™ืจ ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ืืคืกื ืื•ืช ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืงื™ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 162 (ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืคืœื“ื”) ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื“ืŸ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™"ืจ ื•ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืฉืงื“ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื“ื‘ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ื ืชืŸ ืฉืจื•ื ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืืฉื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจืง ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืขื ื‘ืจ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ืจืืฉื™ ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจื“ื•ื‘ื” ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืงื” ืจืืฉื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื’ื•ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืื•ืจื™ ืจื•ื ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36 (ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื–ืœืช) ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืจืคืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 210 ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื“ืŸ ืœื ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 146 (ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืžืคืฅ) ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžืฉื” (ืžื•ืกื”) ืคืœื“ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 252 (ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™) ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื ื“ืœืจ ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 252 ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื’ืŸ ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื ื“ืœืจืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” ื›ื•ื— ื ืžืจ 'ื›ื•ื— ืฉืฉื•ืŸืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืงื™ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 143 ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 440 ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžื ื—ื (ืžื ื“ื™) ืžืจื•ืŸ ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36 ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžื ื—ื ืื‘ื™ืจื ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 146 ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื•ืชื ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 210 ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 252 ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืจืืœ (ืคื™ื ืงื•) ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 143 ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ (ื’'ืงื™) ืื‘ืŸ ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 162 ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ ืชืžืจื™ ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื‘ืง ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 7 ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 188 ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฉื”ื ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ืืžื™ืจ ื“ืจื•ืจื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 679 ืื•ืจื™ ืื•ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 179 ืจืŸ ืฉืจื™ื’ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 4 (ืงืจื™ื™ืชื™) ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื“ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 9 ืžื•ื˜ืงื” ื‘ืŸ-ืคื•ืจืช ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 205 ื™ื•ืกื™ ืคืœื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 670 ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 80/226 ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื“ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 401 ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 14 ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืฃ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 875 (ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 8) ืืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 164 ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจืขื ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 274 ื™ื•ืืœ ื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 600 ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 217 ื ืชืŸ ื ื™ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 500 ืืจื™ื” ืงืจืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 11 ืื”ืจืŸ ืคืœื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 35 ืขื•ื–ื™ ื™ืื™ืจื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 55/247 ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื“ื ื™ ืžื˜ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 460 ื’ื‘ื™ ืขืžื™ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 204 ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 421 ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื– ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™ 275 ืคื ื—ืก ื ื•ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ 820 ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|260px|ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืฆืžื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉืฉ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื”ืŸ (143, 162, 252) ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ (36, 210, 146) ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ืขืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื”ื ื” ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื ืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื›-50% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื• ื›-17,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื“ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื• 391 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘, ืžื”ื 109 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืคื ื˜ื•ื, 181 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกืงื™ื™ื”ื•ืง, 76 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ืจืื–' 3 ื•ื ืฉืจ ื•-25 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกืขืจ (ืกื•ืคืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืžืฉื•ื“ืจื’). ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช MIM-23 ื”ื•ืง ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืง ื”ื "ืž ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืืกืžืืขื™ืœื™ื”, 1973 ืชื•ืจืช ืœื•ื—ืžืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจื‘ื”, ื™ืจื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืžืชื•ืš ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืชืจื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืคืœื™ ืงืจืงืข ื•ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื˜ื ืง ืฆืคื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆืจื™ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื• ืžื™ืจื™ ืงืœืขื™ื ื•ืฆืœืคื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืจืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืกืื’ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืœื ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืกื•ืคื—ื” ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื›ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืžืขื•ืคืคืช. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžื“ื’ืžื™ ืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžื’ื—: 825 ื˜ื ืงื™ ืฉื•ื˜ ืงืœ, 217 ื˜ื ืงื™ ืฉื•ื˜ ืžื˜ืื•ืจ, 586 ื˜ื ืงื™ ืžื’ื—. ื”ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจืจื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช ื“ื’ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืืœื• ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืชืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื ืชืงืขื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืžื’ื—. ื˜ื ืงื™ ืฉืจืžืŸ ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงื ื” 105 ืž"ืž ื”ืชื•ืื ืœืชืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืืฃ ื”ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขื ื‘ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื’ื 140 ื˜ื ืงื™ ืฉืœืœ ืžื“ื’ืžื™ T-54 ื•T-55 ืžืฉื•ื“ืจื’ื™ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง. ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™"ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” FN FAL ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืช-ืžืงืœืข ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืฆืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืกืขืจ ืžื“ื’ื M16A1 ืืš ืืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื ืฉืง ื”ื "ื˜ ื”ืฆื”"ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื–ื•ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™"ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื•ื”ืฉืคื ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืžืฉ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ื›ื‘ื“ ืœืฆื™ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœืฆืœื™ื—ื”. ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ื“ื•ื“ ืœืกืงื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื“ ืื– ืœืกื•ื“ ืฆื‘ืื™, ืืš ื ืจื›ืฉื• ื’ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–'ื™ืœื•ืื” (ืชืžืกื—) ื•ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืคืœื•ื˜, ื•ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืขืœื”, ืขื“ ืฉื ืคืจืฉ ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืœืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื ืชืคืก ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฆืž"ื” ืžื’ื•ื™ืกื™ื ืžื”ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ื ืœื ืžืžื•ื’ื ื™ื. ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฆืž"ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื—ืคื•ืจ D9G. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืกื‘ืœ ืžื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช. ืžืขื˜ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”, ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื•ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ืชืขืœื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชื•ื• ืœื›ืžื•ืช ืงื ื™ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืืจ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื™ืžืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื•ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™"ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžืจื ื™ื ื”ืฆื”"ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืช ืชืงื™ืคืช "ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช" ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืชื— ื”ืžืชื ื™ื™ืข M-109 ื‘ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ 155 ืž"ืž. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื•ืชื— ื”-175 ืž"ืž M-107, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืคื’ื™ื– ืืช ื“ืžืฉืง ื•ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื— ื”ืžืชื ื™ื™ืข 155 ืž"ืž L-33. ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืงื—ื” ื—ืœืง ืคืขื™ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช. ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืื’ืจ โ€“ ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ื” ืชื™ืœ. ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื• ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื ื—ื™ืชื•ืชื ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื "ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื›ืœืœื• ืžืœื‘ื“ ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืกืขืจ ืžื“ื’ื AK-47 ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ ืžื“ื’ื ืกืื’ืจ ื•ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื "ื˜ ืžื“ื’ื RPG-7. ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉืชืงืคื• ืœืœื ืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื ืฉืง ื–ื” ืคื’ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ. ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืžื“ื’ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืก. ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžื“ื’ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ื ื”ื ื” ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื˜ื™ืกืชื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ื•ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืกืคื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืื—ืช. ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืขืจืš ื "ืž ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื•ืžืคื•ืชื— ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื›ืชืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื "ืž ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื’ื SA-2 ื”ื ื™ื™ื—, ื•-SA-3 ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื) ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื "ืž ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ืžื“ื’ื SA-6 ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจืง"ื ื ื™ื™ื“. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืชืฃ ืžื“ื’ื 9K32 ืกื˜ืจืœื”-2 ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื ื• ืžื”ื’ื ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื "ืž ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื ZSU-23-4 "ืฉื™ืœืงื”" ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื "ืž ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืกืงืื“, ื‘ืื™ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช. ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื ื•ืืจ ืกืื“ืืช ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืื—ืžื“ ืื™ืกืžืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืกืขื“ ื-ืฉืื–ืœื™ ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืข'ื ื™ ืืœ-ื’ืžืืกื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ืคื”ืžื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืกื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ืืจื› ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืื“ ืื‘ื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื™ ืจืืฉ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืคื•ืื“ ื ืืกืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื›ืžืืœ ื—ืกืŸ ืขืœื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื—ืœื™ื ืื‘ื• ืข'ื–ืืœื” ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืžื•ื—ื™ ื-ื“ื™ืŸ ืืœ ืžื—ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืขื•ืžืจ ื’ื•ื”ืจ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืขื– ืืœ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—'ืชืืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืกืขื“ ืžืืžื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขื‘ื“ืœ ืืœืžื•ื ืขื ื—ืœื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืช ืžืืžื•ืŸ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ ืืœืžื•ื ืขื ื•ืืกืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 18 (ื—ื™"ืจ) ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืงื ื˜ืจื” ืขื‘ื“ืœ ืจืื‘ ืืœ-ื ื‘ื™ ื—ืืคื– ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 2 (ื—ื™"ืจ) ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืืกืžืืขื™ืœื™ื” ื—ืกืŸ ืื‘ื• ืกืขื“ื” ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 16 (ื—ื™"ืจ) ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื“ื•ื•ืจืกื•ืืจ ืคื•ืื“ ืขื–ื™ื– ืข'ืืœื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 7 (ื—ื™"ืจ) ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืื’ื ื”ืžืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืžื“ ื‘ื“ืื•ื•ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 19 (ื—ื™"ืจ) ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ืชืœื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืคื™ืคื™ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 21 (ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืช) ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื (ืืœื•ืฃ) ืขื•ืจืื‘ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 4 (ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืช) ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขืžื™ื“ (ืชืช-ืืœื•ืฃ) ืงืื‘ื™ืœ ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ืฉืง ื•ืชื•ืจืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืชืืžื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืžื•ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืขื ื” ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ืœื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงืคื“ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ื•ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืจืง"ื. ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ื—ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื”. ื‘ืžืขื ื” ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื‘ื—ืจ ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจืš ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืœืฆื“ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื "ืž ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื›ืชืฃ ืฉื™ื—ื“ ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื—ื‘ื”. ืœืฆื“ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื "ืž ื”ื•ืฉืงืข ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืก ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืืš ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืœื•ื—ืžืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื "ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื—"ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ืกืื’ืจ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืœื™ RPG-7. ื ืฉืง ื "ื˜ ื ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืคืง ืœื—ื™"ืจ ื”ืžืกืชืขืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•"ืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™. ืœืฆื“ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื, ื”ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืกื“"ื› ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจื›ืฉื• ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžื“ื’ื T-62. ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืชื›ื ื ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื” ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชื›ื ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชืงื™ืคืชื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื”. ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืจื›ืฉ ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืจื™ืฆืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืขืคืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื’ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืžื˜ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช. ืฆื‘ื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื ื˜ืœืืก ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื™ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืจื–ืืง ืืœ-ื“ืจื“ืจื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื ืื’'ื™ ื’'ืžื™ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืคืื“ืœ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื—ื™ื›ืžืช ืฉื™ื”ืื‘ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 7 (ื—ื™"ืจ) ืขื•ืžืจ ืืœ-ืื‘ืจืฉ ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 5 (ื—ื™"ืจ) ืขืœื™ ืืกืœืืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 9 (ื—ื™"ืจ) ื—ืกืŸ ืขืœื™ ื˜ื•ืจืงืžืื ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 1 (ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืช) ืชื•ืคื™ืง ื’'ื”ืื ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžืฉืคืจืฆื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื—ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืข ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื˜ื ืงื™ื, ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื˜ืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื“. ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื–ืจืžื• ืœื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืจืขืช ืฆื”"ืœ (ื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืขืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”). ืืœ ื—ื–ื™ืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืจืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ (ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื“"ื› ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช) ื”ื—ืœ ืž-13 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื ื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ "ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช". ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื™ื ื™, ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืงื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืขื•ืจืคื™ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืชืขืœื”. ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช: ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ืžืœื‘ื“ื, ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืฆื‘ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ โ€“ ืชืขืœืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›-160 ืง"ืž, ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ 180 ืขื“ 220 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 16 ืขื“ 20 ืžื˜ืจ โ€“ ืฉืžื ืขื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืช. ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1968 ืืช ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืชื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื โ€“ "ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื" ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืžื™ื ื•"ืชืขื•ื–ื™ื" ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืขืจืš. ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืงื•: 14 ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš 30 ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื›-500 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขืคืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 25 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื ืขืจืžื• ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ 45 ืขื“ 60 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉืžื ืขื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘. ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืœื”, ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื–ืขืงืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืžืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืขืจืš. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื”ื–ืจืžืช ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืจืชื• ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช. ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™, ื•ื‘ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืงื• ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื• ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช. ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื•ื ืขื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกืœื•ืœื•ืช, ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืขื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžื’ืŸ. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ื‘ื ืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœืื•ืจื›ื” ื ื–ืจืขื• ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžืง ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื. ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื”ื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ื•ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืคืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™: ื”ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืจืคื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื ืงืœื˜ื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืงืœื˜ ื”ื—ื™ืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื’ื ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13 ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ื˜ื™ืœื™ P-15 ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ (ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืื˜"ื•: ืกื˜ื™ืงืก) ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื•ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืืžืœ"ื— ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 40 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ื•ื— ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ. ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืฉืง ื–ื• ืคื™ืชื— ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืขื“ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ. ืžืกืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืž"ืŸ, ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื“, ืขืจื•ืš ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื•, ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื. ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ, ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื•ื™ื‘ืช, ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื ืฆืคืชื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื–ื•. ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื’ื“ื” 146. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ืจ (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจุฏุฑ) ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืจืืฉื™ ื’ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ ื "ืž ื•ืžืชื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืฉืง ื "ื˜ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื“ื—ื™ืงืชื• ืžื–ืจื—ื”. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืฆืœื—ื• ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืžืขืจื‘ื” ื•ื›ื™ืชืจื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช 300px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืž"ืŸ ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘-27 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1973 ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช (ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื•ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ืงื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืจืชื”: ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”-7 โ€“ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช (ืคืชื—ืช ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื”) ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”-9 โ€“ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช (ืจื›ืก ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื’ื–ืจืชื” ืคื™ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ืคืชื—ืช ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืคืชื—ืช ื›ื•ื“ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื) ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”-5 โ€“ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืช ื”-1 ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื›ื›ื•ื— ืขืชื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืชืงืคื” ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื‘ื” ืชืกืชืžืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ืื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื”. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื "ื˜ ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืฆื•ืจืคื• ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืžื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื™ื™ื›ื‘ืฉ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ืชื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข โ€“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืžืคืงื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉืžืฉื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื• ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื”-82. ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื’ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืจืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื’ืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ โ€“ ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘, ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืคืงืง ื•ื’ืฉืจ ืืจื™ืง. ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชืื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืขื ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืฆื•ืžืฆืžื” ื’ื ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ืขืชื” ื”ืกืชืคืงื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืชืคืกื• ืืช ืงื• ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืฉื ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืกืœืข ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื”"ืœื™ืช ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ื’ื ื” ืœื”ืชืงืคื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืืฃ ืฉืคืงื•ื“ืช ืกืœืข ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœื”ืชืงืคืช ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืœืžื” ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฆื”"ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื ื” ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืœืขืžื“ื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืงื• ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืืฉ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ื•ื "ื˜ ื›ื‘ื“ื”, ื•ืชื—ืช ืืฉ ื "ืž ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื ืขื” ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืฉืชื™ ื™ืžืžื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื "ืž ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื•ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|250px|ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘-5 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|250px|ืœืงื˜ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืชืจืขื” ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืžืืฉืจืฃ ืžืจื•ืืŸ. ื”ืœืงื˜ ื”ื•ืคืฅ ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื‘-6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ื‘ืฉืขื” 07:30. "ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื”". ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”, ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืกืžืš ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ (ืืž"ืŸ) ืžื™ื•ื 5 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ื™ืžืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžืชืžืฆืช ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื”ืชืจืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆื•ืคืจื™ ื”ืื–ืขืงื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘-6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื• ื›ื”ืคืชืขื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืจืžื– ืžืงื“ื™ื. ื”ืคืชืขื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื—ืจืฃ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช: ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช, ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืœื” (ืจืื•: ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ (1973)), ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืคื’ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ. ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืž"ืŸ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“, ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ "ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื”", ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ืžืฆืจื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื“ืจืš ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื–ื• ืจืง ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžืžืฉื™, ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืื– 67' ืœืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื. ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ืชืฆื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื“ื”, ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉืชื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืชืฆื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžืขื ื” ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ืืš ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืื“ืืช, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973 ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืกืงืื“ B ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืžืขื ื” ืœื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืž"ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืืž"ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืืš ืืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”. ื•ืขื“ืช ืื’ืจื ื˜ ืžืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืืž"ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”: "ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืืž"ืŸ ืจื•ืื” ืืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื•ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช." ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืขืœื ืืž"ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืงืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืจืขื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืž"ืŸ ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ืž, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ื’ื™ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืจืง ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืฆืœื™ื—ื”, "ืชื—ืจื™ืจ 41", ืฉื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืจื” ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขื•ื“ ืž-13 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ 12 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’ ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ืžืฆื“ ืจืืฉื™ ืืž"ืŸ ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื• ื›ื™ ืคื ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจืขืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื” ื‘ืžืื™ 1973, ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืื™ ืืš ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืกืจื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ T-62 ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ื "ืž ืžืกื•ื’ SA-6. ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ โ€“ ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• (ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ื ืกื’ืจื•). ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืืœื” ื ืชื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื™ 1973 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ืœื ืžืœื—ืžื”). ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ "ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื" ืฉื™ื™ืชื ื• ื”ืชืจืขื” ืฉืœ 48 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืž"ืŸ ืืœื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื ื”ืื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื•ื ืขื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื•. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ืชืจืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ืจื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืชื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•' ื‘ืฉืขื” 17:00, ื›ึพ21 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืคื•ืขื ื—ื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžืกืจื• ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ืœืคื™ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืคืขื ื•ื— ืžื‘ืจืง ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืžืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื“). ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืž"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืœื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืฉืขื” 23:00 ื–ืขื™ืจื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืœืงื˜ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืืžืจ ืื– ื›ื™ ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื™ื“ ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ืคื•ืจืก ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื "ืž ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืชืขืœื”. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืคืจื™ืœ 1973 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืž"ืŸ, ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงืคื”, ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื’ื™ืฉืช "ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”". ืจืืฉื™ ืื’"ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื• ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื˜ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘-30 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1973, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชืŸ ืœืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื’ื ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื, ืจืžื™ ืœื•ื ืฅ, ื•ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืจืืฉื™, ืฉืœืžื” ืขื ื‘ืจ, ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืžืฆื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ. ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1973 ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื” ื ื›ื—ื• ื’ื ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ื-ืจื™ืคืืขื™, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืœื• ืงื“ืจ, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืฆืคื• ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืฉื™ื—ื”. ืœืคื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื–ืžื™ืจ, ืจืืฉ "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžื™ืจ ืขื ืกื•ื›ืŸ "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ืืฉืจืฃ ืžืจื•ืืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืžื™ืจ ื”ืชืจืขื” ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœื— ืžื‘ืจืง ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื•ืืŸ, ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื–ืžื™ืจ, "ืœืกื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”". ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืขื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืงืฉื• ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช: ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช. ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ืœื ื”ืชืืžืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื™. ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื (ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘) ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื•, ื•ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื•. ืœื ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื” ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืชืจื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืกื“"ื› ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื "ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ื™ื ืชื ื• ืœื• 48 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื "ืž ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœืœื ื”ื›ื ื” ื›ื–ื• ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืืฉ ื "ืž ืฆืคื•ืคื”. ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื”ืคืขืœืชื• ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืฆื”"ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืชื—ืช ืืฉ ืืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ืืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืชืจืขื” ืขืœ "ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืืฉ" ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื“ืจื•ื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช (ืฉื ืคืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™) ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 10 ืง"ืž. ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ืจืขื• ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืขื“ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืืฉ: ื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืจืฉ (ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™) ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชื—ืœ ื‘ืฉืขื” 18:00. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชื ื” ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœืงืจืืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืฉืขื” 14:00 ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืคืชืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ. ืจืืฉ ืืž"ืŸ ื–ืขื™ืจื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืชืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืืฉ. ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฆื•ื ื”ืจืžื“ืืŸ). ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 188 ื ืคืจืกื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืงื• ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ืงืจื‘, ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 7 ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื”. ืจืง ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ืœืงื” ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื“ืจื•ื ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืš ื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 14 ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืืฉ. ืฉืชื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืชืขืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืืฉ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” (ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื) ืื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืืœื” ืœื ืคื•ื ื• ืžื”ืงื• ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช; ื—ืœืงื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื•ื—ืœืงื ื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืืฃ ื ืกื•ื’ื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืขืฆืžื โ€“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืก ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืื• ืœื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืคื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” (ืฉืœื ืื•ืฉืจื”) ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื "ืž. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืืฉ ื–ื™ื ืง ื›ืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ (ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ื“ืขืชื• ื•ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ืฉืชืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืจืขื” ื—ืžื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื“), ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืจืื” ื–ืืช ื›ื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืช ืžื›ื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื›ืš ืชื™ืžื ืข ื”ื’ืขืช ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืืœื”, ื“ืจืฉ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืช ืžื›ื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื’ื•ืœื“ื”. ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืžื›ื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืœืžืฉืžืข ืื–ืขืงื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, 6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉืขื” 13:55, ืคืชื—ื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื•ืชืงื™ืคื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื›-750 ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืžื”ืŸ ื›-450 ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘, ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื ื‘ืœืžื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืฆืœื— ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื’ืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืž-7 ื•ืขื“ 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ืฃ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื—ื“ื™ืจืชื• ืœืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ืคืชื• ืœืื—ื•ืจ. ื‘-10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืคืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืžื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืขื“ ืœืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ. ืž-9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืœ-12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืฆื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืฉืง ื•ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ืขื“ 12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืคืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื“ื—ืงื• ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ืื—ื– ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืจืื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืคืœื“ ื”ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืื– ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ. ืœืคื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืงื•ื•ืื ื“ื˜ , ืขื•ื–ืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืžืจื’ืข ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ื ืฉืง ื™ืกื•ืคืง ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ืžืื™ืจ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื”, ืืš ืกืื“ืืช ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืกืื“ืืช ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ, ื”ื•ืจื” ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืงืœ ื’ืจืืก. ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื›ื™ ืืกืคืงืช ื ืฉืง ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื˜ื— ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื—ืง 35 ืง"ืž (ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื) ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืžืฉืง. ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฆืžืจืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืœื—ืฉืฉ ืžื ืคื™ืœืช ื“ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ืคื ื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืืฉืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื–ื• ืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืงืคื” ืจื‘ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืงืœ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืขื ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช (ืฉืœื•ื• ื’ื ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™) ื•ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืจื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ 14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ืขื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื ื”ื“ืคื” ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืชื•ืš ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื“ื™ืœืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื“"ื› ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื˜ื•ื•ื— ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื "ืž ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื™ื ื™. ืชืคื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื’ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืชืง ืื•ืชื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื“ ืœืจืขืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœ ืž-17 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื›ืืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฅ ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ืกื™ื’ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘-24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืกืจ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืžื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืกื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชืจืขื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืจืฆื• ืฉื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืžื– ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื”. ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆืœ ืื™ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืจืฉื”, ื•ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืกืงืื“ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื”ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช, ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ืกืจืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™. ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘-24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื ืคืจืฆื”, ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื ืคืจืฅ, ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื 101 ืง"ืž ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืงื”ื™ืจ. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืœื—ืฅ ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืขื”. ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื—ื– ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืคืชื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช. ืืช 19 ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืœืง ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื: ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช (6 ืขื“ 10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ), ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ (11โ€“14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ) ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (15โ€“24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ) ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื•ื›ื•ืชืจื” ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื˜ืงืกื˜=ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ืœืฆื“ ืžืฉืื™ืช ืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื” ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”|ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ืœืฆื“ ืžืฉืื™ืช ืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื” ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื—ืœืง ืžื’ืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ (2010) ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื˜ื ืง ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืžื•ืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืฉืชื™ ืืจืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื›-1,700 ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ื›-2,000 ืงื ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื—ืžืฉ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™"ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื“ืชื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 3 ืœ-4 ืง"ืž. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ืžื™ื ืžื•ืกืกื• ื”ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœืœืช ื”ืขืคืจ ืฉื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืชื—ืช ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืชืงืœื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขืžื“ื” ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืกื™ื ื™ ืขื 7 ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืช (ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 14) ืฉื—ื ืชื” ื‘ืงื• ื”ืชืขื•ื–ื™ื ื•-457 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื‘-20 ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช. 200 ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 252 ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ืืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืš ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื–ื ื™ืง ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื ืชื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกืœืžื”, ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืจืง ื˜ื ืง ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขื•ื– (ืžืขื•ื– ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜) ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•. ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื•ืจ ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืขืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืขื™ืœื”. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืœืขื•ืžืง ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ืกืงืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื ื—ืœื” ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื—ืจื•ืฅ. ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ืžืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช: ืื•ื’ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืื•ื’ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืงื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื—ืช"ื ื›-10 ืง"ืž ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืชืขืœื”. ื‘-8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืชืงืคืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–. ืžืชืงืคื” ื–ื• ื ื›ืฉืœื”, ื•ืื•ื’ื“ื” 162 ืกืคื’ื” ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ, ืžื ืขื” ืžืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืžื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืืฉื•ืจื•. ืขื“ 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืขื•ื– ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ (ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”) ื•ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืžื–ื— (ืื ืฉื™ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืžื–ื— ื ื›ื ืขื• ื‘-13 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973). ื‘-10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ืืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ื ืŸ (ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื’ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืฉ), ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืกื’ื ื•. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืฆืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืžืฆื“ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืคืชื—ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืœื”ื‘ืงื™ืข ืœืขื•ืžืง ืกื™ื ื™. ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžืชืงืคื” ื ื™ื™ื“ืช, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช. ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื—ืฉืฃ ืื•ืชื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื‘ืœืžื• ืžืชืงืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื•ืื“ื™ ืžื‘ืขื•ืง ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” 200 ื˜ื ืงื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช 20 ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืขื ืขืจื‘, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื‘ื™ืจื™ ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืกื™ื•ืจ 87 ืžืื•ื’ื“ืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœ 8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืงื• ื”ืชืคืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”-2 ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื’ื ื”ืžืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืงืจื‘ ื”ื‘ืงืขื”. ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืกืกื• ืจืืฉ ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ื•ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 421 ื‘"ืชืžืกื—ื™ื" ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœืื’ื ื”ืžืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืงืจื‘ ืขืงื•ื‘ ืžื“ื ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื 16 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืœื ื ืคืชื— ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืžื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆื•ืœื— ื•ื”ืฉืžื“ืชื•, ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”. ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืคืฉืจื”: ืœื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขื“ ืœื”ื ื—ืช ื’ืฉืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื ืฉืœื— ื’ื“ื•ื“ 890 ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืกืคื’ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื•ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื• ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” (ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื) ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืื“ืŸ ื•ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืกื™ื ื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื”ื’ืฉืจ. ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 1,600 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื‘-22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืง ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืงื”ื™ืจโ€“ืกื•ืืฅ, ื•ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ื›ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืชืจื” ืœืœื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืกืคืงื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื— ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื ื•ืืจ ืกืื“ืืช, ืืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืกืขื“ ื-ืฉืื–ืœื™. ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ืืคื– ืืœ-ืืกื“ ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื ื˜ืœืืก ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ โ€“ ืงืจื‘ ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื˜ื ืง ืกื•ืจื™ ื ื‘ืœื ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืฆื‘ 116 ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื“ืจื•ื ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืชืงืคื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ (ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื›-800 ื˜ื ืงื™ื) ื•-1,200 ืงื ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”, ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืœืžื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืฉืชื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 188 ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 7 ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ืขืชื•ื“ื”), ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื—ื™"ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•/ื—ื˜ืž"ืจ 820 ืฉืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืคื—, ื•-44 ืงื ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ืœื’ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื ื• ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืกื•ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืžื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื ื‘ืœืžื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ื•ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ืคืจืฅ. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื“ื ื, ื•ื—ื“ืจื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขื“ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื ืคื— (ืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื”). ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืืœ-ืขืœ. ื›ื•ื— ืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื’ืžืœื, ืžืจื—ืง 7 ืง"ืž ืžื™ื ื›ื ืจืช, ื•ืฉื ื ื‘ืœืžื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกืงื™ื”ื•ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืจืคืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื•ืœืžืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื ืœื—ืžื” ืื•ื’ื“ื” 210 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื“ืŸ ืœื ืจ. ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘ ื ื‘ืœืžื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื›ืจื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื ื”, ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืืช ืื•ื’ื“ื” 146 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืฉื” ืคืœื“ ืœืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื“ื•ื’ืžืŸ-5. ื‘-8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืชืงืคื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื•ืื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืœืื—ื•ืจ. ื‘-9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืžื” ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืื™ืชืŸ ืžืชืงืคืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ืงืจื‘ ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื). ื‘-10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืคืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื›-900 ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ืฆื”"ืœ ืื™ื‘ื“ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืชื•ืงื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™. ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36 ื•ืื•ื’ื“ื” 210 ืคื ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืฉืง ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›-400 ืงืž"ืจ. ื‘-12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื”. ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ ื“ืžืฉืง ื”ื•ืคื’ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ื•ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงืฉื” ื•ืจื‘ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื, ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘-21โ€“22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื ืžืฉืš 12 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื›ื‘ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ืืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ. ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื 317 ื”ื•ื˜ืกื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ืœ 21โ€“22 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืชื—ื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื•ื›ืœื•, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• 23 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•-4 ื ืชืคืกื•. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœื ื™ืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืคืฆืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืงืœ, ื•ื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ. ื‘-10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืจื• ื›-40 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื•ืคื™, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ื•ื— ืฆื”"ืœื™ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื ืžื ื• ื”ืจื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื•-16 ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ 42 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืกื˜ื™"ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ ืกืขืจ 4 ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืชื• ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช (ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ), ื ืงื˜ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ืชืงืคื™ื™ื ืœืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืชื•ืจืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื™ื-ื™ื. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื™ื–ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืงืจื‘ ืกื˜ื™"ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื™ื-ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™ื–ื ืงืจื‘ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื โ€“ ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื–ื” ื˜ื™ื‘ืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื˜ื™"ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืกืก ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื’ืจื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื”ื™ืžื™ ืชืงืคื• ื‘ื ืžืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื”. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืกื’ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืจืš ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืื‘ ืืœ-ืžื ื“ื‘ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื›-2,200 ืง"ืž ืžืื™ืœืช, ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจืืŸ. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืกื’ืจ ื™ืžื™ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื›ืฉืœ. ืฉืื™ื‘ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ ื”ื•ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื” ื”ืฉืื™ื‘ื” ืืš ื”ืžื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžืื™ืœืช ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ ืขืœ ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื”. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื‘ ื“ืจืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื–ืจื—ื™. ืกืงืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฃ ืžื›ืจื” ื ืคื˜ ืœ"ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื" ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืžืืžื‘ืจื’ื• ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืคื’ืข ื‘ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|250px|F-4 ืคื ื˜ื•ื ("ืงื•ืจื ืก") ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ืž SA-6 ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื™ืจืื–' 3 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคืœ ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื ื’ื“, ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื "ืž ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืก ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื• ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกืงื™ื™ื”ื•ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื• ืžืกื•ืงื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” (ืฉืฉื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืœื• ื›-380 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืœ 102 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืื‘ื“ื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคืœื•, ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืืฉ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช. ืจืง ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ืคืœื• ื‘ืืฉ ื "ืž. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ ื“ืœืง (ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”) ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ (ืžืฆืจื™ื). ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืืœืฅ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• (88%) ื‘ื”ื’ื ืช ืฉืžื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•. ืœืฆื™ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”F-4 ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื•ื”A-4 ืกืงื™ื™ื”ื•ืง ื•ื’ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ืจืื–' 3 ื•ื ืฉืจ. ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื, ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืขืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื’, ืฉื”ืžืชืงื“ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื’-21. ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื“ื˜ืื ื˜, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื”ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื•, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉืชื™ ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืคืกื’ื”, ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืกืŸ ืงืœืžื ื˜ื” (ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”), ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืžืฆื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ, ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ ืœื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื˜ืื ื˜ ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžื‘ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ื“ื˜ืื ื˜ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืืกืคืงืช ื ืฉืง ืœื”ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืงื•ืœ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ื“ื˜ืื ื˜ ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1971โ€“1972. ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1972, ื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืžืจืฅ. ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื”ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื. ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช. ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืขื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื‘-9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืงืฆื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื 225 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• 945 ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืื• ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืจืฉื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืจืฉื” ืคื•ืจืงื• ืžืฆื™ื•ื“ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืžืœ ืื•ื“ืกื” ืœื ืžืœ ืœื˜ืงื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื ืžืœ ืกืคืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ืœื ืžืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื ืฉืœื—ื• 1,200 ื˜ื ืงื™ื, 300 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’ 21, 600 ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืจื‘, ื‘ืกืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื›-15,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘-12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื™ืขืฆื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ, ืืš ืืœื” ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืกื™ืคืงื” ื ืฉืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืžืฉืœื”, ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื ืชื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืงืœ ื’ืจืืก. ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ื˜ื™ืกื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก ืืœ-ืขืœ ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ืœืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืงื“ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื: ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื ื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ, ื—ื›ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืžืกืคืจื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืืœ ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช 728 ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช, ืžื”ืŸ 167 ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืืœ-ืขืœ. ืืช 561 ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื• (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช 568), ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™, ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ C-141 ืกื˜ืืจืœื™ืคื˜ืจ . ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘-14 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื•ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื˜ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ ืžืขืœ ืœ-22 ืืœืฃ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื (ื—ืœืงื ื˜ืกื• ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืœืืจืฅ ืžื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™), ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื˜ื ืงื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืช), ืžืกื•ืงื™ื (ืฉืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื•ืข ื•ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”), ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืชื•ื‘ืœื” 'ื”ืจืงื•ืœืก (ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ื”ืงืžืช ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช 131), ื—ืœืงื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ, ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช, ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ื ื›ืœืœื• ื’ื ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ืกื•ืคืงื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืื•ื™ืจ-ืงืจืงืข 'ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ' ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ ืžืกื•ื’ ื˜ืื• ื•ืœืื•. ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืชื“ืœื•ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ. ืœืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ื–ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ (ื“ื“ื•) ืืœืขื–ืจ, ืฉืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”: "ืื ื• ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืช ื”ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื’ืžืจื ื• ืžื–ืžืŸ", ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”-10 ืœืžืœื—ืžื” (15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ) ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื•-440 ืžืชื•ืš 728 ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช (60%) ื ื—ืชื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘-24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื—ื•ื– ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืื—ืจื™ ืชื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืž-60%. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”-M16 โ€“ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ.ืขืžืจื™ ืื“ื•ืžื™, ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืขืž' 488โ€“492 ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื’ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืกื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื•ืœืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืชื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœื” ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ ืœืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืŸ, ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื˜ืื ื˜, ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืชืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื™ืชื‘ื• ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืืคื• ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื”ืคื›ื• ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื‘-21โ€“22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 338 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื. ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ, "ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื", ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื˜ืื ื˜, ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ, ืื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-85 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื’ืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืจ, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืื– ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืขืฆืžืชื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™: ืจืง ื”ืžืขืฆืžื” ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™. ืื ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืงื˜ืช ืฆืขื“ ื›ื–ื”, ื”ืžืขืฆืžื” ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื•. ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื™ื›ืจื” ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื™ื”ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืžืจื™ื, ืกืคื’ ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืœืœ ืื‘ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›ึพ190 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœื›-91 ื‘ื™ื•ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื›-220). ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืžืื•ืช ื ืขื“ืจื™ื. 16 ืžืชื•ื›ื ืœื ื ืžืฆืื• ื•ื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื—ืœืœื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ืคืœื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืžืขืœ 1,500 ื‘ืžืกืคืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชืจ ื ืคืœื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืืฉ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช (32%) ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ (27%), ื•ืจืง ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื ืžืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื ืฉืง ืงืœ (13%). ืžืชื•ืš 294 ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื ื ืคืœื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช (230) ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช (62) ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช (2). ืขื“ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ื’ืจืžื• ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžืกื›ืžืช ืืช ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘-6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973 ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘-25 ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืžืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื ื—ืชื ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืื™ 1974, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืกื”"ื› ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ 2,689 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ืืคืฆื•ืขื™ืืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ืืžื˜ื•ืกื™ืืžืกื•ืงื™ืื˜ื ืงื™ืืชื•ืชื—ื™ืื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ืืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ืง"ืืกืคื™ื ื•ืช2,6897,2512941025800251001015,60025,0008,273240421,00030045034114,00010,000386138131,10025040097 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ300ื—ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืข1325013020ื—ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืข0020606ื—ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืข0ื—ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืขื—ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืขื—ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืข001760ื—ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืขื—ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืขื—ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืข18ื—ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืข000ืกื”"ื› ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘19,937ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-35,0008,700370552,2505708504318ืกื”"ื›22,159ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-42,2518,994472603,0505959504418 ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช (ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš) ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืงืฉื”. ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืŸ ืื• ืื‘, ืฉื™ืจื™ ื ื›ืื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื• ืžืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจื ืžืฉื’ื™ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืฉื• ื›ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืฆื—. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืืœื™ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™" ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืฆื ืืœื™ื” ืชืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืื•ืžื ื ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›-35 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื“ืžืฉืง ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื "ืž ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ 99 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืงื”ื™ืจ, ืืš ื”ืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ืจืคืชื” ืžื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ืื‘ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืืœื• ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ (ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ) ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืžืคืงื“ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, 10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973. ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื” ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื•ืคื™, ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™, ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ (ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืขืœ ื”ื•ื“), ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืœื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื, ืจืืฉ ืืž"ืŸ (ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ื™ ืœืืœืขื–ืจ) ื•ืชืช-ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืื“ื, ืกื’ืŸ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ (ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื•ืžืชื”). ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื‘ืงื™ืข ืืช ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื ืชื—ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ โ€“ "ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช", ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ื–ื” ืืช ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื“ืžืฉืง, ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคื’ืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืงื• ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื–ืง, ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจืฉื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืคืจืฆื• ืืช ืงื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืคื’ืขื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-101 ืง"ืž ืžืงื”ื™ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ืคืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืฉืืœื”: ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”? ืื ื™ืขื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื• ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืžืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ืฉืœื”, ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืฉืชืœื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืกื™ื ื™ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืื“ืืช ืœืฉืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ืื—ืžื“ ืืกืžืืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ ืž-1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973 [ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื] ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืกืื“ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”) ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ืฉื’ื•. ืื ื™ืขื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื ื›ืฉืœื• (ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉื ื•ืชืงื” ืžืงื• ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช). ืื ื™ืขื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื โ€“ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืขื“ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื‘ื• (ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ืจ, ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืกืื“ืืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ื ื™) ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื›ืฉืœื•. ืื ื™ืขื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”. ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืžืฉืงืœ ืจื‘ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื•ืœื ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืชืฉืขื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ืžื ื™ื ืžืื™ืจ ืคืขื™ืœ, ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ื•ืื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืกืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ืžื ื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืกื“ืื™ ื•ืขืžื•ืก ื™ื“ืœื™ืŸ. ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื•ืœื“ ื•ืื‘ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื•. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืื“ืืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ, ืืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืื•ื–ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื"), ื•ื›ื™ ืกืื“ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื•. ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื ืžืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืืœ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฆืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื”ื“ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืกืขื“ ื-ืฉืื–ืœื™, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืฆื‘ื, ืžื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืฉืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ ืจืข โ€“ ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืœ"ื ื‘ืžื™ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœืกื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืžืื– ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืชืงืคื” ืกื“ื•ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื ื—ืชื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืœืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื—ื“ืœื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืื™ื•ื ืฆื‘ืื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“"ืจ ื“ืŸ ืฉื™ืื•ืŸ, ืกื"ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœ', ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืจืื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืื™, ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืงื—ื™ื” ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช (Active defense) ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง (ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื) ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืื˜"ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืจืฉื”, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”. ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px| 24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื”ืื•"ื ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘-ืืœื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืจืœ ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”-101 ืžืงื”ื™ืจ, ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืงื”ื™ืจ-ืกื•ืืฅ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ื”ื ืคื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ 1974, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื—ืจื ื”ื ืคื˜. ืืœื•ืฃ (ืžื™ืœ') ืื”ืจืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘, ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื’ื ืจืœ ืืœ-ื’ืืžืกื™ ื‘ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”-101, ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘-11 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1973 ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืืกืคืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• 233 ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ืžื”ื ืชืฉืขื” ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื›-8,300 ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื. ื‘-18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื’ืจื ื˜, ืœื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ("ื•ืขื“ืช ืื’ืจื ื˜"). ื‘-21 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื–'ื ื‘ื” ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื ื—ืชืžื• ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื: ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื (ื‘-18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1974) ื‘ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”-101 ืฉืขื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืกื’ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืœืฉื™ื˜, ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ืขื“ ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 20 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืชืขืœื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช: ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื—ื™ืฅ ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” (ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืื™ 1974) ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืกื’ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื›-60 ืงืž"ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ "ื”ืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ" ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื” ืœืงื• ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืžื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืงื• ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืกื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฅ ืžืคื•ืจื– ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื—ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื•"ืฃ. ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช (ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ), ืฉื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื™ื–ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืงืœืขื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœ"ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™" ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื’ื ืกื•ืจื™ื” "ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ". ื‘-1 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1974 ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ื•ืขื“ืช ืื’ืจื ื˜ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืืž"ืŸ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืœื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื ื•ืขืœ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ื ืŸ ("ื’ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืฉ"). ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืžื—ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ืขื“ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ, ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•, ื•ื–ืขื™ืจื ื•ื’ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื—ื• ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœ-30 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื ื™ื“ื—ื• ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœ-31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, ืชื—ืช ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” "ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืขืจืš", ื–ื›ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจืš ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 40% ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” (51 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื). ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ, ื•ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืžื—ืื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช โ€“ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™, ืžืคืงื“ ืžืขื•ื– ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื–ืขื–ื•ืข ืฉื ื’ืจื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ืื’ืจื ื˜ ื‘-1 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืžืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘-11 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1974. ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื”, ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื”ืžืจ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก, ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืžื ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืกื“"ื› ืฆื”"ืœ ื—ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื—ื“ื” ื•ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ื™ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ึพ81%, ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืจืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข ื”ื•ืขืจืš ื‘ึพ72% ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืŸ ืงืจืคืœื“ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื’ื“ืœ ืžึพ75,000 ืœึพ180,000 ื•ืžึพ225,000 ืœึพ370,000 ื‘ืžืฆื‘ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ70 ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข โ€“ ืžึพ3 ืœึพ11. ืื‘ืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช 1974, ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืžืฆื‘ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื‘ื›ึพ25% ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื ืขืงื‘ ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืจืขืจื• ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ืœื—ืœื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ื—ืก ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ืจืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืž-1:1.6 ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœ-1:3.1 ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉื”ืชืขืจืขืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืขืฆื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืจื• ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืชืจื ืœืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” 1973โ€“1982 +19731982ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ืื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”32349416952%ืงื‘ืข1625956%ื—ื•ื‘ื”62741219%ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื24739514860%ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช71710143% ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืงื ื• ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืกื•ืง ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ืฉื ืจื›ืฉ ื‘-1975 ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืœืงื—ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืจื‘ ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘-1976 ื ืงื ื• ื’ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ึพF-15 ืื™ื’ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื’ื ื”ื ืœื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื ื” ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื’ื 113-M ("ื–ืœื“ื”") ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื–ื—ืœ"ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™"ืจ ื•ื ืจื›ืฉื• ื›ื›ืœื™ ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ. ืกื”"ื› ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืžืขืœ ืœ-8000 ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื—ืœ"ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื”ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืืฉ ื "ื˜ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืจืง 5 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืขื• ืขื ื”ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ื ืชืงืขื• ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื”ืจืจื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืจืง ืžื—"ื˜ ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื, ืืœ"ื ื™ื•ืจื ื™ืื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ื•ืข ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ืืœื™, ื•ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืฉื ืœื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืžืืก ื”ื™ื• ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ืž"ืฉ ื‘-2014. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื” ืจื‘ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื—ืžืฉื•ืช ืœื ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ืคืื ื™ืงื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืžื•ืจืฉืชื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|209x209 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืงืคื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ (ื‘ืื“ื•ื) ืืš ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ (ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง) ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืคื’ืขื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืื•ืคื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคืชืข ืžืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ืžื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ..." ื ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื—ื“ืœ ืฉื ื’ืจื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืขื“ืช ืื’ืจื ื˜ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ("ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื”") ืฉืœื ืฆืคื” ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื”. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืคืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคืš ื‘ืžืื™ 1977 ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื (ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื“ื ืœื• ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘-1975). ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ืคืชืข, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ืžื•ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”. ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• 2,569 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ื—ืจื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978. ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื“ืงื• ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื (ื•ื’ื ื”ืชืœื•ืช) ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืจื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืืžื‘ืจื’ื• ื”ื ืคื˜ ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช: ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”) ื ื™ืชืงื• ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช. ืžืฆืจื™ื: ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ื”ืคืชืขืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ืจื—ืงืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ืคืชื™ื—ืชื” ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜, ืคื•ืจืฉื• ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืื•ืคืง ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ื”ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ื ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ืกื•ืจื™ื”: ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืจืื• ื›ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื‘ืงื™ืข ืืช ืงื• ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ื›ื ืจืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื ื“ื—ืงื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ืืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžื“ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืคื™ืœืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืขืžื•ืก ืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืงื‘"ืจ ื”ืžื–ืžืจ", ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™ ื•ื™ื“ืข ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช: ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืขืžื“ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ื”ื™ื ืคืขืœื”, ืื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืืฃ ืฉืœื—ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืงื” ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ื“, ืืœื ื’ื ืื™ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš. ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืฉืงืขืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื ื‘ื’ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช: ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืชืจื ืœื”ืจื’ืขืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘-1979 ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช) ื•ื—ื•ืžืฉื” ื‘ื ืฉืง ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืœื•ืœื ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื–ื™ืจืช ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื– 1967, ื•ืœืคืชื™ื—ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข. ืกืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ืœื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœืข ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ืœื›ื”. ื”ืคืจืง ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืชืงื•ืžื”, ืฉื ืงืจื "ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”", ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืœืžืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœื™ื• ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• โ€“ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ืก ื’ื™ืชืื™, ืื• ืกืจื˜ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืชื™ืงืช ื”ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืž"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ "ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื ืจื“ื". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื ื•ืคืš ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืคืจ (ื•ื”ืกืจื˜) "ืชื™ืื•ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ืชื• ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” (ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•) ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ-ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, "1973 โ€“ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ". ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืขื ืคืจื™ืฆืชื”: ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืื—ืช (ืฉืฆื•ืœื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”), ืฆื•ืžืช ื•ื•ืœืงืŸ, ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืฉืชื™ืงืช ื”ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ื‘ืžืœืืช 40 ืฉื ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืคืงื” ื•ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 8 ื”ืกื“ืจื” "ืœื ืชืฉืงื•ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ". ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืžืชืขื“ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืขื ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื; ืืช ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื. ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”, ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ, ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื•ื”ืื™ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืงืจืข ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžืจื•ืืŸ ืืฉืจืฃ, ื“ื™ืœืžืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื”, ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื”. ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืคื™ืง ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืขืžื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื™ืžื•: ืขืžื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ืœื•ื™ ื–ื™ื ื™ ื•ืื™ื“ื• ืกืœืข; ืชื—ื–ื™ืจ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื•ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ, ืžื™ื›ื” ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ื“ืจ' ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ-ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื”. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘-2014 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ื”ื•ืคืงื” ื•ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื” "1973-ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”" ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืงืฉืช ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืงื™ื. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืืš ื’ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืืš ื’ื ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื ืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืืฆืจ ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืื“ืืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืื“ืืช ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ืื•ืžื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™: ืืจื™ืง ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ ื“ื”-ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื˜, ืชืกืจื™ื˜: ืื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื• ื•ืืจื™ืง ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื”ื•ืคืงื” ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ืฉืขืช ื ืขื™ืœื”" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืงื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืื•ืจ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื•ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืžืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023, ื‘ืžืœื•ืืช 50 ืฉื ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืฆืื• ืœืืงืจื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื’ื•ืœื“ื”", ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืžื–ื—", ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืžื–ื— ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ื ื™ืขืชื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ื—ืœืงื ืžืชื•ืืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืœื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘-1974 ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกื›ื™ื ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื—ื•ืกืžืื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื, "ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™" ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืžื’ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืžื•ื“ ื™ืืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ ืœื›ืคืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื™ื—ืก ืžืฉืคื™ืœ ื•ืžื–ืœื–ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืžืคืœื˜ ืœืชืกื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืจื. ืกืจื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-1974 ื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืจืื“ื™, "ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื“ืžืžื”". ื’ื ืกืจื˜ ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ ืžื•ื‘ืก ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืชืงืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช 1973 ืžืฆื•ื™ืจืช ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ื’ืื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”. ืกืจื˜ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืจืืžื™ ืืžืื ืž-2002, "ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืืคืœื”", ื•ื‘ื• ืžื›ื›ื‘ ืื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืžืื™, ืขืื“ืœ ืืžืื, ื”ืžื’ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉืฉื‘ ืขื˜ื•ืจ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืš ืžืชืขื•ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ "ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ืื™ืฉื”". ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื–ืžืจ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื New Skin for the Old Ceremony ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช. ื”ืฆืœื ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืจื•ืžื ื• ืงืื ื™ื•ื ื™ ืชื™ืขื“ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืคืจืกื ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื‘ืจืš, ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื•ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”". ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ "ืงื•ืจื™ื™ืจื” ื“ืœื” ืกืจื”", ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื "ื ื™ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ืง" ื•"ืœื™ื™ืฃ". ืจืื• ื’ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ืื’ืจื ื˜ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื“ื ื™ ืฉืœื•ื, "ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืจืคืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ โ€“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ 1973" โ€“ ื›ืจืš ื', ื›ืจืš ื‘', ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ โ€“ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ื—ืœืœ, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2022, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื’, ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื โ€“ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื•ื™ื™ื“ื ืคืœื“ ืืช ื ื™ืงื•ืœืกื•ืŸ, 1973 ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืื•ืจืŸ, 'ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, 2013. ื“ื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืœ ื•ืื•ืจื™ ื ืืžืŸ, ืฉื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื: ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉื›ืฉืœื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื™ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื”, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื•ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื–ืžื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืžื•ื“ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืœ"ื“, 1974. ื–ืื‘ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ โ€“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืžื•ื“ืŸ, 1974 ื™ืื™ืจ ืงื•ื˜ืœืจ, ื”ื”ืœื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, 1974 ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื’, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื, 1975 ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืกื“ืื™, ืืžืช ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื–ืžื•ืจื”, 1976 ืฉืœืžื” ื ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจืืžื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื-ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื” ืฉืื™ืจืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”, ืชืฉืž"ื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื ื™ืจ, ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช: ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ 1983. ื ืชื ืืœ ืœื•ืจืš, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื: 6โ€“24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” โ€“ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื, 1984. ื™ื•ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืคื•ืจืช, ื ืขื™ืœื” โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื, 1991 ืื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” โ€“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื—, ืงื•-ื”ื“ื, ืชืฉื "ื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืจื™ืกื” ื•ืœืงื—ื” ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื•ืช, 1993 ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื– ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจ-ืกื™ืžืŸ-ื˜ื•ื‘ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, โ€“ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ 25 ืฉื ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื•ืงื“, ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื™, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ-ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2000 โ€“ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื”ืฉื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื—ื-ื’ื•ื‘ืจ, ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ?, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2001 ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื ืจื“ื โ€“ ื”ืคืชืขืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, 2001 ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช: ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2023. ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ืœ ืคืœื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ืจื™ ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ. ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ, ืขืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2020 ; ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื the Yom kippur that never ended, ื”ื•ืฆืืช mosaica press ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืคืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื, 2023; ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื Un kippour inacheve, ื”ื•ืฆืืช "lichma", ืคืจื™ื–, 2023 ื—ื ื•ืš ื‘ืจื˜ื•ื‘, ื“ื“ื• - 48 ืฉื ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ 20 ื™ื•ื, ื›ืจืš ื‘ โ€“ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขืจืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2002 ื—ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื™, "ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ื" โ€“ ื—ืงืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื™, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, 2003 ื“ื ื™ ืืฉืจ, ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 2003 ืื™ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ืจ, ื–ืื‘ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื“ื ื™ ืืฉืจ (ืขื•ืจืš ืžืฉื ื”), ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, 2003. ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ โ€“ ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉืœื, 2004. ืชื™ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืก, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืื™ืชื™, ืžืขืจื™ื‘-ื”ื“ ืืจืฆื™, 2004. ื“ืคื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื, ื”ืœื•ืžืช ืงืจื‘, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2008 ื“ื ื™ ืืฉืจ (ืขื•ืจืš), ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช: ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, 2008. ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ, 30 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช: ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 2008 ืขืžื™ืจื ืื–ื•ื‘, ืฆืœื™ื—ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2011 ื‘ื•ืขื– ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง, ื–ื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื: ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื›ืฉืœื• ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2012 ื™ื’ืืœ ืงื™ืคื ื™ืก, 1973: ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ื ืจืช, ื–ืžื•ืจื”ึพื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2012 ื“ื ื™ ืืฉืจ, ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช, ืžื•ื“ืŸ, ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ, 2013. ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ-ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 1973 โ€“ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, 2013. ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ-ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ืขื•ืจืš), ื™ื•ื ืคืงื•ื“ื”: ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 2023. ืื™ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ืจ, ื“ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื•ื–ืื‘ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื–ื‘"ื, 2013. ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืจื“, ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2013. ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืืคื™ ืžืœืฆืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืงืชื“ืจืช ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืคื™ ืžืœืฆืจ, 2013 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช / ืžื•ื“ืŸ, 2013 ืžืฉื” ื’ื‘ืขืชื™, ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ โ€“ ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ: ื”ื•ืฆืืช 'ืจืขื•ืช', ืชืฉืข"ื’โ€“2013, ืขืž' 161โ€“229. ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืจื ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื"ืœ ืžื™ืœ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื”ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ โ€“ ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 2014 ืžืฉื” ื’ื‘ืขืชื™, ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ื“ืŸ, ืชืฉืข"ื”โ€“2015 ืื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ืจืงืื™, ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื”: ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื ืจืช, ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2017 ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืชืงืคืช ืคืชืข: ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2019 ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ, ื™ืื™ืจ ื˜ืœ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ: ืคืจืงื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2019 ืขืžื™ืจื ืื–ื•ื‘, ื”ื›ืจืขื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2020 ื”ืจืฆืœ ืฉืคื™ืจ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื : ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”: ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”, 1967โ€“1977. ืžื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ 2020 ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื‘ืจ, ืจื”ื‘ โ€“ ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2021 ืคืกื— ืžืœื•ื‘ื ื™, "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ" ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973 ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 2021 ืื•ื“ื™ ืžื ื•ืจ, ื™ื’ืืœ ืืœื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช 1949โ€“1980, ื“ื‘ื™ืจ 2016, ืคืจืง 8: "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื™ืŸ" ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืžืจืช ื•ื—ื ื” ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ืงื” (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ โ€“ ืชืฉื›"ื—โ€“ืชืฉืœ"ื—, ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™, 2008 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื: ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืจื™ื™ืคืŸึพืจื•ื ืŸ ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื”ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื”-ืฆื‘ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ 1948โ€“1974 โ€“ ื™ื•ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืกืคืจื ื•ืกื™ื™ืคื, 2002 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื—ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), "ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ื" โ€“ ื—ืงืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2003 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื", ื ืขืžื” ืฉืคื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช), ื–ืžื ื™ื โ€“ ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 84, ืกืชื™ื• 2003, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื”ึพื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ โ€“ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืข"ืž ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”: ืงื‘ื™ืขืชืŸ ื˜ืจื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื”", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื—ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), "ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ื" โ€“ ื—ืงืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื”"ืœ โ€“ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, 2003 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973 โ€“ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื•ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ", ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช 327, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1992 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื 50 ืฉื ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 5, 2023 ื”ืืชืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ืคื–"ื ืžื‘ื™ืช mako ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” โ€“ ืกืคืจื™ื, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ: ืžื—ื“ืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืฉืœื™ื”, ืžื—ืœืงื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื—ื’ื™ ืžืŸ, ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœึพืคื” ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื", ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื•ืชืจื• ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘-4 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2010 ืื˜ืœืก โ€“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืื’ืž โ€“ ืžื”ื“ โ€“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืื™ 1983, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœ"ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืจ ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ื™ืคื” ืกืžืœ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขื•ื– ืคื•ืจืงืŸ ื‘ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืฉื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ืืชืจ "ื˜ืœ-ื›ืจื" โ€“ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืกืงื™ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืชืขื•ื“ื”: ืกื™ื•ืจ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื™ื ื™ โ€“ 21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "ืฆื‘ื ื›ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ: ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื", ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช 338, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจโ€“ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1994, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 16โ€“27 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "ื”ืžื›ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื", ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช 373, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2000 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” โ€“ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื", ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, 403โ€“404, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2005, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 88โ€“97 ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973 ื‘ืฉืขื” 14:50, ื•ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘-4 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2010 ืจื•ื ื™ ืืžื™ืจ, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืจืขื” ื‘-1973, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช 449, ื™ื•ื ื™ 2013 ื‘ืขื– ื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื–ื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื 22, 2012, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืž' 122โ€“151 ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื: ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื 23, 2013, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืž' 1โ€“33 ื ื“ื‘ ืžื•ืœืฆ'ื“ืกืงื™, ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ื•ืขื“ืช ืื’ืจื ื˜ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื™ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื 23, 2013, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืž' 34โ€“64 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "ื”ืกืงืื“ ืฉื”ืจืชื™ืข ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช 457, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014, 56โ€“61 ื™ื’ืืœ ืงื™ืคื ื™ืก, ื”ืžืคื ื” ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื 26, 2016, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืž' 41โ€“80 ื—ื’ื™ ืฆื•ืจืฃ, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื’ืืœ ืงื™ืคื ื™ืก, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื 28, 2017, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืž' 7โ€“43 ื™ื’ืืœ ืงื™ืคื ื™ืก, ืžืชื•ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื•ื’ื˜ื™ืงื”: ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื’ื™ ืฆื•ืจืฃ 'ืžืžืฉืœืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื', ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื 29, 2018, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืž' 239โ€“246 ื™ืื™ืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื”ืชืงืคื” ืื• ื”ื•ื ืื”? ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1973, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช 485โ€“486, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื–ื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื โ€“ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื 28, 2017, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืž' 44โ€“83 ื™ืื™ืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ืื• ื”ื•ื ืื” ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืœ"ืž, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 87 ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020, ืขืž' 13โ€“16 ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื“ื“ื• ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช: ืชื"ืœ ืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจ, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 33 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2021 ืืคืจื™ื ืœืคื™ื“ ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืืŸ, ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช (ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช), 05.07.2023 ื”ืกื›ืชื™ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืฉืœื• โ€“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื•ื™, ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ โ€“ ื›ืืŸ, 22 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ืจื”ื‘ โ€“ ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื•ื™, ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ โ€“ ื›ืืŸ, 20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021 ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช?, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื•ื™, ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ โ€“ ื›ืืŸ, 31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ืจืขื” ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ - ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื•ื™, ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ โ€“ ื›ืืŸ, 12 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2022 ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืคืœื’ ืœื•ื™, ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืจืžืช ืืคืขืœ. 2 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1999. ืืœ"ื ืžื™ืœ' ื“"ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืž.ืช.ื’, ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘, 30.9.2022 ืกื"ืœ ืžื™ืœ. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื”ืจ โ€“ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, , 9.3.2021 (ื”ื—ืœ ืžื“ืงื” 9:00) "ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ", ืžื™ื ื™-ืกื“ืจื” ืชืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืจื™ืช ืืœื’'ื–ื™ืจื”: "301 ืคื“ื•ื™ื™ื: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”": ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืืŸ 11: ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ืกืจื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืœื‘ืจื’ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1973 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1973 ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1973 ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
2024-10-18T11:23:43
ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืœืคื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2007 ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคืชืงื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-18) 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื™ื•ืœื™ 2017 ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื•ื— ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช. ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืืจื™ื ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืงืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืœ (ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช). ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ืžื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”: ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื•, ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ืช ื•ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช-ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช (ืื• ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช) โ€“ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื–ื• ืชืงืคื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืœื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืช, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื’. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“, ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื•ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืชื•, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™. ืœืจื•ื‘, ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคืœื’ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื ืฆื™ื’ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ื•. ืœื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืืš ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื™-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” โ€“ ืจืžืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืžืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ืฉื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืกืžืžืŸ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืžืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ "ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื" ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื• ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช "ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ", ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืžื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื‘-1917 ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ื ืฉื™ื, ืื• ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” (ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœื•). ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื—ืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืข (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 3 ืœ-5), ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื•ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจื”. ืœืงืœืคื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืช. ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื: ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉืื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ืจืฉืื™, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืฆืข ื’ื–ืขื ื™ ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืคืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช). ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืœื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ืงื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ืœ ืื—ืจ. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• "ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”" ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉื‘ื• ื’ืจื•. ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคื ืงืก ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”) ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™; ื—ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช (ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช) โ€“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื•, ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ืชืง ืœืžื™ื˜ื”, ืžืฉืจืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืจืฆื• ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืœื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข. ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืœืช ืงื ืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื•. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืชืœื™ื™ืช ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|255x255 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ืงืœืคื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2009 ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช (ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื 'ืžืจื•ืฅ'). ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ืžืจืฆืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” (ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“) ื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืขื™ืงืจื” ืžืื‘ืง ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ (ืชืฉื“ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•, ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœื•ื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”) ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ. ื”ืžื•ื ื— 'ืžืจื•ืฅ' ืื™ื ื• ืกืชืžื™, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืงืฆืจืช-ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื‘ื” ืžื ื•ืฆืœื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœื”. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื™ืกืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืืžื•ื ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืชื•ืื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”ืดื‘ ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008. ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืืชืจื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื”ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืขื ืžืกืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืจืชื™ืžืชื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืฆื ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช (ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื). ืœืฉื ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 14.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื›-47 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืคืจืกื 41 ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ YouTube ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคืชื— ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ื“ืื’ ืฉื“ืฃ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•. ืžืฆืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื‘ืžืฆืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื•-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื—ื“-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื•ืจื˜ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืง ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ืœื•ื’ "ื”ืกืคืจื ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื ื—ืžื™ืืก ื•ืฉื™ ื“ื•ื“, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”: ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื“, 511 (2012) ื ื’ื” ืคื•ืจืช, ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ, ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืจื‘-ืžื™ืœื™ื, 12 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื *
2023-12-05T14:13:20
ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”
ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฒุงู, ื—ึทืจึฐื‘ึผ ืึถืœึพืึดืกึฐืชึดื ึฐื–ึทืืฃ) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967 ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ 7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1970, ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืฉื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืžื—ืจืช. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœื”ืชืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”" ("ื—ืจื‘ ืืœ-ืืกืชื ื–ืืฃ") ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื ืืฆืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ืชืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืฉื‘ื” ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื” ื–ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืชืืœืฅ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื’ืช ืžืกื™ื ื™. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืงืจืงืขื™ ืžืฆืจื™. ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื• ื”ืชืขืœื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1969. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉืชืง ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ื–ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื•ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื˜ื— ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื•, ืฉืื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“, ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืขืจื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืงืจื‘ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช, ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ืžืจื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™. ืืฃ ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘. ืœืฆื“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื’ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื "ืž ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื "ืž ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืžืกืคืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื™ื‘ืขื” ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘ ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื ืชื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื’ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื’ืื•-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื™ืคื—ื” ืืช ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื—'ืจื˜ื•ื ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืขืจื•ืš ืื™ืชื” ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ, ืœื—ืชื•ื ืื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžืื‘ืงื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ืฉืงืจืื” ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.ืฉื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื™ืก ืจื•ืœืฃ, ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ (ืฉืงื•ืœื ื™ืง) (1895โ€“1969), ืžืชื•ืš "ื”ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชืจ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1998 ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉืœื•ื. ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืข, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ. ื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ. ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืื•"ื ื”ื•ืงื ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ ื’ื•ื ืืจ ื™ืืจื™ื ื’. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืฉืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืืš ืœื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžื’ืขื™ื ื—ืฉืื™ื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ืฉืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืงื‘ ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ. ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžืฉื˜ื—ื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœื” ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื™ืขื• ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืฆืช. ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ืื ื•ืืจ ืกืื“ืืช, ืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•: "ืืœื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื ืืฆืจ ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘-28 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1970 ืžืช ื”ืื™ืฉ, ืืœื ื‘-5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967, ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”". ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื ืืฆืจ ืžื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงืจืื• ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•, ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“, ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื•. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืืฆืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืืš ืžื“ื•ื“ื”, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื ื•ืฆืœื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื™ื—ืฉืคื• ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื”, ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืช"ื—, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืงืจื™ืืชื•. ืžืฆืจื™ื ื“ืจืฉื”, ื›ืชื ืื™ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ, ืืช ื ืกื™ื’ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ืช ื–ืืช ืชืงืขื” ืžืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™. ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™, ื•ืขื“ ืฉืฆื‘ืื• ื™ืฉืชืงื ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืชื’ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ื•ื ื ืงื˜ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื”, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืขื•ืžืง ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™. ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฆื™ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืขืžื“ืชื” ืฉืœื ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืœืœื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืงื‘ืข. ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• "ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืชืงืคื”", ื ื—ืœื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ืืช ืืชืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืชืจื ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื•ืœื’ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ื”ืœืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ืขืœืชื” ืชื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืขื“ ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืฃ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”. ื›ืขืช, ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ (ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ), ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—. ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืืž"ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื™ืกืœื™ืžื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ืชื™ืขืจืš ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืช, ืœืคื™ื” ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ื ืฉืžืจื”. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš, ื’ื“ืœ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืกืš ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื ืชื™ืช (ืชืจ"ืฉ) 'ืžื›ื‘ื™' ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืชืจ"ืฉ 'ื’ื•ืฉืŸ', ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื”ืงืฆืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืž-1970 ื•ืขื“ 1974. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืชื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืœืฆื”"ืœ, ืžืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืจื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืฆื”"ืœ ื’ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืœ-650 ืง"ืž ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืืจืš ืœ-1,000 ืง"ืž. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืจื›ืฉ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžื•ืืฅ. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงืœื˜ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ื“ืื’ืœืก A-4 ืกืงื™ื™ื”ื•ืง ื•ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœ ื“ืื’ืœืก F-4 ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ื•ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืคืš ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืจืื–' 3. ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ืฉ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืฆืจืคืช ื ื—ืชื›ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืืžื‘ืจื’ื• ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืืš ื‘-1969, ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื–'ื•ืจื–' ืคื•ืžืคื™ื“ื•, ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืกืงืช ืจื›ืฉ ืžื™ืจืื–'ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืชืžื” ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“ ืืš ืขื•ื›ื‘ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืืžื‘ืจื’ื•, ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจืชืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื ืขืฆืจื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืืžื‘ืจื’ื•, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืžืกืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืคืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช ืœืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ืจื›ืฉื• ื˜ื ืงื™ M48 ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื ืงื™ ืฆื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื ืกื•ื’ื” ืžื”ืฆืขืชื” ืœืขืกืงื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื ืง ืžืขืจื›ื” ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืœื›ื“ื™ ื˜ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื”. ืฆื”"ืœ ื’ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืฉืœืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžื“ื’ื T-54. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆื”"ืœ ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื” ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืื•ื’ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื“ ืื– ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืคืขืœื” ืจืง ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” (ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื). ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื”, ืฉืžืคืงื“ืช ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจืคื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื“"ื› ื—ืกืจ, ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžืคืงื“ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ื”, ืืš ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื”, ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1969 ื ืคื˜ืจ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ. ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 1968 ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืจื"ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘. ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื“ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1969, ืื– ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื“ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1969. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ืืจืืœ ื‘ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื. ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื•ืœืœื ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืกื“ืจื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืจืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ืขื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ: ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™, ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ื•ืžื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื•ื ื• "ื ืžืจื™ื". ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืจืืฉ ืื’"ื ืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ืืคืกื ืื•ืช ืขืžื•ืก ื—ื•ืจื‘ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ืืจืืœ, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื•ืฆืจ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืจ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืขื•ื–ื™ ื ืจืงื™ืก, ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™"ืจ ื•ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ (ืงื—ืฆ"ืจ) ืจืคืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืจื—ืžื™ืืœ ื“ื•ืจื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืžืฉื” ื’ื“ืจื•ืŸ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ืจืืฉื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืืœื“ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื“ืŸ, ืฉืœืžื” ืœื”ื˜ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืื“ื ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื“ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 7 ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 188 ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 401 ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืงื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื ื—ืœ ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ื•ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ. ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืœืชืฉืข ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื ื—ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื ืืฆืจ, ืืš ืžืขืžื“ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื ื—ืœืฉ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื— ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื. ื ืืฆืจ ื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืžืคืงื“ื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื•, ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื—ื›ื™ื ืขืืžืจ, ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ื”ืชืื‘ื“, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืคืื•ื–ื™ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืžื•ื ืขื ืจื™ืื“, ืœืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ืื—ืžื“ ืื™ืกืžืืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ ื ืขืฉื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ื—ื–ื™ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืกื™ื“ืงื™ ืžื—ืžื•ื“, ื”ื•ื“ื— ื•ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ื”ืžื—ืคื™ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืคืื•ื–ื™. ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืฆืจ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1967, ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžืฆื™ื•ื“ื• ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื•. ื ืืฆืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืกื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืจื•ืคืคืช, ื•ื“ืจืš ื ืื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฆื‘ืื™ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžื” ืฉืชืจื ืœื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•. ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืžื” ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ืฉืง ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื•ืขืžืงื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•"ืจ ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืคื•ื“ื’ื•ืจื ื™ ื•ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืจืฉืœ ืžืื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื›ืืจื•ื‘. ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื ืืฆืจ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช, ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1967, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืžืœืื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืงื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืื’ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืชื”ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื™ ืกื‘ื‘ ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฆื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ืžื•ืฆืœื—.Mohamed Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy, The October War, Cairo, 1993, p. 96 ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1967. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1968 ืกืงืจ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืื•ื–ื™ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช 70% ืžื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ืคืื•ื–ื™ ื’ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืจื‘ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืืจืกื ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’-21, ืืš ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉืชืกืคืง ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’-23 ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ืชื‘ื“ื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’-23 ืจืง ื‘ืฆืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืืœื• ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ื’-23, ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืก ืงืจื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืขืœ ืฉืžื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื• ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช: ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžื“ื’ืžื™ SA-2, ื•-SA-3, ืฉืคื’ืขื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1968, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื ืืฆืจ ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื•ื—ืชื ืกื›ื ืจื›ืฉ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉื›ืœืœ 150 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื’ืžื™ ืžื™ื’-21 ื•ืกื•ื—ื•ื™ Su-7, ืžืื•ืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžื“ื’ื T-55 ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื, ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ืืžืฆืขื™ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ (ืœืงืจืืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ืžื–ืจื—ื”) ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืœื•ื ื” (ืคืจื•ื’). ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ื”ืกื›ื ืจื›ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื” ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ืจืืฉ ืืž"ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ: "ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“, ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆืžืจืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื." ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืž"ืŸ, ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ืกื™ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืขื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื™ืขืžื™ืง ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืคื’ืข ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืจื›ืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื ืชืชืขืจื‘ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื›ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ืงื” ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืžืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉืจ ืžืขื ืง ืฉื ืชื™ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™. ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืข ืื—"ื™ ืื™ืœืช ื•ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืื™ื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืงื ื˜ืจื”, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื•ืจื˜ ืคื•ืื“. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื’ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืคื•ืื“, ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ืืฉ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ, ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, ื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฆืจื™ ืืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื ื•ื›ื— ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืชืขืœื”, ื”ืื•"ื ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืœืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ, ืืš ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™, ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืขื ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืžืฆืจื™ื ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืืช ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืœืชืขืœื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืงื”ื™ืจ ืชื‘ืขื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”.Gamasy, The October War, p. 99 ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ืืž"ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ืข ืžืฉื”ื•ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“, ืฉืฆืžืฆืžื• ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™, ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 401 ืฉืชื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื ืขืจื›ื• ื’ื ื—ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืžืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|283x283px|ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช ืื—"ื™ ืื™ืœืช (ืง-40) ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืขื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืข ืื—"ื™ ืื™ืœืช, ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1967. ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืžื™, ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช, ืฉืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉืชื™ ื˜ืจืคื“ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขื• ืœืขื‘ืจื”. ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“. ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช ื ืคื’ืขื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื: ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืงืจืช ื ื–ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืฉื”. 47 ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื•. ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืžื—ื“ืœ". ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืข ื›"ื“ืคื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืฆื”"ืœ ื—ื˜ืฃ ืžืื– ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืžืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ืœืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืข, ื ืคืชื—ื” ืชืงืจื™ืช ืืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืืฅ. ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื‘ื•ืงื”, ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ื›ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ื•ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืžื—"ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ื ืŸ ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืง ืกื™ืงื•ืจืกืงื™ S-58 ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืก ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืคื™ื ืชื” ื’ื ืืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืขืจื™ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”.Saรฏd K. Aburish, Nasser: The Last Arab, Thomas Dunne Books, 2004, p. 297 ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืืฉ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืื•"ื, ืื• ืชืื ื˜, ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฉืžืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ, ืขืœื• ื‘ืชื•ื”ื•. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืฉืชื™ืกื•ื’ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืชื™ืกื•ื’ ืžืงื• ื”ืชืขืœื” ื›ืš ืฉืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืคืชื™ื—ืชื” ืœืฉื™ื˜. ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืืฆืจ ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืกื™ื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืชื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื”, ื›ืš ื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ืจืš ืœื•ื—ืžืช ืฉื—ื™ืงื”. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืกื›ืœ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื— ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ื‘ืจ. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืคืขืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื ื” โ€“ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื• ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื. ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื•ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืœื’ื“ื•ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืกืคืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื, ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื“ืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ืฆื”"ืœ ืคืขืœ ื’ื ืœืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฉืจืฆื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืชืื™ ืคืช"ื— ืฉื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘.ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื—ื™ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืจืช ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื‘ืกื•ืืฅ, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1967ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืงื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื”, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืงื™ืฅ 1968 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื• ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘-8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1968 ืคืชื—ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ื‘ื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขืฉืจื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื—ืœื• ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื•ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืกืœืžื” ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ื•ื ืงื˜ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉืœื•ื, ืืš ื›ืขืช ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”: "ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืืจืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืชื•ืš ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื." ื‘-26 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืคืชื—ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื•, ื•ื”ืกื‘ื• ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืจืš ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืืช "ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืœื", ืฉื‘ื• ืคืฉื˜ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืงื™ "ืกื•ืคืจ ืคืจืœื•ืŸ", ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžืฆืจื™ื (ื›-350 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ).ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื‘ืจ, ื—ื ื™ ื–ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ืงืฉืช: ืžืื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืื‘ืง ; ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1998, ืขืž' 267 ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื’ืข ื—ืžืื“ื™, ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ื‘ืœื‘ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ืชื—ื ืช ืฉื ืื™ื, ืกื›ืจ ื•ื’ืฉืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก. ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืจื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ื”ืžื”ืœืš "ื ืชืŸ ืžื›ื” ืœืชื•ื“ืขืชื" ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืงืžืช ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ื—ืœื” ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ืกื™ื ื™. ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื•ืžืง ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ืืš ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื•. ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื“ืŸ, ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’, ื•ืœื• ื–ืžื ื™, ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืคื•ืฃ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ, ื™ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื”ืจืชืขืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื“ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืœืš ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื ืฉืง ื”ื "ืž ืฉืœื” ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื•ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื˜ืขืŸ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื“ืจื•ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืš ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ื’ื ืœืœื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื”ื•ื›ื ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช 'ืกืœืข', ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื (ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืชืจืขื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•), ืœืคืจื™ืกืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืž"ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืขื“ ืžืจืฅ 1969 ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืจื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื‘ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืชืขืœื”, ืœื”ืงื™ื ืงื• ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื (ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช 'ืžืขื•ื–'), ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืงืฉื™ื—ื”, ืœืคื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ ืžื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ืืฃ ืœื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ. ืœืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืžืชืืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ: "ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืœ: ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื›ืงื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื”, ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื”ื’ื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืกื™ื ื™. ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืœื, ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื." ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœืœ ืžืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™: ื”ืืœื•ืคื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ ื•ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืช ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื—ื–ืงืช ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื•ืžืง ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืžืชืงืคื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืจื‘ืชื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 7 ืœื’ื–ืจืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืžืจืชืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื ืชื— ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ, ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืœ ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืคื•ืขืœ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”.ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื˜ื•ืก ืื™ืœื™ื•ืฉื™ืŸ Il-28 ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช, 1967. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืืœ"ื ืžืฉื” ืคืœื“, ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 252, ืžืชื“ืจืš ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื - ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ, 9 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1969. ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื™ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื ื‘ื ื• ื›-30 ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”. ื‘ืงื• ืฉื ื™, "ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื—ืช"ื" ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืงื• ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืขืฉืจื” ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ื‘ื ื” ื’ื ืžืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—', ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ืžืชืงืคืช ืคืชืข ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1968, ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืืœื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ื ื‘ื ื• ืชื•ืš ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืคืขืœ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ืกื™ื ื™, ืชื•ืš ืกืœื™ืœืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื™ืœืชโ€“ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—', ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื–ื”โ€“ื˜ืกื”โ€“ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืžื™ืชืœื”โ€“ืจืืก ืกื•ื“ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ื•ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™. ืžื•ืช ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื’ืข ื—ืžืื“ื™, ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขื•ื™ื ืช. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืงื”ื™ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ืกืš ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืฆืคื• ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื• ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื”ื ืœื ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืฉ ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื”, ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื•ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘. ืืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื™ื ืช ืฉืœื” ืžื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื•ืฆืœื™ืคื”. ืžืื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ืขืžืœื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื”ืฆืœืคื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื ืžื ืขื” ืžืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืœืคืจื ืกืชื ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”.