id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
14,200 | The parallelogram law takes the form q ( x ) + q ( y ) = 1 2 ( q ( x + y ) + q ( x − y ) ) . {\displaystyle q(x)+q(y)={\tfrac {1}{2}}(q(x+y)+q(x-y)).} Using the square of the sum identity, for an arbitrary triangle one can express the scalar square of the third side from scalar squares of two sides and their bilinear f... | Pseudo-Euclidean space | 0.815432 |
14,201 | In mathematics and theoretical physics, a pseudo-Euclidean space is a finite-dimensional real n-space together with a non-degenerate quadratic form q. Such a quadratic form can, given a suitable choice of basis (e1, …, en), be applied to a vector x = x1e1 + ⋯ + xnen, giving which is called the scalar square of the vect... | Pseudo-Euclidean space | 0.815432 |
14,202 | Solid materials are formed from densely packed atoms, which interact intensely. These interactions produce the mechanical (e.g. hardness and elasticity), thermal, electrical, magnetic and optical properties of solids. Depending on the material involved and the conditions in which it was formed, the atoms may be arrange... | Solid State Science | 0.815432 |
14,203 | This multilateration problem is equivalent to the three-dimensional generalization of Apollonius' problem and applies to global navigation satellite systems (see GPS#Geometric interpretation). It is also used to determine the position of calling animals (such as birds and whales), although Apollonius' problem does not ... | Apollonius problem | 0.81543 |
14,204 | Viète began by solving the PPP case (three points) following the method of Euclid in his Elements. From this, he derived a lemma corresponding to the power of a point theorem, which he used to solve the LPP case (a line and two points). Following Euclid a second time, Viète solved the LLL case (three lines) using the a... | Apollonius problem | 0.81543 |
14,205 | A natural setting for problem of Apollonius is inversive geometry. The basic strategy of inversive methods is to transform a given Apollonius problem into another Apollonius problem that is simpler to solve; the solutions to the original problem are found from the solutions of the transformed problem by undoing the tra... | Apollonius problem | 0.81543 |
14,206 | Inversion in this point reduces Apollonius' problem to finding a plane that is tangent to three given spheres. There are in general eight such planes, which become the solutions to the original problem by reversing the inversion and the resizing. This problem was first considered by Pierre de Fermat, and many alternati... | Apollonius problem | 0.81543 |
14,207 | The Apollonian gasket also has deep connections to other fields of mathematics; for example, it is the limit set of Kleinian groups.The configuration of a circle tangent to four circles in the plane has special properties, which have been elucidated by Larmor (1891) and Lachlan (1893). Such a configuration is also the ... | Apollonius problem | 0.81543 |
14,208 | Two distinct lines cannot be tangent in the plane, although two parallel lines can be considered as tangent at a point at infinity in inversive geometry (see below).The solution circle may be either internally or externally tangent to each of the given circles. An external tangency is one where the two circles bend awa... | Apollonius problem | 0.81543 |
14,209 | In the second family (Figure 8), the solution circles enclose the inner concentric circle. There are generally four solutions for each family, yielding eight possible solutions, consistent with the algebraic solution. When two of the given circles are concentric, Apollonius's problem can be solved easily using a method... | Apollonius problem | 0.81543 |
14,210 | They argued that no action taken on the first particle could instantaneously affect the other, since this would involve information being transmitted faster than light, which is forbidden by the theory of relativity. They invoked a principle, later known as the "EPR criterion of reality", positing that: "If, without in... | EPR Paradox | 0.815428 |
14,211 | The Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox is a thought experiment proposed by physicists Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen which argues that the description of physical reality provided by quantum mechanics is incomplete. In a 1935 paper titled "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be C... | EPR Paradox | 0.815428 |
14,212 | 1 → μ 2 → P i n V → O V → 1 {\displaystyle 1\rightarrow \mu _{2}\rightarrow \mathrm {Pin} _{V}\rightarrow \mathrm {O_{V}} \rightarrow 1} Here μ2 is the algebraic group of square roots of 1; over a field of characteristic not 2 it is roughly the same as a two-element group with trivial Galois action. The connecting homo... | Rotation group | 0.815428 |
14,213 | The 'spin' name of the spinor norm can be explained by a connection to the spin group (more accurately a pin group). This may now be explained quickly by Galois cohomology (which however postdates the introduction of the term by more direct use of Clifford algebras). The spin covering of the orthogonal group provides a... | Rotation group | 0.815428 |
