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21,800 | It is a science, which specifically combines immunology with computer science, mathematics, chemistry, and biochemistry for large-scale analysis of immune system functions. It aims to study the complex protein–protein interactions and networks and allows a better understanding of immune responses and their role during ... | Computational immunology | 0.809954 |
21,801 | Recent advances in bioinformatics or computational biology were helpful to understand and organize these large-scale data and gave rise to new area that is called Computational immunology or immunoinformatics. Computational immunology is a branch of bioinformatics and it is based on similar concepts and tools, such as ... | Computational immunology | 0.809954 |
21,802 | The immune system is a complex system of the human body and understanding it is one of the most challenging topics in biology. Immunology research is important for understanding the mechanisms underlying the defense of human body and to develop drugs for immunological diseases and maintain health. Recent findings in ge... | Computational immunology | 0.809954 |
21,803 | In academia, computational immunology is a field of science that encompasses high-throughput genomic and bioinformatics approaches to immunology. The field's main aim is to convert immunological data into computational problems, solve these problems using mathematical and computational approaches and then convert these... | Computational immunology | 0.809954 |
21,804 | Such as categorization of allergen cross-reactivity information, identification of cancer-associated gene variants and the classification of immune epitopes. Immunoinformatics is using the basic bioinformatics tools such as ClustalW, BLAST, and TreeView, as well as specialized immunoinformatics tools, such as EpiMatrix... | Computational immunology | 0.809954 |
21,805 | In the study of infectious diseases and host responses, the mathematical and computer models are a great help. These models were very useful in characterizing the behavior and spread of infectious disease, by understanding the dynamics of the pathogen in the host and the mechanisms of host factors which aid pathogen pe... | Computational immunology | 0.809954 |
21,806 | The Sylow theorems have been proved in a number of ways, and the history of the proofs themselves is the subject of many papers, including Waterhouse, Scharlau, Casadio and Zappa, Gow, and to some extent Meo.One proof of the Sylow theorems exploits the notion of group action in various creative ways. The group G acts o... | Sylow's theorems | 0.809951 |
21,807 | The proofs for the soundness and completeness of the propositional logic are not themselves proofs in propositional logic ; these are theorems in ZFC used as a metatheory to prove properties of propositional logic. We define a truth assignment as a function that maps propositional variables to true or false. Informally... | Truth-functional propositional calculus | 0.809948 |
21,808 | The exigencies of practical computation on formal languages frequently demand that text strings be converted into pointer structure renditions of parse graphs, simply as a matter of checking whether strings are well-formed formulas or not. Once this is done, there are many advantages to be gained from developing the gr... | Truth-functional propositional calculus | 0.809948 |
21,809 | It is possible to generalize the definition of a formal language from a set of finite sequences over a finite basis to include many other sets of mathematical structures, so long as they are built up by finitary means from finite materials. What's more, many of these families of formal structures are especially well-su... | Truth-functional propositional calculus | 0.809948 |
21,810 | One of the main uses of a propositional calculus, when interpreted for logical applications, is to determine relations of logical equivalence between propositional formulas. These relationships are determined by means of the available transformation rules, sequences of which are called derivations or proofs. In the dis... | Truth-functional propositional calculus | 0.809948 |
21,811 | {\displaystyle \Omega _{2}=\{\to \}.} Then a ∨ b {\displaystyle a\lor b} is defined as ¬ a → b {\displaystyle \neg a\to b} , and a ∧ b {\displaystyle a\land b} is defined as ¬ ( a → ¬ b ) {\displaystyle \neg (a\to \neg b)} . The set I {\displaystyle \mathrm {I} } (the set of initial points of logical deduction, i.e., l... | Truth-functional propositional calculus | 0.809948 |
21,812 | Alternatively, all of the logical operators may be defined in terms of a sole sufficient operator, such as the Sheffer stroke (nand). The biconditional ( a ↔ b {\displaystyle a\leftrightarrow b} ) can of course be defined in terms of conjunction and implication as ( a → b ) ∧ ( b → a ) {\displaystyle (a\to b)\land (b\t... | Truth-functional propositional calculus | 0.809948 |
