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20,500 | To use molecular clocks to estimate divergence times, molecular clocks need to be "calibrated". This is because molecular data alone does not contain any information on absolute times. For viral phylogenetics and ancient DNA studies—two areas of evolutionary biology where it is possible to sample sequences over an evol... | Molecular clock hypothesis | 0.810851 |
20,501 | This approach to tip calibration goes a step further by simultaneously estimating fossil placement, topology, and the evolutionary timescale. In this method, the age of a fossil can inform its phylogenetic position in addition to morphology. By allowing all aspects of tree reconstruction to occur simultaneously, the ri... | Molecular clock hypothesis | 0.810851 |
20,502 | Sometimes referred to as tip dating, tip calibration is a method of molecular clock calibration in which fossils are treated as taxa and placed on the tips of the tree. This is achieved by creating a matrix that includes a molecular dataset for the extant taxa along with a morphological dataset for both the extinct and... | Molecular clock hypothesis | 0.810851 |
20,503 | As of 2017, the department has 83 researchers over 27 research groups, studying functional genomics, systems biology, developmental biology, cell biology, epigenetic inheritance, microbial genetics and evolution and population genetics. | Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge | 0.810851 |
20,504 | Anne Ferguson-Smith , Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics, Head of the Department Richard Durbin FRS, Honorary Professor of Computational genomics, Senior Group Leader at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Julie Ahringer FMedSci, Professor of Genetics and Genomics, Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow, and Director ... | Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge | 0.810851 |
20,505 | The Department of Genetics is a department of the University of Cambridge that conducts research and teaching in genetics. | Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge | 0.810851 |
20,506 | Notable alumni of the department include: Reginald Punnett , inventor of the Punnett Square Michael Ashburner , gene ontologist and co-founder of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) Ronald Fisher, statistical geneticist, who has been described as “a genius who almost single-handedly created the foundations for ... | Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge | 0.810851 |
20,507 | In organic chemistry, a homologation reaction, also known as homologization, is any chemical reaction that converts the reactant into the next member of the homologous series. A homologous series is a group of compounds that differ by a constant unit, generally a methylene (−CH2−) group. The reactants undergo a homolog... | Homologation reactions | 0.810849 |
20,508 | 11). A bounded lattice for which every element has a complement is called a complemented lattice. A complemented lattice that is also distributive is a Boolean algebra. | Lattice theory | 0.810847 |
20,509 | Every element z {\displaystyle z} of a Heyting algebra has, on the other hand, a pseudo-complement, also denoted ¬x. The pseudo-complement is the greatest element y {\displaystyle y} such that x ∧ y = 0. {\displaystyle x\wedge y=0.} If the pseudo-complement of every element of a Heyting algebra is in fact a complement,... | Lattice theory | 0.810847 |
20,510 | For a distributive lattice, the complement of x , {\displaystyle x,} when it exists, is unique. In the case the complement is unique, we write ¬x = y and equivalently, ¬y = x. The corresponding unary operation over L , {\displaystyle L,} called complementation, introduces an analogue of logical negation into lattice th... | Lattice theory | 0.810847 |
20,511 | These numbers are defined by W i {\displaystyle W_{i}} = number of elements of P having rank i . The Whitney numbers are connected with a lot of important combinatorial theorems. The classic example is Sperner's theorem, which can be formulated as follows: For the power set P ( S ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(S)} of ... | Graded poset | 0.810845 |
20,512 | This method of determination requires pedigree checking, however, and establishing a contradiction between phenotype and pedigree is an NP-complete problem. Genetic inconsistencies which do not correspond to this definition are Non-Mendelian Errors. Statistical genetics analysis is used to detect these errors and to de... | Mendelian error | 0.810838 |
20,513 | Some ODEs can be solved explicitly in terms of known functions and integrals. When that is not possible, the equation for computing the Taylor series of the solutions may be useful. For applied problems, numerical methods for ordinary differential equations can supply an approximation of the solution. | System of ordinary differential equation | 0.810833 |