14,214 | In the theory of Galois cohomology of algebraic groups, some further points of view are introduced. They have explanatory value, in particular in relation with the theory of quadratic forms; but were for the most part post hoc, as far as the discovery of the phenomena is concerned. The first point is that quadratic for... | Rotation group | 0.815428 |
14,215 | The basic relationship between the sine and cosine is given by the Pythagorean identity: where sin 2 θ {\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\theta } means ( sin θ ) 2 {\displaystyle (\sin \theta )^{2}} and cos 2 θ {\displaystyle \cos ^{2}\theta } means ( cos θ ) 2 . {\displaystyle (\cos \theta )^{2}.} This can be viewed as ... | Triple-angle formula | 0.81542 |
14,216 | The so-called "rigidity" states that the identity component of the centralizer of a diagonalizable group coincides with the identity component of the normalizer of the group. The fact plays a crucial role in the structure theory of solvable groups. A connected diagonalizable group is called an algebraic torus (which is... | Diagonalizable group | 0.81542 |
14,217 | In mathematics, an affine algebraic group is said to be diagonalizable if it is isomorphic to a subgroup of Dn, the group of diagonal matrices. A diagonalizable group defined over a field k is said to split over k or k-split if the isomorphism is defined over k. This coincides with the usual notion of split for an alge... | Diagonalizable group | 0.81542 |
14,218 | The anion is also an excellent ligand. For example, with Ni(II) sources, it forms 2−. Much of the chemistry of the thiomolybdate results from studies on salts of quaternised organic cations, such as 2 and 2 (Et = C2H5, Ph = C6H5). These organic salts are soluble in polar organic solvents such as acetonitrile and dmf. | (NH4)2MoS4 | 0.815419 |
14,219 | Without genetic information from intermediate taxa, it is difficult to know how much, or if any saturation has occurred on an observed sequence. Genetic saturation occurs most rapidly on fast-evolving sequences, such as the hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA, or in short tandem repeats such as on the Y-chromosom... | Genetic saturation | 0.815417 |
14,220 | Gene site saturation mutagenesis (GSSM) is mutagenesis technique of one or more codons in a gene to create a library of variants covering all other codons at that position. It is used in biochemistry and protein engineering to explore the functions and characteristics of specific amino acid sequences. This systemic ide... | Genetic saturation | 0.815417 |
14,221 | In the field of molecular phylogenetics, the distances and relationships between species are investigated by looking at the DNA, RNA or amino acid sequences of an organism. When phylogenetic trees are constructed without considering possible saturation, the possibility of multiple substitutions can cause the distance b... | Genetic saturation | 0.815417 |
14,222 | or have published extensively; normally an Associate Fellow should hold the rank of assistant professor. Fellows are expected to be established scholars and typically have the rank of associate professor or higher. Some members are involved in highly theoretical research; there are members whose primary interest lies i... | Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications | 0.815415 |
14,223 | The Mathematics Genealogy Mission statement: "Throughout this project when we use the word 'mathematics' or 'mathematician' we mean that word in a very inclusive sense. Thus, all relevant data from statistics, computer science, philosophy or operations research is welcome." | Mathematics Genealogy | 0.815414 |
14,224 | In plane geometry, the Kepler–Bouwkamp constant (or polygon inscribing constant) is obtained as a limit of the following sequence. Take a circle of radius 1. Inscribe a regular triangle in this circle. Inscribe a circle in this triangle. | Kepler–Bouwkamp constant | 0.815412 |
14,225 | Sports science is a discipline that studies how the healthy human body works during exercise, and how sport and physical activity promote health and performance from cellular to whole body perspectives. The study of sports science traditionally incorporates areas of physiology (exercise physiology), psychology (sport p... | Sport Science | 0.815412 |
14,226 | Journal of Applied Biomechanics International Journal of Computer Science in Sport Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research Journal of Swimming Research Sports Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport | Sport Science | 0.815412 |
14,227 | The designs typically consisted of organic molecules adsorbed on a metallic surface with a scanning-tunneling-microscope (STM) on top of it. The current flowing from the tip of the STM is used to drive the directional rotation of the molecule or of a part of it. The operation of such nanomotors relies on classical phys... | Nanomotor | 0.815411 |
14,228 | Due to their small size, quantum mechanics plays an important role in some nanomotors. For example, in 2020 Stolz et al. showed the cross-over from classical motion to quantum tunneling in a nanomotor made of a rotating molecule driven by the STM's current. Cold-atom-based ac-driven quantum motors have been explored by... | Nanomotor | 0.815411 |