21,813 | Equations of radiative transfer have application in a wide variety of subjects including optics, astrophysics, atmospheric science, and remote sensing. Analytic solutions to the radiative transfer equation (RTE) exist for simple cases but for more realistic media, with complex multiple scattering effects, numerical met... | Radiation transport | 0.809936 |
21,814 | Creating a cellular model has been a particularly challenging task of systems biology and mathematical biology. It involves the use of computer simulations of the many cellular subsystems such as the networks of metabolites, enzymes which comprise metabolism and transcription, translation, regulation and induction of g... | Computational biomodeling | 0.809934 |
21,815 | Modelling biological systems is a significant task of systems biology and mathematical biology. Computational systems biology aims to develop and use efficient algorithms, data structures, visualization and communication tools with the goal of computer modelling of biological systems. It involves the use of computer si... | Computational biomodeling | 0.809934 |
21,816 | For instance, a titanium center will likely bond evenly to six oxygens in an octahedra, but distortion would occur if one of the oxygens were replaced with a more electronegative fluorine. Distortions will not change the inherent geometry of the polyhedra—a distorted octahedron is still classified as an octahedron, but... | Point inversion | 0.809931 |
21,817 | Real polyhedra in crystals often lack the uniformity anticipated in their bonding geometry. Common irregularities found in crystallography include distortions and disorder. Distortion involves the warping of polyhedra due to nonuniform bonding lengths, often due to differing electrostatic attraction between heteroatoms... | Point inversion | 0.809931 |
21,818 | Inversion with respect to the origin corresponds to additive inversion of the position vector, and also to scalar multiplication by −1. The operation commutes with every other linear transformation, but not with translation: it is in the center of the general linear group. "Inversion" without indicating "in a point", "... | Point inversion | 0.809931 |
21,819 | The original work in Arabic is not extant, but its contents are known from later translations.The treatise, which is about geometry, was similar to two books by Archimedes, On the measurement of the circle and On the sphere and the cylinder. It was used extensively in the Middle Ages, and was quoted by authors such as ... | Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures | 0.809931 |
21,820 | SMA is subject to structural fatigue – a failure mode by which cyclic loading results in the initiation and propagation of a crack that eventually results in catastrophic loss of function by fracture. The physics behind this fatigue mode is accumulation of microstructural damage during cyclic loading. This failure mode... | Memory wire | 0.809924 |
21,821 | Boeing, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Goodrich Corporation, NASA, Texas A&M University and All Nippon Airways developed the Variable Geometry Chevron using a NiTi SMA. Such a variable area fan nozzle (VAFN) design would allow for quieter and more efficient jet engines in the future. In 2005 and 2006, Boeing conduc... | Memory wire | 0.809924 |
21,822 | As a result of cyclic loading (both mechanical and thermal), the material loses its ability to undergo a reversible phase transformation. For example, the working displacement in an actuator decreases with increasing cycle numbers. The physics behind this is gradual change in microstructure—more specifically, the build... | Memory wire | 0.809924 |
21,823 | The journal is abstracted/indexed in: EMBASE EMBiology Scopus | Molecular Genetics and Metabolism | 0.809924 |
21,824 | Molecular Genetics and Metabolism is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Academic Press. It is the official journal of the Society for Inherited Metabolic Disorders. The editor is E.R.B. McCabe. | Molecular Genetics and Metabolism | 0.809924 |
21,825 | A linear transformer driver (LTD) within physics and energy, is an annular parallel connection of switches and capacitors. The driver is designed to deliver rapid high power pulses. The LTD was invented at the Institute of High Current Electronics (IHCE) in Tomsk, Russia. | Linear Transformer Driver | 0.809923 |
21,826 | ATO in PPC advertising is viewed by many in marketing as the equivalent of SEO (Search Engine Optimization) for natural search in that they both improve the visibility of websites. | Ad text optimization | 0.809923 |