20,514 | A linear differential equation is a differential equation that is defined by a linear polynomial in the unknown function and its derivatives, that is an equation of the form a 0 ( x ) y + a 1 ( x ) y ′ + a 2 ( x ) y ″ + ⋯ + a n ( x ) y ( n ) + b ( x ) = 0 , {\displaystyle a_{0}(x)y+a_{1}(x)y'+a_{2}(x)y''+\cdots +a_{n}(... | System of ordinary differential equation | 0.810833 |
20,515 | In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable. As with other DE, its unknown(s) consists of one (or more) function(s) and involves the derivatives of those functions. The term "ordinary" is used in contrast with partial differenti... | System of ordinary differential equation | 0.810833 |
20,516 | Statistical models provide exact outcomes of the parametric and estimates of the sample statistics. Hence, the burden of proof rests in the sample statistics that provide estimates of a statistical model. Statistical models contain the mathematical proof of the parametric values and their probability distributions. | Statistical proof | 0.81083 |
20,517 | Researchers sample from populations, which provide estimates of the parameters, to calculate the mean or standard deviation. If the entire population is sampled, then the sample statistic mean and distribution will converge with the parametric distribution.Using the scientific method of falsification, the probability v... | Statistical proof | 0.81083 |
20,518 | Examples of probability distributions might include the binary, normal, or poisson distribution that give exact descriptions of variables that behave according to natural laws of random chance. When a statistical test is applied to samples of a population, the test determines if the sample statistics are significantly ... | Statistical proof | 0.81083 |
20,519 | Bayesian statistics are based on a different philosophical approach for proof of inference. The mathematical formula for Bayes's theorem is: P r = P r × P r P r {\displaystyle Pr={\frac {Pr\times Pr}{Pr}}} The formula is read as the probability of the parameter (or hypothesis =h, as used in the notation on axioms) ... | Statistical proof | 0.81083 |
20,520 | These methods of reason have direct bearing on statistical proof and its interpretations in the broader philosophy of science.A common demarcation between science and non-science is the hypothetico-deductive proof of falsification developed by Karl Popper, which is a well-established practice in the tradition of statis... | Statistical proof | 0.81083 |
20,521 | Statistical proof is the rational demonstration of degree of certainty for a proposition, hypothesis or theory that is used to convince others subsequent to a statistical test of the supporting evidence and the types of inferences that can be drawn from the test scores. Statistical methods are used to increase the unde... | Statistical proof | 0.81083 |
20,522 | : 595 Nonetheless, the statistics was insufficient "to prove that the decisionmakers in his case acted with discriminatory purpose. ": 596 It was further argued that there were "inherent limitations of the statistical proof",: 596 because it did not refer to the specifics of the individual. Despite the statistical demo... | Statistical proof | 0.81083 |
20,523 | Fluxomics describes the various approaches that seek to determine the rates of metabolic reactions within a biological entity. While metabolomics can provide instantaneous information on the metabolites in a biological sample, metabolism is a dynamic process. The significance of fluxomics is that metabolic fluxes deter... | Fluxomics | 0.81083 |
20,524 | Collected methods in fluxomics have been described as "COBRA" methods, for constraint based reconstruction and analysis. A number of software tools and environments have been created for this purpose.Although it can only be measured indirectly, metabolic flux is the critical link between genes, proteins and the observa... | Fluxomics | 0.81083 |
20,525 | A number of different methods, broadly divided into stoichiometric and kinetic paradigms. Within the stoichiometric paradigm, a number of relatively simple linear algebra methods use restricted metabolic networks or genome-scale metabolic network models to perform flux balance analysis and the array of techniques deriv... | Fluxomics | 0.81083 |
20,526 | In the field of drug discovery, classical pharmacology, also known as forward pharmacology, or phenotypic drug discovery (PDD), relies on phenotypic screening (screening in intact cells or whole organisms) of chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts to identify substances that have ... | Classical pharmacology | 0.810826 |
20,527 | Applying MPTO to Mechanically loaded components with a high number of different material densities, the optimization results show graded and sometimes anisotropic porosity distributions which are very similar to natural bone structures. This allows the macro- and microstructure of a mechanical component in one step. Th... | Multiphase topology optimisation | 0.810826 |
20,528 | The Multi Phase Topology Optimisation is a simulation technique based on the principle of the finite element method which is able to determine the optimal distribution of two or more different materials in combination under thermal and mechanical loads. The objective of optimization is to minimize the component's elast... | Multiphase topology optimisation | 0.810826 |
