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16,900 | In radio astronomy, RF interference must be mitigated to detect and observe any meaningful objects and events in the night sky. | Array processing | 0.813374 |
16,901 | In general, astronomy arrays can be divided into two classes: the beamforming class and the correlation class. Beamforming is a signal processing techniques that produce summed array beams from a direction of interest – used basically in directional signal transmission or reception- the basic idea is to combine element... | Array processing | 0.813374 |
16,902 | Representing the signal as a sum of sub-bands and adapting cancellation filters for the sub-band signals can reduce the demanded computation power and lead to a higher performance system. Relying on multiple input channels allows designing systems of higher quality comparing to systems that use single channel and solvi... | Array processing | 0.813374 |
16,903 | Array processing emerged in the last few decades as an active area and was centered on the ability of using and combining data from different sensors (antennas) in order to deal with specific estimation task (spatial and temporal processing). In addition to the information that can be extracted from the collected data ... | Array processing | 0.813374 |
16,904 | The model for noise may be either one of spatially incoherent noise, or one with interfering signals following the same propagation physics. Estimation theory is an important and basic part of signal processing field, which used to deal with estimation problem in which the values of several parameters of the system sho... | Array processing | 0.813374 |
16,905 | Wave propagation means there is a systemic relationship between the signal received on spatially separated sensors. By creating a physical model of the wave propagation, or in machine learning applications a training data set, the relationships between the signals received on spatially separated sensors can be leverage... | Array processing | 0.813374 |
16,906 | In statistics, point estimation involves the use of sample data to calculate a single value (known as a point estimate since it identifies a point in some parameter space) which is to serve as a "best guess" or "best estimate" of an unknown population parameter (for example, the population mean). More formally, it is t... | Point estimation | 0.813374 |
16,907 | In statistics, the job of a statistician is to interpret the data that they have collected and to draw statistically valid conclusion about the population under investigation. But in many cases the raw data, which are too numerous and too costly to store, are not suitable for this purpose. Therefore, the statistician w... | Point estimation | 0.813374 |
16,908 | According to the initiator, the following advantages are linked to N.B.N. : A posteriori system: N.B.N. draws from the experiences of more than 200 years of scientific nomenclature, conserves from it the good sides and avoids the bad ones; N.B.N. makes use of modern views in biology and of the large knowledge of specie... | New Biological Nomenclature | 0.813369 |
16,909 | N.B.N. assumes that the purpose of nomenclature is to give suitable and correct names to taxa, and not to establish phylogenetic links. "It was felt useful to classify the existing N.B.N.-names logically, independent of the phylogenetic classification of present biology, but in conformity with Linnaeus' original method... | New Biological Nomenclature | 0.813369 |
16,910 | Similarly, structural properties are closely related to the actual embedding of computing and communication infrastructure. Capturing these effects therefore requires interdisciplinary collaboration between materials, computer science, and robotics. == References == | Robotic materials | 0.813369 |
16,911 | In physics, angular frequency (symbol ω), also called angular speed and angular rate, is a scalar measure of the angle rate (the angle per unit time) or the temporal rate of change of the phase argument of a sinusoidal waveform or sine function (for example, in oscillations and waves). Angular frequency (or angular spe... | Radian frequency | 0.813368 |
16,912 | Materials exhibit myriad properties, including the following. Mechanical properties, see Strength of materials Chemical properties, see Chemistry Electrical properties, see Electricity Thermal properties, see Thermodynamics Optical properties, see Optics and Photonics Magnetic properties, see MagnetismThe properties of... | Materials scientist | 0.813366 |
16,913 | Introduction to Commutative Algebra is a well-known commutative algebra textbook written by Michael Atiyah and Ian G. Macdonald. It deals with elementary concepts of commutative algebra including localization, primary decomposition, integral dependence, Noetherian and Artinian rings and modules, Dedekind rings, complet... | Introduction to Commutative Algebra | 0.813365 |
16,914 | A hydraulic cylinder is a mechanical actuator that is powered by a pressurised liquid, typically oil. It has many applications, notably in construction equipment (engineering vehicles), manufacturing machinery, and civil engineering. | Single- and double-acting cylinders | 0.813364 |