21,827 | PPC Ads are triggered to appear on search engine pages when Users search with keywords which match those selected by the PPC Advertiser. When PPC Ads are clicked on they take the User through to a designated page on the advertiser’s website and a fee is paid to the search engine for the click. At the heart of Ad Text O... | Ad text optimization | 0.809923 |
21,828 | Ad text optimization (ATO) is the process of improving the performance of a text Pay Per Click (PPC) Advertisement on search engines by improving its Click Through Rate (CTR) performance both in terms of volume and quality of response, that is “more buyers, less browsers”. ATO is an element of Search engine optimizatio... | Ad text optimization | 0.809923 |
21,829 | The technique is used frequently when a complete list of all members of the population does not exist and is inappropriate. In some cases, several levels of cluster selection may be applied before the final sample elements are reached. For example, household surveys conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics begi... | Multistage sampling | 0.809921 |
21,830 | In statistics, multistage sampling is the taking of samples in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage.Multistage sampling can be a complex form of cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling which involves dividing the population into groups (or clusters). Then, one or more clusters are cho... | Multistage sampling | 0.809921 |
21,831 | The augmented simplex category, denoted by Δ + {\displaystyle \Delta _{+}} is the category of all finite ordinals and order-preserving maps, thus Δ + = Δ ∪ {\displaystyle \Delta _{+}=\Delta \cup } , where = ∅ {\displaystyle =\emptyset } . Accordingly, this category might also be denoted FinOrd. The augmented simplex ... | Simplex category | 0.809921 |
21,832 | The OECD has issued best practice guidelines for biorepositories, which are referred to as biological resource centres. They are defined by the OECD as follows: "Biological Resource Centres are an essential part of the infrastructure underpinning biotechnology. They consist of service providers and repositories of the ... | Biorepository | 0.809916 |
21,833 | Final Fantasy XII (2006) expanded on active pause combat with its "gambits" system, which allows players to collect and apply preferences to the artificial intelligence routines of partner characters, who will then perform certain actions in response to certain conditions. A similar "tactics" system later appeared in D... | Real-time game | 0.80991 |
21,834 | Among mouse-driven party-based computer role-playing games, the pausable real-time system was popularized by the Baldur's Gate series (1998–2001), though the same mechanic was also present in earlier role-playing games such as in Knights of Xentar (1991), Darklands (1992), Tales of Phantasia (1995), and as well in the ... | Real-time game | 0.80991 |
21,835 | The Chemical Database Service is an EPSRC-funded mid-range facility that provides UK academic institutions with access to a number of chemical databases. It has been hosted by the Royal Society of Chemistry since 2013, before which it was hosted by Daresbury Laboratory (part of the Science and Technology Facilities Cou... | Chemical Database Service | 0.809909 |
21,836 | If S is the set of nodes reachable by s in the residual network, then the total capacity in the original network of edges from S to the remainder of V is on the one hand equal to the total flow we found from s to t, and on the other hand serves as an upper bound for all such flows. This proves that the flow we found is... | Ford-Fulkerson algorithm | 0.809909 |
21,837 | In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, technological advances in molecular genetics made it possible to measure and modify the genome directly. This led to major advances in model organism research (e.g., knockout mice) and in human studies (e.g., genome-wide association studies), leading to new scientific discover... | Behavioral genetics | 0.809907 |
21,838 | Behavioural genetics, also referred to as behaviour genetics, is a field of scientific research that uses genetic methods to investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behaviour. While the name "behavioural genetics" connotes a focus on genetic influences, the field broadly investigates the extent ... | Behavioral genetics | 0.809907 |
21,839 | These techniques allow behavioural geneticists different levels of control in the model organism's genome, to evaluate the molecular, physiological, or behavioural outcome of genetic changes. Animals commonly used as model organisms in behavioural genetics include mice, zebra fish, and the nematode species C. elegans.M... | Behavioral genetics | 0.809907 |