20,529 | The first chargers were linear power supplies, but they quickly moved to the cost effective ringing choke converter (RCC) SMPS topology, when new levels of efficiency were required. Recently, the demand for even lower no-load power requirements in the application has meant that flyback topology is being used more widel... | Switched-mode power supply applications | 0.810826 |
20,530 | The authority of those initiating this project is evidenced by the fact that major international bodies were present. These included WHO, OECD, European Commission, UNESCO, March of Dimes (US), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), Google, representatives of two dozen international genetics bodies, numerous ... | Human Variome Project | 0.810819 |
20,531 | However, these databases are of varying completeness and individualistic, so the Human Variome Project was born to establish a central project to encourage the collection and sourcing of this data, verifying it and ultimately using it for improved health outcomes. Geneticists, diagnosticians, researchers and bioinforma... | Human Variome Project | 0.810819 |
20,532 | A number line is usually represented as being horizontal, but in a Cartesian coordinate plane the vertical axis (y-axis) is also a number line. According to one convention, positive numbers always lie on the right side of zero, negative numbers always lie on the left side of zero, and arrowheads on both ends of the lin... | Real number line | 0.810818 |
20,533 | In probability theory, a pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent. Any collection of mutually independent random variables is pairwise independent, but some pairwise independent collections are not mutually independent. Pairwise independent random... | Pairwise independent | 0.810817 |
20,534 | The resulting lack of portability has prevented Massalin's optimization ideas from being adopted by any production kernel. However, the structure of the techniques suggests that they could be captured by a higher level language, albeit one more complex than existing mid-level languages. Such a language and compiler cou... | Self-modifying program | 0.810816 |
20,535 | The Synthesis kernel presented in Alexia Massalin's Ph.D. thesis is a tiny Unix kernel that takes a structured, or even object oriented, approach to self-modifying code, where code is created for individual quajects, like filehandles. Generating code for specific tasks allows the Synthesis kernel to (as a JIT interpret... | Self-modifying program | 0.810816 |
20,536 | Alternatively, the weight and the skip arrays could be merged into a temporary array (with zero weights for values to be skipped), at the cost of processing and still there is bloat. However, with code modification, to the template for calculating the statistics could be added as appropriate the code for skipping unwan... | Self-modifying program | 0.810816 |
20,537 | Suppose a set of statistics such as average, extrema, location of extrema, standard deviation, etc. are to be calculated for some large data set. In a general situation, there may be an option of associating weights with the data, so each xi is associated with a wi and rather than test for the presence of weights at ev... | Self-modifying program | 0.810816 |
20,538 | Self-modifying code can be used for various purposes: Semi-automatic optimizing of a state-dependent loop. Dynamic in-place code optimization for speed depending on load environment. Run-time code generation, or specialization of an algorithm in runtime or loadtime (which is popular, for example, in the domain of real-... | Self-modifying program | 0.810816 |
20,539 | Traditional machine learning systems have a fixed, pre-programmed learning algorithm to adjust their parameters. However, since the 1980s Jürgen Schmidhuber has published several self-modifying systems with the ability to change their own learning algorithm. They avoid the danger of catastrophic self-rewrites by making... | Self-modifying program | 0.810816 |
20,540 | The constant Ω is transcendental. This can be seen as a direct consequence of the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem. For a contradiction, suppose that Ω is algebraic. By the theorem, e−Ω is transcendental, but Ω = e−Ω, which is a contradiction. Therefore, it must be transcendental. | Omega constant | 0.810816 |
20,541 | Further, work on algebraic combinatorics also revived interest in older parts of the theory. Conjectures of Ian G. Macdonald helped to open up large and active new fields with the typical special function flavour. Difference equations have begun to take their place besides differential equations as a source for special... | Special function | 0.810815 |
20,542 | The modern theory of orthogonal polynomials is of a definite but limited scope. Hypergeometric series, observed by Felix Klein to be important in astronomy and mathematical physics, became an intricate theory, in need of later conceptual arrangement. Lie groups, and in particular their representation theory, explain wh... | Special function | 0.810815 |