ื–ืื‘ ืฉื™ืฃ, 'ืœืžื” ืฆื•ืœืคื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื?', ื”ืืจืฅ, 9 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1969, ืขืž' 9 ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื—ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื–ืจื”. ืกืš ื”ื”ื™ืชืงืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1969 ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”. ืจืืฉ ืื’"ื ืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืจื•ืขืฉืช, ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืขืจืš ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื "ืž ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืงื˜ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืœื ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉื‘ืช, 8 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ื—ื“ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื’-21 ืžืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœื”ืคื’ื™ื– ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืข'ื ื™ ืืœ-ื’ืžืืกื™, ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืฉ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืฉ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—, ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื–ืจื”, ืžืชืงื ื™ ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืืฅ, ื‘ืชื™ ื–ื™ืงื•ืง, ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืกื•ืœืœืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืงืจื‘, ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืืฉ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื”ืงืฆื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืงื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืžื•ื ืขื ืจื™ืื“, ื ื”ืจื’ ืžืืฉ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืฆืจื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฉ ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ืขืฆืจื”.ืคืกื— ืžืœื•ื‘ื ื™, 'ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”', ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื•ืชื—ืŸ, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2021, ืขืž' 52โ€“56 ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืื“ ื›ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืกื•ืืฅ, ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืื—ืžื“ ืื™ืกืžืืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื–ืžื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืื“ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื•ืœืžืกื“ ืืช ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™. ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื‘ื” ื”ืคืš ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœืจืฆื™ืฃ, ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœื™ื•ืœื™ 1967, ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื ืขืจืš ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื‘-12 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ, ื•ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘-30 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืงืจื ื ืืฆืจ: "ืื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืฉื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืŸ-ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืขืชื” ืื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ื“ื™ืŸ-ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•." ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืจื™ืื“, ื•ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ืžื•ืขื“ ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื: "ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื”ื™ื“". ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื—ืกืŸ ืืœ-ื–ื™ืืช, ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉืžืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.Aburish, Nasser: The Last Arab, p. 298 ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืืฆืจ, ืฉื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967 ืœืžืจืฅ 1969 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืœืฉื ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืขืจื‘ื™: (1) "ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืื™ืชื ื”" - ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื”, (2) "ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื”" - ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืœืœื•ื—ืžืช ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ืืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื”ืจืชืขืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, (3) "ืฉืœื‘ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช" - ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืชืฉืœื•ืœ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, (4) "ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™" - ื”ื›ืจืขืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื”. ื‘-23 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืื ื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื ืืฆืจ ื•ืืžืจ: "ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืกื™ื ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื”."ื’ืœื‘ืจ, ื–ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ืงืฉืช, ืขืž' 268 ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืงื™ืฅ 1969 ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื˜ืงืกื˜=ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, 1969|ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™, ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, 1969 (ืื•ืกืฃ ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื ื™).|229x229 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื“ืจืช ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ืืฉ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื™ื™ื—ืช, ื—ืœื—ืœื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื—ืคืฉ ืคืจืฆื” ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ื‘ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื ืื•ืชื” ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืฃ ืชื™ื˜ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื ืืฆืจ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื™ืฆื ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืข, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ืจืืชื” ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื•. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืœื ืขืžื“ื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœืฆืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1969โ€“1971. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื›ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืขืžื“ื” ืœืจืฉื•ืชื”. ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืชื—ืช ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘. ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ืชื—ืช ืืฉ ื›ื‘ื“ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ืฆืž"ื” ื•ื”ื“ื—ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขืคืจ, ื—ืคืจื• ืฉื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืชืขืœื•ืช ื "ื˜. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืื ืฉื™ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื• ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืคืจื•ืช (ื‘ื•ื ืงืจื™ื) ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื›ืค"ืฆ (ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ) ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืžื“ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืžืฉื˜ื— ืื—ื“ (ืืœืชื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ืช). ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ืžืื•ืžืฆืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื (ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™-ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 75 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ). ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืงื˜ื” ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื—ื™ ืืฉ, ืฆืœื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ืจืขืฉื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื˜ืงืกื˜=ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฉืงื“, 1969|ืกื"ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฉืงื“, ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื”, 1969.|ื™ืžื™ืŸ|257x257 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืฆื”"ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื’ืœ ืื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื˜ืคื˜ื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื—ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืกื‘ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืœื”ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื’ืžืืกื™ ืื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 'ืืœ-ืื”ืจืื' ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื—ืกื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื›ืœ (ืื™ืฉ ืกื•ื“ื• ื•ืฉื•ืคืจื• ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืืฆืจ), ื™ื—ืกื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืฆืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื” ืืจื•ื›ื”. ืงื”ื™ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื›ืืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื’ื ื˜ื ืงื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช. ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื’ื ื”ืงืฉืชื” ืขืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืืกืคืงื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื, ื•ืขื•ืจืจื” ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื˜ืžืคื• ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 14 ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื’ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘-29 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1969 ื ืขืจืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ 22 ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื”ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืง ืกื•ืคืจ ืคืจืœื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื• ื›ื•ื— ืžืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืžื-ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื—ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื™ืจ ืœื•ืงืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›-300 ืง"ืž ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื ื™ื— ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืชื— ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืกื›ืจ ืืกื•ืืŸ ืœืขืžืง ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื•ืœืงื”ื™ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื ื˜ื ืช ืงืฉืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืคืฅ ืœืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ, ื ืฉืœื— ืžืกื•ืง ืื—ืจ ืœืคื ื•ืชื•. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื™ืกืช ืฉืฉืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื•ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ. ื‘ึพ11 ื‘ืžืื™ 1969 ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก 3, ืฆืœื—ื• ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื•ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13 ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืงื˜ื”, ืœืœื ืžื ื•ืขื™ื. ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืขื ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืžืืจื‘ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื”ืกืชืขืจื• ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฆืจื™, ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื•, ื”ืจื’ื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘-13 ื‘ืžืื™ 1969 ื™ืฆืื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก 4, ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ืฆื™ื” ื•ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืืฉ ื—ื–ืงื”. ืกื’"ื ื ื”ืจื’ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื‘ืข. ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1969 ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ืจืื–' 3 ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื ืขืœ-ืงื•ืœื™ ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื ื–ืง ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืคื•ืฅ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืงืจื™ืช ื™ื–ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื• ื ื–ืง ืจื‘ ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1969 ื ืขืจืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ 25ื โ€“ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืžื•ื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืงื™ ืกื•ืคืจ ืคืจืœื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืจืืก ื–ืขืคืจื ื” ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช, ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืžื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ืžืฆืจื™.ื ื“ืœ, ื”ืžืขื– ืžื ืฆื—, ืขืž' 96โ€“99, ื’ืœื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืฉื”, ืขืž' 390โ€“393 ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœ 7-8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืคืฉื˜ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฆืจื™ ืขืœ ืžืขื•ื– ืฆื”"ืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืกืžืืขื™ืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืจืขืฉื” ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช. ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขื•ื–, ื›ืœืงื— ืžืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ืœืงื• ื›ืš ืฉืฉื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืื™ืชืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ืืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ: ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13, ืกื™ื™ืจืช ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื•ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฉืงื“. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืืžื ื ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™"ืจ. ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 10 ืœ-11 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1969 ืคืฉื˜ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืžื–ื—, ื”ืจื’ื• 8 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืคืฆืขื• 9 ื•ื—ื˜ืคื• ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืื—ื“, ืฉืžืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ืฉื’ื‘ืชื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ.Gamasy, The Obcober War, p. 109 ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืœืคื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืœื™ืช. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืจืืฉ ืื’"ื ืชื"ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื•ืคื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ืืš ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื” ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื”"ืœื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื”, ืฉื™ืชื•ืง, ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื”. ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืงื‘ ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื•ืฆื‘ืจื” ืชืื•ืฆื” ื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื”. ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืคื™ืงื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืชื™ืฉื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืฆืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืกื’ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื"ืœ ืขื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื‘ื™ ืืฉืจ ืฉืจืชื• ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืจืž"ืฉ, ื‘ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื, ื•ืœืชืช ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช. ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื˜ืงืกื˜=ื”ืชืงื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื— ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืื™ืœืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, 1969|ื”ืชืงื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื— ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืื™ืœืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, 1969 ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ื’ื“ื” ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื™ื™ื—ืช, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืขืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ืงืจืงืขื™ ืืœื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ืืฉ. ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืืฉ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคื’ื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ื ืฉืง ื”ื "ืž ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉืชื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1969, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ืœื›ื ื™ืกืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช: ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื”ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืื• ืœื“ืจื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ืžื˜ืจืช-ื”ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื•ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ. ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืืช ืขืžื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืงืœื˜ ื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืกืงื™ื™ื”ื•ืง, ื•ื‘-1969 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื’ื ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 19 ื•-20 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1969 ื ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืคืฉื˜ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13 ื•ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ, ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืคืชื— ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืขื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•. ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืคื™ืงื“ื• ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื ื—ื ื“ื™ื’ืœื™ ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช ื–ืื‘ ืืœืžื•ื’. ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื’ืขืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืฉ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื. ื”ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื "ืž ืฉืœื• ื–ื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื•. ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื—ื™ืœ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“, ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ "ืขืฆื ื‘ื’ืจื•ืŸ" ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืฆื”"ืœ ืื™ื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืกืคื’ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 60 ืœ-70 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื.ื’ืœื‘ืจ, ื–ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ืงืฉืช, ืขืž' 269 ืœืฆื“ ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื•ืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืืฃ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืœื•ื—ืžืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื•. ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืจืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ืกื™ืžื ื” ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ื•ืœื™ 1969 ื™ื–ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ืจืื–' ืžืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื• ื”ื–ื ืงืช ืžื™ื’ื™ื ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ืื•ืจื’ื ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ืœืคื™ื” ื–ื•ื’ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืžืคืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—, ื–ื•ื’ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื”, ื—ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื’ืข ื•ืžืคื™ืœ ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืงืกืก ื•ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืคืœื• ื›-20 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืืœื” ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 30 ืง"ืž ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืชืขืœื”. ื ื•ื›ื— ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื "ืž ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืœื™ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืกื›ื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•.ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืขื•ืคืจ, 'ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืชืงืฃ ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืœื”', ื“ื‘ืจ, 21 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1969 ืจืง ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื ื˜ืจื” ืœืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžืกื›ื ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ื "ืž. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืคื™ืชื— ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื "ืž, ื•ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื ืกื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืงืกืจ, ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืขื“ 28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื‘ื”ื ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข- ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื "ืž, ืžืชืงื ื™ ืžื›"ื, ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”, ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ื›-300 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื” ื–ื•, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื•, ืขื“ ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืขืจืš ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื• ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’-17 ื•ืกื•ื—ื•ื™-7, ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื™ื’-21, ืชืงืคื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ MIM-23 ื”ื•ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื” ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ืคืฆืฆื” ื’ื ืชืขืœืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคืงื” ืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคื›ื• ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืจื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1969, ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืฉ ื ื•ืฆื—ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžืคืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื‘ื™ื‘ - ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ, 8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1969. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื’ืจื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืื•ืžื ื” ื•ืชื•ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ืงืœื˜ื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืกืคื™ื ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืฉื”ืชื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงืœื•ืช. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžืจื” ื”ื ื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืœืคื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื‘-8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1969 ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœื’ื–ืจืช ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ โ€“ ื ืขืจืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื‘ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืชื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื™ืžื™, ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื• ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ, ืฉื‘ื” ืกืคื’ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžืื” ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื ืข ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืคื•ื ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื—ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžื›"ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืจืืก ื–ืขืคืจื ื”, ื•ืชืคืก ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื ื•ื”ืคืชืขื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื’ื ื ื™ืชืง ืืช ืงื• ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคื ื• ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืฆืœื•ื ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—, ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆื”"ืœ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื, ืืžืจ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ: "ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ืฉืžื— ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืงืจื‘, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืฉ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ืงืœืฉื ื™ืงื•ื‘, ืื ืืคืฉืจ." ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช, ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 'ืžืขืจื™ื‘' ืืœื™ ืœื ื“ืื• ืœื›ื•ื—. ื’ืœื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืฉื”, ืขืž' 396 ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”: "ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื "ืž [ื”ืžืฆืจื™] ืกื’ื•ืจ. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืฉ. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืœื”ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืœื“ื•-ืกื˜ืจื™ืช." ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื‘ื— ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ืืš ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืฆืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ "ืจื‘ื™ื‘" ืœื ื™ื›ืจื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืืœื ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฆื”"ืœื™ืช ื”ืจืชื™ื— ืืช ื ืืฆืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ื”ื“ื™ื— ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืื—ืžื“ ืื™ืกืžืืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™, ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืืช ืžืคืงื“ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืื—ืžื“ ืกืื“ืง.Gamasy, The October War, p. 112 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืคืชื— ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื—ืช ืชืงื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•, ืœื—ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื—ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืื–ื ื”, ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘-22 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1970 ื ืขืจืš "ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื•ื“ื•ืก", ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื›ื‘ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืช ืžืžืกื•ืงื™ื, ืืช ื”ืื™ ืฉื“ื•ืืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ, ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืฉืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—', ืชื•ืš ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืชืงื™ืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื• ืฉืชื™ ื˜ืจืคื“ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืขื–ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืฉื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื›ืชืจื” ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื™ืœืช ื ื—ืชืช ื•ื‘ื” ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื. ื‘ืขืช ืคืจื™ืงืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื” ืžืฉืื™ืช ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ืจื“ื” ืžื”ื ื—ืชืช. ื‘ืืกื•ืŸ ืžืฉืื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• 24 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ืคืฆืขื•.ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|234x234px|ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื•ื“ื•ืก - ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ืฉื“ื•ืืŸ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ, 22 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1970. ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืื’"ื, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1969.ื’ืœื‘ืจ, ื–ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ืงืฉืช, ืขืž' 273 ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื›ืชืฉ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืกืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืฆื”"ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืคืฆืฆืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื’ืืœ ืืœื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื˜ ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืจ ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžื‘ืฆืข "ืคืจื™ื—ื”", ืชืงื™ืคื” ืจื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืขืžืง ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœื•ืงื”. ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืชืžื›ื• ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ื ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืื‘ื ืื‘ืŸ, ืคื ื—ืก ืกืคื™ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื” ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•, ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ื ื’ื ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ, ืœื ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขื” ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืงืจื‘ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืœืงื— ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืคืจื™ื—ื”". ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืจื™ื, ืฉืื—ืช ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ืืฆืจ. ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืื•ืฉืจื• ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื›ืฆืขื“ ืžืงื“ื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘-25 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืชืงื™ืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช, ื‘-26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1969, ื ืขืจืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ 53, ืฉื‘ื• ื ื’ื ื‘ ื”ืžื›"ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ P-12, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืงื ืง"ืž ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืก-ืขืจื‘ ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ. ื‘-7 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1970 ื”ื—ืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช "ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืคืจื™ื—ื”" โ€“ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืœื”ืคืฆืฆืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื• ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘-13 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1970. ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืื• ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืคื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ืฉืจ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื’-17. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื“ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžื ืขื” ืžืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืจื™ ื”ื ืžืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืœืฆื“ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ืš, ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืœื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง, ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ืžืฆืจื™, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ืจืืฉ ืืž"ืŸ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง, ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืจืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืงื”ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื• ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืขืžืง ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืืž"ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ืš, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื ืชืฉืœื— ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ืื” ืœื”ื’ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืื™ืจ, ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืงื• ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื”ืงืœืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืœื”, ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกืคืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช, ื•ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื ืืฆืจ: "ืœื ืื ื• ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื• ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•. ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ - ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื•." ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืขืœื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื•ื ืขืจื›ื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืขืจื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชืงืœื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื™ื ืข ืžื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืงื”ื™ืจ. ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืœืชื•ืš ืกื™ื ื™, ืืš ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืœ-ืขืจื™ืฉ.ื“ื ื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ืจื•ื— ืจืคืื™ื ืžืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืจ: ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” (1970โ€“1967), ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, 2007, ืขืž' 736โ€“740ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|247x247 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืงืจื‘ ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœ ื“ืื’ืœืก F-4 ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช. ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืœื‘ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื—ืœืฆื• ืœืขื–ืจืชื”. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื ืืฆืจ, ื‘ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืืฉ, ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ืืช ืชืชืขืจื‘ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘-22 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ืฉืื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื ื•ืขื“ ืขื ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืื•ื ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.Gamasy, The October War, p. 116โ€“117 ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื-ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื ืืฆืจ ื”ืคืš ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืœืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืขื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื• ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืคื–ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ื‘ืชื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืืฆืจ, ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช SA-3 ืฉืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชื™ืคืจืก ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืžืง ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘, ืฉืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืคืจืกื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื‘ื”ืŸ 95 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’-21 ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ื”ื ื™ืคืขืœื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื’ื ืžื›ืจื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื 50 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกื•ื—ื•ื™-7 ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื›"ื ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช. ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื“ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื•ื•ืงื–. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1970 ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ืœื›ื•ื— ืฉื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื’ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžื“ื’ื ืžื™ื’-25, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืงื”ื™ืจ, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื•ืกื›ืจ ืืกื•ืืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืจืง ื‘-13 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื ืฆืคืชื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช SA-3. ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื”, ืขื 66 ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, 32 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื•-120 ื‘ืžืจืฅ (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืง ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืจื• ื•ื–ื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืž"ืŸ). ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื—ืœื• ืžื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืžื”ืกืกืช ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื ืกื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืืฆืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”. ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืืŸ ืžื™ื’-21 ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1970 ื”ื—ืœื• ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืฉืžื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืžื’ืข ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื—ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืขื• ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืžืขืœ ืฉืžื™ ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื—ื“ืจื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘. ื‘-18 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื’ื™ื—ื” ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื ื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืœื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื’ืข. ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืคืงืคืงื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืชื“ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ืขืœ ืชืงืจื™ืช ื”ื›ืžืขื˜-ืžื’ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘-18 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ืืžืจ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื: "ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืช [ืฉ]ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘." ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืชืง ืืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™, ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื ืžืขืฆืžืช-ืขืœ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืชืขืœื”. "ืื•ืคื ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘" ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ, ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ื "ืž ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ื "ืž, ื•ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• 4,000 ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืขื ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื” ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื ืืฆืจ ืืฃ ื˜ืขืŸ, ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืœื•ื‘ ืžื•ืขืžืจ ืงื“ืืคื™, ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช "ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช". ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืงื“ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืื ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช, ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจืš, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื•ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช, ืฉื”ืงืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื ืคืจืก ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืื—ื“ ืงื”ื™ืจโ€“ืื™ืกืžืขื™ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงื”ื™ืจโ€“ืกื•ืืฅ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช, ืืช ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ื“ืจืš ื›ืš ื”ืื˜ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืจืกื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืืš ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืกืชื›ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืชืขืžืชื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื•ืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™. ืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืขืœื” ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื“ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื.Abdel Magid Farid, Nasser: The Final Years, Ithaca Press, 1997, p. 176 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื™ ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืชื’ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื‘-16 ื‘ืžืื™ 1970 ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงืฉืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืคืฆืฅ ื ืžืœ ืจืืก ื‘ื ืืก ื•ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืžืฉื—ืชืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืžื“ื’ื ืกืงื•ืจื™. ื‘-30 ื‘ืžืื™ 1970 ื”ื•ืคืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-4 ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืœื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘-30 ื‘ืžืื™ 1970 ื—ื“ืจื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื”ืžืืจื‘ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืคืชื— ื‘ืืฉ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื˜ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืœืขื‘ืจ ื ื’ืž"ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคืชื—ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืขืฉื” ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขื›ื‘ ื”ื’ืขืช ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืœืกื’ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื˜ื— ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ืขืจื‘ ื ืชืงืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืคื™ื ื” ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžื”ืžืืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืืจื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื• ื ืคื’ืขื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• 18 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ืฉื‘ื•. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ื ื™ืชืง ืืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“ ืžืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช ื•ืคื’ืข ืงืฉื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื–ืจื”. ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืจืš ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”: ื›ื•ื— ืžืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฉืงื“ ื•ื‘ื• 134 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื“ื ื™ ืจื”ื‘ ื•ื•ืœืฃ, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืฆืœื— ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื•ื˜ื™ื”ืจ ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจื›ื”. ืœืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืงื“ืžื” ืคืขื•ืœืช ืจื™ื›ื•ืš ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื•ื ืงืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื. ืชืฉืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•. ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ืžื‘ืฆืข ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกืจื’'ื ื˜ ืฉืงื“ื ืœื• ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฉืงื“ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืจืฆื™ ื“ืจืš. ืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื”. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืฉ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื• ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ืฉืœื•. ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืจื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื‘ื™ืจื™ ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.ืกืจืŸ (ืžื™ืœ') ื’ืœ ืคืจืœ ืคื™ื ืงืœ (ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื“ื“ื• ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช), ื”"ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื" ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื™ - ื”ืกืคืจ "ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฉืงื“" ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื›ื›ื–ื• ืฉื”ื’ืชื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉืžื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืฆื”"ืœ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืืžืฅ. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืจืชืง ืœืงืจื™ืื”, ื•ืฉืงื“ ืจืฉืžื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืืš ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจืช ืื—ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช. ืืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืขืœื• ืชื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ืœื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื”. ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”: "ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื." ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื–ืืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ืฅ 1970, ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืฉืชืง ืืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคื’ื–ื™ื ืขื ืžืจืขื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืคืœื“ื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืคื™ืฆื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘.ืืœ"ื (ื‘ืžื™ืœ') ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื™ื“ ืœืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 54, ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2019, ืขืž' 42โ€“46 ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ืขืจื›ื• ื’ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ, ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชืขืœื”. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉื ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืœืžืคืจืฅ. ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|256x256 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ S-125 ื ื™ื™ื‘ื” (SA-3) ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืขื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื“ ืœืชืขืœื” ื•ืœืฉืชืง ืืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืงื•ื“ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืชืขืžื™ืง ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื’ื–ืจื”, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆื”"ืœ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืชืงืคืช ืžื ืข ืฉืชื—ืจื‘ ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืืš ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ืฉืœืœื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœื”ืกืœืžืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื•ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื“ืžื•, ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืขืœื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ืกืกื• ืœืกืคืง ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช. ื‘-23 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1970 ื ืขื ืชื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืืฉ, ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘-18 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืชื’ืจ - ืคืขื•ืœื” ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื• ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื "ืž ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช-ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืขืฆืจื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืœืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื.ื’ืœื‘ืจ, ื–ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ืงืฉืช, ืขืž' 274 ื›ืืงื•ืจื“ ืกื™ื•ื ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1970 ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ 20" โ€“ ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืœื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื”ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘-3 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1970 ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฉื™ืขืจ 265" ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ 20" ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื” ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืขืฆืžื” (ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืชืงืจื™ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช). ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืงื“ื ืœื• ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืžืฉื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืชืื‘ื“ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ืœื’ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืชืคืจืฉื” ื›ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืฆื“ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืœืžื”. ื’ื“ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื™ื–ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ืชืคืชื• ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื—ื“ืจื• ืœืฉื˜ื— ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืคืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงืคื“, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืœ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื”ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘-25 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™. ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืขื 14 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื•-24 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื-ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื. ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืคืœื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘"ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ 20" ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™, ืžืจืฉืœ ืคืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื˜ืื—ื•ื‘, ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืงืจืช ื ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืžืงืจื•ื‘.ืืœ"ื (ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืก) ืคืกื— ืžืœื•ื‘ื ื™, ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืข "ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ 20" - ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืœ"ืž โ€“ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 87, ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020, ืขืž' 29โ€“32 ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืชื‘ื˜ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื (ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืขื“ ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื™ื—ืก ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ืžืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื”ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืœื ื ืขืœืžื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ื”ื), ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžื ืขื” ืžืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืืช ืžืคืœืชื ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืกื ืช ืžืฆื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื‘ื. ื›ืŸ ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืกืœืžื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ืš ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ. ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ, ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื“ืงืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืืš ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืจ ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื•. ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืžืœ ืื™ืœืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื™ืžื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืขืงื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืคื’ืขื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืœืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื›ืœืœื• ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13: ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก 3, ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก 4, ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก 5 (ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืกืงื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช) ื•ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ื’ืจื™ืŸ. ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ - ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื‘ื™ื‘, ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืกืงื•ืจื˜ - ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืชื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 707 ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกืจื’'ื ื˜ ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฉืงื“. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืžื ื” ืœื ื ืคื’ืข. ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื›ืœื™ืช 'ืงื•ืจืœ-ืกื™' ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื”. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืกืขืจ, ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืกื“ืจืช T, ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื™ืžื™, ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืจ (ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื). ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ ืกื™ื ื™, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžืชืงื ื™ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื™ืœืช, ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืคืงื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืงืจื™ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืงืช ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื• ืœืื™ืœืช. ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื•ืคืงื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•. ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื”, ืœืคื™ื” ืืœ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื’ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืœื ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืข ืขื ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืžืžืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ื ืืจ ื™ืืจื™ื ื’, ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืื•"ื. ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ ืœืกื’ืช ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืื•-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื›ืฉ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืืžื‘ืจื’ื• ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™. ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1969, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืงื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคืชื— ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืฉืง ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ. ื ื•ื›ื— ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืืจื™ื ื’, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช (ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช) ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช (ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช). ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|253x253 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื•ืจื”"ืž ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืื™-ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืชโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1969 ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื“ื˜ืื ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”. ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืฉื”ืกืœืžื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื˜ืื ื˜, ื”ืกืœืžื” ืฉื”ืชืžืžืฉื” ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1969. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืขืจื‘ื™. ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื“ื’ืœื• ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืงืจืื” ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื“ืจืš ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืขื‘ื•ืจื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชืง. ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ, ืฉืื—ื– ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ, ื ืงื˜ ืขืžื“ื” ืคืจื•-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืœืคื™ื” ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืชื‘ื•ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขื ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื ื•ื›ื— ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืขื“ ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœืงื“ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ื›ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ื“. ื‘-9 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1969 ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืจื•ื’'ืจืก, ืืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœื• ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื•ื’'ืจืก (ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”) ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื•ื ื’ืขื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชื™ืกื•ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—' ื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ืืš ืชื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืจืืชื” ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืœื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ื” ืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื”, ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ืื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ื–ืžื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืฉื” ื›ื™ ืงื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”: "ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ." ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืชืจืฉืžื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืจืื• ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืฉื›ืœื™ื• ืกื•ืคืงื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื•ืชื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื˜ืื ื˜. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง, ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืงื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 1970, ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง, ืฉืœื— ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ืงื•ืกื™ื’ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื’ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืชื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืžื•ื˜ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ, ื•ืงืจื, ื‘ืื™ื’ืจืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืกื™ื’ื™ืŸ, ืœื ืืฆืจ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ืกื™ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช. ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|259x259 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ื˜ืื ื˜: ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€“ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืื•ื ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘. ื‘ืชื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ. ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขื ื ืืฆืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื” ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืชื™ืžืฉืš, ืื–ื™ ืชืชื—ื–ืง ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื• ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืจื›ืฉ ื”ื ืฉืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืœืงื“ื ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืชื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื•-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื•-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืืš ื”ืชื™ืจื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื”, ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1970 ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืงื“ื ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื›ืจื–ืช, ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฆื“ื“ ื‘ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืคืืช ืจื›ืฉ ืœื”ืง ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืฆื™ื“ื“ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื›ืจื–ืช, ืืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืงื‘ืœื•, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื ื™ืกืชื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืจื“ ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืืจื™ื ื’ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื‘-21 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืขื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื”, ืฉืœืžื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœืžืื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืฉืœื ืชื™ื›ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืชื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื’ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-31 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืคืจืฉื” ื’ื—"ืœ ืžืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜. ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืœืชื•ืงืฃ, ื”ื•ืคืฆืฆื• ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื’ืฉืจ ืคื™ืจื“ืืŸ. ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื ื•ืืจ ืกืื“ืืช, ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ืืฆืจ. ืกืขื™ืฃ 3 ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืงื‘ืข: "ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื 50 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื•ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืœืงื• ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ. ืืฃ ืฆื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื ื™ืก ืื• ื™ืงื™ื ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”". ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชื•ืงืฃ (ืจืื• ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ 1970), ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืขืช ืขื ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืชืขืœื”, ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ, ืฉืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืจืชื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ืืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, "ื ืกืคื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืœื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืจืง ืžื’ื•ืจื ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ [ื‘ื•] ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื”ืคืกืงืช-ื”ืืฉ [...ื•]ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื ืื ื™ื ืกื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื”ื".ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืคื ืงืก ืฉื™ืจื•ืช - ื›ืจืš ื', ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1979, ืขืž' 300 ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืœืชื•ืงืฃ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื™ืœืชื” ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื•, ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืจื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื” ืกื™ื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ืง ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื›"ื, ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ 175 ืž"ืž ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืง"ื. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงืคื™ืื” ืืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืืจื™ื ื’ ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช. ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฆื™ื“ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื‘ืชื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื• ืœื”, ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืœื ืชื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื‘ื‘ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ืฉืฉ ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช. ืืœื ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื–, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื, ื‘-28 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1970, ื ืคื˜ืจ ื ืืฆืจ, ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืื ื•ืืจ ืกืื“ืืช, ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื•ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™. ืกืื“ืืช ื’ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจืช ื”ื”ืงืคืื”, ืืš ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืœื ื ืฉื‘ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืชื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื ื”ื•ืืจื›ื”, ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื’ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืขืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืืจื›ืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ. ืฆืขื“ ื–ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื”ืงืคืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ื”, ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ืคืจืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1971, ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืงื™ื“ื ื™ืืจื™ื ื’, ืืœื ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ืขืฆืœืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืชื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืงื“ื ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช, ื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื” ื‘ืคืขืจื™ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื›ืฉืœื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื. ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืข'ื ื™ ืืœ-ื’ืžืืกื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™, "ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื" ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ื”ืคืš ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ.Gamasy, The October War, p. 169โ€“173 ื›ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืขืžื“ืช ืกืื“ืืช, ืฉืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื• ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1972, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื—, ื”ื•ืจื” ืกืื“ืืช ืœืฆื‘ืื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ื–ื•ืžื”. ื”ืจื—ืงืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืกืžืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืชื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”, ืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืคืœืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1973 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื’ื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื“ืจืš ืžื’ืขื™ื ื—ืฉืื™ื™ื. ื‘-6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973 ืคืชื—ื• ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื˜ืงืกื˜=ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”ืœ ื‘ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืคืช"ื— ื‘ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ|ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”ืœ ื‘ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืคืช"ื— ื‘ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ืฉื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื: ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ, ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืžืง ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ. ื’ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื ืขืจื›ื• ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืงื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ืื•ืชื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื”ืืคืœื” (ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื) ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื›ื”, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื ืขื ื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจื•ื˜. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, "ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื•ืชื" - ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœืช ื›ืจืืžื” (ื›ืœืœื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืื•ื’ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช) - ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืืช ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช. ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ (ืืฉ"ืฃ) ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื–ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืคืกืงื” ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ "ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ" ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1970, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื "ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื“ื™ื ื”", ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืจื“ืŸ (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืื›ื™ืคื” ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื, ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช), ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคืชื— ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ื•ืจืžื” ื ื’ื“ื. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืชืชืžื•ืš ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื• ื ื’ื“ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื™ืฆื ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ืžืฆืจื™ื ืคืขืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืืš ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื ืืฆืจ, ื˜ืจืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืœืคื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ื ืืฆืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืœืš ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื ืืžื ื•, ื•ืกืคื™ ื-ืชืœ, ืœืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•. ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืžืชื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ืืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื•, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืชื›ืชืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื’ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืคืชื—ืœื ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืคืชื—ืœื ื“ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื›ืชืฉ ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ืชื” ืžืขืจืš ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1969 ื—ื“ืจ ืžื™ื’ 21 ืกื•ืจื™ ืœืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืžื™ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื—ื“ืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ 8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1969 ื”ืคื™ืœื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื’ื™ื. ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืคืœื• 3 ืžื™ื’ื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1969 ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื“ืžืฉืง. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืฉ ืœืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื•ื ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ืกืœืžื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืจ ื›ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 188 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœ"ื ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ืœืฆื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื•ื ื™. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1970 ื ืงื˜ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช: ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืฉืคื˜, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื™ืชื•ืŸ 10, ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื ืขืฆืจื” ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1970. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200x200 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืžื“ืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื”-ืขืฉืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• 367 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•-999 ื ืคืฆืขื• (968 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•-3,730 ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ืกื”"ื›). ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืกืคื’ื• ืืœืคื™ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ืขืจื™ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืกื•ืืฅ ื”ื•ื—ืจื‘ื•, ื•ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื–ืจืžื• ืœืงื”ื™ืจ. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœื”ืชืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”" ("ื—ืจื‘ ืืœ-ืืกืชื ื–ืืฃ") ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื ืืฆืจ, ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ืชืฉื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• 111 ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืืฉ ื "ืž. ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืื‘ื“ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื•ืืฅ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืจืกื ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืง: ืฆื•ืžืฆืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฆื•ืžืฆืžื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ึพ43% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืืฃ ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ("ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื•ืืจืช, ื•ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ื•ืขืจืช", ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื™), ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื•ืจืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืฉื™ืงืคื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช: "ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื" ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ, ื‘-28 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1970, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื• ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื• ืžื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”; ื”ืจื‘ื™ื• ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ "ืžืœื›ืช ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”" ืžืืช ื—ื ื•ืš ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืืžืจื™, ื•ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘-19 ื‘ืžืื™ 1970. ืœืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ. ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ ื’ื—"ืœ ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘-6 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1970. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืกื™ืžืœื•, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ืกื“ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื ื‘ืœืžื•, ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื•ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืจืฆืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื ื•ื›ื— ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ. ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืฉืจืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื•, ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื’ื™ืฉืช ืžื’ื ื ื” ืงืฉื™ื—ื”, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืชืžืงืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืจืกืŸ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ, ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžื”, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืฉื—ืง, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”. ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ื˜ืขื ื• ื”ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืžืฉืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ืœื ืืจื’ื ื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืจื‘ืชื™ ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ืœืฆื“ื“ ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืงื˜ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืกืกื ื™ืช, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื”ืกืกื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืชื— ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืื™ื“ืš ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื˜ืœื’ื™ื, ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจืชืขืช: ื”ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ื ืงื˜ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžืช ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคืชื—ืช ืืช ืฆื‘ืื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื–ืžื” ืืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื–ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืœืžื” ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ืืจ ื–ืืช ืชื"ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืก ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื“ื‘ ืชืžืจื™, ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจืชืขืช ืžืคื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื–ืง, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื”, ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช ื•ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื•, ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช: ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”; ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ; ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ, ืกื™ื›ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื•: ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื‘ืจ, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื›ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื ื“ืจืฉ, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืกืœืžื”, ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืคืงืช ืœืงื—ื™ื, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžืฆื‘, ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื "ืž ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืœื ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื "ืž ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืืš ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืœื• ื ืฉืื• ืคืจื™ ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืจืื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืจืฆื‘ 19). ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื•ืงื“, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืื• ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ: "ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ืœื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”." ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืงื™ื‘ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื“ืจืš ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืจื‘ืชื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืจืขื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ืœืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ื ื’ื“. ื”ื ื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืืช, ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื™ื‘ืœื•ื", ื”ืกืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ื•ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื ื‘ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘. ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื’ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื ื›ืฉืœื”, ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืงืจืก ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื” "ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื™ื‘ืœื•ื". ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœ 8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื’ื ื” ื ื™ื™ื“ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘-14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืฆืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื‘ื™ืจื™ ืœื‘. ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœ"ืžื—ื“ืœ" ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื ื‘ืขื• ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื”. ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ (ืืœ"ื ื‘ืžื™ืœ') ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ืคืš ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช: ืชื—ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, 1969 (ืื•ืกืฃ ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื ื™). ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ืงื‘ืขื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœื˜ืงืกื™ื ื•ืกืžืœื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื”. ืขื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”. ืื™-ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืืœื” ืฉืจืื• ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื‘-8 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1969, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืืฉ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ืื•ืœื, ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืจืกื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื '1000 ื”ื™ืžื™ื' ื•ืžื ื” ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉ"ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื". ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืžื• ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1968. ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” "ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืœืฃ ื”ื™ืžื™ื". ื™ืฉ ืืฃ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘-8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1968. ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืงืคื” ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื’ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืขื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืœื˜ืงืกื™ื ื•ืกืžืœื™ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืืช ืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื” ืขื•ื˜ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช. ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003, ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 32 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”. ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ 2003 ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 30 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืž-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967 ืขื“ 8 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1970. ืจืื• ื’ื ืœื•ื—ืžืช ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื ืื•ืจ, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจืืฉื™ ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ. ื–ืื‘ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉืงืžื•ื ื”, 1970. ื–ืื‘ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืกื•ืืฅ, ืฉืงืžื•ื ื”, ื—ื™ืคื”, 1970. ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1983. ื“ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื˜ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื” - ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื ืืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช 1967, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, 1989. ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ (ืฆ'ื™ื˜ื”) ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื™ื, ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 1990. ื’ื“ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช: ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1992. ืžืฉื” ื’ื‘ืขืชื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืืฉ - ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ื“ 9, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช 'ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช' ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืชืฉื "ื“-1994, ืขืž' 368โ€“395. ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื ื›ื‘ื”ื, ื—ืจื‘ ืืœ-ืืกืชื ื–ืืฃ: ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื™ื“ ื˜ื‘ื ืงื™ืŸ, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืœื™ืœื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฅ; ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1995. ื›ืจืžื™ืช ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 1998 ื“ื ื™ ืืฉืจ, ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื”, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, 2003. ื“ื™ืžื” ืื“ืžืกืงื™, ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื•ื•ืงื–: ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2006. ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื“ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, 2006. ื–ืื‘ ืืœืžื•ื’, ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื: ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื”ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 2007. ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ, 30 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช: ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 2008, ืขืž' 57โ€“118. ื™ื•ืืœ ืคื™ืงืกืœืจ, ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ 53, ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, 2009. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื”ืจ, ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืงื• ื”ืืฉ ื•ื”ืžื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 2012 ื–ืื‘ ื“ืจื•ืจื™, ืืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื - ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช 1970-1967, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช-ืžื•ื“ืŸ, 2012. ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื“ืœ, ื”ืžืขื– ืžื ืฆื—, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ื“ืŸ, 2015. ืžืฉื” ื’ื‘ืขืชื™, ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ - ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ: ื”ื•ืฆืืช 'ืจืขื•ืช', ืชืฉืข"ื’-2013, ืขืž' 93โ€“129, 257. ืžืฉื” ื’ื‘ืขืชื™, ืžื‘ืงื™ืข ื—ื•ืžื•ืช - ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ืชื"ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืกืงื•ื‘, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื”-2015, ืขืž' 157โ€“160, 178, 285. ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื“ืœ, ื”ืžืขื– ืžื ืฆื—, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ื“ืŸ, 2015. ื ืขื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื˜ืคืจ, ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื” - ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืฆื ื—ื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ื“ 202 (ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช), 2022. ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืฉื” - ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื ืฉื›ื—ื”, ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2017. ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” - ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 2018. ื™ื•ืกื™ ืขื•ื–ืจื“, ื™ืจื— ืžืขืœ ืกื•ืืฅ, ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2019. ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื“ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื—ื•ืžืช ืกื•ืืฅ - ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2020 ืคืกื— ืžืœื•ื‘ื ื™, ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื•ืชื—ืŸ, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2021, ืขืž' 52โ€“56 ืขืจืŸ ืืœื“ืจ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืžืงื™ื, ื”ืชืฉื”, ืฆื‘ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช 1970-1967, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, 2022 ื“ื‘ ืชืžืจื™, ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”: ื–ื• ืฉืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื ื’ืžืจืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2024 Lawrence L. Whetten, The Canal War: Four-Power Conflict in the Middle East (Studies in Communism, Revisionism, and Revolution), MIT Press, 1974 Saad Shazly, The Crossing of the Suez, American Mideast Research, 1980 Mohamed Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy, The October War: Memoirs of Field Marshal El-Gamasy of Egypt, Amer Univ in Cairo, 1993 Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948โ€“1991, University of Nebraska Press, 2004 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืคื ื—ืก ื™ื•ืจืžืŸ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” 1969-1970, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื”; ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื— (1988). ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช - ื”ืกืœืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืœืžื•ืช-ื ื’ื“, ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœ"ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ื‘ืืชืจ "ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”" ืืชืจ ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ืกืœืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืœืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“, ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืชื‘ึพื”ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 1, 2019 ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ืคื–"ื ืžื‘ื™ืช mako 45 ืฉื ื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, 9 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2015: "ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ" - 45 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” - ื—ืœืง ื' "ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ" - 45 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื•ื’'ืจืก ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” - ื—ืœืง ื‘' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื™ืœ, ื’ื“ื•ื“ 79 ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 401 ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, 2017, ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ื“ ืœืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ื ืœืคื™ื“, ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2019. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืŸ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชื“ืžื™ืชื” ื›"ื ืฉื›ื—ืช", ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืœ"ืž, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 86 ืขืž' 38โ€“41, ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020. 50 ืฉื ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” - ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉื›ื—ื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 84, ืขืž' 4โ€“28, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019. ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื 1970-1977, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื•ื™, ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ - ื›ืืŸ, 4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2022 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื”ืชืฉื” ื”ืชืฉื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1967 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1968 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1969 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1970 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1967 ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1968 ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1969 ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1970 ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
2024-10-06T13:47:19
ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื›ืžื•ืฉื’ ื•ื›ื›ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-6โ€“4 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืขื ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1776. ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืงืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืืชื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืช 500 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกืคื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืื–ืจื— ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ, ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ, ื‘ืŸ 20 ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื”, ื›ืš ืฉื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื” ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืก. ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” - ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืกืคื” ืขืฆืžื”, (ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื›-3000 ืื™ืฉ) ื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ื‘ืื™ ื›ื•ื— ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืืš ืจืง ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื ืฉืœ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื - ืจื•ื‘ื ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื”ื˜ืœืช ื’ื•ืจืœ. ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื (ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืฉื ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ื’ื ื”ื“ืžื’ื•ื’ื™ื”) ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืื•ืžื ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”"ืื•ืกื˜ืจืงื™ืกืžื•ืก", ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื—ืฉืื™ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ื”ืคืขืœืชื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื”. ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 509โ€“49 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืืกืคืช ื”ืงื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกืคื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื”, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืฉื›ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืฆื•ืœื”, ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ืืก, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ืจื•ืžืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“. ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื›ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื›ืœ ื’ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื”. ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1828 ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1926. ื’ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืœื• ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื”ื™ื• ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืจืง ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืขืžื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืžืชื— ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืจืฃ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช-ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœ-ื ื’ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืžืฉื˜ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื - ืื• ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื“ื—ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™, ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืื• ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ืœ-ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืฉืงืจืื” ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1775, ื‘ื™ืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื”ืžืกื•ืžืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1789, ื‘ื™ืฉืจื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืฆื™ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื–'ืืŸ-ืคื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ืืœ. ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืกืœื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื ื™ ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื”. ื›ืžื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”: ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ืฆืจืคืช, ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื›ื•') ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืชืŸ ืขืจื™-ืขื ืง. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื•ืจ, ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื) ืžืฆื“ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื‘ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืจื—ื‘ื™ื (ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื) ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืชืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืžืฆื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื (ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”). ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื”. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช (ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”). ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชื•ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ื. ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืงื™ืขืงืขื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉืขื ื” ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช (ื•ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื) ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื ื‘ื—ืจ). ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ื’ื“ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื. ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ: ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื’ื ื” ื›ืจื˜ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” (1215): ื›ืชื‘ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื• ื’'ื•ืŸ, ืžืœืš ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื• ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1215, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื“ ื’ืœื•ื™ ื ื’ื“ื• ืื ืœื ื™ืžืœื ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืชื. ืžืกืžืš ื–ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชืจ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™. ืžืจื’ืข ืฉืžืœืš ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืœ ื ืชื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื ืชื™ื ื™ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช (1642โ€“1651): ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืœืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืฉืคืจืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜. ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืขืจืฃ ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ื ื™ืกื• ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ื”ื—ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืžื•ืกื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื”ืžืœืš ืืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (1775โ€“1783): ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1775โ€“1783, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืžืจื“ื• ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช (1789โ€“1799): ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขื“ ืื– ืขืœ ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื”, ืœื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื. ืืœื” ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื”, ืฉืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ื’ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืืœื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ืืš ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ. ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืœืžื”, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืจืง ืœืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1828 ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืจื• ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืงื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1832 ื•-1884. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1871 ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืฆืจืคืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืขื ืงืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื ื•ืกืคื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืกืคืจื“, ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื”ืงื“ืžื”. ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื ื—ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘"ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”: ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืช โ€“ 21 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช: 30 โ€“ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื•-25 ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื• ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืŸ: ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœ, ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืง ื›-5% ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”, ืฉืขื™ืงืจื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืกื•ืจืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจื‘-ืฉืœื‘ื™, ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื (ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช). ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžืขื’ืœื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื–ืขื™ื ืœื-ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”), ื”ืขื ืงืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ืื™ื˜ื™. ื•ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžื” (1918) ื•ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ืจ (1945). ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ (ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช) ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ื™ืœื—ืœื• ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืขื ืงื™ืคื•ืœื ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกืžืžื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื. ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1926 ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ 29 ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1973 ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2013. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžื“ื“ ื“ื•"ื— ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื• ื•ื’ืœื™ ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื˜ืคื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืจื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื˜ืžืขื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ืชื“ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืืฃ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืืœื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจื‘ ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื ื—ืœืžื• ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ืœืขื•ืžืชืŸ, ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” (ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1933), ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืคืขืœื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื” ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืช ื•ื™ื™ืžืืจ ืืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœ-ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืชืคืกื• ืืช ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื—ื™ืกืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™. ืขื ืชื•ื ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฆืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช: ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” (1922), ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” (1933) ื•ืกืคืจื“ (ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1939). ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืœื” ืžืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืœื•ื•ืชื” ืืœื™ื•, ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ, ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ืคืŸ. ื ืกื™ื’ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฆืžืฆืžื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืœืฉืคืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ 12 ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942. ื’ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ - ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช-ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉืกื™ืžืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”, ืขื•ืจืจ ืฉืชื™ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™. ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืจื• ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœื ื—ื•ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1962, ืขื 36 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื• ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื ื• ืžืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื ื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื˜ืื™ืฉื• ื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1920 ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™, ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืื™ืžืฆื” ื™ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืชืื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ื“ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื” ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื’ืœ ื ื’ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื, ืขื“ ืœืฉืคืœ ืฉืœ 30 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1975. ื”ืคืขื ื”"ืžืชื—ืจื”" ืžื•ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืฆืžื— ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื—ื–ืงืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ, ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืืคื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื‘ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืจืขื• ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”, ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืจื•ื’ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื’ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ - ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”: ื—ื“ื™ืจืชื ื•ืงื‘ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื“ื”-ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื™ื™ื. ื“ื”-ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืื™ืœืฆื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืืจืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืžืฉืœื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื” ืงืœ ื•ืžืขืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1963โ€“1965 ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื” ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื•, ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืืžืฅ ืื•ืชืŸ. ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช - ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขื˜ ืงื•ื‘ื” - ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื’ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90. ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉ, ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื - ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื - ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืขืฆืžื ื›ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื ื—ืœืฉื” ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช-ืœื ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ 1974 ืœื‘ื™ืŸ 1990, ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-30 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื’ืœ ื–ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช, ืžื’ืžื” ืฉื‘ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืืกื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”, ื ืชื ื” ืจื•ื— ื’ื‘ื™ืช ืœื’ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืชื•. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื™ืฆืœื” ื‘ื’ืœ ื–ื” ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ื’ืœ ื–ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ืขืœื” ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื’ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืœื ื” ืœืกืคืง ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืฆื“ืง, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช. ืื ื™ืชืงืฉื• ืœืกืคืง ื–ืืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ - ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืงืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื• ื”ืคื™ื›ื”. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ืืฉืžืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ. ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื•ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืชื—ืช ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื, ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆืžืช-ืขืœ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื” ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืžืขืฆืžื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ืื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืชืคืก ื›ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” (ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจื” ืขื ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื•ืขื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60). ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ื”-20. ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจืง ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ - ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืขื•ื“ ืžืžืฉื™ืš, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืงืฆืจ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื’ืœ-ื ื’ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื Freedom House , ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืชืื™ื ืœืžืื” ื”-21 ื•ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืžื•ืงื“ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ืžื ื ื•. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2006 ื”ื—ืœื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜, ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜, ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ืžื“ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืฉืžืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2006 ื•-2019 ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื™ืจื“ื” ื‘ืžืขื˜. ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ื“ ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืงืœื”, ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืกื”ืจื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืงืœื”, ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื“, 75 ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช (ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ 22 ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื•-53 ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื•ืžื•ืช) ื•ืขื•ื“ 38 ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื–ื•ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ืคืœืฉื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืœืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืืœื• ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืกื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžื™ืื ืžืจ, ื ืคืืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ื”ื•ื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื’ืœ ืžื—ืื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™, ืืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2010โ€“2011 ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืคื—ื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2018โ€“2019. ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ืื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื” ื•ืžืจื•ืงื•, ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ืจืข ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜, ืฉื ืช 2020 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื‘ืœืžื• ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžื™ืื ืžืจ, ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช, ืžืืกืจื™ื ื•ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ืžื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืฆื‘ืจื” ืชืื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื—ืœืงืŸ ืงื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืื• ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช. ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื›ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืฆืขื“ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, 1912 ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ โ€“ ืœื ื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19. ื ืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื•ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœืชืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื•ืืฉืชื•. ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืจืฉืช, ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืขื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ (ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช) ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆืžืจ ื•ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื”, ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืงื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช. ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ (ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™) ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช, ื–ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื˜ืœืคื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื’ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ. ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืžื“ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืจืฉื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™. ื›ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืžืื‘ืงืŸ, ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืง: ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1870), ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900) ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1907). ื ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” (ืกื•ืคืจื’') ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ืฉื "ืกื•ืคืจื–'ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช". ืจืื• ื’ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืืชื•ื ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™) ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
2024-08-21T18:32:58
ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื
ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ืื• ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช-ื“ืชื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืจ, ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•ื โ€“ ืžืขื ืง ืงืจืงืข ืฉื ืชื ื• ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืืžื ื™ื”ื (ืœื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื). ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื" ื ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืืกืคื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืž-11 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1789 ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ื™ "ื”ืจืกื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช". ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-10 ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฆืจืคืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืžื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื•ืžืื•ืœืฆืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜, ืขื ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ื ื—ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช). ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื, ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉืขื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืื“ืžืชื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื” ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื’ืืœื•-ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืขื ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื ืงื™ืช. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืžื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘-486, ืื—ืจื™ ืงืจื‘ ืกื•ืืกื•ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืฉ ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ืกื™ืื’ืจื™ื•ืก, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืœื’ื™ืงื”. ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื’ืืœื•-ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืจื– ืœืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” (ื”ืžืžื•ื–ื’ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื’ืืœื•-ืจื•ืžื™ืช) ืฉืœื—ื” ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื• ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™. ืœืคื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉื ื‘ืขื” ืžื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืชืื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืื“ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืก. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคืกืง ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืจืขื”. ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื• ืฉืขื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื (ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืงืจื•) ื‘ืื• ืื™ื›ืจื™ื, ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืื• ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืก ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื ื—ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœ ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช (ืื ื’ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื”). ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืก ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืก ื ืืœืฅ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืงืœืื™ ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื•ืชื•ืš ื“ื•ืจ-ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื (ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื”) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ. ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื ื—ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช (ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ืช) ืขื™ื‘ื“ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจืื• ื•ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ืขื“ ืื–. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžื ืกื•ืก ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื (Liber homo ืื• Potentes) ืฉื’ืจื• ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื ื—ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•-ื•ืกืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžืื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื. ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื™ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืกื“ืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื—ืกื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ืื“ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” Ingenui in obsequio (ืื“ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืœื•ืช). ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื ืœื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืขื ืงืช ืคื™ืื•ื“ื” (ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•ื) ืœื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื; ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืกืืœื™ื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื. ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ื’ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื•ื—ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”. ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืขืจืช ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช-ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœ ืฉืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื ื—ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืจ-ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืืช ื ืืžื ื•ืชื• ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืœืš ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืข ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืฆืจื•. ืงืจืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืžื˜ื™ืคื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืœืš. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืงืจืœ ืœืชืช ื›ื‘ื ืคื™ืงื™ื•ื ืœืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืœืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ื•ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช. ืงืจืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืืฆื™ืœื™ื• "ื”ื•ื ื•ืจ" (ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: Honoris) ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช โ€“ ืžืฉืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืžืฉืจื” ืฉืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืืœื™ื” ื ื—ืœืช ืื“ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื•. ื ื›ืกื™ ื“ืœื-ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉืจื” ื ืงืจืื• ืจืก-ื“ื”-ืงื•ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื• (Res de comitatu) ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื•ืก (Comitatus) ืื• ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ื (Ministerium). ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื• ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื–ืงืงื• ืœืขื–ืจืชื. ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ืกืืœ ืฉื”ืคืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืกืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืืœื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืื’ืจืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื ื’ื“ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื•ืื™ืœืฆื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœืื‘ื™ื•; ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ื”. ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•-ื•ืกืืœื™ืช ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœื•. ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืื•ื“ื”, ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืกื‘ืš ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื ื—ืœืฉื•. ื”ื™ื• ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืื“ื•ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืœื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื ืžื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืื•ื“ื”. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•-ื•ืกืืœื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ืขื ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื™ืกื—ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ื ืœืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืชื™ื-ืขืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™. ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื, ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ ืฉืจื“ื• ื•ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื—ืงื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•-ื•ืกืืœื™ืช ืžืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื ื•ื›ื— ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืง ื›ืกืคื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื™ื›ืจื™ื (ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ื ืื™ื›ืจื™ื, ืืš ืืœื” ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ืžืคืจื™ ืขืžืœื), ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื’ืจืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ืจื™ื. ืื™ื›ืจื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืืจื™ืกื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช, ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืฆืžื™ืชื™ื. ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืืฆื•ืœื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช; ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•-ื•ืกืืœื™ืช. ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ-ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช: ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชื ื” ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืชื ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ื. ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ืขืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช. ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืกืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื, ื“ืจื’ืชื ื•ื™ื—ืกื ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื”, ืฉื ืจืื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืื• ืืฃ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืกืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื’ื ื” ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืœืœื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืช. ื”ืžืœืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื–ืขื, ืื• ืืช ืจื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™. ื’ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ, ืืš ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืžื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืกืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืชืื‘ืœ ืื• ื›ื•ืขืก ื”ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืขื–ืจื” ืžืื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื ืงืžื” ื™ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื‘, ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืขื•ืก. ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืข ืจื—ืžื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืขืก ื›ืœืคื™ ืชื•ืงืคื™ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืคื ื” ืืช ื›ืขืกื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฆืขืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืฆื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžืืช ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื•ืก (1080โ€“1151), ืื‘ ืžื ื–ืจ ืกืŸ ื“ื ื™ ืž-1122 ื•ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•, ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืžืœืš ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1108โ€“1137: ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ืขื–ืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ืืฆื™ืœ ืฉืฉื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืื“ืžืชื. ืœื ืจืง ื–ืืช, ืืœื ื”ื ื’ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื; ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉื ืชื ื• ืื“ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืืœื•. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืจืคื” ืื• ื›ืขืก ื‘ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืื’ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•. ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืžื™ืชื™ื•. ืœืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉื—ืง, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืจืคื” ืฉื”ื•ืžื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื•, ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืจืคื” ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืกื“ื™ื•. ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื›ืขืก ืื• ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืื“ื•ืŸ. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืคื ื” ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืœืš ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืœืืฆื™ืœื™ื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืคื ื˜ื•ื, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื•: ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืคื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช. ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื—ืจืคื” ืืฆืœ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื”, ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื”. ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื ืชื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื—ืจืคื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืจืขื™ื ืœืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืคื•ื ืกื• ืžืœืš ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืื™ื•ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•-ื•ืกืืœื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืžืชื ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื ืงื™ื. ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืืžืŸ ืœืื“ื•ื ื•, ืœื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื ื’ื“ื•, ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื–ืจื” (ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืœืžืฉืœ) ื•ืขืฆื” (ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜). ืœืฆืžื“ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ืงืจืื• Consilium et auxilium. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฆื™ืคื• ืžื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื•ื ื™ื”ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš (ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ื™, ื—ื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”). ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืกื™ื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ืฆืจื. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ื“ื—ืงื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคืงื“ืช ืžืชื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœ, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ื—ืœื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืžื ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉืจื” ืฉืœื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื›ืืœื”. ืžืขื ืง ืžื•ืชื ื” ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•ื. ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœ ืืœื ืžืขื ืง, ืฉืื•ืชื• 'ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง' ืžื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ื•; ื›ืžืขื ืง ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืขื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœ ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ืคืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ. ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื•ืกืžืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืžืื–' ื•ืื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ืื“ื ื”ืคืš ืœื•ื•ืกืืœ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ืงืก ื”ื”ื•ืžื’ื™ื•ื (ืื• ื”ื•ืžืื–' ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: Homagium), ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื›ืจืข ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœ ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื•, ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื• ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื• ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื; ื‘ืฆื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื’ืฉื” ื’ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืกืืœ ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื˜ืงืก ื‘ื ืฉื™ืงื”. ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžื˜ืงืก ื–ื” ื ืขืจืš ื˜ืงืก ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืื™ื ื•ื•ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” (Investitura) ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืกืืœ. ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ื ืชืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ืคืฅ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• (ืจื’ื‘ ืื“ืžื”, ืฉื˜ืจ, ื—ืจื‘), ืฉืกื™ืžืœ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•. ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” (ืกื ื™ื•ืจื™ื”) ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ืื•ื“ื•ื ืœื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ื—ืœื•ืช ืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช, ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืืจื™ืกื™ื. ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื•ืกืืœื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื (ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื ื™ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืื• ื”ืžื ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช). ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืชืคืงื“ื” ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฆืจื›ื™ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื. ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื ืชื ื” ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœื”. ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกืจื• ืœื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื–ืจื™ื ืื“ืžื” ื•ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื’ืื•ืœืช ื ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื›ืš ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ ืจื‘. ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืื•ื“ืœื™ืช. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื•ื•ืืกืืœื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืกื ื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืฆืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืขื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืื“ืžื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื—ืกื•ืช. ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืื•ื“ืœื™ืช ืคืขืœื” ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืกื™ืคืงื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฆืจื›ื™ื”. ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื” ื—ื™ื• ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืขื ื”ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฆื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื›ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืขื ื”ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ื“. ื”ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ืฆืžื™ืชื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|150px|ื˜ื™ืจืช ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืื ืžืชื ืฉืืช ืžืขืœ ื—ืคื™ืจ ืžืœื ืžื™ื ื”ืฆืžื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื ืฆื—. ื”ืฆืžื™ืชื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืงืจืงืข ืœืขื‘ื“. ื”ืฆืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืžืก ืœืื“ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉื™ืคืฆื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื”. ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื˜ ืื•ืชื ื•ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืžื ื• ื”ื’ื ื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืชื•ืืจื™ ืืฆื•ืœื” ื“ื•-ืงืจื‘ ืกื ื™ื•ืจ ืคื™ื™ืฃ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืขืžื“ื™ืช ื ืื•-ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืืจืง ื‘ืœื•ืš, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ืจื” ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืจื“, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1988 ืžืืจืง ื‘ืœื•ืš, "ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™", ืžืชื•ืš: ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” (1960), ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื’ื“ื™ ืืœื’ื–ื™ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืœ' ื’ืื ืกื”ื•ืฃ, ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื”ืจืŸ ืืžื™ืจ, ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1985 Donald Crummey, "Abyssinian Feudalism", Past & Present 89, 1980, pp. 115-138 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช, ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžืฆื•ืœืžืช, "ืชื•ืœื“ื•ื˜, ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”" ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
2024-08-17T18:14:07
ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ
ืกืคืจ ื™ึฐื—ึถื–ึฐืงึตืืœ, ื”ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื—ื‘ืจื•, ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื‘ื•ื–ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื•ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืชืจื™ ืขืฉืจ). ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ืชื ื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (586 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”) ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•, ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ: ื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืชื—, ื”ืžืฉืš ื•ื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืœืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืคืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช), ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจ : ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ("ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื—ืžืฉื” ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ... ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ") ื•ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืฉื ื’ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืื•ืคื ื™ื", ื•ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ื–"ืœ ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื›ืžืจื›ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ (ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ). ืž ืขื“ ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื• ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœืžืงื“ืฉ: ืคืจืงื™ื โ€“ : ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืžื•ื ื” ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื•ื–ื”ืจ ืžืคื ื™ื”ื: "ืฉื•ืœื— ืื ื™ ืื•ืชืš ืืœ-ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ-ื’ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืจื“ื•-ื‘ื™... ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจื™ ื”ืžื”... ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื... ืืœ ืชื”ื™-ืžืจื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื™". ืื–ื”ืจื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ืช - ืžืขืฉื” ืกืžืœื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื - ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืช. ื›ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื”ืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• - ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื ื‘ื. ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื”, ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืœืขื ื›ื ื‘ื™ื - ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข. ืคืจืงื™ื -: ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืœืขื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืจืขื‘ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืคืจืงื™ื -: ื”ืžืฉืš ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืœื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืจื” ืฉื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืคืจืงื™ื - : ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขื ื–ืงื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืœืงื— ื‘ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืชื•ืขื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืกืชื™ื™ื ืกื™ื•ืจื•, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ื” ืœืžืœืืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื" ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืกืžืŸ ืชื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื— ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืชืืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืžืจื›ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื”. : ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืื“ื ื’ื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืชืชืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง. : ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื•ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืจ. : ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืœื ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื. : ืžืฉืœ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ืขืฅ ื’ืคืŸ ืœื ืคื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ ืžืืฉ ืฉืื—ื–ื” ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื”. : ืžืฉืœ ื”ืืกื•ืคื™ืช - ื”' ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืœ ืœืขื ืืช ื—ื˜ืื - ื”ืขื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื ื˜ืฉื” ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ื“ืชื” ื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ื›ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ืืกืคื” ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื˜ื™ืคื— ืื•ืชื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ื›ืœื™ืœืช ืžืขืœื•ืช. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื•ื ื” ืžืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ืขื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื ืžืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื›ืคื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”' ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื“ื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืฉืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื˜ืื™ื”. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื ื—ืžื” ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขื ื”ืขื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื "ืš ื›ื•ืœื•. : ืžืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื’ืคืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื—ืช ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืœ - ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. : ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ. : ืžืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ื™ืื” ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืงื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. : ื ืื•ื ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืขืชื”. : ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืฉืจืคื” ื•ื”ืจื’ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœืขื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืื” ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืขืžื•ืŸ. : ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื—ื˜ืื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. : ืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื ื•ืช "ืื”ืœื”" ื•"ืื”ืœื™ื‘ื”" ืฉืžืกืžืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืืช ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉื‘ื”. : ื”' ืžืกืคืจ ืœื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ. ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื‘ืื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ: : ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืื‘, ืื“ื•ื ื•ืคืœืฉืชื™ื. ืคืจืงื™ื - : ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ืœืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ืคืจืงื™ื - : ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. : ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื‘ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. : ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื - ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื. : ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื–ืขื ืขืœ ืื“ื•ื. : ืคืจื™ื—ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื’ืื•ืœืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”' ืœื ื™ื”ื ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. : ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืืช ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืืคืจื™ื. ืคืจืงื™ื -: ืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’. ืคืจืงื™ื - : ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืคืจืงื™ื -: ื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืคืกื— ื•ืกื•ื›ื•ืช. ืคืจืงื™ื -: ื”ื ื—ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื ื—ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ () ื”ืคืจืง ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืฉืชื™ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ. ื‘, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืชื ื‘ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืžืœืื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”. ื‘, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื ื‘ื ืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื™ืจ, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืื“ื•ื, ืฉืจืฆืชื” ืœืกืคื— ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ื” ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืืช ืชืงื•ืžืช ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืจืื” ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื. ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืฉื•ืžืžื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืขืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”. ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœื ืจืง ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืœืขื’ ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื. ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื. ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช (). ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ืื•ืœืชื. ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืืจ ื’ื ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืฉืคืข ื—ืงืœืื™, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื”ืจื•ืกื•ืช ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœืืจืฅ (). ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื—ืจืคืชื ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืœื ืชื™ืฉืžืข, ื™ื™ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืชื•ืงืŸ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื (). ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช () ื”ืคืจืง ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืœื” ืœื ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™-ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™. ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืขื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืื“ื ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืืช ื ื‘ื•ืื”. ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืขื•ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื’ืœื” ืžืœืืš ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืืœื• ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ื— ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—, ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชืŸ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื™ื () ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืฉืชื™ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืฅ, ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ "ืœึดื™ื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื—ึฒื‘ึตืจึธื•" ื•"ืœึฐื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืขึตืฅ ืึถืคึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื—ึฒื‘ึตืจึธื•" ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจืŸ ื™ื—ื“, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžืœ ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ื ืœืžืžืœื›ื” ืื—ืช ืœืชืžื™ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ: ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ืฉื”ืคืขื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืจื‘. ื”ืžืœื›ืช ืžืœืš ืžื–ืจืข ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขื, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ ืœื ืฆื—. ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฆื—. ื”ืคืกืงืช ื—ื˜ืื™ ื”ืขื ืœื ืฆื—. ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื‘ื•ืืช ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” (10 ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืžื ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืืš ื ื—ืจื‘ ืฉื•ื‘). ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’ (, ) ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืงื•ื ืฆื‘ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื’ื•ื’ ืžืœืš ื”ืžื’ื•ื’, ืฉื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืืช ืฆื‘ืื• ื•ื›ืš ื™ื™ื“ืข ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื’ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืขื–ื‘ื•ื”ื• ืขื•ื“. ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื• ( - ) ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|400px| ืžืชื—ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ึฐื—ึถื–ึฐืงึตืืœ ืž-ืž"ื•. ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ (ืคืจืงื™ื ืž-ืž"ื•), ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืงืžืชื• ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ("ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™") ืœื ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื• (ืืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ), ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ื ื•ืชืจื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ึผื•ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืืจ ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืฉื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืจืฉ ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื•, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืœืงื™ื•. ืืžื ื, ื’ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื) ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ (ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืช) ืขื•ืจืจื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช, ืืš ืคื—ื•ืชื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืžืชื—ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื—ืฆืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช (500x500 ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช, ื›ืœ ืืžื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›-52 ืก"ืž) ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ืช (7 ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช) ืžื•ืงืคืช ื—ื•ืžื” (ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” 6 ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช), ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืœื™ื” ื“ืจืš 3 ืฉืขืจื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืžืžื–ืจื—, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืจื•ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื 3 ืชืื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื. ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื—ืฆืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ืช (8 ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช) ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืžื–ื‘ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ (11 ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช) ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (100x50 ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช) ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ื” (10 ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช). ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ึดึผื–ึฐืจึธื” ื•ื”ื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืŸ. ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ึดึผื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืื—ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื”ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ื ืจืื” (ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ืžื ื—ื ื”ืจืŸ) ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช, ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืฉื” ืจึดืฆึฐืคึธื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื (50 ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช), ื•ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช 30 ืœึฐืฉึธืื›ื•ึนืช. ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžึฐื‘ึทืฉึฐึผืืœึดื™ื (40x30 ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช) (ืžืชื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืœื• ืืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื). ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px| ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื™ึฐื—ึถื–ึฐืงึตืืœ ืž ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืฉึทืืขึทืจ ื‘ืชืœ ื’ึถึผื–ึถืจ. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ึฐื—ึถื–ึฐืงึตืืœ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืืœ ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• 3 ืชืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืžื’ื™ื“ื• ื•ืฉืœ ืชืœ ื—ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ. ืœืฉืฉืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืชื—ื (3 ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•-3 ืืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช) ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื”: ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ 7 ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 3 ืชืื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•-3 ืชืื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ (ื›ืœ ืชื 6x6 ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช), ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื ืื•ืœื ืจื—ื‘ (8x20 ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช). ื”ืชืื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช - "ืึตื™ืœึดื" - ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชึฐึผืžึธืจึดื™ื. ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ื—ึทืœึนึผื ื•ึนืช "ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื". ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื”"ื› 50x25 ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช. ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื, ืฉื”ื•ื 8 (ื•ืœื 7) ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœืื•ืœื ื•ืžืฉื ืœืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืชืื™ื (ื•ืœื ื”ื”ืคืš ื›ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื). ื”ืฉึทืืขึทืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ (ืจืื• ืื™ื•ืจ) ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœึดืฉึฐืื›ึธึผื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื (ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื”ื“ื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช), 4 ืฉึปืืœึฐื—ึธื ื•ึนืช ืžื’ึธื–ึดื™ืช (ืœึธืขื•ึนืœึธื”), ื•ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื•ื“ 4 ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืœืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื”ื–ึธึผื‘ึทื—) ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 1.5x1.5 ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืึทืžึธึผื”, ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื˜ึนืคึทื— (ื›-7 ืก"ืž) ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘. ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™ื’, ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื’) ืฉื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื’ื ื•ื– ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, 1)ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ืœืœื•ืžื“ื ืœืœื ื”ื›ื ื” 2)ืžืคื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ื›ึธึผืœ ื ึฐื‘ึตืœึธื” ื•ึผื˜ึฐืจึตืคึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืฃ ื•ึผืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึฐึผื”ึตืžึธื” ืœึนื ื™ึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ื”ึทื›ึนึผื”ึฒื ึดื™ื", ื•ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื‘ื: "ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืชึทึผืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ื‘ึฐึผืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธื” ื‘ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื", ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื–' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ. ื•ืขื•ื“. ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื” ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”, ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ื•ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืฉืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ. ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื ื™ืฉืื•ืช ืžืคื™ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืชื• (ืœืžืฉืœ:), ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื”ืขืœืืช ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ (). ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ, ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 22 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืช 593 ืœืฉื ืช 573 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ "ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™" ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื, ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืฆื. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ืื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืขื™ื“ ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœ "ืชืงื•ืคืช ืืœื" ื‘ื” ืœื ื ืฉื ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (). ืื•ืœื, ื’ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืืœื ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืคืจืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื ืฉื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ "ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชื ื” ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืœื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื›ืชื‘ื•ื ืืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืืจืฅ". ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืชื™ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ: ืขืžื“ืช ืฆื™ืžืจืœื™ , ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืงืจื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™, ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ "ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื" ื•"ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช". ืฆื™ืžืจืœื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจ: ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื•, ืขืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ืขืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžืจืœื™ ื›-"ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช". ืืœื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ, ืœืคืจืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ืžืŸ ืœื™ืžื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื•. ืฆื™ืžืจืœื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืžืกืจื• ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-6 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืขืžื“ืช ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืžื“ืช ืฆื™ืžืจืœื™, ืคื™ืชื— ืžืฉื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืงืจื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื•ืœื™ื™ืช (ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช) ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ. ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ืกื™ื“ื•ืจืŸ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืœืฉื•ื ืŸ ื•ืžืกืจื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื›ื™ ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื ื•ืกื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืืžื™ืจืชืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืคืœ ื’ืจืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจื” ืœื ื•ืกื— ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื. ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืžืฉืžืข ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืžืกื™ืจืชืŸ, ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืกื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ืœืคื™ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™-ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื: ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื’ืื•ืœื”. ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ื ืŸ ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ (538 ืœืคื ื”"ืก). ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ื’ื ืื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื ื•ืกื—ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ. ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ (, ื•) ื•ื—ืฉืžืœื” () ื”ืจืืœ () ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ( ื•) ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืฉื "ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ" ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืคื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื". ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ืกื“ืจืช "ืžืงืจื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืื’ื ืก ื•ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2004 ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื , ืฉื‘ืช , ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ: ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื’ื™ื“-ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืค"ื, ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืง ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื‘ืืชืจ ืขืœ-ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื‘ืืชืจ 929 - ืชื "ืš ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™, ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง, ืžื‘ื˜ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ืคืจืงื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืง ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื“ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ืืชืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-6 ืœืคื ื”"ืก
2024-08-19T10:55:57
ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืงื™ืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-3 ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื•ืก|282x282 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื ื™ึฐื—ึถื–ึฐืงึตืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึผื–ึดื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ (ืื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื) ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ. ืจืงืข ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื ืงืจื "ื‘ืŸ-ื‘ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ". ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื•ื–ื™, ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•. ื“ืขื” ืื—ืจืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืืฆื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืืฆื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื™ืชืžืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ. ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื’ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืจืฉ ื•ื”ืžืกื’ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืœื™ื“ ื ื”ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืฉื ื ื™ื‘ื ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื‘ื ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 593 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ืžืชื•ืืจื›ืช ืœืฉื ืช 571 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื›-15 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืžื”ืืžื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื ื™ื‘ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-25 ืฉื ื”. ืืฉืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• (ืœื”ืœืŸ) ืืš ืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืืœ-ื›ืคืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ืื•ืคื™ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง, ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืกื“ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจื™ ืจื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-1420. ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืœืื•ื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ืฉ-ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘. ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื "ืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื›ื‘ื”" ืฉืžืชืืจ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื•. ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื’ืื•ืœืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื. ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกื‘ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™) ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืงืจื‘ื• ื‘ื• ื•ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ - ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืœ"ื ืฉื™ื" ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืจืื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ: "ืจืืชื” ืฉืคื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืœื ืจืื• ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื•ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ"ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื—, ืžืกื›ืชื ื“ืฉื™ืจื” ืคืจืฉื” ื’. . ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื•. ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ - ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื. ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื›ืžื• ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•, ืฉื ื™ื‘ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉืžืงื“ืฉ ื”' ืœื ื™ืกืคืง ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืฉื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ - ื—ื“ืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช, ื•ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื ื—ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ืžื ื‘ื ืขืœ ื ืงืžืช ื”' ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืขื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื–ืขื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ื ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื ื—ืžื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฆื•. ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื’ื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื "ื™ื“ ื”'" ื•"ืจื•ื— ื”'". ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื›ื”ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื• ื’ื ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื™-ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ืืฃ ืงืฉืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื, ื•ืฉืืœืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ, ืžืงืจื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ื›ืจืš ื', ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2004, ืขืž' 56-67.. ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื•, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”' ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื". ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื–ื”. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” "ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื ื“ืขืชื• ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ืก ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื", ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื“"ืง ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘: "ืœืคื™ ืฉืจืื” ืคื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ื” - ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื, ืœื ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืจ". ื”ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื“"ืง ื•ืžื‘ืืจื• ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืœ. ืื“ื ืžืกืžืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ืืจื™ื” ืžืกืžืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืฉื•ืจ ืžืกืžืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ื ืฉืจ ืžืกืžืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”' ืจืฆื” ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉื‘ื— ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื”ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื• ืขื•ืฉืจ ืื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•: "ืืœ ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื—ื›ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื•ืืœ ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืืœ ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•, ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื–ืืช ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื”ืžืชื”ืœืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื”'"ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื˜, ื›ื‘-ื›ื’. ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื• ื”ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืขืฆื‘ ืจื‘. ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื ื ื‘ืขื” ืจืง ืžื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ืœื“ืชื, ืืœื ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”' ืžืืก ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ื”' ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื›ืš, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขืจื›ื™ื: ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ืกื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื ื”' ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื—ื˜ืื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœื ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื ืขื ืฉื™ื? ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืฆื™ืข ืชืคื™ืกืช ื’ืžื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ืžื•ืœ ืื™ืฉื™ - ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื™ืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ื™"ื—, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืื•ืžื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืฉืงื“ื ืœื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืคืจืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื. ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืžืคืจืก ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ื•ืจืฉ ื•ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืคืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื›ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื•, ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ื™ื ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—) ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 100 ืขืœ 100 ืืžื•ืช. ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื (ืื• ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”), ืœืฉื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก, ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 500 ืขืœ 500 ืืžื•ืช (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”), ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 3,000 ืืžื” ืขืœ 3,000 ืืžื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉืชืจืข ืžืฉืขืจ ื™ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืขื“ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžืชื—ืชื™ืช ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจืงื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ืคื•ื ื” ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ืช. ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืจ ืฉืœื™ื“ ืžืคืจืฅ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžืขืจื‘ื”, ื“ืจืš ื—ืชืœื•ืŸ, ืœื‘ื•ื ืฆื“ื“ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื—ืžืช, ื‘ืจื•ืชื”, ืกื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื—ืฆืจ ืขื™ื ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช. ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืืช ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืŸ, ื“ืžืฉืง ื•ื’ืœืขื“, ืขื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืชืžืจ ื•ืžื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ืช ืงื“ืฉ. ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื: ื“ืžืฉืง ื•ื—ืžืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™.ืž. ื’ืจื™ื ืฅ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ื“ืจื•ืžื, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ืจื™ื ืคืœื“, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ืืช ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ืžืื ื˜ื™ื•ื›ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื“ ื”ืคืจืช ื•ืขื“ ื“ืœืชืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื•ื”ื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืชื—ื•ืœืง ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ืœ ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉื” ืืœืฃ ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื›-75 ืง"ืž. ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›-975 ืง"ืž. ืžื•ืช ืืฉืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœื” ื•ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืข. ื”' ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ื•ืื›ืŸ ืืฉืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืชื” ื‘ืขืจื‘. ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื ื”ื’ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”' ื•ืœื ื ื”ื’ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœื•ืช. ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืจืžื– ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืคืœื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืืฉืชื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœื•ืช: ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืžื ื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžื ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื’ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืช ื“ื‘ืœื™ื™ื, ืืฉืช ื–ื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืžืžื ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืฆืจ, ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื”'. ืžืขืฉื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ. ื—ื–"ืœ ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”'ืคืืจ' ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ 'ืคืืจืš ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืœื™ืš' ืขื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืœื•ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื‘ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืžืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ. ืคืกื•ืง ื™"ื– ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ืืฉืชื•. ื”ื ืืžืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืช, ืœื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ, ืœื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืฉืคืื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคื ืœืื•ืช ืื‘ืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื• "ืขึทืœ-ืฉึธื‚ืคึธื, ื™ึทืขึฐื˜ึถื”" (), ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ (ืฉื) ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ื— ืจืข ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ (ืฉื™ืจ) ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืื”ืœื” ื•ืื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืคืœื˜ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ืกื“ืจืช "ืžืงืจื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืื’ื ืก ื•ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2004. ืœืื” ืžื–ื•ืจ, "ืžืกืข ื ื—ืœ ื”ืคืœืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืœ ื”ื™ื (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื–, ื-ื™ื‘) : ืกื™ืœื•ืง ื”ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื—ื“ืฉื”", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืจื—ืœ ืืœื™ืื•ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช), ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืŸ ืžืงื“ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉ"ืข (2010), ืขืž' 81โ€“104. ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืง, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ: ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื’ื™ื“-ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืค"ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ืžืืช ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ืžืงืจืื ื˜ - ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื• ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
2024-09-23T03:52:29
ื—ื ืงืŸ
ื—ึทื ึฐืงึธืŸ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Nitrogen) ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืกืžืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ N ื•ืžืกืคืจื• ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ 7. ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืงื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ (Nโ‰กN) ื•ืžืกื•ืžืœืช N2. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื’ื– ื—ืกืจ ื˜ืขื, ืจื™ื— ื•ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›-78 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœื—ื ืงืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืชื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช - 3.0 (ืœืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื›ืœื•ืจ). ื—ื ืงืŸ ื’ื–ื™ ื“ื•-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ (N2) ื”ื•ื ื’ื– ืื“ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1772. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื• ืืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื. ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื ื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืœ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืฉืœื”, ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื•ื•ื ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื• ื›ืืœ "ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืจื•ืฃ". ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื”ื—ื ืงืชื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ Aqua Fortis ื•ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื—ื ืงืชื™ืช (HNO3) ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ื›ืœื•ืจื™ (HCl) ื ืงืจืื• Aqua Regia (ืื• ืžื™ ืžืœืš) ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ืžื™ืก ื–ื”ื‘. ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื– ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ (78.082% ืžื”ื ืคื—, 75.3% ืžื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ื‘ืฉ), ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื ืงืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™, ืฉืžืขื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืชื ืŸ, ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ืฉืชืŸ ื•ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. N2 ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ (ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืจื—ื™ ืฉื‘ืชืื™) ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ David Knauth ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœ. ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื–ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฆื™ืื ื• (CN) ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|100px|ืžื›ืœ ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื ืงืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ. ืžืฉืžืฉ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ื“ (ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืฆื™ืื ื™ืช). ื‘ืขืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื ืคื™ืฆื™ื ืžืžื•ืœื ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื ืงืŸ, ืขืงื‘ ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช. ื›ื ื•ื–ืœ, ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืจืชื™ื—ืชื• ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื•ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ืžืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืกืจืช ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช - ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื ืงืŸ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืž-200ยฐ- ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก. ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงืคืืช ื”ื™ื‘ืœืช ืžืงืคื™ืื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืชื”. ื—ื ืงืŸ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืืฉ ืงืจื”". ืžืœื—ื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื—ื ืงืชื™ืช ื”ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื—ื ืงืชื™ (KNO3) ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื‘ืง ืฉืจืคื” ื•ื“ืฉืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืฆืจื™ืŸ ื•ึพTNT ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ. ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื—ื ืงืชื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื“ืœืง ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื“ืจื–ื™ืŸ (N2H4) ื•ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื“ืœืง ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ื’ื– ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง (N2O) ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื– ืขืจืคื•ืœ ื—ืœืงื™. ืฆื™ืื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืื ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ื“. ื—ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืคืจ ื‘ืขืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื”ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ. (NOS- Nitros Oxygen System) ื›ื’ื– ืื™ื ืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช: ืžื™ืกื•ืš ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืช, ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืžื“ืฃ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื’ื– ืžื’ืŸ ืœื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืžืชื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืกืžืœ (p)Z (n)N ืžืกื” ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ืช (u) ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกืคื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค(ื›ืฉื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“) ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™(ื›ืฉื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“) ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช 10N7 3 10.04165(43) [MeV (16)2.3] s 10-24ร—(140)200 (2-) 11N 4 11.02609(5) [MeV (75-52+)1.58] s 10-24ร—(210)590 1/2+ 11mNKeV (60)740 s 10-22ร—(80)6.90 1/2- 12N 5 12.0186132(11) ms (16)11.000 1+ 13N 6 13.00573861(29) min (4)9.965 1/2- 14N 7 14.0030740048(6) ื™ืฆื™ื‘ 1+ 0.99636(20) 0.99579-0.99654 15N 8 15.0001088982(7) ื™ืฆื™ื‘ 1/2- 0.00364(20) 0.00346-0.00421 16N 9 16.0061017(28) s (2)7.13 2- 17N 10 17.008450(16) s (4)4.173 1/2- 18N 11 18.014079(20) ms (9)622 1- 19N 12 19.017029(18) ms (8)271 (1/2)- 20N 13 20.02337(6) ms (7)130 21N 14 21.02711(10) ms (6)87 1/2-# 22N 15 22.03439(21) ms (14)13.9 23N 16 23.04122(32)# [ms (12-15+)14.1] ms (24)14.5 1/2-# 24N 17 24.05104(43)# ns 52> 25N 18 25.06066(54)# ns 260> 1/2-# ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื—ื ืงื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”-DNA ื•-RNA ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื. ื—ื ืงืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื ืืจื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื ืžื•ืงืก. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืฆืžื— ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืฉื›ื™ื— ืœื›ืœื•ืจื•ื–ื”, ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื” ื ืคื’ืข ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ, ื”ืขืœื” ืžืฆื”ื™ื‘, ืžืช ื•ื ื•ืฉืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืฆืžื— ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืขืœื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฆื™ืžื•ื— ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ, ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ. ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉืชื™ืœืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื ืงืŸ ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื”ื ("ืงืฉื™ืจืช ื—ื ืงืŸ") ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืชืœืชืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ืจ. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืข ื—ื ืงืŸ ื™ืžื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื WebElements.com โ€“ Nitrogen EnvironmentalChemistry.com โ€“ Nitrogen It's Elemental โ€“ Nitrogen Schenectady County Community College โ€“ Nitrogen Nitrogen N2 Properties, Uses, Applications * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืœ-ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ื–ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื•ื–ืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ
2024-07-27T16:44:30
ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื
ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื 5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื“ 10 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967 (ื›"ื• ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ โ€“ ื‘' ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื–), ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง, ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืจืฆื” ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื”, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืขื ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืžืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื ืืฆืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ื”ืžืชื ื”, ืคืชื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืื“ื™ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ืืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”, ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช. ื”ืจืงืข ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืŸ ื’ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื ื™, ื—ืกืžื• ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ื›ืคื™ืคื• ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืฆืจื™ ืืช ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ื•ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื. ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื™ืฆืจ ืื™ื•ื, ืฉืื™ืœืฅ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืชื•ืš ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืช. ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื™ื ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื™ืฆืจื” ืื™ื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงื™ืคืช "ืžื•ืชื ื™ื” ื”ืฆืจื•ืช" โ€“ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ืืช ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืขื ื“ืจื•ืžื”. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืคื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืคืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ืืฆืจ ืžื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฅ ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื’ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืกื›ื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1957, ืืš ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉืกื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ. ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—' ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื ืฉืืจ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืื™ืœืช ืคืชื•ื— ืœืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื—ืœื” ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1964 ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช: ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืงืžืช ืžืคืงื“ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืฉืชืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืฉ"ืฃ. ื‘-1965 ื”ื—ืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืกื•ืจื™ืช, ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœื” ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1962 ื”ื•ื“ื— ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืืœ-ื‘ื“ืจ, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื, ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœืขื–ืจืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ื”ืคื™ื›ื”. ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื—ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ืื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื. ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื—ื™ื–ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื ืื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชืœื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื (ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™) ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืจืชื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ, ื’ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœืžืœื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื ื—ืช ืืกืคืงื” (ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื•ื˜ื‘). ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘-23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1966 ืชืคืก ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืคืœื’ ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืœืื— ื’'ื“ื™ื“, ื•ื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื ืื•-ื‘ืขืชืณ. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืคื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื—ืณืืœื“ ื‘ืงื“ืฉ, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช, ืฉื‘ ืœืืจืฆื•, ื•ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆื•ืจืฃ, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื™ืฉื™, ืฉืจ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืคืœื’ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืงื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ". ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืจืข"ื, ืœื ื ื—ืคื–ื” ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืชืŸ ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฆืจื™ื ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืขืจื‘ื™ ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ืื– ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื”, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื•. ื ืืฆืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ: "ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ, ืื—ืจืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื’ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื•ื‘ืขืžื•". ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืกื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื”, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืืฉ"ืฃ. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ืื‘ืจืื”ื™ื ืžืื—'ื•ืก, ื”ื›ืจื™ื–: "ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช. ื–ื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื” ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ". ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช: ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื–, ื•ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืขืœืชื” ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”, ืชื•ืš ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”, ืฉืืคื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื›ื•ื— ื™ืžื™ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืฉื”ื” ื‘ื•. ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื›ื–ื” ื ื–ืงืงื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื ืžืœื™ื ืžืืจื—ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ื•ืืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืš. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื” ืื—ืจ ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืืจื—ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื›ืš ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืชืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื โ€“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœื ืฉืง ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืœืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื–ื• ืชืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืจื•-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ (ื”ืื’ืฃ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ืข'ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช), ืฉืชืคืก ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘-23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1966, ื•ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืื™ 1966 ื ื—ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืกื›ื ืฆื‘ืื™, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืกืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘-19 ื‘ืžืื™, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘-3 ื‘ืžืื™ 1967 ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ืœืงืข"ืž ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ 14 ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืื™. ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื. ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขื•ืจืจ ืืฆืœ ื ืืฆืจ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžืชืงืคื” ืฉื›ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืกื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืขื™ืชื•ื™ื”, ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืจื– ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืงืฆื™ื ื™ื• ืขื“ื›ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช. ื ืืฆืจ ืจื™ื›ื– ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ื’ื ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืจืžืช ื“ืจื’ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ืงื•ืกื™ื’ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘"ืžืื‘ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื›ื›ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ". ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื‘-22 ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ื ืืฆืจ ืขื ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื• ืขืœ ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืžืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืœืฉื™ื˜ ืืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘-25 ื‘ืžืื™ ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืžืกืจ ืœืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืื ื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืจื›ื–ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื—ืจื—ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื“ืŸ ื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื ืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”. ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฆืฃ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืคืจืกื ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžืœืžืŸ. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœืชืช-ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื ื ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ืจืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืœื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื ื’ืขื• ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืื• ื”ืคืขืœืชื• ื›ืžื•ืฆื ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื™ืงืœืข ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ืคืกื“ ื•ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ โ€“ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ. ืžืœืžืŸ ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช ืืช ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืชื— ืขื“ ืื–. ืžืžื“ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืื—ืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘ ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื” ื‘-17 ื•ื‘-25 ื‘ืžืื™, ืฉื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขืŸ ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’ 21 ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ื’ื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืจืžื– ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’ 25 ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™. ื”ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจื• ื—ืจื“ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ืฆืžืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•"ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื". ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|180px|ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื (ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ืž-1957, ืœืงื•ื—ื” ืžืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ) ื‘-14 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1966 ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืฉืคืขืœ ืœื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื•ืคืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžื™ื’ 21 ืกื•ืจื™. ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื ืชืงืขื” ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžืฉืžืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืจืช, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 10 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืงื• ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฆื• ืื•ืชื• ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืคืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืจื– ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื—'ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1966. ื‘ื ืื•ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืืžืจ: "ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ". ื ืื•ื ื–ื”, ืžืžื ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืข ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื•ืจืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื–ืฃ ื‘ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืืฉ"ืฃ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื ืืœืฆื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืขื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืžื•ื—ืกืŸ ื›ืืžืœ ืžื•ืจืชื’ื™, ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื™ืฆืื” ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฆื•ืจืคื• ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉืจื™ื ืคืจื•-ื ืืฆืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ื‘-4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ืงื‘ืข ืฉื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื”, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื‘ืจื• ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื”, ื‘-6 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1966, ืขืœ ื”ืืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™. ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื—ืกื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื›ืœ ื‘"ืืœ ืื”ืจืื", ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื”ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืชื‘ื•ื ืœืขื–ืจืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช, ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ืคืขื•ืœืช ืกืžื•ืข ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ (ืžืฉืžืืœ), ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1960 ืคืขื•ืœืช ืžื™ืงื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1966, ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง, ื’ืจืžื” ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืคืฆื™ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฆืื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœ, ืฉื—ืจื’ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืคื’ื” ืืช ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ืชื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ (ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืจืžื–ื• ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช 'ืชื‘ื™ืŸ', ืื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืชืงื•ืฃ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื”). ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1966 ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืคืื•ื–ื™, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืืจืฆื•, ืคืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืืฉ"ืฃ. ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื™ืื•ืžื™ื ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง ื‘-8 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1967. ื”ืžืืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉืขื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘-7 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืชืงืคื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื–ื ืงื• ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืคืชื— ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื”ื•ืคืœื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ืžืขืœ ื“ืžืฉืง. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื‘ืขืช', ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ืžืกืจ ืฉื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ. ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ ื“ืžืฉืง ื•ื™ื•ืงืจืชื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื ืคื’ืขื” ืงืฉื”. ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืชื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-10 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื“ืžืฉืง ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ื‘-18 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืžื—ืžื“ ืกืœื™ืžืืŸ. ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืกื™ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžืฆืขื“ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœืจื’ืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจืขื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ืืš ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืจืขื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื–ืžื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ืชืงื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|180px|ื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื ืืฆืจ, ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืคืขื•ืœืช ืกืžื•ืข, ื›ื™ื ืก ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื ืืฆืจ, ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื›ืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ืœื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืŸ: ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉ"ื”ืคืงื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื" ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ืื• ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื "ืžืชื—ื‘ืืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ื ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™" ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื "ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ". ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื•ื— ืื•"ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื ื•ืจ ืืœ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืืœ-ืืชืืกื™, ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืชืคืืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ืืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื–ื™ื. ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืœื—ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ืคื’ื™ื–ื” ื•ื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื” ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื’ื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื–ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืกื•ืจื™. ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉ "ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”" ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืขื•ื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืืœื•: "ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื“ืžื” ืžืขืฅ", ืœืขื’ ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™. ื”ื•ื ืœืขื’ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื. ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื” ื‘ืจืžืชืณื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื•ืคืช ืฉืฉืœื—ื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 16 ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• 28. ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืœื ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™, ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืชืฉื›"ื–, ืฆืœื—ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื”", ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘. ื ืขืฉื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืขื ืคื”, ืืš ื”ื ืœื ื ืฉืื• ืคืจื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืชื ืกื” ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ืžืœ ืื™ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช, ืจืง ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ, ืœื›ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื–ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”. ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช, ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ืชื“ืžื™ืชื• ื”ื”ืกืกื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืื•ืžื• ื‘-28 ื‘ืžืื™ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ. ืœื”ืจื’ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืžื ืชื” 111 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืชื•ืš ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืจืค"ื™ ื•ื’ื—"ืœ ื•ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืชื™ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|400px|ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–ืจ. ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืกื’ืŸ-ืืœื•ืฃ ืืจื™ื” ืจื–, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื’, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืœืขื“ ืคืœื“, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื™ืœ, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–ืจ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™, ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืจื‘-ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืคืœื“, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ืืจืืœ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืจื™ืง ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืคืฅ ื•ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ. ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืขื•ื–ื™ ื ืจืงื™ืก, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืžืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืื”ืจืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืคื”, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืจื™ ื•ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืขืžื•ืก ื—ื•ืจื‘. ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื“ืจื’ื” ืฉื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืจื"ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืืœื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืจืืฉ ืื’"ื ืืœื•ืฃ ืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืืœื•ืฃ ืื”ืจืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ืืคืกื ืื•ืช ืืœื•ืฃ ืžืชื™ ืคืœื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืืœื•ืฃ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ืืจืืœ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืจืืฉ ืื’"ื ืืœื•ืฃ ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืœื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืœ"ื ื“ืŸ ืœื ืจ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืœื•ืฃ ืขื•ื–ื™ ื ืจืงื™ืก ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืœ"ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืืœ"ื ืืจื™ื” ืฉื—ืจ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ืืœ"ื ืื”ืจืŸ ื“ื•ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืจืืฉื™ ืืœ"ื ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ืืœ"ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืืฉื™ ืืœ"ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืืœ"ื ืžืฉื” ื’ื“ืจื•ืŸ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ืจืืฉื™ ืืœ"ื ืืœื™ื”ื• ื’ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืืœ"ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ื“ืจื”ืจื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืœื•ืฃ ืืœืขื“ ืคืœื“ ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืœ"ื ืžืฉื” ืคืœื“ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 31 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืืœื•ืฃ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืคื” ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 38 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืืœื•ืฃ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 84 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ืืœ"ื ื™ื•ื ื” ืืคืจืช ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 2 ืืœ"ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 3 ืืœ"ื ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืฉืงื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 4 ืืœ"ื ืžืฉื” ื™ื˜ื‘ืช ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 5 ืืœ"ื ื–ืื‘ ืฉื—ื ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 7 ืืœ"ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 8 ืืœ"ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื ื“ืœืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 9 ืืœ"ื ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 10 ืืœ"ื ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 11 ืกื"ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจืฉืฃ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 14 ืืœ"ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 37 ืืœ"ื ืื•ืจื™ ืจื•ื ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 45 ืกื"ืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืœ"ื ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 55 ืืœ"ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 60 ืืœ"ื ืžื ื—ื ืื‘ื™ืจื ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื 80 ืกื"ืœ ื“ื ื™ ืžื˜ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 99 ืืœ"ื ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืื“ื ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 200 ืืœ"ื ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืฉื“ืžื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 520 ืืœ"ื ืืœื—ื ืŸ ืกืœืข ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืืœ"ื ืจืคืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืืฆืจ, ื•ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ืขืืžืจ (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ) ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืื‘ื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืชืขืœื”, 22 ื‘ืžืื™ 1967, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืคืจืกื ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื—ืกื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื›ืœ ื‘"ืืœ ืื”ืจืื", ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื ื˜ืข ื—ืกื ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ ืžืฉื‘ื™ื—ื” ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื•ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื“ื•ืจ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืงืจื‘ื™ืช. ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื•ืœืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืจื•ืฉื ื–ื”. ืœืฆื“ ืžืืžืจื™ "ืืœ ืื”ืจืื", ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช "ืกืื•ืช ืืœ ืขืจื‘", ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื ื”ืœื” ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœื”, ืื—ืžื“ ืกืขื™ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื‘ ืœื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื ืืฆืจ ื•ืชื•ืžืš ื ืœื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฆืจื™ื–ื, ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืžืกืข ื”ืกืชื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืกืข ื ืœื”ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืฆืขื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืœื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื—ืžื“ ืกืขื™ื“ ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืžืžื™ืช ืžืชืœื”ืžืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” "ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื–ืจื•ืง ืœื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืงื— ืœื ื•" ื•ื”ืชื—ืจื” ืขื ืื—ืžื“ ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื—ืžื“ ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ืจื™, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืžืจ, ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: "ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉืจื“ื• ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ. ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“". ื”ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื—ืžืฉ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ึพ14 ื‘ืžืื™ 1967 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื ืืฆืจ ืขืœ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ืจื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืข ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื โ€“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื—ืช ื‘ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื•. ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ืœืจื‘ืช ืขืžื•ืŸ. ื›ื•ื— ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืกื‘ืœ ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื ื‘ืข ืžื”ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื ืกื•ืœืงื• ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ืžืฉืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขืจื•ืš ืœืžื’ื ื ื”. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ ื˜ืกื• ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืœืชื™ืื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืชืชืงื•ืฃ ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืคืขืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื—ื• ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช. ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช (ื›-250 ื˜ื ืงื™ื). ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืชื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืžืคืงื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื. ืžืคืงื“ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืื—ืžื“ ืกื•ื™ื“ืื ื™ ื”ืชืžืงืžื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื”. ื”ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉืœ ื—ืœืฉ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื“ ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง. ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืœื”ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™, ืืš ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจื“ ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืขื™ืจืืง ื ืงื˜ื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืžืชืœื”ืžืช, ืืš ื”ืงืฆื™ื‘ื” ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืขื™ืจืืง, ืขื‘ื“ ื-ืจื—ืžืŸ ืขืืจืฃ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื: "ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืงื ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืจืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืžืื– 1948. ื™ืขื“ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ: ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืคื”. ื ื™ืคื’ืฉ, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืืœ, ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”". ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื˜ืก ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืžืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื’ 21, ืืš ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ื‘ื ืžืงื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื™. ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ื›ื ืช ืžืชื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื•. ืจืง ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื• ื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš. ืกื•ื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง ืฉืฉืชื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืจ ื”ื ื˜ืจ ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื™ื—ื–ืงื• ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื” ืขื™ืจืืงื™. ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ืžืžืคืงื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ืช ืขืžื•ืŸ, ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืจื™ืื“. ื‘-2 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืจืชื” ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืชื• ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื, ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ื›ื ืช, ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• 421 ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฉืžืืœ|ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ, ื”ืฉืจ ื™ื’ืืœ ืืœื•ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื’ื‘, 25 ื‘ืžืื™ 1967 ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืกื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืื™ืœืช ื•ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื’ื‘. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื“ ืืกื“ (ืืจื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช), ื ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘-25 ื‘ืžืื™ ื ืฉืœื— ืœืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืื‘ื ืื‘ืŸ, ืฉืฉื”ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžื‘ืจืง ืžื•ืฆืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื• ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-27 ื‘ืžืื™. ืื‘ื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจืง ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืœืžื—ืจืช, ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืจืช. ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื ืืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื ืืฆืจ, ื‘ืฉืขื” 3 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžืกืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื ืืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|120px|ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ 04-06-1967 ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|120px|ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืขืจื‘ 04-06-1967 ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื‘ืข ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืžืชื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘-2 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื•ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื ืจืœื™ื", ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ (ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ืคื™ื ืืจื™ืง ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชื™ ืคืœื“) ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืืฉืžืชื” ื‘ื”ืกืกื ื•ืช, ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืชื” (ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื‘) ืžื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžื›ื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื“ื—ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” โ€“ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืชื›ื ืก ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, 4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื ืก ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืœืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืื‘ื ืื‘ืŸ, ื™ื’ืืœ ืืœื•ืŸ, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ื•ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืชืžื›ื• ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืื‘ืŸ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืชื•ืŸ, ืœื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืš. ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ืœื ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ 5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ (ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชืช-ืคืจืง ืขืœ "ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื”ื•ื ืื”" ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช). ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคื™ื–ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืคืœ ืงืจื‘, ื•ืจืžื– ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืฆื•ืคื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘. ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ื‘-3 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ: "ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืขืœ ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืžืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”". ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื—ืจืจ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, ื•ืฉืœื— ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืงืฆืจื”, ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”, ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœืžืชืงืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื”: . ื›ืœ ืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉืจื™ ืžืค"ื ืฉื ืžื ืขื•. ืœืžื—ืจืช ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, 5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967, ื‘ืฉืขื” 7:45 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื‘ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืžืงื™ืคื”. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืงืคื• ื›-185 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“, ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื ืงืจื "ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื•ืงื“" (ืžืขืจืš ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื ื” ื›-203 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื ืžืงื•ืจืงืขื™ื, ื•-12 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืฉืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข). ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื• ื”ืคืชืขื” ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ืช ืžื›ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืขืœ 11 ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš 14, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืชืง ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื˜ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช 11 ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ื•ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ื•ืชืงืคื• ื‘ืžื˜ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืชืงืคื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉื•ืชืง ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืคืื•ื–ื™, ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘-1997, ื›ื™ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื ืืฆืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืจืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืืš ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืืžืจ, ืฉืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื”. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืื—ืจ 2 ื’ืœื™ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ืชืงืคื• ื’ื ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื” ืžื›ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืคืฆืฅ ื’ื ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ H3. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืชืงืคื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช, ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ 71 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘-ื”ืคืฆืฆื” (69 ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•-2 ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื), 264 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ (185 ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, 50 ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื, 20 ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื™ื ื•-9 ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื™ื) ื•ืขื•ื“ 39 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ื•ืžืกื•ืงื™ื (32 ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•-7 ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื™ื). 185 ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื™ืื• ืžื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืžืžืช ืืœื—ื•ื˜, ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ืฉืชืจืžื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืžื•ืงื“", ื•ื˜ืกื• ืืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›"ื, ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืชื’ืœื• ืœืžืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื‘ืžื˜ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื˜ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืชืงืคื• 11 ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื: ืืœ ืขืจื™ืฉ, ืืœ-ืกื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืจ ื’ืคื’ืคื”, ื‘ื™ืจ ืชืžื“ื”, ื›ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืคืื™ื“, ืื‘ื• ืกื•ืืจ, ืื™ื ืฉืืก, ืงื”ื™ืจ-ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืงื”ื™ืจ-ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™-ืกื•ื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื›ืš ื ื˜ืจืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื, ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื‘ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื— ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืคืชื— ื›ืฉื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช, ืžืื˜ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื”, ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคืฆืฆื” ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื ื›ื™ ื•ืื– ื ื™ืฆืชืช ืจืงื˜ื” ื‘ื–ื ื‘ ื”ืคืฆืฆื”, ืฉืžืื™ืฆื” ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื” ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื ื ืขืฅ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ. ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืžืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื’, ื›ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจืื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช ื•ืžืœืื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืืกืคืœื˜, ืœื ื’ืจืžื• ื ื–ืง ืœืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื• ืืฃ ื“ื™ืœื’ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงืฉื” ืื• ื”ืชืคืจืงื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”. ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฆืื™ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื "ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ", ื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืืœ ืขืจื™ืฉ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื—ื–ืจื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื“ืœืง, ื›ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื. ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืœืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืชื ืื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื. ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืกื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื”ื. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื™ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆืื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ CM.170 ืคื•ื’ื” ืžื’ื™ืกื˜ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ืœืฉืืช ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื•ืžืงืœืขื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›"ื ื•ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื“ืžืช ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื”, ื‘ืœื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›"ื. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื•ืชืงืคื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ืกื™ื ื™, ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืกื™ื ื™ ืœืงืจืืช 08:00 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื˜ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื™ืฆื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื—ืจื‘ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื”: ืžื ืฆื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื™ืก, ื—ื™ืœื•ื•ืืŸ, ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื”, ืข'ืจื“ืงื” ื•ืœื•ืงืกื•ืจ. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื˜ืกื• ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘, ืœืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉื•ืชืงื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”. ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคืœื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื˜ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืคื’ืขื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื”ืžื™ืจืื–' ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขื ืžื™ื’ 21 ื•ืฆื ื— ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืฆืฆื• ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืฆื•ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžืจืขื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื• ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืžื ืขื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš. ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืฉืขื” 11:40, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ื– ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื•. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืคื’ื– ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืจืžืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ืคื’ื–ื• ื’ื ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืกื™ืจืงื™ืŸ, ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืœื•ื“ ื•ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืขืงืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื ืคื’ืข ืžื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ื–ื ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ DC-3 ื“ืงื•ื˜ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ืชืงืคื”. ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื ื˜ืจ ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื ืชื ื™ื” ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื ื˜ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื ืชืงืคื• ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืกื™ืจืงื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืจื“ ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื•. ื”ื”ื ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืชืงืคื• ื‘ืกื™ืจืงื™ืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืจืื–'ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืฉืขื” 11:50 ื™ืฆืื• 12 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’ ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืคืงื“ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืกืžื•ืš. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ืžื’ื™ื“ื•, ื‘ืืฉื“-ื›ื™ื ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื’ื ื™ื” ื' ื•ื‘ืกื›ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืืฉ ื "ืž ื”ื•ืคืœื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื ื”ื“ืคื”. ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืขื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื”ืคืฆืฆืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 288 ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืฆืฆื• ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” H-3 ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ื ื’ื“ื ืืฉ ื "ืž ื›ื‘ื“ื”. ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื ื˜ืฉื• ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื”ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื ืจืฆื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™. ืžื˜ื•ืก ืื•ืจืื’ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ื ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉื ื›ืจื›ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก, ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื—ื–ืจื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื˜ื” ืžื ืชื™ื‘ื•, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืœ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื•ืง, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ - ื ื’ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื” ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืกื• ื™ื•ืจื ื”ืจืคื– ื ื”ืจื’. ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื”ืงืฆื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™, ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื•ืงืจ ื”ื ื˜ืจ, ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’ 21 ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื‘ 16. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” H-3, ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™, ื•ื”ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช. ื‘-5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื‘ืฉืขื” 14:30, ืชืงืฃ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื ื˜ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื ื”ืœืœ. ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืชืงืฃ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืจืง ื•ืคืฆืข ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ืœืžื—ืจืช, ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื‘ 16 ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื’ ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืื—ืช. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืืช ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืขืคื•ืœื”, ืืš ืคืฆืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืœื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื• (ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืื•ืชืŸ), ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืจืžืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉื ื ืคื’ืข ืžืืฉ ื "ืž ื•ื”ืชืจืกืง ืžืขืœ ืžื—ื ื” ืขืžื•ืก. ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื• ื’ืจื ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 14 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืคืฆื™ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื (ืจืื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืš ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื˜ื•ืก ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื‘ ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” H-3 ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• 11 ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื•ื•ื˜ื•ืจ ื•-8 ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ืจืื–' 3. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข 8 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’ 21, 10 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื ื˜ืจ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืก ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ืื—ื“. ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืื™ื‘ื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื•ื•ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ืจืื–' ืื—ื“. ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื•, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืกื™ื•ืข ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืขื™ืจืืงื™, ืืš ืขื™ืจืืง ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ืกืชืคืงื” ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ ืขื™ืจืืง. ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืชื™ืžืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชืขืฆื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื™ืฆืื” ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื ืง ื”ืžืชื”ื“ืงืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื’ืช ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื”ื•ื ืื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืจืš ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ื’ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื ืื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ืื•ื’ื“ืช ื”ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” 49, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืชืจื•ื›ื– ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื’ื ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืชืงืคื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™. ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขื” ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืชืงืคื” ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-28 ื‘ืžืื™, ื‘ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืžื ื—'ืœ ืœื›ื•ื ืชื™ืœื”, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื ืชื™ืœื” ืœืงื•ืกื™ื™ืžื”. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื™ ืกื“ืจ ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช, ืฉืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘-5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™. ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ืชืงื‘ืข ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืž-5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื›ืš. ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, 5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967, ื‘ืฉืขื” 8:15 ื”ื•ืฉืžืข ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืช "ืกื“ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื" ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื ืขื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื ื•ืกืคื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื– ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจืš. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืžื ื” 11 ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœ ื›-600 ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื“ืช ื”ืคืœื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ, ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ื™ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื‘ืงื ื˜ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืœ ืืกืžืืขื™ืœื™ื”. ืื•ื’ื“ืช ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื’ื™ื–ืจืช ืื‘ื• ืขื’ื™ืœื” ื•ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืงืจื‘ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืื•ื-ื›ืชืฃ, ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ื™ืžืžื•ืช ืืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื ื—'ืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืžืชื•ื’ื‘ืจืช, ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ื›ื ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื›ื•ื ืชื™ืœื”. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื”. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื 7 ื•-8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ื•ื— ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืฆื ื™ื—ื”, ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—', ืจืืก ื ืฆืจื ื™, ื-ื˜ื•ืจ, ืื‘ื• ืจื•ื“ืก ื•ืจืืก ืกื•ื“ืจ. ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืงืจื‘ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช. ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ืชืœื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื. ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื–ื—ืœ"ื ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื” ื’ื•ืจ, ืขืžื• ืคืจืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืืžืฆื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืžื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ืœื™ื–ื•ื ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” (ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช). ืœืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื™-ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืœืงื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ (ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืžื•ื ืขื ืจื™ืื“) ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉื ื—ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ื•ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘"ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฉืœืœ". ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื•, ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืžืกืจื• ืœืžืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืชื— ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืฉืชืจืชืง ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช, ื•ืชืคื—ื™ืช ืžื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ืฉืขื” 9:40 ืคืชื—ื• ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืืฉ ื ืฉืง ืงืœ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉืขื” 10:00 ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืขืฉืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืจืžืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 15 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืคืฆื™ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื›-500 ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื "ื›ื™. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื ืชืงืคื• ืืช ืžืคืขืœ "ืืœื‘ืจ" ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืกื‘ื ื•ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืขืœ. ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžื“ื•ืœืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืช ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ื ืขืจืš ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืขื•ื–ื™ ื ืจืงื™ืก ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžืฉ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืงืœืงื™ืœื™ื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ. ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื•ื• ื‘ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจืืœ ืชืงืคื” ืžืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื“ืืจ ื•ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืชืœ ืืœ ืคื•ืœ ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื‘ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืงื” ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘, ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืื”ืจ, ืื‘ื• ืชื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 55, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืคืขืœื” ื›ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ืœื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืขื“ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื-ืจืžืืœืœื”. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ืงืœืงื™ืœื™ื” ื•ื˜ื•ืœื›ืจื. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ื“ื ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ื’ืขืช ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ื’ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36, ื‘ื™ืŸ 5 ืœ-7 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื ืกื•ื’ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืืœ ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื™ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืชืจ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช. ื›"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ, ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื• ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ื’ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ื ืงืจื "ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื". ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื™ืœื“ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ 5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชืงืคื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืคืชื—ื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืฉืžื•ืจื” (ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื—ื•ืœืชื”) ื•ืขืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื“ืŸ ื•ืชืœ ื“ืŸ. ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืคื•. ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืขืฉื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื’ื–ืจืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื—ื–ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, 9 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืฉื™ื ื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืžื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื•ืžืชืžื“ืช. ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจืžื” ืžืชื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 9 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 8 ืคืจืฆื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื–ืขื•ืจื” ื•ืขื™ืŸ ืคื™ืช. ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืงืœืข, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ืš ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื›ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืืช ืžืชื—ื ื–ืขื•ืจื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืชืงืคื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 1 (ื’ื•ืœื ื™) ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ื’ื“ื•ื“ 12 ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืชืœ ืคืื—ืจ ื•ื ืงืœืข ืœืงืจื‘ ืงืฉื”, ืืš ืขื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘. ื’ื“ื•ื“ 51 ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืชืœ ืขื–ื–ื™ืืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 3 ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื“ืจื” ื•ืชืœ ื”ืœืืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืžื”, ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 80 ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื“ืจื‘ืฉื™ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื’ื•ื ืŸ, ื•ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 37 ืขืœื• ืžื’ื•ื ืŸ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื™ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื– ื“ืจื•ืžื”, ืขื“ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื˜ื•ืก ืกื™ื•ืจ ืงืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 235 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืงื• ืžืกืขื“ื”-ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื”-ื‘ื•ื˜ืžื™ื”. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, 10 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืคืจืฆื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื™"ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื” ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36 ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืจืžื”. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 80 ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ื•ื˜ืžื™ื” ื•ืชืคืกื• ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื”. ืขื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืขืœ ืงื• ืžืกืขื“ื”-ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื”-ื‘ื•ื˜ืžื™ื”. ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ืช ื›ื•ื— ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 1 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืœืœื ืงืจื‘. ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื• 141 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•-436 ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื–ื•. ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›-450 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•-2,000 ืขื“ 2,500 ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื. ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช. ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืืš ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ื•ืช, ืคืจื˜ ืœื’ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืื ื˜ืจ ืฉื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžื™ืจืื–' ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื‘ืŸ 3,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื“ืจื•ื ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื‘ืช ืขืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื” ืื™ื™ื ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื, ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืคืชื— ืžืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ. ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื• ื”ืžืœืš ื—ืกืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉื’ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื ืžืจื•ืงื• ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฆืขื“ ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™, ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืžืกื“ืจ ืจืื•ื•ื” ืœืจื’ืœ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœืช ืฆื‘ืื• ืฉืœ ื ืืฆืจ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื’ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืจื•ืงื•, ื”ืžืœืš ื—ืกืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื— ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืจืง ืœืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื”ืžืœืš ืœืฆื“ ื ืืฆืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ืฉืื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืœื•ื‘. ื”ื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื•ื‘ื™ ืขื“ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื ืœืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื ืžืžืจื•ืงื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ื• ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ืžืจื” ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืกืข, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืจื•ืงื•. ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช (ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื‘ื•ืจื’). ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืฆื™ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ืฉืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืกื™ืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ 5 ืœ-6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืคืฉื˜ื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื™ืžื™, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืื—"ื™ ืชื ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ื ืžืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”, ืืš ืœื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื ื–ืง. ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืœืœืช ื•ื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™. ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื™ืžื™ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืฉื˜ื• ืขืœ ื ืžืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“, ืืš ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฆืœื—. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—', ืœืœื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ ืœืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืชืงืจื™ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™. ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ืกืžื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื—ืกืžื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื™ื˜. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœื” ื ืœื›ื“ื• 14 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืขืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชืขืœื”. ืชืงืจื™ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” (ืชืฆืœื•ื: ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™) ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967, ื‘ื™ื•ืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืชืงืฃ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ USS Liberty ืฉืœ ืฆื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• 34 ืžืœื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•-171 ื ืคืฆืขื•. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืœื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื“ืจืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ืขืจื™ืฉ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืžืฉื—ืชืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืžืคื’ื™ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”. ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืฉืฉื• ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืžืฉื—ืชืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงืจื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” "ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™" ืœืกืคื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืืœ-ืงืกืจ (ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืจื‘ืข ืž"ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™"). ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืคื™ืฆืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›-13 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื. ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื˜ืขื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืžื“ืชื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื• ื•ืฉืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื ืจืืฉ ื”-CIA, ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื”ืœืžืก, ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืืกืง, ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉ"ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™" ื”ื•ืชืงืคื” ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ. ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, 1967 ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ืก ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™, ืžืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื›-3,400 ื ืคื’ืขื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื ื›-780 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ื›-2,590 ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•-15 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™. ืกื•ืจื™ื”: ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื‘ืฉ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื›ืก ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืขื“ ืจื•ื ืฉืœ 2,200 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื 115,000 ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืฉื ืžืœื˜ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื ื›ืœืœื™ื 17,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื”, ืฉื ืขื–ื‘ื” ื•ื ื”ืจืกื”. ื‘-1991 ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ืคืืจื•ืง ื-ืฉืจืข, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ (ื”ื ืžืœื˜ื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ). ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื ื˜ืœืืก ืžืกืจ ืฉืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช 714 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•-1,254 ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœืฃ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืชืคืกื• 361 ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื. ืžืฆืจื™ื: ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื. ืœืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 10,000 ืœ-15,000 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 40,000 ืœ-50,000. ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื™ืจื“ืŸ: ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”). ืฆื‘ื ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื“ ื›-6,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืืš ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคืฉื˜ ืžื“ื™ื• ื•ื ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืจื‘ืข ืžืืœื” ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืš. ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื›-780 ื—ืœืœื™ื ื•ื›-3,000 ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื. ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื ื˜ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ืื—ื“. ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ 15 ืžื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ: 11 ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, 1 ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, 2 ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื•-1 ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื‘ืขื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ื’ื ืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืžื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื”ื™ืžื™ ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1967 ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉืช ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื’ื ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ืืš ืœื ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื’ืœ ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื”. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืจืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ 4,338 ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•-899 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื, 533 ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื ื•-366 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื, 367 ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•-205 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืžื™ื“ ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘-23 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1968. ืฉื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื— ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150x150 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘-26 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1967, ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืฉื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืฉื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื™, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื” (ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“). ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื: ู†ูƒุณุฉ ุญุฒูŠุฑุงู†. "ื ื›ืกื”" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืชื‘ื•ืกื”" ืื• "ืžืคืœื”". ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืœื—ืžืช 1967, ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘-30 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1967 ืคืจืกื ื”ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื— ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืคื•ืจืกืžื• 51 ืฉืžื•ืช, 21 ืžืชื•ื›ื ืฆื•ื™ื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื— ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืื—ืช ืžื•ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืœ ืงืฆื™ืจ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืกื•ืจื™ ืฉื ืœืงื— ืฉืœืœ ืžื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื•ืคื™ืง ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืก ืœืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ (ืขืžืง ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ) ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ืืœื ื‘ื™ 10 ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ื‘-19 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967, ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืืš ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื™ึธื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืฉืจืจ ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967 ื‘ื˜ืจื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœื ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืจืฉื ืœืฉืœื•ื ืืœื ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื‘ื”. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืงื ืžืืจื”, ืคื ื” ืœื’ื ืจืœ ืืจืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœืจ, ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ื• "ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™" ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื•ื™ืœืจ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื”โ€29 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967 ืœืคื™ื•: "ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคืง ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช". ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืคืจื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื™ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฆืจื™ ืงื˜ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ "ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”", ืืฉืจ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”". ื”ื”ืคืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘-26 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1967. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื—'ืจื˜ื•ื ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ("ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื—ืจื˜ื•ื") ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘-1 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1967, ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœื ื™ื ื”ืœื• ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืจืชื• ืืชื” ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื—ืจืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืจืื• ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืชืจื›ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืคืชื— ืฉื“ืจื›ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1967 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืžืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื: ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืชื—ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืชืžื“ืช, ืฉืชืœืš ื•ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื•ืงื ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื”, ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื ืื‘ืงืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”, ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื•ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”, ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื“ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืชื™-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืชืคื™ืกื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื ืคืจื™ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ "ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”". ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืœ ืขื–ื”, ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืืœืช "ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœื•ื" ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื” ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื” ื’ื ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘-14 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื›ืชื‘ ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ื ืจ"ื, ื“"ืจ ืœื•ืจื ืก ืžื™ืฆ'ืœืžื•ืจ, ืœืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ืžื™ื™, ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื: "ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ื ืจ"ื ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืงืœ ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืจ"ื ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื”, ื‘ืœื ืœื’ืจื•ืข ืžืชืงื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™." ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ืงื•ืžื™ื™: "ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉืžื›ืชื‘ืš ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืจ"ื ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืขื“ ืœื”ื—ืœืคืชื• ืื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื•." ื—ืœื•ืคืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืžืื– ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื•ื ืจ"ื. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืคื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื’ืจืžื• ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืข ืงืฉื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงื˜ื” ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืืฉืžืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื” ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื”ืชื—ื“ื“ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืฆืžืจืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื’ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืœืื— ื’'ื“ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื’ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ืืคื– ืืกื“. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืœื’ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืกื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื™ืฆื— ื”ืคืœื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืืคื– ืืกื“. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืกื“ ื”ื•ืจื—ืงื• ืžื”ืฆืžืจืช ื’'ื“ื™ื“ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ื•ื’ื ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืกื•ื™ื“ืื ื™. ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ื›ืœื ืœืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžืชื• ื‘ื›ืœื ืื• ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืจืง ืœืงืจืืช ืžื•ืชื. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” (ืฆื”"ืœ), ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืื‘ื™ืขื–ืจ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ ืชื”ื™ืœื” โ€“ ืžืœื—ืžืช 1967, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ืงืœ, 1967 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช โ€“ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, 2007 ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื•ืืฅ โ€“ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1967 ืจืื ื“ื•ืœืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ืืจื™ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1967 ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื˜ื‘ืช, ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื™ื—, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, 1968 ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸ (ืขื•ืจืš), ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื โ€“ ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ), ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 1968 ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ืจ-ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื. ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 1968 ืžืฉื” ื' ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข, ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 1969 ืืจื ื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืจื•ื ื•ื—ื’ื™ ืฆื•ืจืฃ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืคืจืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• (1969-1895), ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื ืฉื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืจืืฉื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืชื™ื”, ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื™ืžื™ืžื” ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืชืฉืก"ื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืœืงืจืืช ืฉืขืช ื”ืืคืก (ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื”), ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืžื“ื•ืจ, 1968 ืžืฉื” ื ืชืŸ, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ืชืคื–, 1968 ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืฆ'ืกื ื•ืฃ, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืœ ื•ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ืฆื—ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 1969 ื’ื“ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™, ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1992 ืืฉืจ ืกืกืจ, ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื โ€“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”: ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1999 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืกืจ: ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืžื™ื™ื–ืœ, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืขืœื•ืžื”, ื–ืžื ื™ื 71, ืงื™ืฅ 2000, ืขืž' 103โ€“107 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืืœืš, ืœื ืขืœ ืžื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืจื˜ื ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 2000, ืขืž' 84โ€“93 ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืžื™ื™ื–ืœ, ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ: ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2001 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื–ืœ: ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื•ืจืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” โ€“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2002 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื•ืจืŸ: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจื ืข, ืื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ื, ืขืชื•ืŸ 77, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 302, 2005, ืขืž' 10โ€“11. ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ืืคื™ ืžืœืฆืจ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, "ืงืชื“ืจื” ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืคื™ ืžืœืฆืจ 2004. ืขืžื™ ื’ืœื•ืกืงื, ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ืชืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื”!: ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื 1963โ€“1967, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2004 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืœื•ืกืงื: ืชื•ื ืฉื’ื‘, 1967 โ€“ ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชืจ, 2005 ืืจื™ื” ื ืื•ืจ, "ื”ื“ื—ืช ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืžื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื: ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืžื•ืฉื™ืข", ื‘ืกืคืจ: ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืกืง (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืฆื•ืžืชื™ ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ื•ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 2010 ืžืฉื” ื’ื‘ืขืชื™, ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ โ€“ ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ: ื”ื•ืฆืืช 'ืจืขื•ืช', ืชืฉืข"ื’-2013, ืขืž' 40โ€“52 ื—ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ื ื—ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ 40 ืฉื ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2007. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ 50 ืฉื ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2017 ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืกื•ืคืช ืืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2017. ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืจ โ€“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2017. ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื โ€“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2017. ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2017. ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ-ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 67' ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื˜ืจ, 2017. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ืคืกื— ืžืœื•ื‘ื ื™, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื โ€“ 50 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ โ€“ ื“ืขืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 2018 ืืคืจื™ื ืœืคื™ื“, ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ืกืชืจ - ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2017 ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจื™ืง, ื‘ืจื™ืง โ€“ ืœื•ื—ื ืœืœื ืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืกืคืจื™ ื ื™ื‘, 2022, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 83โ€“102 ื—ื’ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™, ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, 2014 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืฆืœืžื”, 2021 ืžืืžืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื ื™, ื”ืื•ืžื ื ืžืคื ื”? ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื• 12-11, 1998, ืขืž' 263โ€“300 ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื˜ืฉื•ืœืจ, ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื (ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ), ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื• 12-11, 1998, ืขืž' 241โ€“262 ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืœื•ื™, ื™ื•ืื‘ ืคืœื“, ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื”: ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืจืื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช 3, 1993, ืขืž' 115โ€“128 ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืœื•ื™, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื˜ื•ื, ืžื™ืฉืœ ื’ืจื ืง, ืžืฉื” ืงื•ื˜ืœืจ, ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1973-1948 ื—ืœืง ื“': ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, 1967, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช 4 (3), 1990, ืขืž' 217โ€“221 ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ื–ื™ื ื™, ื”ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืงืฉืจ 36, 2007, ืขืž' 145โ€“155 ืจื•ื–ื” ืคืจืœื” ืจื™ื™ื›ืจ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืงืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื•ื’ื•ื•ืื™, ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื• 9, ืชืฉื "ื”, ืขืž' 227โ€“239 ืคืกื— ืžืœื•ื‘ื ื™, ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช: ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ IsraelDefense, 23 ื‘ืžืื™ 2014 ืคืกื— ืžืœื•ื‘ื ื™, ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” - ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื”, ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืœ"ืž 79, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2017, ืขืž' 22โ€“24 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ืืคืจื™ืœ ืขื“ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1967, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ 290px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืืช ืจืขื ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ LIFE, 1968: ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื ืืฆืจ ืกืคื’ ืืช ืžืคืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ื“ ื•ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื–ื” "ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจ" ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื โ€“ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, 19-18 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967, ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” , ื ืขืžื•ืฉ - ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืœื—ืงืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, 50 ืฉื ื”, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, 2017 ืžืืžืจื™ื , ืžืชื•ืš: ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืžืจืช, ื—ื ื” ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ืงื” (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืชืฉื™"ื—-ืชืฉื›"ื— (ืขื™ื“ืŸ 21), ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™, 2000, ืขืž' 379โ€“400 ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ื™' ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก, ื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื , ื”ืจืคื•ืื” 138 (9), 2000, ืขืž' 737โ€“741 ืขื™ื ืช ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจ, ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื: ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ 13, 2008, ืขืž' 31โ€“60. ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ื ืคืœื“-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, 45 ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ืชืฆืœื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ 13, 2008, ืขืž' 135โ€“159 ืืœื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืคื™ื ื•, ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ืœื ืจืง ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ 67', ื™ืฉืจืืœ 13, 2008, ืขืž' 297โ€“312 ืืกืชืจ ื™ื•ื’ื‘, ืื™ื™ืœ ื ื•ื•ื”, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”, ืคื ื™ื 39, 2007, ืขืž' 58โ€“67 ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืขืคืจืช, 1967: ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื ื•ืช?, ืคื ื™ื 39, 2007, ืขืž' 76โ€“82 ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืกืœืข, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื‘ืขืช' ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช-ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ e-mago, 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2006 (ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”) ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื, ืื”ืจืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื•ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™, ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, "ื“ืคื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ" ืžืก' 10, ื™ื•ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1987 ืืžื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, '"ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืคื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉืข" โ€“ ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ืงืชื“ืจื” 163 (ืืคืจื™ืœ 2017), ืขืž' 131โ€“162. ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœ ื”ืจืข"ื ืžืงื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื (ื”ืชื—ืœื” 1:06) ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื: ืžื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื“, ืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ืื‘ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ-ื ื•ืŸ, ืื”ืจืŸ ("ื™ืœื•") ืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื˜ืจื ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, 12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967, 8:49 ื“ืงื•ืช, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ืจ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื™ื’ืืœ ืืœื•ืŸ, ืฆื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ, ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื™ืจื™ืก ื‘ืจืœืฆืงื™, ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ - ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, 3 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2000 ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ื›ืจืžืœ, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967 60 ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื˜ืœื”, ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ื’ื•ืœื ื™, ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช | ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื— | ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื | ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื | ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ | ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช, ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืžืื™ 2017 ืขืžื™ ื’ืœื•ืกืงื, ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช | ืžืจื’ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืกืœืžื” ื—ืœืง ื | ื—ืœืง ื‘ | ืžืžืฉื‘ืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ืœืง ื | ื—ืœืง ื‘ | ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช, ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืžืื™ 2017 ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™, ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” | ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” | ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ | ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ | ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ | ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ | ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ | ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ | ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017 "ืกื“ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื" | ืคืจืง 1 - ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื” | ืคืจืง 2 - ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืคื ื™ื” | ืคืจืง 3 - ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ | ืกื“ืจื” ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช, 2017 ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื - ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื•ื™, ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ - ื›ืืŸ, 17 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืจื“ืŸโ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1967 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1967 ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžืฉื›ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1967 ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1967 ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ
2024-10-18T11:24:14
ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืฉืžื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”: ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœ"ื’) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. "ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ", ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœื™ืžื™ื ื›"ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”", ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 (ื˜"ื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืž"ื‘) ืœ-29 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982 (ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืž"ื’). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื’ืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืงื“ื•ืช ืืฉ"ืฃ ืœืชื•ื ื™ืก, ื•ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืฆื‘ื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืฉืžื™ืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. 655 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื™ืขื“ื™ื”, ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื”, ืžื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ืœื•ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืงืฉื”. ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ. ืฆื™ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืœืœื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” (ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ): 4โ€“5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982: ื”ืกืœืžื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ืฉืœืžื” ืืจื’ื•ื‘. 6โ€“11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982: ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. 12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 - ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1982: ื–ื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช-ื“ืžืฉืง, ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื”ื, ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. 29 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982: ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™. ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ: ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1982 - ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1983: ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืฃ. ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1983 - ื™ื•ื ื™ 1985: ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืื•ื•ืืœื™. ื™ื•ื ื™ 1985 - ืžืื™ 2000: ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ืขื“ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2000. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื”ืจืงืข ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘-1970, ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื—ื•ืœืฉืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื•ืชื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ื ื˜ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1975. ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื›ืœื›ืœืชื” ื ื–ืงืงื” ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืคืœืฉื” ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื•, ืคื ื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ื™ื”: ื›-520 ืืœืฃ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื™ืขื™ื (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ), ื›-200 ืืœืฃ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื›-110 ืืœืฃ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืกื•ื ื™ื, ื›-80 ืืœืฃ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื›-55 ืืœืฃ ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื. ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื™ื˜ื ื™ ื•ืกื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืจื‘-ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื™ื˜ื ื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืกืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื™"ืœ ืฉื™ื—ืฆืฆื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื•ืกื’ื• ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ 130 ืž"ืž, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืœื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1981 ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืืฉ"ืฃ ืกื‘ื‘ ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจื• ื›-1,230 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคื’ื–ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆืœืฆืœ ืคืฉื˜ ื›ื•ื— ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืืœ"ื ื™ื•ืจื ื™ืื™ืจ, ื‘ืœื™ืœ 19 - 20 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืœื™ืœ 23 - 24 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืกื"ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ื™ืขืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืืจื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืืฉ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ืกื˜ื™"ืœ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ืจื›ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืฉ"ืฃ ื‘-24 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1981. ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืจืคืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ืœ, ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืกืงืช-ื”ืืฉ ืฉื ื™ืกื— ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ: ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชืงืคื• ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกืงืช-ืืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 27 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• 270.https://www.alexandroni.co.il/he/79/ ื”ืœืงื— ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1981 ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื™ืจื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ืœืš ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื™ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืžืžื ื• ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ืจื™. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1980 ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ - ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืžืจืชื•. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืจืคืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ืœ, ืฉืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืื™ืจ ื“ื’ืŸ ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืจืฆื— ืžืื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื›-35 ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืคืจืกื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018. ื‘-5 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1981 ืžื•ื ื” ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ. ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืžืกืžืš ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ, ืฉืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืฉื™ื’ "ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ" ื•ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ืชื•ืš ืงื™ื‘ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื. ืžืกืžืš ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื•ืจื ื™ื. ื‘ื›ื™ืจ "ื”ืžื•ืกื“" ื ื—ื™ืง ื ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืืจืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1982 (ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• "ื”ืจืฉืžื™" ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ื ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื•ื” ืืœื™ื• ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ "ื”ืžื•ืกื“"): ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืŸ ื’ืœ ื•ืœื“ื’ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฆืžืจืช ืืฉ"ืฃ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1981 ื ืžื ื• 308 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ, ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ืขืจืคืืช ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืืฉ"ืฃ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื›ืžืฆื•ืคื”. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืช, ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืกืชืจื” ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื. ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘-3 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1982 ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœืช ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1982 ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืื™ 1982 ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืกื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื• ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ืกื’ื•. ื‘-3 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 ื”ืชื ืงืฉื• ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ื ื™ื“ืืœ (ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืืฉ"ืฃ) ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืฉืœืžื” ืืจื’ื•ื‘, ื•ืคืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื• ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื“ ืืช ื”ืคืฆื™ืขื”, ืืš ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืง ื•ืžืจื•ืชืง ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขื” ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืืฉ"ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›-500 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคื’ื–ื™ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื•ืืฉ"ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื ื”ืจื’ ื•-11 ื ืคืฆืขื•. ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ 5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงืจืงืขื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื’ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ'. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืคืœื™ืฉืชื ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืืžืชื” ืœืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืืฉ"ืฃ, ื•ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืžืฉืง); ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืฆื”"ืœ ื™ืชืงื•ืฃ ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืงืืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื“ืžืฉืง. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื“ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื’'ื‘ืœ ืขืจื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ. ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืืช ื–ื—ืœื”, ืจื™ื™ืง, ื’'ื“ื™ื“ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืก, ื“ื™ืจ ืืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืจ. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื ืคืจืกื” ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื™"ืœ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ื—ื“ืื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื• ื“ื ื™ื™ื‘ื” - ืกื—ืžืจ - ืขื™ื™ืฉื™ื” - ื‘ื™ืช ืึพื“ื™ืŸ - ื“ื™ืจ ืืœึพืงืžืจ - ื“ืืžื•ืจ, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื”ืจืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ, ื’'ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืจ ืึพื“ื”ืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ืœื”ืชืฉืชื•. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืขืจื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื” ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื 4 ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื•. ื”ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืœืœ: ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™"ืจ 85, ืฉืชื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฆืฉ"ืฃ (ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืื’ื“ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืฉ"ืฃ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžึพ50 ื˜ื ืงื™ื T-55/54. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ื›ื ืช 62, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 4 ืœึพ6 ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื•; ื‘ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ 51, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื˜ื ืงื™ T62 ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™"ืจ ืžืžื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 3 ืœ-4 ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื•; ื‘ื”ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ 91 ืžื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 1, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื˜ื ืงื™ T62 ื•ืœื” ื’ื ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™"ืจ ืžืžื•ื›ืŸ ื•ึพ2 ืื’ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื•. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืœืงื—ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื ืžืขืจืš ืžืขื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื "ืž ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื“ื’ืžื™ SA-2, SA-3, SA-6 ื•-SA-8 ืœืฆื“ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ZSU-23-4 ืฉื™ืœืงื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื™ืขืคื™ ืชืงื™ืคื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื. ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืคื•ืจ, 1995 ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ, 1982 ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|209x209 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 ืœ-29 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื›ื ืกื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆื™ืจื™ื: ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื, ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ืžื• ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช: ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืชื"ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ืื•ื’ื“ื” 96 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืชื"ืœ ืขืžื•ืก ื™ืจื•ืŸ. ืื•ื’ื“ื” 96 ื›ืœืœื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 454 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื—ื’ื™ ืจื’ื‘ ื•ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืืœ"ื ื™ื•ืจื ื™ืื™ืจ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื” ืื•ื’ื“ื” 96 ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ืืœื™, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื•ืช ืืฉ"ืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœื ื”ืจ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื“ืจื•ื, ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืขื™ืงืฉืช, ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืช. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืชื” ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืžื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืชืคืกื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ื™ืขืจื™, ื›ื•ื— ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืกืžื—"ื˜ ืืจื™ืง ืžื•ืจืŸ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ืคืœื•ื’ืช ื”ื—ื”"ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื (ืคืœื—ื”"ืŸ 35) ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื’ื•ื–ืœ ื•ืคืœื•ื’ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ื“ 50 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืจื™ืืœื™. ื›ื•ื— ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืœื—ื”"ืŸ ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœื—ื”"ืŸ ื•ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœื•ื’ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืขื ื”ื ื—ืชื•ืช. ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื”ืจื” ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืืžื•ืจ, ื›ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ืคืœื•ื’ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื. ืžื“ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืจ ืืœ"ื ื™ื•ืจื ื™ืื™ืจ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื”ืจืจื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืฃ. ื™ืื™ืจ ืœื—ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืกืข ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืคืจืš, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืืžื•ืจ ื•ืขื™ื ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ืžืชื, ืฉืžืœืืŸ, ืงื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ืœ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื”ืจืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืื™ืจ ื”ืฉืชืœืžื” ื•ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช-ื“ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืคืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืกื"ืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืืœืžื•ื’, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื• ื›ื•ื— ืžืื•ืœืชืจ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ื” ืชืžื™ืจ, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ืคืœื•ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืงืช ืžื’ื“ื•ื“ 890 ื•ืืช ืคืœื•ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืจื™ืืœื™ ืžื’ื“ื•ื“ 50. ืืœืžื•ื’ ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” "ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ, ืœื—ืžืชื™ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืงืจื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืงืจื‘, ืžืืจื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืืจื‘.". ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื“ ืœื’ืฉืจ ืงื•ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืฉืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืœื™ื˜ื ื™, ื›-27 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ, ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื‘ืชืงืจื™ืช ืื—ืช ื–ื™ื”ื” ืžื˜ื•ืก ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืกื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-26 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ืคืฆืขื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื’ื“ื” 252 ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืชื—ืœื ื“ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืขื“ ืœืงื• ื—ืฆื‘ื™ื-ืฉื‘ืขื-ื›ืื•ื›ื‘ื, ืฉื ื”ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ืขื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืœื™ืœ 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืขืจืš ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืคื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื™ืขื“ ื ืคืฆืข ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื” ืงืคืœื™ื ืกืงื™, ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• 6 ืžืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ื‘ื”ื ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืงืคืœื™ื ืกืงื™ - ืจืก"ืŸ ื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื ื™ืง. 7โ€“11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 ืœืžื—ืจืช, ื‘-7 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™, ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 769, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืกืžื—"ื˜ ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™, ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื” ื•ืขื ืขืจื‘ ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36 ืœืคืืชื™ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 211 ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ื•ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื’ื“ื” 96 ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืชื• ืžื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืš ื”ืื•ื•ืืœื™. ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื•ื— ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื“ืืžื•ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืืœืฆื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืชื"ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืœืคื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ, ืฉื”ืชื—ืคืจื• ื•ื”ืชื‘ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืขื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื—ื™ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื–ื” ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฆื”"ืœ (ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™"ืจ ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 165 ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 939, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ื•ื— ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 847) ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืขืงืฉื ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืชืชืจื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข. ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื’ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืชื"ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื“ื›ื™: "ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™". ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืขืจืš ื’ื ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื’ื“ ืฆื‘ื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื’'ื–ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืš. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ 460 ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ื ื” ื•ืขื™ืŸ ื-ืชื™ื ื”, ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื”, ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช-ื“ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืงืจื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื—ืœืชื, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ืœื—ืžื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืคืœื“ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 500 ืžืชื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ 9263, ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ื“ 601, ื’ื“ื•ื“ 932, ื•ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืงืจื‘ ื ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘. ื‘-9 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื ืคืชื— ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืจืฆื‘-19, ืืฉืจ ืขืจืš ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื›-150 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื”ื•ืคืœื• 23 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืคืœ ืืฃ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืคื™ืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ 82 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื” 2 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ืž. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืขื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื•ืงื™ ืงืจื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ื‘-9 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 ืœื—ืžื” ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื•ืขืจืช, ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื›ืก ืฉืืจืืช ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ื™, ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื— ืจื’ืœื™ ื•ืจื›ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืจื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืฆืจืจ ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื•. ื‘-9 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืคืจ ืกื™ืœ, ืฉื ืžืฉืš 4 ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”. ื‘-10 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื“ื•ื—ื ืฉืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื“ืืžื•ืจ, ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืื“ื ื•ืืœ"ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืกืœืข. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืžืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ืืžื•ืจ, ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืชืฉืขื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืจื• ืืœ ื ื’ืžืฉื™ื ืžืžืกื•ืงื™ ืงืจื‘ ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื’'ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืš. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื” 12:55 ื”ื•ืคืฆืฆื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 943 ืžืื•ื’ื“ื” 90 ื‘"ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืื ื•ืจ" (ื•ืื“ื™ ื—ืคื•ืคื”) ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• 24 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื ืคืฆืขื• 92 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ 32 ืงื™ื‘ืœื• "ื”ืœื ืงืจื‘". ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ืคื’ืขื• ื›ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื: ื›ืœื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช, ืžื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื. ื’ื“ื•ื“ 573 ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 943 ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ื•ื•ืื“ื™ ื—ืคื•ืคื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœ"ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืื ื•ืจ" (ืœืžืขื˜ ืคืœื•ื’ืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื”). ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ืžื’'ื“ืœ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืก. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื” 14:00 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืžื’"ื“ ืกื"ืœ ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื•ืง ืžืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื™ืก ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”: ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ื“ืจืš ื’'ื‘ืœ ืขืจื‘ื”, ืขื“ ืœื›ืคืจ ื-ืจืคื™ื“ ื•ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืจ "ืžื™ื›ื”". ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืคืจ ื-ืจืคื™ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื” 15:00. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช, ืขื“ ืจื“ืช ื”ื—ืฉื›ื”, ืชืงืฃ ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 91 ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื: ื˜ื ืงื™ื, ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืง "ื’ืื–ืœ". ืืฃ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืžื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ื“ 573 ืœื ื ื”ืจื’ ืื• ื ืคืฆืข, ื•ื’ื ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืื—ื“. ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื›-4 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ืคืจ ืขื™ื ืื‘, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘ ื ื”ืจื’ ืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื’ืŸ ืืœื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื™ืจืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื›ืคืจ ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืงืจื‘ ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื ื›ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ื“ 362 ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 399 ืœืฆื•ืžืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื›ืคืจ ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ ื•ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืชื—ื ืกื•ืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื—ื•ืœืฅ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืœื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžืช. ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ. ื”ืงืจื‘ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ื”ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ืœืฆื”"ืœ, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื”ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ืฅ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืคืœื“ืžืŸ. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019 ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขื“ืจ ืžื”ืงืจื‘ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืžืœ. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 645 ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืงืจื‘ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืœืชื•ืงืคื”, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 409 ื‘ืžืืจื‘ ืœืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™, ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• 11 ื˜ื ืงื™ T-72, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืจืง"ื ื•-4 ืžืกื•ืงื™ ื’ืื–ืœ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืฉืขื” 12:00 ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ื ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืœืชื•ืงืคื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื—ื™ืœื•ื•ื”, ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช-ื“ืžืฉืง ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืคืกืงื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. 12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ โ€“ 22 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250x250 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ, ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืžืœืืŸ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื•ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื‘ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืงื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ึพ15 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ื’'ืžื”ื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ-ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืžืฉืง, ืžื–ืจื—ื”. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ืคืจ ืฉื™ืžื ื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขืืœื™ื™. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื‘-21 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ืื•ื’ื“ื” 162 ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืžื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืืœื™ื™. ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื” ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ืืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื—ืžื“ื•ืŸ. ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืœืžืชืงืคื”, ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ื–ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืชื— ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื”. ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืืจื‘ื™ ื "ื˜ ื•ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืฉืขืœืชื” ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ืก, ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ืกืืช ื ืขืžืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืžืฉืง ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกื•ืœืขืช ืžืขืœ ืžื ืฆื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืžื˜ืœื•ืŸ. ื‘-25 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื•ื’ื“ื” 96 ืžื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—, ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื•ื’ื“ื” 162 ืฉืชื•ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช-ื“ืžืฉืง ืžื“ืจื•ื, ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ. ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช-ื“ืžืฉืง, ืžื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืจื•ืื™ื™ืกืืช ืฆื•ืคืจ, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ. ืžืขืชื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™, ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ) ื•ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื“ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื ื™ืขืชื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžืฆื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกืคืงืช ื ืฉืง ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. 22 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ โ€“ 23 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื‘-22 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื˜ืจืฃ - ื™ื•ื ืงืจื‘ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ื™ื”ืœื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื ื’ื“ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื’ื“ื ืคืขื•ืœืช ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื’ื™ืก 479 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืืœื•ืฃ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”, ื—ื™"ืจ, ื "ื˜, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื "ืž ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• 70 ื˜ื ืงื™ื, 23 ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื•ืž"ืชื™ื, ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื "ืž, ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช, ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ. ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื• 2 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื, 5 ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื•-3 ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื™ืกื ื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื”. ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฆื”"ืœ ื’ื™ื™ืก ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 939 ื•ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 165. ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื™ืจื— ืžืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื—ืชื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื’'ื•ื ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘, 4 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื ืงืœืขื” ืคืœื•ื’ื” ื’' ืžื’ื“ื•ื“ 12 ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ืœืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’' ืืœ-ื‘ืจื’'ื ื”. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 9 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• 10 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื ื”ืจื’ ืชื•ื‘ืœ ื’ื‘ื™ืจืฆืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื•ื’ื” ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 188 ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฆืœ"ืฉ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•, ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื‘, ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื•ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื‘ืฉื”, ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื”ืจืก, ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-368 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1,000 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ ืืฉ"ืฃ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›-6,000 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื ืขืฆืจื•. ืœืงืจืืช ืืžืฆืข ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1982, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื”ืชืคื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืš 12 ื™ืžื™ื, 14,398 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ 664 ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืžืชื•ื›ื, 8,144 ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื, ื•-6,254 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช "ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™" ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ ืขื–ื‘ื• ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช-ื“ืžืฉืง. ืžื˜ื” ืืฉ"ืฃ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื”, ืฉื ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืงืœื˜ ื˜ืจื ื”ืคื™ื ื•ื™. 23 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ โ€“ 29 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื‘-23 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1982 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื’'ื•ืžืื™ื™ืœ, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืคืœื ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืืชื” ื‘ื›ืš ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ืœื—ืชื•ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื’'ื•ืžืื™ื™ืœ ื‘-14 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982 ืชืคืก ืื—ื™ื•, ืืžื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ืžืื™ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื—, ื‘-16 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982, ื”ื—ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉืื•ื’ื“ื” 96 ืชื•ืงืคืช ืžื“ืจื•ื, ื•ืื•ื’ื“ื” 91 ืžืžื–ืจื— - ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื”. ืฆื”"ืœ ืื™ืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ืฉืชื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืคืœื ื’ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœื˜ื‘ื— ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ืฉืชื™ืœื”, ืฉื‘ื• ืจืฆื—ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืคืœื ื’ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืžืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื”. ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ืขื•ืจืจ ืกืขืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืงื•ืžื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืขืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืงื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ื—, ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื ืกื•ื’ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-30 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” (ื•ืขื“ืช ื›ื”ืŸ), ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื” ื ืืœืฅ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•, ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉื” ืืจื ืก. ืœืื—ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื‘-29 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™. ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืจืคืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืžืฉื” ืœื•ื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืื“ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืฉื’ื™ื ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื™ืก ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื–ืื‘ ืืœืžื•ื’ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืจ ื“ืจื•ืจื™ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืจื™ ืื•ืจ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื– ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื™ืก ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ืžืฉื” ื ืชื™ื‘ ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ืืคืกื ืื•ืช ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื’ื•ืจ ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ื ื™ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื–ืจื•ืขื™ืช ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื’ื™ืก ืขืžืจื ืžืฆื ืขืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ืŸื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื“ืœืžืคืงื“ ื’ื™ืก 446 ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ืœืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืก ื›ืฅืขื•ื–ืจ ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืคื•ืจืžืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 162 ืžื ื—ื ืขื™ื ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 252 ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืกืงืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ืžืชื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืคืœื“ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 880 ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืชืžื™ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 96 ืขืžื•ืก ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36 ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืงื”ืœื ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ืžืชื™ ื“ืŸ ื•ืจื“ื™ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 90 ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืœื‘ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืก ืืจื™ื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 7 ืื™ืชืŸ ืงื™ื ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื 35 ื™ื•ืจื ื™ืื™ืจืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 188 ืžืื™ืจ ื“ื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 211 ืืœื™ ื’ื‘ืขืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 500 ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 460 ื—ื’ื™ ื›ื”ืŸืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื 623 ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืชืžืจื™ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื 939 ื™ืื™ืจ ืขื•ื’ืŸืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื 551 ืขื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืงืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื 646 ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืœืžืŸืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื "ื˜ 406 ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืืกืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 609 ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™"ืจ ื‘ื”"ื“ 1 ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืจื“ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™"ืจ ื‘ื™ืกืœืž"ื— ืขืžื•ืก ืงื•ืฆืจืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™"ืจ 165 ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื’ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 401 ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 14 ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ืœืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 514 ื™ื•ืจื ืืœื“ืจืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 847 ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืจืŸืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 454 ื—ื’ื™ ืจื’ื‘ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 399 ืžื™ืงื™ ืฉื—ืจืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 943 ื ื—ืžืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืงื™ืŸืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 645 ืืžืฆื™ื” ืื˜ืœืกืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 767 ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ืฉ"ืŸ 656 ื—ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืœืŸืžืคืงื“ ืื’ื“ 454 ืื’ื“ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ื‘ืื•ื’ื“ื” 90 ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืจืžืคืงื“ ืื’ื“ 209 ืื’ื“ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ื‘ืื•ื’ื“ื” 252 ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืงื“ืžื™ืืœืžืคืงื“ ืื’ื“ 449 ืื’ื“ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ื‘ืื•ื’ื“ื” 880 ืคืจื ืงื• ื’ื•ื ืŸืžืคืงื“ ืื’ื“ 219 ืื’ื“ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืง ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ืœืืฉ"ืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืฆืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื˜ื•ืก ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืœ ืื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื™ืจืœื™ื™ื ืก (MEA) ืฉื—ื ื” ื‘ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ. ื‘ืขืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, (ื˜"ื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ) ืขื•ื“ ื‘-5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ื›ื— ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช ื•ืœื—ืกืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ืฉืง ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ืžืกื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืคืœ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• . ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื™ืคื ื“ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืฉืชื™ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›"ื ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ P-15 ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื“ืืžื•ืจ. ืžื›"ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชืงื™ืคืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืขื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืชืงื™ืคืช ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื–ื ืงื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืกืงื™ื™ื”ื•ืง ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›"ื. ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื ืคื’ืขื” ืงืฉื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘-9 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืจืฆื‘ 19 ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ืฉืคืขืœ ื‘ืชื•"ืœ ืจื•ืกื™, ืกื‘ืœ ืžื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ 23 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ื’ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืจืฆื‘ 19 ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ืคืชื— ืคืชื— ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืืคืฉืจื• ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืชื ืื™ื ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ืกืชืคืง ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ื™ื–ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืš, ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ืกื™ื’ืชื ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืžืœื ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืกื“ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื ื’ืž"ืฉ M-113 ืฆื”"ืœื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื ืกื™ืขื” ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืคื•ืจ, 1982 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื—ืœืงืŸ ืคืขืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ืขื ื’ื™ื•ืกืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช (91, 96 ื•ึพ36), ืื•ื’ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช (162) ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช (252, 90 ื•ึพ880). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืงื™ื ื’ื™ืก 446 ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžืชื™ื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืชื"ืœ ื“ื ื™ ื•ืจื“ื™ ("ื›ื•ื— ื•ืจื“ื™") ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืชื"ืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืคืœื“ ("ื›ื•ื— ื™ื•ืกื™"). ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช (49 ื•ึพ131) ื•ืžืคืงื“ืช ื’ื™ืก 479 ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ื›ื— ืขืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืœืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ืชืชืจื—ื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืœื’ื–ืจื” ื–ื•. ืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื›ึพ1,400 ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื ืžืื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”. ื‘ืขืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื›ึพ600 ื˜ื ืงื™ื, ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื›ึพ2,000 ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืฅ ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ืจืื™ื ืฉืžื™ืจ ื•ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ "ืฆื‘ืจื ื• ื“ื™ ืงืœืคื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื—" ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœื” ืจืง ื—ื“"ืฉ (ืฉืืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขืช ืื™ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”). ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืกื™ืขื”, ื—"ื› ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื ืจ, ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ื™ "ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื™ ืชื”ื•ื. ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื‘ื›ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช". ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื•ื ืชื” ื—ื“"ืฉ ื•ื ืฉืžืขื• ืงืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืคื™ ืขื•ืจืš "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื—"ื›ื™ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืžืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”. ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื ืขื“ืจื• ืžื”ืžืœื™ืื” ื—"ื›ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžืืœ, ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืืœื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืกื™ ืฉืจื™ื“. ืกื™ืขืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื“. ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ืฉืงื˜, ื™ื•ืจื™ื" ื›ืชื‘ ืขืžื™ืจื ื ื™ืจ: "ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืžืขืจืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื•ื–ื•ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืฆ'ื—ืฆ'ื—ื™ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื ืื—ื“, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ืจื™ื. ืฉืงื˜". ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ืคื•ืจ. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืคื•ืจ ื ื›ื‘ืฉ "ืœืœื ืื‘ื“ื•ืช", ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™, ื‘ื”ื ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืคืœืก"ืจ, ืจืก"ืŸ ื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื ื™ืง, ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืฆืžื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ืขืœ "ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื™ืœืื™ืช" ื•"ื—ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื ืคืฉื•ืช", ืืš ืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช: "ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืก"ืŸ ื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื ื™ืง, ื‘ืขืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ืคื•ืจ, ืžืชืื‘ืœืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ืฉืœื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•". ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื”, ื•ื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกืงืจื™ื. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื”ืกืงืจื™ื ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ 57โ€“61 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืขืœื• ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ื•ื“ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืงืจืื• ืœืกืคื— ืืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ื•ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขืžืœืง, ื•ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ "ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช" ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžื ื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื”", ื•ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืกืชื‘ืš ืื˜-ืื˜ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื-ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื” ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ื‘ื— ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ืฉืชื™ืœื”. ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื "ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ", ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืœืคื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื•ืจื ื™ื". ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื•, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื›ื ื™ืกืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืขื“ 40 ืง"ืž ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืžืงื• ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืขื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืฉ"ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ืงื• ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›-3 ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืชืงื ื•ื™ื™ืชื—ืžืฉ ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ืื•ืœื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื ื™ืจื“ื” ืœื“ืจื’ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื ืœื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืจืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ื ืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื”, ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื‘-1982, ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1982, ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘-6 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1983, ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ". ืขื ื”ืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื•ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื›"ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ". ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืฉืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™, ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืจืคืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื— 40 ืง"ืž ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืข, ื•ื›ืœืœื• ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืืฉ"ืฃ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ื™ื—ืกืœ ืืช ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื‘ืกืก ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืœื”. ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืคืœื ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืฉื™ืจ ื’'ื•ืžื™ื™ืœ, ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืชื—ืชื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื•ืกืชืจื• ืžืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื˜ืขื ื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ืœืคื™ื” ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื” ืืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืžืŸ. ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืžืŸ ื•ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ" (ืฉื‘ื• ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื˜ืขื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืžืŸ). ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื”, ืืš ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื ื•. ืœืคื™ ืžืกืžืš ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืจืืฉ ืื’"ืช, ื•ืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ื™ืก ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืžืจืืฉ ื›ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœืช ืฉืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืžืš ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืง ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ - "ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืงื™ืคื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืชื•ืœื™ื“ ืขื™ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ื›ื•ื— ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื•ืชื•ืš ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉืขื ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ 'ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ', ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ 'ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืจื”' ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช". ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, . ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืืžืจ ื‘ืจืง ื›ื™: ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืชืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื”, ืœืคื™ื” ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืœื—ืœื” ื”ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื“ืจื’ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœ"ื ืืœื™ ื’ื‘ืข, ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข, ืืš ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืœื•ื—ื, ื•ื”ื•ื“ื—. ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืขืžืจื ืžืฆื ืข ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื’ื™ืก ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ืคืœื™ืฉืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืื™ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื•. ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช "ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ", ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืคืจื™ืกืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1982 - ื™ื•ื ื™ 1985 ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1982 ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื™ืกืก ื•ืคืจืก ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื• ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1983 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื• ื—ื“ืฉ, ืงื• ื”ืื•ื•ืืœื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืคื™ื ื” ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืคื™ืจืง 43 ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื•-22 ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื. ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืžืฉืš ื›ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืื’ื ืงืจืขื•ืŸ ื•ืžื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืจืš ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื—ืืฆื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1984 ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื˜ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™, ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ (ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™). ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืคื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘-4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1983, ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจ, ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 60 ืื™ืฉ, ืžืชื•ื›ื 28 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-11 ื‘-1984 ืžืžื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ - ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื’ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืงืฆืฅ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืžืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจ, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1985 ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก, ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืœืงื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ". ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1985, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™. ืงืฉืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ื’ื ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช - ื›-180,000 ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 ื•ืขื“ ืžืจืฅ 1984. ืฆื”"ืœ ืืฃ ื”ืงื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื‘ืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื” ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื ืคื™ืงื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืืœืคื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืฆื“"ืœ, ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื“ืจืš ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื ืงืจื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื ื™ืช, ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืชื•ืจืžื•ืก ื•ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืคืื˜ืžื” ืœื™ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืืฉ"ืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืืฉ"ืฃ ืœืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื”, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ื“ืจืš ื ืฅ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1985, ื•ื‘ื• ืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13 ืืช ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืืฉ"ืฃ "ืžื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜" ืฉืขื’ื ื” ื‘ื ืžืœ ืขื ืื‘ื”, ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื”, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืงืจื™ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ (1985โ€“2000) ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื ืืžืœ ื•ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืฆื“"ืœ (ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ืœืื—ื“) ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขื“ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืื™ 2000, ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื” ืงืจืก ืฆื“"ืœ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|245x245 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ ื’ื•ื™ืก ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, 1982 ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”: ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืฉ"ืฃ ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ื ื™ืก, ื”ืจืก ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ื ืฉืง ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืžืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืืš ืžื•ืœื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื›-2,500 ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืคืœื’ื™ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›-5,500. ื”ืงืžืช ืฆื“"ืœ - ืฆื‘ื ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ - ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”. ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ (ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช). ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื•ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ืข. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”: ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื’ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืคื’ืข ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›"ืฉืœื•ื ืงืจ". ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืคื’ื™ืข ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืงืฉื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื”ืชืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ืชืžืงืฆืขื• ื•ืฉื›ื•ื ื• "ื”ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™". ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืฉืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืžืขื ื” ื”ื•ืœื ื’ื‘ื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืขืฆื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืืฉ"ืฃ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืžื“ืจื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•, ืื•ืœื ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื™ 2000 ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ื. ื—ื–ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืืฉ"ืฃ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœ"ื’ ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ืฉื ืžืื—ื– ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ืง ืžืœืื• ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืืžืœ" ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1984, ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื”. ืžืื– ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ืœื”ืชื”ืคืš ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•"ืืžืœ" ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœืื‘ื“ ื’ื•ื‘ื”. ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืืžืœ" ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื–ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืขืจืคืืช ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืขืงื‘ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืœืš ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืžืชื•ื ื™ืก. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืžืื‘ืง ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ: ืชืงื™ืขืช ื™ืชื“ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื•ืจ. ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985. ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื. ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1986 ื—ื–ืจื• ืจื•ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ืืฉ"ืฃ ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ืœื‘ื™ืจืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืขืจื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื•ืจ, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ืขืจืคืืช ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ืืžืœ" ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ืช. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1986 ื—ื™ืกืœื” ืืž"ืœ ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ื‘ืืฉ"ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืจืคืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ื–'ื ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ืขืจื•ืชื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื• ืœื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช", "ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช" ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ื ื™ื“ืืœ ืœื ืฉืขื• ืœื”ื•ืจืืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช. ื ืคื’ืขื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืฉืงื™ืฃ ืืœ ื—ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืœืจืืก ื‘ื™ืื“ื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืง ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจ (1986) ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืืœ ื—ืจื“ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืฆื“"ืœ (1986) ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|319x319 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื•ื ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื ื—"ืœ ืฉื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืกื™ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืง ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืœื™ื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืกื™ืจื™ื™ืŸ (1987) ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืขื™ื™ืฉื™ื” (1993) ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืฆื™ืจ ืžืžื•ืฆื‘ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืืจืฅ, ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื ืจืงื™ืก ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืœื” (1999) ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื˜ื ืง ื•ืชื•ืž"ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืจืง"ืž ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื™ืคื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ (1998) ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื‘ื˜ ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืžืžื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืจื›ื•ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ (1998) ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ (1993) ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1982โ€“2000 ื ื”ืจื’ื• 1,216 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืžืชื•ื›ื 654 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“ 562 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฆืขื• 3,750 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื ืคืฆืขื• ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ื›ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืคืจืขืช ื“ื—ืง ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืž"ื”ืœื ืงืจื‘" ื›ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืž"ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื". ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื“"ืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื›-660 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื“"ืœ ื›-250 ื ืคืฆืขื•, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-200 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืื™ื‘ื“ ืฆื‘ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื›-55 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ืื™ื‘ื“ ื›-25 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-18,000 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื”ื ื›-10,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1985 ืคื ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ "ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ", ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื "ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื". ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1985 ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉื ื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื ืขื“ืจื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ึพ6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982, ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืืคื™ ื˜ืœื‘ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืœืฅ ืœืื—ืจ 10 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืข ืขื 200 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฆื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘-4 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982 ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื ื—"ืœ ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืžื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืืงืจืื™. ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘-23 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1983 ื‘ืขืกืงืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื—ืจืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ 4,700 ืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื—ื ื” ืื ืกืืจ ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•-65 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1984, ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื (ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ื) ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื. ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• 291 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, 13 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•-74 ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืื™ 1985 ื ืขืจื›ื” ืขืกืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, "ืขืกืงืช ื’'ื™ื‘ืจื™ืœ", ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• 1,150 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืžื“ ื’'ื™ื‘ืจื™ืœ (ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ื ื—"ืœ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ืžืงืจื‘ ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘). ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืžืœ, ืืฉืจ ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019. ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ืฅ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืคืœื“ืžืŸ. ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื ืขื“ืจื™ ืฆื“"ืœ ื‘-2 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1985 ืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืขื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืืžืœ, ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืื™ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืฆื“"ืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืžื’'ื“ืœ ืกืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืžื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ ืืžืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื• ืœืชื•ื›ื•, ื•ืœืจื›ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ 24 ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื“"ืœ. ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืŸ ืืจื“ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืืžืœ" ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘-16 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1986. ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื ืขื“ืจ ืžืžืื™ 1988, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ ืื• ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืž-1985 ื•ืขื“ 2000 ืžืื– ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘-1985 ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจืชืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ืฆื”"ืœ ืคืขืœ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืฆื“"ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื”. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ื’ื ืชื™ืช: ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื, ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืืจื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื—ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื ื ืงื˜ื• ื’ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืคืขืœืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื” ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ืืœื” ืœื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื“"ืœ ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืงืฉื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื”ืชืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ืชืžืงืฆืขื•, ื•ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืžืขื ื” ื”ื•ืœื. ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993, ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื‘ื™ ื–ืขื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996. ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื—ืฅ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื”ื•ืช". ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2000, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง, ื ืกื•ื’ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ 18 ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 ืœ-29 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982, ืฉืืจ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœื—ืžื• ืขื“ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืœื ืฉื" ืœื”ืขื ืงืช ืื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” "ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ". ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืžื™ื ื”, ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 30 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982 ืœ-24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2000 ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืžืขืจื›ื”, ืฉืชื™ืงืจื "ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ", ื•ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกืขืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื ืง ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ 1. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื—ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคื•ืชื— ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ 2 ื•ืฉื•ื“ืจื’ื• ื˜ื ืงื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ 1. ื˜ื ืงื™ ื”ืžื’ื— ื“ื•ื’ืžื• ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (ืฉื ืงืจืื” "ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ") ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื›ืžืขื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื "ื˜ ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื "ื˜ ื•ื”ืฆืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”-M-163 "ื—ื•ื‘ื˜" (ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ื‘ื˜)-ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ื "ืž, ืืš ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืชื— ื”-M61 ื•ื•ืœืงืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ-ื”ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืกืก ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื“ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื "ื˜ ื•ืฆืœืคื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื’ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—. ื”ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ื“ื’ืžื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”-M113. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื—ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืคืชื— ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ืžืฉื•"ื˜ ื•ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคืง ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื "ื˜ ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ืฆื“. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื—ืคื•ืจื™ ื“ื™-9 ืœื ืžืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™"ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื–ื•, ื‘ื” ืžืฆืื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ื“ื—ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžื’ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฆืž"ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืœ-D9L ืคื•ืชื— ื•ื”ื•ืชืงืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื‘-1986. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคืข ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืžื•ืœื›ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื™ื• M113 ื•ื–ื—ืœ"ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืคืชื— ื ื’ืž"ืฉ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื›ื‘ื“ - ื”ื ื’ืžืฉื•"ื˜ ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื•ื“ืจื’ ืœื ื’ืžื—ื•"ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืœืคื•ืž"ื”. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื ืžื“ื’ื M-109 "ืจื•ื›ื‘" ื‘ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ 155 ืž"ืž, M-107 "ืจื•ืžื—" ื•-M-110 "ืงืจื“ื•ื" (ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืจื” ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืงืจืงืข ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืจื ื•ืช - ื›ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืงืจืก - ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื "ืž ื•ืžื›"ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื”. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืจืงื˜ื™ืช: ืžื˜ืœ"ืจ 290 ืž"ืž ("ื—ื‘ื™ื‘") ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืžื˜ืœ"ืจ 122 ืž"ืž, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืฉืง ืฉืœืœ ืฉื ืœืงื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจืง. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-16 ืคื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคืœืงื•ืŸ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-15 ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-4 ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื›ืคื™ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ A-4 ืกืงื™ื™ื”ื•ืง. ืœืฆื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืžื–ืœ"ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ (ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืงืจืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืจืฆื‘ 19). ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ืงื™ ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื’ืžื™ AH-1 ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื•-MD 500 ื“ื™ืคื ื“ืจ ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžื“ื’ื ืกืขืจ 4 ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฃ, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื—ื™ืชืช ืกืขืจ ืืžืคื™ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ื—ืชื•ืช ("ื‘ืช-ืฉื‘ืข" ื•ืฉืชื™ ื ื—ืชื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื) ืžืื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืš ื ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืจ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื’-21 ื•ืžื™ื’-23, ืจื•ื‘ื ืžื”ื“ื’ื ืžื™ื’-23MS, ื’ืจืกืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืžื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื’-23 ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืžื™ื’ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœ-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื‘ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-80 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื˜ื•ืก ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ืงื™ ืื™ืจื•ืกืคืกื™ืืœ ื’ืื–ืœ (ื”ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ื•ื˜) ื•ืžื™-24 ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืงื™ ืžื™-8 ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืชื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื "ื˜ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื›ืœืœ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžื“ื’ืžื™ T-55, ืืš ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื›-300 ื˜ื ืงื™ T-62 ื•ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื’ื T-72. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื ืงื™ T-55 ื•-T-62 ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”-T-72 ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ 1. ื”-T-72 ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ ืจืง"ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ืืš ืžื ื’ื“ ื ืคื’ืข ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื ืงื™ ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ื•ื˜ื™ืœ ื "ื˜ TOW-2A ืฉื™ืจื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื "ื˜ ื•ืžืกื•ืงื™ ืงืจื‘. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™: ืจื•ื‘ื™ AK-47, ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื "ื˜ RPG-7 ื•-RPG-18 ื•ื˜ื™ืœ ื "ื˜ ืžื“ื’ืžื™ "ืกืื’ืจ" ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื "ื˜ "ืžื™ืœืืŸ" ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•. ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• 80 ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื’ืžื™ BMP-1 ื•-BTR-152. ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืœืœื” 300 ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžื“ื’ืžื™ ืชื•ืชื— D-30, ืชื•ืชื—ื™ 130 ืž"ืž, ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช (ืžื˜ืœ"ืจื™ื) ื•ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช 120 ืž"ืž ื•-160 ืž"ืž. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืกื“ื™ืจ. ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืง ืงืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืง ื›ื‘ื“, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ AK-47 ืจื•ืกื™ ืœืฆื“ FN FAL ื‘ืœื’ื™ ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ื–ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื˜ื ืงื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ (ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื ืงื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื) ืืš ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื ืงื™ ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืจืžืŸ M50 ืฉื”ื•ืฉื‘ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืจืงื˜ื™ืช: ืจืงื˜ื•ืช 130 ืž"ืž, ืจืงื˜ื•ืช 152 ืž"ืž, ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ืจืื“ื™ื - ืฉื ื•ืจื• ืž-100 ืžื˜ืœ"ืจื™ื ืจื‘-ืงื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืืฉ"ืฃ ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘-250 ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื. ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืฉ"ืฃ ื‘-200 ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื "ืž, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ ZSU-23-4. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœื-ืกื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื’ื ื›-60 ื˜ื ืงื™ื: T-34, T-54 ื•-T-55, ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืขืžื“ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจืช ื ื™ื™ื—ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื˜ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืืฉ"ืฃ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜, ืชื•ืœ"ืจื™ื ื "ื˜ ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื "ื˜. ืœืฆื“ ื ืง"ืœ ืจื•ืกื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”-AK-47 ื•ื”-RPG-7, ื’ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืกืขืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”-FN FAL ื•ื”-M16 ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขืœื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70, ืื•ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1984 ื ื—ื˜ืฃ ืกืืœื™ื ื’'ืืžื•ืก, ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืฉืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื•ืื“ื™ ืื‘ื• ื’'ืžื™ืœ (ื—ืืจืช' ืืœ ื™ืื”ื•ื“) ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืื– ืœื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืฉ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ืจ ื›ืžืช ืจืง ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1985 ื ืžืฆืื” ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจืื•ืœ ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ืฉื ื—ื˜ืฃ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1985 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช 300 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืฉื•ืŸ - ื‘ืŸ 65, ื ืฉื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืืœื™ ืกืจื•ืจ - ื‘ืŸ 68, ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืืœืœื” ื›ื”ืŸ - ื‘ืŸ 39 ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ื˜ืจืื‘. ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ 1985. ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื“"ืจ ืืœื™ ื—ืืœืง ื•ืงืœืžื ื˜ ื“ื ื”. ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื•, ื•ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ืจืฆื—ื•. ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘-1986 ื‘ืžืื™ 1986 ืขืœืชื” ืจืžืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืขื“ ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืงื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืคืฃ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืงื• ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื›-10 ืง"ืž ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• 2 ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื: ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™: ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื’ืช ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™: ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ืื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 1986 ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ื˜ื™ืœื™ SS-21 ื•-SS-23 ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ :ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช :ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกืจื˜ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘-1986 ื™ืฆื ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืฉืชื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ", ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘-1990 ื™ืฆื ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืงืฆืจ "ืืคื˜ืจ", ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืชืŸ ืคื•ืงืก, ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘-2008 ื™ืฆื ืกืจื˜ ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” "ื•ืืœืก ืขื ื‘ืืฉื™ืจ", ื‘ื• ืชื™ืืจ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืืจื™ ืคื•ืœืžืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื˜ื‘ื— ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ืฉืชื™ืœื”. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™"ืจ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ" - ื–ืื‘ ืืœืจื•ืŸ \ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ืง ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ (ืขื•ืจืš), ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ: ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1983 ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืจื•ื–ืŸ (ืขื•ืจืš), ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ - ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 1983 ื–ืื‘ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ืื”ื•ื“ ื™ืขืจื™, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉื•ืœืœ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, 1984 ืจื•ื‘ื™ืง ืจื•ื–ื ื˜ืœ, ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1989 ืžืฉื” ื’ื‘ืขืชื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืืฉ - ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ื“ 9, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืชืฉื "ื“-1994, ืขืž' 437โ€“454 ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื’ืœ ื•ืื™ืœื ื” ื”ืžืจืžืŸ, ืžื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื’'ื ื™ืŸ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2002 ืžื™ื›ืืœ (ืžื™ื™ืง) ืืœื“ืจ, ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 11 - ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœ"ืฉ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 1996 ื™ื•ืจื ื™ืื™ืจ (ื™ื™ื”), "ืืชื™ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ", ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, 1990 ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฆืคื•ืจื™ ื•ืืจื™ื” ืงืจื™ืฉืง, "ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ", ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 1997 ื’ื“ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช: ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1992 ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœืžืŸ, ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื“ืฉื™ื: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืคื” ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2003 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืจ, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ"ื’, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 1984 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ืคืจื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช),ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื 1983 ืžืฉื” (ืฆ'ื™ืงื•) ืชืžื™ืจ, ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืœื ืื•ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช - ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 2005 ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืœ, 2009 ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื ื˜ืœืืก, ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขื–ื™ ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื“ืืžื•ืจ ืฉื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, 2011 ืืจื™ื” ื ืื•ืจ ื•ืืจื ื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืจื•ื (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืคืจืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• (1992-1913), ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืชืฉืข"ื“, ืขืž' 523โ€“634. ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ: https://catalog.archives.gov.il/chapter/menachem-begin-memorial-book/ "ืžืœื—ืžืช "ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ"", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื™ื—ื™ืขื ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืžืจืช (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ โ€“ ืชืฉืœ"ื—โ€“ืชืฉืž"ื—, ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™, 2016 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืฉืœ"ื’ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ: ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช "ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ", ืžื•ื“ืŸ, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื•ืฆื”"ืœ โ€” ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, 2018 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, "ืžืœื—ืžืช 'ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ'", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื™ื—ื™ืขื ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืžืจืช (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ โ€“ ืชืฉืœ"ื—โ€“ืชืฉืž"ื—, ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™, 2016 ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืžื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ - ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ (ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1982 - ืžืื™ 1985), ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ: ืžื•ื“ืŸ, ืฆื”"ืœ - ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, 2019 ื™ื’ืืœ ืงื™ืคื ื™ืก, 1982, ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2022 ื“ืŸ ืžื’ืŸ, ืคืœื™ืฉื” - ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืงื™ืฅ 1982, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2023 ื“ื ื™ ืืฉืจ [ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982] ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, 2022 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ - ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืœืื” - ืืชืจ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ืืชืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ - ืื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืกืจ \ ืืชืจ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืกืคืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ืขื•ืจืš ืจืืฉื™ - ื“"ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืœื•ื™, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 2022 ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืื•ืจื ื™ื" ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืคื–"ื ืžื‘ื™ืช mako ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ืจ ืคืขื™ืœ, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืืชืจ ืžื˜"ื— ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœ"ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” (ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘"ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช", 16.07.1982) ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•"ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื ืขืœื", ื”ืจืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœ"ื (ืžื™ืœ') ื“"ืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื™, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืืœืžื•ื’, ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœ"ื’, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช 413, ื™ื•ืœื™ 2007, ืขืž' 26โ€“31 ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™-ืจืŸ, ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช "ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ" ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช 302-303, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1986, ืขืž' 25โ€“29. ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืชืจื• ืœืคืจืกื•ื, ื‘ืืชืจ "ืงืฉืช" ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ืขื ืงืช ืื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” "ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ" ื’ื“ื•ื“ 573 ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœ"ื’ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1982 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1983 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1984 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1985 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1982 ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
2024-10-02T07:50:33
ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื” 19 ื™ื•ื, ืž-6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973 ื•ืขื“ 24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ืืช 19 ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื: ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื 6โ€“10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ: ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื - ืžืชืงืคื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืขืœ ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื™ืฆื ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžืชืงืคืช ื ื’ื“ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื”. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ - ืžืชืงืคื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ. ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืกืง ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื 11โ€“14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ: ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื - ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืคื” ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉื ื‘ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ - ื”ื‘ืงืขืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืฉืง. ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื 15โ€“24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ: ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื - ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ืฆืœื— ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ื›ื‘ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ื ืจื—ื‘ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ื•ื›ื™ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ - ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืงื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช: ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื (ืžืฆืจื™ื), ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ (ืกื•ืจื™ื”) ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|296x296 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื”ื ืคืช ื“ื’ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ 6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืขื” 14:00, ืคืชื—ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ืคืชื—ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืขืฉื” ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืฉื‘ื—ืกื•ืชื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืžืฆืจื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. 5 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™"ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืฆืœื—ื• ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™, ื•ื ืื—ื–ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื”ืฆื•ืœื—ื™ื ืคืจืฆื• ืืช ืกื•ืœืœืช ื”ืขืคืจ ืฉื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ืœื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช. ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืกื™ื ื™ (ืื•ื’ื“ื” 252), ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืžื ื“ืœืจ. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 14, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœ"ื (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•ืฃ) ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืฃ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืงื• ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ - ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ - ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ "ืืœ ื‘ืœื—" ื•ืขื“ "ืจืก ืžืขืœื‘" ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉืื•ืจื›ื” ื›-200 ืง"ืž. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœืกื™ื ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืคืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืฉืœืžื”. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื•ืืžืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื, ื•ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ ืžืกื•ื’ ืกืื’ืจ ื•ืžืืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืžืฆืจื™. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืชืงืคื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“, ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ื•ืง ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืจืคื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืกื•ืœืœืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื–ื ื™ืง ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืฉืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-4 ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื‘-28 ืžื™ื’ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื. ืžืกื•ืงื™ ืกืขืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ืชื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ื”ื’ืขืช ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืœื—ื–ื™ืช. ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื• ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ืกืคื’ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื™ืจื™ ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื "ืž ื•ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืžื“ื’ื ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื‘ Tu-16 ืฉื™ื’ืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงืจืงืข "ืงืœื˜" ืœืขื‘ืจ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช 528, ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืžื—ื ื” ื˜ืกื”, ื•ืžืคืงื“ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—'. ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื™ื‘"ื 528 ื’ืจื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื ื–ืง ื›ื‘ื“, ืฉืืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืจื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื "ืž ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืฉืฉื•ื’ืจ ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืก"ืŸ ืื™ืชืŸ ื›ืจืžื™ ื‘ืžื™ืจืื–' 3. ืกื˜ื™"ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ ืžื“ื’ื ืื•ืกื” ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืคืจื™ื’ืช. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|293x293 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื ื’ืž"ืฉ BTR-50, ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 88 - ื“ื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 274. ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’ื“ื•ื“ 225 ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 274 ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืืจื ื-ืฉื™ื™ื—' ื•ืžืฉื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื-ื˜ื•ืจ ืขื“ 15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 14 ื•ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘-2 ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืœื” 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื' ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|295x295 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉืคืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืกื™ื ื™ ื›ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›-400 ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื 13 ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืฉ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™"ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ ืžืกื•ื’ ืกืื’ืจ ื’ืจืžื• ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืจื•ืš ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉืขืกืงื• ืœื‘ื“ื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ื—ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืš ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืงื™ื“ืžื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื ืืœืฅ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื ืขืจืš ืงืจื‘ ืžืจืกื ืชืœืžืืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืžืจืกื ืชืœืžืืช ืฉื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ื ืคื’ืข ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื“ืŸ (ืื•ื’ื“ื” 162) ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ (ืื•ื’ื“ื” 143) ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช. ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชืงืฃ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื "ืž ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชื’ืจ ืืš ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช. ื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืžืขื•ื–ื™ ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื–ืจื—ื”. ืืš ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืงืข ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืขื•ื–ื™ื. ื›ืš ื ืงืจืื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ 14 ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืขื•ื–ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ืคื’ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืกืื’ืจ. ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื ื›ื ืขื•. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืคืจืกื• ื•ื ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื” 3โ€“4 ืง"ืž, ื•ืœื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžื–ืจื—ื”. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ืกืžื• ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืื‘ ืืœ ืžื ื“ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ืž"ืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืื™ืฉืจ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืจ, ื•ืืžืจ ืœืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช: "ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืชื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘". 8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื‘' ืžืขื•ื– ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ื›ื ืข ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ืฆื”"ืœ ื™ืฆื ืœืžืชืงืคืช ื ื’ื“: ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืื“ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืงืจื‘ ืขื ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื ื”ื“ืคื”. ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ื ืŸ, ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉืœื— ืืช ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืœืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืขื ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืฆื™ืจ ื”ื—ืช"ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ 8โ€“10 ืง"ืž ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžื™ ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื’ื ืจืœื™ื". "ื ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช", ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื˜ื™ื‘ืข ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื“ืžื™ื˜-ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300x300 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืชื•ืชื— ืžืชื ื™ื™ืข M-50 ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื’' ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช, ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืขืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื—ืช"ื ื•ืžื’ื ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•, ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื’ื“ื” 143 ืืช ืžืชื—ืžื™ "ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ" ื•"ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ" ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชืงืคืชื ื ื”ื“ืคืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ื›ื ืขื•. ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืคื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื“-ืขืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื. ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ื ื™ ("ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœืžื”") ื”ื•ืคืจื“ ืžืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื ืขืฆืจื• ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื”. ืฆื”"ืœ ื ืขืจืš ืœื‘ืœื™ืžื” ื‘"ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื—ืช"ื", ื›ืขืฉืจื” ืง"ืž ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืชืขืœื”. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|298x298 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืฆื•ืข ื‘ืžืกื•ืง ื™ืกืขื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช 10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื“' ืจื"ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ื ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื’ื•ื ืŸ ืืžืจื” "ื•ืขื“ืช ืื’ืจื ื˜": "ืœื ืขืžื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืชืคืกื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•". ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|304x304 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ 11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื”' ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืกืง ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื’ื ื ื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื, ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืงื™ืคื”. ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื˜ื™ื‘ืข ืกืคื™ื ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืžื“ื’ื ืงื•ืžืืจ ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืืช ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื“ืœืชื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืง ื›ื‘ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ื•ืคืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื™ืฉืืœื™ื™ื. ืžื‘ืฆืข ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ืืง - ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžืกื•ืงื™ ื™ืกืขื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืŸ 22 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืกื"ืœ ืขืžื•ืก ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ M-102 ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฉืื‘ื˜ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื, ืœื’'ื‘ืœ ืขืชืงื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื— ื•ื™ืจื” 90 ืคื’ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืคืงื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืฆื•ืžืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืง"ืž ื”-101 ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืงื”ื™ืจ-ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื”ืกื‘ ืœื”ื ื ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืชืคื ื” ืœืœื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื. 12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื˜"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื•' ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื "ืž ื›ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืžืชืงืคื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ืžืขื•ื– "ื”ืžื–ื—", ืžื•ืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ ืชืื•ืคื™ืง, ื ื›ื ืข. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|303x303 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืืคืจื™ื ื—ืžื™ืืœ, ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 274, ืžืชืคืœืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชื ื•ืขืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื 13 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืžื ื“ืœืจ, ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืกื™ื ื™ (252), ื ื”ืจื’ ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื’ืž"ืฉ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ืฉื ืข ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื™, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ "ืกื™ืจื™ื•ืก". ืืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืงืœืžืŸ ืžื’ืŸ. ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข "ื–ื ื‘ืจ". ื”ืกื™ื™ืจืช, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื’ื™ื•ืจื ื–ื•ืจืข, ืžื•ื˜ืกืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืกื•ืงื™ ื™ืกืขื•ืจ ืžืจืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืง ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืกื•ืืฅ-ืงื”ื™ืจ ืขื ื’'ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื•ืœ"ืจื™ื ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื” ื›ื•ืชืžื™ื”.. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื•ืงืจ ื”ื ื˜ืจ ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœืื•ื’ื“ืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ 175 ืž"ืž ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘-48 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืื ื˜ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื™ื. 14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื' ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืœื”ื‘ืงื™ืข ืœืขื•ืžืง ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืคืจืฆื• ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื•ื•ืื“ื™ ืžื‘ืขื•ืง. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื‘ืœืžื• ืžืชืงืคื” ื–ื•. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื›-200 ื˜ื ืงื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช 20 ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื ืขื” ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื”"ืœ ืœืฆืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืืžืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, "ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื•". ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืคื’ืข ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงืฉื™ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ื‘ืข ื›-19 ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืก-ืข'ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ. 15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื˜ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื‘' ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|311x311 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžืชืงืคื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฆืœื— ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืชืขืœื”. ืขื ืขืจื‘ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื‘ื™ืจื™ ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”-15 ืœ-16 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฆืœื—ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—"ื˜ ื“ื ื™ ืžื˜ ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืื’ื ื”ืžืจ, ื•ืชืคืกื• ืจืืฉ ื’ืฉืจ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืชืขืœื”. ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื’ื ื”ืžืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื’ื“ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. 16 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื’' ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ื ืชืงืขื• ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช "ืชืžืกื—" ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื (21 ื˜ื ืงื™ื) ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื™ืฆืื• ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ืž, ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘, ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื ื•ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื "ืž ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืฆื™ืจื™ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœื”ื. 17 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื“' ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”-16 ืœ-17 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ื“ืจื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื”ื™ืžื™ ืœื ืžืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“ ื•ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืงื™ื ื’ืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, "ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช", ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื "ื™ื•ื ื™ืคืœื•ื˜". ื‘ 18:30 ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืจ. ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”. ื’ื“ื•ื“ 890 ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืกืคื’ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืฆื ื›ื•ื— ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ืคืจ ืกืจืคืื•ื ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกืคื’ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืœืงืจืืช ืขืจื‘ ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืœื‘ืœื™ืžืชื”. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ื’ื“ืช ืžื’ืŸ ื•ืžืื•ื’ื“ืช ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉื ืขื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืื’ื ื”ืžืจ. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|304x304px|ื˜ื ืง ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืชืžืกื— 18 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”-17 ืœ-18 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืื“ืŸ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื” ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 421 ื ืขื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืขื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 9 ืง"ืž ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžืขืœ 40 ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืืžืฅ ืžืจื•ื›ื– ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื 20 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืชืงื™ืคื” ื•ืžืกื•ืงื™ ืžื™-8 ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืœ"ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื™ื 14 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืกื•ืงื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืคืฆื— 22, ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื ื˜ืจื”-ืืกืžืืขื™ืœื™ื”. ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืฉืฉ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื“ื’ื ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื•ืกืงื™ื™ื”ื•ืง. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|310x310px|ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช 19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื•' ื‘ืฉืขื” 10:00 ืœืขืจืš ืฆื•ืœื—ืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 14 ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ืžืขืจื‘ื”, ื ืขื” ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืืช ืžืชื—ื ืื•ืจื—ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืจ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ื– ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|261x261 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ 20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืจ. ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื•ืขื“ ื”-22 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืืกืžืืขื™ืœื™ื”. ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืื“ืŸ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ื“ืจื•ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”, ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื”, ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกื•ืืฅ ื•ื ืžืœ ืขื“ื‘ื™ื”. ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชืžืงืžื” ื•ื”ืชื—ืคืจื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. 21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื” ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื' ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ื—ื“ืจ ื›-15 ืง"ืž ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžืฆืจื™ื. 22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื‘' ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”-21 ืœ-22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืคืขืœื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื”ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ืžืœ ืข'ืจื“ืงื” ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื” ืกื˜ื™"ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ ืžื“ื’ื ืงื•ืžืืจ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื™ืชืงื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกืžืืขื™ืœื™ื” ืœืกื•ืืฅ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืกื•ืืฅ-ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”-101 ืžืงื”ื™ืจ. ืžืชืงืคืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืกืงืื“ - ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืกืงืื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”. ื‘-18:52 ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉืœื ื ืฉืžืจื”.ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœืืกืžืืขื™ืœื™ื”. 23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื’' ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืœื ื ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื - ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฉืžืืœ|ืืœ"ื ื–ืื‘ ืืœืžื•ื’ (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ), ืžืคืงื“ ื–ื™ืจืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืกื"ืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจ (ื‘ืžืจื›ื–), ืžื’"ื“ 195, ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื–"ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ (ืžืฉืžืืœ) ื‘ื ืžืœ ืขื“ื‘ื™ื” 24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื“' ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื ืžืœ ืขื“ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ. ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ื ืžืœ. ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืื“ืŸ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกื•ืืฅ, ืืš ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขื–ื” ื•ืกืคื’ื” ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืื“ืžืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ("ืืคืจื™ืงื”", ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื), ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื 100 ืง"ืž ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืงื”ื™ืจ. ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ื•ืชืจื”, ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื’ื•ื•ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆืžื ื•ื‘ืจืขื‘. ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ 6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืขื” 13:55, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืคืชื— ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืจื—ื‘ื”: 3 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื›ืŸ ืชืงืคื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื•ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืฉืชื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื”ืชืงืคื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 132 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื ืคืœ ื‘ืฉืขื” 16:00 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืกื•ืจื™, ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืก ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืงื™ื. ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืœืก ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื•ืคื™ื–ืจื• ืขืฉืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืขืฉืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉืขื” 21:00 ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื›ื— ืฉืœ 17 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘, ื•ืขืฉืจื” ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘-12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืจื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืœ ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืกืชืชืจ ืฉื. ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืขืกืงื” ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36 - ืื•ื’ื“ื” ืกื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืชื"ืœ ืจืคืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ. ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 7 ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 188 ื‘ื“ืจื•ื. ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื™ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื›ื–ื• ืฉื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืงื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ - ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื. ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคื•ื ื• ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื›ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืืœ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื•ืคื™, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“, ืฉืชื™ืคืงื“ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ - ื‘ืื—ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื” ื•ืฆื•ืžืช ืจืคื™ื“. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|305x305 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื' ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื˜ืงื™ื” ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืข ื—ืžืฉ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืขื™ื›ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืคืจืฆื• ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื›ื•ื— ืกื•ืจื™ (ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืช, ื—ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™"ืจ 9) ื ืข ืžื›ื•ื“ื ื” (ืฉื ื”ื‘ืงื™ืขื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™) ืžืขืจื‘ื” ื•ืคื•ื ื” ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืื’ืฃ ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 7 ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื”. "ื›ื•ื— ื˜ื™ื™ื’ืจ", ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 7 ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืคืœื•ื’ื” ืžื•ืงื˜ื ืช (7 ื˜ื ืงื™ื) ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืกืจืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื–ืžื™ืจ, ื—ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืืจื‘ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›- 60 ื›ืœื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื ื‘ืœืžื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื ืกื•ื’. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžืขืจืš ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ื "ืž ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื“ื•ื’ืžืŸ. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 188 ("ื‘ืจืง"), ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœ"ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฉื”ื, ืฉื ืฉืื” ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื›ื•ื—ื”. ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 7, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœ"ื ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ืœ, ืฉื ืฉืื” ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“. ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื ื’ืจืžื• ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช: ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืื™ืชืŸ, ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื“ืŸ ืœื ืจ. ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืžื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœ"ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื ืคื˜" ืขื“ ื ืคื—. ืžืคืงื“ืช ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืื™ืชืŸ ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžื—ื ื” ื ืคื—. ื‘ื ืคื— ื”ืชืคืชื— ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื ("ื›ื— ืฆื‘ื™ืงื”", ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื 179 ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 188) ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžื—"ื˜ 188 ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฉื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 679 ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ ืื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘ ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืŸ-ืฉื”ื. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ ืงืฆื‘ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื ื•ื‘, ืžืจื—ืง 7 ืง"ืž ืžื”ื›ื ืจืช. ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ืขื“ ื”ืขืจื‘, ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื. ืื•ื’ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืชื"ืœ ืžืฉื” ืคืœื“, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืชื•ื“ื” ืžื˜ื›"ืœื™ืช, ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืžืฆื‘ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืžื’ื™ืข ืจื‘-ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืœืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|289x289 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. 8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื‘' ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžืชืงืคืช ื ื’ื“. ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืคืœื“ ืชืงืคื” ืžื“ืจื•ื, ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื ืจ ืชืงืคื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ื‘ืœื™ืžื”. ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ืžื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืš ื ืกื•ื’ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกืคื’ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื’ืจื• ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืงืจืงืข ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื ืคืจื•ื’ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|329x329 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื’' ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืคืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืงืจื‘ ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื - ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ืงืขื” ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื”, ืืš ื ื›ืฉืœื•. ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”: ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—, ื‘ืชื™ ื–ื™ืงื•ืง, ืžืื’ืจื™ ื“ืœืง, ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ F-4 ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ืืช ืžืคืงื“ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง. ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžืฉืง, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื•ืœืช ื’ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืขืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืคืจื•ื’-7 ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืขืžืง ื•ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื™ืœ-ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืžืช ื“ื•ื“. ื”ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื‘ื "ืž, ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื–ื’-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกื•ืขืจ. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชืงืฃ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื“ืœืง ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื›ื•ื— ืžืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืคืœื•ื’ืช ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืœ, ื”ื•ืงืคืฅ ืœืžื—ื ื” ื ืคื— ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื ื—ื™ืชื™ื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืกื™ื™ืจืช. 10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื“' ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชืงืฃ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื•ืคืฆืฅ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžืืœืฅ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช "ืงืื ื˜ื™ื ื”" ื•"ืื•ืงืœื”ื•ืžื”" ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื“ืžืฉืง ื•ืืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืก ืฉืกื™ืคืงื• ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืจื‘ืขื™ ืžืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืกื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ. ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื”ื“ืคื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื›-900 ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ืฆื”"ืœ ื ืขืจืš ืœืงืจื‘ ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื“ืžืฉืง. 11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื”' ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžืชืงืคื”. ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืื™ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ืงื™ืขื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ"ืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ" (ืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”) ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืืœ ืžื–ืจืขืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื’'ืŸ. ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื ืจ ื”ื‘ืงื™ืขื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ืืš ืกืคื’ื” ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืฉื‘ืขื” ืกื˜ื™ืœ"ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ื–ื• ืฉื ื™ ื ืžืœื™ ื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื (ื ืžืœ ืœื˜ืงื™ื” ื•ื ืžืœ ืžื™ื ืช ืืœ-ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื”), ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื• ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžื›ืœื™ ื“ืœืง ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืืก ื•ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช. 12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื˜"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื•' ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืคื–, ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ื•ืชื•ื ืช ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืขื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžืขื™ืจืืง ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช. ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื“ืžืฉืง. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช 06:00 ื•ืขื“ 09:10 ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืžืจื•ื›ื–. ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื“ื” 36 ื•ืื•ื’ื“ื” 210 ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืืฉ ื "ืž ืžื•ืคืœื™ื ืชืฉืขื” ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ืคืชื— ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช, ื”ืงืจื‘ ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ืจืช ื•ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื ืจ. ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ื–ื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืืœ-ืžืื–ื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ ื“ืžืฉืง. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|309x309 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžื™ืจืื–' 5 ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื˜ืก ืžืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|319x319 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื™ืจื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ 13 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื, ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืคื–, ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื“ื•ื™ื“ืงื” ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ื™ื™ืคื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื›-350 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉื ืขื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื—ื•ืžืก-ื“ืžืฉืง. ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ื•ืชื•ื ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืืฉ ืืš ืœืœื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืืœ ืžืื–ื” ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง. ืžื˜ื•ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืคืœ, ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื• ื ื˜ืฉื• ื•ื—ื•ืœืฆื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื– ืœื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”-12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืœ ืžืื” ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืงืคื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื™ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื™ื 11 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื ืจ ื˜ืžื ื” ืžืืจื‘ ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ื•ื”ื›ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”-13โ€“14 ื›ื‘ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ื“ 567 ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื 317 ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืกื"ืœ ืืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืœื ืืช ืชืœ ื-ืฉืžืก. ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืฉืœื—ื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|316x316 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื™ืจื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื 14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื' ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืคื’ื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืืœ ืžืื–ื”. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื“ืžืฉืง. 15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื˜ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื‘' ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ืžื›ืœื™ ื“ืœืง ื‘ื˜ืจื˜ื•ืก. 16 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื› ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื’' ืขื ืฉื—ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•. ื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืžื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—, ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ 40 ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ื›ื•ื— ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื ื”ื“ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. 18 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื”' ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. 19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื›"ื’- ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื•' ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืคืจ ืื•ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื ืกื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช. 21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื” ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื' ื›ื•ื— ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงืฉื” ื•ืจื‘ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื, ืฉื ืžืฉืš 12 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ืืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ, "ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”", ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. 22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื‘' ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช. 23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื’' ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ื•ืคืจื” - ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื’ื™ื–ื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ื—ื•ืœื”. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืžืก ื•ืžืื’ืจื™ ื“ืœืง ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื™ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. 24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื“' ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช 6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืช ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื ืžืกืจืช ืœื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื›ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืชืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืชื•ืื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” 18:00. ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืžืชืงืคืช ืžื ืข ืฉืขืžื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ, ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืœืื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื• ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืขื, ืืš ืžืจื—ืงื ืžื”ืืžืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืืžืจื”: "ืฆื”"ืœ ื ืœื—ื ื•ื”ื•ื“ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื”. ืœืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื’ืจืžื• ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช... ืื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืคืชืขื ื•. ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืคื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช". 8 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื‘' ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื "ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื" ื•ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืขืœ "ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™". ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ, ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืฉืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื–ื•. 9 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื’' 10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื“' ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ, ืืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช ื“ื—ื• ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ืช. 12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื˜"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื•' ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ, ื“ื•ื“ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ืคืœื“, ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืกืื“ืืช, ื“ื—ื” ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืกืื“ืืช ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืžื•ืจื” ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. 14 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื' ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื˜ื ืง ืžืกื•ื’ M60 ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืง ืžืžื˜ื•ืก C-5 ื’ืœืงืกื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืงืœ ื’ืจืืก ืžื˜ื•ืก "ื’ืœืงืกื™" ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืœื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื›ืืœืฃ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”. 16 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื’' ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ืงื•ืกื™ื’ื™ืŸ, ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื“ืœ ืืช ืกืื“ืืช ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. 19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื’ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื•' ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืขืœื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ, ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ืกื›ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื-ื•ืžืชืŸ, ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ืชื™ืขืชืจ. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืŸ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื˜ื™ืกื” ืœืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ืžืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”. 22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื‘' ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 338 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืชื•ืš 12 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืจื’ืข ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” 17:52. ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”. 23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื– ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื’' ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื ืขื ืชื” ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 339 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ ืื•"ื ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื, ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. 24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื— ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื“' ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืฉืขื” 7:00, ืœืœื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขืžื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช. 25 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›"ื˜ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื™ื•ื ื”' ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืจืื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
2024-02-26T16:08:59
ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™
ืคึทึผืืง ืฆ'ื•ึนื ึฐื’-ื”ึดื™ (ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื ื’ื•ืœ: ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ; ื‘ื”ื ื’'ื”: ๆœดๆญฃ็†™; ื ื”ื’ื” ื›"ืคึทึผืืง ืฆึท'ืื ึฐื’-ื—ึฐืึดื™", IPA: [pak.สจสŒล‹.xษฐi]; 14 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1917 โ€“ 26 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1979) ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื ืื™, ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ืื”ึผ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื ืช 1961 ื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘-1979. ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ ืคืืง ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-14 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืื• ื‘-30 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1917 ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืงื™ื•ื ื’ืกืื ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” (ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืคืŸ), ืœื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื˜ื’ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื ืฆ'ื•ืงื•ื• (ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืžื“ื™ื ืช-ื—ืกื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ื”), ืฉื ื ืจืฉื ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ 1944. ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฉื›ื—ื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื•. ืขื ืชื•ื ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืฆื ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™. ื‘-16 ื‘ืžืื™ 1961 ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ืœื”ืคื™ื›ื”, ืฉื ื—ืœื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื. ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื ื•. ืขื ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1963 ื’ื‘ืจ ืคืืง ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•, ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•-ืกืืŸ. ื”ื’ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœืฉืžืฆื” ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื• ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. ื‘-1964, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื ื™ืคืŸ. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฆืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™, ืฉื’ืจื ืœืกืขืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื”. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•, ื”ื•ืขืฆืžื” ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงืชื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช, ืคืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, "ื—ื•ืงืช ื™ื•ืฉื™ืŸ" (1972). ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1974 ื ื›ืฉืœื” ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืคืืง, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื ื”ืจื’ื” ืืฉืชื•. ื‘-26 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1979 ื ืจืฆื— ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืฆ'ื”-ื’ื™ื•, ืจืืฉ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘-2012 ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง, ืคืืง ื’ื•ืŸ-ื”ื™ื™ื”, ืœื ืฉื™ืืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืคืืง ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1917 ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืคืืง ื™ืœื“ ืฉืืคืชืŸ ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ "ื ื—ื•ืช" ืœื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื. ืคืืง ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื’ื™ื ื’, ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืงื™ื ื’ืกืื ื’-ืคื•ืงื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1931 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœืžื ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ื” (ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ืกื™ืŸ) ืžื™ื“ื™ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื—ืกื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืงื•ื•. ืขื ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืงื•ื•, ืคืืง ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ื ืจืฉื ืฉื ืœืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืคืืง ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœื™ื“ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•. ืขื ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1944 ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœืฆื•ืขืจ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ืจื’ื™ืžื ื˜ ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื•ื ื’ (ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ื”) ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืขื“ ืœื›ื ื™ืขืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1945, ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืคืืง ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืืš ืคืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืœืช ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืงื•ื•. ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืงื•ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืงืื ื’ื“ื”, ืงื™ืกืจ ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืงื•ื•. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืคืืง ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ืขื ื›ื ื™ืขืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงื• ืจื•ื—ื‘ 38 ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื›ืฉืคืืง ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ืก, ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœื›ืคืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื” ืฉืงื˜ื” ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื•. ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืงืข ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ (ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช), ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืงืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ื“ื•ืžื”. ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1946, ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืงืคื˜ืŸ. ื—ื•ืงืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืื•ืžืฆื” ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1948, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืื•ืžื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืคืจื•-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืคืืง ื”ื•ื“ื— ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื—ื ื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืœื™ ืกื™ื ื’-ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ืก ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื• ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™. ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืคืœืฉื” ืœื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1950 ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”. ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืืง ื ืงืจื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืžื”ืจื”. ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืืจืง ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช - ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”. ืคืืจืง ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื ืืžื ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ื›ื” ืœืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953, ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืคืืง ื”ืชืงื“ื ืœื“ืจื’ืช ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื ืจืœ (ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื"ืœ); ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 36, ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื, ืคืืง ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกื™ืœ, ืื•ืงืœื”ื•ืžื”. ืคืืง ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”. ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™"ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื’ื ืจืœ, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืœื ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1957, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื” ืœืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช. ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื ื•ื“ืข ืคืืง ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื• ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื›ืœืœื• ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื ืจืœื™ ืฆื‘ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื ื”ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืคืืง ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœื›ื•ื— ืจืงืข ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1948, ืื™ืžืฆื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื™ ืกื™ื ื’-ืžืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”. ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืื™ืžืฆื” ื’ื ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืžืžืฉืœ ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช. ืœื™ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1952 ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืกืคื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืืกืคื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ืคืœื”, ืืš ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ืคื•ืกืืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื”ืืกืคื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช, ืคืืง ื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™. ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืืœื•, ืœื™ ืกื™ื ื’-ืžืŸ, ืฉืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืขื“ 1960, ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ ืฉืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ืืฃ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืฉืขืฆื ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ "ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™" ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฉื›ื ืขื• ืืช ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ืฆ'ืื ื’ ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื“ื—ืชื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™, ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ืื™ ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ืฉืจืจ ื‘ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ ื•ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชืคืจ. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืœื™, ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•-ืกืืŸ, ื”ืชืงืฉื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืœื˜ืงืกื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืคืืง ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื—ื•ื ื˜ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช", ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืื™ืžืฆื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช, ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฆ'ืื ื’ ืขืฉืชื” ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ืœื™. ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื™, ื”ื—ืœื• ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื“ื•ื›ืื• ื•ื”ืคืœื’ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืจืง ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช. ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื” ื›ืขืช ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื’ื™ื, ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื ื™ื, ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืคืœื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฆ'ืื ื’ ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืฉื™ืง ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืกืจืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘-16 ื‘ืžืื™ 1961 ืชืคืก ื”ืฆื‘ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคืืง ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื•. ืขื ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœืคื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช. ื”ื—ื•ื ื˜ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื’ื ืจืœ ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ื›ืขืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœ, ืคื™ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืืกืคื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืœืื•ืžื™ (SCNR) ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืคืืง ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1961, ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคืืง ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“ ืงื ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™. ืงื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืคืืง ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€“ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1962 ืคืจืกื ื”-SCNR ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ื—ืœืฉ ืงืฉื•ืช. ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืื•ืฉืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช 1963. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืฉื ืช 1963 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืคืืง ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื™ืงื— ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืชื•ืงื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื” ืื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืขืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืชืฉื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกืขืจื” ืžืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื ื˜ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื•ืžืžืฆื‘ ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืคืืง ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ืžืจืฆืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื›-160 ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื’ื ืจืœื™ื, ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ืคืืง, ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ื™ื›ืจ (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”), ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืคืืง ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช (DRP) ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื™. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1963. ืคืืง ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•-ืกื•ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™. ื‘ืžืื™ 1967 ืคืืง ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”-DRP ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืกืคื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (NDP), ืฉืจืืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืก ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ื˜ืขื ื• ืœื”ื•ื ืื” ื•ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืืกืคื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|245x245 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืคืืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957, ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื ืจืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืคืืง ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืคืŸโ€“ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™, ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืกืš 200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืกืš 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืกื•ื‘ืกื“ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1966 ืœืคื™ "ื”ืกื›ื ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช". ืคืืง ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื” ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืกื‘ืกื“ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืชืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืชโ€“ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืคืืง ื ืื ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ื• ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ื— ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื—ืชืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1902 ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื•-ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ืคืืง ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื–ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืงื‘ ืื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืงืฉื•ืช. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืฉืœื—ื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื‘ืงื” ื ื’ื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื•ื”ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืงื•ื ื’. ืื•ืชื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœ-80 ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš 8,000 ืขื“ 9,000 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื™ ืœืื™ ื–ื›ื” ืœืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืชืื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•, ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื•. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืžื–ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื™ืžื” ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ืกื™ืกื˜ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•. ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื—ืงื™ืจืชื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ื‘ื—. ื›ืžื” ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง, ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืจื™ื’ื”. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื ืขื” ืžื”ื ื•ืฉื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™. ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœืฆื‘ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ื—. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฆืจ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื• ืขื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืžืžืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืคื˜. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืกื’ืจื” ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืื•ืœ ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืคืืง ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืืช ืกื’ื™ืจืชื”, ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื” ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง. ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ (ื“ืื– ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ) ื›ื•ื ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1962 ื•ื ืคืชื—ื• ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1967. ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953 ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืฉื ืžืฉื›ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืชื—ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžืžืฉืœ ืงื™ื ืื™ืœ-ืกื•ื ื’ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ืœ. ืœื™ ื”ื•-ืจืืง, ืžื ื”ืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืคื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”-2 ืœ-5 ื‘ืžืื™ 1972, ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ืื ื’-ื’'ื• ืžืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื’; ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช, ืคืืง ืกื•ื ื’-ืฆ'ื•ืœ, ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 29 ื‘ืžืื™ ืœ-1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1972, ืœืงื™ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขื ืœื™ ื”ื•-ืจืืง. ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ, ืœืžืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ืจื– ืืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืœืœื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืขื ืื—ื“, ืฉืžืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ืคื— ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืฅ ืื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืœื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื, ืœืงื“ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื–ืจื– ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื, ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืžื™ื“ืข, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื›ื•). ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฆืคื•ืŸ/ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื”, ืœื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืงื• ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืื•ืœ ืœืคื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื’. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื "ืœ, ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื—ื•ื“, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ื“ืจื•ื-ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื™ ื”ื•-ืจืืง ืžื”ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืงื™ื ื™ืื ื’-ื’'ื• ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื›ื™ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื "ืœ ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”The July 4 South-North Joint Communiquรฉ, made by the UN. ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|"ืžื’ื“ืœ ืงืœืคื™ื" ืœืคืืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฆืขื“ ืฆื‘ืื™. ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ, ืื ื›ื™ ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื•ืกื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื ืคื’ืขื• ืงืฉื•ืช. ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 89 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961, ืžืงื•ื 101 ืžืชื•ืš 125 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™; ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื“ื•ืจื’ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื™ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ื’ื• ื•ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1965 ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื“ื•, ืขื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ 106 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืขื•ืžืช 121 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืขื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ืง ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืงื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื. ืชืคื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืกื™ื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1962โ€“1966, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช (ืžืœื˜, ื ืคื˜, ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืคืœื“ื”), ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืชื”, ืฉืชื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžืื™. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื• ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืกืคื™ ืžืฆื“ ื”-ICA (ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™), ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืกืคืงื”, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืงืœื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืขืœื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืงืจืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืืžื ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื™ืคืŸ, ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชืจืžื• ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื•ืคื—ื, ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื ื˜ืจื•ืœ ื™ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื (1962โ€“1966). ืžืžืฉืœ ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช, ืคืœื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืคื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ื•ื”ืชืž"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ืžื• ืคืœื“ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™-ื‘ื•ื (ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ื”-60). ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื”ืชืจืกืง. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ืคื˜. ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืคืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973, ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-19 ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1976 ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ืขืœื” ืขืœ 1,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืช-ืžื—ื•ื– ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืกื™ืื•ืœ. ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคืืง ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื”ื•ืžื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”-DRP ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื–ื›ืื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ืช. ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1969. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1971 ื ื™ืฆื— ืคืืง ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื ืจืืชื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” 89 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช 113 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ื‘ื” ื”-DRP ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1971, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืคืืง ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 10 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื (ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1972) ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืขื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื•ืคื™ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ื—ื•ืงืช ื™ื•ืฉื™ืŸ". ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973. ื‘-27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1973 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืจืง 146 ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœืืกืคื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื›ืœืœ 219 ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘-73 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, "ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”" ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘-52 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื ื–ื›ื• ื‘-19 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืืช 73 ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืคืืง ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื—ืจ. ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืงืช ื™ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ "ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™". ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1974 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคืืง ืฆื• ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ ืžืก' 1, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงืช ื™ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”. ืฆื• ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžืก' 2 ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืคืจื™ื ืืช ืฆื• ืžืก' 1 ืœืœื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืขื•ื ืฉื™ ืžืืกืจ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 15 ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืกื“ืจืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ื: ืฆื• ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ ืžืก' 3, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1974, ืงื™ืฆืฅ ืื• ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ื•ืฆื ืฆื• ืžืก' 4 ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื•ืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง, ืชื›ื ื ื” ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืŸ ื’'ื™ืื”-ืื™ืŸ, ืฉืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ืœื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. +ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ืฉื ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช19631967197119721978ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ืืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ DRP 4,702,640 46.6%ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ DRP 5,688,666 51.4%ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ DRP 6,342,828 53.2%ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ DRP 9,960,601 99.92%ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ DRP 13,319,076 99.88%ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•-ืกืืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ 4,546,614 45.1%ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•-ืกืืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื 4,526,541 40.9%ืงื™ื ื“ื”-ื’'ื•ื ื’ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื 5,395,900 45.3%ืื™ืŸ (ืคืืง ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“)ืื™ืŸ (ืคืืง ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“) NTK|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืคืืง (ืžืฉืžืืœ) ืขื ื•ื™ืœื™ ื‘ืจื ื“ื˜ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืฉื ืช 1964. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืคืืง ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ืชื™ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจื” ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื) ื•ืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืจืข ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื˜ื™ืฉื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื—ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ืœืฉื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคืืง ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969; ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื›ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขื ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆ'ื™ืื ื’ ืงืื™ ืฉืง ื‘ื˜ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืื• ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืืช ืคืืง ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ EC-121 ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชืงืคื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืงื˜ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื—ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง. ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœื—ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™"ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971, ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1974โ€“1975. ืคืืง ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ื’ื ืœืจืฆื— ืืฉืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื ืงืฉ ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974. ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืจืช ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื ืคืœื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1975, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ืœืื—ืจ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ื•ื”ืงืžืช "ื—ื•ืงืช ื™ื•ืฉื™ืŸ" ื‘-1972. ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื•ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ื• ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืคืืง ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ืขื“ 1975 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื ืคืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ื•ื”ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ (ADD), ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืฉื "ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ 890". ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคืืง ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1974, ืื ื›ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ืคืฅ ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1972 ื‘-ADD, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ADD ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ืžื—ื•"ืœ ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข 1975 ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื ืคืฅ, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ืคืฅ ื•ืงื•ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘. ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื›ืœืœื• ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืกื‘ืœื” ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืฆื•ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื ืคืฅ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื‘ืืžืฆืข 1976 ืžื ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-250 ืื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื™ืกื• ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื“ืœืงื™ื, ืžื›ื ื™ืงื”, ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื. "ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื", ืฉื”-CIA ืชื™ืืจื” ื›ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, "ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" ืื ื›ื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ืฉืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœ-CIA (ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™, ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™, ืคืฆืฆืช ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื”-CIA, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1974, ืื™ืฉืจ ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคืชื— ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1975 ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืฉืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคืืง ื‘-27 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1975. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืจืœ, ืกื™ืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ืคื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1976, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืคืืง ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืฆืจืคืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1976, ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืขื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ (ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืชื•ืขื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื). ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ 1976. ืคืืง ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืชื• ืžื”ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžืฆื“ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘-18 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1976, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืขืžื“ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืืจืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืžื—ื•ืคื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ B-52 ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ืจืก ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืžื›"ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ืœืคืื ื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืกื˜ื™ืœื•ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืงื• ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ. ืžืคื’ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืขืฆื•ื ื–ื”, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก" ืืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ, ื—ืจื’ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ืคื” ืืœื™ื” ืคืืง. ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžืœืื”, "ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคื•ื—ื“ืช", ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ ื‘-26 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1976. ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœื ืชืง ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืคืืง ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ 890 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ "ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ", ื”-CIA ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1978 ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื›ื™: ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขืฉืจืช ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื. ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืื’ื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ SEATO ื‘ืžื ื™ืœื”, ืคืืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืฉืžืืœ. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ 26 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1979, ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’-ื”ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ (ื”ืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ืื•ืœ). ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืขืœ ืœื™ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืชืกื™ืกื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืงื™ื ื™ืื ื’-ืกื ืžื”ืืกื™ืคื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืืจืง. ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉื™ืงืคื” ืืช ื“ืื’ื•ืชื™ื•, ืžื ื”ืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™, ืงื™ื ื’'ื”-ืงื™ื•, ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฆ'ื” ื’'ื™-ืฆ'ื•ืœ, ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืžืฉืคื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ. ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ืคืืง ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ 18 ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ืžืื‘ืง ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆ'ื” ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื—ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ื, ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืฉื‘ ืขื ืืงื“ื— ืžื•ืกืชืจ ื‘ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื•. ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”, ืงื™ื ื”ืจื™ื ื ืฉืงื• ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืฆ'ื” ื•ื’ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคืืง. ืงื™ื ืื– ื™ืจื” ืœื›ืชืคื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื” ื•ืœื—ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžืช. ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื— ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืชืคืก ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ื˜ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื›ื™ ืคืขืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืคื•ืขืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื”. ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ืฆ'ื•ืŸ ื“ื•-ื”ื•ื•ืืŸ, ืงื‘ืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื ืคืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืขืก ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ืคืืง ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกื™ืื•ืœ. ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ืื–, ืฆ'ื•ื™ ืงื™ื•-ื”ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื” ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ. ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ืืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืจื“ ื’ื•ื•ืื ื’ื–'ื•. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1979 ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉื ืกื•ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื•ืฆ'ื•ืŸ ื“ื•-ื”ื•ื•ืืŸ, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืจื’ื ื• ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉื”ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™. ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1981 ื—ื•ืงืช ื™ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ืคืืง ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2020, ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคืืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžืกื•ืจ. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ืŸ ืฆ'ืื”-ื”ื• ื•ืฆ'ื• ื ื-ืกื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืคืืง ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืคื™ื”ื ื”ืขื ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืืจืฅ ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช ื•ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื’'ื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื (ืžื™ื ื™ื’'ื•ืง ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื–ื” "ืขื ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™"). ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืืชื ื•-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืคืืง ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืขืจื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื ืื•-ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื“ื•, ืงื•ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืžื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ. ืชื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืื•ื—ื“ื• ืชื—ืช ืคืืง ืœืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ ื”ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื• ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“. ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื“ืจื’ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœืชืืจื™ืš ืงื‘ืœื”ื”ืขืจื•ืชืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|66x66 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืชืช-ืœื•ื™ื˜ื ื ื˜ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืงื•ื•ืกื’ืŸ-ืžืฉื ื”23 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1944ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ืชืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|66x66 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืœื•ื™ื˜ื ื ื˜ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืงื•ื•ืกื’ืŸ1 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1945ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|46x46 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืชืช ืœื•ื™ื˜ื ื ื˜ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืกื•ืŸืกื’ืŸ-ืžืฉื ื”14 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1946ื ื™ืชื ื” ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืชืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|46x46 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืงืคื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืกื•ืŸืกืจืŸ27 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1947ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|46x46 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืžื™ื™ื’'ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืกื•ืŸืจื‘-ืกืจืŸ1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1948ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|46x46 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืœื•ื˜ื ื ื˜ ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืชืกื’ืŸ ืืœื•ืฃ15 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1950ืฆื‘ื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืกื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืฆื‘ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืชืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|46x46 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืชืืœื•ืฃ-ืžืฉื ื”15 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1951ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|46x46 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื ืจืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืชืชืช-ืืœื•ืฃ25 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1953ื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|46x46 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืžื™ื™ื’'ื•ืจ ื’ื ืจืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืชืืœื•ืฃ1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1958ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|46x46 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืœื•ื˜ื ื ื˜ ื’ื ืจืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืชืจื‘-ืืœื•ืฃ11 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1961ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|46x46 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืชืจื‘-ืืœื•ืฃ1 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1961ื ื™ืชื ื” ืขื ื”ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื’ื•ื ื’ื•ื•ื” ืฆื• ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืกืŸ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ืœื” ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื›ืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกื“ืจ ื ืฉืจ ื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ื ืžืกื“ืจ ืืจื™ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื” ืžืกื“ืจ ืื•ืœื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืžืกื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืืœ ืืžื“ื•ืจ ื’ืจืจื• ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ืคืจื• ืžืกื“ืจ ืกื™ืงื˜ื•ื ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื—ืจื‘ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจืคื™ื ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืจืื’'ืžื™ื˜ืจืื‘ื”ื•ืจืŸ ืžืกื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืฆ'ืืงืจื™ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืืœื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฉื™ืื™ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ ืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1917 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1979 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20
2024-05-11T09:03:50
ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืขืจื•ื›ื” ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™, ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื”. ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ืช, ื”ืžื‘ืืจื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื”. ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื›ืš ืฉืชืกื•ื“ืจ ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืžืœ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ. ืžืก' ืกืžืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉื ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืคืื–ื” ื˜ืžืค' ื”ืชื›ื” (ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ) ื˜ืžืค' ืจืชื™ื—ื” (ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ) ืžืกื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ 1 H ืžื™ืžืŸ (ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื’ืŸ) ืืœ-ืžืชื›ืช ื’ื– 14.025 20.268 1.00794 1 1776 2 He ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื’ื– ืืฆื™ืœ ื’ื– 0.95 4.22 4.002602 2 1868 3 Li ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื (ืื‘ื ืŸ) ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 453.69 1,615 6.941 2,1 1817 4 Be ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื (ื’ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืขืคืจื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 1,551.15 3,243.15 9.01218 2,2 1798 5 B ื‘ื•ืจื•ืŸ (ื‘ื•ืจ) ืžืชื›ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืžื•ืฆืง 2,349 4,200 10.811 2,3 1824? 6 C ืคื—ืžืŸ (ืงืจื‘ื•ืŸ) ืืœ-ืžืชื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 3,773 5,100 12.0107 2,4 ืขืชื™ืง 7 N ื—ื ืงืŸ (ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ื’ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื˜) ืืœ-ืžืชื›ืช ื’ื– 63.14 77.35 14.0067 2,5 1772 8 O ื—ืžืฆืŸ (ืื•ืงืกื™ื’ืŸ) ืืœ-ืžืชื›ืช ื’ื– 50.35 90.18 15.9994 2,6 1771 9 F ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื’ืŸ ื’ื– 53.53 85.03 18.9984 2,7 1886? 10 Ne ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ื– ืืฆื™ืœ ื’ื– 24.56 27.07 20.1797 2,8 1898 11 Na ื ืชืจืŸ (ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ื, ื ื˜ืจื™ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 370.87 1,156 22.989770 2,8,1 1807? 12 Mg ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืขืคืจื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 923 1,363 24.305 2,8,2 1808? 13 Al ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื (ื—ืžืจืŸ) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆืง 933.47 2,792 26.981538 2,8,3 1827 14 Si ืฆื•ืจืŸ (ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ) ืžืชื›ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืžื•ืฆืง 1,687 3,173 28.0855 2,8,4 1787 15 P ื–ืจื—ืŸ (ืคื•ืกืคื•ืจ) ืืœ-ืžืชื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 317.3 550 30.973761 2,8,5 1669 16 S ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช (ืกื•ืœืคื•ืจ) ืืœ-ืžืชื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 388.36 717.87 32.065 2,8,6 ืขืชื™ืง 17 Cl ื›ืœื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื’ืŸ ื’ื– 171.6 239.11 35.4 2,8,7 1774 18 Ar ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื– ืืฆื™ืœ ื’ื– 83.8 87.3 39.948 2,8,8 1894 19 K ืืฉืœื’ืŸ (ืคื•ื˜ืืกื™ื•ื, ืงืœื™ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 336.53 1,032 39.0983 2,8,8,1 1807 20 Ca ืกื™ื“ืŸ (ืงืœืฆื™ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืขืคืจื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 1,115 1,757 40.078 2,8,8,2 1808 21 Sc ืกืงื ื“ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,814 3,103 44.955910 2,8,9,2 1879 22 Ti ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,941 3,560 47.867 2,8,10,2 1791 23 V ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,175 3,682 50.9415 2,8,11,2 1801 24 Cr ื›ืจื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,130 2,945 51.9961 2,8,13,1 ? 25 Mn ืžื ื’ืŸ ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,517 2,235 54.938049 2,8,13,2 1774 26 Fe ื‘ืจื–ืœ (ืคืจื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,808 3,023 55.845 2,8,14,2 ืขืชื™ืง 27 Co ืงื•ื‘ืœื˜ ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,768 3,200 58.933200 2,8,15,2 1735 28 Ni ื ื™ืงืœ ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,728 3,186 58.6934 2,8,16,2 ืขืชื™ืง 29 Cu ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,357.6 2,840 63.536 2,8,18,1 ืขืชื™ืง 30 Zn ืื‘ืฅ (ื–ื™ื ืงื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 692.68 1,180 65.409 2,8,18,2 ืขืชื™ืง 31 Ga ื’ืœื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆืง 302.91 2,477 69.723 2,8,18,3 1875 32 Ge ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืžื•ืฆืง 1,211.4 3,093 72.64 2,8,18,4 1886 33 As ืืจืกืŸ (ื–ืจื ื™ืš) ืžืชื›ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืžื•ืฆืง 1,090 887 74.92160 2,8,18,5 ? 34 Se ืกืœื ื™ื•ื ืืœ-ืžืชื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 494 957.8 78.96 2,8,18,6 1817 35 Br ื‘ืจื•ื ื”ืœื•ื’ืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœ 265.8 332 79.904 2,8,18,7 1826 36 Kr ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืŸ (ืžื—ื‘ื•ืืŸ) ื’ื– ืืฆื™ืœ ื’ื– 115.79 119.93 83.798 2,8,18,8 1898 37 Rb ืจื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 312.46 961 85.4678 2,8,18,8,1 1861 38 Sr ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืขืคืจื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 1,050 1,655 87.62 2,8,18,8,2 1798 39 Y ืื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,799 3,609 88.90585 2,8,18,9,2 1928 40 Zr ื–ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,128 4,682 91.224 2,8,18,10,2 1789 41 Nb ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื (ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,750 5,017 92.90638 2,8,18,12,1 1801 42 Mo ืžื•ืœื™ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,896 4,912 95.94 2,8,18,13,1 1778 43 Tc ื˜ื›ื ืฆื™ื•ื (ืžื–ื•ืจื™ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,477 4,538 (98) 2,8,18,14,1 1937? 44 Ru ืจื•ืชื ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,607 4,423 101.07 2,8,18,15,1 1844 45 Rh ืจื•ื“ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,237 3,968 102.90550 2,8,18,16,1 1803 46 Pd ืคืœื“ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,828.05 3,236 106.42 2,8,18,18,0 1803 47 Ag ื›ืกืฃ (ืืจื’ื ื˜ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,234.93 2,435 107.8682 2,8,18,18,1 ืขืชื™ืง 48 Cd ืงื“ืžื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 594.22 1,040 112.411 2,8,18,18,2 1817 49 In ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆืง 429.75 2,345 114.818 2,8,18,18,3 1863 50 Sn ื‘ื“ื™ืœ (ืกื˜ื ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆืง 505.08 2,875 118.710 2,8,18,18,4 ืขืชื™ืง 51 Sb ืื ื˜ื™ืžื•ืŸ (ืคื•ืš, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืžื•ืฆืง 903.78 1,860 121.760 2,8,18,18,5 ? 52 Te ื˜ืœื•ืจ ืžืชื›ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืžื•ืฆืง 722.66 1,261 127.60 2,8,18,18,6 1782 53 I ื™ื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื’ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืง 386.85 457.4 126.90447 2,8,18,18,7 1811 54 Xe ืงืกื ื•ืŸ ื’ื– ืืฆื™ืœ ื’ื– 161.4 165.1 131.293 2,8,18,18,8 1898 55 Cs ืฆื–ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 301.59 944 132.90545 2,8,18,18,8,1 1860 56 Ba ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืขืคืจื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 1,000 2,143 137.327 2,8,18,18,8,2 1774? 57 La ืœื ืชืŸ ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,193 3,730 138.9055 2,8,18,18,9,2 1839 58 Ce ืฆืจื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,071 3,699 140.116 2,8,18,19,9,2 1803 59 Pr ืคืจืกืื•ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,204 3,793 140.90765(2) 2,8,18,21,8,2 1885? 60 Nd ื ืื•ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,297 3,373 144.24(3) 2,8,18,22,8,2 1885 61 Pm ืคืจื•ืžืชื™ื•ื (ืื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื) ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,373 3,273 145 2,8,18,23,8,2 1945 62 Sm ืกืžืจื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,345 2,076 150.36(3) 2,8,18,24,8,2 1853 63 Eu ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,099 1,800 151.964(1) 2,8,18,25,8,2 1901? 64 Gd ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,585 3,523 157.25(3) 2,8,18,25,9,2 1880? 65 Tb ื˜ืจื‘ื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,629 3,503 158.92534(2) 2,8,18,27,8,2 1843 66 Dy ื“ื™ืกืคืจื•ืกื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,680 2,840 162.500(1) 2,8,18,28,8,2 1886 67 Ho ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,747 2,968 164.9034 2,8,18,29,8,2 1878 68 Er ืืจื‘ื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,802 3,140 167.26 2,8,18,30,8,2 1843 69 Tm ืชื•ืœื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,818 2,223 168.9342 2,8,18,31,8,2 1879 70 Yb ืื™ื˜ืจื‘ื™ื•ื ืœื ืชื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,092 1,469 173.04 2,8,18,32,8,2 1878 71 Lu ืœื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ื (ืงืกื™ื•ืคื™ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,925 3,675 174.967 2,8,18,32,9,2 1907 72 Hf ื”ืคื ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,506 4,876 178.49 2,8,18,32,10,2 1923 73 Ta ื˜ื ื˜ืœื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 3,290 5,731 180.9479 2,8,18,32,11,2 1802 74 W ื˜ื•ื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ (ื•ื•ืœืคืจื) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 3,695 5,828 183.84 2,8,18,32,12,2 1781? 75 Re ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 3,459 5,869 186.207 2,8,18,32,13,2 1925 76 Os ืื•ืกืžื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 3,306 5,285 190.23 2,8,18,32,14,2 1803 77 Ir ืื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,739 4,701 192.217 2,8,18,32,15,2 1803 78 Pt ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื” ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,041.4 4,098 195.078 2,8,18,32,17,1 ? 79 Au ื–ื”ื‘ (ืื•ืจื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,337.33 3,129 196.96655 2,8,18,32,18,1 ืขืชื™ืง 80 Hg ื›ืกืคื™ืช (ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื’ื™ืจื•ื, ืžืจืงื•ืจื™) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื ื•ื–ืœ 234.32 629.88 200.59 2,8,18,32,18,2 ืขืชื™ืง 81 Tl ืชืœื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆืง 577 1,746 204.3833 2,8,18,32,18,3 1861 82 Pb ืขื•ืคืจืช (ืื‘ืจ, ืคืœื•ืžื‘ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆืง 600.61 2,022 207.2 2,8,18,32,18,4 ืขืชื™ืง 83 Bi ื‘ื™ืกืžื•ื˜ ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆืง 544.4 1,837 208.98038 2,8,18,32,18,5 1753? 84 Po ืคื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืžื•ืฆืง 527 1,235 209? 2,8,18,32,18,6 1898 85 At ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืŸ (ืืœื‘ืžื™ืŸ) ื”ืœื•ื’ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืง 575 ? [210] 2,8,18,32,18,7 1940? 86 Rn ืจื“ื•ืŸ (ื ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ) ื’ื– ืืฆื™ืœ ื’ื– 202 211.3 [222] 2,8,18,32,18,8 1900 87 Fr ืคืจื ืฆื™ื•ื (ื•ื™ืจื’ื™ื ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 300 950 (223) 2,8,18,32,18,8,1 1939 88 Ra ืจื“ื™ื•ื (ืื•ืจื™ืช) ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ืขืคืจื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืง 973 2,010 (226.0254) 2,8,18,32,18,8,2 1898 89 Ac ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,323 3,473 (227) 2,8,18,32,18,9,2 1899 90 Th ืชื•ืจื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,028 5,061 232.0381 2,8,18,32,18,10,2 1828 91 Pa ืคืจื•ื˜ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 2,113 4,300 231.03588(2) 2,8,18,32,20,9,2 1913 92 U ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง 1,405 4,091 238.0289 2,8,18,32,22,8,2 1789 93 Np ื ืคื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 237.0482 2,8,18,32,23,8,21940 94 Pu ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 244.06 2,8,18,32,24,8,2 1941 95 Am ืืžืจื™ืฆื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 243.06 2,8,18,32,25,8,2 1944 96 Cm ืงื™ืจื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 247.07 2,8,18,32,25,9,2 1944 97 Bk ื‘ืจืงืœื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 247 2,8,18,32,27,8,2 1949 98 Cf ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 251 2,8,18,32,28,8,2 1950 99 Es ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 252 2,8,18,32,29,8,2 1952 100 Fm ืคืจืžื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 257 2,8,18,32,30,8,2 1952 101 Md ืžื ื“ืœื‘ื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 258 2,8,18,32,31,8,2 1955 102 No ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 259 2,8,18,32,32,8,2 1958 103 Lr ืœื•ืจื ืฆื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 260 2,8,18,32,32,9,2 1961 104 Rf ืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 261 2,8,18,32,32,10,2 1964 105 Db ื“ื•ื‘ื ื™ื•ื (ื”ืื ื™ื•ื) ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 262 2,8,18,32,32,11,2 1967 106 Sg ืกื™ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 263 2,8,18,32,32,12,2 1974 107 Bh ื‘ื•ื”ืจื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 262 2,8,18,32,32,13,2 1976 108 Hs ื”ืืกื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 265 2,8,18,32,32,14,2 1984 109 Mt ืžื™ื™ื˜ื ืจื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 266 2,8,18,32,32,15,2 1982 110 Ds ื“ืจืžืฉื˜ื˜ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 269 2,8,18,32,32,16,2 1994 111 Rg ืจื ื˜ื’ื ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 272 2,8,18,32,32,18,1 1994 112 Cn ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื ื•ื–ืœ ? ? 285 2,8,18,32,32,18,2 1996 113 Nh ื ื™ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 285 2,8,18,32,32,18,3 2004 114 Fl ืคืœืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 289 2,8,18,32,32,18,4 1999 115 Mc ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 288 2,8,18,32,32,18,5 2004 116 Lv ืœื™ื‘ืจืžื•ืจื™ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆืง ? ? 292 2,8,18,32,32,18,6 1999 117 Ts ื˜ื ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื’ืŸ? ืžื•ืฆืง? ? ? 295 2,8,18,32,32,18,7 2010 118 Og ืื•ื’ืื ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื– ืืฆื™ืœ? ื’ื–? ? ? 294 2,8,18,32,32,18,8 2006 ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ, ืฉื˜ืจื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื: ืื•ื ื•ื ื ื™ื•ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืก ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ** ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช
2023-09-28T20:13:53
ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”