14,229 | Nonetheless, Richard Feynman's speech inspired a new generation of scientists to pursue research into nanotechnology. Nanomotors are the focus of research for their ability to overcome microfluidic dynamics present at low Reynold's numbers. Scallop Theory explains that nanomotors must break symmetry to produce motion a... | Nanomotor | 0.815411 |
14,230 | A nanomotor is a molecular or nanoscale device capable of converting energy into movement. It can typically generate forces on the order of piconewtons. While nanoparticles have been utilized by artists for centuries, such as in the famous Lycurgus cup, scientific research into nanotechnology did not come about until r... | Nanomotor | 0.815411 |
14,231 | The runtime environment is a pre-compiled set of libraries which works with the compiled parallelized C++ code to execute optimally on the target platform. It builds on Intel Threaded Building Blocks (TBB) and handles things such as cache optimization, memory management, work queues-stealing, and performance monitoring... | SequenceL | 0.81541 |
14,232 | SequenceL is a general purpose functional programming language and auto-parallelizing (Parallel computing) compiler and tool set, whose primary design objectives are performance on multi-core processor hardware, ease of programming, platform portability/optimization, and code clarity and readability. Its main advantage... | SequenceL | 0.81541 |
14,233 | "Darrel Falk, co-president of the BioLogos Foundation and a biology professor at Point Loma Nazarene University, reviewed the book and used it as an example of why he does not support the intelligent design movement. In 2010 the BioLogos Foundation published Meyer's response to Falk. The response criticizes Falk's char... | Signature in the Cell | 0.815406 |
14,234 | A slip system describes the set of symmetrically identical slip planes and associated family of slip directions for which dislocation motion can easily occur and lead to plastic deformation. The magnitude and direction of slip are represented by the Burgers vector, b. An external force makes parts of the crystal lattic... | Slip (materials science) | 0.815398 |
14,235 | In materials science, slip is the large displacement of one part of a crystal relative to another part along crystallographic planes and directions. Slip occurs by the passage of dislocations on close/packed planes, which are planes containing the greatest number of atoms per area and in close-packed directions (most a... | Slip (materials science) | 0.815398 |
14,236 | They include Mauna Kea (Hawaii, United States), the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory on the Atacama Plateau (Chile), the South Pole, and Hanle in India (the Himalayan site of the Indian Astronomical Observatory). Comparisons show that all four sites are excellent for submillimetre astronomy, and of these sites Mauna Kea... | Submillimetre astronomy | 0.815393 |
14,237 | Space-based observations at the submillimetre wavelengths remove the ground-based limitations of atmospheric absorption. The first submillimeter telescope in space was the Soviet BST-1M, located in the scientific equipment compartment of the Salyut-6 orbital station. It was equipped with a mirror with a diameter of 1.5... | Submillimetre astronomy | 0.815393 |
14,238 | This is because if the outcome model is well specified then its residuals will be around 0 (regardless of the weights each residual will get). While if the model is biased, but the weighting model is well specified, then the bias will be well estimated (And corrected for) by the weighted average residuals.The bias of t... | Inverse probability weighting | 0.815389 |
14,239 | These applications codified the theory of other statistics and estimators such as marginal structural models, the standardized mortality ratio, and the EM algorithm for coarsened or aggregate data. Inverse probability weighting is also used to account for missing data when subjects with missing data cannot be included ... | Inverse probability weighting | 0.815389 |
14,240 | When the sampling probability is known, from which the sampling population is drawn from the target population, then the inverse of this probability is used to weight the observations. This approach has been generalized to many aspects of statistics under various frameworks. In particular, there are weighted likelihood... | Inverse probability weighting | 0.815389 |
14,241 | Inverse probability weighting is a statistical technique for calculating statistics standardized to a pseudo-population different from that in which the data was collected. Study designs with a disparate sampling population and population of target inference (target population) are common in application. There may be p... | Inverse probability weighting | 0.815389 |
14,242 | The conference is a single track meeting that includes invited talks as well as oral and poster presentations of refereed papers. It usually lasts three days in September, and traditionally includes some special sessions about the application of computational intelligence to specific aspects of biology (for example, th... | International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics | 0.815384 |