20,543 | Special functions are particular mathematical functions that have more or less established names and notations due to their importance in mathematical analysis, functional analysis, geometry, physics, or other applications. The term is defined by consensus, and thus lacks a general formal definition, but the list of ma... | Special function | 0.810815 |
20,544 | Important examples of locally profinite groups come from algebraic number theory. Let F be a non-archimedean local field. Then both F and F × {\displaystyle F^{\times }} are locally profinite. More generally, the matrix ring M n ( F ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {M} _{n}(F)} and the general linear group GL n ( F )... | Locally profinite group | 0.810814 |
20,545 | The algebra plays an important role in the study of smooth representations of locally profinite groups. Indeed, one has the following: given a smooth representation ( ρ , V ) {\displaystyle (\rho ,V)} of G, we define a new action on V: ρ ( f ) = ∫ G f ( g ) ρ ( g ) d μ ( g ) . {\displaystyle \rho (f)=\int _{G}f(g)\rho ... | Locally profinite group | 0.810814 |
20,546 | Let G {\displaystyle G} be a unimodular locally profinite group such that G / K {\displaystyle G/K} is at most countable for all open compact subgroups K, and μ {\displaystyle \mu } a left Haar measure on G {\displaystyle G} . Let C c ∞ ( G ) {\displaystyle C_{c}^{\infty }(G)} denote the space of locally constant funct... | Locally profinite group | 0.810814 |
20,547 | The Faugère F4 algorithm is implemented in FGb, Faugère's own implementation, which includes interfaces for using it from C/C++ or Maple, in Maple computer algebra system, as the option method=fgb of function Groebner in the Magma computer algebra system, in the SageMath computer algebra system, Study versions of the F... | Faugère F5 algorithm | 0.810814 |
20,548 | For a smaller example, if X = { a , b , c } {\displaystyle X=\{a,b,c\}} where a, b, c are viewed as bit positions in that order from left to right, the eight subsets {}, {c}, {b}, {b,c}, {a}, {a,c}, {a,b}, and {a,b,c} of X can be identified with the respective bit vectors 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and 111. Bit... | Boolean value | 0.810812 |
20,549 | Boolean algebra was introduced by George Boole in his first book The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847), and set forth more fully in his An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854). According to Huntington, the term "Boolean algebra" was first suggested by Henry M. Sheffer in 1913, although Charles Sanders Peirce... | Boolean value | 0.810812 |
20,550 | Second, Boolean algebra uses logical operators such as conjunction (and) denoted as ∧, disjunction (or) denoted as ∨, and the negation (not) denoted as ¬. Elementary algebra, on the other hand, uses arithmetic operators such as addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division. Boolean algebra is therefore a formal w... | Boolean value | 0.810812 |
20,551 | In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is a branch of algebra. It differs from elementary algebra in two ways. First, the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, whereas in elementary algebra the values of the variables are numbers. | Boolean value | 0.810812 |
20,552 | However context can reverse these senses, as in your choices are coffee and tea which usually means the same as your choices are coffee or tea (alternatives). Double negation as in "I don't not like milk" rarely means literally "I do like milk" but rather conveys some sort of hedging, as though to imply that there is a... | Boolean value | 0.810812 |
20,553 | In robotics and motion planning, a velocity obstacle, commonly abbreviated VO, is the set of all velocities of a robot that will result in a collision with another robot at some moment in time, assuming that the other robot maintains its current velocity. If the robot chooses a velocity inside the velocity obstacle the... | Velocity obstacle | 0.810812 |
20,554 | The definition of organophosphorus compounds is variable, which can lead to confusion. In industrial and environmental chemistry, an organophosphorus compound need contain only an organic substituent, but need not have a direct phosphorus-carbon (P-C) bond. Thus a large proportion of pesticides (e.g., malathion), are o... | Carbon–phosphorus bond | 0.810805 |
20,555 | Organophosphorus chemistry is the scientific study of the synthesis and properties of organophosphorus compounds, which are organic compounds containing phosphorus. They are used primarily in pest control as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment. Some organophosphorus compounds are ... | Carbon–phosphorus bond | 0.810805 |
20,556 | In geometric graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a polyhedral graph is the undirected graph formed from the vertices and edges of a convex polyhedron. Alternatively, in purely graph-theoretic terms, the polyhedral graphs are the 3-vertex-connected, planar graphs. | Polyhedral graph | 0.810805 |