ื—ึดื–ึฐื‘ึฐึผืึทืœืœึทึผื” (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุญุฒุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ โ€“ "ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืœ" ืื• "ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืืœ", ื‘ืชืขืชื™ืง ืžื“ื•ื™ืง: ื—ื–ื‘ ืืœืœื”) ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืคืœื’ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืกืœืืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช-ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช "ืืžืœ", ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžืชื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช, ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช, ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืคื ื™ื-ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืื• ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ืœื™ื˜ื, ืกืจื‘ื™ื”, ืืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ, ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”, ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืคืจื’ื•ื•ืื™, ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืก ื•ืงื ื“ื”. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืกืœืืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื ื•ืชื• "ืืœ-ืžื•ืงึทืื•ึทืžึทื”" (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ โ€“ "ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช"). ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื•ืงื ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ึพ1982 (ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ึพ1984). ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ื ืชื”, ืžื™ืžื ื” ื•ืฆื™ื™ื“ื” ืืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื•ืœื›ืš ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืœื ืขื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืชื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื™ืจืืŸ ืขื–ืจื” ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืงืžืชื• ืจื•ืื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื™ื ืช ื ื’ื“ื”. ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉืžื” ืืœื "ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื”" ืื• "ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™". ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื, ืืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืขื’'ืจ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื•ื—ืžื™ื•. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ืจื•ืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืŸ ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืœื”, ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1992 ืขื“ 2024 ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื™ื“ ื—ืกืŸ ื ืกืจืืœืœื”, ืขื“ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-29 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื”ืืฉื ืกืคื™ ื-ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ืฉืœ ื ืกืจืืœืœื”. ื”ืืฉื ืกืคื™ ื-ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื“ ืœืชืงื™ืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘-3 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืืกืคื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-10 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2006 ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื”ืงืžืชื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืชื ื•ืขืช "ืืžืœ", ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1981. ื‘-21 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982 ืคืจืฉื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืžืืžืœ ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืื•ื•ื™ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช "ืืžืœ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™". ื”ืจืงืข ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื™ืืก ืกืจื›ื™ืก. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1984, ื‘ืžืœืืช ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ืฉืชื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ืงื ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื• ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืœื™ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืžืœ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื•. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ืขื™ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ืืžืœ, ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื” ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ืคืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ืคื ื• ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื™ื—' ืกื™ื™ื“ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืคื“ืœืืœืœื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ื“ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื•, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, 1,500 ืื ืฉื™ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœืคื“ืœืืœืœื” ื•ืœืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœื‘ื›. ืคื“ืœืืœืœื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืคื’ืŸ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืคื—ื“ ืžืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืขื“ื” ื•ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื โ€“ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืœ. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง, ืขืœื™ ืื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื—ืชืฉืžื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืฉืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื "ืขื“ืช ื”ืืœ" (ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื’ื "ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืืœ") ื‘ืงื•ืจืืŸ, ืกื•ืจืช ืืœ-ืžืืื™ื“ื” (ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ), ืคืกื•ืง ื "ื•: โ€“ "ื•ึทืึฒืฉึถืจ ื™ึดืชึฐื—ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ืึถืœ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืฉึฐืืœึดื™ื—ื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึทืึฒืžึดื™ื ึดื™ื ืึตืœึถึผื” ื”ึตื ืžึดืคึฐืœึทื’ึทึผืช ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึตื ื™ึดื’ึฐื‘ึธึผืจื•ึผ". ื”ืกื™ืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืกืžืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ (ืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื–ื”). ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ (ืชื•ืืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ) ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ื—ื™ ืืœ-ื˜ื•ืคื™ื™ืœื™, ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืชื•ืœืœื” ื—'ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคื™ื™ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืœืง ืžื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืขื‘ืืก ืžื•ืกืื•ื•ื™. ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื”ืงืืŸ, ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืืข. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื’ ืžื•ืกืื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ึพ16 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1992 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ืงื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื— ื—ืกืŸ ื ืกืจืืœืœื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืกืจืืœืœื” ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ "ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”", ื•ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื” ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืœื•ืง ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืžืื“ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“, ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, "ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช" ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื. ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื: "ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื", "ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ", "ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™" ื•"ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช". ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื–ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืืจื™ื ืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ืืกื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืฃ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ื• ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื˜ื™ืกื” 847 ืฉืœ TWA. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1988โ€“1991 ื”ื—ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืžืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื™, ืขื“ ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช "ื”ืกื›ื ื“ืžืฉืง ื”ืฉื ื™", ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื‘ืจืจื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืขืœ ืืžืœ. ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1982, ืฉืœื—ื” ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื“ืจืš ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืืข ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืืช ืกื™ื™ื“ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืคื“ืœืืœืœื”, ืื™ืฉ ื“ืช ืฉื™ืขื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื•ืžืจื™, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื•ื“ืชื™-ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืื™ืจืืŸ. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืคืจื•ึพืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืขืœื™-ืจื–ื ืขืกื’ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1982โ€“1984 ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ืœืฆื“ืง" ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช" (ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืขื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื”). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ("ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืืœ") ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื˜ืคื• ืืช ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื‘ืืงืœื™, ืจืืฉ ืชื—ื ืช ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’. ืœืื—ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985 ืžืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืคืš ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืฆื“"ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื ืฉืง ื”ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆื“"ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืœื ืžืื•ืžืŸ ื›ื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ื‘ืฉื, ืœืฉื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœื˜ื‘ื•ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืขื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฆื”"ืœ ืื™ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืฆื“"ืœ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืจื™ืกื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช ืืš ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ื”ืกืชืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื” (37 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื) ื‘-1987, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื™ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘-1988 ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื•ืง ื•ืกื“ืจ (30 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื) ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชืขืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื”ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื•, ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืœื•ื—ืžืช ื’ืจื™ืœื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987 ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืกืŸ ื ืกืจืืœืœื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืžืœ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื” ื•ื›ืคืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1987 ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื˜ืฃ 14 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื• 23 ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืชื•ืฆืืช ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืžืช ืงืฅ ืœืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989 ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืืžืœ. ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1990 ื”ืงื™ื ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฆื‘ื ืกื“ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื• ืขืžื“ ื ืกืจืืœืœื”. ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|350px|ืžืคืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ; ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื ืฉืงืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉืื™ืคืชื• ืœืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”, ื•ืชื™ืขืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื ืงืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992 ื”ื—ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื’ืจื ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžื‘ืฆืข ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžึพ25 ืขื“ 31 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1993, ื™ืฆื ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื ื’ื“ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื’ืจื ืœื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื•ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื ื‘ื™ ื–ืขื ื‘ื™ืŸ 11 ืœึพ27 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1996, ื™ืฆื ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ื–ื” ืชืงืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืจ ื™ืžื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช (777 ื‘ืžืกืคืจ). ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื•ืคืกืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ืคื’ื– ืฉื’ืจื ืœื›ืžืื” ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงืื ื, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื™ ื–ืขื". ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ื” ืื™-ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ืฆื“, ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืจืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื’ืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื ื™ืกื” ื’ื ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ืื“, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืกืžื™ืจืง ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ืฉื•ืžืืŸ, ืคืื•ื–ื™ ืื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ืื“ ื—'ืืœื“ ืืฉื•ืื— ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื.ืื•ืจ ืคื™ืืœืงื•ื‘, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืœ"ืž 87, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020, ืขืž' 25โ€“27 ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื ืงืžื” ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก, ื‘ื™ืจืช ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1992 ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืจื’ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืขื‘ืืก ืžื•ืกืื•ื•ื™. ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘ึพ18 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1994 ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืœ ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ (ื‘-26 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™) ืื™ืจืขื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืงืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื ื” ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื ื“ื™ืจืื ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื ื˜ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”. ืื ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชืคืจืกื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื, ื•ืคืจืกื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืืœืคื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ืžืื–ืŸ ืื™ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช 2006, ื•ืฉื™ืชืง ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื—ืจืฆืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื’ืจื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจ ื“ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื". ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืขืช ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™, ื˜ืขื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืื•"ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืืช ื ืกื™ื’ืชื” ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื•, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื ืฉื˜ื— ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ, ืฉื ื’ื“ื• ืจืฉืื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื“ื•ื‘ื‘. ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื•ื ืฃ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจืื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ืืœื”, ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•: ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื, ื‘ึพ7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2000, ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ: ืขื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืขื•ืžืจ ืกื•ืืขื“, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจ ื“ื‘; ื•ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื˜ื ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจ ื›ืš. ื˜ื ื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ื•ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื”, ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘-29 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2004 ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2005 ื™ืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืกื•ื›ืœ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืžืืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืชื—ื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื "ืž ืงื ื™, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืœื ืคืขื ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื "ืž ืœื™ืจื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืคืชื—ื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืืฉ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื˜ืžื™ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืกืคืงืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืชื ื–ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื—ืœืœื™ ืืœ-ืืงืฆื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืกื• ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืกื•ื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื™ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืกื’ื ื•, ื˜ืœืืœ ื—ืžื™ื”, ื ื—ืฉื“ื• ื›ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก). ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” (ืขื“ ืœื”ืจื™ื’ืชื• ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2008) ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช 26 ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจืืฉื™ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”. ืคืจืก ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืžืกื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื•ืœื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ. ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ "ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข". ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”: ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ื•ื ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ืชืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, 2006 ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2006 ื—ื˜ืฃ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื”ืจื’ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื. ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ื—ื™ืคื”, ื ืฆืจืช, ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืคื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื“ืจื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 33 ื™ืžื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›-3,970 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืง ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื–ื•ืจืข ื”ืจืก ืจื‘, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื ื”ืจื™ื”, ืžืขืœื•ืช-ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื ื•ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ. ืฆื”"ืœ ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ ื”ื“ืื—ื™ื™ื”), ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืงืืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืžืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืกื˜ื™"ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ื– ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ืž"ืชื™ื ื‘ื›ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ืคื’ื–ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื›ืืœืฃ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›-11,000 ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืฆื”"ืœ ืคื’ืข ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืฉืจื™ื, ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—, ืžืื’ืจื™ ื“ืœืง ื•ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื• ืžื ื•ืฃ ืœืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžืฆื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืชืงื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืขื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืงื• ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื›-700 ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื‘ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื—, ืœืคืฆื•ืข ื›ืืœืฃ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ื ืฉืง ืจื‘. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืจื’ 121 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•-44 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ืจื ืœื›-300,000 ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืคื’ืข ื‘ืกื˜ื™"ืœ, ื‘ืžืกื•ืง ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ืžื“ื’ื ื™ืกืขื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื›-50 ื˜ื ืงื™ ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ื•ื ื’ืž"ืฉื™ื. ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ, ืฉืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื ืฉื‘ืจ. ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื™ืจื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื, ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื ืฉืงื•, ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืœื™ื˜ื ื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ืฆื‘ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคืจืก ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื•: ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื“ืื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืฆื ื™ืข ืืช ื ืฉืงื•, ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื™"ืœ, ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื—ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืžื•ื ื” 15,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆื‘ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืžื‘ืจื’ื• ื ืฉืง ืขืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืชื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื ื’ื“ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื›ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืžืฆืžืฆืžื•ืช ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•. ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื ืกืจืืœืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชืœ, ืœื”ืฆื˜ื“ืง ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ืŸ ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ื”ืจืก ื•ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ, ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ึพ2008 ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœื—ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืขืžื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืจืชืข ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ืคืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืจืฆื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘-2008 ื•ื”ืกื›ื ืงื˜ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ, ื‘-27 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2008 ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืื—ื™ื™ื”. ืฆื‘ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืžืจืืฉ ืคืชื— ื‘ืืฉ ื•ื”ืจื’ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืืžืœ. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ืคืฆืขื• 29 ืื™ืฉ. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืื‘ืœ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘-7 ื‘ืžืื™ 2008 ืคืชื— ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 81 ืื™ืฉ ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• 250. ื”ืขื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืจืฉืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืคืจืก ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื•ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื•ืคื™ืง ืฉืงื™ื™ืจ, ืื™ืฉ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืฉืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื‘ืจื—ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื•, ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืคืขืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืœืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื ืง"ืœ, ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืกื’ืจ ืขืœ ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื ืžืœ ื”ื™ืžื™, ืฉืจืคื• ืื•ืœืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืืœ-ืžื•ืกืชืงื‘ืœ, ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื”ืคืขื ืฆื‘ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื ืฆืจ ืืช ื ืฉืงื• ื•ืขืžื“ ืžื ื’ื“, ื•ืœื ืคืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืคื•ืื“ ืกื ื™ื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื• ืชื—ืช ืžืฉืžืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื, ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื•-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื ืฉืงื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืฉืงื•, ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืคืœื’ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื) ืžื ืฉืงื, ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื“ ื’'ื•ื ื‘ืœืื˜, ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืžืื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื ื” (ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื). ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ ื ื›ื ืขื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืชื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืื™ 2008 ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื›ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ืชื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืขื™ื. ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืœืฆื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ื ื™. ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงืคื™ื ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” "ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉื ืืช ืื—ื™ื" (ืคืชื ื”), "ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™", ื•"ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืงื—ื” ืืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™", ื•ืคืงืคืงื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘"ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช" ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžื•ืงึทืื•ึทึผืžึทื”) ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื•. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-2009 ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009 ื’ื•ืฉ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื–ื›ื• ื‘-57 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื—ื ื” 14 ื‘ืžืจืฅ โ€“ ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ ืฉื–ื›ื• ื‘-71 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคืกื“ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ืืš ืื™ื™ืžื• ืœื‘ืœ ื™ืขื– ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื ืžื ืฉืงื. ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืฆื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ื•ืฉื™ืœืฉ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ื‘-2010 ื”ื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›-45 ืืœืฃ. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2010 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืกืงืื“ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคืจื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื”ืคืจื” ื–ื• ื’ืจืžื” ืœืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก, ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ึพ2024 ื”ื•ืขืจืš ืฉืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›-40,000โ€“50,000 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื, 140,000 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืื•ืช ื›ื˜ื‘"ืžื™ื, ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฃึพื™ื ื™ืื—ื•ื ื˜, ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื "ืž SA-22. ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื“ ื—ืจื™ืจื™, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืžืžืฉืœืช ื ื’'ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืงืืชื™ ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ืžื—ื ื” 8 ื‘ืžืจืฅ" ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื” 18 ืžืชื•ืš 30 ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื•. ื“"ืจ ืขืžืจื™ ื ื™ืจ, ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ "ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืจืชืขืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœื™". ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื’ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื‘ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืชืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžืกื“ื™. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืžืกื“. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื–ื”ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื ืฉืง ื•ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื”ื. ืคืจื•ืค' ืงื™ื™ืก ืคื™ืจื•, ืžื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขื‘ืจ, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจื™ืจื™ "ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคื ื” ืœืขื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื ืฉืง, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืจืข ื‘-2008". ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืงืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2008, ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ ื™ื ืงืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื—ืฉื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื‘ื›ืš. ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืกื•ื›ืœื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื ืขืฆืจื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืืงื•. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2009 ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉืžื ื” 49 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืชื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2009 ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืชื ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“ ืคืขื™ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืข. ื‘-24 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ืกื•ื›ืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืื–ืจื‘ื™ื™ื’'ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื‘ื™ื™ื’'ืŸ ืขืฆืจื• 3 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืื•ืžื ื•, ืžื•ืžื ื• ื•ืฆื•ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื•ืช, ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ื•ืจื’ืก, ืฉื‘ื• ืงื™ืคื—ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ืฉืืจ ืืœ-ืืกื“ ื‘ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ), ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืืœืคื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืฉืืจ ืืœ-ืืกื“. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื•, ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ืกื ื™ ื ืฉืง ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœืฆื“ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืกื“. ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2013 ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืก ื•ื‘ืงื•ืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™, ื•ืืฃ ืกืคื’ื• ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช (ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื), ื‘ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื: ืขืœื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื‘, ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ (ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื”). ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืชืงืคื• ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื“ืื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื™ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ื ื™ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2013 ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืื—ืžื“ ืืœ-ืืกื™ืจ ืชืงืคื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื‘ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื’ื ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ืชื•ืคืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ 2013 ืœื™ื ื•ืืจ 2014 ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ื‘ื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• 25 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื‘ื”ื ื ืกืคื— ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื—ืกืืŸ ื-ืœืงื™ืก. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื• ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืื—ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2013, ื›ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื” ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืืœ-ืืกื“ ื•ืืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ืœื•, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ื›ื™ืžื™ (ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ืชืงืคื”) โ€“ ื™ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืืœ-ืงืจื“ืื•ื•ื™, ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืคื•ืกืงื™ ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ืกื•ื ื™, ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ื ื•ืืžืจ: . ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื ืฉืง ืžืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืงื™ืคืช ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืจื™ืฃ ื“ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2013, ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง ื‘ืžืื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืชืงื™ืคืช ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื‘ื› ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2014, ื•ืชืงื™ืคื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2015 ืฉื‘ื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ืขืœื™ ืืœืœื” ื“ืื“ื™ ื•ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ืจื” ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ืคืจ ืข'ื’'ืจ. ืžื”ื™ืจื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ ื•-7 ื ืคืฆืขื•. ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื—ืกืŸ ื ืกืจืืœืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืื™ื‘ื“ ืฉื ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื—ืžื™ื• (ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืŸ 1,000 ืœ-3,000 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›-7,000โ€“8,000 ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื). ื‘-13 ื‘ืžืื™ 2016 ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื ื‘ื“ืจ ื-ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื”ืงื™ื ืงืืกื ืกื•ืœื™ืžืื ื™ ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ืžืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืืกื“ ื ื’ื“ ื“ืืขืฉ ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื—ืคืจ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื“ืจื• ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื”ื—ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืœ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืืœื”. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ื•ืœื• ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืชืช ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืขื™ืœื” ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ืจืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ืช. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ื’ืขื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ืฉื ืจื›ืฉ ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” "ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื" ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2013 ืœ-2015, ื•ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืกื•ื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืœื• ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” โ€“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื, ื”ืกื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ื”ืกื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ื’ ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืžืื™ืจืืŸ, ื•ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื "ืžืจื›ื– ืกืจืก" ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื›ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื˜ืขื ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืื“ ืฉื•ื›ืจ. ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื—ื™ื–ืง ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืš ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ืžื—ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžื—ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืชืงืคื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืœืงื—ื• ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ื ืžืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ืืฉื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืžื—ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื ืฉืžืขื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ืžื ืฉืงื•, ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืืฆื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ืกืŸ ื ืกืจืืœืœื”, ื•ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจืคืช, ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืžืงืจื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ื ืžืœ, ืงืจืื• ืืœื™ื• ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2023โ€“2024 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืชื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื—ืžืืก, ืคืชื— ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜ ื•ื›ื˜ื‘"ืžื™ื ื•ื’ืจื ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฆื”"ืœ ืคื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื›ึพ60 ืืœืฃ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ืœื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื. ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื‘ ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื–ืง ื›ื‘ื“ ืœื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžื—ืกื ื™ ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื›ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ืจืžื• ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืžืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืกื“ืจืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื. ืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืคื’ื™ื– ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจืืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืžืืฉ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืกืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื— ืจื“ื•ืืŸ, ืกืžื™ ื˜ืืœื‘ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ืžืคืงื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช "ื ืืกืจ", ืื‘ื• ื ืขืžื” ื ืืกืจ, ืžืคืงื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช "ืขื–ื™ื–", ืคื•ืื“ ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืื‘ืจืื”ื™ื ืขืงื™ืœ, ืจืืฉ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื— ืจื“ื•ืืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื‘-27 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืชืงืฃ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื“ืื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ืžื•ืงืžื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื ื”ืจืกื• ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื”. ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ื ื”ืจื’ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื—ืกืŸ ื ืกืจืืœืœื” ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืฆืžืจืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืขืœื™ ื›ืจื›ื™. ื‘-30 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ืงืจืงืขื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื‘ึพ10 ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื "ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช RPG-7 ื‘ืขืœ ืจืฉ"ืง ื—ืœื•ืœ ื“ื•-ืฉืœื‘ื™ (ื˜ืื ื“ื). ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ื“ืจ ื•ื—ืฉืื™, ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืฆื•ื™ื“; ืื•ืœื ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืžืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžืื™ืจืืŸ, ื“ืจืš ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™. ืฆื™ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื›ืžื• ื–ืจื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืช. ื ืฉืง ืงืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืงืœื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืงืœืฆ'ื ื™ืงื•ื‘, ืžืงืœืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืฆืœืคื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื™ื“, ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ ืชืงื ื™ ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืœืฆื“ ืืœื•, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช, ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ, ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืชืจืžื™ ืœืจืื™ื™ืช ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืื–ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื. ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื”-122, ืคื’'ืจ ื•ืคื’'ืจ-5 ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ 75 ืง"ืž. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื–ืœื–ืืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ 160โ€“250 ืง"ืž. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜, ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ืกื™: ืกืื’ืจ, 9M111 ืคืื’ื•ื˜, 9M113 ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจืก, ื•-9M133 ืงื•ืจื ื˜; ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืจืื ื™: ืจืขื“, ื˜ืื•ืกืืŸ, ื˜ื•ืคืืŸ; ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™: ืžื™ืœืืŸ. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื’ื ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืคืื“ื™ - ืคืื“ื™ 1 ื•ืคืื“ื™ 2. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” 140,000โ€“190,000 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ื, ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 1,200 ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืืจืกื ืœ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืืš ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื•ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื™ืฉ ื›-40,000 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ "ื’ืจืื“" ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ 15โ€“20 ืง"ืž, ื›-5,000 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ืœื–ืืœ, ืคืื’'ืจ 3 ื•-5, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืื• ืจืืื“ 2 ื•-3 ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ โ€“ ืขื“ 200 ืง"ืž, ื•ื›-5,000 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ืœื–ืืœ ืื• ืคืืชื— 110 (M600) ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื-ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ โ€“ 200โ€“300 ืง"ืž. ื”ื ื’ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืกืงืื“ C ื•-D ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 700 ืง"ืž. ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืคืืชื— 110, ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ื—ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ, ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ GPS ื•ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื”ืจืก ื ื™ื›ืจ. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืงื•ื˜ืจ (ื‘ืž"ืž) ืจืืฉ ืงืจื‘ (ื‘ืง"ื’) ื˜ื•ื•ื— (ื‘ืง"ืž) ืืจืฅ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ื’ 63 107 1.3 8.5 ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžืžื™ืชื‘ื•ืจื›ืืŸืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข100โ€“50010 ืจืงื˜ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช ืžืฉืงืœ ืคืœืง 1 240 50 9โ€“10 ืคืœืง 2 303 120 11 ื’ืจืื“ (ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื”) 122 21 40 ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื™ื’ืจ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ BM-27 ืื•ืจืื’ืŸ 220 100 40 ืคื’'ืจ 3 240 45 43 ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืคื’'ืจ 5 333 90 75 M-302 302 175 100 ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืžืจื›ื– ืกืจืก ื ืื–ืขืืช 356 ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข 100โ€“130 ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ืจืืŸโ€“ืขื™ืจืืง ื–ืœื–ืืœ 1 ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข 600 125โ€“160 ื–ืœื–ืืœ 2 610 600 200โ€“250 ืคืืชื— 110 610 500โ€“650 250 M-600 610 500โ€“650 250 ื˜ื™ืœ ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืžืจื›ื– ืกืจืก ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืกืงืื“ D880500700ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2015 ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื›-10 ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืงืื“ืจ 1 620 500 190 ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืฉื•ื’ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ืœืขื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืจื˜. ื ืฉืง ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืกื•ื’ ื›ืžื•ืช ืืจืฅ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช RPG-7 ืจืงื˜ื” ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืื™ืจืืŸ RPG-29 ืจืงื˜ื” ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข RPG-30 ืจืงื˜ื” ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืกืืขืงื” ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ืจืกื” ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ืœ-M47 Dragon ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ 9M14 ืžืœื™ื•ื˜ืงื” ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื 500 ื•ืžืขืœื” ืจืขื“ ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ืจืกื” ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ืœ-9M14 ืžืœื™ื•ื˜ืงื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ 9M111 ืคืื’ื•ื˜ ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื 50 ื•ืžืขืœื” 9M113 ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจืก ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื 50 ื•ืžืขืœื” 9M133 ืงื•ืจื ื˜ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ืืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื˜ืื•ืกืืŸ ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ืจืกื” ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ืœ-9M113 ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ 9K115-2 ืžื˜ื™ืก-M ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื 50 ื•ืžืขืœื” BGM-71 ื˜ืื• ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื 10 ื•ืžืขืœื” ืกื•ืคืง ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉืื”, ื•ืžืฉื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื˜ื•ืคืืŸ ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ืจืกื” ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ืœ-BGM-71 ื˜ืื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืžื™ืœืืŸ ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข M40 ืชื•ืชื— ืœืœื ืจืชืข ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืืœืžืืกื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคื™ื™ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื 3 ื“ื’ืžื™ื: ืืœืžืืก 1 ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 4 ืง"ืž, ืืœืžืืก 2 ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 8 ืง"ืž, ื•ืืœืžืืก 3 ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 16 ืง"ืž. ื ืฉืง ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืกื•ื’ ื›ืžื•ืช ืืจืฅ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื™ืื—ื•ื ื˜ ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช 12 ื•ืžืขืœื” C-701 ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช, C-704 NASRื˜ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืฃ โ€“ ื™ืืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื‘ืืชืจ ื“ื•"ืฆ C-802 ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช, ื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืื—"ื™ ื—ื ื™ืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™.GHADERื˜ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืฃ โ€“ ื™ืืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื˜ื™ืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›-200 ืง"ืž, ื ื•ืฉื ืขื“ 50 ืง"ื’ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ ื ืฉืง ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก ืืžืฆืขื™ ืกื•ื’ ื›ืžื•ืช ืืจืฅ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช AZP S-60 ืชื•ืชื— ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื 2 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ZSU-23-4 ืชื•ืชื— ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžืชื ื™ื™ืข ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข SA-7 ื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืชืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืžืื” ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืกื•ืงื™ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ SA-14 ื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืชืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช SA-16 ื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืชืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข SA-18 ื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืชืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข FIM-92 ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ ื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืชืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ QW-1 ื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืชืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช Misagh-1 ื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืชืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ืจืกื” ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ืฉืœ QW-1 ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช Misagh-2 ื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืชืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ืจืกื” ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ืฉืœ QW-1 ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช SA-8 ื˜ื™ืœ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข SA-17 ื˜ื™ืœ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข SA-22 ื˜ื™ืœ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ \ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืกืื™ืื“ 2 ื˜ื™ืœ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื˜ื™ืœ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื˜ื™ืœ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 50 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืง"ืž ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืกื•ื’ ื›ืžื•ืช ืืจืฅ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช T-55/54 ื˜ื ืง ืžืขืจื›ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœืœ ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ T-62 ื˜ื ืง ืžืขืจื›ื” ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” T-72 ื˜ื ืง ืžืขืจื›ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” BMP-1 ื ื’ืž"ืฉ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื–ื—ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” M-113 ื ื’ืž"ืฉ ื–ื—ืœื™ 3 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ื ื’ืž"ืฉ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” BTR-50 ื ื’ืž"ืฉ ื–ื—ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœืœ ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ BTR-152 ื ื’ืž"ืฉ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœืœ ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ BRDM-2 ื ื’ืž"ืฉ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœืœ ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ 2S1 Gvozdika ืชื•ืชื— ืžืชื ื™ื™ืข 3 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืกืืคื™ืจ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื•ื™ืฉื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืกื•ื’ ื›ืžื•ืช ืืจืฅ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžื•ื”ืื’'ืจ 4 ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื•ื™ืฉ 8 ืื‘ืื‘ื™ืœ 2 ื›ื˜ื‘"ื 12 ื•ืžืขืœื” ืื‘ืื‘ื™ืœ 3 ื›ื˜ื‘"ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื ื™ ื›ื˜ื‘"ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.ืฉืื”ื“ 129ื›ื˜ื‘"ืืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘-6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื›ื˜ื‘"ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฉืื”ื“ 129, ืžืขืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื”. ืžื•ืขืจืš ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื˜ื‘"ืž ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ื™ืืกื™ืจ ื›ื˜ื‘"ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื ืฉืง ืืžืฆืขื™ืกื•ื’ื›ืžื•ืชืืจืฅ ืžืงื•ืจื”ืขืจื•ืชSKSืจื•ื‘ื” ืฆืœืคื™ื ื—ืฆื™-ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืฆืœืคื™ื ื“ืจื’ื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฆืœืคื™ื ื—ืฆื™-ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก T-5000ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฆืœืคื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ื•ืชื•"ืœ ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืฆื‘ื ืกื“ื™ืจ ื•ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื— ื–ืืช ื ืกืจืืœืœื”: "ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”, ื›ื–ื• ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ื ืกื“ื™ืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ืจื™ืœื”". ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืžืขืจื›ื™ ืืฉ, ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ื ืกื“ื™ืจ ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื“ืœ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืช ืืœื™ื• ืงืฉื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื’ืจื™ืœื”. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉืžืฉืช ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืงื•ืžื ื“ื•, ื’ื ื‘ื”ื˜ืžื ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื” ื•ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื“ืคื•ืก ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜, ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘-2006, ื‘ื• ื ื•ืจื• ื›ืืœืฃ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜, ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™"ืจ, ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืกืžืžื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื—ื˜ืคื• ืื ืฉื™ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช. ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื•: ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ื›ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื”, ื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœืฉืœืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืง ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ ืงื˜ืŸ. ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืฉื ื—ื˜ืฃ ื‘-16 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1985 ื•ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1991, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™. ื•ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ืืงืœื™, ืจืืฉ ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื”-CIA ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืจืฆื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื•. ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืข'ื’'ืจ, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื•ื—ื˜ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืกื™ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื“ ืื• ื‘ืืฉ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืืจื‘ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ืจืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2000 ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชืงืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื• ืœืคืฆื™ืขืชื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืื ื•ืฉ, ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื—ื˜ืคื• ืืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื”. ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืกืงื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื’ื ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื˜ื ื ื‘ืื•ื ืฉื ื—ื˜ืฃ ื‘ืขืช ืฉืฉื”ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2006 ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื ืœืงื—ื• ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืกืงื” ืขื ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2008 ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื˜ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืื•ื”ื“ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš "ื•ื•ืœื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืช" (ื“ืขื•ื”) ื•ืชื•ืš ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื—ื“ื”. ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช, ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืžื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘. ืคืขื™ืœื™ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืžืื—ืกื ื™ื ื ืฉืง ื‘ืžืจืชืคื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืžืžืงืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื ืงืจื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื“ืื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืžื’ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ื ืคื’ืขื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื‘ืœ ื™ืขื–ื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืžืกื’ื“ื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ื’ื ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื ืฉืง ื•ื›ืžื—ืกื” ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืืกืœืื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ ื”ืื•"ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื™"ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืืœ-ื—'ื™ืื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ื›ืžื’ืŸ ื—ื™ ื•ื™ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื‘ืชื. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืจืกื ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืื–ืŸ ืื™ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2000 ืœ-2003, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข 33 ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ื“ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 5 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•-6 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืœืคืฆื™ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ืคื”, ืฉืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• (ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื“ื‘ ื•ืื–ืจื— ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ). ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืคืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘-2006, ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžืฉ ืืช ืื™ื•ืžื™ื• ื•ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืขื•ืจืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืคื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ื“ื•, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ "Human Rights Watch" ื›ื™ "ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืขืฆืžื• ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื™ื” "ื™ืจื™ ื—ืกืจ ืื‘ื—ื ื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื". ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื”ืจื™ื”, ืฆืคืช ื•ืžื–ืจืข. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื”ืจื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื™ ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื•. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืฃ ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื” ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•, ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ ืขื ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ืฆื“ ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ืงืœืข ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื•, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ืงื™ ืชื•ื‘ืœื”. ืืฃ ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ื’ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžืกื“ ื•ื‘ื ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืฆืฆื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ืžืื– ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ืงื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื” ืืชืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื•ื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื ื ื‘ื ื• ืžื—ืกื ื™ ื ืฉืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ื’ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ืฃ, ื‘ื™ืจื™ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื "ื˜, ืฆืœืคื™ื ื•ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ืฆื“. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉืชืงืฃ ืžืคืงื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื ืงืจื™ื. ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ืืชืจ ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ืชื•ืจื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืชืจื’ื•ื. ืฉืจืชื™ ื”ืืชืจ ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื•: ืจืฉืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืืœ-ืžื ืืจ, ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืจื“ื™ื• ื ื•ืจ, ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช "ืืœ-ืื ืชืงืื“" ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•"ื‘ืงื™ืช ืืœืœื”" ื”ื“ืชื™, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืงื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืฆื—, ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ; ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืœื ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืจืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื“ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืœ-ืžื ืืจ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ึดืจึฐื‘ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื—ืกืŸ ื ืกืจืืœืœื”, ืœื”ืฉืชืœื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืœืขื•ื’ ืœื” ื•ืœืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื’ื“ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื“ืจื›ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื’ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืจืฉืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ืืœ-ืžื ืืจ" ืืฃ ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ื‘-2003 ืกื“ืจื” ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื”" (ื-ืฉืชืืช), ื’ืจืกื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื, ืฉื‘ื” ื ืจืื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืจืฆื— ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื™. ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืคื’'ืจ 5 ืžืฉื•ืคืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืขืคื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชืŸ "ื—'ื™ื™ื‘ืจ 1" ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืžื•ื– ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœืงืจื‘ ื—'ื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื—'ื™ื™ื‘ืจ. ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื•, ืฉืœื ื ื’ืจื ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื ื–ืง ืžืžืฉื™ ืืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื”ื“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื•ืชืขืžื•ืœืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื™ืคื” ืืช ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996 ื”ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืงื”ืœ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื—ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืงืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืืชืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืฉื ื”ืกื‘ืจื”. ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืฉื™ืจืช ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืขืœื• ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ (ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ื’ื™ื•ืก) ื”ื•ืกืจื• ืžื”ืืชืจื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืฉืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2021 ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืืชืจื™ื, ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื "ืืœ-ืžื•ืงืื•ื•ืžื” ืืœ-ืืกืœืืžื™ื” โ€“ ืœื•ื‘ื ืืŸ" (ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ). ืœืฆื“ ืืœ-ืžื•ืงืื•ื•ืžื” ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืืชืจ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืชืจื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื: ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉื”ื™ื“, ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืงื”ืœ ืจื—ื‘. ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื”ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขื” ื•ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื (ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช, ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“). ืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชื•ึนื›ึฐื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื ืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืžืฆืข ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉื™ื— ื™ื–ื•ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืงื”ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืืคืœื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“"ืจ ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื•ืื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืžื”ืฉื™ืขื”. ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื ืจื“ืฃ ื•ืžื“ื•ื›ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื ืกื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื, ืื™ืžืฆื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช: ืชืงื™ื™ื” โ€“ (ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื), ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื’ืชืš ืื—ืจืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืš ื‘ืืžืช. ื”ืชืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื ื•ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื™ืขื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™, ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช". ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืจืกื ืœ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืขืฆื•ื (ืฉื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ืžืžื ื•) ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื ืคื™ื” (ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”) โ€“ ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ืขืฆืžื•. ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื›ืžื’ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชื“ืžื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื—'ื•ื“ึถื” (ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื”) โ€“ ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื›ืš, ืฉื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื™ืืœื™, ื•ื™ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžืจืืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ. ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื—'ื•ื“ึถื” ื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืกืจืืœืœื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื• (ืฉืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื”"ื› ืžืกืคืจ ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื ื—ื•ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ื›ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืืจ ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืงืจืงืขื™ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื”ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ "ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™" ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื ื›ืชืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ืœ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ืกื™ื’ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขืช "ื‘ื™ืฉืจ" ื ืกืจืืœืœื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืžื“ื™ื ื–'ืื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ื”. ื›ึดึผืชึฐืžึทึซืืŸ (ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ื”ืกืชืจื”) โ€“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ "ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช" ื”ื™ื ื›ืชืžืืŸ. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืช ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœื›ืš, ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื. ื“"ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืคืœื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืžืกืจื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกืŸ ื ืกืจืืœืœื” ืฉื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืกืชืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืจืžื– ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ื‘ืžื™ ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืืข, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงื•ืจืก ืฉืœ 45 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง, ื—ื‘ืœื”, ืงืฉืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืื™ืจืืŸ ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืžืงืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืืœืคื™ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” (ื›-3,000) ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืฉื›ืœืœื•: ืœื•ื—ืžืช ื’ืจื™ืœื”, ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื™ืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืคืขืœืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื, ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื–ืœ"ื˜ื™ื ื•ื“ืื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ืฆื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงืœืข, ืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื™ืžื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืงื•ืจืก ื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื˜ืžืขื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื ืฉืื• ื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ื•ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ืžืงื“ื ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืขื”, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืชื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืชื• ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื›ืžื˜ืจื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืžืคื” ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืคืฉืจื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืจืง ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืžืฅ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื‘ื ื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืื™ืช ืชื•ืคืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ึพ23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1983, ื’ืจื ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 241 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืขื ืŸ ืขืฉืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื "ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”" ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขืžื“ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ (ืžื–ื›"ืœ) ื—ืกืŸ ื ืกืจืืœืœื” ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืชื•. ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. +ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืชืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืžื˜ืขื ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืชืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืชืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืชืžืกืคืงืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื ื•ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืกื• ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื›ื™ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช 1,000 ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœ-6,000โ€“10,000 ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื–. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืคืืจืก ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื–ืจื•ืข 65,000 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023, ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ื‘ืœื ืคื•ืจื“, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื›-60,000 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืœื ืคื•ืจื“ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื›ื™ ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืขืœื” ืž-14,000 ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ืœ-150,000 ื‘ืฉื ืช 2023. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื’ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” "ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื". ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2024, ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื ืฆืจ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื“ืื•ื“, 2 ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช (FDD) , ืฉื™ืขืจื• ื›ื™ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืืจืกื ืœ ืฉืœ 200,000 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ื, ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื˜ื‘"ืžื™ื ื•ื›-1,500 ื ืฉืงื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ืช "ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“". ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืืœื™ื• ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื’ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ื. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ: ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื ืืกืจ โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžืงื• ื”ืœื™ื˜ื ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืž-2016 ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœื™ื” ื˜ืืœื‘ ืกืืžื™ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื”. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืขื–ื™ื– โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžืงื• ื”ืœื™ื˜ื ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืž-2016 ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœื™ื” ืื‘ื• ื ืขืžื” ื ืืกืจ. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื‘ืื“ืจ โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืœื™ื˜ื ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ืžืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื‘ื• ืขืœื™ ืจื™ื“ื. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื“ืื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืจ โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื‘ื›, ืืœ-ื”ืจืžืœ, ื”ื‘ืงืืข ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื—ื™. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ: ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœืื•ืช โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงื. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” โ€“ ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื•ื™ืฉ. ืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืกืจื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘-26 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื™ืื—ื•ื ื˜, ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื™ืžื™. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช "ื›ื•ื— ืจื“ื•ืืŸ" โ€“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืชื™ืง ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ โ€“ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ื—ื–ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ื”, ื‘ื”ืŸ: ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช โ€“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื”, ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื”. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช โ€“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช โ€“ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ: "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 900" โ€“ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื ื’ื“ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื ื’ื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 910" โ€“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืจืชืขื” ืžื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื—ืฉืื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื—ื•ืช. ืžืงื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืคืงื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืžืคืงื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืœืืœ ื—ืžื™ื”. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™-ืฉื™ืขื™. "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 3800" โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื—ื•ืช'ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ืœืžืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 4400" โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 190 ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืงื•ื“ืก. "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 1600" (ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช "ืืœ-ื”ืื“ื™")โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืœื™ื, ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืžืœ"ื— ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืกื ื”ืงืคื˜ื’ื•ืŸ. "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 121" โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 1800" โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืก, ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืขืœืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืงื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื—'ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ืจื‘. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ื—ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืฆื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2002, ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืžืฆื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืœื”ืคืขืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืก ืขื•ื‘ื™ื™ื“, ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœื—ื˜ื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื˜ื ื ื‘ื•ื™ื. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืจืฉืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื”ื‘, ื˜ืื‘ื” ื•ื ื•ืื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืืžื™, ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช, ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื“ โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื โ€“ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืคืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2019 ืžืกืคืจื ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื›-9,000 ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ืžืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ืกื“ื™ื, ื”ืคืขืœืช ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืชื ื•ืขืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉื™ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช: ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ืจื™ืฆื”, ื•ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ. ืฆื•ืคื™ ื”ืื™ืžืื ืืœ-ืžื”ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœื”ื˜ืžืขืช ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ 16 ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื, "ืžืกืžื ื™ื" ืื•ืชื ื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืื ืฉื™ ืžืคืชื— ืฉืืชืคืงื™ื“ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|90 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืจื–ื ืคืœืื— ื–ืื“ื” ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืื ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช, "ืžืžื•ื ื”" ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2024 ืžื•ื ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|99x99 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื ืขื™ื ืงืืกืืกื’ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ (ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ)ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|84x84 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื”ืืฉื ืกืคื™ ื-ื“ื™ืŸ (ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ืฆื”"ืœ) ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช, ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ืกืจืืœืœื”ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื—ืกืŸ ื ืกืจืืœืœื” (ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกื“ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ)ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื–ื”ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื”ืจืืฉ "ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“"ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืจืขื“ื™ื•"ืจ ืกื™ืขืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื–ื‘ื›ืจืืฉ "ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช"ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืื•ื•ืง (ื ื”ืจื’)ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ "ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“" ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื•ืคื™ืง ืกืคืืจืืฉ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืชื™ืื•ืืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื˜ืœืืœ ื—ืžื™ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ; ืžืคืงื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 910ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืคื•ืื“ ืฉื•ื›ืจ (ื ื”ืจื’)ืžืคืงื“ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ "ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”".ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืชืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืื‘ืจืื”ื™ื ืขืงื™ืœ (ื ื”ืจื’) ืื‘ื• ืขืœื™ ืจื™ื“ื (ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืขืงื™ืœ)ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” (ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”); ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื‘-29 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ื™ ื ื”ืจื’ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืขืœื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ (ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกื“ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ)ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืืœื›ื•ื•ืช'ืจืื ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืงืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืจ (ืื‘ื• ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืจ)ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื•ื—ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืžื•ืกื˜ืคื ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื™ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ; ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื”ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืขืœื™ ืจื™ื“ื ืขื‘ืืกืจืืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืจื“ื•ืืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขืงื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|115x115 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืขืœื™ ืžื•ืกื ื“ืงื“ื•ืง (ืื‘ื• ื—ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืกืื’'ื“)ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ("ืชื™ืง ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ")ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืขืœื™ ื“ืขืžื•ืฉืจืืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื—'ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืื‘ืจืื”ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ (ื ื”ืจื’)ืจืืฉ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ืืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืขื‘ืืก ืื‘ืจืื”ื™ื ืฉืจืฃ ืืœื“ื™ืŸ (ื ื”ืจื’)ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ืื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|110x110 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืกืจื•ืจ (ืื‘ื• ืกืืœื—) - (ื ื”ืจื’)ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื—ืกืŸ ื—'ืœื™ืœ ื™ืืกื™ืŸ (ื ื”ืจื’)ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืฉืžื•ืคืงื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœืœืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืชืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืกืžื™ืจ ืชื•ืคื™ืง ื“ื™ื‘ (ื ื”ืจื’)ื™ื•ืขืฆื• ืฉืœ ื ืืกืืจืœืœื”ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืขื‘ื“ ืืœืืžื™ืจ ืžื—ืžื“ ืกื‘ืœื™ื ื™ (ื ื”ืจื’)ืžืคืงื“ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืขืœื™ ื ืื'ืฃ ืื™ื•ื‘ (ื ื”ืจื’)ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืืฉืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื’'ืขืคืจ ืงืกื™ืจ (ื ื”ืจื’)ืžืคืงื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช 4400, ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืจืฉื™ื“ ืกื›ืืคื™. (ื ื”ืจื’)ืจืืฉ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ืกืคื™ ื-ื“ื™ืŸืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืŸื˜ืงืกื˜=ืžื•ื—ืžื“_ืื‘ื•_ื ืขืžื”|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|100x100 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื ืื‘ื• ื ืขืžื” ื ืืกืจ (ื ื”ืจื’)ืžืคืงื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืขื–ื™ื–ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขืœื™ ื˜ื‘ื˜ื‘ืื™ืžืคืงื“ ื›ื•ื— ืจื“ื•ืืŸืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืื™ื‘ืจื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืŸ ื-ืกื™ื™ื“ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืื—'ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ืจื‘ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืกื™ื™ื“ ืื—ืžื“"ื“ืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื”", ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื ืกืจืืœืœื”. ืื—ืžื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ "ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—" ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” - ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ.ืœื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจ|82x82 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ืืกื”ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ (ื ื”ืจื’)ืจืืฉ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžื˜ื”\ ืื—ืจืื™ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื ืืžื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ื‘ื›-800 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจืคืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื ืงืœืข ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2019 ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื• ืงื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ื: ืื™ืจืืŸ โ€“ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ (70% ืขื“ 90%) ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื: ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ืงืจื ื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ื—ืฆื™-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1982โ€“2012 ื‘ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ื›ืกืคื™ื. ื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืจื ื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ืืžื“ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ ื•ื‘"ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช" ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื’ื ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ื—-ืื“ื ื•ืœืืกืคืงื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื ืคื˜, ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ืžืžืžืฉืœืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ืกื™ืขืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช" โ€“ ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™, ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื‘ึทึผื™ึฐืช ืืœ-ืžึทืืœ" ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื™ื•ืกืจ". ื‘-7 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2006 ื”ืงืคื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื—ืจื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื•. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืคืจืกื ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื‘ืก-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›-250 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื›-50% ืžืกืš ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ, ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื ืฉืง, ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืจื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืกื—ืจ ืกืžื™ื, ืžื–ืจื™ืžื” ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2017 ืขื“ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจื‘ืก-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืžื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2017 ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื›-1.1 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืžื™ืžื ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-75% ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” (ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืื– ืขืœ ื›-800 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”). ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืงื•ืคืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื. ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื—ืœืง ืžืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื ืคื™ ืคืฉื™ืขื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœื”ื ื›ืกืฃ ืงืœ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ืœืง ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื. ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืกืžื™ื, ื•ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”: ืื ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ื—ืžื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ื™ื‘ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืฆืช ืกืžื™ื. ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืœื‘ื›, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืืข ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืกืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›-50 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ื ื, ืฉืžืคื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 250 ืœ-300 ื˜ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื, ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžื•ื‘ืจื—ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื—ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืคืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ืกืžื™ื ืžื•ื‘ืจื—ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ื“ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ืขื ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื“"ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื– ื’ื ื•ืจ, ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกืžื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืชื—ื•ื ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ืคืฆืชื (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื), ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืจืื ื™. ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ืชืืœ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™, ื•ื‘ื” ื›-15 ื‘ืชื™ ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช ืœื–ื™ื•ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื• ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (Super Dollar). ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืขืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื“ืคืกืชื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืžื ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ื“ืจื›ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ืงื ื“ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืก, ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”, ืคืจื’ื•ื•ืื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ืœื™ื˜ื, ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื”, ืกืจื‘ื™ื”, ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื•, ืืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื”, ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ื”, ืื–ืจื‘ื™ื™ื’'ืŸ, ื’ื•ืื˜ืžืœื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืฆ'ื›ื™ื”, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-300 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-200 ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ืชื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืขื™ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘-1983 ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆื ืฆื• ืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื ืคืจืก ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื•. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืกื˜ื•ืงื•ื•ืœ ื“ื™ื™, ืืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืื™, ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื›"ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ", ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื• ืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ื’ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2019 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืชืงื ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื”, ื™ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืงื•ื‘ื”, ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื”, ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2005 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ืกืœื“ื•ืจืฃ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ืชื•ืš ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื". ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›"ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช" ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœ"ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ื–ื". ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื•ืจืฆื™ื—ืช ื ื™ืง ื‘ืจื’, ืืš ืชืžืš ื‘ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ. ื—ืžืืก ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ 1373, ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื—ืžืืก ืื™ื ื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืœื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœ"ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™", ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ืงื ื“ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืืช ื—ืžืืก ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื• ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช "ื”ื’ื ืชื™ืช" ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 124 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื‘-2005 ื”ื—ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืืกื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืืœ-ืžื ืืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื“ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ 2005 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืฉื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืืš ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืื• ื›ืกืคื™ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื˜ืขื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ื—ืœ ื›ืจืกื•ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืฉืžืขื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช. ืžื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืกื•ื ื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื• "ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืืœื™ืœื”", ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืืœ ืืœื ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืจืื• ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื”ืชืงืคื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืงืจื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ืคืจืฉื• ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื™ื (ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ืžื™ืฉืœ ืขืื•ืŸ) ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื“ืจื™ืฉืชื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื ืขื ืชื”. ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2009, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ืจืฉืช ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืžื ืชื” 49 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื—ืžืจื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืืœ-ืžื ืืจ ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”. ื‘-2011 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฆื“ืง (ICJ) ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืขืฆืจ ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืžื•ืกื˜ืคื ื‘ื“ืจ ื-ื“ื™ืŸ, ื’ื™ืกื• ื•ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืฆื— ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืจืคื™ืง ืืœ-ื—ืจื™ืจื™. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2012 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœืช ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืคืืช ื ื›ืกื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ืืœ-ืืกื“, ื•ืกื™ื•ืขื• ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘-22 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2013 ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืคืืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ 28 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื• ืืœ-ืžื ืืจ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ื›ื™ "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื›ืคื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื". ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฆื™ื“ื”, ืžื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ (ืžื—ื ื” 8 ื‘ืžืจืฅ), ืืš ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืคืœื’ื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืžืฉืœืชื”. ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ืงื˜ืจ, ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช, ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืžืืŸ, ืขืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ืฉื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ึพ18 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2019, ืœืจื’ืœ 25 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก, ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื”ืงืคื™ืื” ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘-19 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืคืจื’ื•ื•ืื™ ืขืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืก ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื’ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2020 ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื™ื˜ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘-13 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ื•ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ (ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื›ื ืกืจื‘ื™ื”โ€“ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื•). ื‘-22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘-23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื’ื•ืื˜ืžืœื” ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘-24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื›ื ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืกื•ื“ืืŸ, ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ืชื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘-28 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืฆ'ื›ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘-1 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2021 ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ื– ืœื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021 ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ: ืืกื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘-11 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1982, ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืงืจืก ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืœ-91 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื 34 ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, 33 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืชืฉืขื” ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื‘"ื› ื•-15 ืขืฆื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช: ื‘ึพ18 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1983: (63 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื), ื•ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1984 (20 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื). ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืช ื‘ึพ23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1983: ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 241 ืื™ืฉ, ื•ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 58 ืื™ืฉ. ืืกื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1983: ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื•ืคืช ื‘ืžืคืงื“ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจ, ืฉื’ืจื ืœ-60 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื 28 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื˜ื™ืกื” 847 ืฉืœ TWA ื‘ึพ14 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1985 ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ืฉื–ื•ื”ื” ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืžื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื ืจืฆื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืขืจ ืคื˜ืžื” ืฉืœื™ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืœื” ื‘ึพ19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1988. 8 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื”ืจื’ื•. ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก, ื‘ื™ืจืช ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1992, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 29 ืื™ืฉ, ืžืชื•ื›ื 4 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืชื•ืคืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก, ื‘ื™ืจืช ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘ึพ18 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1994, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 86 ืื™ืฉ. ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื’ืจืื“ ื•"ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช" ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื•ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื™ื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื” ื•ื™ืจื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™), ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืžืกื›ื ืช ืœืฉื•ื•ื ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ืœืœื ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ึพ24 ื‘ืžืื™ 2000. ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช 3 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื”ืจ ื“ื‘ ื‘ึพ7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2000. ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื™ืจื™ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืฆื•ื‘ื” ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2002 ื‘ื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• 6 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืข, ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขื–ื”. ืจืฆื— ืจืคื™ืง ืืœ-ื—ืจื™ืจื™, ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ึพ14 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2005, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื•ืคืช, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืกื•ืจื™ ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข. ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœื–ืจืขื™ืช ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2006. ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื™ ืชืœื•ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ื™ื•ืœื™โ€“ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2006), ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 44 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืœื›-2,000 ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื. ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืฆื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืืœ-ืืกื“. ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-1,700 ืžืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”. ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ื•ืจื’ืก ื‘ึพ18 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2012: ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• 7 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื 5 ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืขื ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื ืขืฆืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื ื’ื“ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื•ืจื›ืืŸ 2 ืžืชื™ืžืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืจื™ืื“. ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืœื—ื ืžื•ืœ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•- ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ-ืžื ืืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื™ืจื•ืง ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ Special Force ืชื™ืง ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื โ€“ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืžืจื›ื– ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2000 (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช: 2006) ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ โ€“ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ-ื—ื–ื•ืจ: ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ื ืจืช, ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, 2007 ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœืžืŸ, ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื“ืฉื™ื: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืคื” ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2003 ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืจืžืจ โ€“ ืคื“ืœืืœืœื”: ื”ืžืฆืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืจื›ื– ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ื ' ืช"ื, 1998 ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื™ โ€“ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืจืฉืข: ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืคืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™, ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”, 2003 ืื•ืจ ืคื™ืืœืงื•ื‘, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืžื‘"ื˜ ืžืœืž 87, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020, ืขืž' 25โ€“27 ืขื‘ื“ ืืœืงืื“ืจ ื›ื ืืขื ื”, ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงืื•ื•ืžื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืื’ื ืก, 2021. Matthew Levitt, Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God, Georgetown University Press, 2013 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชื"ืœ (ืžื™ืœ') ื“"ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื, ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, 19 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2023 ื™ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื™ืก-ืฉืžืฉื™, ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืืชืจ ืžื˜"ื—, 2006 ื™ืคืชื— ืฉืคื™ืจ, ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื›ืฆื‘ื, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, 2017 ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ืžื•ืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืชืจ ื”ืฉื‘"ื›, 13 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืืœื™ ืืฉื“, ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืชื™ื“ื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ืืชืจ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื™ืงื•ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, 23 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2012 , ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื, 2021 ืกืงื™ืจืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ Council on Foreign Relations ืขืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, 13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2008 ืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, "ืžื ืฉืง ื—ื›ื" ืœ"ืฆื‘ื ื—ื›ื": ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ืช ืœ"ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง", ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 39, ืžืจืฅ 2023. ืื•ืจื ื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื•ื™ื™ืฆืจ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ืžื•ืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ (INSS), 27 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2023 ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืขื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€“ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ: ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”: ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืืกืœืืžื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
2024-10-17T06:46:04
ืื•ืกืืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ
ืื•ึผืกึทืืžึธื” ื‘ึดึผืŸ ืžื•ึผื—ืžื“ ื‘ึดึผืŸ ืขื•ื•ื“ ื‘ึดึผืŸ ืœึธืื“ึตืŸ (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุฃุณุงู…ุฉ ุจู† ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุจู† ุนูˆุถ ุจู† ู„ุงุฏู†, ืชืขืชื™ืง ืžื“ื•ื™ืง: ืืกืืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืžื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืฅ' ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ; 10 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1957, ืจื™ืื“, ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช โ€“ 2 ื‘ืžืื™ 2011, ืื‘ื•ื˜ืื‘ืื“, ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ) ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืกืขื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืกื“ืจืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžืื– 1999 ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”-FBI, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื; ืขื“ ืœื”ืจื™ื’ืชื• ื‘-2011 ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื ื™ืช ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืกืืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจื™ืื“ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื”, ื‘ืขืœืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขื ืง "ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ". ืื‘ื™ื•, ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื—ืฆืจืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ ืœื’'ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”. ืืžื• ื—ืžื™ื“ื”, ืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1956 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ืกื™ืขืช ืขืกืงื™ื ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืœืื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืœื˜ืงื™ื”. ื—ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืขื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืฉื ื™ืฉื ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ (ืœืืจื‘ืข ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ืคืขื) ืžื”ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื•ืื•ืกืืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืื•ืกืืžื” ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืžื• ืฉื ื™ืฉืื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืœืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืืœื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืกืืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 13 ื ื”ืจื’ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ืžืกื•ืง, ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ 80 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืื•ืกืืžื” ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื’'ื“ื”, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™, ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžื“ื• ื–ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, "ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื", ืฉื ืžืœื˜ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ื—ืœืงื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžื•ืจื™ื• ืืœื”, ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืกืง ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ืช ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ืกื•ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื”ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ืขื–ืื, ืฉื”ืคืš ื’ื ืœืฉื•ืชืคื• ืœื“ืจืš, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื•ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืกื•ื ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืฉื“ื’ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืืกืœืืžื™ื–ื. ื‘-1974 ื ืฉื ืœืืฉื” ืืช ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ืชื• ืžืฆื“ ืืžื•. ื‘-1976 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ืขื–ื™ื– ืฉื‘ื’'ื“ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” (ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช). ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืงืžืช ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื•ืคืจื™ืกืช ืจืฉืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื”ื”ืจืก ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ ื‘-1979 ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ. ืžืื•ืจืข ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฉืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืืคื’ื ื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืจืื• ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื. ื”ื ื ื”ื ื• ื’ื ืžืชืžื™ื›ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉืจืืชื” ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”. ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกื’ื“ ืืœ-ื—ืจืื ื‘ืžื›ื” ืชื•ืš ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืžืจื” ื‘ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืช, ืฉื’ืจืจื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืขื–ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”. ื‘-1981 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืจ ืคืฉืื•ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘-1986. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืคื’ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื ืืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืกืœื™ืœืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื“ื™ื. ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื‘-1987 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’'ืื’'ื™ ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื’'ืœืืœืื‘ืื“ (ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ืชื), ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื“ืื™ ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืจื”ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ืขื–ืื ื•ืœืจื•ืคื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืื™ื™ืžืŸ ื-ื–ื•ื•ืื”ื™ืจื™, ืขืžื ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” (ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ "ื‘ืกื™ืก"). ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืง ืขื•ืœืžื™. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืจืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืจื—ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชืกื™ืกื”, ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื‘ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ืœืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื ืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ ื•ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขืงื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื’ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ืžืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื— ืœืกื•ื“ืืŸ. ืฉื ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืขื•ืžืจ ืืœ-ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืื™ืฉ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื—ืกืŸ ื-ืชืจืื‘ื™, ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืฉ, ื˜ื™ืคื— ืืช ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ื›ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื”. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื– ืืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืœื—ืฅ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ (ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ) ื’ื™ืจืฉื” ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996 ืืช ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฉื ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื• ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื• ืื—ืจืื™ (ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ื•) ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1993, ืœื”ืจื™ื’ืชื ืฉืœ 19 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘-1996, ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื” ื‘-1998 ื•ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2001. ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื•ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”, ืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ืื•ื”ื“ืช. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ืขืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื" ื•"ื’'ื™ื”ืื“" ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ื–ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืืกืœืื, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื›ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ื”ื™ื• ืœืฉื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืืกืœืื, ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืคื’ื™ืขื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืœื”ืฉืงืคืชื•, ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืชืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืœืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืืกืœืื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื“ืจืš ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช: "ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ" ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื›ื” ื•ืืœ-ืžื“ื™ื ื”, "ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™", ื•ื›ืŸ "ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ" ืื“ืžืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืืงืฆื, ื”"ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื—ืœืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื” ืœืฉื ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸึพื“ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืกืœืื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช (ื›ื•ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœ"ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื" ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืกืœืื). ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื”ืกืชื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื‘ืžืื™, 2002, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื‘ื• ืืžืจ: "ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืจืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื”". ื›ืš ืชืคืกื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืขืจื‘ื™ ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”. ื›ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืงืคื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘-19 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2006 ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ืœืช: ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืืช ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ืœื•ื, ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื•ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”. ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืœื›ื™ื“ืชื• ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืขื•ืฆืจื• ื•ืื™ืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืชืืคืฉืจ. ื‘-20 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1998, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืฉื’ื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช" ("Operation Infinite Reach"), ืขืœื™ื• ืคื™ืงื“ ื’ื ืจืœ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ื–ื™ื ื™, ืฉื™ื’ืจ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื›ืคืขื•ืœืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, 75 ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ื˜ ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ื˜ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ืฉืง ื›ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ื•ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื ืงื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื›ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2001 ืคืชื—ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”). ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืžืฆื•ื“ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืื• ื ืขืฆืจื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ. ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืื• ืื•ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื”ื•ืคืฆื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืœ-ื’'ื–ื™ืจื” ืื• ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงืจื ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื”, ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ื” ืœืขื’ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›"ื”ืคืชืขืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ" ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช 2004. ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ืคืจืก ื›ืกืคื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ 25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ื‘-2007 ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืคืจืก ืœืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•, ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ. ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœื• ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ึพ2 ื‘ืžืื™ 2011, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉื ืงืจื "ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื ื™ืช ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ". ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื–ื”, ืคืฉื˜ื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, "ืฆื•ื•ืช 6 ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื", ืขืœ ืžืชื—ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืกืชืชืจ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ, ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืœืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื‘ื•ื˜ืื‘ืื“, 50 ืง"ืž ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœืื™ืกืœืืžืื‘ืื“, ื‘ื™ืจืช ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ืื•ืฉืจื” ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช DNA. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืคืชื• ื ื˜ืžื ื” ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื, ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืœืžื•ืงื“ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื›ื™ ืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ, ืื™ื™ืžืŸ ื-ื–ื•ื•ืื”ื™ืจื™, ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœืืจื‘ืข ืื• ื—ืžืฉ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื•. ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืืฉืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื’'ื•ื•ื” ื’ืื ื ื•ื‘ื ื ืขื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกืžื• ืกืคืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•. ืื—ืช ืžื ืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื™ื”ืื, ื‘ืจื—ื” ืžืžื ื• ืขื ืืจื‘ืขืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืฉื ืื™ืฉื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 17. ืฉื™ื”ืื ืกื™ืคืจื” ื›ื™ "ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ืžื’ื“ืœ ืื™ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื’ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ". ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ืืžืจื” ื›ื™ "ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืœืฆืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื”, ืื• ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื™ื”ืจื’ื• ืื•ืชื• ืื ื™ื™ืชืคืก, ื•ื™ืชืขื“ื• ื–ืืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื˜ืช ืžื•ืชื•, ืฉืชืกืคืง ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ". ืงื•ืœื” ื‘ื•ืฃ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 1996 ืœ-1998, ืขืช ืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”, ืกื™ืคืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื”, ื”ื›ื” ืื•ืชื”, ืื ืก ืื•ืชื”, ื•ื›ืœื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืฉืคื—ืช ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืช, ืฉื›ืœื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืœืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื•ืฃ ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื "ื™ื•ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื” ืื‘ื•ื“ื”", ื‘ื• ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื” ื•ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช Steve Cole, Young Osama. New Yorker, 2005 ืœื•ืจื ืก ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื: 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ืืœืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, 2006 ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”, ื—ืžืžื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, 2011. ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื•ื™ื™ืฆืจ, ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื - ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืขืฉ, ืฆื‘ื ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื›ืจืš 2, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 2, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2010. ืžืจืง ื‘ื•ื“ืŸ, ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ - ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ, ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, 2012. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืกืืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ - ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืชืจ ื”-FBI ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ, ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืคื•ืœ nrg, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ืžืกืคืจ 1: ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืกืืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ? ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืกืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', 2 ื‘ืžืื™ 2011 ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืกืชืชืจ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืžืคื•ืช , ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ื•ื ืŸ, ืงื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ: ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช, ื ืขื ืข10, 4 ื‘ืžืื™ 2011 ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ื•ื ืŸ, ื—ื™, ืฆื•ืžื—, ื“ื•ืžื: ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ, ื ืขื ืข10, 11 ื‘ืžืื™ 2011 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจืืฉื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืกืœืืžื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ (ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช): ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื˜ื™ื™ื 100 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”-FBI ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1957 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-2011
2024-10-19T14:47:28
ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Twin Towers) ื”ื™ื• ืฆืžื“ ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 110 ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืฉืงืจืกื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2001. ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืชื ืฉืื• ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 417 ืžื˜ืจ (ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•) ื•-415 ืžื˜ืจ (ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™). "ืžื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคืจ 1", ืฉื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘-1972, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขืชื• ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื›-30 ืžื˜ืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืคื™ื™ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ืื–. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974 ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ืœืžื’ื“ืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืก ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• 442 ืžื˜ืจ. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆืžื“ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›-4,000 ืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ 350,000 ืž"ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืž"ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื’ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขืžื“ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ืžื” 107. ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 80 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ. ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช 106โ€“107 ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกืขื“ื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” "ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื" ("Windows on the World"), ืฉื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘-1976. ืืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจื• ื™ืืžืืกืงื™ (Minoru Yamasaki), ืฉืจืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ื ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื•ืชื™ืงื”. ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžื’ื“ึฐืœื™ ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืชื“ืจืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืกื™ื•ืžืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืžืช ื”ืงืชื“ืจืœื”. ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืžืœื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื›ื›ืืœื” ืกื™ืžืœื• ื’ื ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื›ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื—ืจืชื• ืขืœ ื“ื’ืœื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืžืฉืื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืคืช ื‘-1993 ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžืชืงืคืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-26 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1993. ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจืžื–ื™ ื™ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืืœ ืงืืขื™ื“ื”", ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืื™ืช ืชื•ืคืช ืฉื”ื•ื—ื ืชื” ื‘ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื, 1,042 ื ืคืฆืขื• ื•ื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ื›ื‘ื“ ืœื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื”. ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2001 ืงืจืกื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื•ื’ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืจื•ืกืงื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง, ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื“ืœื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื” ืืช ืฉืœื“ ื”ืคืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” - ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืงืจื™ืกืชื• ื•ืœื›ืชื™ืฉืชื• ืœืื‘ืง ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืฉืœื“ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืžื ื ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื” ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’, ืืœื ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืœืง ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื”ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืกืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘-4.55 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื•ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื ืœืกื™ืœื‘ืจืกื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืฉื—ื›ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2001. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืชืจื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ "ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช" ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื—ื ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื. ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• 1,776 ืจื’ืœ (541.3 ืžื˜ืจ), ื›ืฉื ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืคื™ื™ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื“ืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืก. ืจืื• ื’ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื–'ืืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืจื™ืืจ, ืจื•ื— ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2004 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ืชื—ืชื™ืช
2024-09-08T11:47:42
ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื: ื”ืคึถึผื ื˜ึธื’ื•ึนืŸ (ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: The Pentagon, ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ฯ€ฮตฮฝฯ„ฮฑ (ืคึถึผื ื˜ึธื”) - ื—ืžืฉ, ฮณฯ‰ฮฝ (ื’ื•ึนืŸ) - ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ) ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ" ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžื˜ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืœืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืืจืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”, ืœื’ื“ืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžืืง, ืฉืžืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืžืฆืืช ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™. ื˜ืงืก ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1941, ื•ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1943 ื ื—ื ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืฉื˜ื—ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 600,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื›-344,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื›-23,000 ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›-3,000 ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืื ืฉื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ืžืฉ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืชื™ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื•ืžื” ื™ืฉื ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืจื›ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื 28.2 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฆืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื” 5 ืืงืจ, ื›-20 ื“ื•ื ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืœืฆื” ื’ืจืื•ื ื“ ื–ื™ืจื•, "ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืคืก", ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื˜ืจื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2001, ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ืงืก ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ, ื ื—ื˜ืคื” ื˜ื™ืกื” 77 ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืœื™ื™ื ืก ื•ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ. ื›ืœ ื ื•ืกืขื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก, 59 ื‘ืžืกืคืจ, ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช, ื•ืขืžื ื ืกืคื• ื’ื 125 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช. ื‘ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื’ื ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™. ืžืื– ืžืœื—ืžืช 1812, ืื– ื ืฉืจืคื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืจืฉื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืจืงืข ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” (ืฉืื– ื ืงืจืื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช) ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืœ. ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื›ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืœ, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื™ืœื ื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืš ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืง ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื™ื’ืจืจ ืืœื™ื”. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื ืจื™ ืกื˜ื™ืžืกื•ืŸ, ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื”, ื•ื—ืœืงื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื™ืžืกื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื“ืœืื ื• ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžืื™ 1941, ื•ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื”. ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื—ื™ืœื” "ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืžืก' 1"; ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืืจืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžืืง, ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”. ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืจื‘ืข ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืฉื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื‘ืคืœื“ื”. ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขืžืก ืฉืœ 732 ืง"ื’ ืœืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืข (1,000 ืงื™ืœื•-ืคืกืงืœ), ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืชืงืŸ ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื™ืชืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืืชืจื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืจืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืžื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ ืžื•ืฉืœื. ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืืจืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืชื—ืช ืงื•ืจืช ื’ื’ ืื—ืช. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘-2 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื˜ื— ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืขื•ื“ 287 ืืงืจ (1.16 ืงืž"ืจ, ื›-1,160 ื“ื•ื ื), ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื• ืชืžื•ืจืช 2.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ (ื›-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ 2019). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื˜ื— ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืคื•ื ืชื” ืžืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื›-150 ื‘ืชื™ื, ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1941 ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื• ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ืœื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื ืขืจืš, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื˜ืงืก ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืชืžื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 31,000,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ (423 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ 2019). ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžืงืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ื•ื ื”"ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ": ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ, ืžืจื›ื– ื’'ื•ืŸ ืค. ืงื ื“ื™ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืžื”, ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก, ื•ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1949โ€“1950. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืงืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื ืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื‘ืคืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ื—ืง ื‘ืžืชื›ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ื—ืคืจื• 680 ืืœืฃ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื—ืฆืฅ ืžื ื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžืง ื”ืกืžื•ืš; ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื™ืฆืจื” ืœื’ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื ื”ืจ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืœื“ื” ื”ื•ืขื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช. ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื• ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ ืžืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื”. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ - ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืคื” ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžืง - ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืืชื’ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื—ื“ืจื• ืœืงืจืงืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 3 ืœ-12 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืชืžืš. ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1941. ืจื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืขื“ 1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1942. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื›ื ื•ื ื•, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื’ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ื‘-7 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1941. ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื ืจืœ (ืœื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ืจืœ) ื‘ืจื”ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืžืจื•ื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืก ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ, ืชื‘ืข ืžื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืฉืขื“ 1 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1943 ื™ื”ื™ื• 93,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื (ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจื’ืœ ืจื‘ื•ืข) ืžื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืื›ืœื•ืก. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ืื’ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืื’ืฃ, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื•ื›ืœืก ืžื™ื“, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื’ืคื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1943 ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื›-16 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 83 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ (ื›-1.13 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ 2019). ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 22 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื—ืžืฉ ืฆืœืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื 281 ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืื– ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืืœื” ื ื‘ื ื• ื—ื“ืจื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื. ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื ื‘ื ื• ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ื”, ื•ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืžืจืชืฃ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื˜ืงืก ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื "ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“", ื•ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื ืื›ืคื• ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ืช (ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืขื“ 1965). ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื•, ืืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœื™, ืœืœื ื”ืคืจื“ื”. ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืžืชื•, 1942. ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ, 26 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2003. ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžืง. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1998โ€“2011 ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื›ืœืœื™, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื ืขืฉื” ื˜ืจื™ื– ืื—ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื–, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื˜ืจื™ื– ืžืก' 1. ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื– ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื™ื– ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 93,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื•ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื–ื‘ืกื˜, ืฉื—ืœืง ื ืจื—ื‘ ืžื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžื ื•. ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื•ื ืื˜ืžื• ื•ื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ "ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืชื•ื—" (Open Space, ืื• Open Plan), ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ื“ื” ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื“ืจื’ื ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ื”ืจ ื‘ืชืงืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืงืžืชื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20; ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื ื™ืกืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืคืงืก, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื—ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื”, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืงืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื ื—ืช ื›ื‘ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš 2,700 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100,000 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืฆื” ืœืงื•ืœ, ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื ืฆื•ืžืฆื ืž-70 ืœ-16. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื™ ืฉื•ื ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื• ืืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ; ืขื“ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื•ืจื—ืงื” ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื‘ื ื• ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื• ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœื›ืš. ื’ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื•ืคืจื” ื•ืฉื•ื ืชื”. ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืจื›ื– ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘-50% ืžื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืžื•ืชืื ืœ-8,000 ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช 2,000 ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืŸ. ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ืœืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื—ื“ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ื– 4 ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืžืจืชืฃ ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 2,800 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ื—ื“ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ื“, ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉืจืชื™ื ื•ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืชืงืŸ ืžืกื™ืจื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง (Remote Delivery Facility, RDF), ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื•ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื. ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ (ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ). ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ื ื” "ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืคื ื™ืงืก" ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื ื‘ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช C, D ื•-E ืฉื ื”ืจืกื• ื‘ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื˜ื™ืกื” 77 ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืœื™ื™ื ืก ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืคื’ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื–ื™ื 1 ื•-2, ื•ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื˜ืจื™ื– 1. ืœื™ื“ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœืœื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข. ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื‘ื˜ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ, 26 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2003. ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”, ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื•ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืœื’ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขื ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 116,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื (28.7 ืืงืจ, 116 ื“ื•ื ื), ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฆืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื” 21,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื (5.1 ืืงืจ, 21 ื“ื•ื ื). ืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฆืœืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื 280 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• 24 ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื—ืžืฉ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช (ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ) ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืžื•ืœ, ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ื ื”ืจ, ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” (Concourse) ืื• ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•, ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืงื™ื. ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืžื•ืœ, ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื•, ื•ืœืคื ื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš 180 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื˜ืงืกื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื™ืฉื ื• ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื• ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ื”ืœื’ื•ื ื” ื•ืืœ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืžื ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ืืœ ื”ืœื’ื•ื ื”. ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื’ื•ื ื” ืžื–ื— ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช, ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื’, ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ. ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืฆืœืข ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื•ืฉื ื ืžืฆืืช ื’ื ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื• ื•ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื™ืฉื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ืž-A ืขื“ E, ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืช E ื”ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื. ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ. ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1 ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื ื 10 ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืžืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืกืคืจื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื: ืžืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ (ืž-1 ืขื“ 10) ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘-100 ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘-1099. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื” - 1 ืขื“ 5 ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, M ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืข (Mezzanine, ืงื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื) ื•-B ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืžืจืชืฃ (Basement), ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžืฉืจื“, ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืž-A ืœ-E. ื—ื“ืจ 2B315 ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืžื” 2, ื˜ื‘ืขืช B, ื•ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ 3. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื—ื“ืจื™ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžืชืงื ื™ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ื—ื“ืจื™ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช A ื•-E. ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื˜ืจื™ื–ื™ื: ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ืืœื”. ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื™ื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืขื“ ืœืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”. ื˜ืจื™ื– 1 ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืžืกืคื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ื‘-1968 ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ "ืื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื", ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœ-3,460 ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืœื™ื” - ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื (ื”ืฆื™, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื) - ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžื“ืœื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืœื˜ืงืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื˜ืงืกื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื”, ืคืจื™ืฉื”, ื•ืขื•ื“. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื 16 ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื—ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืืœื• 8,770 ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื™ื”. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืคื’ื ืช ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, "ื”ืžืฆืขื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ", 21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1967. ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืคืจืฉื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื. ื‘-15 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1967 ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• 2,500 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืงื ืžืืจื”, ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 1967 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ 20 ืื™ืฉ ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื. ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืขื“ ืœืžืขืฆืจ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื. ืื—ืช ื”ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘-21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1967, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›-35,000 ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืืกืคื• ืœื”ืคื’ื ื” ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ืžืฆืขื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ". ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืฉื• 2,500 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžืชื—ื. ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืžื”ืคื’ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขืฅ ืคืจื—ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืงื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ "ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื™ื" ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘-19 ื‘ืžืื™ 1972 ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืžื—ืชืจืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืคืฆืฆื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ "ืคืขื•ืœืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœ" ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจ 2, ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื. ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2007 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง. ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 4,000 ืœ-15,000 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืฉืฆืขื“ื• ืžืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืขื“ ืœืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2001 ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ, 14 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2001, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืคืืจืง ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง 60 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ืงืก ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ, ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2001, ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ 757 ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” 77 ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืœื™ื™ื ืก, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืžื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืืœืก ืœื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก. ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืจื™ืกืงื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” 9:37, ื–ืžืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื”ืชืงืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืกื“ืจืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• 64 ื ื•ืกืขื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื) ื•ืขื•ื“ 125 ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ. 106 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ืคืฆืขื•. ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื” ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื˜ื‘ืขืช E, ื•ื–ื• ืงืจืกื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช: ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื– ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื›ืœืก. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืคื’ืข ื”ื™ื• 800 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช 4,500 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื’ืฃ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืœืื”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืžื ืขื” ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉื ืคื’ืขื”: ื›ืœืงื— ืžื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืงืœื”ื•ืžื” ืกื™ื˜ื™ ื‘-1995 ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืคืœื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื›ืš ืฉืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืจืฉืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื ืข ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ื“ืงื•ืช. ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืžืื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื’ื•ืข. ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื ืคื’ืข ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืชื–ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื“ืฃ - ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ 2 ืื™ื ืฅ' (ื›-5 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื) ื•ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื›-1,135 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื - ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืืฉ ืฉื ืคืชื—ื• ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืคืชื—ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื–ืงื™ ื”ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื›ื•ื ื” "ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืคื ื™ืงืก", ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ืขื“ 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2002. ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืžืงื˜ืข ืฉื ืคื’ืข ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฆื‘ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืงืคืœื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื•ื“ืœืงื• 184 ืืœื•ืžื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ, ืœื–ื›ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืœืœื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื” ื ืชืœื” ื“ื’ืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”, ื•ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ืชืจืกืง ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžื•ืืจืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ. ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืคืืจืง, ืฉื‘ื• 184 ืกืคืกืœื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ. ื”ืกืคืกืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืž-3 ืขื“ 71. ื”ืคืืจืง ื ืคืชื— ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2008. ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘-3 ื‘ืžืื™ 2002 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ (Pentagon Force Protection Agency, PFPA), ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืžืฉื™ืžืชื” ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื•ืจื—ื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช. ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืงื“ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื”. ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง (ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ), ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื’ื ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื, ื—ื‘ืœื ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœื ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ (ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”) ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ (ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’) ืžื—ื ื” ืจื‘ื™ืŸ (ื”ืงืจื™ื”) ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืชืจ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื•ืจื™ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื Claudette Roulo, 10 Things You Probably Didnโ€™t Know About the Pentagon, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื ื—ืžืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ - ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ "notes" ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™.: ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
2024-09-21T07:00:54
ื“ื‘ืจ (ืžื—ืœื”)
ื“ึถึผื‘ึถืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื•ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืื“ื. ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฅ ื›ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืžื•ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื ื’ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืจื’ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื Yersinia Pestis (ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื’ืจืื ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ืคืœื™ืื•ืžื•ืจืคื™, ืื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืชื•ืš ืชืื™) ืฉื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘-1894 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื™ืจืกื™ืŸ (Alexandre Emile Jean Yersin), ื•ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืงื™ื˜ืกืื˜ื• ืฉื™ื‘ืกื‘ื•ืจื• (Kitasato Shibasaburล). ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช-ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื ื‘ืจื ื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื›ืจืกื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™, ื•ืžืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื“ืจืš ืขืงื™ืฆืช ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืื ื•ืจื™ ืื•ื’ืื˜ื” ื‘-1897 ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืค.ืœ. ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ (Simond) ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื™ื“ืขื• ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืชื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ืคืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื‘-2023 ื ืžืฆืื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื—ืœื”, ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืŸ 4,000 ืฉื ื™ื. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง Yersinia pestis ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ 20.000, ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” "ื ืฉืื™ื", ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืžืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื• โ€“ ื•ืœืื“ื: ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืœืœ, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœืžื—ืœื” ืงืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (sylvatic plague), ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืกื ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื. ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ ื‘ืจ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืกื ื•ืช ื•ืืฆืœืŸ ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืชื”. ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืงืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืžื ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžืžื›ืจืกืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืžื”ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืงืฆื™ื ื’ื ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” "ืคืจืขื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื”" (Nosopsyllus fasciatus), ื•ื‘ืืกื™ื” "ืคืจืขื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ" (Xenopsylla cheopis). ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื™ืคื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 20 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ. ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืงืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืž"ืž ืžืขื•ืงื‘ ืžื“ืžื, ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ื‘ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื”, ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ื“ื ืœืงื™ื‘ืชื• ื•ื ืขืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืคื™ ืฉืกืชื•ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” (proventriculus). ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืœื”, ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืžื ื” ืืœ ื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜, ื•ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกืชื™ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ. ืคืจืขื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืคืจืขื•ืฉ ื—ืกื•ื" (blocked flea). ื›ืฉืคืจืขื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ืฅ ื“ื, ื”ื“ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืกืชื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ืจื•ื ื•ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœื ืขืงืฅ โ€“ ืืš ื”ืคืขื ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื. ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื›ื” ืืฃ ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื•ืฉื˜ ื•ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคืฆืข ืฉื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืื•ืœื, ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื ืืช ืคื’ืจื™ ื”ืžืื›ืกื ื™ื ื•ื ื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ื”ืžืื›ืกืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช. "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืกื•ืžื™ื" ืจืขื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืงื™ืฆื” ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืžื ื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืŸ: ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื™ืืชื™ (Pneumonic plague); ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื (Septicemic plague); ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคืฉืขื” (Bubonic plague). ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื, ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžืคื” (Lymph nodes), ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืฉืขื” (bubones โ€“ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื ืื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”) ื•ื’ื•ืจื ื‘ื”ื ืœื“ืœืงื•ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžืคื” ืžืื“ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชื ืคื—ื™ื. ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืœื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืฅ ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื’ืคื” ืคื•ืจืฆืช. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืจื” 2 ืขื“ 6 ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ื ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืœื”ืงืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงื•ืช ืขื ื“ื ื•ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื. ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื ืชืช-ืขื•ืจื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืชืžื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ โ€“ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื ืข ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 60% ืœ-90%. ื›ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื 100%. ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืืฃ ืฉืขืงื‘ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื–ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื•ืขื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื’ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจื™ืกื•ืก ื›ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื. ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืจื›ื™ื‘, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื“ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื•ื ืข ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืจืฉืฃ (ืืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื“ึถื‘ึถืจ) ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื›ืžืŸ, ืจืื™ ืจื—ื•ืง. ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-14 ื•ื‘ื• ืชื•ืคืก ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™. Shrewsbury, J. F. D. A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื’'ืจืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืก, ืฉื ืช ื”ืคืœืื•ืช โ€“ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืก, ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™; ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืืœ ืฉื ืช 1320; ืขืงื‘ ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืจืช 28 ืฉื ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืืœ ืฉื ืช 1348, ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืคืจืฅ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืคื•ืœ ื“ื•ื”ืจื˜ื™, "ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืžื’ืคื”" โ€“ ืคื ื˜ืกื™ื”; ืžืจืงื• ืคื•ืœื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืกื™ืŸ ื•ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืขืจื‘ ืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืงืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜, "ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืงืฅ" โ€“ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” (1327โ€“1350) ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™, "ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื’ืžื™ื ื™" โ€“ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืกื™ื ืงืœืจ ืœื•ืื™ืก, "ืืจื•ืกืžื™ืช" โ€“ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืจื•ืคื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ื™ืืจื ื” ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจ, "ื”ืฉืงืจืŸ ืžืื•ืžื‘ืจื™ื”" โ€“ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืืœื‘ืจ ืงืืžื™, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืจืืŸ, ืขื™ืจ ืžืกื—ืจ ืกืชืžื™ืช ื‘ืืœื’ืณื™ืจ ื‘ื” ืคื•ืจืฆืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืงื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ืืš ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื” ื–ืงื ื™ื ื›ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื›ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ื ื ื” ื—ืกื” ืขืœ ืื™ืฉ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื "ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื”" ื‘ืืชืจ ื”-CDC "ื“ื‘ืจ" ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ ืชืžืจื” ื˜ืจืื•ื‘ืžืŸ, ื”ื•ืฉืœื ืคื™ืขื ื•ื— ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืืจื ื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ืื™ื– ืคื™ืฉืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืคื• ื‘-1922, ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฉืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” - ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ
2024-08-25T22:33:09
ื’ืžื‘ื•ื–ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื”
ื’ืžื‘ื•ื–ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” (ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™: Gambusia affinis, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ: G. affinis), ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืกื•ื’ ื’ืžื‘ื•ื–ื™ื”, ืฉืžื•ืฆืื• ืžื“ืจื•ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ื•ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืืฆื•ืช, ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ืจืงื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื“ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืฉืžื™ื“ ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืื ื•ืคืœืก, ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื“ื’ ื™ืชื•ืฉ (Mosquitofish). ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื”ื’ืžื‘ื•ื–ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1926 ื”ื•ื‘ื ื”ื“ื’ ื’ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืœื™ื’ืœืจ ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ ื”ืื ื•ืคืœืก. ื›ื™ื•ื, ืชืคื•ืฆืชื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœืก ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื›ื ืจืช, ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืงื™ื, ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื’ืฉื•ืžื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™, ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžื‘ื•ื–ื™ื” (ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืžืœืื”). ืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื“ื’ ื–ื” ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ืžื‘ื•ื–ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ืœื˜ืช ื“ื• ืฆื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืช. ื”ื–ื›ืจ (5 ืก"ืž) ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื’ื•ื ื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื•ื (Gonopodium), ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืกื ืคื™ืจ ื”ืฉืช ื•ืงืจื ื™ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ืœื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ืœื–ื›ืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ืคื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื ื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืคื ื™ื. ื”ื ืงื‘ื” (7 ืก"ืž) ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ืจืกื” ื”ืžื ื•ืคื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘, ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ืžื–ื“ืงืจืช ืœืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื” ื‘ืจืงืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ืฆืคืง ืคื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉืงืคืช ื“ืจืš ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื›ืชื ื›ื”ื” ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืชื ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืจื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ื ืงื‘ื”, ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ื”ืคืจื™ื”. ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื•ืชื•ืš ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื ื•ืคื“ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ืงื‘ื™ ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื” ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข. ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืจื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืจื™ืฆื” 60-50 ื“ื’ื™ื’ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืืจ ื“ื’ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื). ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืจืฆืช ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื ืœืฆื•ื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื˜ืจืคื ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžื‘ื•ื–ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื ืžื–ื—ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ G.affinis ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื‘ืฉืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืจืฆื” ืžื•ืฉืจืฆื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื’ื™ื ืืฉืจ, ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื. ืœื’ืžื‘ื•ื–ื™ื” ืขื•ื ืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืงื™ืฅ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืชืžืœืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ื”ืืœื” ืžืคืจื™ื ื’ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืžื”ืŸ. ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ืžื‘ื•ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืฉืจืฆื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื. ื“ื’ื™ G.affinis ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืžื–ื•ื ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ืื• ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื‘ื—ืคืฉื ืื—ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื•ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ืขื ืžืคืชื— ื”ืคื” ื”ืขื™ืœื™ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœืœืงื˜ ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื›ืฉื’ื•ืคื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ. ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืฆืจ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืกื‘ืš ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ืคื” ื•ืืœ ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืืœื• ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืจื›ื–ื™ื ื–ื—ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื. ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืฉืœ G.affinis ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ื—ืœื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื (ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-200) ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžืžื” ืื—ืช. ื“ื’ื™ G.affinis ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืชื ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืจืžืช ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ 2% ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื•ืžืก ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืงืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืžื’ืœื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ื‘-1854 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืœ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื–'ืจืืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืžื‘ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื“ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช: ื“ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื“ื’ื™ื ืืื•ืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื™ื
2023-04-20T19:05:05
ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก
ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก (ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ฮŒฮปฯ…ฮผฯ€ฮฟฯ‚) ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• 2,917 ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืชืกืœื™ื”. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื›ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื. ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ืจ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื”, ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืืฃ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ืžืงื ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืจืกื™ื: ืื™ื™ืช ืฆืจืขื™ื, ืคืจืก, ืขื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื—ื™ื•ื•ื™ืื™, ืขื™ื˜ ื’ืžื“ื™, ืขื™ื˜ ื–ื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื– ืฆื•ืงื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื›ื ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื-ืขืฉืจ ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื: ื–ืื•ืก, ื”ืจื”, ืคื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ื“ืžื˜ืจ, ืืชื ื”, ืืคืจื•ื“ื™ื˜ื”, ืืจืก, ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื•ืก, ืืคื•ืœื•, ืืจื˜ืžื™ืก, ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ื•ื”ืจืžืก. ื”ืื“ืก ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ืืœื ื‘ืฉืื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก. ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื ืงื˜ืจ ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืžื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื "ื”ื–ื•ืจื—". ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ื‘ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื›ืžืงื•ื ื ืกืชืจ ื•ืžืกืชื•ืจื™, ืฉืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืžืฉืชื ื”. ืคืขื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืคืขื ืžืฉืชืœืฉืœื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื”ืจ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื™ื. ืืฃ ืฉื–ืื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืœืš ื”ืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื•. ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื ืœื™ื, ืœื ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืœื ืœืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื "ืคืจืกื™ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื" ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก, ืืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืจื›ื–ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื•, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื‘"ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืคื™ื™ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜". ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืคืœื•ืช, ืœื ื”ืขื–ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ. ืจืง ื‘-2 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1913 ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื˜ืคืกื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืกื’ืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ืงืก, ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ. ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื›-10,000 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื—ืœืงื ืขื“ ืœืžื™ื˜ื™ืงืก (Mytikas), ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืจื›ืก, ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืจื• (ฮ›ฮนฯ„ฯŒฯ‡ฯ‰ฯฮฟ), ืฉืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจ, ืื• ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื ื’, ื”ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื” ืžืžื–ืจื—. ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืง ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 1,100 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืื•ื ื™ื” (Prionia). ื”ืจื™ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื 18 ื”ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก: ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ; ื‘ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ; ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”; ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“; ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื ืกื™, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช; ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืจ ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ื–ื”. ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืจื•ืคื”: ื”ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื•ื•ืŸ: ื”ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื•ื•ืŸ: ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชืŸ
2024-07-09T13:13:01
ืืœื™ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ
ืืœื™ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Ally McBeal) ื”ื™ื ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืช ื“ืจืžื” ืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืื™ ืงืœื™. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื” ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืืžื™ (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999), ืคืจืก ื’ื™ืœื“ืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ืžืกืš, ื•ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืก ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื–ื”ื‘ (ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1998 ื•-1999). ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืžื›ื›ื‘ืช ืงืœื™ืกื˜ื” ืคืœื•ืงื”ืืจื˜ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื›ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ืจื•ื•ืงื”, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืงื™ื™ื’' ืื ื“ ืคื™ืฉ" ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืžืชืืจืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื”. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช Fox, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1997 ืœ-2002. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 2, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืงืฉืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 3 ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื. ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช + ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ืืฉื ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉื ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื•ื ื•ืช1 2 3 4 5 ืงืœื™ืกื˜ื” ืคืœื•ืงื”ืืจื˜ ืืœื™ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื’ืจื’ ื’ืจืžืŸ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืื™ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืกืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื•ื•ื ื“ื” ืฉืคืจื“ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื” ืจืืฉื™ ื“ื™ืืŸ ืงื ื•ืŸ ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ "ื•ื•ื™ืคืจ" ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื— ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืžืืง'ื ื™ืงื•ืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื’' ืจืืฉื™ ืœื™ืกื” ื ื™ืงื•ืœ ืงืจืกื•ืŸ ืจื ื” ืจืื“ื™ืง ืจืืฉื™ ืื•ืจื— ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื– ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืืœืŸ ืชื•ืžืืก ืจืืฉื™ ืื•ืจื— ืงื•ืจื˜ื ื™ ืชื•ืจืŸ-ืกืžื™ืช ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื” ืชื•ืžืืก ืจืืฉื™ ืื•ืจื— ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื” ื“ื” ืจื•ืกื™ ื ืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ืœื•ืกื™ ืœื• ืœื™ื ื’ ื•ื• ืจืืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืœื” ื’ืจื•ืก ืžืืจืง ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื•ืจื— ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื“ืื•ื ื™ ื’'ื•ื ื™ื•ืจ ืœืืจื™ ืคื•ืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืจื’'ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื˜ื” ืœื™ืค ืื•ืจื— ื’'ื•ืœื™ืื ื” ื ื™ืงื•ืœืกื•ืŸ ื’'ื ื™ ืฉืื• ืจืืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžืจืกื“ืŸ ื’ืœืŸ ืคื•ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื’'ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ืžื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืก ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืœื˜ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื ื˜ื™ื™ืจ ืžืื“ื™ ื”ืืจื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื "ืœื”ืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ: ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, "ืืœื™ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ" ืชืฆื ื‘ื“ื™.ื•ื™.ื“ื™", nrg, 5.10.09 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื“ืจืžื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืืžื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื: ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืืžื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื: ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช: ืœื™ื”ื•ืง ืœืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื’ื™ืœื“ืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ืžืกืš - ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื–ื”ื‘: ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืžืกืš ื”ื–ื”ื‘: ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืจื›ืฉ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืคื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1990 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื•ืงืก: ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
2024-09-08T12:41:23
ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”
"ื”ึทืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธื”" ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขื“ ื”ืงืžืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื, ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธืชึตื ื•ึผ" ืฉืœ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื”ืจืฅ ืื™ืžื‘ืจ, ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1878. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช ืขืžืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืชืื ืœืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ. ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื›ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืงืžืชื”, ืืš ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืจืง ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 56 ืฉื ื”, ื‘ึพ10 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2004. ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|287px|ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•" ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื”ืจืฅ ืื™ืžื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื—ืชื™ืžืชื•, ืชืจืก"ื— (1908), ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื”ื•ื ื’ืจืกื” ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธืชึตื ื•ึผ" - ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืชืฉืขืช ื‘ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื”ืจืฅ ืื™ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1878, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืชืืจื— ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื™ืืฉ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืืฆืœ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก "ื‘ืจืงืื™" ื‘ืฉื ืช 1886. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื‘ืจื” ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื”ื˜ืขืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช). ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœื•. ื”ืœื—ืŸ ืชื•ืื ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”: "ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืื‘ื“ื” ืชืงื•ืชื ื•" ื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื” ืœืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ: ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ืื™ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืœ"ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœืงื™ื ื“ ื•ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืœื•ื‘ืžืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื’ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืŸ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ื•ืื™ืžื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉืจ ื–ืืช. ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ: "ืขื•ึนื“ ืœึนื ืึธื‘ึฐื“ึธื” ืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธืชึตื ื•ึผ / ื”ึทืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธื” ื”ึทื ึผื•ึนืฉึธืื ึธื” / ืœึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืœึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ / ืœึธืขึดื™ืจ ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ ื“ึธึผื•ึดื“ ื—ึธื ึธื”", ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ืขื•ึนื“ ืœึนื ืึธื‘ึฐื“ึธื” ืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธืชึตื ื•ึผ / ื”ึทืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธื” ืฉึฐืื ื•ึนืช ืึทืœึฐืคึทึผื™ึดื / ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ืขึทื ื—ึธืคึฐืฉึดืื™ ื‘ึฐึผืึทืจึฐืฆึตื ื•ึผ / ืึถืจึถืฅ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ื•ึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึทื™ึดื". ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ "ื”ึทืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธื” ืฉึฐืื ื•ึนืช ืึทืœึฐืคึทึผื™ึดื" ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœืฉื•ื ื™, ื•ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืงื ื•. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ื ื ืงืจืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืžืงื”ืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื‘ึทึผืช" ืœืžืฉืคื˜.ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื”ืชืงื•ื”" ื ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœืจืข ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ื•ืฉืจื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื‘ืช" ื•ืœืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื’ืจืกื” "ื”ึทืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธื” ื‘ึทึผืช ืฉึฐืื ื•ึนืช ืึทืœึฐืคึทึผื™ึดื" ืœื’ืจืกื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืขื•ื’ื ื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004. ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ืช, ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืงื™ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืŸ ืคืกื•ืงื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ("ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•"), ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื (ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืงื•ืฆืจ ืœืฉื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ืžืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”): "ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื•ืžื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ื”, ืœื ืื‘ื“ื” ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™". ืคืกื•ืงื™ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸื ืฉื•ืื ื•ืฉืืคืกื•ืงื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ืชืžื•ืจื”ื›ึธึผืœ ืขื•ึนื“ ื‘ึทึผืœึตึผื‘ึธื‘ ืคึฐึผื ึดื™ืžึธื” ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ ื”ื•ึนืžึดื™ึธึผื”,ื•ึผืœึฐืคึทืึฒืชึตื™ ืžึดื–ึฐืจึธื— ืงึธื“ึดื™ืžึธื” ืขึทื™ึดืŸ ืœึฐืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ืฆื•ึนืคึดื™ึธึผื”,ืขื•ึนื“ ืœึนืืึธื‘ึฐื“ึธื”ืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธืชึตื ื•ึผ,ื”ึทืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธื” ื‘ึทึผืช ืฉึฐืื ื•ึนืช ืึทืœึฐืคึทึผื™ึดื,ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ืขึทื ื—ึธืคึฐืฉึดืื™ ื‘ึฐึผืึทืจึฐืฆึตื ื•ึผ, ืึถืจึถืฅ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ื•ึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึทื™ึดื. ื”ืœื—ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืœ"ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœืงื™ื ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1882 ื”ื•ื ืžืกืจ ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœืœืื•ืŸ ืื™ื’ืœื™, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืœื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘. ืื™ื’ืœื™ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืœื—ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืืš ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ืœื—ื ืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืž"ื– (1886) ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืขื•ืœื” ืžื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” (ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืช ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื”). ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ื• ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ื‘ืจืงืื™" ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื‘ืจ, ืขื ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ. ื›ื”ืŸ ื“ืคื“ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืกื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•". ืฉืชื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืืœ ืœื™ื‘ื•: "ืจึทืง ืขึดื ืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ / ื’ึทื ืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ". ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื–ืžืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘, ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœ"ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•" ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืขืžืžื™ ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืื•ื ื’ื ื™, ืื• ืžื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืžื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื”. ื”ืœื—ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืขื’ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื" ("Carul cu boi", ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ: "ืื•ื™ืก ืฆ'ื™ื"), ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื›"ืœื—ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื•ืฉืŸ". ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืจื™ึพืขื ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™" ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›"ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•" (ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช: "Luncile s-au deลŸteptat"), ื”ืžื”ืœืœ ืขืœ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืœื—ืŸ, ื”ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื”, ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืžื•ื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืจื•ืžื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” "ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™" ืžืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ ื‘ื“ื–'ื™ืš ืกืžื˜ื ื” ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื ืขื™ืžื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช, ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•. ื”ื™ื• ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ื›ื™ ืกืžื˜ื ื” ืฉืื‘ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืจ ืขืžืžื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™. ื‘ืฆ'ื›ื™ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืžื–'ื•ืจื™, ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœ"ื•ืœื˜ื‘ื”" ื•"ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื•ืฉืžื• "Koฤka leze dรญrou" ("ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืžื˜ืคืก ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืจ"). ืžืงื•ืจื• ื”ืขืžืžื™ ื•ื”"ื–ืจ" ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืŸ ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืกืชืจื™ืช ื‘ืœืฆืŸ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื• ืขืชื™ืง ืœืœื—ืŸ. ืื™ื“ืœืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืœื—ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ืœ" ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืงื“ื•ื ืœืœื—ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืœืฆืŸ ืžืชืืจืช ืžื”ืœืš ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืœื—ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื›ืœื™ื™ื–ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืจื“ ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ืœื—ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืฆื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ "ืคื•ื’'ื™, ืคื•ื’'ื™, ืืžื•ืจื• ืžื™ื•". ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื• ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ืืžื“ืื•ืก ืžื•ืฆืืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืงื˜ืข ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™. ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ ืกืžื˜ื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืฆืŸ ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืคืจืกื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืกืจื•ืกื™ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื• ืขืชื™ืง. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืขืžืžื™ ืœืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขื ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืจื•ืกื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืœื—ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจ "ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ืœ" ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ ืฉื’ืœื• ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืกืคืจื“ ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื–ืžืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืžืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื‘ืจื ืจื“ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืœื™ื ืืจื™ ื•ืฉืœ ืคืื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื—ื™ื™ื. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื™ืœื•ืช "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืขื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ืจื“ื•ื. ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื’ืจื“ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืกื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืชืจื•ืช - ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื—ืกืจื” ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”, ืื™ืžืฆื” ืืช "ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•" ืืœ ื—ื™ืงื”. "ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•" ื”ืคืš ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื™ื–ื ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืจืืฉ ืคื™ื ื”, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืขืจื‘, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”. ื—ื–ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœืื• ื‘ืฉื ืคืจื™ื“ืœื ื“ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืœืžื ื’ื™ื ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฆื "ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•" ืœืื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1895 ื‘ืฉื "ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื", ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืืจื‘ืข ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช". ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื™ืฆื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืกื•ืคื” "ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ืฉืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ืžืื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื”ืฉื "ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•" ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืื– ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”", ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื "ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืื‘ื“ื”" ื“ื‘ืง ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื ืงืจื ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1898 ื”ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช "ื“ื™ ื•ืœื˜" ืคืจืก ืฉืœ 500 ืคืจื ืง, ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื” ืงืจืžื ืฆืงื™, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ, ืื•ืœื ืืฃ ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืžืชืื™ื ื“ื™ื•. ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืืš ืœื ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจ. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ึพืจื•ืกื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื•ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืื•ื“ืกื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ืœืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืžื‘ืจ ืืช "ืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ" ืœื”ืจืฆืœ, ืืš ื ื“ื—ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1903, ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”, ื”ื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ืชื™ "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืื“ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืขื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ื”" โ€“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื "ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ", ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”. ื›ืš ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืชึดึผืงึฐื•ึธืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ", ืฉืฉืžื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืœ"ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”", ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. "ืžื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ (1907) ืฆื•ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ) ืฉ"ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื”ื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื". ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืกื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืจื” ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื”ึพืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933 ื ืงื‘ืขื” "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืฉืœ "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ืื• "ืชื—ื–ืงื ื”" ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืœืชื—ื–ืงื ื”. ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื˜ืงืก ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ึพ14 ื‘ืžืื™ 1948 ืฉืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”", ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ื ื™ื’ื ื” ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื’ืœ ื•ืœืกืžืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื•ื”ืกืžืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1949, ื ื•ืกื— "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืจืง ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1996 ื•ืจืง ื›ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 1(ื“) ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ึพ10 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2004 ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื›ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœ"ื—ื•ืง ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื•ื”ืกืžืœ", ืฉืฉืžื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื“ื’ืœ, ื”ืกืžืœ ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ื ืงื‘ืข ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื›ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื "ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 (ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงืจื™ืื”, ื”ืงืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”) ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœื—ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื "ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958, ื ื•ื’ื ื” "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื‘ืœื—ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื ื›ื— ื‘ื˜ืงืก, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืจืช ืžืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื ื–ื™ืคื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืœืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ . ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืžืขืชื• ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื™ื, ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™, ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืžืœื›ืชื™. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื• ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื™ืžื”. ืœืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื“ื•ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื‘ื ื”, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื•ืžืชื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ. ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกื“ืจ ื™ื“ื’ืœื• ืืช ื ืฉืงื ื•ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื•ื ื’ื“ื™ื ื™ืฆื“ื™ืขื•. ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1886 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื–ื"ื” ื•ืžื ื—ื ืื•ืกื™ืฉืงื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ืจ ืขื. ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืืœื™ื• 26 ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืœื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื’ืžืจ. ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื›ื” ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืœื™ืฆืงื™ ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืขืœ ื”ืจืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1886 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1895 ืคื ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ ืืœ ืงืจืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืืจืง ื•ืื™ื’ื ืฅ ื‘ืจื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืขื ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1897 ืขืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ื“ ืžึพ45 ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ. ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ืขื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขืžื“ "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื›ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื” ื›ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื™ื”ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืืจืฆื• ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื™ื ืจื™: . ืคืขื™ืœื™ ืจืฉืช ื”ืขืœื• ื˜ืขื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ืœื” "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืืžืจืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ื”ืžื ื•ืžืงื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื•ืœืคืืชื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืงื“ื™ืžื” โ€“ ืขื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ื”", ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขื™ืจืืง, ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ืื• ืžืชื™ืžืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื—. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืžื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื•, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ืœื“ืขืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื›ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•. ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืฆื—ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื— "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื›ืš ืฉืชืชืื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœืจื•ื— "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”". ื”ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ืืš ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื”. ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื: ื‘ืจื›ืช ืขื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”" ืฉืœ ื™"ื“ ืงืžื–ื•ืŸ, "ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™" ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฆืžื—, ื•"ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ" ืฉืœ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื”ืจืฅ ืื™ืžื‘ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1947 ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืื™ืฉื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืงื›"ื• ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื: "ืฉึดืื™ืจ ื”ึทืžึทึผืขึฒืœื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื”' ืึถืช ืฉึดืื™ื‘ึทืช ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื›ึฐึผื—ึนืœึฐืžึดื™ื". ืื™ืฉื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืืช "ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”" ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•" ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื‘ืจ ื•ืœืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœื•. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ "ืืจื™ืืœ". ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง โ€“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•" ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื‘ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ, "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘", ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”", ืืš ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื“ื—ืชื”. ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื ืจื™. ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ" (ืื• "ืฉื—ืงื™ ืฉื—ืงื™" ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ) ืžืืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืžืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืžืกืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืฉื’ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืœืึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื“ื ื›ืื“ื, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืฆืื• ื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื, ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื• ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืฉืžืืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืžืฆื—ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืขื•ื–ื™ ื ืจืงื™ืก. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืžืฉืžืืœ ืกื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื•ืกื™ ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืคืืœ ืืžื™ืจ. ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืฉื‘ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื™ืš (ืื”ื•ื“ ืžื ื•ืจ, ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืจืฉ) ืžืฉื ืช 1974 ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืงืฆืจ ืž"ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" (ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืื‘ื“ื” ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื• = ืœืœื›ืช ืฉื‘ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื™ืš). ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1983 ื•ืขื“ 2006 ื”ืชื ื’ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ึพ1998 ืจื™ื˜ื” ืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ". ื‘ึพ1999, ืžืคืœื’ืช ืขืœื” ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื˜ืจืื ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืขืžื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื”. ื‘ึพ2001 ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ืจื™ ืกื—ืจื•ืฃ ืงื˜ืข ืžืžื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ "ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื" ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื "ื”ืื—ืจ". ื‘ึพ2002 ื—ื•ื“ืฉ "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืคื•ื ืฅ' ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื "ื“ื ื” ืจืืชื” ืขื‘"ืž", ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ึพ2003 ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ื˜ื™ืคืงืก ื•ืฉืจื™ืช ื—ื“ื“ ื’ืจืกื” ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคืงืก "ื›ืœ ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื". ื‘ึพ2006 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื’ืจืกืช ืจื•ืง ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืื™ืชื•". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืกืจื˜, ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ, ื›ื ื™ืฆื‘. ื‘ึพ2008 ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืขืžื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ "ืืœื™ ืืชื” ื•ืื•ื“ืš" ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืื“ื™, ื›ืฉื‘ืจืงืข ืงื˜ืขื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ืฉืœื— ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื™, ืœืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ึพ2009 ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืงื“ื™ืžื”". ื‘ึพ2009 ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื–ืžื™ืจ ืงื˜ืข ืžืžื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืืœื‘ื•ืžื• "ืื—ื“". ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-2015, ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœืืฉืžื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ึพ2018 ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืคื•ืœืง ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืช-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช "ื–ื•ืฉื" ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ึพ2019 ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืžื˜ืืœ "ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจื‘ื“" ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืคืืจืง ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื”ืกื•ืœืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื“ืจื™ื™ืžืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-10,000 ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื. ื‘ึพ2020 ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืขื•ืคืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื’ืจืกื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื ื“ ื•ืจื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ึพ2021 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื ื•ืขื” ืงื™ืจืœ ื’ืจืกืช ื”ื™ืค-ื”ื•ืค ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช. ื‘-2021 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื“ ืคืœื•ื˜ื ื™ืง (ื ืฆ'ื™ ื ืฆ') ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืงื•ืงื•ืจื™ืงื• (ืืœ ืชื“ืœื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื™) ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืงื˜ืข ืžื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื•. ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ืงืก ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืขืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื, ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉืคื” ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ืื—ื“. ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ืœืื•ื ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ื—ืก ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ. ื–ืืช, ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื ืคืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžื™ื”" ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืื•ืชื. ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืขืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืฆืช "ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ" ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืžื•ื ื” ืจืืœื‘ ืžื’'ืื“ืœื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ืœืฉืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื• ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืจืจ ืกืขืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื’ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืกืœื™ื ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ, ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ื’'ื•ื‘ืจืืŸ ืืฃ ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืื•ื ื”ืžืขื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืงืจื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืžื˜ืื ืก ืฉื—ืื“ื”, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื‘ืœ"ื“, ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ื’ื ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ืฆ'ืจืงืกื™, ื‘ื™ื‘ืจืก ื ืืชื›ื•, ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืœืคื™ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืฆืขื” ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื–ืขื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืžืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืขืจื™, ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืจืš ื‘, ืคืจืง ืก: ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ืชืงื•ื”" ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืชืจ"ืŸโ€“ืชืจื "ื (1890โ€“1891), ืขืž' 671โ€“674. ืžื ืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื, ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”: ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ืžื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ืžืืžืจื™ื, ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชืฉื›"ื˜ (1968) ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงื‘ืงื•ื‘, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืœื•ื“: ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืชืฉื "ืึพ1991 ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœ, ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืื‘ื“ื” ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื• (ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”"), ื”ืื•ืžื”, 128, ืชืฉื "ื–ึพ1997, ืขืž' 408โ€“412 ืฆื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืŸึพื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื™ื ื•ืจ, "ื”ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœ'ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”'? ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื", ืืœืคื™ื™ื, 29, ืชืฉืก"ื•ึพ2005, ืขืž' 16โ€“151 ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, "ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืื‘ื“ื” ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•", ืืจื™ืืœ, 186, ืชืฉืก"ื˜ึพ2009, ืขืž' 100โ€“104 ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ื ื™ืฅ, ื ืคืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžื™ื”, ืžืฉืคื˜ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื• ืืชื™ืงื”, ื›ืจืš 2 ืขืžื•ื“ 11, 2008 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืื‘ื“ื” ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•, ื ืืžืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืจ, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื–ืื‘ ื’ืœื™ืœื™, ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืื‘ื“ื” ืชืงื•ื•ืชื ื•" "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”": ืžืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœื™ "ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ", 11 ื‘ืžืื™ 2008 ืื™ืชื™ ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”", ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืจื—ืœ ืงื•ืœื ื“ืจ, ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ - ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”", ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ ืชื "ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” , ื‘ืืชืจ "ื”ื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื" ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” โ€“ ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ "ื”ืกืคืจื ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื—ืŸ, ื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื”ืชืงื•ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸึพื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื–ืกืœื•ืฃ, ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืงื•ื” ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืชื•ื ื™ืกืื™ืช ื‘ื’'ืจื‘ื ืฉื ืช 1930 ื”ืชืงื•ื” ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื•ื•ืืงืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืช ืžื ืฉื” ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ื’, ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืช 2 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืกืžืœื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืžื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”
2024-10-08T02:02:35
ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
250px|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ืฉื“ืจื›ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจืš. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™. ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ (ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ืื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ). ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžืงืคื™ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ. ืœืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ - ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ืจื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ 4179 ื˜ื•ื˜ืื˜ื™ืก - ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขืชื ืื™ื ื• ืกื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ื”ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืงืจื•ื‘, ืžืจื•ื—ืง, ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืขื•ืงื‘. ื‘ื™ืจื— ืื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง, ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ื”ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ืช ืฆื“ืง, ื™ืฉื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช - ื–ื”ื• ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ ืœื• - ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื“ืง ื ืงืจื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง (ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ืื“ื™ืจ). ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขืชื• (ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื•ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”) - ื–ื”ื• ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืœื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืงื‘. ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ืื™ื• ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ืฆืื™ื - ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืขื•ืงื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื•ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ืงืฆื” ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื˜ื‘, ื•ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืคืจ "ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื": ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืืœื™ื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืงื•ื˜ื‘" ืกืชื. ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฆื™ืจื•. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ 90 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจืš. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืื ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืžื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื–ื ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ืงื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืžื’ื ื˜ื™. (ืœืฆื•ืคื” ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืกื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืคืŸ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืชื’ื™ืข ืขื“ 180 ืžืขืœื•ืช) ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ (ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ - "ื—ื•ืชืš" ืืช ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ - ืงื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ 90ยฐ ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืจื•ื. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 4,232 ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื–ื•ื–ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืคืคืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืช. ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“, ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื™ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ, ื‘ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช 83.38ยฐ ืฆืคื•ืŸ 34.0ยฐ ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื› - 710 ืง"ืž. ืงื ื“ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื” ืขื“ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ - ืื•ืœื ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ 770 ืง"ืž ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™. ืฉืืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ (SSN-578) ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, 1959 ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|150px|ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1831โ€“2001 ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื ื“ื” ืžืกืข ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื™, ืžืชื™ื• ื”ื ืกื•ืŸ (ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืฆืื• ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช), ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื: ืื•ื˜ื”, ืกื™ื’ืœื•, ืื’ื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ ื•ืืื•ืงื•ืื”, ื‘-6 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1909. ืคื™ืจื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996 ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื‘-40 ืง"ืž. ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ ืกื“ื•ื‘ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1913โ€“1914 ืืš ื ื›ืฉืœื”. ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1926 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ ืจื•ืืœื“ ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื•ื”ืžืžืžืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืœื• ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืืœื–ื•ื•ืจืช' ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžืกื‘ืืœื‘ืจื“ ืœืืœืกืงื”. ื‘-3 ื‘ืžืื™ 1952, ื ื—ืชื• ื’'ื•ืกืฃ ืคืœื˜ืฆ'ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™. ื‘-3 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1958 ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™. ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1959 ืขืœืชื” ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ (SSN-578) ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™. ื‘-19 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1968 ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ ืฉืœื’ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืจืืœืฃ ืคืœืื™ืกื˜ื“, ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื”"ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื™, ื–ืืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืกื ื˜ื” ืงืœืื•ืก ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื• ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืื ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืžืฆืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื–ืŸ - ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื™ืคืขืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืงืจืื™. ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืจ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜ ื—ืฆืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืœื›ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1600. ืžืกืข ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงืœืืจืง ืจื•ืก ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1831. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ืœืžืฆื ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1845 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ืงืœ. ืืš ืžืกืข ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ืžืฆื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžืžืกืข ื–ื” ื•ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ื ืžืชื• ืžื”ืจืขืœืช ืขื•ืคืจืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ื—ืชืžื• ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืจื•ืืœื“ ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1903. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื ืžืฆื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื‘-83.2ยฐ ืฆืคื•ืŸ 118.3ยฐ ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘-85.2ยฐ ืฆืคื•ืŸ 133.2ยฐ ืžืขืจื‘. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื ืข ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžืขืœ 1,100 ืง"ืž, ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ืขืœืชื” ืž-9 ืง"ืž ืœืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1970 ืœ-41 ืง"ืž ืœืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001. ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืชื•ืš ื›-50 ืฉื ื”. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื‘ื” ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ (ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ - "ื—ื•ืชืš" ืืช ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื ื” โ€Ž90ยฐ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื ื” "ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช" ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช. ืื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื - ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™/ื”ื’ืื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ - ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ื•ืœื”ืคืš. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื’ื ื˜ ื ืžืฉืš ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื˜ ืžืจื—ืฃ (ื›ืžื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืžืฆืคืŸ) ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ (ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžื’ื ื˜ ื“ืจื•ืžื™). ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื - ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื - ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื ืžืฆื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื‘-79.8ยฐ ืฆืคื•ืŸ 71.8ยฐ ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘-80.0ยฐ ืฆืคื•ืŸ 72.0ยฐ ืžืขืจื‘. ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื–ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื '84ยฐ03 ืฆืคื•ืŸ, '174ยฐ51 ืžืขืจื‘. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืกืจ ื™ื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื•ื™ืœืงื™ื ืก ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1927. ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1999 ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื›ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”. ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” - ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, ืงื ื“ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื“ื ืžืจืง, ืืฉืจ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” - ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘. ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื (ื ืคื˜ ื•ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™) ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืงืจื—, ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ - ืจืžืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืง ืขืœืชื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ืฉืœื—ื” ืกื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™
2024-06-11T12:36:19
ืžืžืฉืœ
ืžึดืžึฐืฉึธืืœ ื”ื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื”. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื’ื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื; ืคื“ืจืœื™, ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™, ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ, ื•ืžืžืกื“ ื ื•ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”. ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื”. ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืคืข ื”ืŸ ืžืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš (ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ): ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช. ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืชืช-ื—ื‘ืจื” (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืื• ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื), ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืžืฉืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื”ืžืžื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ืœ. ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืคืงื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ: ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืืœื ืจืง ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”. ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื›ืœืœ, ืืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื• ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืžืฉืœ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืชื—ื•ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืคืจื˜ื”, ื‘ื• ืžืื‘ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” (ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”) ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช. ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ: ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื: ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ื•ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื”. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื: ืžืžื“ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ (ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”): ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื”, ืื•ืœื™ื’ืจื›ื™ื”, ืื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื: ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื ืื• ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื–ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื”, ื›ืคืฉื™ื–ื ืื• ื›ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื "ืœ. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™. ืื ืจื›ื™ื–ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•: ืื ืจื›ื•-ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื, ืื ืจื›ื•-ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืงืœื™ื–ื, ืื ืจื›ื•-ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื, ืื ืจื›ื•-ืคืžื™ื ื™ื–ื, ืื ืจื›ื™ื–ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”: ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ืช ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ื–ื ื ืื•ืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” (ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช) ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื–ื: ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ืคืฉื™ื–ื ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืจืื ื™ื” (ืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช) ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื”: ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ืื•ืœื™ื’ืจื›ื™ื”: ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”: ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช: ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื”: ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ื“ื™ืืจื›ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ื›-89 ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช (ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ), 54 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช (ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืจื•ืกื™ื”), ื•ืื™ืœื• 49 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช - ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›-37% ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื - ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช/ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืจืกื” ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉืœ The Rules for Rulers - ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื”ืŸ *
2023-12-27T20:00:37
ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืชืฆืœื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ืฉืœืื•ืจื›ื” (ื‘ืฆื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™) ื ื‘ื ื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžืขื•ื– ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืชืฆืœื•ื ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืžืขื•ื– ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, 26 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1970 "ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘" (ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื) ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจืš ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจ, ืฉื‘ื ืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1968, ืœืฉื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื”ืงื• ื ืงืจื ื‘ืคื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘, ื•ืžืื– ื”ืชืงื‘ืข ืฉืžื• ื‘ืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืื•ืจื›ื• ื ืงืจืื• "ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื", ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื›-10 ืง"ืž ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื ืงืจืื• "ืชืขื•ื–ื™ื". ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื”ืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจืš - ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืชืขืœื”, ืœืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜, ื ื›ื‘ืฉื•. ืจืงืข ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืฆื”"ืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืงื“ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืš ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืืฆืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื—ืจื˜ื•ื ืฉืžื” ืงืฅ ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืฉื™ื ืืœื”. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืืคื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1967 (ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื) ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ (ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”), ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืฆืœืคื™ื, ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืงื•ืžื ื“ื• ื•ื™ืจื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ (ืžื˜ื ืงื™ื, ืžืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืžืžืจื’ืžื•ืช). ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื“ืœ ื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ื•ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข 18,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืœืชืจื™ื ืœืœื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ (ืฉืงื™ ื—ื•ืœ, ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืชื™ืœ, ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขืคืจ, ืชืขืœื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื ืงืจื™ื, ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”). ืžืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1968 ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืงืžืช ืงื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืื—ื™ื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ืกืงื•ืช ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืงื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ 160 ื”ืง"ืž ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”, ืงื• ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช - ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘, ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื“ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ ื•ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงื• ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคื’ื–ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื”-'ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื' ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื•ื ืงืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืชืขืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืกืคืงื• ืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ื ื•ื—ื™ื. ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืงืคื• ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขืคืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฆืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ืจื™ ื ืง"ืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืžื•ืช ืืช ืงื• ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื›ืš ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื, ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืฆืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืžืื—ื– ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ื–ืขืงื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื“ื’ืœื• ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžื”ืชืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืืฉ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆืื• ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจืคื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื™ื ื•ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื” ืื• ื™ืชืคืกื• ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ื•ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืจื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืื—ื– ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ ืงื• ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ืงื• ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968 ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืืชืจ ื•ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื•ืคืขืœื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงื• ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ื›ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื. ื”ืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืž-32 ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื". ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขื•ื– ืžื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืœ-40 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™"ืจ ื•ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืขืฉื” ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื• ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›-160 ืง"ืž. ืžืขืจืš ื”ื’ื ื” ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ (ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ืกื™ื ื™), ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื“ืŸ. ืžืขืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” (ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ื“") ื•ืชื•ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื’ื ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”, ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืžื—ืกื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ื•ื ืื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื›ื‘ื“. ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื”ื•ืงื ืงื• ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›-10 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžื”ืชืขืœื” (ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืช"ื"), ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื - ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ. 12 ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื–ื” ื–ื›ื• ืœืฉื "ืชืขื•ื–ื™ื". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื• ื–ื” ืขืฆืจื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื• ืœื‘ืกืก ืจืืฉื™ ื’ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื˜ืขืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืฉืื™ืœื• ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง, "ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืขื“ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘". ืื•ืœื ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื "ืž ืฉืœื”ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืืฉ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื ื“ื‘ืš ืื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื’ื ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ืœื‘ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื” ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืชื’ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืขื ืคืจื™ืฆืช ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืš ื™ื•ื ื™ื" ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื›ื ื•ื ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืจืขื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืš ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื: ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืชืขืœื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™"ืจ ืžื—ื•ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื, ืงื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื” ืง"ืž ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืงื• ืขื•ืจืคื™ (ืจืคื™ื“ื™ื - ื‘ื™ืจ ืชืžื“ื”) ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืš ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืขืงื‘ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืจืขื” ื”ืงืฆืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืจืจ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘-1969 ื›ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืช ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื” ืืช "ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘", ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ. ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ื ื–ื ื—ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชืจื• 16 ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื ื•ืชื ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืฆื•ื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื–ื—ืœ"ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืคืขืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•, ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, "ืฉืขื˜ื ื–", ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื—ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื ืžื™ืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœื ืชืื ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืชืจืžื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื”. ืœืฆื“ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืชืขืœื” (ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื—ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ ืœื‘, ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื“ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืœ ื•ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ), ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื•ื ืŸ (ื’ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ืฉ), ืฉื™ื•ืฉืžื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื’ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืชืžื ื” ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1973 ืœืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ: ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื” ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืœื” ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ื›-5โ€“6 ืง"ืž ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ืžืง ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื• "ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื". ืœืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื•, ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื™ืชืคืกื• ืืช ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ ื”-W ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื”-W ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื™ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื•. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืจื•ื ื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ึพ1973, ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืชื•ืš 32 ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• 16 ืžืื•ื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืจื•ื“ื“ื”, ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงื• ื”ืชืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฆื•ืžืฆืžื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ - ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช W ืฉื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื’ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื ืฉืขื ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืฉืœ ืงื• ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืงื“ืžื™ ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจ. ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื, ืจืง ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื ืคืœ ื•ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ื›ืš ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื ืคื™ืœืช ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘ ืœื ืžืœืžื“ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ โ€“ ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—. ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืขื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืœืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืžืื•ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืœืœื™ื: ืžืขื•ื– ืžืื•ื™ืฉ - ืžืขื•ื– ืฉืื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›-15 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื›-10 ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ืžืขื•ื– ืžื“ื•ืœืœ - ืžืขื•ื– ืฉืื•ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ืงื™ื•ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžืขื•ื– ื”ืžืื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ืฆืื•. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืขื•ื–ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ืžืคืช ืกื™ืจื™ื•ืก ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื: ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื (ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื) ื’ื–ืจื” ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื–ืจื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื’ื–ืจื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืชืžืขื•ื– ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ (ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ) ืื•ืจืงืœ (ืžืชื—ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื: ื'- ืžืื•ื™ืฉ, ื‘' - ืžื“ื•ืœืœ, ื’' - ืžืื•ื™ืฉ). ืœื—ืฆื ื™ืช ื“ืจื•ืจื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื ื• (ืžืชื—ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื: ื', ื‘', ื’', ื•-ื“'. ืžื”ื ื‘' ืžืื•ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืœืœื™ื) ืžืคืจืงืชื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ (ืžืชื—ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื: ื'- ืžื“ื•ืœืœ, ื‘' - ืžืื•ื™ืฉ) ืคื•ืจืงืŸ (ืžืชื—ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื: ื'- ืžืื•ื™ืฉ, ื‘' - ืžื“ื•ืœืœ) ื ื•ื— (ืžื“ื•ืœืœ) (ื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืฆื‘ "ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ" - ืœื™ื“ ืื’ื ืชืžืกื—) ืžืฆืžื“ (ืžืชื—ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื: ื'- ืžืื•ื™ืฉ, ื‘' - ืžื“ื•ืœืœ) ืœืงืงืŸ (ืžืื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ืช)ื‘ื•ืฆืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฃ (ืžืชื—ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื: ื'- ืžืื•ื™ืฉ, ื‘' - ืžื“ื•ืœืœ) ืžืคืฆื— (ืžืชื—ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื: ื'- ืžื“ื•ืœืœ, ื‘' - ืžื“ื•ืœืœ, ื’' - ืžืื•ื™ืฉ) ื ื™ืกืŸ (ื”ื›ืคืจ) ืžืกืจืง (ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืžื–ื—) ืื’ืจื•ืคื™ืช (ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ืกื•ืืฅ) ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ (ื‘ืจืืก ืกื•ื“ืจ) <div align="center">ืชืขื•ื–ื™ื (ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืจืคื™ื™ื)<div> ื’ื–ืจื” ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื–ืจื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื’ื–ืจื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืชื˜ืจืงืœื™ืŸ (ืกืžื•ืš ืœืจื•ืžื ื™) ื™ื•ืจื ืžืจืชืฃ ืžืจื•ืจื”ื‘ืจื’ื” ื ื•ื–ืœ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื ื•ืฆื” ืฆื™ื“ืจ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืงื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืกื•ืœืœืช ื”ืขืคืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื–ืจื ื•ืงื™ ืžื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื›ื ื™ืขืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืžื–ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืœืงื• ืœื ื—ื“ื™ืจ, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ "ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืžืขื•ื–" ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, "ืžืขื•ื– ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื™, ืœืš ื ืื” ืœืฉื‘ื—...ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืขื™ืงืฉ ื•ืงื™ืฉื—... ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฅ ื™ื ืฆื—". ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” "ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘", ืฉืจืง ืฉื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืžืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื™ืฉื™ื, ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืฆืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื”. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืฆืœื•ื— ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืจืขืฉื” ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื—ืฆื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืคืจืขื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื•. ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืืจื‘ื™ ื "ื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™"ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืชืจื• ืื•ืชื. ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžื•ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื "ื˜ ื•ื”ื "ืž ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื. ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืืœื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื ืขื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื•ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื”ื ื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™, ื•ื‘ืื—ื“-ืขืฉืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ื– ื•ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืœืื—ื•ืจ. ืจืง ืžืขื•ื– ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ ืฉืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื ื ื ื˜ืฉ. ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืืœื™ื•, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืกื“ืจืช. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื™ื›ืœื• ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขื•ื– ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื•, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืชืจื• ืžื›ืœ ืฆื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืจืชื• ื‘ืงื• ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื 505 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ืžืชื•ื›ื 126 ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” (ืื• ื ืขื“ืจื™ื), 162 ื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™, 135 ื ื—ืœืฆื•, ื•-65 ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ืžืขื•ื– 'ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜'. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื™ื˜ืฉ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืฉืœ "ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘" ื ื‘ืข ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ืื• ืฉื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืชืขืœื” ื•ืœืื™-ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืฉื”. ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื ื•ืชืจ "ืงื• ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘" ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืกืžืœื™ ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื; ืžืขื•ื–ื™ ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘, ืœื˜ืขื ืชื, ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื˜ืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืœืฉื ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ: ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืฃ (ืžื™ืœ') ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืฃ "ืœื ื ื—ื“ืœ! - ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 14 ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื", ื™ื™ื•ื—ื“ ืคืจืง ืฉืœื, ื‘ืŸ ื›-60 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื 'ื”ื’ื ืช ืกื™ื ื™'. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคืจืง ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืจืฉืฃ ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื•, ื›ื™ ืžืชืขืฉืจื™ ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ 1968. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืงื• ื ืžืกืจื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื ืžื›ืจื–ื™ื ื•ืœืœื ื‘ืงืจื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืžืกืคืงืช. ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืœ"ื ื™ืคื•ื— ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช" ื•ืจืžืื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื• ืฉืžืจืืฉ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช, ืชืžื—ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื. ืื•ืชื ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืœื• ืฉื”ืชื”ื“ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจื, ื–ื›ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืžืชืขืฉืจื™ ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘". ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืฆื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื•ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืกื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”. ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืžื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืฉืืคื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืœืกื™ื ื™ ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื ื”ืจืกื• ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืขืžื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืกื•ืœืœืช ื”ืขืคืจ. ื”ืžืขื•ื– ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฉื™ืžืจื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื– ืœืงืงืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื’ื ื”ืžืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ืžืขื•ื– ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื "ืชืœ ืืœ ืกืืœืื" ืฉื•ืคืฅ, ืชืขืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื‘ื—ืฆืจื• ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982 ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืืœ-ืขื•ื‘ื•ืจ (ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”) ืขืœ ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื“ืŸ, ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืืฅ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื, 1979 ื–ืื‘ ืื™ืชืŸ, "ืฉื•ื‘ืš ื™ื•ื ื™ื" ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืืฉ, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช 276-7, (ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ-ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1980), ืขืž' 38โ€“46. ืขื•ืคืจ ืจื’ื‘ ื•ื”ื“ืก ืจื’ื‘ ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™, ืžืขื•ื– ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ื“ 68 ื•ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืคื•ืจืช 2010 Simon Dunstan, Israeli fortifications of the October war, Osprey Publishing, 2008 ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืกืงืœ, "ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื™ื‘ืœื•ื? ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื", "ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘", 2011, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 21โ€“86. ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืฃ, ืœื ื ื—ื“ืœ! - ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 14 ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช), ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2013. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื• ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ โ€“ ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืชืขื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ืจืืฉ ืžื”ื“ ืขื ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื, ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืขื•ื– ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ, ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืขื•ื– ื”ืžื–ื—, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืชื™ืง ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื - ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืจืคื™ื“ื™ื ื‘-7 ืžืจืฅ 1974, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื - ื“ื•ื— ืžืกื›ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื”ืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืขื•ื– ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื“ืจื•ื, 1968, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘-ื—ืžืœ โ€“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืขื•ื– (ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื 19 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1968) ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื›ืœ, 26.12.68, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื”ืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืคืช - ื—ืœืง ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืคืช - ื—ืœืง ื‘, ื‘ืืชืจ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆื”"ืœ: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื™ื ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืœื‘
2024-08-01T00:38:55
ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช
ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืœืœื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืขื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื’ืชื ื›ื ื‘ื–ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืžื ืกื” ืืช ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™. ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ืฉื™ื•ื—ืกื” ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื›ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืื™-ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ืคื”, ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ื– ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื—ื”, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืืžื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืœืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฆืฆื•, ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ืœืืœื• ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื–ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืขืฆื™ืžื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื”. ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื›ืฉื ืื” ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœืื•ืจ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืืจื” ื›ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-12, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ืžื•ื–ื’ื” ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื›ืฉื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ ืœืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื•ื‘, ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ ื“ืช ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ื“ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื—ืœืงื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื—ื•ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืจื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื•ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ื›ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช, ื’ื ืื ื‘ืคื™ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ, ืขื•ื“ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ . ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืžืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื "ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื". ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื’ืื ื™. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื”ืืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช". ื“ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืฆืžื ืขืœ ืืœื™ื, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืจืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”. ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืคืœืื ืจื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืจืขื”. ื”ืงื˜ืื™ื•ืก ืื™ืฉ ืื‘ื“ืจื” ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ื‘"ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ืขืžื•, ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื“ืจืš ืžื™ื–ื ืชืจื•ืคื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื™ื ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื". ืžื ืชื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” "ืื™ืš ืœื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื." ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืงื™ื˜ื•ืก, ืืคื™ื•ืŸ, ืืคื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืก ืžื•ืœื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืกื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืก, ืœื™ืกื™ืžื›ื•ืก ื•ื›ืื™ืจืžื•ืŸ ืžืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”. ืื’ืืชืจื›ื™ื“ืก ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ "ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืขืœ "ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื”ื", ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืชืœืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 301 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื›ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืฉืžืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืคืœืื ืจื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืงื“ื ื›ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื”ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ืืช ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืงื˜ืื™ื•ืก ืื™ืฉ ืื‘ื“ืจื”, ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ื’ื“ ืืคื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื: "ืœื ืขืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ืชื, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืฉืžืขื• ืื–ื ื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืจืคื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืคื™ื ืžืคื™ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืืœ ืืจืฆื, ื•ืœื ืคืขื ื•ืœื ืฉืชื™ื ื”ืžื™ืจื• ืžืœื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื•ืื—ืฉื“ืจืคื ื™ื”ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื•ืช โ€“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื - ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื." ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉื’ื ื”ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืคืจืง. ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ืจื” ื–ื•, ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืขื•ื™ื ืช. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื›ืฉื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช-ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืœื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™-ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื ื™ื ื•ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืœืžื˜ืจืช ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ. ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืœื ื ืฉืชืžืจื•, ืืš ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ื ืฉืชืžืจื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื’ื“ ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•, ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ืŸ. ื”ืืฉืžื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืื™ืžืฆื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื˜ื™ื•ื›ื•ืก ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื—ื™ืœืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื˜ื™ื‘ืจื™ื•ืก ืกื™ืœืง ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจื•ืžื ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 95 ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืคืœื‘ื™ื•ืก ืงืœืžื ืก ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืขืœ ื›ืš "ืฉื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื" ื•"ื ืกื—ืฃ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช". ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช-ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช (66-135), ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉื ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” ื•ืืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืื™ืœื™ื” ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœื™ื ื”, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืช 70, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื“ืชื ืจืง ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉืœืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืก ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 135 ื ืืกืจื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืคืจื˜ ืœื™ื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘. ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืื™ืžืฆื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื“ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ืฆื• ืกืœื•ื ื™ืงื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 380. ืžื™ื”ื• ื”ืขื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|"ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฆื—ื™" ืžืืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืจื’, 1900 ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ืขืฆื "ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช" ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ืžื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช-ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื”ื• "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™"; ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื ืฆืจื• ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืืฉืžื” ื“ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืขื•ืฉื™ ื“ื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ, ืžืจืขื™ืœื™ ื‘ืืจื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื "ืš ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื›ืืžืช ื•ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื™ืชืŸ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืžื•ื ื™ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืคืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ืื• ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ืœืฉื• ืœืคืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืฉืœื ื ื›ืœืœื” ื‘ืงื ื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ืžืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช "ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.". ื”ืชื "ืš ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœื‘ืกืก ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”. ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ื‘ืžืื” ื”-4 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœื ืžืขืœื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืืš ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืขื•ืœื”, ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ืืœื™ื”ื• ืฉืขืžื ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ืฉื ืฉืžืขื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ืชืงืœื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืงืฉื”; ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื“ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื "ืš ื•ืืžื™ืชื•ืชื•, ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื "ืขืžื• ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ" ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื "ืš, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ืขื™ื” ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื” ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื•ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ. ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืžืขืฆื ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืคื•ืขืœื. ืžืขืžื“ ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช; ืœื”ื™ื›ื—ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืช - ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื–ื• ื”ืืžืช. "ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ืขื“" - ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืœื™ื ื•ื ืจื“ืคื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืœืืŸ ื™ืœื›ื•. ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืชื "ืš ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ ื•ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ืืช ื–ืืช ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœ. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื - ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืกืžืœ ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ืฉื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืืœ. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื“ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืจืื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืืœื•, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื“ืจืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื“ืจืš ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืงืจ ื•ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื. ืœืคื™ ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืœื ื”ื ืžืฉืš, ื”ื ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืืœ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™-ื”ื›ืจืชื ื‘ื™ืฉื• ื›ืžืฉื™ื—. ื›ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ืœืื•ืจ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื• ื›ืืœ ื•ื›ืžืฉื™ื—, ื”ืืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ - "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืจื•ื—". ืœืคื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื "ืš ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื“ ืงืฅ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืื• ืงื‘ืœืชื ืืช "ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”". ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|350px|ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (ื—ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื›ื™ื ืœืกื™ืจ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื") ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื“ื™ื, ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืคื™ืจืชื ื‘ื™ืฉื•. ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1180. ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื›ื›ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœื“ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื โ€“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•. ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื“ืชื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืฉื™ ืฉืขืกืง ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ืฆืจ. ื•ืื– ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืช ืœื“ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1879 ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืžืืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื›ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืกื” ืœื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื ื—. ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืืจ ืžื™ืงื“ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื–ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืื” ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื ืื” ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื ืื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืขื” ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืฉื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื "ื™ื•ื“ื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”". ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจ ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื™ืจื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื”, ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ืฉื ืื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ืช ืฉื“ื—ืชื” ืื•ืชื” ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื” ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”. ื‘ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ, (ืคืจืง ื—', ืคืกื•ืง 44) ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื™ืฉื•. ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ื•ืชื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืฆื— ื•ืฉืงืจ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื™ืฉื•, ืื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฆืช ื“ื™ื ื•, ืื ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืชื• ืœืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืคื™ืœื˜ื•ืก, ืื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ ื•ื”ืกืชื” ื›ื ื’ื“ื•, ืœื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืœืœื’ืœื’ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฆืœื‘. ื‘ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืชื™ ืืฃ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื›ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ื•ืก ืจื—ืฅ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืงื™ ืžืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื•, ื•ื”ืขื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื’ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื“ืžื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•". ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคืจื ืกืชื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื— ืœืคืจื ืกื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืืš ื™ืฆืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ื. ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจื” ื›ืขื•ืฉืง, ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช), (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืืกื•ืจื” ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“) ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืืชื” ื–ืืช ื›ื’ื–ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื ื”ื ื” ืื“ื ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืžืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื˜ืจื•ื—. ื›ืš ืฆื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืฆืข ื•ื›ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืชืคืจื ืก ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื—ืฉื• ืฉื ืื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื™ืฉื• (ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ืจื ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช), ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื, ื•ืœื˜ืขื ืชื ืืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืžื•ืชื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื›ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื“ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื‘ื•ึผืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื— ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืœื ืขื•ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืคื. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืกื• ืฉื”ื ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข, ืืš ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืคืœื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืื”, ืฉืคืš ื–ืขืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ื— ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื ืœืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื (ื”ื›ื ืช ืžืฆื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ). ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืืคืœื™ื”, ื”ืฉืคืœื•ืช (ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืช ืงืœื•ืŸ), ื›ืœื™ืื” ื‘ื’ื˜ืื•ืช, ื ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื (ืคืจืขื•ืช), ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื™ื, ื ืฉื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืจืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืœืคืจืขื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜, ืฉื™ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืจื•ืข ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืื• ืฉื™ื’ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• "ืื‘ ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื" ืฉื ืชืงื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืข ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืœืฉื ืื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื: ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื (ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก) โ€“ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ืฉื˜ื•ืคื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช: ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื–ื•ื™, ื”ืจืข ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ืฆืจ. ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช: ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื“ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ืชืขืžื•ืœื”. ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ, ื ืฉืžืจื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื ื•ืชืŸ. ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื: ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื“ืชื™: ืฉื•ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื ืจืฆื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื, ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ โ€“ ืืคื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ืช. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื”ืจืขืœืช ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืฆืช ืžื’ืคื•ืช. ืชื•ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœ ืจืง ื›ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ื™ืฉื•, ื•ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืœื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 313 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื“ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื ื—ืœืฉื• ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืงื‘ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ (ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื). ื‘ืฉื ืช 380 ืชืื•ื“ื•ืกื™ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื“ืช ื ืกื‘ืœืช ืœื“ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘-392 ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื ืืกืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ืขื ืงืช ืžืขืžื“ ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืชื, ื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ. ืขื ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœื“ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืžื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ "ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช" ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ื”ื ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืืคืœื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœื. ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืœื ืจืืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื”. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื“ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื—ืจืชื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืžื ื™ืข ืœืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืœืœืช ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืฉื›ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืชื, ืืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•. ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืก, ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžื•ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื”ื. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื“ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืกืงืœื• ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช, ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื“ ื™ืชื“. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ืขืงืจื•ืช, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื•ืกื˜ื•ืžื•ืก ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช, ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื—ืจืฅ. ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจื•ืก ืžืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื”, ื•ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื˜ื•ืก, , ืกื•ืœืคื™ืงื™ื•ืก ืกื•ื•ืจื•ืก, ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ืื•ืจื•ืกื™ื•ืก, ืคืจื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก , ื”ื™ืœืจื™ื•ืก ืžืคื•ืื˜ื™ื™ื”, ืื ืกื˜ืกื™ื•ืก ืกื™ื ืื™ื˜ื”, ืงื•ืกืžืก ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื•ืคืœืื•ืกื˜ืก, ืชืื•ื“ื•ืจื˜ื•ืก , ืชืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืžืžื•ืคืกื•ืืกื˜ื™ื” , ื“ื™ื•ื“ื•ืจื•ืก ื”ืชืจืกื™ ื•ืืคื™ืคื ื™ื•ืก ืžืกืœืžื™ืก. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื ืคืกืงื” ืขื ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช-ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื ื™ืงื™ืื” ืฉืœื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืคืจื“ืช ืกืขื•ื“ืช ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ืžื”ืคืกื— ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ: ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ืืฃ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื: ื ืืกืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื• ืœืžื•ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื”ื. ื”ืžืจืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง. ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ื•ืกื“ืจ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช, ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœื•, ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืืคืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื”, ืงื•ื“ืงืก ืชืื•ื“ื•ืกื™ืื ื•ืก ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื ื”ืจืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ืกื‘ื• ืœื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืชื™-ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื•ืชืจ ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ืช ืงืจื™ืกื”. ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืฆื“ื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ. ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช "ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช", ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ืฉืขืœ-ืคื™ื” ื’ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœื™ืฉื•, ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืืœ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืœ ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืžืขืžื“ื ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื (ืจืื•: "ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื" ืกืคืจ 18, ืคืจืง 46). ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื• ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืฆืจ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ืœื›ืฉื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ื• ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ืืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื™ืชืŸ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 325, ืืš ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1229, ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืชืจื’ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื. ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืืช "ืžืกื™ืจื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื." ื›ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื›ืคืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชืจืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืœื• ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื•ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ื›ืžื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืคื˜ืจื•ืก; ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื, ืžื ื”ื’ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉื•. ื›ืฉื”ืกืžืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉื• ืžืฉื™ื— ื›ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• โ€“ ืœื ืืœ, ื•ืฉืขืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ื ื›ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื "ืš. ื›ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก, ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืงืจืข ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื“ืช ืื—ืจืช; ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื’ื•ื™ื, ืžื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื•ืกื˜ื•ืžื•ืก, ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจืš ืื ื˜ื™ื•ื›ื™ื” ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจืš ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื (386-387 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”) ืฉื’ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืžืจื• ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช; ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื–ื™ืจื•ื– ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื”ืืฉืžืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘"ืจืฆื— ื™ืฉื•" ื•"ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื". ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ืœืœื ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื” ื ืขืจื›ื•, ื ื•ืกืคื• ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื˜ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืฆืจ ืืช ื™ืฉื• ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื•. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-4, ื›ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื“ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื“ื•ื›ืื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ืืกืจื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืกื™ื ื•ื“ ืืœื•ื•ื™ืจื”. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืื ื˜ื™ื•ื›ื™ื” (341) ืืกืจื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืœืื•ื ื“ื™ืงื ืืกืจื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืจืฆื— ื”ืืœ ื•ืงืœืœืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื” ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื™ืฉื• ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฉืคื˜, ื‘ืืฉืžืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืžืจื“. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืจื˜ื™, ื‘ื• ืžื•ืืฉื ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื• ื“ื™ื ื• ื ื—ืจืฅ ื›ืืฉื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื ืžื”ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ื”ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉื•. ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื™ืœื˜ื•ืก ื›ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื™ืฉื• "ื”ืืชื” ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื?", ื•ื™ืฉื• ืขื•ื ื”; "ืืชื” ืืžืจืช". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื™ืฉื• ืžืฉืชืชืง ืœืžื•ืœ ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืขื ืฉืœื ืœืฉืœื ืžืก ืœืงื™ืกืจ ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืื– ืื•ืžืจ ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก ืœื™ืฉื• "ืืœื™ ืœื ืชื“ื‘ืจ? ื”ืื™ื ืš ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืฆืœื•ื‘ ืื•ืชืš?" ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื™ืฉื•, "ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™, ื›ื™ ืื ื–ื• ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืš ืžืœืžืขืœื”. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขื•ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืืœื• ืฉื”ืกื’ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขื•ื•ื ืš." ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœื•ืงืืก ื•ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื ืงื”ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•, ืื•ืœื ืืœื• ื“ืจืฉื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฆืœื•ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฉื•. ืื– ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืชื™, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก ืืฉืชื• ื•ืืกืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืฉื• ื›ืœ ืจืข ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ื ืฉื—ืœืžื”. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชื•ืืจ ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก ื›ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืฉื• ืœืฆืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื—ืฅ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื, ื•ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืงื™ ืžื“ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•. ืื– ืขื ื• ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื“ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• "ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•"; ื•ื›ืš ืงื•ืœืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ื™ืฉื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืžืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื "ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช: ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืฉื ืื” ืžืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•" ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืœื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ื•ืžื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืื• ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืคื™ืœื˜ื•ืก. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›"ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ ื™ืฉื•". ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืชืคืก ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฆื™ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื• ื›"ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืขื“ ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืœื”". ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื”. ืคืœืื ืจื™, ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื–ืœื–ืœ. ื™ืฆืจ ื ืงืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืกืืกืื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืขื ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืจื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืงืœื™ื•ืก. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื•ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืคืฉื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื ืฆืœื‘ ื™ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืืกืื ื™ื. ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื” ื›ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื“ืคื• ื•ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืžืจื“ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื›ืืช. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืคืœื™ื ื•ืžืขื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”-4โ€“7, ื›ืžื•: ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ืกื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืื•ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื• ื’ื•ื‘ืฉื• ื•ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช-ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ื“ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื•ื’ืกื” ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืืžื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืชืช-ืขื ืฉืœ ืืœื• ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืžืชืžื“ืช ืœืจืฆื— ื”ืืœ ื™ืฉื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื’ื™ื™ืจื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ืงืจื™ื•ืช. ืื‘ื•ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื•ืกื˜ื•ืžื•ืก ื”ืœื›ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื; ืืคืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-4 ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืืฉืžื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืŸ, ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ืช, ื›ื•ื–ื‘ืช, ืฉื˜ื ื™ืช, ืืœื™ืžื” ื•ื’ืกื”; ื•ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื“ืช ืื“ื•ืงื”, ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื•ืจื•ื“ืคืช ืฉืœื•ื. ื›ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื•ืกื˜ื•ืžื•ืก, ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ืžื” ืฉืจืื” ื›ืจืฉืขื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื“ืชื. ื›ืจื™ืกื•ืกื˜ื•ืžื•ืก ืกื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ืชืจ ื”ื›ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื•, ื›ื™ ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ืžื ื• ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืขื“ ืื–. ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ืชื, ื”ืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืœื—ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื—ืœ ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื˜ืื ื‘ืจืฆื— ื™ืฉื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื˜ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืจืง ื ืขืจืžื™ื ื•ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื–ืืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชื ืฆืจื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ื›ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉื•, ืžืจื™ื, ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื•ืขื•ื“. ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ื›ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื”. ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื”ื“ื™ื ื›ืชืื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ื˜ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืืจ ื›ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ืฆืœ ื•ืื•ื ืก ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืžื ืฆืœ ืืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฉื ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื• (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ: ืืกืชืจ, ื—'ื“ื™ื’'ื”, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืžืœื˜ื” ื•ืขื•ื“). ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ื ืชืคืกื” ื›ืžื•ืคืงืจืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ: ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ืช, ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“). ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคืกืœื™ ืืงืœื–ื™ื” ื•ืกื™ื ื’ื•ื’ื” ืžืงืชื“ืจืœืช ื ื•ื˜ืจื“ืื. ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ื’ื•ื’ื”: ื›ืชืจื” ื ืคืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ื—ื–ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ื•ืžื›ื•ืกืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื˜ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื•ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืจื™ื. ืžืฉืžืืœ ืืงืœื–ื™ื”: ืžื•ืืจืช ื•ืขื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืชืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื•ื—ื–ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืช ื‘ืฆืœื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ื—ื–ื™ืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืงื˜ืข ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืจื” ื•ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื ืฉืจืคื• ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื“ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ืื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืกื›ื ืช ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื• ืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื”ืžืจื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช; ื•ืื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ืžื“ื™, ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœ"ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช". ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ืคืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื ื™ื; ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ืงืชื™, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื ืื•ืชื ื›ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื—ืžื•ืช ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืš ืื™ืœื•ืฅ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืœื™ืžื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13 ื•ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื ืฉืฉื’ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืคื ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-14 ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-14 ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ืฆืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืกืคืจื“, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืืคืœื™ื” ื•ืจื“ื™ืคืช ืœื-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืชื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ื• ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืืœื• ืฉืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืชื ืฆืจ. ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื ืฆืจื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื—ืฉื“ ื•ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ืžืชืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ; ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืžื’ืข ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืช ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”"ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื", ื”ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื ืžื–ื“ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ืžืชื— ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“, ื—ื–ื™ืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืœืช ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช. ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ื ืœื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื. ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืช. ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ื”ืืฉืžืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆืœื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ืงืจื™ื•ืช, ืœืืฉืžื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื›-Extra deum (ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: "ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื", ื›ืคื™ืจื”) ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืขื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘. ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ื•ื ื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืคืฉื˜ ืœืชื•ืš ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืจื‘. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื”, ื”ืžืงืขืงืข ืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืงืจื•ื™ "ืขืœื™ืœืช ื“ื". ืขืœื™ืœืช ื“ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื ืื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื— ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื˜ื™ื. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืฉืฉื™ืืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื“, ื›ืœืœื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืžื™ืจื” ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืœื•ื•ืืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ืจื•ื›ืœื•ืช, ื›ืฉื’ื ืืœื• ื ืืกืจื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื. ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช. ื”ื™ื• ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœืžื™ืกื™ื ืžืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขืจื™ื ืื• ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช. ื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืข ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ื˜ืื•ืช - ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ืžื™ื - ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืขื ืžื’ืข ืžื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื’ื˜ืื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1870. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ืžื/ื”ืฉื˜ื ื™: ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื›ืจื™ืกื˜, ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ (ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื) ื•ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืžืขืœ ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื• (ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ) ืื•ื ืคืจื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื—ืจื™ื˜ื” ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื "ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ" ืื• "ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ": ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืฉืชืžืจื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ืฉืืจื• ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจ, ืืœื ืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช. ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืืœื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจ (ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื•), ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื’ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืคืจืกื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™/ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื• ืคืขื ืื—ืช (ืืœื ืจืง ื ืฆืจ ื•ืฆืœื‘) ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ" ืืœื "ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ"; ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™/ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช 202 ื›ืฉื‘ื’ืจืกื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืจืง 82 ืคืขืžื™ื. ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื‘"ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ" ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชื—ื–ื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื“ืชื, ื‘ืขื•ืจืžืช ื ื™ื›ื•ืก ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื”. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืชืคืก ืชืื•ืฆื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืœืงื˜ืขื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื•ื• ืœืฉื˜ืŸ, ืชื•ืืจื• ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืชืคืกื• ื›ืžื›ืฉืคื™ื ื•ืงื•ืกืžื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืชื•ืืจื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ื— ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืฉื˜ืŸ. ืื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ืจื™ื—ื• ื›ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช, ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืš, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื“ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจืคื ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื™ ื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจ ื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืขื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช. ืœืงื˜ืขื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข; ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื’ืืœ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื• ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื•; ืžื™ ืฉืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื• ื”ื•ื ืจืข ื•ืžืชื ืฉื; ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื• ื•ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืืช ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•, ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ; ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ืืœื• ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ 10:6 ืืฃ ื ืขืฉื” ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืชืจ ืœืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืงื•ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืชื - ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื• ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›"ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ" ืชื•ืš ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืžืฆืื•ืช ื•ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื ืขืฉื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืงื•ืžืžื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืœืื•ืจ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืกืžื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื›ื—, ืืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื - ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืคืชื ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจืš ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื•ืจื“ื™ืคืช ืขื•ืฉื™ ื“ื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ, ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ- ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื; ืื• ื‘ื”ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื-ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช, ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื•ืจืฆื— ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืืฃ ื”ื•ืชืงื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1570 ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœ"perfidis Judaeis" (ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›"ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื™ื" ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœ"ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื"), ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืžื”ืืžืช. ื›ืชืคื™ืœื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช. ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืืกืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ืชื™ื, ืœืคืชื•ื— ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“, 1901 ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืื’ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“; ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื›ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืื’ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืื—ืฉื•ื•ืจื•ืฉ. ืื—ืฉื•ื•ืจื•ืฉ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฉื• ืœื ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืกืื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืฆืœื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื• ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืงืœืœื”, ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ื™ืžืฆื ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืืœื ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืœื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืจื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืคืจืฉ ืœืืžื•ืจ ืฉืื—ืฉื•ื•ืจื•ืฉ ื™ื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื• ื‘ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื• ื™ื’ืืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืคื—ื“ื• ืžื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ื•ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื• ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืกื•ืœื—; ื™ืฆื—ืง-ืื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื—ื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืืœื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืฉื•. ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ืขืœ-ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ ืžืชื•ืืจ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืฉืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื•, ืืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืชืชืงื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืขื•ื ืฉื•, ืžื ืกื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“, ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•: ืื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืžื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื•; ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ, ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื™ืจืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘, ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื•, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช. ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืจืขื•ืช, ืคืจืขื•ืช ื•ืืกื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื–ื›ื” ืœืื”ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื’ืจืฉ ื•ืœืฉื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื™ืฆืจ ื ืงืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื—ื“ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื™ื‘ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื”. ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื”ื, ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื•. ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืžืžืฉืžื™ื›ื” ืขื“ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื "ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช" ื•"ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ื—ืชืจืŸ ื ื’ื“ื ื•". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื ืคื’ืขื• ืžืžื—ืœืช ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืจืขืœืช ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืฆืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืงืœืžื ืก ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื” ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืกืชืจื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื˜ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื• ืžืœืงื™ื, ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืฆืช ืžืกืจ ื”ื”ื›ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ื”ืกืชืช ื”ืขื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจืขื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื ื›ื—ื“ื•. ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ืช ืฉืงืจื™ืช ื•ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื›ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช (ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ ืœื›ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืฉื˜ ืฉืคืช ื”ืชื "ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื); ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืœื›ืŸ ืœืฉื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืกื™ื‘ืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืชื ืขื ื”ืชื "ืš, ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื•ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื: ืคืจืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”, ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ืฉืขื™ื•ื•ืชื• ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ - ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื— ืื• ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืงืจ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช (ื’ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื”); ื‘ืชื "ืš ืจืฉื•ื ืฉืœืžื ื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงื ื™ื, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืขื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื• ืชืฉืขื” ืงื ื™ื (ื›ื”ื’ื“ืจื”: ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื ืกืคืจ ื›ืงื ื” ืืœื ื›ืขืžื•ื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื ื•ืจืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ืงื ื™ื ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ืžื ื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžื ื•ืจืช ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื•ื ืก ืคืš ื”ืฉืžืŸ). ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื–ื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืช ื”ืงื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ 3:1 ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉื• ื›ืžืชื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื•ืœื ืงื•ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื›ืื™ื. ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืชื™ืจื” ืœืื ื•ืก ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-3 (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช, ืื•ื ืก ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ื•ืžืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืฉื›ื‘ ืขืžื” ืœื‘ื“ื•. ื•ืœื ืขืจื” ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ืขืจื” ื—ื˜ื ืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืจืขื”ื• ื•ืจืฆื—ื• ื ืคืฉ ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืžืฆืื”, ืฆืขืงื” ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืžืื•ืจืฉื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื™ืข ืœื”." (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื›"ื‘, ืคืกื•ืงื™ื 24-25.) ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืฉืื ืงืจื”, ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื‘ืชื•ืœื” (ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืงื•ืคื”: ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ื” - ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ืขืชื™ื“ื™)). ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืคืœืชื”: ื’ื–ื™ื–ืช ืฉื™ืขืจื”, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ื•ืจื” (ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืืงื˜ ืœื ืืชื™- "ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื". ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืืฉืชื• ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื™ื“ืื’ ื•ื™ืื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื”; ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืœื• ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”; ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืกืžืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื”). ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืชื™ืจื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’: ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื "ืš ืžื•ืคื™ืข "ืœื ืชืจืฆื—" ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข "ืœื ืชื”ืจื•ื’": ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืชื "ืš ื•ืืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื” ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจื•ืฉื, ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ื•ื˜ื, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื”ืขื ืžืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื ืžืฉืคื˜, ื’ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืกืงื™ืœื” (ืœื ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ: ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ, ื›ืฉืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจ). ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžืชื™ืจื” ืฉืชื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžื–ื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (ื‘-306 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืืกืจื” ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื“ื™ื“ื”, ื ืกืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช). ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžืชื™ืจื” ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (ื‘-306 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืืกืจื” ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช). ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื•ืืงืกืงืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช (ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœืกืจื‘ 3 ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื). ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืชื™ืจื” ืœืฉืงืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจืขื™ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื - ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืกืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ืจืช ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง (ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืชื™-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืคืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื• ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื›ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืจื” ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ื•ืช. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ื–ืจื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืืฃ ื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืคื•ืจืข ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™). ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืืžื•ื ื” ืื• ื“ืช ืืœื ืกื˜ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืžืฆื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืขื“ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื• ื›ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืขืฉื™ื "ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื" ืžื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ืกืก ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกืœื™ื“ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืœื ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื›ื™ "ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื ื ืฉืื• ืื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฉื• ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืื• ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”, ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืช ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ื–ื•. ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื ืคื’ืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืืš ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืืœื ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ืกื™ืช ืœืฉื ืื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืชื ื›ืงื ืื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ืื™ื." ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื• ื›ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ืœืงืœืœื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ื ืฆื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ื™ืฉื•. ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฆืžื. ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื "ืš ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื ื‘-ื ื’ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืกืคืก ืืช ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื™ืฉื•. ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื•ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื: ืคืจืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”, ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื• ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ - ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื— ืื• ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืฆืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ ื“ืช ืœืคืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืคืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื“ื‘ืงื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœ. ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื“ืœ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื— ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ืชืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื "ืš. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื ืชืคืกื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื•: ืื™ื ื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืจืžื–ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืื™ื ื ืืœื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื‘ืฉืจื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื•; ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš, ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืจืข ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืืžื•ื ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™. ื›ืฉืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืžื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื™ืฉื• ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืœืคื™ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืชื "ืš. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืœื™ืœ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืงื ืื™ืช ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœืช, ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืฉื•ืงืฆื™ื, ื•ืœืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื 150px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืกืื’ืช ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืคืจื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸ; ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงืช ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’ (ืื™ื ืงื•ื ื‘ื•ืœื•ื), 1493 ื”ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›"ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื", ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืคื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช ื“ืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืœืขื•ื’ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืืœื• ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ืขืœื™ืœ ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืกื— ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื - ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืช. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื— ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืื“ื, ื›ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช; ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื. ื“ืจืš ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื—ื•ืกื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉืงืจื™ื, ืžื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืกืกื• ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช; ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื’ื ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื•ืœื—ื ื, ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืจืง ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ืืช ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื—, ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื›ืคืจ; ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ืกื” ืฉืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืžื•ืชื• ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื. ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ืจื” ืจืฆื— ื•ืฉืชื™ืช ื“ื ืื• ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ืฉื ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืœื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื›ืช ื“ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžื“ืžื ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื™ืฉื• ืžื ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืœื• ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื "ืชืžื™ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื" ืื•ืชื ื—ื˜ืคื• ื•ืจืฆื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ. ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืจืฆื— ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืกื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื›ืื™ื”ื ื•ื ืงืžืชื ื‘ื”ื. ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืืกืชืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ื‘ื— ืงืžื• ื•ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื - ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื. ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ืจื” ืจืฆื—, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืœื ื”ืจื’ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื”, ืืœื ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืžืžื™ื (ื”ืžืŸ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•) ื•ืืช ืืœื• ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื˜ืจื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื•ืช. ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืืจื— - ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืจืฆื— ื™ืฉื• ื•ื“ืงื™ืจืช ืœื—ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ 200px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืœื—ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ืžื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืœื—ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืกื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืจืฆื— ื™ืฉื•. ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื• ื ื™ื“ื•ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•; "ื’ื•ืฃ, ื“ื, ื ืฉืžื” ื•ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช". ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืœื—ื ื›ืžื“ืžื ื“ื ืœืื—ืจ ื“ืงื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืงื ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื ืข ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ, ื•ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืื™ืคืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœื” ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1096 ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืžืง ื ื”ืจ ื”ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืจืช ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ืกื” ื–ื• ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื. ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืขื“ 1120 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ืช "ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื" ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื“, ืจืื” ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื; ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื ื•ืชืงื™ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื™ื™ืขื•ื“ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ื•ืœื ืงื•ื ื‘ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืขืฉื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืงืจื” ืืกืชืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืกืชืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืื—ืฉื•ื•ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืคืจืก ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื ื‘ืงืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื›ืš ื—'ื“ื™ื’'ื” ืืฉืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“, ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—'ื“ื™ื’'ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ื” ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืืกืœืืžื™ ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืชื” ืืช ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื ืœื—ืžื• ืฉื›ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื”ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืฆื’ืช ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™, ื•ืืฃ ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื›ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ ื™ื. ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ื™ืฉื• ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ืชืงืจืช ื”ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”, ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคื• ื“ื™ ืžืจืงื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœืืจืฆื, ืื– ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื›ืจื™ืกื˜, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื) ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืชื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืื– ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื•ืชื• - ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฆื“ื“ื• ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื›ืจื™ืกื˜. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื™ืฉื• ื™ืงื•ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”, ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื™ืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืœื• ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืชื™ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฅ ื•ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืžื™ื”ื ื”ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžืกืขื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื•ื™ืชืขืจื‘ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืขื ืฉื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืฅ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืœื ืœืฉืœื•ื ื•ืื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื•ื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื’ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ื• ื›ืœ ืขืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื• ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืจื›ื– ื“ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื•ืœืžื™. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, ื™ืฆืจ ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื ื›"ืขื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ" ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ืื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืขืชื•ืช ืฉืคืœ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื (ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืจื•ืืกื˜ืจื™ื ืžืžืžืœื›ืช ืคืจืก ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”). ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื•ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ - ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืคื• ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืืœื•ื”ื™. ื—ืžื“ื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื ืฉืง ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื“. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ืจืฉื”, ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, 2006. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื; ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉื ืชืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื (ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื•ืžื™ืช) ื›ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ื–ื•ื™, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉืชืงืขื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขืจื™ื, ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื• ื’ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื•ื–ืืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืข ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืงื• ืžืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื“ื” ืžื—ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืฆืจื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœื•ื•ื”, ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื”ื–ื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉื ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืชื™ืช. ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-12 ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื™ืฆืื” ื ื’ื“ ื ื’ืข ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืคืจื ืกืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13 ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช "ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฆื—ื™" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื“ืจืฉื” ืžื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื–ืืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืื‘ืง ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืคืจื“, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืขืœ ืœืžืฆื•ืคื”. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืคื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืืฉืžืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™-ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ ื•ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืžื’ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืชื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ืžืขืžื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืจืฆืจ, ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”" ื•- "ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืจืขื”". ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื•ื’ "ื”ืจืข" ื˜ื™ืคื— ืืช ืฉื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืื ื•ื’ื–ืขื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ื•ืฆืจื™; ื•ืกื•ื’ "ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืชื›ื ื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืืช ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฉื ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ "ื”ืจืข" ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ "ืื™ื–ื” ื ื–ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื“ื ืื ื™ืกืคืจ ืฉืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื–ืง, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช... ืฉืงืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™, ืฉืงืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ืฉืงืจื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื’ื“ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื; ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื." ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1536, ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืœื”ื‘ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจืชื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื›ืœ ื•ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื”ื", ืœื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงืจื ืœืจื“ื™ืคืชื, ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืชื; ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื ืคืฉื, ืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ "ืื ื• ืืฉืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื". ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื: "ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื", ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘"ืฆื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ... ืฉื”ื ืžืชืคืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื", ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื” ืœ"ื›ืœื” ื˜ืžืื”, ื›ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืฆื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื ื” ื•ื–ื•ื ื” ืจืขื”...". ืขื•ื“ ืœื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื›ื•ืคืจ ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›"ืžื•ื›ืœืช ื‘ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื”", ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืงื˜ืจื’ ื›"ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ื•ืฉืงืจ. ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›"ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื“ื™ื", ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื— ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื•ืก ื™ืฉื• ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืื˜ื ืืช ื”ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ืœื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื”ื" ืงืจื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื: ื”ื—ืจื‘ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื‘ืชื™-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื—ืงืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื”ื. ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ื•ืœืฉืืช ื“ืจืฉื•ืช. ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื- ื•ืœื ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื—ืจืžืช ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื™ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ืจื• ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืฉื›ื•ื ื• ื›"ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืจืขื™ืœื™ื", ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืืช ืœื—ืžื ื‘ื–ื™ืขืช ืืคื. ืงื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ื—ืžืœื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจืกื ืœื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ Vom Schem Hamphoras ื‘ื• ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื”ืขื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ, ืื‘ืœ "ืื ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ", ื•ื›ืชื‘: "ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’, ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื ื—ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ื” ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืฆื™ื; ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืจื‘, ืฉืžืจื™ื ืœื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ืจื’ืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืจื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื”, ืžืชื›ื•ืคืฃ ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื–ื™ืจื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ; ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื ืฆื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” (Shem Hamphoras) ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”." ื‘ืฉื ืช 1546, ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ืื–ื”ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื™ืข ืœื•ืชืจ ืืช ื“ืื’ืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืœืœ ื•ื˜ืžื. ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ื•ืžืงืœืœื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื; ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ืื– ื”ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื. ืœื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืจืฉื. ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ื•ืื™ื ื ื—ื“ืœื™ื ืžืœื—ืœืœ ืืช ื™ืฉื•, ืชื•ืš ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื›ื–ื•ื ื”, ื™ืฉื• ื›ืžืžื–ืจ, ื•ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื "ืขื’ืœื™ ืืจื•ื—ื”"; ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”. ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื - ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื•ืจื•ืคื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืจืคื - ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื”. ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจืขื™ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืขืœ ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื”, ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉื ื”, ืขืฉืจ ืื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืžื—ืœืœื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื ืชืขื‘ื™ื. ืœื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื ืื”ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืชื ืฆืจื•; ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื ืฆืจ ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืœืœ ืืช ื™ืฉื• ื•ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืžื•ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืœื•ืชืจ ืžืกื›ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืงืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืžื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืžื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืฉื›ืŸ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืฉื•, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืงืฉื™ื™ื ืืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื˜ื, ืื• ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื–ืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ืกืจ; ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“, ื™ืฉื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื, ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื‘. ืœื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ืœืขืจื‘ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจืง ืื ื™ืชื ืฆืจื• ื•ืื– ื™ืกืœื—ื•; ื•ืื ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืชืจ ืชืจืžื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืกื™ืคืงื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื’ื•ืจื ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ืฉื—ืฆื ื•ืช, ื”ืกืชืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื˜ืจื ื˜ื• (1563-1545) ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืฉื›ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืžืจื™ื; ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื›ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืจืžืชื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช; ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืžืจื™ื ืขื“ ืื– ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื›ืš ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“, ืœืขื ื•ืช ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” (ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช) ื•ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื, ืืœื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืฉื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ืกื• ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ืจื• ืžื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื˜ืขื ื• ื”ื›ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ืฆื ื™ื ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจื›ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจืช ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื“ืชื. ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™ ื•ื”ื›ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื ื ื“ืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื›ืคืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขืฉื” (ื›ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™ ื•ื›ืคืจื•ืช ืžื›ืคืจื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจื”. ื›ืฉื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ. ื•ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ื›ืคืจื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืขืฆื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื ืกืœื—ื™ื). ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ื›ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ืจืจื• ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื•ืฉื ืื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืœื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉื• ื•ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื— ื™ืฉื• ื•ื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื ืกืœื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื•. ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืœืขื“ ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืขื•ื•ื ื ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื—ื˜ืื. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื ืขื• ื”ื›ืžืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื— ื›ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกืœื“ื• ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืžื ืืช ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื ื•ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืกืœื“ื• ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื•ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื, ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื—ื›ื, ื”ื ืžืชื ืฉืื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื—ืฆื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœืžื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืขืจื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืฉืงืจื™ื”ื. ืฉื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืงื ืื™ ืœืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืฉืจืง ื”ื•ื ื™ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช ื•ืœื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืš ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘, ืื ืœื ื›ืœ, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื“ืชื™ ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื›ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื™, ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื™ืกื™ืง ื‘ืจืืฉื•, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื—, ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืฉืžืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื”. ื›ืžื• ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืžืžื” ืฉืฉืžืข ื–ื” ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืงืจ, ื•ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื›ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื ื™ื—ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื "ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืชื "ืš. ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืžื•ืกืชืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื—ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื–ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื” ื•ื›ื• ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืื ื•ืกื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื• ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื, ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื–ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ืง ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ืชืคื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ื ื“ืจื™. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื—ื“ืจื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืœืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”. "ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”" ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“, ื—ื–ื™ืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืœืช ื–ื›ื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžืงื•ื ื ืจื—ื‘. ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงืœืืกื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื”ืขืœื• ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื˜ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื—ืžื“ื ื™ื ื•ืขืงืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืงืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ. ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช - ื”ืžื’ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืื ื“ืจื™ืืก ืื™ื™ื–ื ืžื ื’ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืงื ื˜ืจื‘ืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ื”ืžื ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ - ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืœื•ืง, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืžื ืกื” ืœืงื—ืช ืžื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื™ื˜ืจืช ื“ื ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื•, ืขืœ ื–ืืช ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืื•ืจ ืžืจื™ืจื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืชื• ืขื–ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืจื—ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื™ืœื•ืง ืžื•ืืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื™ืžืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื— ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืขื’ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื•ืจื—ืช ืขื ื ื•ืฆืจื™. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ื™ืงื ืก ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืกืข ืืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ืคืจื“ื™ื ืืŸ ืกืœื™ืŸ ืงืื ื˜ื• 28 ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื ืคืื•ื ื“ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ืืจืชื•ืจ ื”ืจืฆื‘ืจื’ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ "ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ืœื ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ืœืžื”ืคื›ื”, ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืขืฆืžืŸ". ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”. ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืžืืœ, ืฉื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื-ืื”ื‘ื• ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืงืจื• ืขืœ ื‘ื“ืœื ื•ืชื, ืงื ืื•ืชื ื•ื“ื‘ืงื•ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช. ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงืื ื˜, ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช, ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืฆืจ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœ"ื”ืžืชืช ื”ื—ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช". ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื“ืช ื ื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ื ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื˜ืคื— ืœืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื. ืฉืืจืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืžืช ืจืžืื™ื ื•ื’ื–ืœื ื™ื; ืงืจืœ ืžืจืงืก ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ืžื“ื ื™ื ื•ื ืฆืœื ื™ื; ื•ืคื™ื™ืจ ื–'ื•ื–ืฃ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ "ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืกื™ื” ืื• ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื•". ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ืฉื•ืื” ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืงื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืคื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื’ื ื•ืช ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื—ืชืจ ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ืœืžืื‘ืง ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื–ืจื™ื ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ื•ื—ืฉืื™ ื‘ื”ืขื ืงืช ืžืกืชื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืืชื. ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื“ืขื›ื•. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืช ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื• ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืจื—ื‘ื”. ืื•ืœื ืื– ืขืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืชืคื•ืฆื” ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืงื“ืžืื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื–ืžืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฆื’ืช ืขืžื“ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืจื˜ืงืœื™ืฃ ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™. ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933 ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’ืœืื–ื’ื• ื›ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™-ืงืชื•ืœื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ืคืจืกื ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื’ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1945โ€“1946 ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืกืชืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืื“ื ื›ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืื™ื ื ืืœื ื”ืคืงื” ืฉื–ื•ื™ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื•ืก ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืžืœื‘ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืขื“ 1965, ืขืช ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘-1986, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืžืขืœ ื‘ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืžื: "ืืชื ื”ืื— ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ". ืžืื– ืขืžื“ืชื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื’ืื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื›ืช ื“ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก ื›ื™ ื“ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื (ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžืชื™; 27:25). ื–ืืช ื’ื ืœืœื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื›ืคืจ ื•ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจืš ื”ืคื™ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-170 ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืคืจืกืžื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื "ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœืคื• ืžืื– ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช." ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืกืžืš ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ื“ื‘ืจื• ืืžืช" ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื•ื–ืžื ืช ืžื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื•ื˜ืจื“ืื, ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช. ืชื•ืš ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื ืคืจื“ ื’ืจืกื˜ื ืคืœื“ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื ื•ืชืจื•, ื›ืฉืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืืœื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื— ื™ืฉื• ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืคืกื—. ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ื ืžืกื•ืจืช "ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ืœื˜ืงืก ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื - ืืœื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื "ืš ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืื• ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืชื "ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื• ืืฃ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื–ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ืœืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ. ืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกืชื ื›ืืžืช ืื• ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ืจืงืขื. ื–ืืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชื "ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืืœื• ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื. ืคืจ ืื•ืœืžืืจืง ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืืš ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืžืจื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืกื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ื•ืืงื•ื ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืคืœื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•; ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื“ื—ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ, ื”-WCC ื•ื”-NECC, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช-ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช (ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืืชืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืจื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.) ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ื™ื—ืก ืขื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ื•ื›ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื”". ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967, ื‘ืžืกืžืš ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ ืœ-NECC, ืคืจืกืžื• "ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื–ืจื—-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื" ืžืกืžืš ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืช ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืกื•ื™ื’ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืฉื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ื™ื” "ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช." ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื›ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืกืžืžืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื• ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืชื™ืขืœื ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ืงืจื” ืขื ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืชืคืกื” ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื›ืฉืชื™ืขืœื ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื“ืจืš ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžืžืกื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื ืžื ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ื•ื’ืœื•ื™ ืžืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœ ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1983 ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”-WCC ื‘ื•ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืžื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืฉื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืชื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืกื•ื™ื’ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืืคืงื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืคื•ืš, ืฉื—ืจืจื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืž"ื”ืืฉื" ื•ื”ื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจื” ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช "ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ" ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืขื ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืชื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื: "ื ืžืฆืื” ื›ืขืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉืคื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™: ื”ืฉืคืœืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช-ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืื™-ืฆื“ืง ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘, ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ืชื•ืžืš ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื“ืง, ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™." ื›ืฉืœืคื™ ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื•ืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ "ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ", ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื ืงืœืขื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื” ืฉืื™ืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”; ื•ืืฃ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ืคืฉืขื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื' ืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžืœื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2010 ื”ื—ืœื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื•ืš ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื”ื—ืจืžืชื”. ืžืฉื ืช 2013 ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ื‘ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื•ืš ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ. ื“"ื•ื— ืงืจืŸ ืขืžื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช (Amos Trust) ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื›ืชื‘: . ื‘ื›ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืœืฉื ืช 2013 ืืฃ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื™ืฉื• ืžื ืกื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ืชื—ืคืฉื• ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœืกื ื˜ื” ืงืœืื•ืก ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืชื•ืš ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืคืฆืชื ื›ืชืงื™ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ืกื ื˜ื” ืงืœืื•ืก. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” Kairos Palestine ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืื™ื’ืจืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘: (ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืข"ืค ืœื•ืงืืก, 18,4). ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืจืกื‘ื™ื˜ืจืื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืžื™, ืฉื“ื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•; ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื– ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืคืจืกืžื”: ืงืจืŸ Holy Land Trust ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ืก ื”ืฉื ืชื™ 'ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ื' ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืœื—ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชื›ื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืž-2010. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื•ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืฉืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืจืื”ื‘, ื›ื•ืžืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช-ืœื—ื: ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจืกื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ืœื—ื ื’ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฉื• ื”ื ืฆืœื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœืกืžืœ ื™ืฉื• ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื, ื”ืคื™ืฅ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืœื” ืกื˜ืžืคื” ืื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื˜ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฉื• ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืฉืฉื•ืืœ: "ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™, ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘?". ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ Het Nieuwsblad ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืื—ืžื“ ื™ืืกื™ืŸ, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ืžืืก, ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆืœื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘: "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืจื•ื—ื ื™". ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื ื•ืฉื, ื‘pro-Pasok daily, Eleftherotypia ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ืืœืช ื’ื‘ืจ: "ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื“ืชื™?" ื”ืื™ืฉ ืขื•ื ื”: "ื”ื ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—ื." ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืคืœื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ื, ืืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” (ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™). ื‘-306 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืืกืจื” ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘-309 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืืกืจื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืงืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ืฆืจื• ืœืงืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืคื™ืœื’ืฉื•ืช ืงืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืงืช ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืชื•ืœื™ื. ื‘-589 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื‘ืงืชื•ืœื™ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœื“ื• ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ื— ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงืชื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 681 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืจืคื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1215 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืœื˜ืจืื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื•ื“ ื˜ืœืื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืื“ื•ื ื•ืœื‘ืŸ, ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1215 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืจื™ื–, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1267 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืงื‘ืขื” ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ื’ื˜ืื•ืช (ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ื’ื˜ื•" ื ืขืฉื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1516 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”). ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ื™ ื‘ืงืจ, ืžื™ื”ื• ื”ืขื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ? ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ืชืฉืข"ื“, 2013. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“: ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉืœื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืชืฉืกโ€œื•, 2005. Perry, Marvin, and Frederick M. Schweitzer. Anti-Semitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002 Perry, Marvin, and Frederick M. Schweitzer, eds. Antisemitic myths: a historical and contemporary anthology. Indiana University Press, 2008. Laqueur, Walter. The changing face of anti-Semitism: From ancient times to the present day. Oxford University Press, 2006. Brown, Michael L. Our Hands Are Stained with Blood: The Tragic Story of the "Church" and the Jewish People. Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image Publishers, 1992 Kertzer, David I. The popes against the Jews: The Vatican's role in the rise of modern anti-Semitism. Vintage, 2007. and Dan Haruv. "Shmuel Etinger and the Jews of Soviet Union(2000): 179-184. and Yfaat Weiss. "Mixed Marriages,'Mischling'and'Rassen-Schande'(racial disgrace)โ€”Borderline Cases in National Socialist Germany (2000). Joshua. The devil and the Jews. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1943. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžื“ื“ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืจืกื‘ื™ื˜ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื•ื’ืจื•ื ืขืœื™ืœืช ื“ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื“ืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืขืฉื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉืชืค ืขื ื•ื™ืงื™ืžื“ื™ื” ืœืœื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช
2024-07-14T03:45:37
ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช
ื”ื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื“ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-4 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื” (30-325) ื™ืฉื• ื•ื“ื•ืจื• ื™ืฉื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื ืกื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช; ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื” ืœืžืฉื™ื— ื•ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงืื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ืžืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”: ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 0 (ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื 4 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื ืฆืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“. ืืžื• ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืจื ื™ื“ืขื” ืื™ืฉ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืœืืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื’ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื• ืกื‘ื‘ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื ื˜ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชื ื‘ื ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืœ โ€“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื•, ืžื” ืฉืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื โ€“ ื—ื•ืœืœ ื ืกื™ื, ื’ื™ื™ืก ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื˜ืืชื ื•ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืจืขื”ื•. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื ื ื‘ื’ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืกื’ืจ ืœืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืกืจืชื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก. ื”ื•ื ื ืฆืœื‘ ื‘ืืฉืžื” ืฉืžืจื“ ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื›"ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื". ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื•ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื•, ืงื ื™ืฉื• ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”, ืกื‘ื‘ ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื ื’ืœื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ืื– ืขืœื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื”, ืœืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืžืฉื ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืฅ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชื™ื. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืœื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืขืจืคืœ. ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกืคืจื™ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”, ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•: ื˜ืงื™ื˜ื•ืก ื•ื™ื•ืกืคื•ืก, ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื‘ื”, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื‘. ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื•ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื•; ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื’ืœื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื” ืื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” (ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ืกืชื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืืš ืžืชื‘ื”ืจืช ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืจืžื™ืช ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจ). ื™ืฉื• ื ื˜ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ "ืืžืŸ" ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืœืขื™ื, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžื–ืžื ื•. ืืžืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื”, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ืžื•ืคื’ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก, ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช. ื™ืฉื• ืคืขืœ ื•ื”ื’ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื›ื™ ืกื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช. ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช: ืžื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืฉืžืจ ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืœืคืจื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืงืœืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื; ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื ืฉืœื— ืืš ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื•ืก ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ืขื–ืจืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 30 ืœืขืจืš ืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืขืชื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ืžื•ืจื ืฉื ืฆืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื™ืข. ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉื ืฆืœื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืก, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื•ืคืจืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื•ืจื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืชืจ ืžืชื ื‘ืื™ ืงืฅ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื. ื”ื ืคื ื• ืืœ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึทื›ึฐืึนื‘ื•ึนืช" ื‘ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื "ื’, ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื ื•ืขื“ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ื” ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืœ ื•ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื˜ืื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื• ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืœืงื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื•. ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฆื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืืœ ื”ื‘ื, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช, ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืืฆืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกืžื ื•ืช ื—ืกื“ ืืœื•ื”ื™ โ€“ ืฆืคื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืชื™-ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื“ืชื™ืช. ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื-ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื›ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื•. ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื›ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืฆื“ื. ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืคืื•ืœื•ืก (ืฉื ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 50 ืœ-65) ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื•. ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื”ืื™ื’ืจืช ืืœ ื”ื’ืœื˜ื™ื, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ืืช "ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื•ึฐื›ึตื™ืคึธื ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื—ึธื ึธืŸ" ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื”. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืช 100. ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืืชืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ืฉืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื’ื• ื•ื”ื•ืื—ื“ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ืช ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ืช. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช: ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื“ืงื“ืงื• ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื ื˜ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฉื• ื›ืžื’ืฉื™ื ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื ื™ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื•. ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื ื”ื ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืชื™ ื•ื”ืื™ื’ืจืช ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื; ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขืžื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื—ื™ ื™ืฉื•. ืžื ื’ื“, ื ื™ืฆื‘ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืœื• (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”) ืฉืคื ื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ, ื•ื ื˜ื• ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื• ื’ื•ืืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™. ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื ื”ื™ื ืคืื•ืœื•ืก, ืฉืื’ืจื•ืชื™ื• (ื”ืŸ ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“) ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœื•ืงืืก ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื. ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืชืจืกื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืฉื™ ืงื ืื™ ืฉืจื“ืฃ ืืช ืžืืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืืฃ ื‘ืกืงื™ืœืช ืกื˜ืคื ื•ืก, ื’ื‘ืื™ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืœืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ; ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื“ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืžืขืžื“ ื•ื ืจื“ืคืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื• ื ื’ืœื” ืืœื™ื• ืขืœ ืื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืžืฉืง, ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืœืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืฆื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™, ื•ื ืชืžื ื” ืœืฉืœื™ื— ืžื›ื— ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืื›ื–ื‘ ืžื”ื™ืขื ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื’ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื ืจืื” ืฉืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” "ื™ืจืื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื", ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื• ืืœื™ื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ืกืชืคื—ื• ืœื‘ืชื™-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืจ. ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืชื“ื™ืจ ืืฃ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืคื˜ืจื•ืก, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” (ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืฉื• ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื—ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ), ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช: ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื™ื’ืจืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื•ืคื˜ืจื•ืก ื—ื™ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืืช "ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืœื™ื" ื•ืืช "ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื". ืคื˜ืจื•ืก ื ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœืื ื˜ื™ื•ื›ื™ื”, ืฉื ืื›ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื—ื‘ืจืชื ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• "ืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ืžึตืึตืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘" ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื ื–ืฃ ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื”. ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื˜ืจื ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™, ื•ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืœืžืชืงืคื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื”ืŸ ืœืžื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื• ืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืืš ื ื“ื—ืงื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืš ื’ื‘ืจื” ื™ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก. ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืืจื•ืš-ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื•ืก, ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื•ื™ืขืงื‘, ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื™ื•ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื˜ืจื•ืก, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช. ืคืื•ืœื•ืก, ืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ื ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืชืžืจื• ื‘ืงืื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ื—ื•ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื’ื•ืืœ ืฉืงื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืžื•ืฉื™ืข ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื• ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื•. ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืขื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื: ื™ืฉื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ื ื•ืจื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืคืขืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืจืื” (ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ). ืจืง ื™ืฉื• ืœื‘ื“ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืœ"ื”ื™ืฆื“ืง" ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืืœ, ืœื ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื›ืขื•ืœ ื ื•ืจื ื•ืžืฆืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืื‘ืจื”ื, ื”ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขืžื™ ืชื‘ืœ. ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ืืฃ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืœ ืขื•ืงืฅ ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•: ื”ืื—ื•ื•ื”, ื”ื”ืชื ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืงืฅ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืคื ื™ืžื” ืื• ืืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื“ืจืฉ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื: "ืฉึดืืžึฐืขื•ึผ ื‘ึธึผื ึดื™ื ืึถืœึพื”ื•ึนืจึตื™ื›ึถื... ืฉึดืืžึฐืขื•ึผ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื ืึถืœึพืึฒื“ึนื ึตื™ื›ึถื". ื›ืœ ื”ื“ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืงื ืื™ื, ืฉื”ื“ื”ื“ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉื•, ื ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื”. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ืžื™, ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืจืืชื” ื‘ื›ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื ืขื“ืจืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“ ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ื”ืกืชื” ื•ืžืจื“ื ื•ืช. ืคื˜ืจื•ืก, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื–ืจื— ืจื•ืžืื™, ื ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืื•ืœื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื—ื ื ื™ืช. ื”ืฉืงืคืชื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื–ื• ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืืš ืขื‘ืจื” ื ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื•ื—ืจื (ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืžื‘ืชื™-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื—ื ื ื™ืช) ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืืžื•ื ื” ืงื ืื™ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ โ€“ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื”ื™ื•ื—ื ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืืฃ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”; ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘"ื‘ึฐึผืจึตืืฉึดืื™ืช ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืึตืช ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื•ึตืืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ". ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชื’ืฉื ื‘ื™ืฉื•. ื”ื™ื•ื—ื ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื•ื‘: ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก, ื‘ื”ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ืฉื• ืื•ืžืฅ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื• ืขื ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื• (ืจื•ืžื™ื ื' ื’': "ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ื•ึผื›ึทืŸ ืœึฐื‘ึถืŸึพื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึดึผื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืจึธื” ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึทืงึฐึผื“ึปืฉึธึผืื” ื‘ึดึผืชึฐื—ึดื™ึธึผืชื•ึน ืžึดื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ื”ึทืžึตึผืชึดื™ื"); ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื“ืžื” ื”ื”ืืœื”ื” ืœื˜ื‘ื™ืœืช ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ (ื•ึทื™ึตึผืจึถื“ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึทืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื ื‘ึดึผื“ึฐืžื•ึผืช ื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ื›ึฐึผื™ื•ึนื ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ึพืงื•ึนืœ ืžึดืŸึพื”ึทืฉึธึผืืžึทื™ึดื ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื‘ึฐึผื ึดื™ ืึทืชึธึผื” ืึฒื ึดื™ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื™ึฐืœึดื“ึฐืชึดึผื™ืšึธ ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงืืก ื’' ื›"ื‘). ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื—ื ื ื™ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช "ื”ึทื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ" ืกื™ืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืืœื•ื”ื™, ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ืฉื ืขื• ื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”, ืฉื ืขื“ืจื• ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืื• ื”ื›ืจื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ืกืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช. ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกืจ ื”ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื™ื• ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืฅ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ; ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™-ืจื•ืžื™, ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืจืงื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื’ืจื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ-ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืฆื˜ื ืŸ ื•ืคื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืœืืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืœื-ื ื•ื“ืข: ื‘ืงืฅ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื˜ืจื— ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืกื•ืคืจ, ืœื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื™ืฉื• "ืฉึถืื”ึทืชึทึผืœึฐืžึดื™ื“ ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืœึนื ื™ึธืžื•ึผืช" ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืชืžืกื“ื•. ื˜ืงืกื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื”, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช; ื•ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ (ืืคื™ืกืงื•ืคื•ืก), ื“ื™ืืงื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื™ื—ื“ ืขืžื ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช: ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืœืžื ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืžืื ื˜ื™ื•ื›ื™ื” ืชื‘ืขื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื• ืžื•ืกืจ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ื• ืžืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช. ืื™ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื, ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืœืžืกื• ืขื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจื” (ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื”) ื•ืžื” ืœื. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื“ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื’ื•ื ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื›ืืžื•ื ื” ืชืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžื ืขื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขื ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ืฉืœ ืื‘ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืจื˜ื™ืจ (ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-160) ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช: ื™ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืชืคืœืžืก ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืŸ-ืฉื™ื—ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื’ื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื”ื‘ืœ ืื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื•ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก, ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ื•ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ืžืฉื™ื— โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ืœื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืœืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื ื—ืœืฉ. ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืคืื•ืœื™ื ื™-ื’ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”. ื‘-140 ืœืขืจืš ืคืขืœ ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืจืงื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•. ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืคืจื—ื• ืื–, ื“ื—ื” ืžืจืงื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ื”ืฉื—ืชื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื” ื›ื“ืžื™ื•ืจื’ ื ื—ื•ืช. ื”ืืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘, ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื™ืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืืช ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ื›ืœื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ ืฉื‘ืจื ื”ืืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ื ื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืœื ืžื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช. ืžืจืงื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืœืกืœืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื” ืืฃ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืงืื ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื’ืจื•ืช ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื•ืžื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœื•ืงืืก. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื‘ืœื ื•ื ื•ื“ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘-144. ืœืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืžืจืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช: ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืงืื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืžืจืงื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื˜ื• ืœื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ืื™ืจื ืื™ื•ืก, ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื•ื‘ื”ืคืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืชืคืก ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ืจื”. ืื™ืจื ืื™ื•ืก ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžืื•ื—ื“ ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉื•, ื•ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืกื ืฉืืš ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™. ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื‘ืข ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืฉืœืฉืœืช ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืจืฆื™ืคื” ืขื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื. ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ื“ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื™ืฉื™" (tertium genus), ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ืžื, ื—ืฉืฉื• ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 200โ€“250 ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 250, ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืงื™ื•ืก ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื”. ื‘-24 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 303 ืื™ืžืฅ ื“ื™ื•ืงืœื˜ื™ืื ื•ืก ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื•ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื“ื—ืงื• ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื—ืจื ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืกืคืจื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืฉืจืคื•ืช ืฉืคืจืฆื• ื‘ืืจืžื•ื ื• ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื•ืงืœื˜ื™ืื ื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’. ื’ืœื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื“ 313. ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ืขื–, ืฉืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืงืœื˜ื™ืื ื•ืก ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื›ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ืงืจืื” ื’ื ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืœื˜ื™ืื ื™. ื‘-13 ื‘ืžืื™ 311, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื” (ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ), ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืก, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” (ืื™ื–ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื) ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืฉื˜ืจ ืžื—ื™ืœื” (ืื™ื ื“ื•ืœื’ื ืฆื™ื”), ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืืœ ืื™ื•ื•ืœืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืœื ื›ืืœ ื“ืช ืฉื•ื•ืชึพืžืขืžื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช 313 ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ื, ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืก, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืื ื•, ืžืกืžืš ื‘ื• ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื“ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช (Religio licita) ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื“ืชื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื“ืช. ืฉื ื” ื–ื•, 313 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืฉื•, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉืฉืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘-380 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืกื™ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื“ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช (Religio licita) ืœื“ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 393 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืชืื•ื“ื•ืกื™ื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื“ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืคื’ื ื™ ื•ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-5. ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ - ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื›ืคื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืืฆื•ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ื. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฆื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื›ื•ื—, ื•ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืจื›ืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื”. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื”, ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™: ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืžื™ื ืœื-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืกืืกืื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-5 ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื“ืช ื‘ืื“ืกื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ืœื™ืžื“ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื™ืฉื•ืขื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืฉืขื™ืงืจื” ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืœื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•. ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืจื™ "ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื" (ืชืื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืก), ืืœื "ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืฉื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื—". ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจืš ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื. ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืกื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื ืก ืืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืืคืกื•ืก, ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืก. ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ื“ื“ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ื”ืชื ืชืงื• ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื•ืช ื ืจื“ืคื• ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื• ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืกืืกืื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื•. ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืกืืกืื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื–ื•ืจื•ืืกื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ืฉืžืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžื”ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช (ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื“ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืคื’ืื ื™ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช). ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ื ืกื‘ืœืช ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืกืกืื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื’ืœืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-4 ื•ื”-6, ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืกืืกืื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-5 ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ื”ื ื–ื•ืจื” ื”ื ื–ื•ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื’ืคื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ื” ืื“ื ืคื•ื ื” ืœื”ืกืชื’ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ. ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื–ื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืืœื ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื›ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื™ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ื. ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ื–ื™ืจ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื–ื•ืจื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืงื•ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ, ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ (ืื• ืงื•ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ืื‘ ื”ืžื ื–ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชื—ืงื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืคื›ื•ืžื™ื•ืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 318 ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื–ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืชื ื•ืขื”. ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ื•ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืก ืžื ื•ืจืกื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืก ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-540 ืœืขืจืš, ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืงื• ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืžื ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžื™ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช. ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื“ืขื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืช, ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ; ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ "ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ืžื™" ื•ืœื ืขืœ "ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช". ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ - ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ื•ื—, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื. ืขื ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช (ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช) ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช (ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช) ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืื•ืคื™ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืจื ื™ ืฉื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ื) ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื ืืœืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื, ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขื "ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžืกืคืจื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื ืคืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœืกืขืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื, ื ืื‘ืง ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืžืขื•ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืืฆื•ืœื” ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื”, ื•ืžื•ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืืžื ื ืžื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืืš ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ื›ืฉื”ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื“ื™ื ืคืœืฉื• ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืจื•ืžื ืžืฆืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขืฆืžื”. ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขื ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžืื—ื•ื–ืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ, ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื, ืœืฉืœื ื“ืžื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื“ื™, ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ, ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ื ืคื ื• ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืชืžื™ื›ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคืจื ืงื™ื. ื”ืžืื” ื”-6 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืœืขื™ืจ ืจื•ืžื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื‘ื–ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื’ื•ืชื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 598 ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื›"ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจืš ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื" ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืงื ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืžืขืžื“ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืขืฆืžืื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืคื›ื” ืจื•ืžื ืœื‘ื™ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ. ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืข ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื•ืงื“ ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืจืื• ืขืฆืžืŸ ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืคื—ืชื• ื•ืื– ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื•ืืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืœืก ื•ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื™. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื™ืจืœื ื“, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืžื•ืฆื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื• ืื™ืจื™, ืฉื”ื•ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื. ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื ืœื›ื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื—ืชื• ื•ื”ืกืžื›ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ืื™ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”, ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืื™ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื” ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื ื•ืก ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืœืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ื•ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืจื˜ื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื›ื˜ืงืก ืคื•ืžื‘ื™. ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื™ืช ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฉืžืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืžื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื 'ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืจื”' ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-4, ื ื ื˜ืฉื” ื‘-407 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื 'ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื' ืคืฉื˜ื• ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื‘ื–ื–ื• ืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื "ื”ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกืงืกื™ื", ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื’ืื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื. ื”ื ื”ื•ืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชื—ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ, ื ื”ื ื• ื”ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกืงืกื™ื ืžืชื•ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ืคืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืจื” ื•ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช (ื’ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื) ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ืืœื•-ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื ืงื™ื ื’ืจืžืื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-5. ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื•ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื–ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ืจื“ืคื•, ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื”ืคืจื ืงื™, ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืชื• ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืืœื™ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 496, ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื’ื ื—ื™ื–ืง ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืงืœื•ื‘ื™ืก ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื—ื™ื• ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื™ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืœืš ื”ื’ืจืžืื ื™ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ืก ื”ืชื ืฆืจื• ืฉืืจ ื”ืคืจื ืงื™ื, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ืืœื•-ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื, ื”ื•ื•ื ื“ืœื™ื ืื• ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื•ื ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืืจื™ืื ื™ืช. ื›ืš ืฉื•ืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ืก, ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื™ื, ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืคืจื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 698, ื›ืืฉืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื‘ืจื•ืจื“, ื ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžื ื•ืจืช'ืžื‘ืจื™ื”, ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืกืจื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื–ื™ื”. ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื‘ืจื•ืจื“ ื”ืงื™ื ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื˜ืจื›ื˜, ืืš ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื‘ืจื•ืจื“ ื ืžื—ืงื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื“ื‘ื“ ืžืœืš ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ื ื”ืคื’ืื ื™ ื”ืจืก ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 716 ืœ-719. ื‘-717 ื ืฉืœื— ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื™ืคืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื‘ืจื•ืจื“ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื’ืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื‘ื•ื ื™ืคืฆื™ื•ืก ื ื”ืจื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘-754. ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืชืจืชื• ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ืกืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 800 ื›ื•ื ื ื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืงืจืœ ืœืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืจื“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืจื•ืžื, ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืžื’ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื™ื™ืš, ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืœื•ืื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ (ืื• ื‘ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• Hludovicus ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื Chlodovicus) ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืงืจืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 35 ื•ืฉืœื˜ 26 ืฉื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™-ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื ื™-ื”ืคืจื ืงื™ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ืื‘ื™ื•. ืœื•ืื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ื‘ื ื•, ืœื•ืชืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ืœื•ืื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื•, ืœื•ืชืืจ, ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื•ืงืจืœ. ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”, ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืจื“ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืœืœื•ืชืืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืชื•ืืจ ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ืืš ื—ื™ืœืง ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืœื›ื™ื. ื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ืชืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื—. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืžื™ืจื–ืŸ ืกื•ืคื—ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ืคืจื ืงื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืคืจื ืงื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืžืœื›ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื™ืกืจื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืœื‘ืจื ื’ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 916. ื‘ืฉื ืช 962 ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื›ืงื™ืกืจ ืื•ื˜ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ื ื” "ืื•ื˜ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ"). ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืชืจื” ื–ืืช ืืช ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืกืจ ืฉืžื•ื›ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืขื“ 1508, ื ื”ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืžืœืš ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืจื•ืžื, ืฉื ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืœืงื™ืกืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•. ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืœืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืื™ื ื•ื•ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืื™ื ื•ื•ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” (ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืจื”), ื”ื™ื” ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”. ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืฆื™ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืงื™ืกืจ. ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ืงืจื ืœื”ืคืจืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืงื™ืกืจ. ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื ืืœืฅ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื˜ื™ืจืช ืงื ื•ืกื”, ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืกืจืช ื”ื—ืจื. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœื ืชื ื•ื”ื—ืจื ื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืจื•ืžื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1084. ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ืžืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื” ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื›ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ. ื‘ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืจืžืก ื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื. ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืกื›ื™ื–ืžื”" (ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช) ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืžืื” ื”-11 ืขื ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช-ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืžืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืžื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช-ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช ืฉืžืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ (ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ). ืฉืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืžื ืœืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืคื™ื - ืืœื” ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืžืจื•ืžื ื•ืืœื” ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืฉื‘ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ. ืžืกืขื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ืžืกืขื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืกื“ืจืช ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-11 ื•ื”ืžืื” ื”-13 ืฉื™ื–ืžื• ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื›ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ืืš ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉื ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ ืืœื›ืกื™ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ืกืœื’'ื•ืงื™ื, ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืื•ืจื‘ืื ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงืจื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื, ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ื ื›ื›ืคืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื. ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฆืขื“ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืกืข ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื–ื–ื• ืขืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื. ื‘-1099 ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืกืข ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉืŸ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืžืกืขื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ืจืจื• ื’ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืขื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ืงืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื-ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืฉืžื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื’ืœ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” - ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16, ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”". ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ, ื ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ื™ืชืงื• ืืช ืงืฉืจื™ื”ืŸ ืขื ืจื•ืžื, ื•ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื• ืžืžืกื“ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื "ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช" (ืžื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืœืžื—ื•ืช, ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“"). ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ืงืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื”: ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13 ื ื•ืกื“ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืžืืกื™ื–ื™. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16 ื ื•ืกื“ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืงื•ื ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื ืกืื ืก ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืชืื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-15โ€“18 ื ื—ืœืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”. ืื™ืจืขื• ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉืคื—ื“ื• ืžืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืจืกื•ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื“ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ื—ืœื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื• ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื”, ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืชื™ื” ื•"ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”", ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื”, ื•ื ืชื™ื ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ื) ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืจื‘ื”. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื–'ืจืืจ ื•ืืœึถื”, ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” - ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”, 2005 (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื) ื–ืื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืกื“ืจืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1991 ืื‘ื™ืขื“ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”, ืกื“ืจืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช, 1995 ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืืคืจื•ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2004 ืคืื• ืคื™ื’ืจืก, ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื›ืœื”, ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, 2013. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, The Cambridge History of Christianity. ืชืฉืขื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’', 2006-2010. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื ืฆืจื•ืช
2024-10-03T08:55:00
ื—ืžืฆืŸ
ื—ืžืฆืŸ (Oxygen) ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืกืžืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ O ื•ืžืกืคืจื• ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื 8. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื‘ื ืžื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช. ืœืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•, 16O, ื™ืฉ 8 ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช "ื—ืžืฆืŸ" O2 ื•ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ O3. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ. ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืืš ื—ืœืงื• ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ื ืฆืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื• ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ-ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืชื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื™ื 218.79- ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื 182.96- ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก. ืžืกืชื• ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช 15.9994 ื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื 2,6. ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื™ื 2-. ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืœ-ืžืชื›ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื›ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช O2, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื– ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ. ืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืงื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ (O=O). ื”ืืœื•ื˜ืจื•ืค ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ (O3) ื”ื•ื ื’ื– ืจืขื™ืœ, ื•ื”ืืœื•ื˜ืจื•ืค O4 ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืง. O4 ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ 20 ื’'ื™ื’ื”-ืคืกืงืœ ืขืœ O2. ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื—ืžืฆืŸ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™. ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื—ืกืจ ื˜ืขื, ืฆื‘ืข ืื• ืจื™ื— ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื—ืžืฆืŸ. ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ืœืง, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืชื•ืš, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœื“ื” ื•ื”ืคืงืช ืžืชื ื•ืœ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืกื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ื’ (Michaล‚ Sฤ™dziwรณj, Michael Sendivogius), ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืœื ื™, ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16 ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื—ื ืงืชื™. ืกื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ื’ ืงืจื ืœื’ื– ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ "ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื". ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืคืง ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ืงืจืœ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1773. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1774 ื—ื™ืžื ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื›ืกืคื™ืช. ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ ืคืจืกื ืืช ืžืžืฆืื™ื• ื‘-1775 ื•ืฉืœื” ื‘-1777, ืžื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™. ื’ื ืฉืœื” ื•ื’ื ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ ืœื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืคืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ืžืžืฆืื™ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื”. ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ ืคื™ืชื— ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช "ื”ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™" ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ื’ื– NO ื•ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื ืคื— ื” NO2 ื”ื ืคืœื˜. ื‘-1775 ื’ื™ืœื” ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื”"ืื•ื•ื™ืจ" ื”ื ืคืœื˜ ืžื—ื™ืžื•ื ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช, ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ NO ืžืืฉืจ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ืงืจื ืœื• "ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืคืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ". ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• "ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืคืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ". ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืื–ื™ื” ืขืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืชืจื›ื‘ ืขื ื’ืคืจื™ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื’ื•ืคืจืชื™ืช ื•ืขื ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืชื ืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื–ืจื—ืชื™ืช. ืœื‘ื•ืื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื“. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ืจื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืกื•ืคื” ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืคืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18. ืœื‘ื•ืื–ื™ื” ืงืจื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื "ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื”" ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1779 ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• Principe oxygine ื›ืœื•ืžืจ "ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช". ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื–ื™ืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื” ืื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื ื–ื™ืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื• ื”ืชืื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื–ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืžื‘ืจืง ื‘-22 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1877 ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ . ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœื•ืื™ ืคื•ืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืœื• ืœื”ื ื–ืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™. ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื•ืคืงื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-29 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1883, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื’ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ื•. ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ืก ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื—.ืž.ืฆ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช oxygen ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ืœื‘ื•ืื–ื™ื” principe oxigine: "ื™ืกื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจึพื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช" (ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช แฝ€ฮพฯฯ‚ (ืื•ืงืกื™ืก) - ื—ื•ืžืฆื”); ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื‘ื—ืžืฅ" ืฉืœื ื ืงืœื˜ื”. ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขื ืง, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื (ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”-O), (ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”-H) ื•- (ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”-He). ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ 3 ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื (^16O, ^17O ื•-^18O), ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืขื•ื“ 14 ืจื“ื™ื•-ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืž-^12O ื•ืขื“ ^28O, ืืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจ. ^15O ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื“ื™ื•-ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ - 122.24 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ืกืžืœ (p)Z (n)N ืžืกื” ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ืช (u) ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ืื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืชืชื•ืฆืจ ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืกืคื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค(ื›ืฉื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“) ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™(ื›ืฉื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“) ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช 12O8 4 12.034405(20) [MeV (25)0.40] E-24 s(30)5802p (60%)^10C 0+p (40%)^11N 13O 5 13.024812(10) ms (5)8.58ฮฒ+ (89.1%)^13N (3/2-)ฮฒ+, p (10.9%)^12C 14O 6 14.00859625(12) s (18)70.598^14N 0+ 15O 7 15.0030656(5) s (16)122.24^15N 1/2- 16O 8 15.99491461956(16) ื™ืฆื™ื‘ 0+ 0.99757(16) 0.99738-0.99776 17O 9 16.99913170(12) ื™ืฆื™ื‘ 5/2+ 0.00038(1) 0.00037-0.00040 18O 10 17.9991610(7) ื™ืฆื™ื‘ 0+ 0.00205(14) 0.00188-0.00222 19O 11 19.003580(3) s (9)26.464^19F 5/2+ 20O 12 20.0040767(12) s (5)13.51^20F 0+ 21O 13 21.008656(13) s (10)3.42^21F (1/2,3/2,5/2)+ 22O 14 22.00997(6) s (15)2.25ฮฒ- (>78%)^22F 0+ฮฒ+, n (<22%)^21F 23O 15 23.01569(13) ms (37)82ฮฒ+, n (93%)^22F 1/2+#ฮฒ- (7%)^23F 24O 16 24.02047(25) ms (5)65ฮฒ+, n (58%)^23F 0+ฮฒ- (42%)^24F 25O 17 25.02946(28)# ns 50>n^24O (3/2+)# 26O 18 26.03834(28)# ns 40>2n^24O 0+ 27O 19 27.04826(54)# ns 260> 3/2+# 28O 20 28.05781(64)# ns 100> 0+ ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 21% ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืจืขืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืงืŸ: ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืชืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืงื•ืœื˜ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื, ืžื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ (CO2), ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืืœืคื™ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื– ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ (O3), ื”ืžืกื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื, ื‘ื ื—ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ืกื•ืชื• ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ื. ื›-6 ืž"ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืžืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ 30 ืžืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืกื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืขื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืงืจื ื‘ืขื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื• ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ (ื•ื‘ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื—ื“-ื—ืžืฆื ื™). ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืžืจืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืงืจื ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื ื™ืช (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื” ืืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ืจื ื™ืช). ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื“ื, ื™ืฉื ื ืชืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื•, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ (O2), ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื•-ืจื“ื™ืงืœ, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืจืขืœืŸ ืœืชืื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื ื–ืง. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืก ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ (ื•ืจืื• ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ). ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืฆื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืจื™ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ืืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ, ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืœื™ืžืคื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืคืจื™ื”. ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ, ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”). ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ืงืจื ืงื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื” (ืฉื™ืชื•ืš), ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ื•-ืื˜ื•ืžื™, ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ 2 (ืงืฉืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ). ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” 2P. ื ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืžืื›ืœืก 2 ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื. 2 ืงืฉืจื™ ืคืื™ ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื 4 ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื 2 ืงืฉืจื™ ืคืื™ ืื ื˜ื™ ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืกืคื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื. ืื›ืœื•ืก ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืคืื™ ืื ื˜ื™-ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉืกื“ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื ืงืŸ. ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื–ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™ ืคืจื”-ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ (ื˜ืจื™ืคืœื˜ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™), ื ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืœืžื’ื ื˜. ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืกืคื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื“ื™ื-ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื•: ื›ืืฉืจ 2 ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืื ื˜ื™ ืงื•ืฉืจ (ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ื‘-1268nm) ืื• (ืžืฆื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”) ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื (ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ื‘-762nm). ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืคื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ืขืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื•ืžืื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ. ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ (O3), ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ (H2O2), ืขืœ-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื. ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื. ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ืœืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœ-DNA, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืืฆืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ. ืจืื• ื’ื ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืกื™ื” ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜"ื— ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘-Webelements ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ What If The World Lost Oxygen For 5 Seconds? - ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืœื ืœ-5 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืœ-ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
2024-10-18T15:40:06
ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ึพ22 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1967. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืœื•ื ืฆื•ื“ืง ื•ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”: ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืฉืœื•ื ื–ื” ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื ืกื™ื’ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื’ืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืง ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš. ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืชืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ (ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื–ื™ื). ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื“ืื– ืื• ืชืื ื˜ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ืื’ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงื“ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื“ืจืฉ ื’ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžื”ื™ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ืื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 338 ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 339 ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืื•"ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 338 ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• "ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื". ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืคืจืง ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื ื” ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื— "ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช". ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืืžืฅ ืื•ืชื” โ€“ ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืืš ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืฉื•ื ืžื”ื•ืชื” โ€“ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื“ืจ. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1967. ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœื”, ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื—ืืคื– ืืœ-ืืกื“. ื”ืจืงืข ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1967 ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” "ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช" (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืื– ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืžื”ืงืข"ืž ื‘-1961) ืœื›ื ืก ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ื ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื•ื“ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื: 9, 13, 15, 16, 20 ื•-22 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1967. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื”: ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืžืืœื™ ื•ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืคื” ืื—ื“. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ื” ืืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— "ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ" ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืคื•ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœื›ืš, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ืจืง ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆื“ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืืฉ"ืฃ โ€“ ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืขื, ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื•ืœื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื•ื”ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื• ืืฉ"ืฃ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื. ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื ืงืจืื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื’ืช ืž"ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื”", ืœืœื ื”"ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”. ื“ื’ืฉ ื–ื” ืกื•ื›ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ "ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื" ื‘ื”"ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ืืš ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืงืฃ. ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ืงื•ื–ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืชื• ืžืžื ื” . ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•"ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ืืจืชื•ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืžื˜ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื”. ืœืคื™ ืขืžื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื™ื ื” ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1967 ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”"ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื™, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื” ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœ"ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื" โ€“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื”, ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ืœืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขืžื“ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื, ืฉืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกื’ืช ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1967 ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœ 1949. ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ืฉื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”", ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืชื”ื™ื” "ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื•", ื‘ื”"ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”. ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื™ึธื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืฉืจืจ ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967 ื‘ื˜ืจื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœื ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืจืฉื ืœืฉืœื•ื ืืœื ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื‘ื”. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืงื ืžืืจื”, ืคื ื” ืœื’ื ืจืœ ืืจืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœืจ, ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ื• "ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™" ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื•ื™ืœืจ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื”โ€29 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967 ืœืคื™ื•: "ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคืง ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช". ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1968 ืืžืจ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ: "ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงื•ื•ื™ 4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967 ืœื ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื". ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืžื˜ืช ื”ื”"ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืชื™ืกื•ื’ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื. ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื’ื ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืกื™ืกืงื•, ืขื•ื–ืจ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ื’'ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื‘ ืชืช-ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื ืกื—ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื’ื ื ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืขืช', ืฉืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื“ืงืช ื˜ืขื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช 4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ, "ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืš ื•ืจืง ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1967. ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืื•"ื 242, ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืขื•ื“". ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช 2020: ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ื›ืฆื•ื“ืง, ื•ืชื• ืœื. ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื ืžืœื˜ื• ืื• ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช. ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืžืช ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื•ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืขื•ื ื™, ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ื•ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืชืจ. ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ืœืžืขื˜ ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ืœื ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืœื ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื•ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื›-800,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืœื“ืชื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœืœื ืจื›ื•ืฉื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื™ื•ืžื™ื, ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื“ื™ืคื”. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœืง ื ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืขื•ืœื™ื. ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ"ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืง ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื", ืืš ืœื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื” ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ "ืฆื•ื“ืง". ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ื“ื” ื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจืคืช ืงืจื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— "ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืฆื•ื“ืง ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืื•"ื" ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘-9 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1968. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืœ "ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื'", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื’ื–ืœ. ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 194 ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื’ืจื™ืฃ, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•"ืฉ, ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื ืชื™ื‘ - ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช 12 (1999), ืขืž' 13โ€“15. ืžืฉื” ื™ื’ืจ, ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ 1948โ€“1967, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืจืžืœ, 2021, ืขืž' 343โ€“347. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื 242 242 242 242 242 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ 242 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื 242
2024-10-11T21:30:14
ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 338 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 338 ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื‘-22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืฆืขื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืงืจืื” ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš 12 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืžืฉืขื” 6:52 ื‘ืขืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื. ืืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ืกืคื• ืฉื ื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื: ืกืขื™ืฃ 2 ืงืจื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 242 ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื”. ืกืขื™ืฃ 3 ืงื‘ืข ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ, ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืฆื•ื“ืง ื•ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื”ืœื• ืืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช "ื ืื•ืชื”" (ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืฉื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืืš ืœื ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื). ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื—ืจืฃ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 339 ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 338, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 338, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื•"ื. 338 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื 338 338 338 338
2024-01-11T09:49:06
ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|250px|ืงื”ืœ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ืžืชืืกืฃ ืœื™ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ (ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ), ืฉื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ 16, ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|250px|ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช: ื”ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื: ืคืขื 'ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื' ื•ืคืขื 'ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื' ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืฉ"ื—, 14 ื‘ืžืื™ 1948 ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ 16. ื‘ื˜ืงืก, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื ืžื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1947, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ื—ืชืžื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืžืื– ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ืขื‘ืจื™ ื–ื” (ืื• ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื•, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช) ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืžื“ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืืจื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื ื•ืงื‘, ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื ื” ืคืจื•-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืงืœืืจืง ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื“ (ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื) ื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื ื™ืœืก , ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ืง ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืจืื™ื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช, ืชืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื“ ื›ืชื‘ "ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื”, ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•. ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืžืคื•ืืจ ืœืคื ื™ื”, ืœื ืจืง ื›ืื•ืžื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืช ืืœื ื›ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•". ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืื•"ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืืกืง, ืฆืžืจืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคื•ืจืกื˜ืœ ื•ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจืฉืœ. ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืœืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื•ื’ื ืžืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ืืœื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื "ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก" ื•"ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜". ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื“ ืžืขื™ื“ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื˜ืœ ืืžืจ ืœื• "ืœืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ? ื™ืฉ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•-600 ืืœืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื–ืจืงื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ". ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื”ื•ืœื‘ืจื•ืง ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื• ืฉ"ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื ืœื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื. ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” โ€“ ื ืคื˜, ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”". ืืœื™ื”ื• ืื™ืœืช ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช: "...ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืžื•ืœืชื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื•ืชืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜...ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจืชืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื...ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘". ืขืจื‘ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื“ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืชื“ื—ื” ื•ืืฃ ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจืฉืœ โ€“ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•, ืื ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžืจืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื•: "ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืฉืื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืคืขืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื“ ื•ืื ื”ื™ื• ื ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื ื’ื“ื•". ืื“ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื ืฉืง ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื• ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ, ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื›ืจืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืจื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื•, ืฉื™ืฆื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื“ื”-ืคืงื˜ื• ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืื™ 1948. ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื™ืคืœืฉื• ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืœืžื•ืœ ืื–ื”ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจืฉืœ, ื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื, ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘-12 ื‘ืžืื™ 1948 ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉืขื” 1:45 ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช, ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื–ืื‘ ืฉืจืฃ, ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ: ื‘ืขื“ (6): ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ืžืคื"ื™), ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช (ืžืคื"ื™), ืื”ืจืŸ ืฆื™ื–ืœื™ื ื’ (ืžืค"ื), ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื˜ื•ื‘ (ืžืค"ื), ืžืฉื” ืฉืคื™ืจื (ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™), ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื). ื ื’ื“ (4): ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืงืคืœืŸ (ืžืคื"ื™), ื“ื•ื“ ืจืžื– (ืžืคื"ื™), ืคื ื—ืก ืจื•ื–ืŸ (ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”), ื‘ื›ื•ืจ-ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช (ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—). ื ืขื“ืจื™ื (3): ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ (ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™) ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ื (ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื), ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ืชืงื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ืŸ (ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ืฉืฉื”ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื ืื•ืจ ื•ื™ื’ืืœ ืขื™ืœื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืœื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ โ€“ ื”ืื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื“ืขืชื• ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœ, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ื’ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื”. ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื "ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ืฉื ื–ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชื "ืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืœืคื™ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•. ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ืงืžืชื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื—ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช "ืฆื™ื•ืŸ", "ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื•"ืขึตื‘ึถืจ". ื”ืฉื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื”ืฉื "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื ืคืกืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืฉื "ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ื ืคืกืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืฆื™ื•ื ื™" โ€“ ืžื™ ืฉื“ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช โ€“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื "ืš, "ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืฉื "ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื ืคืกืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื‘ืฉื "ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื; ื‘ืืฉืจ "ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื "ืš (), ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื• ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ื ืื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืœื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ืคืจืขื” ืžืจื ืคืชื— (1230 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘), ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ. ื”ืฉื "ืขึตื‘ึถืจ" ื”ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (), ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆืืฆืื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื ื‘ืŸ ื ื—, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ืขื‘ืจื™". ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื "ืฉืคืช ืขึตื‘ึถืจ". ื”ืฉื "ืขื‘ืจ" ื ื“ื—ื” ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชื ื›ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืœื” ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ื”ื•ืขื“ืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื”", ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืžื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืจื•ืžื– ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ "ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื˜ืงืก ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืื•ืœื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ. ืชืืจื™ืš ืคืงื™ืขืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 15 ื‘ืžืื™ (ื•' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ), ืืš ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืก ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ 14 ื‘ืžืื™ (ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ) ื‘ืฉืขื” 16:00, ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืกื•ื“. ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื“ื’ืœื™ื ื•ืชืžื•ื ืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ. ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืกืจื•, ื ืชืœื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ: ื”"ืคืจืขื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื”"ื’ืœื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืฉ. ื”ื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืจื’ ื•"ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืกืคืจึพืชื•ืจื”" ืฉืœ ืžืืจืง ืฉืื’ืืœ. ื‘ืฉืขื” 13:00 ืื™ืฉืจื” ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื• ื’ื ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื•ืฉื•ื›ืคืœ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืงื”ืœ ืจื‘, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•ืฆืœืžื™ื. ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื“ ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ืฆื“ืขื” ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื”. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื”. ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ืฉืกื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ื•, ื’ื ื”ื ืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ืช. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ื•ืขืฉืจื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื ื ืขื“ืจื•: ืจื•ื‘ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ืžื˜ื•ืก "ืคื™ื™ืคืจ" ืฉื•ื’ืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืฉื‘ ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื‘ืžื ื•ืข. ื”ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื’ื•ืจืŸ: ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืงื“ืช "ื”ื”ื’ื ื”", ืจืืฉื™ ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืžื ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืงืจื”. ื‘ืฉืขื” 16:00 ื”ืœื ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื ืขืžื“ื• ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืงืจื ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ ื“ืคื™ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื. ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืงื ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื. ื˜ืงืก ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•, ื”ื•ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืืงืกืœืจื•ื“ ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืชืงื‘ืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื“ืช, ื’ื–ืข ื•ืžื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ "ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื ื•" ื•ื’ืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืฆื‘ื ืขืœ ื“ืœืชื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื ืืช ืžื ืฉืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฆื• ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืงืœืฃ ืฉืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ืืœื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื”. ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™. ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืคื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉื ืขื“ืจื•. ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช. ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื—ืชืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: {{ื˜ื•ืจื™ื |ืจื•ื—ื‘=16em |ืชื•ื›ืŸ=* ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื’ื•ืœื“ ืžืื™ืจ ื’ืจื‘ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ื’ืจื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื–ืจื— ื•ืจื”ืคื˜ื™ื’ ื”ืจืฆืœ ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื ืจื—ืœ ื›ื”ืŸ-ื›ื’ืŸ ืงืœืžืŸ ื›ื”ื ื ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื•ืจื™ื ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ื ื—ื•ื ื ื™ืจ-ืจืคืืœืงืก ืื”ืจืŸ ืฆื™ื–ืœื™ื ื’ ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืงืคืœืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืคื ื—ืก ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืจืžื– ื‘ืจืœ ืจืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ื ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ-ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื” ืฉืคื™ืจื ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืกื’ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื ืงืก ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืงื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื ืจ}} ื‘ืื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ืžื ืฆื— ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืชืงืจื”. 37 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ืœื, ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื” ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืขื ืงืจื: "ืงืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ! ืชืžื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช". ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ (2007), ื•ื‘ื• ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื”, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|250px|ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” (2007). ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชื›ืœืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืืœืŸ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื ื’ื”ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 14 ื‘ืžืื™ 1948 ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ืชืง ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื–ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืœืžื” ืงื“ืจ, ืœื›ืกืคืช ื‘ื ืง ืืค"ืง ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“, ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืช 37 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ"ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช", ื•ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜, ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™ ื‘ืฉืขื” 00:11 ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 18:11 ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืืจื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ื›ืจื” ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•); ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื” ื’ื ืžืขืฆืžืช-ื”ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช (ื”ื›ืจื” ื“ื” ื™ื•ืจื”). ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืคืœืฉื• ืฆื‘ืื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื˜ืงืก ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื–ืื‘ ืฉืจืฃ, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 1959 ืคื ื—ืก ื™ื•ืจืžืŸ, 32 ื“ืงื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ: ืžืกื“ื”, 1978. (ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”) (ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช) (ื ื“ืคืก ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืืžืจ "ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”" ืžืืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ โ€“ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” โ€“ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื, ืชืฉื "ื˜ 1999) ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื ืื•ืจ, ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ โ€“ ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ืงืœ, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืืชืจื™ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, 2014 ืื•ืจื™ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื™ื™ื“, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™? ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืงืชื ื•, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, 2015, ืคืจืง ื’ โ€“ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช: ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช, ืขืž' 79โ€“132 ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื—ืจ, ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืžืœ ื™ืฉืจื™ื: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช''', ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช, 2022. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื•ืขื•ืชืง ืžืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืกื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘, ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืœื‘ืจื’ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื‘ืฆื‘ืข), ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ื ืžื˜ืง ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืกื‘ืœืื™, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ื ืžื˜ืง ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2010 ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ 2018", ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื‘ืขึดืชื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืžืก' 1, ื‘ืืชืจ "ื ื‘ื•" ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืขืจื‘ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1948 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:1948 ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
2024-09-16T10:28:11
ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”
ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื•ืขื“ืช ืื•ื ืกืงื•"ืค ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืื•"ื ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืœืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘-29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1947 ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืจืฉืžื™: "ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืกืคืจ 181 ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื". ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช "ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ". ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฆืขืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืชืคืงื“ื” ื›ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื ื™ื•ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”, ืื•ืœื ืงื‘ืœืชื” ืกืœืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ "ื”ื›ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืคืงืขื”". ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ (1917) ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื“ื˜ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (1922) ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืกื— ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืกืŸ ืจืžื• (1920), ืืžื ืช ืžื•ื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• (1933) ืฉืืฉืจืจื” ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•"ื ืฉื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•. ืกืขื™ืฃ 80 ืคืจืง 12 ืœืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื ื•ืกื— ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื‘-1945 ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜, ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื”, ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืืช ืชืงืคื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘-1946. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขืœื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ืคื™ืœ (1937), ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื•ื•ื“ื”ื“ (1938). ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืื•ืžืฆื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืคืœืฉื‚ืชื™ื ื” (ื"ื™) (UNSCOP โ€“ United Nations Special Committee on Palestine) ืฉื ืชืžื ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืžืื™ 1947. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1947 ื•ื‘ืงืฉืชื” ืœืขืฆื” "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข" ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืชืงื ื•". ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืจืจื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื— ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื• ืžืžื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื•ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืžืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืฉืชื” ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืขืคืœื”. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื‘ืง ืžืจ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื™ื™ืฉืžื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ (1939), ืœืืœืคื™ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื ื”, ื’ื•ืจืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื” "ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืชืฉ"ื–" ("ืืงืกื•ื“ื•ืก"), ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื ื—ืœืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืื™ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืื—ืช, ืชื—ื•ืœืง ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื˜ื— ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ("ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ืกืคืจื˜ื•ื"). ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1947. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืกืงื•"ืค. ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื“ื•-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช. ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|322x322 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืžืคืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืขื ืชื•ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื—ื•ืœืง ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ืืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืžื ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ืกืคืจื˜ื•ื) ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื™ื™ืขืจืš ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืืกืคื” ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืฉื™ื™ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืืกืคื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงื” (ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ื”) ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ืชื”, ื•ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื›ืœื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”. ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื” 27,009 ืงืž"ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ 55% ืžืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื”ืขืžืงื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื”, ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืคืจืฅ ืื™ืœืช, ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ 45% ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, "ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืœืช" ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืžืจืคื™ื— ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืขื–ื” ื•ืžื’'ื“ืœ ืขื“ ืื™ืกื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ืœืจืฆื•ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื (ื”ื™ื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ื ื™ืฆื ื”), ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื‘, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ื•ืืช ื’ื‘ ื”ื”ืจ ื•ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืคื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื• 187 ืงืž"ืจ ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ (ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-1% ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืืš ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช) ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ื•ืžืคื•ืจื– ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื’ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขื 598,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆืคืช, ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ืคื”, ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 497,000 ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช (ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›-70,000 ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ื™ืคื• ื•ื›-90,000 ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื‘) ืžื ื’ื“, ื ื•ืชืจื• 10,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช (725,000 ืขืจื‘ื™ื) ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื•ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื ื”ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื–, ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืš, ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื•, ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ "ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช" ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืชื”. ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื˜ืข. ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืฉื ื™ "ืฆืžืชื™ื" ืฉื™ื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ืžื”. ื”ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ื ื”ื ืชื” ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืฉื˜ื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›-9,600 ืงืž"ืจ (ื›-35%) ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘, ืฆื—ื™ื— ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื”ื ืชื” ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื ืžืœื™ ื”ื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ืžืœ ื—ื™ืคื”). ื™ืคื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืขื™ืจ ื ืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื ื”ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื ืขื“ืจื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืฉืžื™ ืืš ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื“ืจื’ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืจืช, ื’ื•ื™ืกื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™. ื’ื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžื›ื‘ืฉ ืœื—ืฆื™ื. ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืชืจืฅ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื›ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื". ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•: "...ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื•"ื ื”ื™ื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœื ื ืจืื• ืฉื ื›ืžื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื...ื“ื•ืžื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื•ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืคืข ื›ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ...ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื...ื”ื“ืื™ื’ืชื ื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ื–ืชื ื™...ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ืืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉื ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช"ื”ืืจื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืกื” ื•ืชื•ื—ืœืช, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ ืก. ื˜ืจื•ืžืŸ ื›ืจืš ื‘', ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉื˜"ื–, ืขืž' 163 ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืขื ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื—ืœื•ืงืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืกืคืจ 181 ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘-29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1947 (ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›"ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ"). ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื”ืชืคื ื•ืช ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืœ-1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1948, ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื, ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 14 ืœ-15 ื‘ืžืื™, ื•ืœื”ืชืคื ื•ืช ืžืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื“ ืœืฉืขื” ื–ื• (ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืคื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1948). ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 181 ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื’ื ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ืขื“ ื›ื™ื ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1948. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ื›ืฉื˜ื— ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืื•"ื, ืขื ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืœ ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ื ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืื•"ื. ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ื›ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืืชืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื™ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื’ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช, ืœืœื ืืคืœื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืฉื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชืคื’ืข ื‘ื”ื. ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื”ืฉืคื”, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืืกืคื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฉืžืจ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื›ืก ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžื ื” ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชืงืคื” ืœืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื; ื•ืชืงืคื” ื™ื™ืžืฉืš ืืœื ืื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืžืงืฅ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ืชืชื•ืงืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžื ื” ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกืคื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|405x405 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื| thumb|ื˜ื•ืคืก ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืชื™ืง ื6 / 395 ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”|ืฉืžืืœ|350px ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืคื•ื ื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื"ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืžืฆืื• ืœื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื“ื, ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืื• ืœืขื›ื‘ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืชืŸ ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”: ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื (ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”). ื”ืื•"ื ื›ืœืœ ืื– 57 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื’ื ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืžื ื• ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื– ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•"ื: ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”, ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื•ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืกื•ืคื—ื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื•ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืืฃ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืื•ืžื ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืืจื™, ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื. ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•"ื. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืฉื ืžื ืขื” ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืคื ื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืขื“ 14 ื‘ืžืื™ 1948, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ืชื›ืคื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืชืคืงื“ื” ื›ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืขื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื™ืฆืื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืคื’ื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืื•"ื, ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื–ืขื–ืขื” ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื ื”ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื• "ื”ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื" - ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื—"ื™ - ื“ื—ื• ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”. ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืืฆ"ืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื• "ืฉื•ืื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช" ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉ"ืื ื—ื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื...ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืœื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื”. ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•ืชืจื”". ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื—"ื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ . ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจืฃ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืืš ื’ื ืขืฆื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืกืคื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื”, ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ื–ืžื‘ื”, ืืฃ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืฉืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื—ืกืจ ื‘ื” ืฉืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ื‘ื• ืื•ืช ืื—ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ืจื•ื— ื–ื• ืืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•ืœ. ื’'ืžืืœ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื"ื™ ืœืื•"ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– . ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื’ืจื•ืžื™ืงื• ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื, ืชืžืš ื”ืคืœื’ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ (ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืœื’ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช) ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืคืœื’ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืœ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™. ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืคืจื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช 67% ืžื›ืœืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช (1,237,000 ืื ืฉื™ื) ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉ-33% ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (608,000 ืื ืฉื™ื). ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื’ื ืฉืื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชื™ื•ืฉื, ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉื™ืงืคื• ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”, ื‘-30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ืชืงืฃ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก 2094 ืฉืœ "ืื’ื“" ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืคื’'ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื ื•ืกืขื™ื• ื ืจืฆื—ื•. ืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืงื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช โ€“ "ื•ืขื“ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: United Nations Palestine Comission, UNPC). ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืจืœ ืœื™ืกื™ืฆืงื™ ืžืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืจืืœืฃ ื‘ืื ืฅ'. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื ืขื• ืืช ื”ื’ืขืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืขืœื” ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืœืขื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ืจื•ืจ ื—ืฉืฃ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื ื™ืกืชื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืงื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”. ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืจ ื—ืฉืฃ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“ (ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ 29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ) ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืชืงื•ื ื•ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื•ืชื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื”. "ื•ืขื“ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืคื•ืจืงื” ืžืฉืคืœืฉื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืื•"ื ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืง ืืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืงื” ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ื˜. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ื˜ ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื™-ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ื”ืžืœื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ (ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช) ืฉืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื›ืœ ืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื• ืžืขืฆืžื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ (ื‘ื›ื•ื—) ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ื•ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช (ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื“') ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฆืžื“ ืœืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืžืœื›ืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืฉื” ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืžืฉื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—. ืขื ื”ืกืœืžืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืคืื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื” ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื›ืฉืœื•. ืขืจื‘ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื–ื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืœื ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”. ืฉืจืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืœืœื ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ืฉืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื›ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ, ืžื ื“ื˜ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื•ืกืขื™ืฃ 80 ืคืจืง 12 ืœืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืื•"ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 303 ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื‘ื ืื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื•. ื‘ึพ1950 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื— ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื—ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›-150,000 ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื›-900,000 ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื‘ื• ืงืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื›ืœืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ึพ78% ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืœื’'ื™ืจ ื‘-1988 ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืืฉ"ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”. ื–ืืช, ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืื•"ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื ื•ื›ื— ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืœ, "ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ืขืœ ืจื•ื ืŸ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ื‘ื•, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช 2016) ืขืž' 783, 787. ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉ"ื”ื›ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืคืงืขื”". ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.ืชืžืจ ืžื’ื™ื“ื•, "ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”" ื‘ื™ืขืœ ืจื•ื ืŸ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช), ืกื™ื‘ืœ ื•ืจื•ื ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ (ื ื‘ื•, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช 2023), ืขืž' 779, 782. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื›ื’ื•ืฉืคื ืงื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืคืจืฆื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ืขืžื“ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉ.ืจืื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” 200, 15 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1948, Summary Records of Meetings 21 Septemberโ€“8 December 1948, UN Doc A/C.1/SR.142-236, 644.ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” 219, 1 csmncr 19498, Summary Records of Meetings 21 Septemberโ€“8 December 1948, UN Doc A/C.1/SR.142-236, 832. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืกืคืจ 181 ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื, (ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช) ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 181, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช) ืžืคืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื•"ื (ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜) ืžืคืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช โ€“ ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื•"ื (ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜) ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช), ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1947 โ€“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืจื›ื– ืžืฆื™ืœ"ื” ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 1917โ€“1947 ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืืชืจ ื”ืื•"ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืืžืจ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืขื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืœืžื™ืฉ, ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”: ื”ื™ื” ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื”?, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•"ื, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ AP ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ AP ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืคื™-ื”ืืœืจ, ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืžืื™ 2020 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”: ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™: ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
2024-09-10T16:08:16
ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. "ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช" ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžื ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ืืš ืฉืžื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื•ื "ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื•ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ (ืข"ืจ 14.5.48, ืขืž' 1). ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืงืจื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ (ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ 16, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘), ื‘ื• ืฉื›ืŸ ืื– ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ื—, 14 ื‘ืžืื™ 1948, ื‘ืฉืขื” 16:00, 8 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื: ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืคืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช. ื”ืขืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ืืš ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืกืคืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ืœืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื•. ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื”, ื•ื ืกืงืจื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”: ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืงื ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื‘ื” ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืžืžืœื›ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ "ืกืคืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™" (ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื”) โ€“ ื”ืชื "ืš. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืืœ ื›ื‘ืจืช ืืจืฅ ื–ื•. ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื’ืœื” ืžืืจืฆื• ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•. ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ื” ื–ื• ื•ื”ืชืคื–ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื ืฉื›ื— ืืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ื—ื“ืœ ืžืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื•ืžืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื” ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืžืื– ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืžื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชืŸ ื‘ืื• ืœืืจืฅ ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื. ื”ื ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื• ืฉืžืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื• ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ืขืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื“ืœ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ืžืฉืงื• ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื•. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืช ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื "ื– (1897) ื”ืชื›ื ืก ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ, ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืžืฆื“ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ืžืชืืจื™ืš 2 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1917, ื•ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืžื˜ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื‘ื” ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืชืจื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืœืžืื‘ืง ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื, ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืชื• ื•ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื–ืงืคื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1947, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื›ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•, ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืคืงืขื”. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืืœื ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืžื™ืœื. ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืขื ื•ืขื, ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืช. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื ืžืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื“ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|270px|ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|270px|ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืจืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” "ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ." ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ืช: ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ "ื”ื—ืœ ืžืจื’ืข ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืงื” ืฉืชื™ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืกืคื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืž-1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1948 โ€“ ืชืคืขืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื ื›ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื•ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื”, ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื, ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื ื ืืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื ืขื•ืฆื”, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชื•ื›ืจื– ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ืกืคืจื˜ื•ื) ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื™ื™ืขืจืš ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”. ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœืื•ืจื ืชืคืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื”ื ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืฉืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื”ื ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื–ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื“ืช, ื’ื–ืข ื•ืžื™ืŸ. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ืช, ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืืžื ื” ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืขืฆืจืช ืžื™ื•ื 29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1947 ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืคืขืœ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื”. ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื‘ืกืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœืŸ (ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช) ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื™ื“ ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ื•ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื. ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืœืœืงื™ื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•. ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื” ืชืžื™ื“. ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืคื ื—ืก ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื”ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, 23 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1948, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื”ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ื” "ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื—ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ืช". ื‘ืขื”ื, ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื–ื•, ื ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ืชื ื• ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืฆื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืจื‘ ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—. ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืขื”ื ื•ื“ื•ื™ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ื‘ื” ืื•ื–ื›ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื ื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช". ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”; ืขืœื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืขืจื›ื™ื "ื‘ืจื•ื— ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืœื›ืœืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืื•"ื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืชื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ (ืฉื–"ืจ) ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืจื ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฆื" ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื ืŸ. ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ื: ื‘ืขื”ื, ืื•ืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืขึตืœื™ ื‘ึถึผืงึถืจ. ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื’ื™ื‘ืฉื• "ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื”", ื”ื•ืกืจื” ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ืžื—ืงื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืข ืžืžื ื” ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ื•ืกืคื’ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื”, ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช ืฉื ื™ืกื—ื” ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื‘-13 ื‘ืžืื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื”ืฆืขืชื” ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื. ืฉืจืช ืขืฉื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœืื›ื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื. ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ื•ืฉืืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื•ืžืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•...". ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื’ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืขื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ "ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœ'ื”ื•ืื™ืœ' ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืขื‘ืจื™" ื•ื›ืŸ "ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื 'ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืจื‘ึพืื™ืœ', 'ืขื•ื– ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”' ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื”". ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ื–ื›ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืช ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืœื ืกื— ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื•: ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ, ืฆื™ื–ืœื™ื ื’ ื•ืฉืจืช. ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืจืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื”ื•ืื™ืœ", ื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช, ืงื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื•ืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืงืจื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจืช ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืช ื™ื“ "ืœื”ื’ื ื”" ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืช ืงืจื™ืืชื• ืœ"ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืื•ืจ", ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ "ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืœื“ืชื•". ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—. ืฉืจืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข, ืืš ืฆื™ื–ืœื™ื ื’ ื•ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื•ืื™ืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—, ืœืื—ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืคืกืงื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ืกื— "ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื•ืืœื•", ืื•ืœื ืฆื™ื–ืœื™ื ื’ ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืข, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืคืจืฉ ืœืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื - ื›ืฉื ื”' ื•ื’ื ื›ื—ื•ื–ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืชื•ืจื’ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื”ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "divine providence" ("ื”ืฉื’ื—ื”"), ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉื ื”' ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืœื ื ืขื ืชื”, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืชื™ืžืชื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”'. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช 1965, ืืžืจ ืฉืจืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ "ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ืื•ื˜ื” ื•ืœื™ืฉ. ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืืœื ืžื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืกื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืœื™ืฉ ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจืง ืืช ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื“ ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ ืงืœืฃ ืชืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ืงืก ื”ื™ื ื ืชืคืจื” ืืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ื• ื—ืชืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”. ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช" ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืกื•ืคื™, ื›ืœืœื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” "ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช" ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”", ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช. ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™: ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” (ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื). ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช (ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื). ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” (ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช). ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช (ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชึพื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช). ืœืคื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ ืืœื‘ื•ื™ื ื•ืขื–ืจื ื‘ืจื•ื ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ "ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช", ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ "ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”", ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ "ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”" ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืช ื“ื’ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ "ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื". ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื. 25 ืžื”ื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ึพ11 ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”, ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื˜ืงืก, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื’ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืืช ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืคืจื ืง ืฉืจืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”: ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืขื“ืจ ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ื—ื•ืชืžื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืงื™ืŸ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื ืจ, ื‘ื• ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœื—ืชื•ื ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™, ื ื•ืชืจ ืจื™ืง. ืœืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื–ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืชืžื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื—ืชื™ืžืชื• ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™. ืœืคื™ ื’ืจืกื” ื–ื• ืžื—ื” ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื•ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ื. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉื›ื–ื•, ืืš ืื ื ืขืฉืชื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื. ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืฉื—ืชื™ืžืชื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื” ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื—ืชื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืจืง ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœื™ื”. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื ืื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช. ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื—ืชื™ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืขืœืชื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื™ืคื•ื— ื–ื”. ื•ืื–, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื˜ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžื™ื ืฉืจ ื–ื” (ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืฉื–"ืจ) ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืงืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื 2.11.67. ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื’ื ื–ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื•ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื‘ืฆืจ ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ืืš ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื›ืจ ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื‘-17 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1949 ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื–"ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ืคืงื“ ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื• ื–ื• ื‘ื’ื ื–ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื” (ืชื™ืง ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื-11/7303, ื”ื•ื“ืคืก 18/2/2018, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”) ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1948 ืคืกืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ 10/48 ื–ื™ื• ื ' ื’ื•ื‘ืจื ื™ืง (ืค"ื“ ื, 85), ื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ื˜ืขืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงื ื” ืœืื“ื ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื• ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืžืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื—ื•ืง, ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืžืชื•ื›ื” "ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื–ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœืณ". ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื” ื–ืžื•ืจื”, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•ืœืฉืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ืคืกืงื• ื›ื™ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช "ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื" ื•ืืช "ื”ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ" ืฉืœื•, "ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืง ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ื ืื• ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื" ืฉืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืคืก"ื“ ืงื•ืœ ื”ืขื: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953 ืคืจืกื ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ" ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืœืคื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ 200 ืืœืฃ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”. ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืœืœืช ื™ืกื•ื“, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื”ืขื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื ื›ืชื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื—ืจื—ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžื” "ื•ืžืกืคืกืจืช ื‘ื“ื ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™". ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื•ืงื—, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืœ-15 ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช "ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืื ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ". ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื ืคื’ืข ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื’ืจื ื˜ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื‘: ืคืกื™ืงื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืื•ืฉืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื—ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื: "ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื ืชืคืกื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืžืกืžืš ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœืฉื ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื, ื•ื›ืžืกืžืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืกืžืœื™. ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื ืจืื• ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืกืžืš ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื• ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ื›ืžืกืžืš ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืคืจืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื•ืืช "ื”ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ" ืฉืœื•." ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 1949 ืœ-1971 ื”ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื•. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ืžืกืžืš ื‘ืขืœ ื ืคืงื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืขื ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• (1992) ื•ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง (1994). ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื: . ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืžืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื“ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ 726/94 ื›ืœืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ: ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืง ื›ืชื‘: ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023 ืคืกืง ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืืœื›ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ืžืกืžื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืื™ ืœื›ืš ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘: ืคืกื™ืงืชื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช "ื—ื•ืง ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”", ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื ืคืกืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืฉืคืกืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืง ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืžืง ืฉื—ื•ืง ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื™ ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืชื™. ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“. ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืžืกืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” "ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”". ืฆื‘ื™ ืกื’ืœ (ื”ืฆื”"ืจ): ืžืื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ (ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ): ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื™ืก (ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื): ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื•ืจื™ื (ืžืค"ื): ืงืœืžืŸ ื›ื”ื ื (ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืื’ื•"ื™): ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”: ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”. ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžื™ืชื•ืช, ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื: ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ืชื• ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื•, ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ, ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืื•"ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžืจื“ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื—ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”) ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืืžื•ื ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ื“ืช ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืคื”, ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉื ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืž"ื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™", ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช. ื™ืฉื ื• ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช: ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืžืืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจืื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื•ืจืื ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื”ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ: ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื‘ื” ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื™ืฆืจ ื ื›ืกื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœึพืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™. ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืœืฉื ื•ืชื” ืื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”... ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืชื, ื•ืืฃ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื, ืœื”ืชื ืขืจ ืžืžืžืฉืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืคืงืขื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืขื ื•ืขื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ืฉืคืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ... ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœื ื–ืœื–ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื–ื”ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืฆื“ืง... ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื ื•, ืืคื•ื, ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ื›ืจื—, ืฉื’ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืชื ื•... ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืชืจื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืœืžืื‘ืง ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืข ื”ื ืืฆื™, ื•ื‘ื“ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ื•ื‘ืžืืžืฆื• ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ ืงื ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขืžื™ื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื ืืกืคื ื• ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื•ืื ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ืจืื” ืืช ืฆื“ืงืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžื, ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช... ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืชื›ื ืกื ื•, ืื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื, ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืื ื• ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื•ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื–ื•, ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื“ื“ื™, ื–ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื–ื”, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื•. ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื ื• ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœืขื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื–ื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืงื˜ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืคืก ืขืœ ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืขืกืงื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื’ื 11 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืฉืจ ื›ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืœืœื—ืŸ ืžืืช ืื•ืจื™ ืงืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ" โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉื ืช ื”-50 ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘-1998. ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ, ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ืฉืจืืชื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000. ืœืจื’ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืชืฉืข"ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012, ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 6 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ 1.6 ืžื˜ืจ. ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื—ืชืžื• ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืชืœืชื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื•ืขื– ื“ืงืœ, ื™ื–ืžื• ื˜ืงืก ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉืœ ื›ืœ 37 ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื”ื˜ืงืก ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื—ืชืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948 ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ื”ื—ืœื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ - ืžืกื›ืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ ืืœื‘ื•ื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื™ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืชื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ืชืง ืžื•ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืงืคืœืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข, ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื, ืขื•ืชืงื™ื” ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื”ื•ืคืฆื• ื•ื ืชืœื• ื‘ืฉืœืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช - ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•. ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืจืื• ื ื•ืืžื™ื ื›ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™, ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ืืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื•ืงื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืื”, ื•ื ืขืจื›ื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื ื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช โ€“ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, 1988 ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื ืื•ืจ, ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ โ€“ ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ืงืœ, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืืชืจื™ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, 2014 ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื—ืจ, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืžืœ ื™ืฉืจื™ื: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข: ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, 2022 ื“ื‘ ื–ื™ื’ืœืจ, ื ื™ืœ ืจื•ื’ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™, ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช?, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืœืข ืžืื™ืจ, 2023 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื”, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ 2018 ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื—ืจ, ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช โ€“ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื• (2) ืื•ืจื™ืช ืงืžื™ืจ, ืœโ€ืžื’ื™ืœื”โ€ ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืคื ื™ื: ืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ โ€œื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืชโ€ ื•โ€ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช: ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” 2015 | ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช" ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ื“ื‘ ืืœื‘ื•ื™ื - ืฉื™ื—ื” ื“"ืจ ืชื•ื ืฉื’ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืืŸ - ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, 2018 ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืงื•ืœื• ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื’ื ื–ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื”ืชื—ืœื” 05:14) ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1948