14,243 | The International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics (CIBB) is a yearly scientific conference focused on machine learning and computational intelligence applied to bioinformatics and biostatistics. | International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics | 0.815384 |
14,244 | The CIBB conferences are typically organized by members of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (IEEE CIS) and the International Neural Network Society (INNS), among others. Their main themes are machine learning, data mining, and computational intelligence algorithms applied to biological and biostatistical pro... | International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics | 0.815384 |
14,245 | The functional flow block diagram (FFBD) is a multi-tier, time-sequenced, step-by-step flow diagram of the system's functional flow. The diagram is developed in the 1950s and widely used in classical systems engineering. The functional flow block diagram is also referred to as Functional Flow Diagram, functional block ... | Function model | 0.815376 |
14,246 | In systems engineering and software engineering a function model is created with a functional modeling perspective. The functional perspective is one of the perspectives possible in business process modelling, other perspectives are for example behavioural, organisational or informational.A functional modeling perspect... | Function model | 0.815376 |
14,247 | IDEF0 is a function modeling methodology for describing manufacturing functions, which offers a functional modeling language for the analysis, development, re-engineering, and integration of information systems; business processes; or software engineering analysis. It is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in... | Function model | 0.815376 |
14,248 | While the demonstration by Adleman showed the possibility of DNA-based computers, the DNA design was trivial because as the number of nodes in a graph grows, the number of DNA components required in Adleman's implementation would grow exponentially. Therefore, computer scientist and biochemists started exploring tile-a... | DNA computer | 0.815373 |
14,249 | Kevin Cherry and Lulu Qian at Caltech developed a DNA-based artificial neural network that can recognize 100-bit hand-written digits. They achieve this by programming on computer in advance with appropriate set of weights represented by varying concentrations weight molecules which will later be added to the test tube ... | DNA computer | 0.815373 |
14,250 | Such a lens can allow imaging below the diffraction limit that is the minimum resolution d=λ/(2NA) that can be achieved by conventional lenses having a numerical aperture NA and with illumination wavelength λ. Sub-wavelength optical metamaterials, when integrated with optical recording media, can be used to achieve opt... | Metamaterial | 0.815371 |
14,251 | Their precise shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangement gives them their smart properties capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves: by blocking, absorbing, enhancing, or bending waves, to achieve benefits that go beyond what is possible with conventional materials. Appropriately designed metamaterials can... | Metamaterial | 0.815371 |
14,252 | This principle follows from the fact that it is always possible a spurious relationship exists for variables between which covariance is found in some degree. Associations may be examined between any combination of continuous and categorical variables using methods of statistics. Other data analytical approaches for st... | Quantitative method | 0.815371 |
14,253 | In the field of climate science, researchers compile and compare statistics such as temperature or atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. Empirical relationships and associations are also frequently studied by using some form of general linear model, non-linear model, or by using factor analysis. A fundamental p... | Quantitative method | 0.815371 |
14,254 | In the field of health, for example, researchers might measure and study the relationship between dietary intake and measurable physiological effects such as weight loss, controlling for other key variables such as exercise. Quantitatively based opinion surveys are widely used in the media, with statistics such as the ... | Quantitative method | 0.815371 |
14,255 | Statistics is the most widely used branch of mathematics in quantitative research outside of the physical sciences, and also finds applications within the physical sciences, such as in statistical mechanics. Statistical methods are used extensively within fields such as economics, social sciences and biology. Quantitat... | Quantitative method | 0.815371 |
14,256 | At the poles (latitudes +90° and −90°), the longitude becomes meaningless. It can be shown that no two-parameter coordinate system can avoid such degeneracy. The possible parametrizations candidates include: Euler angles (θ,φ,ψ), representing a product of rotations about the x, y and z axes; Tait–Bryan angles (θ,φ,ψ), ... | Charts on SO(3) | 0.815369 |