16,915 | Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth is a book about natural history by British paleontologist Richard A. Fortey. It was originally published in hardcover in Great Britain by HarperCollins Publishers, under the title Life: An Unauthorised Biography. Fortey used this book to explain h... | Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth | 0.813364 |
16,916 | A hexagonal phase of lyotropic liquid crystal is formed by some amphiphilic molecules when they are mixed with water or another polar solvent. In this phase, the amphiphile molecules are aggregated into cylindrical structures of indefinite length and these cylindrical aggregates are disposed on a hexagonal lattice, giv... | Hexagonal phase | 0.813362 |
16,917 | Normal topology hexagonal phases are denoted by HI while inverse topology hexagonal phases are denoted by HII. When viewed by polarization microscopy, thin films of both normal and inverse topology hexagonal phases exhibit birefringence, giving rise to characteristic optical textures. | Hexagonal phase | 0.813362 |
16,918 | In polymer chemistry the kinetic chain length of a polymer, ν, is the average number of units called monomers added to a growing chain during chain-growth polymerization. During this process, a polymer chain is formed when monomers are bonded together to form long chains known as polymers. Kinetic chain length is defin... | Kinetic chain length | 0.813361 |
16,919 | In research communities (for example, earth sciences, astronomy, business, and government), subsetting is the process of retrieving just the parts (a subset) of large files which are of interest for a specific purpose. This occurs usually in a client—server setting, where the extraction of the parts of interest occurs ... | Subsetting | 0.81336 |
16,920 | Given two sets X and Y, let F be a multivalued map from X to Y (equivalently, F: X → P ( Y ) {\displaystyle F:X\rightarrow {\mathcal {P}}(Y)} is a function from X to the power set of Y). A function f: X → Y {\displaystyle f:X\rightarrow Y} is said to be a selection of F, if: The existence of more regular choice functio... | Choice function | 0.813357 |
16,921 | Nicolas Bourbaki used epsilon calculus for their foundations that had a τ {\displaystyle \tau } symbol that could be interpreted as choosing an object (if one existed) that satisfies a given proposition. So if P ( x ) {\displaystyle P(x)} is a predicate, then τ x ( P ) {\displaystyle \tau _{x}(P)} is one particular obj... | Choice function | 0.813357 |
16,922 | There are many available resources online for help in navigating and using the Epigenomics database. The "Epigenetics Help" section of the NCBI help manual contains information on the searchable database and provides a user with tools to use, manage, download and upload, and navigate the database. There are also guides... | NCBI Epigenomics | 0.813355 |
16,923 | The Epigenomics database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) was launched in June 2010 as a means to collect maps of epigenetic modifications and their occurrence across the human genome. This database provides a publicly available resource for maps in ... | NCBI Epigenomics | 0.813355 |
16,924 | The Epigenomics database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information was a database for whole-genome epigenetics data sets. It was retired on 1 June 2016. | NCBI Epigenomics | 0.813355 |
16,925 | The CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB) was jointly established by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the German Max Planck Society (MPG) in May 2005. It is located in Xu Hui district in Shanghai, P. R. China. The institute focuses its research on the interface between theoretical and expe... | Partner Institute for Computational Biology | 0.813355 |
16,926 | In mathematical group theory, the balance theorem states that if G is a group with no core then G either has disconnected Sylow 2-subgroups or it is of characteristic 2 type or it is of component type (Gorenstein 1983, p. 7). The significance of this theorem is that it splits the classification of finite simple groups ... | Balance theorem | 0.813353 |
16,927 | Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, concerns the construction and study of systems that can learn from data. For example, a machine learning system could be trained on email messages to learn to distinguish between spam and non-spam messages. Most of the Machine Learning models are based on probabili... | Learning process | 0.813348 |
16,928 | In psychology and neuroscience, motor planning is a set of processes related to the preparation of a movement that occurs during the reaction time (the time between the presentation of a stimulus to a person and that person's initiation of a motor response). Colloquially, the term applies to any process involved in the... | Motor planning | 0.813344 |
16,929 | Counting measure on an uncountable measure space with all subsets measurable is a decomposable measure that is not σ-finite. Fubini's theorem and Tonelli's theorem hold for σ-finite measures but can fail for this measure. Counting measure on an uncountable measure space with not all subsets measurable is generally not ... | Decomposable measure | 0.813341 |