21,840 | Investigators in animal behaviour genetics can carefully control for environmental factors and can experimentally manipulate genetic variants, allowing for a degree of causal inference that is not available in studies on human behavioural genetics. In animal research selection experiments have often been employed. For ... | Behavioral genetics | 0.809907 |
21,841 | In mathematics, simple homotopy theory is a homotopy theory (a branch of algebraic topology) that concerns with the simple-homotopy type of a space. It was originated by Whitehead in his 1950 paper "Simple homotopy type". | Simple homotopy theory | 0.809906 |
21,842 | The Hilbert class field E also satisfies the following: E is a finite Galois extension of K and = hK, where hK is the class number of K. The ideal class group of K is isomorphic to the Galois group of E over K. Every ideal of OK extends to a principal ideal of the ring extension OE (principal ideal theorem). Every pri... | Narrow Hilbert class field | 0.809906 |
21,843 | In algebraic number theory, the Hilbert class field E of a number field K is the maximal abelian unramified extension of K. Its degree over K equals the class number of K and the Galois group of E over K is canonically isomorphic to the ideal class group of K using Frobenius elements for prime ideals in K. In this cont... | Narrow Hilbert class field | 0.809905 |
21,844 | Certain publishing practices also make it difficult to conduct replications and to monitor the severity of the reproducibility crisis, for articles often come with insufficient descriptions for other scholars to reproduce the study. The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology showed that of 193 experiments from 53 top ... | Replication crisis | 0.809903 |
21,845 | According to biotechnology researcher J. Leslie Glick's estimate in 1992, 10% to 20% of research and development studies involved either QRPs or outright fraud. The methodology used to estimate QRPs has been contested, and more recent studies suggested lower prevalence rates on average.A 2009 meta-analysis found that 2... | Replication crisis | 0.809903 |
21,846 | They found that on average, psychology studies have between 33.1% and 36.4% statistical power. These values are quite low compared to the 80% considered adequate statistical power for an experiment. Across the 200 meta-analyses, the median of studies with adequate statistical power was between 7.7% and 9.1%.In a study ... | Replication crisis | 0.809903 |
21,847 | They argue that the complex system model is often more appropriate in psychology, and that the use of the linear model when the complex system model is more appropriate will result in failed replications. ...psychology may be hoping for replications in the very measurements and under the very conditions where a growing... | Replication crisis | 0.809903 |
21,848 | Some authors have argued that the insufficient communication of experimental methods is a major contributor to the reproducibility crisis and that better reporting of experimental design and statistical analyses would improve the situation. These authors tend to plead for both a broad cultural change in the scientific ... | Replication crisis | 0.809903 |
21,849 | Aside from all software and data, preserved analysis assets include metadata that enable understanding of the analysis workflow, related software, systematic uncertainties, statistics procedures and meaningful ways to search for the analysis, as well as references to publications and to backup material. CERN software i... | Replication crisis | 0.809903 |
21,850 | A particular way of organising a proof using two parallel columns is often used as a mathematical exercise in elementary geometry classes in the United States. The proof is written as a series of lines in two columns. In each line, the left-hand column contains a proposition, while the right-hand column contains a brie... | Types of proof | 0.809903 |
21,851 | Newton used them to investigate and explain the motion of many physical objects and systems, which laid the foundation for classical mechanics. In the time since Newton, the conceptual content of classical physics has been reformulated in alternative ways, involving different mathematical approaches that have yielded i... | Newtons laws of motion | 0.8099 |
21,852 | Lagrangian mechanics provides a convenient framework in which to prove Noether's theorem, which relates symmetries and conservation laws. The conservation of momentum can be derived by applying Noether's theorem to a Lagrangian for a multi-particle system, and so, Newton's third law is a theorem rather than an assumpti... | Newtons laws of motion | 0.8099 |