14,257 | Rotation vectors notation arise from the Euler's rotation theorem which states that any rotation in three dimensions can be described by a rotation by some angle about some axis. Considering this, we can then specify the axis of one of these rotations by two angles, and we can use the radius of the vector to specify th... | Charts on SO(3) | 0.815369 |
14,258 | In geometry the rotation group is the group of all rotations about the origin of three-dimensional Euclidean space R3 under the operation of composition. By definition, a rotation about the origin is a linear transformation that preserves length of vectors (it is an isometry) and preserves orientation (i.e. handedness)... | Charts on SO(3) | 0.815369 |
14,259 | The same argument can be performed in general, and it shows that the fundamental group of SO(3) is cyclic group of order 2. In physics applications, the non-triviality of the fundamental group allows for the existence of objects known as spinors, and is an important tool in the development of the spin–statistics theore... | Charts on SO(3) | 0.815369 |
14,260 | Graduate students in turn compete for acceptance into a BTP; if accepted, then stipend, tuition and health insurance support are provided for two or three years during the course of their PhD thesis work. Nineteen institutions offer NIGMS supported BTPs. Biotechnology training is also offered at the undergraduate level... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,261 | In 1988, after prompting from the United States Congress, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (National Institutes of Health) (NIGMS) instituted a funding mechanism for biotechnology training. Universities nationwide compete for these funds to establish Biotechnology Training Programs (BTPs). Each succes... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,262 | The application of biotechnology to basic science (for example through the Human Genome Project) has also dramatically improved our understanding of biology and as our scientific knowledge of normal and disease biology has increased, our ability to develop new medicines to treat previously untreatable diseases has incr... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,263 | Environmental biotechnology includes various disciplines that play an essential role in reducing environmental waste and providing environmentally safe processes, such as biofiltration and biodegradation. The environment can be affected by biotechnologies, both positively and adversely. Vallero and others have argued t... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,264 | petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U.S. farming industry to rapidly increase its supply of corn and soybeans—the main inputs into biofuels—by developing genetically modified seeds that resist pests and drought. By increasing farm productivity, biotechnology... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,265 | The ISFET is widely used in biomedical applications, such as the detection of DNA hybridization, biomarker detection from blood, antibody detection, glucose measurement, pH sensing, and genetic technology.By the mid-1980s, other BioFETs had been developed, including the gas sensor FET (GASFET), pressure sensor FET (PRE... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,266 | at San Francisco) and Stanley N. Cohen (Stanford) significantly advanced the new technology in 1972 by transferring genetic material into a bacterium, such that the imported material would be reproduced. The commercial viability of a biotechnology industry was significantly expanded on June 16, 1980, when the United St... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,267 | His work led to the purification of the antibiotic compound formed by the mold by Howard Florey, Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley – to form what we today know as penicillin. In 1940, penicillin became available for medicinal use to treat bacterial infections in humans.The field of modern biotechnology is generally ... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,268 | For example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops.In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of microbiology and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. In 1917, Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial proce... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,269 | Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteur's work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form. Before the time of Charles Darwin's work and life, animal and... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,270 | As crops and fields became increasingly large and difficult to maintain, it was discovered that specific organisms and their by-products could effectively fertilize, restore nitrogen, and control pests. Throughout the history of agriculture, farmers have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introdu... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,271 | Although not normally what first comes to mind, many forms of human-derived agriculture clearly fit the broad definition of "utilizing a biotechnological system to make products". Indeed, the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise. Agriculture has been theorized to have become t... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,272 | Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was previously extracted from the pancreas of abattoir animals (cattle or pigs). The genetically engineered bacteria are able to produce large quantities of synthetic human insulin at relatively low cost. Biotechnology has also enabled emerging therapeutics like gene ... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,273 | Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply. The first genetically engineered products were medicines designed to treat human diseases. To cite one example, in 1978 Genentech developed synthetic humanized insulin by joining its gene with a plasmid vector inserted int... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,274 | The purpose of pharmacogenomics is to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Such approaches promise the advent of "personalized medicine"; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's ... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,275 | In medicine, modern biotechnology has many applications in areas such as pharmaceutical drug discoveries and production, pharmacogenomics, and genetic testing (or genetic screening). In 2021, nearly 40% of the total company value of pharmaceutical biotech companies worldwide were active in Oncology with Neurology and R... | Biotechnology products | 0.815369 |
14,276 | The chemical structure of penicillin was first proposed by Edward Abraham in 1942 and was later confirmed in 1945 using X-ray crystallography by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, who was also working at Oxford. She later in 1964 received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this and other structure determinations. Chemist John C.... | Penicillin | 0.815362 |
14,277 | With the fall of the Iron Curtain and the break-up of the Soviet Union into independent states in the early 1990s, the number of participants increased again. In addition, the increasing interest of Asian and Latin American countries became apparent with the numbers of participants. Altogether 47 delegations participat... | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,278 | One special award is given to the student that achieves the highest score overall. Two separate special awards are given to the students who get the best score in the theoretical and practical examinations. Preparation for the International Chemistry Olympiad demands a high level of understanding and interest in chemis... | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,279 | While each country is free to choose its team by whatever means it seems appropriate, the selection process usually involves holding regional and national olympiad competitions. Many countries hold "training camps" for its top students, where mentors from the country give the students accelerated college-level courses ... | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,280 | Thus, in 1975, West Germany, Austria, and Belgium also participated in the International Chemistry Olympiad.The first Olympiad in a non-socialist country took place 1980 in Linz in Austria, although the Soviet Union did not participate. Since then the number of the participating countries has increased steadily. In 198... | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,281 | In this competition, more than three prizes were distributed for the first time.There was no Olympiad held in 1971, as at the end of the competition in 1970, an organizer and host for the next event could not be agreed on. This was solved for the next three years by diplomatically agreeing on the Soviet Union to host 1... | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,282 | Each of the three participating countries sent a team of six students, and four theoretical tasks were to be solved. Guidelines for the next competitions were already suggested. The second chemistry Olympiad took place in 1969 in Poland, and Bulgaria also participated, with USSR and GDR only sending observers. | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,283 | The idea of the International Chemistry Olympiad was developed in the former Czechoslovakia in 1968. It was designed with the aim to increase the number of international contacts and the exchange of information between nations. Invitations were sent by the Czechoslovak national committee to all Warsaw Pact countries, e... | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,284 | These preparatory problems cover specific topics in considerable more depth than typical post-secondary education. Preparation for the International Chemistry Olympiad demands a high level of understanding and interest in chemistry and an outstanding ability to relate chemical subjects with one another as well as with ... | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,285 | The syllabus of the competition contains subjects from several areas of chemistry, including organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and spectroscopy. Though some of these subjects are included in most secondary school chemistry programs, for the most part, they a... | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,286 | The International Information Center of the International Chemistry Olympiad is based in Bratislava, Slovakia. Countries who wish to participate in the IChO must send observers to two consecutive olympiads before their students can participate in the event. | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,287 | The International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) is an annual competition for the world’s most talented chemistry students at the secondary school level. Nations around the world send a team of four students who are tested on their chemistry knowledge and skills in a five-hour laboratory practical exam and a five-hour writt... | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,288 | The event has been held every year since then, with the exception of 1971. The delegations that attended the first events were mostly countries of the former Eastern bloc and it was not until 1980, the 12th annual International Chemistry Olympiad, that the event was held outside of the bloc in Austria. Up to 4 students... | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,289 | The International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) is an annual academic competition for high school students. It is one of the International Science Olympiads. The first IChO was held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1968. | International Chemistry Olympiad | 0.815359 |
14,290 | Theoretical chemistry requires quantities from core physics, such as time, volume, temperature, and pressure. But the highly quantitative nature of physical chemistry, in a more specialized way than core physics, uses molar amounts of substance rather than simply counting numbers; this leads to the specialized definiti... | Defining equation (physical chemistry) | 0.815358 |
14,291 | Entity refers to the type of particle/s in question, such as atoms, molecules, complexes, radicals, ions, electrons etc.Conventionally for concentrations and activities, square brackets are used around the chemical molecular formula. For an arbitrary atom, generic letters in upright non-bold typeface such as A, B, R, ... | Defining equation (physical chemistry) | 0.815358 |
14,292 | The defining formulae for the equilibrium constants Kc (all reactions) and Kp (gaseous reactions) apply to the general chemical reaction: and the defining equation for the rate constant k applies to the simpler synthesis reaction (one product only): where: i = dummy index labelling component i of reactant mixture, j = ... | Defining equation (physical chemistry) | 0.815358 |
14,293 | In physical chemistry, there are numerous quantities associated with chemical compounds and reactions; notably in terms of amounts of substance, activity or concentration of a substance, and the rate of reaction. This article uses SI units. | Defining equation (physical chemistry) | 0.815358 |
14,294 | Once the final solution of a subproblem is found, the LZMA state and least used distances for it are computed, and are then used to appropriately compute post-range-encoding sizes of its extensions. At the end of the dynamic programming optimization, the whole optimal encoding of the longest substring considered is out... | Lempel-Ziv-Markov algorithm | 0.815353 |
14,295 | As the laws of physics can be written in any coordinate system, it is convenient to choose one that simplifies the geodesic equations. Mathematically, this means a coordinate chart is chosen in which the geodesic equations have a particularly tractable form. | Solving the geodesic equations | 0.815345 |
14,296 | Solving the geodesic equations is a procedure used in mathematics, particularly Riemannian geometry, and in physics, particularly in general relativity, that results in obtaining geodesics. Physically, these represent the paths of (usually ideal) particles with no proper acceleration, their motion satisfying the geodes... | Solving the geodesic equations | 0.815345 |
14,297 | Microgravimetry is an important branch developed on the foundation of classical gravimetry. Microgravity investigations are carried out in order to solve various problems of engineering geology, mainly location of voids and their monitoring. Very detailed measurements of high accuracy can indicate voids of any origin, ... | Gravimeter | 0.815339 |
14,298 | The Riemann-Roch theorem for surfaces was first formulated by Max Noether. The families of curves on surfaces can be classified, in a sense, and give rise to much of their interesting geometry. | Algebraic surfaces | 0.815338 |
14,299 | Other duties an MLA may undertake include, setting up blood analyzers, running Quality Controls and manual controls prior to a BMS undertaking analysis on samples. Maintenance and decontamination is essential for the function of the machinery therefore MLAs carry out this role on a weekly or monthly basis. A typical me... | Medical laboratory assistant | 0.815336 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.