16,930 | In mathematics, a decomposable measure (also known as a strictly localizable measure) is a measure that is a disjoint union of finite measures. This is a generalization of σ-finite measures, which are the same as those that are a disjoint union of countably many finite measures. There are several theorems in measure th... | Decomposable measure | 0.813341 |
16,931 | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the butterfly graph (also called the bowtie graph and the hourglass graph) is a planar, undirected graph with 5 vertices and 6 edges. It can be constructed by joining 2 copies of the cycle graph C3 with a common vertex and is therefore isomorphic to the friendship graph F2. Th... | Butterfly graph | 0.813336 |
16,932 | The above-described process with the capture of two electrons and emission of two neutrinos (two-neutrino double electron capture) is allowed by the Standard Model of particle physics: No conservation laws (including lepton number conservation) are violated. However, if the lepton number is not conserved, or the neutri... | Double electron capture | 0.813327 |
16,933 | A merger with Leukosite in 1999 brought the company its first drug close-to-market, Campath (alemtuzumab) Injection, and additional investigational drugs in clinical trials. In 2000, a merger with Cambridge Discovery Chemistry gave Millennium a strong presence in the United Kingdom and added to the organization more th... | Takeda Oncology | 0.813324 |
16,934 | Millennium was founded by Mark J. Levin, CEO, in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1993. In its early years, Millennium focused on building science and business teams. Beginning in 1994, Millennium created more than 20 strategic alliances with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. These alliances provided Millennium wi... | Takeda Oncology | 0.813324 |
16,935 | Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate. Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics, to describe and explain such phenomena as the properties of moist air, the format... | Atmospheric thermodynamics | 0.813324 |
16,936 | 1751 Charles Le Roy recognized dew point temperature as point of saturation of air 1782 Jacques Charles made hydrogen balloon flight measuring temperature and pressure in Paris 1784 Concept of variation of temperature with height was suggested 1801–1803 John Dalton developed his laws of pressures of vapours 1804 Joseph... | Atmospheric thermodynamics | 0.813324 |
16,937 | W-minimal models are generalizations of Virasoro minimal models based on a W-algebra. Their spaces of states are made of finitely many fully degenerate representations. They exist for certain rational values of the central charge: in the case of the W(N) algebra, values of the type c p , q ( N ) = N − 1 − N ( N 2 − 1 )... | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,938 | In conformal field theory and representation theory, a W-algebra is an associative algebra that generalizes the Virasoro algebra. W-algebras were introduced by Alexander Zamolodchikov, and the name "W-algebra" comes from the fact that Zamolodchikov used the letter W for one of the elements of one of his examples. | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,939 | Given a holomorphic field ϕ ( z ) {\displaystyle \phi (z)} with values in R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , and a set of n {\displaystyle n} vectors a 1 , … , a n ∈ R n {\displaystyle a_{1},\dots ,a_{n}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , a W-algebra may be defined as the set of polynomials of ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and its d... | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,940 | From a finite-dimensional Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , together with an embedding s l 2 ↪ g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}_{2}\hookrightarrow {\mathfrak {g}}} , a W-algebra may be constructed from the universal enveloping algebra of the affine Lie algebra g ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathfrak {g}}}} b... | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,941 | For any integer N ≥ 2 {\displaystyle N\geq 2} , the W(N) algebra is a W-algebra which is generated by N − 1 {\displaystyle N-1} meromorphic fields of dimensions 2 , 3 , … , N {\displaystyle 2,3,\dots ,N} . The W(2) algebra coincides with the Virasoro algebra. | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,942 | The left ideal I {\displaystyle I} of the universal enveloping algebra U ( g ) {\displaystyle U({\mathfrak {g}})} generated by { x − χ ( x ): x ∈ m } {\displaystyle \{x-\chi (x):x\in {\mathfrak {m}}\}} is invariant under this action. It follows from a short calculation that the invariants in U ( g ) / I {\displaystyle ... | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,943 | A highest weight representation of a W-algebra is a representation that is generated by a primary state: a vector v {\displaystyle v} such that W n > 0 ( h ) v = 0 , W 0 ( h ) v = q ( h ) v {\displaystyle W_{n>0}^{(h)}v=0\quad ,\quad W_{0}^{(h)}v=q^{(h)}v} for some numbers q ( h ) {\displaystyle q^{(h)}} called the cha... | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,944 | The resulting W-algebras may exist for all c ∈ C {\displaystyle c\in \mathbb {C} } , or only for some specific values of the central charge.A W-algebra is called freely generated if its generators obey no other relations than the commutation relations. Most commonly studied W-algebras are freely generated, including th... | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,945 | The commutation relations = ( ( h − 1 ) m − n ) W m + n ( h ) {\displaystyle =((h-1)m-n)W_{m+n}^{(h)}} are equivalent to the assumption that W ( h ) ( z ) {\displaystyle W^{(h)}(z)} is a primary field of dimension h {\displaystyle h} . The rest of the commutation relations can in principle be determined by solving the... | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,946 | The central charge of the W(N) algebra is given in terms of the level k {\displaystyle k} of the affine Lie algebra by c W ( N ) = ( N − 1 ) ( 1 − N ( N + 1 ) ( 1 k + N + k + N − 2 ) ) {\displaystyle c_{W(N)}=(N-1)\left(1-N(N+1)\left({\frac {1}{k+N}}+k+N-2\right)\right)} in notations where the central charge of the aff... | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,947 | The W(N) algebra is obtained by Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction of the affine Lie algebra s l ^ N {\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathfrak {sl}}}_{N}} . The embeddings s l 2 ↪ s l N {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}_{2}\hookrightarrow {\mathfrak {sl}}_{N}} are parametrized by the integer partitions of N {\displaystyle N} , interpr... | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,948 | After choosing any Lagrangian subspace l {\displaystyle l} , we may define the following nilpotent subalgebra which acts on the universal enveloping algebra by the adjoint action. m = l + ⨁ i ≤ − 2 g ( i ) . {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}=l+\bigoplus _{i\leq -2}{\mathfrak {g}}(i).} | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,949 | Finite W-algebras are certain associative algebras associated to nilpotent elements of semisimple Lie algebras.The original definition, provided by Alexander Premet, starts with a pair ( g , e ) {\displaystyle ({\mathfrak {g}},e)} consisting of a reductive Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} over the complex ... | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,950 | A W-algebra is an associative algebra that is generated by the modes of a finite number of meromorphic fields W ( h ) ( z ) {\displaystyle W^{(h)}(z)} , including the energy-momentum tensor T ( z ) = W ( 2 ) ( z ) {\displaystyle T(z)=W^{(2)}(z)} . For h ≠ 2 {\displaystyle h\neq 2} , W ( h ) ( z ) {\displaystyle W^{(h)}... | W algebra | 0.81332 |
16,951 | As is typical for early transition metals, niobium and tantalum have only the group oxidation state of +5 as a major one, and are quite electropositive (it is easy to donate electrons) and have a less rich coordination chemistry (the chemistry of metallic ions bound with molecules). Due to the effects of the lanthanide... | Group 5 element | 0.813318 |
16,952 | Niobium was identified by English chemist Charles Hatchett in 1801. He found a new element in a mineral sample that had been sent to England from Connecticut, United States in 1734 by John Winthrop F.R.S. (grandson of John Winthrop the Younger) and named the mineral columbite and the new element columbium after Columbi... | Group 5 element | 0.813318 |
16,953 | Despite the changes, dubnium is still expected to have five valence electrons; 7p energy levels have not been shown to influence dubnium and its properties. As the 6d orbitals of dubnium are more destabilized than the 5d ones of tantalum, and Db3+ is expected to have two 6d, rather than 7s, electrons remaining, the res... | Group 5 element | 0.813318 |
16,954 | Let ( G , ∘ ) {\displaystyle (G,\circ )} a group with group law ∘: G × G → G {\displaystyle \circ :G\times G\to G} .Let further G {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}} be a σ-algebra of subsets of the set G {\displaystyle G} . The group, or more formally the triple ( G , ∘ , G ) {\displaystyle (G,\circ ,{\mathcal {G}})} is ca... | Measurable group | 0.813317 |
16,955 | Every second-countable topological group ( G , O ) {\displaystyle (G,{\mathcal {O}})} can be taken as a measurable group. This is done by equipping the group with the Borel σ-algebra B ( G ) = σ ( O ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(G)=\sigma ({\mathcal {O}})} ,which is the σ-algebra generated by the topology. Since by d... | Measurable group | 0.813317 |
16,956 | A number of HOL systems (sharing essentially the same logic) remain active and in use: HOL4 — the only presently maintained and developed system stemming from the HOL88 system, which was the culmination of the original HOL implementation effort, led by Mike Gordon. HOL88 included its own ML implementation, which was in... | HOL theorem prover | 0.813314 |
16,957 | Sequence comparisons indicated a huge similarity between cytochromes P450 identified in man and bacteria, and suggested that the superfamily cytochrome P450 first originated from a common ancestral gene some three billion years ago. The superfamily cytochrome P450 was named in 1961, because of the 450-nm spectral peak ... | Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase | 0.813314 |