21,853 | That is, the physical path has the property that small perturbations of it will, to a first approximation, not change the integral of the Lagrangian. Calculus of variations provides the mathematical tools for finding this path. : 485 Applying the calculus of variations to the task of finding the path yields the Euler–L... | Newtons laws of motion | 0.8099 |
21,854 | We take the functional theoretic algebra C of curves. For each loop γ at 1, and each positive integer n, we define a curve γ n {\displaystyle \gamma _{n}} called n-curve. The n-curves are interesting in two ways. Their f-products, sums and differences give rise to many beautiful curves. Using the n-curves, we can defin... | N-curve | 0.809897 |
21,855 | A curve γ in the functional theoretic algebra C, is invertible, i.e. γ − 1 {\displaystyle \gamma ^{-1}\,} exists if γ ( 0 ) γ ( 1 ) ≠ 0. {\displaystyle \gamma (0)\gamma (1)\neq 0.\,} If γ ∗ = ( γ ( 0 ) + γ ( 1 ) ) e − γ {\displaystyle \gamma ^{*}=(\gamma (0)+\gamma (1))e-\gamma } , where e ( t ) = 1 , ∀ t ∈ {\displays... | N-curve | 0.809897 |
21,856 | In the design of experiments, Latin squares are a special case of row-column designs for two blocking factors. In algebra, Latin squares are related to generalizations of groups; in particular, Latin squares are characterized as being the multiplication tables (Cayley tables) of quasigroups. A binary operation whose ta... | Latin squares | 0.809893 |
21,857 | The fixed-target experiments are mainly implemented for the intensive studies of the rare processes, dynamics at high Bjorken x, diffractive physics, spin-correlations, and numerous nuclear phenomena.The experiments at Fermilab's Tevatron facility covered wide range of physics domains such as testing the theoretical pr... | Fixed-target experiment | 0.809892 |
21,858 | A fixed-target experiment in particle physics is an experiment in which a beam of accelerated particles is collided with a stationary target. The moving beam (also known as a projectile) consists of charged particles such as electrons or protons and is accelerated to relativistic speed. The fixed target can be a solid ... | Fixed-target experiment | 0.809892 |
21,859 | Rutherford's gold foil experiment that led to the discovery that mass and positive charge of an atom was concentrated in a small nucleus was probably the first fixed-target experiment. Later half of the 20th century saw the rise of particle and nuclear physics facilities such as CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) an... | Fixed-target experiment | 0.809892 |
21,860 | A color code is a system for displaying information by using different colors. The earliest examples of color codes in use are for long-distance communication by use of flags, as in semaphore communication. The United Kingdom adopted a color code scheme for such communication wherein red signified danger and white sign... | Color coding | 0.809888 |
21,861 | In mathematics, particularly the area of topology, a simple-homotopy equivalence is a refinement of the concept of homotopy equivalence. Two CW-complexes are simple-homotopy equivalent if they are related by a sequence of collapses and expansions (inverses of collapses), and a homotopy equivalence is a simple homotopy ... | Simple homotopy | 0.809888 |
21,862 | The American Microscopical Society (AMS) is a society of biologists dedicated to promoting the use of microscopy.A cohort of biologists and science educators, the AMS's members use a wide array of microscopical techniques (light microscopy, electron microscopy, fluorescence and confocal microscopes) to further their re... | Invertebrate Biology | 0.809887 |
21,863 | AMS travel awards are funds of $250 for transportation to the annual AMS meetings, which are joint endeavors between the AMS and the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. | Invertebrate Biology | 0.809887 |
21,864 | Functional languages are used in computer science research to explore new language features. Moreover, their lack of side-effects have made them popular in parallel programming and concurrent programming. However, application developers prefer the object-oriented features of imperative languages. | Software code | 0.809881 |
21,865 | The principle behind a functional language is to use lambda calculus as a guide for a well defined semantic. In mathematics, a function is a rule that maps elements from an expression to a range of values. Consider the function: times_10(x) = 10 * x The expression 10 * x is mapped by the function times_10() to a range ... | Software code | 0.809881 |
21,866 | Software engineering is a variety of techniques to produce quality software. Computer programming is the process of writing or editing source code. In a formal environment, a systems analyst will gather information from managers about all the organization's processes to automate. This professional then prepares a detai... | Software code | 0.809881 |