20,557 | According to Steinitz's theorem, these two graph-theoretic properties are enough to completely characterize the polyhedral graphs: they are exactly the 3-vertex-connected planar graphs. That is, whenever a graph is both planar and 3-vertex-connected, there exists a polyhedron whose vertices and edges form an isomorphic... | Polyhedral graph | 0.810805 |
20,558 | The Schlegel diagram of a convex polyhedron represents its vertices and edges as points and line segments in the Euclidean plane, forming a subdivision of an outer convex polygon into smaller convex polygons (a convex drawing of the graph of the polyhedron). It has no crossings, so every polyhedral graph is also a plan... | Polyhedral graph | 0.810805 |
20,559 | In total instruction path length only, a program coded in an imperative style, using no subroutines, would have the lowest count. However, the binary size of such a program may be larger than the same program coded using subroutines (as in functional and procedural programming) and would reference more non-local physic... | Comparison of programming paradigms | 0.810804 |
20,560 | In their Abstract "Optimization of Object-Oriented Programs Using Static Class Hierarchy Analysis", Jeffrey Dean, David Grove, and Craig Chambers of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, at the University of Washington, claim that "Heavy use of inheritance and dynamically-bound messages is likely to make ... | Comparison of programming paradigms | 0.810804 |
20,561 | In addition, RDM can be used to facilitate group decision-making in contentious situations where parties to the decision have strong disagreements about assumptions and values.RDM approaches have been applied to a wide range of different types of decision challenges. A study in 1996 addressed adaptive strategies for re... | Robust decision | 0.810804 |
20,562 | The effect can be avoided with simple practices. NiMH cells, although similar in chemistry, suffer less from memory effect.Automotive lead–acid rechargeable batteries must endure stress due to vibration, shock, and temperature range. Because of these stresses and sulfation of their lead plates, few automotive batteries... | Electric batteries | 0.810801 |
20,563 | If such a cell maintained 1.5 volts and produce a charge of one coulomb then on complete discharge it would have performed 1.5 joules of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge and the open-circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted against... | Electric batteries | 0.810801 |
20,564 | Originally, all practical primary batteries such as the Daniell cell were built as open-top glass jar wet cells. Other primary wet cells are the Leclanche cell, Grove cell, Bunsen cell, Chromic acid cell, Clark cell, and Weston cell. The Leclanche cell chemistry was adapted to the first dry cells. | Electric batteries | 0.810801 |
20,565 | Many types of electrochemical cells have been produced, with varying chemical processes and designs, including galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, fuel cells, flow cells and voltaic piles. A wet cell battery has a liquid electrolyte. Other names are flooded cell, since the liquid covers all internal parts or vented cel... | Electric batteries | 0.810801 |
20,566 | {\displaystyle p_{i}(x),p_{i}(x^{q}),p_{i}\left(x^{q^{2}}\right),\ldots ,p_{i}\left(x^{q^{d-1}}\right).} Like in the preceding algorithm, this algorithm uses the same subalgebra B of R as the Berlekamp's algorithm, sometimes called the "Berlekamp subagebra" and defined as B = { α ∈ R: p 1 ( α ) , ⋯ , p k ( α ) ∈ F q } ... | Factoring polynomials over finite fields | 0.810796 |
20,567 | Many software tools exist to help detect race conditions in software. They can be largely categorized into two groups: static analysis tools and dynamic analysis tools. Thread Safety Analysis is a static analysis tool for annotation-based intra-procedural static analysis, originally implemented as a branch of gcc, and ... | Data race | 0.810796 |
20,568 | If installed correctly, it can maintain reference ground potential much better than a star topology in a similar application across a wider range of frequencies and currents. | Multipoint ground | 0.810795 |
20,569 | If the system is expected to always have no more than main current present, the wavelengths involved at 50 or 60 Hz will cause the system design to become a star topology. But if higher frequencies are present, they need to be closer. | Multipoint ground | 0.810795 |
20,570 | A multipoint grounding system can solve several problems, but they must all be addressed in turn. The size of the conductors must be designed to meet the expected load in operations and in lightning protection. The amount of cross bonding, and the topology of the grids, is determined by the expected frequencies in the ... | Multipoint ground | 0.810795 |
20,571 | A multipoint ground system is more complicated to install and maintain over the long term, and can be more expensive to install. Star topology systems can be converted to multipoint systems by installing new conductors between old existing ones. However, this should be done with care as it can inadvertently introduce n... | Multipoint ground | 0.810795 |