16,958 | This is a list of topics in molecular biology. See also index of biochemistry articles. | Index of molecular biology articles | 0.813313 |
16,959 | D-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase - D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) - database search - degeneracy (biology) - deletion - denaturation - denaturing gel - deoxyribonuclease (DNase) - deoxyribonucleic acid - deoxyribonucleotide - deoxyuridine phosphorylase - diabetes mellitus - dideoxy sequencing - dideoxyribonucleotide... | Index of molecular biology articles | 0.813313 |
16,960 | C terminus - Can f 1 - cancer - candidate gene - Canonical sequence - cap - cap site - carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (cytochrome b-561) - carboxyl terminus - carcinoma - carnitine dehydratase - carrier - carveol dehydrogenase - CAT assay - CAT RNA-binding domain - catalase-related immune-responsive domain - CCAAT box -... | Index of molecular biology articles | 0.813313 |
16,961 | T7 RNA polymerase - taq polymerase - TATA box - taurochenodeoxycholate 6α-hydroxylase - taxadiene 5alpha-hydroxylase - taxane 10beta-hydroxylase - TAZ zinc finger - Tbf5 protein domain - technology transfer - template - termination codon - terminator - tertiary structure - tet resistance - TGF beta Activation - thymine... | Index of molecular biology articles | 0.813313 |
16,962 | In mesoscopic physics, a quantum wire is an electrically conducting wire in which quantum effects influence the transport properties. Usually such effects appear in the dimension of nanometers, so they are also referred to as nanowires. | Quantum wires | 0.813312 |
16,963 | The Boltzmann constant provides a mapping from the characteristic microscopic energy E to the macroscopic temperature scale T = E/k. In fundamental physics, this mapping is often simplified by using the natural units of setting k to unity. This convention means that temperature and energy quantities have the same dimen... | Boltzmann's Constant | 0.813307 |
16,964 | Later, the ATP-dependent proteolytic complex that was responsible for ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation was discovered and was called the 26S proteasome.Much of the early work leading up to the discovery of the ubiquitin proteasome system occurred in the late 1970s and early 1980s at the Technion in the laborator... | Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway | 0.813306 |
16,965 | These α subunits are controlled by binding to "cap" structures or regulatory particles that recognize polyubiquitin tags attached to protein substrates and initiate the degradation process. The overall system of ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation is known as the ubiquitin–proteasome system.The proteasomal degra... | Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway | 0.813306 |
16,966 | Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) is a technique used in molecular biology to obtain the full length sequence of an RNA transcript found within a cell. RACE results in the production of a cDNA copy of the RNA sequence of interest, produced through reverse transcription, followed by PCR amplification of the cDNA c... | Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends | 0.813301 |
16,967 | The disjunction elimination rule may be written in sequent notation: ( P → Q ) , ( R → Q ) , ( P ∨ R ) ⊢ Q {\displaystyle (P\to Q),(R\to Q),(P\lor R)\vdash Q} where ⊢ {\displaystyle \vdash } is a metalogical symbol meaning that Q {\displaystyle Q} is a syntactic consequence of P → Q {\displaystyle P\to Q} , and R → Q {... | Disjunction elimination | 0.813299 |
16,968 | Automated trading systems are typically used by large institutional investors but include smaller firms trading with their own AI systems.Large financial institutions use AI to assist with their investment practices. BlackRock's AI engine, Aladdin, is used both within the company and by clients to help with investment ... | Artificial intelligence applications | 0.813296 |
16,969 | Machine learning is used in diverse types of reverse engineering. For example, machine learning has been used to reverse engineer a composite material part, enabling unauthorized production of high quality parts, and for quickly understanding the behavior of malware. It can be used to reverse engineer artificial intell... | Artificial intelligence applications | 0.813296 |
16,970 | Machine learning is also used in web feeds such as for determining which posts show up in social media feeds. Various types social media analysis also make use of machine learning and there is research into its use for (semi-)automated tagging/enhancement/correction of online misinformation and related filter bubbles. | Artificial intelligence applications | 0.813296 |
16,971 | Machine learning can be used to spot early-warning signs of disasters and environmental issues, possibly including natural pandemics, earthquakes, landslides, heavy rainfall, long-term water supply vulnerability, tipping-points of ecosystem collapse, cyanobacterial bloom outbreaks, and droughts. | Artificial intelligence applications | 0.813296 |