2024-10-09T10:15:52
ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ
ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™, ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืชื•ืš ืื™ื•ื ืœืจื•ืฆื—ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื” ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ืคื—ื“ ื•ื“ืžื•ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ, ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช: ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื”, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™. ืžื‘ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื "ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ื•ื—, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื—ื ืžื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืจืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ื”ืื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื˜ืขื ื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืขืจืช ื›ื™ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื "ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ืš ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›"ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™" ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื™ื•ื ืงืช ืžืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” โ€” ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื "ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื "ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉ" ืื• "ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืœื”". ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ืช โ€” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื‘ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”; ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื• ืจื•ื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื ื’ื“ื•. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ึพื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›"ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืืฆ"ืœ ื•ื”ืœื—"ื™ ืฉืคืขืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›"ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ", ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืคืขืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœึพืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืื—ืจึพื›ืš ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืจืฆื— ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ื˜ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืœื—"ื™ ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›"ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืื• ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกื•ื™ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”). ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื ื“ืžื™ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›"ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื”ืŸ ื›ืืœื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื™ืช), ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ; ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื• ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื—, ืงืฉื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจืืฉ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืฉ"ืฃ, ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘-1995 ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืฉ"ืฃ ื›"ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื•ื”ืขื ืงืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืกื“ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000 ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›"ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜". ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืฉืืœื” ื–ื•, ืื• ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื (ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื”), ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื ื™: ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื’ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ: ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืื’ื“ืช ืื“ ื”ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืข. ืชื ื˜ืจื•ืจ: ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืžื•ื“ืจืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ: ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืคืฉืข ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ: ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืœื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืกืœืืžื™ื™ื โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื™ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืกื• ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื ืชืžืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ (ืืœื’'ืžืืขื” ืืœืืกืœืืžื™ื”) โ€“ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ืžืืก ืืœ-ื’'ืžืืขื” ืืœ-ืืกืœืืžื™ื” (ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ) - ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™-ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืž-2021 ื•ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1995โ€“2001 โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื™-ื–ื™ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ื ืชืžืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืจืืŸ โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ โ€“ ืคืœื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืืจ ืกืื“ืืช, ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2009 ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช โ€“ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื”, ืžืจื•ืงื•, ืœื•ื‘, ืžืื•ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืžืืœื™, ื ื™ื–'ืจ, ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ื•ืฆ'ืื“ ืขืฆื‘ืช ืืœ-ืื ืฆืืจ โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ืืœ-ื’'ืžืืขื” ืืœ-ืืกืœืืžื™ื” โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื ืฃ ืœืืœ-ืงืืขื“ื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื ืฃ ืœืืœ-ืงืืขื“ื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืžืœื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื ืฃ ืœืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื’'ื‘ื”ืช ืคืชื— ื-ืฉืื โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื ื™, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืืœ ืงืืขื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืœืื“ ืืœืฉืื (ืืœ ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”) โ€“ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” (ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื•ืคื’ืข ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื™"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ) ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ โ€“ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ื–ื‘ืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื˜ื’'ื™ืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ืกื˜ืŸ, ื˜ื•ืจืงืžื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงื–ื—ืกื˜ืŸ, ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืกื™ื” (ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื“ืืขืฉ, ืื• ISIS ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช) โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื ืฃ ืœืืœ ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืฆืœ ืžืžื ื” โ€“ (ื’'ืžืืขืช ืื”ืœ ื-ืกื•ื ื” ืœ-ื“ืขื•ื” ื•ืืœ-ื’'ื™ื”ืื“) โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื ื™, ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืื•ืกื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื–'ืจ โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™, ืžืื– ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืกื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ืืจื› ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2011 , ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื โ€“ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ืืกืœืืžื™ืช. ืื ืฆืืจ ื-ืฉืจื™ืขื” (ืœื•ื‘) โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืœื•ื‘ ืื ืฆืืจ ื-ืฉืจื™ืขื” (ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื”) โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื” โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ื•ืื“, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืืœื™ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืขืžื™ ืื™ืฉืงืจื™ื” ื•ื“ื’ืกื˜ืืŸ โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืงื–ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื– IHH โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™-ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชื—ืช ืžืขื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–ื™ืช โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ ื”ืžืื’ื“ ืฉื•ืจืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ (ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื• ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ) โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™-ืกื™ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืื•ื™ื•ื’ืจื™. ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืชืจื›ื–ืช ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื ื’'ื™ืื ื’ ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืกื™ืŸ โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืฆ'ื™-ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืฆ'ื™ืกื˜ืŸ (ืžื—ื•ื– ืกื™ืกืชืืŸ ื•ื‘ืœื•ืฆ'ืกืชืืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืคืงื™ืกื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืฆ'ื™ืกื˜ืŸ). ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ื‘ ื”ืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ (ื’ื"ืค, PIJ) ืืฉ"ืฃ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื–ื™ื : ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืชื ืžืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืคืช"ื— ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ืžื•ื“ ืขื‘ืืก ืขืœ ืฆื• ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฉื•ืช. (PFLP) (DFLP) , ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื—ืžื“ ื’'ื™ื‘ืจื™ืœ: ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ืืฉ"ืฃ. (PLF) (PPSF) ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื’'ืื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืืกืœืื (ืขื–ื”) โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขื–ืชื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื ืฃ ืœืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” โ€“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืกืœืืžื™ืกื˜ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืกืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืกื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ืžืกื•ื ืฃ ืœืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื™ืžืŸ ื’'ื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืงืื“ืจ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืืœ-ืืกืคื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ (IRA), ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื•ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืžืืœืกื˜ืจ (UVF), ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“ โ€“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืขืช ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืฆ'ื ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื– ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” (PKK), ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช (ASALA), ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” , ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ (ืฆื‘ื ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื) ื‘ืงืฉืžื™ืจ, ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ (Sendero Luminoso), ื‘ืคืจื• ืคื•ืœื™ืกืืจื™ื•, ื‘ืกื”ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื•ืืคื•, ื‘ื ืžื™ื‘ื™ื” ืื•ื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืคืŸ FARC ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” 17 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ (ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขื) ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ , ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ืฉืœื—ืžื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1954โ€“1962. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื. ("ื‘ืื“ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฃ") ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื. ืžืื• ืžืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงื ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืกื™ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืืžื™ืœ ืื™ืœื, ื‘ืกืจื™ ืœื ืงื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื• (ื”ืชืคืจืง ื‘-2009 ื•ื”ื•ืฆื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘-2017). ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ โ€“ ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื‘ืกืงื™ืช, ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื• ื‘ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื—ื•ืงืงื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืื•ืชื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื—ืงืงื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื›ืš ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ืชืฉืข"ื•-2016. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื›"ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ" ื•ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื ื’ื“ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืืœ-ืงืืขื“ื”, ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืืœ-ืžื ืืจ ื•ืืฃ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืš ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ืืฃ ืžื ื”ืœืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืข" ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช: ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื™ืจืืง, ืœื•ื‘, ืกื•ื“ืืŸ, ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืงื•ื‘ื”, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืจืฉืข", ื›ืœืœ ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืื™ืชื™ ื–ื”ื•ืจืื™, "10 ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื", ืคื•ืจื‘ืก-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืœืงืจ, "ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ", ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 78 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื˜ืจื•ืจ
2024-10-01T07:21:28
ืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
ืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืคื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื. ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ืž"ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช" ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘, ืฉืคื•ืช ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืœื”ืœืŸ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ21, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›-6,151 ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืงื” ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื”, ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืฃ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืกืจื™ื. ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืื• ืื™ืœืžื™ื. ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืคื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืจืื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ึพืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช (ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช) ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜: "ื“ื ื™ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ", ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื”ื•ื" ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื“ื ื™" ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื”ื•ื" ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื”ื•ื" ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืžืื•ืชื” ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื”. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืชึพืžื” ืœืœืžื“ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื” (ืจืื•: ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืฆืคื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื: ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื›ื ืื‘ืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืคื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ. ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืงื™ื•ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื, ืืœื ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ื›ืืŸ", "ืขื›ืฉื™ื•" ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”), ืื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ: "ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ"). ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืจื›ื™ืฉื” โ€“ ืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืœื ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช). ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉืคื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืžื•ื ืข ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืฉืคื”. ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืŸ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ึพ5,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืฃ ืขืœึพืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืืš ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ืชื—ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื”, ืžื ืกื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื•ืฆืจื•, ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช: ืฉืคื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื–ื” ื ืฆืคื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ึพืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ืฉืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืฉืคื” ืžื™ืžื™ื”ื, ืืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืชื•ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœืคืชื— ืฉืคื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช (ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืจืื•: ืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืจื’ื•ืื”). ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืฉืคื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื ืืœืฆื• ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืคืชึพื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ื“ืงื“ื•ืง. ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืคื™ื“ื’'ื™ืŸ) ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ืคื™ื“ื’'ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื”ื™ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ึพ6,800 ืฉืคื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ื™ื›ืจ ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ื›ึพ3,000 ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืงื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ึพืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืฉืคืชืŸ ืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืคื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ืฉืคื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชื•ืขื“ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืื ื‘ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืขื™ืŸ "ื’ืฉืจ" ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช. ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืชืชึพืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืจืžื™ืช ื ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืช โ€“ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื•ึพืืกื™ืืชื™ื•ืช. ืื—ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืฉืคื” ืื—ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืคืฆืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงืช ืืช ืขืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื— โ€“ ืฉื, ื—ื ื•ื™ืคืช. ื›ืฉื ืชื’ืœื” ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืงืจืื• ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ "ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื•ืชึพื—ืžื™ื•ืช". ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื: "ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื•ึพืืกื™ืืชื™ื•ืช". ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ: ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื•ึพืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ึผืจืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื•ึพื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ื”. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืคืช ืืžื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืžื• ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 3, ื•ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืœืื” ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 6. ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืฉืคื” ื‘ืœื ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืจื›ืฉื• ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืฉืคื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืื• ื”ื“ืจื›ื”. ื™ืœื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืื—ืช ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื›ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืช. ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืœืฉื ื™. ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืช ื”ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื• ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืื•ืชื” ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ: ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช, 900 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืคืช ืื ื•ึพ1.35 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 450 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคืช ืื ื•ึพ1.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, 420 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช, 250 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, 352 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ืจื•ืกื™ืช, 204 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ื ื’ืœื™ืช, 187 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ืžืœืื™ืช, 180 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืช, 175 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ืช, 145 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, 128 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, 128 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ื™ืคื ื™ืช, 126 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ืฉืคืช ืื ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืฉืคื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ืช ืกืคื™ืจ-ื•ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืคื” ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžืฉืœื‘ ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืืžืจืช ื›ื ืฃ ืคืชื’ื ื ื™ื‘ (ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™) ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืชืจ ืืชื ื•ืœื•ื’ ืขืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื 9 ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ืœื‘ื“, ืžื”ืจ ื•ื‘ื–ื•ืœ - ื‘ืืชืจ ื ืขื ืข 10. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ
2024-03-11T12:35:39
ืื’ื™ืจ
ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช, ืื’ื™ืจ (ื‘ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”: ร†gir) ื”ื•ื ืขื ืง ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืืœื™ื, ื—ืฉืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืžืฉืื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืžืœื—ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืืจืžื•ื ื• ืฉื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื. ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืœื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื™ื™ืกื• ื•ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื–ืขืžื•, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืฉื™ื˜. ืืฉืชื•, ืืœืช ื”ื™ื ืจืืŸ, ื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ืชืฉืข ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื, ืฉืœื‘ืฉื• ื’ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืฆืขื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืœื‘ืŸ. ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืจืชื™ื• ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื“ื™ืจ ื•ืคื™ืžืืคื™ื ื’. ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื”ืจื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœ ืœื•ืงื™ ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉืชื” ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืืจืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื’ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื™ ื”ืœืจ. ืื’ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื— ื”ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืื’ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช. ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืœืก ื‘ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื ืืงืŸ ื•ืื’ื™ืจ (1850), ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื–ืจืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืžื•ืœื™ืŸ (ื ืคื˜ืจ 1874), ื•ืื’ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืœ ื“ื•ืืคืœืจ (1901). ืœืื’ื™ืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืฉื•ื˜ื• ื˜ื•ื“ื•ืจื•ืงื™ ืžื”ืื ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช "ื‘ื•ืงื• ื ื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”" ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ืื’ื™ืจ ื”ืงืคื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ". ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื˜ื” ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘-1967 (ืื’ื™ืจ), ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™, ื•ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืืงืกื•ืคืœื ื˜, ืืคืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื“ืื ื™ ื‘.. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืžืืช ืจื™ืง ืจื™ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื ืœื›ื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื’ื™ืจ ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื, ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื‘, ื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจื“. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืœื™ื ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืœื™ ื™ื ื•ื ื”ืจ
2024-09-01T00:43:50
ืืกื™ืจ (ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”)
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|300px|ืืœื™ ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ "ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ", ืž-1817, ืžืืช Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg ื”ืึตืกื™ืจ (ื‘ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”: ร†sir, ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ รกs; ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืื™ื™ืกื™ืจ) ื”ื ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืืกื™ืจ ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืคืจื™ื’, ืชื•ืจ, ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื•ื˜ื™ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืืกื™ืจ, ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื•ืื ื™ืจ. ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืื ื™ืจ ื”ืŸ ื”ืืœ ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืคืจื™ื” ื•ืคืจื™ื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืกื™ืจ ืœื•ื•ืื ื™ืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื”ืœืœื• ืœืืกื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื”. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื•ืื ื™ืจ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื—, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืกื™ืจ ืœื›ื•ื— ื•ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื ื›ื™ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ื•-ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช "ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช" ื•"ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ื ื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืื ื™ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื•, ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืกื™ืจ ืœื•ื•ืื ื™ืจ ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืœืคื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืกื™ืจ ืœื•ื•ืื ื™ืจ ืžืฉืงืฃ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื ื™ืจ (ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื”ืžืื‘ืง ืจื•ืžื– ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ ืžื™ืจืฆ'ื” ืืœื™ืื“ื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื•ืืจ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืœื™ื ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื’ืื ื™ื–ื ื’ืจืžืื ื™
2023-08-30T13:51:21
ื‘ืœื“ืจ
ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืœื“ืจ (ื‘ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”: Baldr) ื”ื•ื ืืœ, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืกื™ืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืจื™ื’, ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื‘ืœื“ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืœื™ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13 ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ื‘ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื ื•ืจื™ ืกื˜ื•ืจืœื•ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ื”ืžืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืกื˜ื” ื“ื ื•ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื ื™ ืกืงืกื• ื’ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื•ืก. ื‘ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ื‘ืœื“ืจ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื™ืคื” ืชื•ืืจ, ื‘ื”ื™ืจ, ื•ื—ื›ื ืžืื•ื“. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื”ืืœ ืœื•ืงื™ ื™ืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืืœ ื”ื•ื“'ืจ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื—ืฅ ืฉื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืืกื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจ. ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื ื“ ื™ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืืช ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื•ื“'ืจ. ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืจื’ื ืจื•ืง, ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื™ืงื•ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื’ืจื ืจื•ืง, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ื“'ืจ. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|300px|ืืœื™ ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ "ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ", ืž-1817, ืžืืช Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื•ื ื ื”, ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1882 ืื“ื” ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง "ื”ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื‘ื™" (Gylfaginning) ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ: "ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื“ืจ, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžื”ืœืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืžื ื•. ื™ืฉ ืฆืžื— ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืฆื‘ืขื• ื›ืฆื‘ืข ืžืฆื—ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ, ื•ืฆืžื— ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื. ืžื›ืš ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื™ืขืจื• ื•ื’ื•ืคื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืจื”ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืคืกื™ืงื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื“ืื‘ืœื™ืง, ื•ืœืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš ืœื ื™ื›ื ืก." ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืจื•ื‘ ืžื” ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื•, ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืจื’ื ืจื•ืง. ื‘ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืš: ืœื‘ืœื“ืจ ืคืขื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื”. ื›ืฉื‘ืœื“ืจ ืกื™ืคืจ ื–ืืช ืœืึถืกื™ืจ, ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืืกืคื•ืช, รพing , ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืฉื‘ืœื“ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืคืจื™ื’ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืžื”ืืฉ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช, ืžื”ืื‘ื ื™ื, ืžื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื, ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืžื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžื”ืจืขืœื™ื, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคืจื™ื’ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืขืฉืขื• ืขืฆืžื ืขื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืœื“ืจ ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื’ื™ืข. ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืœื•, ืœื ื ื’ืจื ืœื• ื ื–ืง. ืœื•ืงื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ื–ืืช ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืžื” ืฉืงืจื”, ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื–ื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืœืš ืืœ ืคืจื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ืกืืœื™ืจ, ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื›ื ื”. ืฉื, ืคืจื™ื’ ืฉืืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจืช ืžื” ื”ืืกื™ืจ ืขืฉื• ื‘ื”ืชืืกืคื•ืช. ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ืืกื™ืจ ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ ืืš ืœื ื ื’ืจื ืœื• ื ื–ืง. ืคืจื™ื’ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื•ืขืฅ ืœื ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื‘ืœื“ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื. ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืืœื” ืืช ืคืจื™ื’ ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ืœื“ืจ, ื•ืคืจื™ื’ ืขื ืชื” ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื“, ื ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื•ื•ืœื”ืืœ. ื•ืฉืžื• ื“ื‘ืงื•ืŸ. ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืœื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืชื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืžื ื•. ืœื•ืงื™ ื ืขืœื. ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืชืืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“'ืจ, ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฅ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื• ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืŸ. ื”ื—ืฅ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื•ื”ืจื’ ืื•ืชื•, ืžื” ืฉื–ืขื–ืข ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ. ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืืœื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ื›ืœื• ืจืง ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืขืจื. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงืจืชื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื• ืœืืœื™ื. ืคืจื™ื’ ืงืžื” ื•ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” "ืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืกื™ืจ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืจื›ื‘ ืืœ ื”ืœ ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื” ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ื•ืคืจ". ื”ืจืžื•ืœื“, (Hermรณรฐr), ืื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื’ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืœ. ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืœื‘ืœื“ืจ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืจื™ื’, ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืจื™ื ื’ื”ื•ืจืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื”, ื ืื ื”, ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ, ืžืชื” ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฆืขืจ. ื’ื•ืคืชื” ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืœืกืคื™ื ื”, ืœืžื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืœื“ืจ. ื”ืจืžื•ื“ ืžืฆื ืืช ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื•ื ืื ื” ื‘ื”ืœ. ื”ืจืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื•ื ืื ื”, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจืžื•ื“, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืืœื™ื ื™ืชืื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื“ืจ. ื”ืจืžื•ื“ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืืกื™ืจ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ืงื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช'ื•ืง (รžรถkk "ืชื•ื“ื”") ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื“ืจ. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ืฉืช'ื•ืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื•ืงื™ ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื”. ืื“ื” ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช, ื‘ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื ืžืคื•ืจื˜. ื‘ืœื“ืจ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื”" (Vรถluspรก), ื‘"ื”ืชื ืฆื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงื™" (Lokasenna), ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื“ืจ" (Baldrs Draumar). ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื”, ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืืœ-ืžืชื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ืข. ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื‘ืœื“ืจ. ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืœืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ, ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื“ื‘ืงื•ืŸ: ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื“'ืจ ืจืฆื— ืืช ื‘ืœื“ืจ, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ (ื•ืืœื™) ืœื ืงื•ื ืืช ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื’, ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ. ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ื’ื ืžืคืจื˜ืช ืฉื•ืืœื™ ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื•ื“'ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“, ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื˜ืฃ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืื• ืกืจืง ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืื•ืชื•: ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ, ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืžื ื‘ืืช ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืจื’ื ืจื•ืง ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื“'ืจ ื™ืงื•ืžื• ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”: ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื”ืชื ืฆื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงื™" ื”ืืœื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืขืœื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืœ ืœื•ืงื™. ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ, ืคืจื™ื’, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื‘ืœื“ืจ. ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืœื•ืงื™ ืฉืื ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข, ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ืจื’. ืœื•ืงื™ ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืœื“ืจ ืœื ืœืฆื™ื“ื”: ืคืจื™ื’: ืœื•ืงื™: ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื“ืจ" ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืืœื™ื ืคืขื ื”ืชืืกืคื• ื•ื“ื ื• ืœืžื” ืœื‘ืœื“ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืจืขื™ื: ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืœื”ืœ (ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื) ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกืœื™ื™ืคื ื™ืจ, ืกื•ืกื•. ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ื‘ื™ืื” ืžืชื” ื•ืžืขื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงืกืžื™ื. ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืช ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื” ืœื” ืฉืฉืžื• ื•ื’ื˜ืื (Vegtam "ื ื•ื“ื“"). ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื” ืœื• ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื’ื˜ืื ื”ื•ื ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื ืขื•ื ื” ืœื•. ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื‘ื™ืื”, ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ื•ื˜ื ืืจ. ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื• ืœืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื’ืื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืงื™ ื™ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืฉืืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื™ ื”ืกืคืกืคืœื™ื ืขื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆืคื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘. ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืขื•ื ื” ืœื• ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื“ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžืชื‘ืฉืœ ืชืžื“: ื‘ืฉืืœืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื—ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื“'ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื”: ื‘ืฉืืœืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืžื™ ื™ื ืงื•ื ืืช ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ. ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืขื•ื ื” ืœื• ืฉืจื™ื ื“ ืชืœื“ ืืช ื•ืืœื™, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ื›ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื, ื•ืฉืœื ื™ืกืจืง ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืื• ื™ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ: ื‘ืฉืืœืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื›ื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื“ืจ, ื•ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืœื ื ืขื ื™ืช. ื’ืกื˜ื” ื“ื ื•ืจื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-12 ืชื™ืขื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื ื™ ืกืงืกื• ื’ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื•ืก ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™" ืขืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ (ืฉืฉืžื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ืืœื“ืจื•ืก Balderus). ืœืคื™ ื’ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื•ืก, ื‘ืืœื“ืจื•ืก ื•ื”ื•ื“'ืจื•ืก ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืืช ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ื ืื ื”, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื‘ืืจ, ืžืœืš ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ืืœื“ืจื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืืœ ืœืžื—ืฆื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคืœื“ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืคืฆื•ืข ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื“ื™ืจ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืช'ื•ืจ, ื•ืืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืืœื“ืจื•ืก, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื•ื ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื“'ืจื•ืก ื ื™ืฉื ืœื ืื ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืืœื“ืจื•ืก ืื–ืจ ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“'ืจื•ืก. ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื”ื•ื“'ืจื•ืก ื”ืจื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืืœื“ืจื•ืก ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื‘ื™, ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื™ืงื™ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืœื™ื ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื’ืื ื™ื–ื ื’ืจืžืื ื™
2023-08-03T17:17:13
ื‘ืœืžื•ื ื’
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|180px|ื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“ (ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื’ื•ื“ื”ื•ืก) ืžื—ืฉืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื ื•ืชื•ื ื’, ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“ ืžืืช ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื‘ืืคื•ืก ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืœืžื•ื ื’ (Balmung) ื”ื™ื ื—ืจื‘ื• ื”ืงืกื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“, ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ืคืืคื ืจ. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื ืงืจืืช ื”ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื’ืจืื. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ืื’ื ืจ, ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ื’, ื ืงืจืืช ื”ื—ืจื‘ ื ื•ืชื•ื ื’ (Nothung). ื”ื—ืจื‘ ื—ื•ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืคื— ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื™ืœื ื“ (Wieland der Schmied). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ื’, ื”ืืœ ื•ื•ื˜ืืŸ, ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื ื•ื•ื“ ื–ืงืŸ, ื ืขืฅ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืฅ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืืฆืœ ื–ื™ื’ืœื™ื ื“ื”, ื‘ืชื•, ื”ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืฆื™ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื’, ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื” ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฉื™ืขื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉืœื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืขืฅ. ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“, ืื—ื™ื” ื”ืชืื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืฉื•ืœืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ื“ื•-ืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื’, ื ื•ืชืฆื” ื”ื—ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื˜ืืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื’. ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ื ื”ืจื’. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ื• ื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“, ืืš ืื™ืžื• ืžืชื” ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื ืžืกืจ ืœืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืจื‘ ืœืžื™ืžื”, ื ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ืจื™ืš, ื ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืงืกืžื™ื. ืžื™ืžื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ืฉืœ ืœื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“ ื—ืจื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“ ืžื ืชืฅ ื›ืœ ื—ืจื‘ ืฉื—ื™ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื™ืžื”, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ืืœ ื•ื•ื˜ืืŸ ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื ื•ื•ื“ ื–ืงืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ืžื™ืžื”, ื•ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช. ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื” ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื: ืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ืจื‘ "ื‘ืœืžื•ื ื’", ื—ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืฆื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื˜ืืŸ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžื™ืžื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื: "ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื•". ื•ื•ื˜ืืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืžื™ืžื” ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืœื–ื” ืฉื™ื—ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื‘. ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืคืŸ ื™ื™ื”ืจื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•, ืžื ืกื” ืžื™ืžื” ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“ ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื• ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ืคืืคื ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื ืง ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืกืžื™ื. ื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“, ื”ืฉืฉ ืœืงืจื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ, ืžื—ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช "ื‘ืœืžื•ื ื’" ื”ืžื ื•ืชืฆืช. ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ื›ื” ืืœื‘ืจื™ืš ืœืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ื“ื™ื•. ื•ื•ื˜ืืŸ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืœืืœื‘ืจื™ืš ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ืืš ืœืฉื•ื•ื. ื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืจื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื‘ืง ืงืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขืฅ ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื• ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
2024-07-07T15:47:27
ื”ื‘ืœ
ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ึถื‘ึถืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ื—ื•ื”, ืืฉืจ ื ืจืฆื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืงื™ืŸ. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืฆื— ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชื "ืš, ื‘. ื‘ืžืงืจื ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœื• ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื“ืžื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ืงื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœ ืžืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฆืื ื•, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืงื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื” ืืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื ืืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืกืขืจื” ืืฆืœ ืงื™ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืชื•ืืจ ืฉืงื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœ. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืจืฆื— ืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœ, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœ. ืจืฆื— ื”ื‘ืœ โ€“ ื”ืจืฆื— ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš. ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช. ืฉืžื• ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ืงื™ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืงื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื” ืขื ื”'. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ- ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื’ื ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืืŸ, ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืŸ, ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™. ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื” ืœืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืขืœื” ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื ื” ืงื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžื‘ื˜ื ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื“ืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื›ืžืฉื ื™ ืœืงื™ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ืœ ืžื™ืฆื’ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืขืœื•ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืฉื ืงื™ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’. ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืœ ืจืง ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื•. ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžื• ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืืš ื’ื ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆืืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืฉื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืืฉืชื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื™ืจื ืื• ื—ื•ืžืงืžื”,ืื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”. ื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœ. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื’ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขืฆืจืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš, ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื (ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื) ืฉืœื ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื. ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืชื™ ืื™ืš ื•ืื™ืคื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื—ื™ื ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ (ื”ื‘ืœ ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืืŸ, ื•ืงื™ืŸ ื—ืงืœืื™) ื•ื”ื ืกื™ืคืงื• ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ื’ื ืืชื.ืคื“ืจ"ื ื›"ื. ื”ื‘ืœ ืจืขื” ืืช ืฆืื ื• ื•ืงื™ืŸ ืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉืชืคืก ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื ื ืื‘ืงื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง ืžืงื™ืŸ, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืจืชืง ืื•ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ. ืงื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืจื—ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื•, ืื– ืงื ืงื™ืŸ ื•ืจืฆื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืœ.ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜. ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ ืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ืจืฉื‘"ื’ ืงื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื ื”, ื•ืœืคื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืงื™ืŸ ื ืฉื›ื• ื›ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ืŸ ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื˜ ืื‘ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจ (ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ) ื•ืžืฉื ื”ืจื’ื•.ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื›ื‘, ื—. ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆืื ื• ืœืืœ, ื ืชืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื›ืžืชืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื”. ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืกืžืœ ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจืฆื— ื”ื‘ืœ. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ื•ืช ืชืื•ืžื”, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื 'ืืช' ื‘ืคืกื•ืง: ', ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื•, ืงื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื•". ืœืคื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืขื ืงื™ืŸ ืชืื•ืžื” ืื—ืช ื•ืขื ื”ื‘ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืชืื•ืžื•ืช. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช" ืฉืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืžืช ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงืœืžื ื” ื•ืฉื ืชืื•ืžืช ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื™ืจื”: ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืชืื•ืžื•ืช. ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืจืื• ื’ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื— ื‘ืชื "ืš ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช
2024-10-15T16:48:05
ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ
ืึฒื‘ึดื™ื’ึทื™ึดืœ, ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืงืจืื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•, ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš. ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ืœืคื™ ืžืฉื” ืฆื‘ื™ ืกื’ืœ, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ ื”ื’ึดื™ืœ ืื• ื”ืฉืžื—ื”. ืžื” ืฉืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืื‘ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื“ืขื” ืื—ืจืช ืงื•ืฉืจืช ืืช ืฉืžื” ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืื‘ึผื™ื’ืœ (abigall) ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ืฉืขื™ืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื”. ืžื•ืฉืืœ ืœืื›ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื™ืช: ืื‘ึผื™ื’ืœึป (abigallu) ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช-ื›ื•ื”ื ืช. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื (), ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœื ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™, ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžืขื•ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืคืจ, ืžื™ื”ืจื” ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืœืงืจืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืฆืขื“ ืขื ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื ื‘ืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื ืขืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื“. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืœื“ืจื›ื”, ืœืงื—ื” ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื“, ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ, ื•ื›ืžื ื—ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืคืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ืฉื›ื ืขื” ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื›ืฉื•ืœ. ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืชื”, ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืคื›ื—, ืกื™ืคืจื” ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืœื ื‘ืœ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืงืจื”, ื•ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ื–ืืช, ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืื‘ืŸ (ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืœืงื” ื‘ืฆืขืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืฉืชืงืช, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืคื™ื–ื™). ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ืœ, ืฉืœื— ืืœื™ื” ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื ืขืจื™ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœื•. ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื•ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื“ื•ื“. ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื” ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื›ืœืื‘ (ื›ืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ: ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื: ื“ืœื•ื™ื”). ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ืžืงืจื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืื™ืฉื” "ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื™ืคืช ืžืจืื”", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ. ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืœืขื–ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื“, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืš ืืช ื›ืขืกื•. ืขืœ ื ื‘ืœ ื ืืžืจ , ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื›ึธึผืœึตื‘ ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืจืžื™ื–ื” ืœืื•ืคื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื›ื›ืœื‘. ื’ื ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ื ื‘ืœ ื›"" ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” " ". ื ื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื“ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืืฉืชื•: . ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื— ื•ืจืข ื‘ืžืงืจื ื–ื•ืœืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช: . ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ืžื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ. ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ืช ืœื“ื•ื“, ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื•ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื›ื ืขืŸ ืžื—ืจืŸ, ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืฉื• ืื—ื™ื•. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžื•ืœื ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“. 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื ื‘ืœ. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1380 ื ืื•ื ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื: ื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” (): ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืขื ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื ื‘ืœ ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื ื‘ืœื”. ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™, ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ (): ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ื”ืžืงืจื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื“. ื‘ืจืื•ืชื” ืืช ื“ื•ื“, ืžืžื”ืจืช ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืžึพื”ึพืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ืคืจืง. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช, ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื’ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ื—ืฉืช ืœื“ื•ื“: ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื”ื—ื ื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื“. ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื”, ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”. ื‘ื›ืคืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ืขื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืœื“ื•ื“: ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื ื‘ืœ ื•ืืฃ ืžื’ื ื” ืืช ื‘ืขืœื”. ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ืœื’ื ืื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื•ืคืœืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ืขืœ ื ื‘ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉืคืœ ืฉื›ื–ื”. ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืœื“ื•ื“, ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ืืฉืชื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื”, ื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื›ื• ื•ืœืคื™ื•ืกื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื• 'ืื“ื•ื ื™' ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืคืขื, ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื” 'ืืžืชืš' ืื• 'ืฉืคื—ืชืš' ืฉืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื. ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ืœ. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉื”' ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืื—ืœืช ืœื•, ืฉืกื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ืœ. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•. ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”' ื”ื•ืขื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžืกื™ื™ืžืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื, ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืขืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืืœ. ื”' ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืืฃ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืœืข. ื’ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืฆืจื•ืจ" ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื’ื ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื—ืœื•ืง ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืฆื—ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ืช.(ืžืงืจื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืคืจืง ื›ื”). ื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืžื ืขื” ืžืžื ื• ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื. ื ืื•ืžื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ื‘ื ืื•ืžื”: . ืคื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื•ื˜ ืื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืœื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฆืขืจ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฆืขืจ, ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื ืื•ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื’ ื ื‘ืœ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ืงื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื•: , . ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืฉืœืš, ืืชื” ื ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื— ื”'. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”: ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžื—. ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื— ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ืžื ืข ืžืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื‘ืœ, ื•ืžื›ืš ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื. 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื“ื™-ืคืจื™ืืก ืžืฉื ืช 1667. ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ "ืงื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช" ื‘ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ื• ื˜ืžื•ื ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืœืฆื“ ื–ืœืคื”, ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“, ื‘ืœื”ื”, ืฆืคื•ืจื” ื•ืืœื™ืฉื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื–"ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉื‘ืข ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืฉืงืžื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื ื˜ืœื” ื“ื ื ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ืคืกื•ืง ืœื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืื ื“ื ื˜ืžื ืื• ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื. "ืืžืจ ืœื”: ื•ื›ื™ ืžืจืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”?" ื•ื”ืจื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื! ืืžืจื” ืœื•: "ื•ื›ื™ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”?" ื›ืš ืจืžื–ื” ืœื• ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•. ืืžืจ ืœื”: ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืœืš "ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื" ื•ืœื ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ืืžืจื” ืœื•: "ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ืงื™ื™ื" ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืชื” ื˜ืจื ื™ืฆื ืฉืžืš ื›ืžืœืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืืžืจ ืœื”: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ื˜ืขืžืš ื•ื‘ืจื•ื›ื” ืืช ืืฉืจ ื›ืœื™ืชื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื". ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื•ื ื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืืจื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื", ื•ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืชืื•ื•ื” ืœื”: . ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืžื“ื” ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื ืขืจื™ื•, "ื”ื•ืงืจื• ื›ื•ืœื" (ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืจื™). ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื ื™ ื–ื” ืกื™ื™ืข, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืœืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื ื‘ืœ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื›ืคืจ ืœื• ื”ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืืœื™ื• ื•ืžื™ืœื˜ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืžืขืฉื” (ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”). ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืกื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื•ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”' ืœืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืืช ืืžืชืš", ืื•ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ืจืžื– ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืืชื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืจื“ืคื”ื•- ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื, ื”ืžืงืจื ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 2002.ืขืž' 179โ€“220. ื—ื™ื” ืฉืจื’ื ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื•ืŸ, ื ืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ื“: ืžื™ื›ืœ, ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืข, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืช ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 2005. ื—ื ื ืืœ ืžืืง, ื•ืชืืžืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” - ื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžืงืจื ื‘ืฆื•ืžืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืž' 185โ€“202. ื™ืื™ืจ ื–ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื“ื•ื“ ืžืจื•ืขื” ืœืžืฉื™ื—, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™, 1995, ืขืž' 75โ€“85. ื™ืื™ืจ ื–ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื ืืŸ ืœื ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื "ืš, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 2006, ืคืจืง ื›ื˜: ืžื” ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ?, ืขืž' 230โ€“236. ืจื—ืœ ืจื™ื™ืš, ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื•, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืกื˜ื™ืžืฆืงื™, 2013, ืขืž' 231โ€“235. ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืืคืจืช, ืžืงืจื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืื’ื ืก, 1996. ืจื‘ื™ื‘, ืจื‘ืงื”, "ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื›ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ", ืื•ืจืฉืช ื“ (ืชืฉืข"ื’), ืขืž' 99โ€“111 ื’ืœืขื“ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ, "ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื“ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื", ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ื• (ืชืฉืข"ื’), ืขืž' 21โ€“40. ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื–'ืงื•ื ื˜, ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื›ืชืจ, 2014. ืฉื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจืฅ, ืฉืž"ื ื›"ื”, ืืชืจ ืžืงืจืื ื˜ - ืžืืžืจื™ื ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ื™ื, 2012. ืขืžื•ืก ื—ื›ื, "ืœื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ", ืืชืจ "ื”ืชื ืš โ€“ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’" ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ื™ืชื”: ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช, ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื” ื™"ื—), ืชืฉืœ"ื•. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื— ื’ืœื™ ื“ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืชื‘ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื: ื—ื•ื•ื” ื•ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืงืจืื ื˜. ื’ืœื™ ื“ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืชื‘ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ (ืฉืž"ื ื›ื”), ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื“"ืจ ืœืื” ืžื–ื•ืจ, ืขืœ ืžืงืจื ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื’, ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ื›ืชืžืจ ืืช", ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš abigal, ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™, (ืื‘ื’ืœ) ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื‘ืข ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
2024-10-01T06:39:05
ืื‘ื™ื’ื•ืจ (ืฉื“)
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื‘ื™ื’ื•ืจ ืื‘ื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื. ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื›-60 ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ื”ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืจื›ื•ืœืชื• ืชืžื•ืจืช ื ืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ืก ืžื›ื•ื ืฃ. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื“ื™ื ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช
2024-05-02T14:02:10
ืื‘ืจืงื“ื‘ืจื”
ืึทื‘ึฐึผืจึธืงึธื“ึทื‘ึฐึผืจึธื” (ืื• ืื‘ืจื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื) ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืช ืงืกื. ืœืคื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ ืื ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงืžืข, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืงืžืข ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืคืจ De Medicina Praecepta, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ืจื•ืคืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืงืจืงืœื”, ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื•ืก ืกืจื ื•ืก. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฆืœื‘ ืงืžื™ืข ืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-6-7, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื‘ืจืงื“ื‘ืจื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื”. ืงื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื: ื‘ืœื•ื— ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ื’ืจื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื ื”ืขืฆื : hbrk (ืื‘ืจื›), ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืคืจื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืฉืฃ. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช "ืื‘ืจื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื" โ€“ ืฉื™ื‘ืจื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ืขืฉืจื” ืžืืžืจื•ืช" (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืืžืจ "ื™ึฐื”ึดื™-ืื•ึนืจ"). ื˜ืขื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืื‘ืจืงืกืก, ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื ืื‘ืจืกืงืก, ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืžื™ืœื” ืื‘ืจืงื“ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ A-Bra-Ca-Dabra. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ ื ื•ืฉืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช. ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ "ืื‘ืจื”" ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ "ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”" (ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ: "ื”ืงืœืœื”"), ื•ื“ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ืœืคื™ ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืงืœื•ื ืœื—ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื "ืื‘ืจืš (ืื‘ืจ) ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื (ืงื“ื‘ืจื”)". ื’ืจืกื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžืชืจื’ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืืจืžื™ืช "ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ". ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืคืœื’ืฉื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืฉืคื™ื, ื•ืฉืœื—ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืจืžื™/ืขื‘ืจื™ ืื—ืจ ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ: ืื‘ืจื - ืกื™ืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื‘ ื•ื‘ืจ (ื‘ืŸ) ืงื“ื‘ืจื” - ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช "ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื" (ื”ืื‘, ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื). ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, HABRA CADABRA ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• "ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ื’ื•ืคื”". ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื ื ื™ืกื• ืžื›ืฉืคื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื•ืคืขื™ ืงื•ืกืžื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืžืจื ืงื”ืชื™, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจื™, ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืืจื‘ืข-ืื—ื“-ืืจื‘ืข. ืื ื ืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืงืจื ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ ABRA-CAD-ABRA, ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืชืงืจื ืืจื‘ืข-ืื—ื“-ืืจื‘ืข (CAD ื”ื•ื ื—ื“, ืื—ื“). ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื 4+1+4=9, "ืชืฉืขื”" ืื• ื”ืื•ืช "ื˜" ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืข, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื•ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”. ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืชืฉืขื”" ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืจืง ืืจื‘ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœืชืฉืขื” ื™ืžื™ื. ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”"ืชืฉืขื”" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ืืจื‘ืข"+"ืื—ื“"+"ืืจื‘ืข. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืืจื‘ืขืื—ื“ืืจื‘ืข" ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืช 11 ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”, ื”ืžื—ืกืœืช ืืช ื”ืฉื“ (ืื• ื”ืžื—ืœื”) ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขื•ื ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ืงืžืข. ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื—ื“" ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ื›"ื“ืื—" ื›ื“ื™ "ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื“" ื•ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ื. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืžืข ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืžื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืงืžืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš: ื ืจ ื‘ ืข ื ื— ื“ ื ืจ ื‘ ืข ืจ ื‘ ืข ื ื— ื“ ื ืจ ื‘ ืข ื‘ ืข ื ื— ื“ ื ืจ ื‘ ืข ืข ื ื— ื“ ื ืจ ื‘ ืข ื ื— ื“ ื ืจ ื‘ ืข ื— ื“ ื ืจ ื‘ ืข ื“ ื ืจ ื‘ ืข ื ืจ ื‘ ืข ืจ ื‘ ืข ื‘ ืข ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืจื ื•ืก, ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ABRACADABRA ืื—ืชึพืขืฉืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืช ื ืขืœืžืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื: ABRACADABRA ABRACADABR ABRACADAB ABRACADA ABRACAD ABRACA ABRAC ABRA ABR AB A ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขื ืคืฉืชืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™, ืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ืฉื’ื‘ื• ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื•ืจื ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื“. ื›ืฉืžื•ืกืกื• ื”ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืœื. ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืืฃ ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื ื‘ ืจ ื ืง ื“ ื‘ ืจ ื ื ื‘ ืจ ื ืง ื“ ื‘ ืจ ื ื‘ ืจ ื ืง ื“ ื‘ ื ื‘ ืจ ื ืง ื“ ื ื‘ ืจ ื ืง ื ื‘ ืจ ื ื ื‘ ืจ ื ื‘ ื ืงืžืข ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™, ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืš: ืฉ ื‘ ืจ ื™ ืจ ื™ ื‘ ืจ ื™ ืจ ื™ ืจ ื™ ืจ ื™ ื™ ืจ ื™ ืจ ื™ ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ื˜ื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ืžืื—ื–ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื”ื•ืงื•ืก ืคื•ืงื•ืก" ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” "ื”ืงืกื" ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ. ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืื‘ืจื ืงื“ื‘ืจื" ืœืงืจืืช ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ 1972 ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืžืคื™ืง ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ืฉื (ืคืฉื ืœ) ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžื ื˜ื” ืžืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื ื” ืืจื–ื™, ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื•ืชืžื™ ืขื–ืจื™ื”. ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืื‘ืจื ืงื“ื‘ืจื" ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืื” ืœื•ืคื ืคืœื“ ื•ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ืœื ืกืงื™, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ ืฉืคื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืงืกื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื–ื›ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื: ืืœื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ื˜ืœืืคืœื", ื—ื ื™ ื ื—ืžื™ืืก ื‘"ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื 8", ื™ืขืœ ื‘ืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ืงืœื˜ืช "ืจื“ื™ื• ื’ืŸ" ื•ื“ืคื ื” ื“ืงืœ ื‘"ืžื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ". ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืœืช ื”ืงืกื "ืื‘ื“ื” ืงื“ื‘ืจื”" (ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ: Avada Kedavra, ืืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช) ื›ืงืœืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื•. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ "ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื”", ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื“ื™ื ื• ืžืืกืจ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœื ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื, ืื–ืงื‘ืืŸ. ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืงืœืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” "ืคื•ืงื™ืžื•ืŸ" ืงื™ื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื•ืงื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื "Abra", ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ืืœ "Kadabra", ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืœ "Alakazam". ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง "ืงืกื ื”ืชื•ืช" ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ืงืกืžื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืงื•ืกื ืื‘ืจื. ื”ืฉื™ืจ Abracadabra ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช Steve Miller Band song ืž-1981, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืกื™ืžืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจ ืืžื™ื ื ืž-2024. ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ื•ืงื•ืก ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ABRACADABRA, ื‘ืืชืจ World Wide Words ืขืžืจื ืงื”ืชื™, ABRACADABRA ืœื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืื‘ืจื ืงื“ื‘ืจื, ืžืงื”ืœื” ืขืœื™ื–ื” 1978. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืื’ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ืœื ืกืงื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื™ืจื™ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
2024-07-02T15:31:43
ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช
ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช (ื’ื: ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช) ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื”ืงื“ื-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžืื ื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื• ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืื–ื›ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช. ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืชืฉืขื” ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืงืฉืจ ืขืฅ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื’ื“ืจืืกื™ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืฆืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™. ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ืงื™ืฆื• ื”ืžื ื•ื‘ื, ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงื™, ืœื•ืจื ืฅ ืคืจืœื™ืš, 1895ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืื‘ื“ื•. ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช (ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื”) ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-13 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื ื•ืจื™ ืกื˜ื•ืจืœื•ืกื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ืจืœื•ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืกืงืืœื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืื“ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืจื•. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื•ื ื™, ื•ืกื˜ื•ืจืœื•ืกื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ื”ืžืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช (ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื”) ื”ื™ื ืœืงื˜ ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-13 ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ืกืœื ื“, ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ืกืœื ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1000 (ืื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ), ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™. ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื™ืžืกืงืจื™ื ื’ืœื”, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื ื•ืจื™ ืกื˜ื•ืจืœื•ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ืกื˜ื” ื“ื ื•ืจื•ื, (ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช "ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื ื™ื") ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื“ื ื™ ืกืงืกื• ื’ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื•ืก ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-13, ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื”ืžืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืกืื’ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืจืื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืื‘ื ื™ ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืžืื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ 150px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืขืฅ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื’ื“ืจืืกื™ืœ ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ืช 1680 ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืขืฅ ืขื ืง ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื™ื’ื“ืจืืกื™ืœ (Yggdrasil), ืฉืขืœ ืฆืžืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ืคื™ื• ื•ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืชืฉืขื” ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืจืง ืœืฉืขืจ ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•. ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช: ืืœืคื”ื™ื™ื (Alfheim) - ืืจืฅ ื”ืืœืคื™ื. ืืกื’ืืจื“ (Asgard) - ืžืชื—ื ื”ืื–ื™ืจ, ืžืฉื›ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื. ื•ืื ืื”ื™ื™ื (Vanaheim) - ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืื ื™ืจ. ืžื™ื“ื’ืืจื“ (Midgard) - ืžืชื—ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืกื•ื•ืจื˜ืืœืคื”ื™ื™ื (Svartalfheim) ืื• ื ื™ื“ืื‘ืœื™ืจ (Nidavellir) - ืืจืฅ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื (Jรถtunheim) - ืืจืฅ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื. ืžื•ืกืคืœื”ื™ื™ื (Muspelheim) - ืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ืืฉ. ื ื™ืคืœื”ื™ื™ื (Niflheim) - ืืจืฅ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื (ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ืจ). ื”ืœื”ื™ื™ื (Helheim) - ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืžืžืœื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื” ื”ืœ. ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื: ื•ืœื”ืืœื” (ื‘ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” Valhรถll) - ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื–ื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ืืกื’ืืจื“ ืืœื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื•ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื’ื ืืจื•ืง. ื”ื‘ืืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžื™ืจ - ื”ื‘ืืจ ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืง ืžื™ืžื™ืจ (mimir). ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื• ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืช ืขื™ื ื• (ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืื– ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช) ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืžืžื™ ื”ื‘ืืจ. ืžื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื’ื“ืจืืกื™ืœ. ื”ื‘ืืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื“ - ื‘ืืจ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื ื•ืจื ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ืœื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื’ื“ืจืืกื™ืœ. ื‘ื™ืคืจื•ืกื˜ - ื’ืฉืจ ืงืฉืช ื‘ื•ืขืจืช, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื’ืืจื“ ืœืืกื’ืืจื“. ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ ื”ื ืงืจื ืจืื’ื ืจื•ืง. ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืงื“ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืจืื’ื ืจื•ืง, ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืืœื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžื ื‘ื•ืื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืชืืกืคื• ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืœื™ื. ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ื™ื™ืขืœืžื•, ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื™ื ืžืคืœืฆืชื™ ื™ืจืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื‘ ื™ืžื•ืชื• ืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืช'ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืขื ืง ื”ืืฉ ืกื•ืจื˜ (Surtr) ื™ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืœืžืขื˜ ื–ื•ื’ ืื—ื“, ืชื™ื”ืจื’. ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืื• ื‘ืขืฅ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื’ื“ืจืืกื™ืœ, ื™ืื›ืœืกื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื•ืฆืขืจ. ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|300px|ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ื—ื ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ-ื•ืื ื™ืจ, ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืืช ืœื•ืจื ืฅ ืคืจืœื™ืš ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|300px|ืืœื™ ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ "ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ", ืž-1817, ืžืืช Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg ื”ืืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืืœื™ ืืกื™ืจ ื•ืืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ืจ. ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื™ืจ ื•ื•ืื ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ-ื•ืื ื™ืจ, ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื” ื›ืจืชื• ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืœื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืกื’ืืจื“, ื•ืฉืœ ื•ืื ื™ืจ ื•ืื ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื ื™ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืคืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืข ืฉืžืœื—ืžืช ืืกื™ืจ-ื•ืื ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ "ื›ืชื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ื•ืช" ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื›ืชื•ืช ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ" ื’ืจืžืื ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืืœื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื: ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ (ร“รฐinn) - ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื—ื›ื ื•ืกืงืจืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืงืกืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืœืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื ืจื™ืจ ื•ืžืช. ืคืจื™ื’ (Frigg) - ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ. ืฉื•ืจื“ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง. ืื•ืœ (Ullr) - ืืœ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืงืฉืชื•ืช. ืช'ื•ืจ (รžรณrr) - ื”ืืœ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื. ื ืฉืงื•, ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืžึฐื™ื•ึนืœึฐื ื™ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ืกืžืœื• ื ืขื ื“ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ. ื‘ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื ื—ืฉ ื™ื•ืจืžื ื’ืจื“ ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืชื™ื. ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืจืขื, ืœื‘ืจืง, ืœืกื•ืคื•ืช, ืœืขืฆื™ ืืœื•ืŸ, ืœื›ื•ื— ื•ืœืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืคืจื™ื™ (Freyr) - ืืœ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ืื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืชืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”. ืžืช ื‘ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื‘ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืื”ื‘. ืœื•ืงื™ (Loki) - ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื›ืกื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ืจ. ื›ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื•ื‘ื• ื™ื™ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืœื™ื. ืคืจื™ื” (Freyja) - ืืœื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื”ื‘ื”, ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ื™ื“'. ืฉื•ืจื“ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง. ื”ื™ื™ืžื“ืืœ (Heimdallr) - ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืฉืœ ืืกื’ืืจื“. ื‘ืœื“ืจ (Baldr) - ื ืจืฆื—, ื™ืงื•ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื’ื ืจื•ืง. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื ื™ื•ืจื“ - ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื—, ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื” ื•ืคืจื™ื™. ื˜ื™ืจ (Tรฝr) - ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื”. ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ. ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ืขื ืง ืคื ืจื™ืจ. ืงื‘ืกื™ืจ (Kvasir) - ื“ืžื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื‘ืจืื” ืžื”ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ-ื•ืื ื™ืจ. ื‘ืจื’ื™ (Bragi) - ืืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช. ื•ื™ื“ืืจ (Vรญรฐarr) - ืืœ ื”ื ืงืžื”. ืื™ื“ื•ืŸ (Iรฐunn) - ื”ืืœื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื ืขื•ืจื™ ื ืฆื—; ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื’ื™. ืกืงืื“'ื™ (Skaรฐi) - ืืœื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืฆื™ื™ื“, ืœื’ืœื™ืฉื”, ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ืœื”ืจื™ื. ื”ืœ (Hel) - ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงื™. ืกื•ืœ (Sรณl) - ื”ืื ืฉืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืžืื ื™ (Mรกni) - ื”ืื ืฉืช ื”ื™ืจื—. ืขื ืงื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืขื ืงื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœื” ืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื˜ื ืืจ (ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ), ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ื›ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืจืื” ื ื•ืจื - ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ืœืคื™ื™ื, ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืืฉ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืคื•ืจ. ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœืขื ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื˜ืกืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ืฉื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืœื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืงืื“'ื™ ื•ื’ืืจื“'ืจ ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›ืขื ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ื ืืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ืงื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ืข ื ืฉื’ื‘. ื”ืืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ื”ืขื ืง ืžื™ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื ืง ืื•ื˜ื’ืืจื“-ืœื•ืงื™ (Utgard-Loki) ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืงื•ืกื ืืฉืจ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืชืขืชืข ื‘ืืœ ืช'ื•ืจ. ืขื ืงื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื: ื™ื™ืžื™ืจ (Ymir) - ื”ืขื ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื’ื•ืคืชื• ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™, ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืืœื™ื. ืžื™ืžื™ืจ - ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื—ื›ื. ืกื•ืจื˜ (Surtr) - ืขื ืง ืืฉ, ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื•ืกืคืœื”ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง. ืช'ื™ืืฆื™ - ื”ืขื ืง ืฉื—ื˜ืฃ ืืช ืื™ื“ื•ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกืœืกืœืช ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื. ืื’ื™ืจ (ร†gir) - ื”ืื ืฉืช ื”ื™ื, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืขื ืงื™ื. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื’ื™ืจ ืžืืจื— ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœื•. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืžื”ืืกื™ืจ ื•ืžื”ื•ืื ื™ืจ ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื’ื ื›ืขื ืงื™ื. ื ื•ืจื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื˜ ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื–ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืืจื™ื’ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืจื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืื•ืจื“ , ื•ืจื“ื ื“ื™ ื•ืกืงื•ืœื“ , ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื›"ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืงืจื”", "ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืจื”" ื•"ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจื”" ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. ื”ื ื•ืจื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืืœื™ื. ื•ืœืงื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื™ืจื™ื•ืช (ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: "ื‘ื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื") ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ื“ ืžืืœื™ื, ืขื ืงื™ื, ื’ืžื“ื™ื ืื• ืืœืคื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ. ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืžืชื• ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื ืืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืœื”ืืœื”. ื•ืœืงื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช: ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืกื™ื’ืจื“ืจื™ืคื” ืกื™ื’ืจื•ืŸ ืกื‘ืื‘ื” ืช'ืจื•ื“ - ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ืช'ื•ืจ. ื’ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืžื“ื™ื. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืžื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืœื’ืžื“ื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื ืคื—ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืืœื™ื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื. ืžืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืžื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืข ืฉืชืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื”. ื‘ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ ืžืื” ื’ืžื“ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื’ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื, ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืœื™ื. ื‘"ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื‘ื™" ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื™ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™ ื™ื™ืžื™ืจ, ื•ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืืœื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ืื“ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื—ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ืงืŸ ืžืœื. ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›ื ืžื•ื›ื™ ืงื•ืžื” ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-13 (ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ืฆืจื•). ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื—ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช, ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื ื™ืกื” ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื’ ืžื•ืœื“. ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|220px|ื™ื™ืžื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืžื‘ืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืœืงืงืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื— ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื‘ื•ืจื™. ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืืช ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืื‘ื™ืœื’ืืจื“, 1790 ืกืงื•ืœ ื•ื”ืื˜ื™ (Skรถll, Hati) - ืฆืžื“ ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ (ืกื•ืœ) ื•ื”ื™ืจื— (ืžืื ื™) ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืฉืžื™ื. ืคื ืจื™ืจ (Fenrir) - ื–ืื‘ ืขืฆื•ื (ื•ืืจื’) ืฉื ืขืงื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง ืคื ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื›ื‘ืœื™ื• ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ. ื™ื•ืจืžื ื’ื ื“ (Jรถrmungandr) - ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ื—ื” ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืืฉืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœื ืฉื•ืš ืืช ื–ื ื‘ื•. ื ื™ื“ื”ื•ื’ (Nรญรฐhรถggr) - ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ืืฉืจ ืื•ื›ืœืช ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ. ืกืœื™ื™ืคื ื™ืจ (Sleipnir) - ืกื•ืกื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ 8 ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ืฆืืฆืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ืœื•ืงื™ ืืฉืจ ืคื™ืชื” ืกื•ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื’ืืจื“. ืื•ื“ื•ืžื‘ืœื” - ื”ืคืจื” ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ื™ื ื” ืืช ื™ื™ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืจื˜ื˜ื•ืกืง - ืกื ืื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกืจื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื™ื’ื“ืจืกื™ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืจ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขืœื™ื•, ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืœ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืžืขื™ื• ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื— ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืงื˜ืขื™ื. ื”ืื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื ื™ืŸ (Huginn, Muninn ) - ืฆืžื“ ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืื’ื™ืŸ (ื‘ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”: "ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”") ื•ืžื•ื ื™ืŸ (ื‘ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”: "ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ"), ืฉืžืชืขื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื“ื’ืืจื“ ื•ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื’ืจืžืื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ืžืฉืžื•ืช ืืœื™ื: ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ - Tuesday - ื˜ื™ืจ. ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ - Wednesday - ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ (ื•ื•ื˜ืืŸ) ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ - Thursday - ืช'ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ - Friday - ืคืจื™ื” ื•ืคืจื™ื’ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’'.ืจ.ืจ. ื˜ื•ืœืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช. ื’ื–ืข ื”ืืœืคื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื˜ื•ืœืงื™ืŸ, "ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”", ืžืจืžื– ืœืฉื "ืžื™ื“ื’ืืจื“", ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืงื™ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื“ืœืฃ, ืฉืื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืฃ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ืžืŸ, ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืฉืœ ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ ื•"ืžื’ื ืก ืฆ'ื™ื™ืก ื•ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื’ืจื“" ืฉืœ ืจื™ืง ืจื™ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื "ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ" ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืžืชื•ืืจ ืื“ื ื–ืื‘ ื ื•ืจื ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืคื ืจื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื‘ืง, ืขืœ ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืฉืœ ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื: ืช'ื•ืจ, ืœื•ืงื™, ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืคืจื™ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืžื“ืืœ, ื”ืœื”, ืคื ืจื™ืจ, ืขื ืงื™ ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื ื ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืคืจื•ืกื˜, ืžื™ื•ืœื ื™ืจ, ืจื’ื ืจื•ืง, ืžื™ื“ื’ืืจื“, ืืกื’ืืจื“, ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื, ื ื™ืคืœื”ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืงื•ื ืคืกื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืืœื• ืฉื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ืื’ื ืจ "ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ืœื•ื ื’" ("Der Ring des Nibelungen") ื•-"ื“ื”ืจืช ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช" ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช. ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื‘ื–'ืื ืจื™ ื”ืžื˜ืืœ ื•ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ื›ื‘ื“. ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื’ื–ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื’ืžื“ื™ื). ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืงืก ืคื™ื™ืŸ, God of war ื•-Assassin's Creed Valhalla ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื”. ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื" ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ ืจื’ื ืืจ ืœื•ื“ื‘ืจื•ืง ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืช'ื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื™ื”, ื•ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื‘ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืชื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2011 ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•, ืชื•ืจ: ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืคืœ (2013), ืชื•ืจ: ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง (2017) ื•ืชื•ืจ: ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืจืขื (2022), ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื™ ืžืฉื ืช 2021, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืืœ ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™. ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ืช "ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง" (Ragnarรถk) ืžืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ื“ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืจื™ื™ืก, ืฉืขืœืชื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” "ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก" ื‘-31 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2020 ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื’ืจืกื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•-ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื˜ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืจื™ื’, ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืคื” ืจื•ื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืก, ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื“ ืืจืฆื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืขืž' 190โ€“205 ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื“ื•, Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“, 2002 ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ืคื•ืœืงืก (ืชืจื’ื•ื), Edda, ืื•ื•ืจื™ืžืืŸ ืคื™ื™ืคืจื‘ืงืก, 1995 ื’'ืงืกืŸ ืงืจื•ืคื•ืจื“, The Poetic Edda: Stories of the Norse Gods and Heroes, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืงื˜, 2015 ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื˜ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื™ื˜ืจ, Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ื“, 1964 ื”ื ืจื™ ืื“ืžืก ื‘ืœื•ืก, The Poetic Edda, ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช-ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช, 1923 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ืช, ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ืช - ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื’ืื ื™ื–ื ื’ืจืžืื ื™
2024-08-20T13:09:09
ื—ื™ื“ื”
ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืœืฉื ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ื•ื›ืืชื’ืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” (ืชืฉื‘ืฅ, ืœืžืฉืœ), ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื’ืจืชื™. ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื—ื™ื“ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช ืจืง ืขืงื‘ ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื ืฉืืœ. ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” "ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืœื™ ืคืงืง ืขื•ืœื” 20 ืื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืคืงืง, ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื“ (ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื•ื”ืคืงืง) ืขื•ืœื™ื 22 ืื’ื•ืจื•ืช - ืžื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง?" ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืœื’ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื ืขืœืžื™ื, ื•ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|"ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”-15" ื”ืคืชื•ืจื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฉืžืืœ|ืจื‘ื•ืก ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืžื‘ื•ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืฉืืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื”: ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืืœ. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื–ื›ื• ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื•ื ื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช: ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืคืชืจื•ื ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘, ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื—ื™ื“ื”. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช: ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืืชื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืช ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืชืจ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืจื™ืฆื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื”ื’ืขืช? ืคืชืจื•ืŸ: ืื ืขื ื™ืช "ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ", ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืœืคืช ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช: ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืชืจ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” (ืžืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื“ื• ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ, "ื”ืคื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืš"): ืœืžืฉืคื˜ "ื ืชื ื• ืชื•ืืจ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื, ืžื”ืจ ื‘ื ืœืจืื•ืชื• ื ืชืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืขื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. ืžื”ื™? ืคืชืจื•ืŸ: ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืคืœื™ื ื“ืจื•ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ - ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ ื•ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื“ื”: ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืขื ื— ืœืคื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืžื˜: ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื—ืžื˜, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื—ืชืช ืžื˜.) ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ืžื˜: ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื•ื›ืœื™ื•, ืืš ืื™ื ืŸ ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉื—ืžื˜: ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ื•ืช: ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฅ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื "ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช". ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจื‘ ื–ื›ืชื” ื’ื "ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”-15". ืคืื–ืœ: ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืคืฅ ืฉืœื (ื“ื•-ืžืžื“ื™ ืื• ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™) ืžื—ืœืงื™ื•. ื›ืชื‘ ืกืชืจื™ื: ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ืฆืคืŸ, ืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœืคืขื ื— ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘. ื—ื™ื“ืช ื›ืคืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืคืชืจื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื” ืื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืœืจื•ื‘ ืกืชื•ื), ืฉืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื™ื: "ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื" ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืจืคืจ. ืฉื•ืจ = ืคืจ, ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื = ืคืจ+ืคืจ, ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ืคืจืคืจ. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ. ืจื‘ื•ืก: ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ืžื‘ื•ืš: ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช. ืชืฉื‘ืฅ: ืกื•ื’ ื—ื™ื“ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ืชืฉื‘ืฅ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ: ืชืฉื‘ืฅ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืชืฉื—ืฅ: ืชืฉื‘ืฅ ืฉื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ืฅ. ืชืฉื‘ืฅ ืžืกืคืจื™ื: ืชืฉื‘ืฅ ืขื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืชืฉื‘ืฆื™ ืžืกืคืจื™ื: ืชืฉื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืฅ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช: ืกื•ื“ื•ืงื•, ืงืืงื•ืจื•, ืกื•ืก"ืง, ื—ื™ื“ืืชื•, ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช. ืกื•ื’ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ืชืฉื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืงืฉื•ืจ ื•ืคืชื•ืจ. ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”: ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืœื“ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืœื” ื‘ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื” ืœืœื“ืช. ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืœื“ืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืœื“ืช ื‘ืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ? ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืœื ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืœื“ื• ื‘ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืฆื™ืชืŸ ื™ืœื“ื• ื‘ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื ืฉืžืจ. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื• ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื™ืœื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื• ื‘ืช ื™ืœื“ื• ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืœื“ื• ื‘ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืฆื™ืชืŸ ื™ืœื“ื• ื‘ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื ืฉืžืจ. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืœื“ื• ื‘ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืฆื™ืชืŸ ื™ืœื“ื• ื‘ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื ืฉืžืจ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืชื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ื ื’ืจื. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื. ืื—ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืกืคื™ื ืงืก ืœืื“ื™ืคื•ืก: "ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ?" ืคืชืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก: ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื‘ืฉื—ืจ ื™ืžื™ื• ื–ื•ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข, ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื•ื ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžืงืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื”. ื‘ืชื "ืš ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืžืœื›ืช ืฉื‘ื, ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืชื "ืš ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื”, ืืš ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจ. ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจืขื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื”: . ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืืจื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจ ืจื“ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื™ืชื• ื“ื‘ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื“ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ื•ื•ืจืชื”. ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื ืฉืืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืชื™ืืจ ื–ืืช: . ืกื•ื’ืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืžื™-ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชืคืจืกืžื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ืžื•ืกืคื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžื•ื ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืžื•ืกืฃ "7 ื™ืžื™ื" ืฉืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ืฉืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื• ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื: ืชืฉื‘ืฅ, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื ื•, ืฉื™ืœื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื. ื—ื™ื“ืช "ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื" ืฉืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-40 ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื ื•, ื’ืœืขื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื. ื—ื™ื“ืช "ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืœื™ืœื“", ืฉืœ ื’'ืงื™. ืชืฉื‘ืฅ ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื“ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืš ื“ืงืœ ื‘ื ื•, ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืืช ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืชืฉื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื“ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ืื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื•, ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืžืขื™ื, ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื. ืฉื“ืจืŸ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืš ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืจืฅ 2015. ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืคืขืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืžื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื’ื ื“ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฆืจ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื" ืขื ืจื–ื™ ื‘ืจืงืื™. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื. ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื–ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื "ืš ืฉืžืฉื•ื“ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "123 ื‘ื•ืœ" ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืืœื’ืจื•", ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™, ืฉื”ื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™, ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื—ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข "ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช". ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ื” ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืžืœืš ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื”", "ืžื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ืจ", "ื”ื›ืกืคืช", "ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืœืฉื”", "1 ื ื’ื“ 100". ืกืคืจื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืืžื™ืœ ืคื•ื™ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ, ื™ื’ืขืช ื•ืžืฆืืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื. ื–ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, 1976. ืžืฉื” ื“. ื›ืกืคื™, ืžื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘? ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, 1978. ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืืจื–, ืœืชืคื•ืก ืจืืฉ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืชืžืจ, 1983. ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1975. ืขืžื™ ื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื–ืง, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืชืžืจ, 1996. ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืœืก, ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื™-ืืŸ, 1998. ื™ื•ืจื™ ืฆ'ืจื ื™ืืง ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืจื•ื–, ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ืžืžื™ื ืกืง, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, 1999. ื›ืคื™ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืงืคืช, 2001. ืขื“ื• ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ, ื”ืคื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืš, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืœื•ื, 2000. ืจื•ืžื” ืคืœืง, ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ื”ืืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2004. ืจื™ื™ืžื•ื ื“ ืกืžื•ืœื™ืืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื–ื”?, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ื ืจืช, 2006. ืขื“ื™ ื•ืื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ, ื›ืฃืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื•ืคืจื™ื, 2004. ืื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื›ื ืจืช, ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2014. ืกืคืจื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืก ื•ื‘ื ื• ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื‘ืก, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื: ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืก, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื’ื•ืจ. ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืก, ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื’ื•ืจ. ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืก, ืกึตืคึถืจ ื”ึทื—ึดื™ื“ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธืžึดื™, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื’ื•ืจ. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื‘ืก, ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื’ื•ืจ. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื‘ืก, ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื’ื•ืจ. ืจืื• ื’ื ืื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉืงื™ืœื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืœืื” ืžื–ื•ืจ: ืขืœ ืžืงืจื, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช - ืžืื’ืจ ืžืื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื *
2024-02-19T21:33:04
ื—ื‘ืจื” (ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”)
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ื˜ืงืกื˜=ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืืจ ื”ืชืืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื”|ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžืœืื›ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืžืื•ื’ื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช) ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžืžื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช (ืœืื•ื, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื›ื•') ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช: ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช โ€“ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืื• ืžืคืขืœ). ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช โ€“ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื• ืงื”ื™ืœื”). ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืœืื“ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืกืคืง, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืกื™ืคื•ืงื ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื (ื›ืžื• โ€“ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื, ืžื—ืกื”, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”) ืื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื›ืžื• โ€“ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื” ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื•ื’ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœืขืฆื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื’ืฉื™, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ื›ื•'). ืœืื“ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืคืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืœื–ื•ืœืช ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืชื•, ืชื•ื“ืขืชื•, ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืœืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืœืื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ืœืื“ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•, ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™. ืชืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื: ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉืœ, ืžืฉืคื˜, ืฉืคื”, ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ื“ืช, ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืžื™ื“ืข. ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืœื›ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื‘ื ื”, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื—ื‘ืจื”" ืงื•ื“ื, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช, ืœืžื•ืฉื’ "ืคืจื˜". ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืชื•ื“ืขืชื•, ืื™ื ื ืืœื ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืคืจื˜ื™ืช" ืื• "ืื™ื ื“ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช". ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ืจื•ื-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™"), ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื–ื• ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืœื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื’ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” โ€“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืš-ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื” (ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืœื ืจืง). ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”: ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” โ€“ ืื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื. ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื” โ€“ ืงืจืงืข, ืฉืคื”, ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ื•'. ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ืืคื•ืจ. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช โ€“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ืžืชื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช-ืžืฉื ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื“ื™ื: ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” โ€“ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืš ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืืœื• ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื•ื— ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืชืช-ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช) ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงืชื• ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืžื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื. ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื’ื ื”ืืžืŸ ื•ื’ื ืงื”ืœื• ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืืžืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”). ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื•ื’ื ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื”. ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ืชื™; ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™; ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื›ื•'). ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืืชื™ืงื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืืชื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืงืจ, ืœืจื›ืœ ืื• ืœื’ื ื•ื‘) ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืืœื™ื”. ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืžื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ืืชื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืื• ืœื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง (ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืจื›ืœ ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื• ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™). ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื•ืืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืืชื™ืงื”, ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ: ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืจ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘ ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืืœื ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”. ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ืช: ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ืืจื›ื™ืช: ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ืืจื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืžืžืฉืœ, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื˜ืืจื™ืช. ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช. ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื–ื•, ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื”, ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื”, ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”. ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื–ื•, ื”ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื: ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืข. ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ื”ื ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื›ืœืœื™ื ืืœื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœืœื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื”ื, ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืืš ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื: ื—ื•ืงื™ื โ€“ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžืžืฉืœ, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื“ืช, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืงื“ืžืื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื›ื•'). ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื (ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”) ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ, ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'), ื•ื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ. ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื (ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืคื ื”, ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื). ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ), ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ โ€“ ื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืช-ื—ื‘ืจื”) ื•ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ื•ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื, ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื•ืžื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืœื ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืืžืฅ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ืขืงื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืขืžื“ื™, ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ, ื•ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื—ื•ืกืจ-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื•, ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ืกืžื•ื™, ืื™ืžื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื›"ื—ื‘ืจื”". ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช: ื—ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืกืชื’ืœ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื• ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืืœื™ื” ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช: ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื’ื“ืจืชื•. ื”ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื. ืชืคื™ืกื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืจื•ืฉื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื“ืจื›ื ื”ืื“ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ืขื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื ืงืจืืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”
2024-04-23T13:45:05
ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื—ืœืง ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-14 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืืกื•ืคืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื, ืžืกืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื‘ื•ื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื’ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ: ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืื—ื“ (ื ื˜ืจ), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ื–ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืชืื™ื–ื. ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื: ื›ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืจืžื•ืจืคื™ื™ื (ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื“ื), ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ื” ื’ื ื™ื—ื“, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ (ืกืžืœ ืื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื•ืกื›ื) ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืชื™ื. ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื”, ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื” ืืœื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช, ืœืงื‘ืจื™ื, ืœื—ื ื™ื˜ื”, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื. ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื™ื•ืจ ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื” ืชื—ื•ืชืžืก ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื, ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืคืจืขื” ืžืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื, ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก ื•ืื ื•ื‘ื™ืก ืœืคื™ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ึผ, ืชื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ืฉืฉืจืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืืœ ืืชื•ึผื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ืื™ืฉื”, ืืœื ื’ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ืจื•ืื” ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื. ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืืœ ืืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”, ื•ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืคืฆื™ืข ื”ืืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจื— ื”ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืชื• ื—ืฉ ืืชื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“. ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืฆืœ ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื™ืœื“ ื•ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืจื•ืง ื•ืžื”ื–ืจืข ืฉืœื•. ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ึผ ื•ืชึถึผืคึฐื ื•ึผืช. (ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืจืข ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื”ืืœ ืืชื•ื-ืจืข ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื). ืฉื• ื”ืคืš ืœืืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืชืคื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืืœืช ื”ืขืจืคืœ ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช. ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืื•ืก ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืกื“ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืฉื• ื•ืชืคื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš. ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื ื•ืฆื” ืงืœื™ืœื” ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืœืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืืข'ืช. ืฉื• ื•ืชืคื ื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ื ืืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื’ื‘ ืืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื’ื‘ ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืžืขืช' โ€“ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื•ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉื•, ืืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืืช ื ื•ืช ืžืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ืฉื ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื” ืžืชื•ื—ื” ืžืขืœ ื’ื‘ ืื—ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื”. ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ืจื ืฆืžื—ื™ื. ืžื“ื™ ืœื™ืœื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ื™ืœื“ื” ื ื•ืช ืืช ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืจืข. ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขืงื‘ื” ืื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉืจืข ืžืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉืงื™ืขื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื•ืœืขืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจื‘. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืจืื• ืฉื• ื•ืชืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืชื—ืช ืขืฅ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”: ืื™ื–ื™ืก ืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ืชื—ื•ืจ ืืœืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืกืช ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืข, ืชื—ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื”, ื•ื ืคืชื™ืก ืืœืช ื”ื ื”ืจ. ืื™ื–ื™ืก ื•ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื•ืจื•ืก (ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”ื•ืจื•ืก ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื’ื ืœืืœ ืื—ืจ, ืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืฉืช ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื). ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืคื™ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื™ืฆืื• ืฉื• ื•ืชืคื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื. ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืืชื•ื ืฉื“ืื’ ืœื”ื, ืฉืœื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื• ืจื•ืืช-ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื. ื›ืฉืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืืชื•ื ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžื—ื”. ื“ืžืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื˜ืคื˜ืคื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืžืืขืช', ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœืขื•ืœื. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื›-2,000 ืืœื™ื, ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ืช, ื›ืื™ืกื™ืก, ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก, ื ืคื˜ื™ืก, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืžื ื•ืคื™ืก, ืชื•ืชืžื•ืกื™ืก ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืกื“ืจ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ ืื•ื ื•ืจื™ืก โ€“ ืืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื•ืœื•ื—ื. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ืจืข. ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก โ€“ (ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืกืจ) ืืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืื•ืœ, ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื ืฉืคื˜ื• ื”ืžืชื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื• ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืฉืื•ืœ. ืื™ืกื™ืก โ€“ ืืœืช ื”ืงืกื ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ืื—ื•ืชื• ื•ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก. "ื”ืืœื” ื”ืื", ื‘ืขืœืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืจืฉื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™, ื‘ื ื”, ื”ื•ืจื•ืก. ืื™ื•ืกืืกืช โ€“ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ืงื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืชื•ื. ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื "ืกื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืœื™ื". ืึทื›ึตึผืจ โ€“ ืืœ ืื•ืคืง ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ืึธืžื•ืŸ ื•ืึธืžื•ื ืช โ€“ ืืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืกื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชื‘ืื™, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ืจืข ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืืœื™ื "ืืžื•ืŸ-ืจืข". ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช, "ืืžื•ืŸ-ื›ื-ืžื•ืชืฃ". ืืžื•ืช โ€“ ืžืคืœืฆืช ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช. ืื ื•ื‘ื™ืก โ€“ ืืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื˜ืงืก "ืฉืงื™ืœืช ื”ืœื‘" ืฉื‘ื• ื ืงื‘ืข ืื ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืชื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืื ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืชื–ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชื–ื›ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—, ืขืžืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื™ื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ืื•ืชื”. ืื ื˜ื™ โ€“ ืืœ ื‘ื– ืฉื ืกื’ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”. ืกืคืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืจืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืกื™ืก. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจ ืื ื˜ื™ ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ ืœืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื ื˜ื™ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื•ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื• ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ื ืžืชื™" โ€“ "ื”ื ื•ืกืข". ืืคื™ืก โ€“ ืืœ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืคืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืืœื™ื ื•ื›ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืชื—. ืžืจื›ื– ืคื•ืœื—ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืžืคื™ืก. ืืคืค (ืืคื•ืคื™ืก) โ€“ ืืœ ื ื—ืฉ ืขืฆื•ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ืฉืื•ืจื‘ ืœืกืคื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืข. ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ืื•ืก ืื•ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ืจืข (ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ) ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืืชื•ื โ€“ ื”ืืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ืจืข ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ "ืืชื•ื-ืจืข". ืืชื•ืŸ โ€“ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ื—ืžื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื‘ึธึผืื‘ึธึผื™ โ€“ ืืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื. ืงืฉื•ืจ ื’ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื. ื‘ืช โ€“ ืืœื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืคืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืืœื” ื—ืชื—ื•ืจ. ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืคืœื˜ืช ื ืขืจืžืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช. ื‘ื•ื›ื™ืก โ€“ ืืœ ืคืจ ื—ื™ ืฉื ืกื’ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชื‘ื™ื™. ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืžื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื•ื ืชื• ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคื™ืก. ื‘ืก โ€“ ื”ืืœ ื”ื’ืžื“. ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช. ื‘ืกืชืช โ€“ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื ืจืืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื•ืขืœ ืคืจืขื”. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืœื” ืกื—'ืžืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืœืืฉื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืจืืฉ ื—ืชื•ืœ, ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืข, ื‘ืกืชืช ื ืœื—ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืืคื•ืคื™ืก. ื’ื‘ โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื ื•ืช. ื”ื” โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ. ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืื“- ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื™ืช ืืœื™ ื”ืจืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื (ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื: ื ื• ื•ื ืื•ื ืช, ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ืืžื•ื ืช, ืงื• ื•ืงืื•ืงืช ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื”ืช). ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืขื ืคื™ ื“ืงืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื“. ื”ื•ืจื•ืก โ€“ (ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืจ) ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื–. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื™ืก ื•ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก ื•ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ืกืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ืงื โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืงืกื. ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”"ืงื”" ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ืืชื•ื ื•ื—ื ื•ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ืื“ื’'ืช โ€“ ืืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื ื—ืฉ ืงื•ื‘ืจื”. ืžืจื›ื– ืคื•ืœื—ื ื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื˜ื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืœืช ื”ืคืคื™ืจื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืคืจืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”. ื—'ื•ื ืกื• โ€“ ืืœ ื”ื™ืจื—. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ื ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœื—'ื•ื ืกื• ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกื’ื“ื• ืœื”ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ "ื—ื•ื ืกื•-ื‘ื ื•ื-ืืžื•ืŸ-ื ึถืคึถืจ-ื—ึถืชึถืค" ื•"ื—ื•ื ืกื•-ืขื•ืฉื”-ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช-ื‘ื ื•ื-ืืžื•ืŸ" (ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช). ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืจื™ืคื•ื™, ื—ืจื™ืฆืช ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช, ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื—. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืื—ื•ืจ. ื—'ื ื•ื โ€“ ืืœ ื‘ื•ืจื. ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก. ื—ืขืคื™ โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืฆืคืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืฉืชืจืžื” ืœื’ื“ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืœ ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื ื”. ื—'ืจื˜ื™ โ€“ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ โ€“ ื™ืืจื•. ื‘ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืจืื. ื—'ืืจื™ืกื˜ โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืฉืชืŸ. ื‘ืขืœ ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืฆื—. ื—'ืคืจื™ โ€“ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืชื•ืืจ ื›ื—ืจืคื•ืฉื™ืช (ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช). ื—ึถืงึถืช โ€“ ืืœืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืื• ื‘ืขืœืช ืจืืฉ ืฆืคืจื“ืข. ืžืกืžืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื—ืชื—ื•ืจ โ€“ ืืœืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™, ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืชื•ืืจื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืคืจื” ืื• ื‘ืขืœืช ืงืจื ื™ ืคืจื”. ื—ืชืžื—ื™ืช โ€“ ืืœืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื. ืžืจื›ื– ืคื•ืœื—ื ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื ื“ื™ืก (ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ื“ื’'ื“ืช). ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื’ื ื›ืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. ื›ึตึผื›ึผื•ึผ ื•ื›ึตื›ึผื•ึผืช โ€“ ืืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืกื™ืžืœื• ืืช ื”ืืคืœื” ื‘ืื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ืœื›ื›ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืฆืคืจื“ืข ื•ืœื›ื›ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื ื—ืฉ. ืžืื”ืก โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืืจื™ื”. ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืกืชืช. ืžืืข'ืช โ€“ ืืœืช ื”ืืžืช, ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืง. ืœืคื™ "ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื", ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ืœื‘ื• ื•ื—ื˜ืื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื ืฉืงืœ ื‘ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื ื•ืฆืช ืžืืขืช โ€“ ื ื•ืฆืช ื”ืืžืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืจืคืช ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื– ื‘ื”. ืžืืคื“ืช โ€“ ื”ืืœื” ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื. ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ื—ื™ื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื. ืžืืจื•ืง โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืœื—ื. ืžื•ึนื ึฐืช โ€“ ืืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื‘ื–. ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžืฉ. ืžื•ืช โ€“ ืืœื” ืื. ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื—'ื•ื ืกื•. ืžื—'ืช ื•ื•ืจืช โ€“ ืืœืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื›ืคืจื” ืขื ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจื ื™ื”. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืžื” ื”ื•ื "ื”ื’ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”". ืžื™ืŸ โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืžึถืกึฐื—ึต'ื ึถืช โ€“ ืืœืช ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื”. ืžืจืชืกื’ืจ โ€“ ืืœื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืจืืฉ ืงื•ื‘ืจื”. ืืœืช ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื ืงืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืื™. ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื•ืžืœืืช ืจื—ืžื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ. ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื•ื ืช โ€“ ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงืžืื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื”ื’ื™ื— ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ื•ื ืฉืงื“ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืืœืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืฉืช ื’ื‘. ื ื—'ื‘ืช โ€“ ืืœื”-ื ืฉืจ ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ื ื™ืช โ€“ ืืœืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื ืคืจ โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื”. ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื ื ืช. ื ืคืจืชื โ€“ ืืœ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื˜ื•ืก โ€“ ื’ื™ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงืžืื™ื. ื ืคืชื™ืก โ€“ ืžื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื. ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืช ื•ืืœืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก. ืกึธืืชึดื™ืก โ€“ ืฉื•ืžืจืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื’ื ืœื”ืฆืคืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก. ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื—'ื ื•ื. ืกื‘ื› โ€“ ืืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ. ืžื–ื™ืขืชื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืชื ื™ืŸ. ืกื•ึนื›ึธึผืจ โ€“ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืžืคื™ืก. ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืœืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื. ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ืคืฆื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื”. ืกื—'ืžืช โ€“ ืืœืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืจืืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืื”, ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื–ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื•ื“ืคืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื” ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืข, ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืชื— ื•ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื ืคืจืชื. ืกืจืงืช โ€“ ืืœื” ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื” ืขืงืจื‘. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืช, ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืขืงื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื›ืฉื•ืช. ืกืช โ€“ ืืœ ื”ื›ืื•ืก, ื”ืกืขืจื”, ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื”. ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ืคื ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืข, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ืก. ืขื ืช โ€“ ืืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืœื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืงืจื‘. ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืข ื•ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืช. ืขืฉืชืจืช โ€“ ืืœื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืกื•ืจื™-ื›ื ืขื ื™. ื”ื•ืฉืืœื” ืœืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ืขื ืช, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืข ื•ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืช. ืคืื—ืช โ€“ ืืœืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืื”. ืžืจื›ื– ืคื•ืœื—ื ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืกืŸ. ื”ืคืจืขื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืชืฉืคืกื•ืช ื‘ื ืชื” ืœื” ืžืงื“ืฉ ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”. ืคืชื— ืืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืžืคื™ืก. ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื. ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ึตึผื ื•ึผ โ€“ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืื ืคื”, ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช. ืงื˜ืฉ โ€“ ืืœืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ ืฉื—ื“ืจื” ืœืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื™ืจืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ืžื” ืจื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืื• ื ืžืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืคืจื— ื”ืœื•ื˜ื•ืก. ืจึตื ึตื ึถืช โ€“ ืืœืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืจื”, ืžื™ื ืงืช ื•ืžื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœืš. ืจืข โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืžืœืš ื”ืืœื™ื, ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื. ืฉึธืึดื™ โ€“ ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ. ืฉื• โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ ื•ื ื•ืช. ืฉึถืกึฐืžื•ึผ โ€“ ืืœ ื”ื’ืชื•ืช, ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืžื ื™ื. ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืื“ื, ืื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืื“ื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืจื™ื”. ืชืื•ืจืช โ€“ ืืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืจืืฉ ื•ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืคื•ื˜ื, ื–ื ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื ื™ืŸ, ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื™ืื” ื•ืฉื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื”. ืชื—ื•ืช โ€“ (ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื’'ื—ื•ื˜ื™) ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ื“ืขืช, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ื›ืชื‘. ืชืคื ื•ืช โ€“ ืืœืช ืœื—ื•ืช, ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืœ. ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื” ืื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื” ืขื ืจืืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืื”. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื ืืš ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื—ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืจืข, ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืจ, ื•ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก, ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื•ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš, ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ืœืืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื - ืื™ืกื™ืก ื•ืื—ื•ืชื” ื ืคืชื™ืก ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก. ืฉืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืงื™ื“ืžื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื: ืืžื•ืŸ, ืจืข ื•ืคืชื—. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ืชื‘ืืŸ ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก, ืื™ืกื™ืก ื•ื”ื•ืจื•ืก - ื”ื™ื•ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืฉืœ ืื‘, ืื ื•ื™ืœื“. ืคืชื—, ืกื—'ืžืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื ื ืคืจื˜ื. ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืืœื•ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช: ืืžื•ืŸ, ืจืข, ืคืชื— ื•ืกืช. ืื ื™ืื“ื•ืช ืชืฉืขื”, ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื›ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช "ืื ื™ืื“ื•ืช", ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืฉืขื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื. ื”ืื ื™ืื“ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื ื™ืื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก, ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆืืฆืื™ ืืชื•ื, ื”ืžืื’ื“ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืคื”, 2005. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื *
2024-09-21T08:56:17
ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก (ืžืฆืจื™ื)
250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ื—ื–ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ืกืชื™ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื™ืงื•ื ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก (ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืฆื”ื•ื‘) ืึถื‘ึผื™ื“ื•ึนืก (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุฃุจูŠุฏูˆุณ; ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ฮ‘ฮฒฯ…ฮดฮฟฯ‚; ื‘ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ืช: Ebot) ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื›-11 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก. ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืœื ื•ื ื•ืœื‘ื™ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื“ื’'ื• (3bdw, ืจืื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ ืžืฉืžืืœ), "ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืกืžืœ", ื‘ื” ืจืืฉื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก ื”ืฉืชืžืจ. ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก, ื›ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื. ืฉืžื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืœ-ืขืจื‘ื” ืืœ ืžื“ืคื•ื ื” (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุงู„ุนุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏููˆู†ุฉ). ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก ืฉื›ื ื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื ืงืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™, ื‘ื• ื ืงื‘ืจื• ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื. ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืืชืจื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืืชืจ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ, ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื’ื“ื™ืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคืจืขื” ืกืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก, ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื›ืจื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื ืขืจืžืจ/ืžื ืก, ืขื“ ืœืจืขืžืกืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืชื™. ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืžืงื“ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืกืชื™. ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก ื ืžืฆืื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืช ืฉืžื” ื•ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื—ืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืกืช ื‘ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช , ื—ืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข. ื—ืœืงื ื”ื™ื• ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืื. ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื‘ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฆืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ืช 3320 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื˜ืจื ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืืชืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืก. ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืฃ ื”ืžืกื•ืง ืžืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”: ืขืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื”ืจืกื• ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืก
2023-04-02T07:27:40
ืื“ื” (ืกืคืจ)
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|250px|ื›ืจื™ื›ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืกืœื ื“. ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ื›ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืœืžืขืœื”, ืื‘ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืื•ืชื• (ื”ื•ึผื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ึผื ื™ืŸ). ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ืžืฆื ืžื™ื•ืœื ื™ืจ, ืคื˜ื™ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ืชื•ืจ. ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื”ืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืžื“ืืœ ื•ื”ืคืจื” ืื•ึนื“ึฐื”ื•ึผืžึฐื‘ึฐืœึทื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ืžืฆื ืกึฐืœึตื™ื™ืคึฐื ื™ืจ, ืกื•ืกื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืฆืืฆืื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงื™, ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืœื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ื–ืื‘ ืคึตื ึฐืจื™ืจ. ืึถื“ึธื” (ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ืช: Edda), ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืกื ื•ืจื™ ืกื˜ื•ืจืœื•ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื’ื ืœืื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช. ืกืคืจื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืกื ื•ืจื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืขืช ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช" ืื• "ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”" ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ื ืงืจื "ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช" ืื• "ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช". ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื“ื”" ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืฉื™ืจื”" (ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ "รณรฐr" ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”), ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืืžื•ื ื”" (ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื• "ืงืจื“ื•") ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืกื‘ืชื ืจื‘ืชื". ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ืกื ื•ืจื™ ืกื˜ื•ืจืœื•ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1220, ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืฉืชืžืจื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžื›ื™ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช, ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืื™ ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื”ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ื˜ืจืฆื™ื”. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืกื ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ืขื˜ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ื›ืชื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื. ื—ืจืฃ ืืžื•ื ืชื•, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืกื ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื• ื•ื”ืืœื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื ื™ืกื” ืกื ื•ืจื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืกื“ืจ ื•ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื—ื“. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื ืืœืฅ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืื• "ืฉื™ืจื•ืช") ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืกื ื•ืจื™, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื•ืœืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžืื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืชื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืœื•ืงื™ ื•ืชื•ืจ. ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื•ึผืจึฐื“ ืงื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœืงื™ืจื™ื” ื‘ึฐืจื™ื ึฐื”ื™ืœึฐื“. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื ืงืจื "Codex Regius" - "ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš". ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13 ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1643, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ึฐืจื™ื ึฐื™ื•ึนืœึฐืคื•ึผืจ ืกึฐื•ึตื™ื ึฐืกื•ึนืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืกึฐืงึทืœึฐื”ื•ึนืœึฐื˜. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื ื•ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขืจื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช - ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ - ืžืžื ื” ืฉืื‘ ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืกื ื•ืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืกืคืจื• - ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”. ื‘ึฐืจื™ื ึฐื™ื•ึนืœึฐืคื•ึผืจ ื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœ"ืกึตื™ื™ืžื•ึผื ึฐื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“", ื›ื•ืžืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-12. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื–ื” ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉื "ื”ืื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกึตื™ื™ืžื•ึผื ึฐื“ื•ืจ" ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื. ืฉืžื• ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ Codex Regius ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ึฐืจื™ื ึฐื™ื•ึนืœึฐืคื•ึผืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœืžืœืš ื“ื ื™. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ืช - ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื˜ืจื ื™ื›ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ืช - ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช - ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ืจ. ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช - ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ื‘ืœื•ืื•ืก. ื”ืžืืžืจ Ten Scandinavian and North English Etymologies ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ - ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ืื“ื”. ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
2024-03-21T22:03:52