20,572 | A multipoint ground is an alternate type of electrical installation that attempts to solve the ground loop and mains hum problem by creating many alternate paths for electrical energy to find its way back to ground. The distinguishing characteristic of a multipoint ground is the use of many interconnected grounding con... | Multipoint ground | 0.810795 |
20,573 | In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program that directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language, without requiring them previously to have been compiled into a machine language program. An interpreter generally uses one of the following strategies for program execution: Pars... | Bytecode interpreter | 0.810795 |
20,574 | Interpreters are frequently used to execute command languages, and glue languages since each operator executed in command language is usually an invocation of a complex routine such as an editor or compiler. Self-modifying code can easily be implemented in an interpreted language. This relates to the origins of interpr... | Bytecode interpreter | 0.810795 |
20,575 | The VIB Switch laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven is a department of VIB located at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Leuven, Belgium. The laboratory is headed by Frederic Rousseau and Joost Schymkowitz. Its research focuses on functional regulation of cellular processes, which are governed by protein confo... | Switch Laboratory | 0.810794 |
20,576 | Every H* is pure-injective (also called algebraically compact). One can often consider a problem after applying the * to simplify matters. All of this can also be done for continuous modules H: one forms the topological character module of continuous group homomorphisms from H to the circle group R/Z. | Injective cogenerator | 0.810794 |
20,577 | The cogenerator Q/Z is useful in the study of modules over general rings. If H is a left module over the ring R, one forms the (algebraic) character module H* consisting of all abelian group homomorphisms from H to Q/Z. H* is then a right R-module. | Injective cogenerator | 0.810794 |
20,578 | The Tietze extension theorem can be used to show that an interval is an injective cogenerator in a category of topological spaces subject to separation axioms. == References == | Injective cogenerator | 0.810794 |
20,579 | A genetic operator is an operator used in genetic algorithms to guide the algorithm towards a solution to a given problem. There are three main types of operators (mutation, crossover and selection), which must work in conjunction with one another in order for the algorithm to be successful. Genetic operators are used ... | Genetic operators | 0.810793 |
20,580 | The Van der Waals equation, formulated in 1873 by Johannes Diderik van der Waals, is generally regarded as the first somewhat realistic equation of state (beyond the ideal gas law): p = R T V m − b − a V m 2 {\displaystyle p={\frac {RT}{V_{\mathrm {m} }-b}}-{\frac {a}{V_{\mathrm {m} }^{2}}}} However, its modeling of re... | Redlich–Kwong equation of state | 0.810793 |
20,581 | In physics and thermodynamics, the Redlich–Kwong equation of state is an empirical, algebraic equation that relates temperature, pressure, and volume of gases. It is generally more accurate than the van der Waals equation and the ideal gas equation at temperatures above the critical temperature. It was formulated by Ot... | Redlich–Kwong equation of state | 0.810793 |
20,582 | Therefore, further consideration will need to be associated with ethical questions surrounding the evolution of technology. With growing trends of artificial intelligence and technological devices, such as Google Glass, stricter regulation will be necessary. Furthermore, Elon Musk recently stated that "We need to be ca... | Technoself studies | 0.810792 |
20,583 | Furthermore, the changing nature of identity is a common theme within technoself studies. As a result, this has given way for scholars to analyze questions such as: How are advances in sensing technologies, biometrics, and genetics changing the way we define and recognize identity? How are technologies changing the way... | Technoself studies | 0.810792 |
20,584 | If the trend towards the personalization of robots and social integration of artificial creatures continues, it is expected that this research will become more prevalent. David Levy, the artificial intelligence researcher in University of Maastricht contains the forecast of robot and human relationship in his thesis, "... | Technoself studies | 0.810792 |
20,585 | With personalized robots and the social integration of artificial intelligence, technoself is developing in children through relationships with robotic pets and related robotic technologies based on animals, objects, or people (Tamagotchi, Furby, AIBO, etc.). Current areas of interest in this topic are reported in Mels... | Technoself studies | 0.810792 |