16,972 | Loeb has speculated that one type of technological equipment the project may detect could be "AI astronauts" and in 2021 – in an opinion piece – that AI "will" "supersede natural intelligence", while Martin Rees stated that there "may" be more civilizations than thought with the "majority of them" being artificial. In ... | Artificial intelligence applications | 0.813296 |
16,973 | AI-enabled chatbots decrease the need for humans to perform basic call center tasks.Machine learning in sentiment analysis can spot fatigue in order to prevent overwork. Similarly, decision support systems can prevent industrial disasters and make disaster response more efficient. For manual workers in material handlin... | Artificial intelligence applications | 0.813296 |
16,974 | AI has been used to compose music of various genres. David Cope created an AI called Emily Howell that managed to become well known in the field of algorithmic computer music. The algorithm behind Emily Howell is registered as a US patent.In 2012, AI Iamus created the first complete classical album.AIVA (Artificial Int... | Artificial intelligence applications | 0.813296 |
16,975 | AI applications analyze media content such as movies, TV programs, advertisement videos or user-generated content. The solutions often involve computer vision. Typical scenarios include the analysis of images using object recognition or face recognition techniques, or the analysis of video for scene recognizing scenes,... | Artificial intelligence applications | 0.813296 |
16,976 | When matrices or members of various other associative algebras are multiplied, the product usually depends on the order of the factors. Matrix multiplication, for example, is non-commutative, and so is multiplication in other algebras in general as well. There are many different kinds of products in mathematics: beside... | Mathematical product | 0.813294 |
16,977 | In general, whenever one has two mathematical objects that can be combined in a way that behaves like a linear algebra tensor product, then this can be most generally understood as the internal product of a monoidal category. That is, the monoidal category captures precisely the meaning of a tensor product; it captures... | Mathematical product | 0.813294 |
16,978 | Facts about the problem domain are expressed as logic formulas, and programs are executed by applying inference rules over them until an answer to the problem is found, or the set of formulas is proved inconsistent. Symbolic programming is a paradigm that describes programs able to manipulate formulas and program compo... | Programming paradigm | 0.813286 |
16,979 | PARI/GP performs arbitrary precision calculations (e.g., the significand can be millions of digits long—and billions of digits on 64-bit machines). It can compute factorizations, perform elliptic curve computations and perform algebraic number theory calculations. It also allows computations with matrices, polynomials,... | PARI/GP computer algebra system | 0.813286 |
16,980 | The PARI/GP system is a package that is capable of doing formal computations on recursive types at high speed; it is primarily aimed at number theorists. Its three main strengths are its speed, the possibility of directly using data types that are familiar to mathematicians, and its extensive algebraic number theory mo... | PARI/GP computer algebra system | 0.813286 |
16,981 | Thus if a theory contains a single inconsistency, it is trivial – that is, it has every sentence as a theorem. The characteristic or defining feature of a paraconsistent logic is that it rejects the principle of explosion. As a result, paraconsistent logics, unlike classical and other logics, can be used to formalize i... | Paraconsistent logic | 0.813283 |
16,982 | Suppose we are faced with a contradictory set of premises Γ and wish to avoid being reduced to triviality. In classical logic, the only method one can use is to reject one or more of the premises in Γ. In paraconsistent logic, we may try to compartmentalize the contradiction. That is, weaken the logic so that Γ→X is no... | Paraconsistent logic | 0.813283 |
16,983 | Electronics design routinely uses a four-valued logic, with "hi-impedance (z)" and "don't care (x)" playing similar roles to "don't know" and "both true and false" respectively, in addition to true and false. This logic was developed independently of philosophical logics. Control System: A model reference control built... | Paraconsistent logic | 0.813283 |
16,984 | Mathematical framework and rules of paraconsistent logic have been proposed as the activation function of an artificial neuron in order to build a neural network for function approximation, model identification, and control with success. Deontic logic and metaethics: Paraconsistent logic has been proposed as a means of... | Paraconsistent logic | 0.813283 |
16,985 | Paraconsistent logic has been applied as a means of managing inconsistency in numerous domains, including: Semantics: Paraconsistent logic has been proposed as means of providing a simple and intuitive formal account of truth that does not fall prey to paradoxes such as the Liar. However, such systems must also avoid C... | Paraconsistent logic | 0.813283 |
16,986 | The Physics Teacher is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by AIP Publishing on behalf of the American Association of Physics Teachers covering the history and philosophy of physics, applied physics, physics education (curriculum developments, pedagogy, instructional lab equipment, etc.), and book reviews. It wa... | The Physics Teacher | 0.813281 |
16,987 | Further applications of the calculus of variations include the following: The derivation of the catenary shape Solution to Newton's minimal resistance problem Solution to the brachistochrone problem Solution to the tautochrone problem Solution to isoperimetric problems Calculating geodesics Finding minimal surfaces and... | Calculus of variation | 0.813279 |
16,988 | The calculus of variations (or variational calculus) is a field of mathematical analysis that uses variations, which are small changes in functions and functionals, to find maxima and minima of functionals: mappings from a set of functions to the real numbers. Functionals are often expressed as definite integrals invol... | Calculus of variation | 0.813279 |
16,989 | Solutions of boundary value problems for the Laplace equation satisfy the Dirichlet's principle. Plateau's problem requires finding a surface of minimal area that spans a given contour in space: a solution can often be found by dipping a frame in soapy water. Although such experiments are relatively easy to perform, th... | Calculus of variation | 0.813279 |
16,990 | Typical entry requirements include master's degrees in computer science or a related field. The degree is intended for those who will make meaningful contributions to either the theory or practice of computing and as such involves both research and taught courses beyond master's degree level. Applied doctorates such as... | Doctor of Computer Science | 0.813272 |
16,991 | The degree of Doctor of Computer Science (DCS, DCompSci, DSc.Comp, D.C.Sc.) is an applied research doctorate in computer science awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in the field of computer science. While it is considered a terminal degree and requires coursework and research beyond the masters' level, ... | Doctor of Computer Science | 0.813272 |
16,992 | The awarding institution defines which degrees meet this description themselves. The National Science Foundation defines a research doctorate as "a doctoral degree that (1) requires completion of an original intellectual contribution in the form of a dissertation or an equivalent culminating project (e.g., musical comp... | Doctor of Computer Science | 0.813272 |
16,993 | Structurally, the Doctor of Computer Science differs from the PhD in that the DCS has, as noted above, a three year duration, with only one year equivalent on the dissertation, while an American Ph.D. normally requires a minimum of four years, with at least three years spent on the dissertation.There are two active def... | Doctor of Computer Science | 0.813272 |
16,994 | The most significant advantage of MCFs is the ability to be utilized in industrial environments with minimal limitations. Through metabolic engineering, MCFs rely on innovative strategic tools for the development and optimization of metabolic and gene regulatory networks for efficient production. Going from lab to larg... | Microbial cell factory | 0.813271 |
16,995 | Microbial cell factory is an approach to bioengineering which considers microbial cells as a production facility in which the optimization process largely depends on metabolic engineering. MCFs is a derivation of cell factories, which are engineered microbes and plant cells. In 1980s and 1990s, MCFs were originally con... | Microbial cell factory | 0.813271 |
16,996 | The OTFC processing system was developed at the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre (CADC) and the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (ST-ECF) and is implemented at both sites and at Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). The OTFC system currently provides data calibration for the Wide Field and Planetary Ca... | On-The-Fly Calibration | 0.813271 |
16,997 | In observational astronomy an On-The-Fly Calibration (OTFC) system calibrates data when a user's request for the data is processed so that users can obtain data that are calibrated with up-to-date calibration files, parameters, and software. | On-The-Fly Calibration | 0.813271 |
16,998 | In particle physics, the hypercharge (a portmanteau of hyperonic and charge) Y of a particle is a quantum number conserved under the strong interaction. The concept of hypercharge provides a single charge operator that accounts for properties of isospin, electric charge, and flavour. The hypercharge is useful to classi... | Hypercharge | 0.813269 |
16,999 | This can be precisely phrased either by saying that a map f satisfies the equation fμ = μ(f × f), or by saying that f is a natural transformation of functors from schemes to groups (rather than just sets). A left action of a group scheme G on a scheme X is a morphism G ×S X→ X that induces a left action of the group G(... | Group scheme | 0.813267 |
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