20,586 | New directions and opportunities in technoself research involving personalized robots and social integration of artificial creatures is becoming an increasing reality. Considering the work of pioneering computer scientists and robotics experts such a Rodney Brooks and Hiroshi Ishiguro, human interaction with personal a... | Technoself studies | 0.810792 |
20,587 | A state space has some common properties: complexity, where branching factor is important structure of the space, see also graph theory: directionality of arcs tree rooted graphFor example, the Vacuum World has a branching factor of 4, as the vacuum cleaner can end up in 1 of 4 adjacent squares after moving (assuming i... | State space (computer science) | 0.81079 |
20,588 | State spaces are useful in computer science as a simple model of machines. Formally, a state space can be defined as a tuple where: N is a set of states A is a set of arcs connecting the states S is a nonempty subset of N that contains start states G is a nonempty subset of N that contains the goal states. | State space (computer science) | 0.81079 |
20,589 | The possibility of differentiating the activation function allows the direct use of the gradient descent and other optimization algorithms for the adjustment of the weights. Neural networks also started to be used as a general function approximation model. The best known training algorithm called backpropagation has be... | Activation (neural network) | 0.810787 |
20,590 | This model already considered more flexible weight values in the neurons, and was used in machines with adaptive capabilities. The representation of the threshold values as a bias term was introduced by Bernard Widrow in 1960 – see ADALINE. In the late 1980s, when research on neural networks regained strength, neurons ... | Activation (neural network) | 0.810787 |
20,591 | Since the beginning it was already noticed that any boolean function could be implemented by networks of such devices, what is easily seen from the fact that one can implement the AND and OR functions, and use them in the disjunctive or the conjunctive normal form. Researchers also soon realized that cyclic networks, w... | Activation (neural network) | 0.810787 |
20,592 | A number of analysis tools exist based on linear models, such as harmonic analysis, and they can all be used in neural networks with this linear neuron. The bias term allows us to make affine transformations to the data. See: Linear transformation, Harmonic analysis, Linear filter, Wavelet, Principal component analysis... | Activation (neural network) | 0.810787 |
20,593 | It has been demonstrated for the first time in 2011 to enable better training of deeper networks, compared to the widely used activation functions prior to 2011, i.e., the logistic sigmoid (which is inspired by probability theory; see logistic regression) and its more practical counterpart, the hyperbolic tangent. A co... | Activation (neural network) | 0.810787 |
20,594 | In the context of artificial neural networks, the rectifier or ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) is an activation function defined as the positive part of its argument: f ( x ) = x + = max ( 0 , x ) , {\displaystyle f(x)=x^{+}=\max(0,x),} where x is the input to a neuron. This is also known as a ramp function and is analogo... | Activation (neural network) | 0.810787 |
20,595 | Stochastic semantic analysis is an approach used in computer science as a semantic component of natural language understanding. Stochastic models generally use the definition of segments of words as basic semantic units for the semantic models, and in some cases involve a two layered approach.Example applications have ... | Stochastic semantic analysis | 0.810786 |
20,596 | The Salters School of Chemistry is a branch of Christ's Hospital that teaches mainly chemistry to all Christ's Hospital pupils. It was founded by Samuel Porter and the Worshipful Company of Salters (one of the livery company that sponsors children to study at CH) in 1993. It is currently Christ's Hospital's Chemistry D... | The Salters School of Chemistry | 0.810784 |
20,597 | Compiler theory is the theory of writing compilers (or more generally, translators); programs that translate a program written in one language into another form. The actions of a compiler are traditionally broken up into syntax analysis (scanning and parsing), semantic analysis (determining what a program should do), o... | Theory of programming languages | 0.810783 |
20,598 | Programming language theory (PLT) is a branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of formal languages known as programming languages. Programming language theory is closely related to other fields including mathematics, software engineering, and... | Theory of programming languages | 0.810783 |
20,599 | Phanes are abstractions of highly complex organic molecules introduced for simplification of the naming of these highly complex molecules. Systematic nomenclature of organic chemistry consists of building a name for the structure of an organic compound by a collection of names of its composite parts but describing also... | Phanes (organic chemistry) | 0.810781 |
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