21,867 | Nonetheless, inheritance can be represented by using predicates. Rule (4) asserts that dragon is a subclass of creature. Questions are answered using backward reasoning. Given the question: Prolog generates two answers: Practical applications for Prolog are knowledge representation and problem solving in artificial int... | Software code | 0.809881 |
21,868 | Xenobiology might challenge the regulatory framework, as currently laws and directives deal with genetically modified organisms and do not directly mention chemically or genomically modified organisms. Taking into account that real xenobiology organisms are not expected in the next few years, policy makers do have some... | Xenobiology | 0.809881 |
21,869 | One concern with traditional genetic engineering and biotechnology is horizontal gene transfer to the environment and possible risks to human health. One major idea in XB is to design alternative genetic codes and biochemistries so that horizontal gene transfer is no longer possible. Additionally alternative biochemist... | Xenobiology | 0.809881 |
21,870 | By using additional amino acids from among the over 700 known to biochemistry, the capabilities of proteins may be altered to give rise to more efficient catalytical or material functions. The EC-funded project Metacode, for example, aims to incorporate metathesis (a useful catalytical function so far not known in livi... | Xenobiology | 0.809881 |
21,871 | Xenobiology is an approach to develop industrial production systems with novel capabilities by means of biopolymer engineering and pathogen resistance. The genetic code encodes in all organisms 20 canonical amino acids that are used for protein biosynthesis. In rare cases, special amino acids such as selenocysteine, py... | Xenobiology | 0.809881 |
21,872 | Xenobiology has the potential to reveal fundamental knowledge about biology and the origin of life. In order to better understand the origin of life, it is necessary to know why life evolved seemingly via an early RNA world to the DNA-RNA-protein system and its nearly universal genetic code. Was it an evolutionary "acc... | Xenobiology | 0.809881 |
21,873 | In practice, it describes novel biological systems and biochemistries that differ from the canonical DNA–RNA-20 amino acid system (see central dogma of molecular biology). For example, instead of DNA or RNA, XB explores nucleic acid analogues, termed xeno nucleic acid (XNA) as information carriers. It also focuses on a... | Xenobiology | 0.809881 |
21,874 | Xenobiology (XB) is a subfield of synthetic biology, the study of synthesizing and manipulating biological devices and systems. The name "xenobiology" derives from the Greek word xenos, which means "stranger, alien". Xenobiology is a form of biology that is not (yet) familiar to science and is not found in nature. | Xenobiology | 0.809881 |
21,875 | "Astro" means "star" and "exo" means "outside". Both exo- and astrobiology deal with the search for naturally evolved life in the Universe, mostly on other planets in the circumstellar habitable zone. (These are also occasionally referred to as xenobiology.) Whereas astrobiologists are concerned with the detection and ... | Xenobiology | 0.809881 |
21,876 | Originally this research on alternative forms of DNA was driven by the question of how life evolved on earth and why RNA and DNA were selected by (chemical) evolution over other possible nucleic acid structures. Two hypotheses for the selection of RNA and DNA as life's backbone are either they are favored under life on... | Xenobiology | 0.809881 |
21,877 | One of the goals of xenobiology is to rewrite the genetic code. The most promising approach to change the code is the reassignment of seldom used or even unused codons. In an ideal scenario, the genetic code is expanded by one codon, thus having been liberated from its old function and fully reassigned to a non-canonic... | Xenobiology | 0.809881 |
21,878 | In xenobiology, the aim is to design and construct biological systems that differ from their natural counterparts on one or more fundamental levels. Ideally these new-to-nature organisms would be different in every possible biochemical aspect exhibiting a very different genetic code. The long-term goal is to construct ... | Xenobiology | 0.809881 |
21,879 | Pfizer and BioNTech announced on 18 February 2021 that the first participants received their first dose in this trial.A study published in March 2021, in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology came to the conclusion that messenger RNA vaccines against the novel coronavirus, such as the Pfizer-BioNTech and Mo... | Pfizer vaccine | 0.80988 |
21,880 | The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (INN: tozinameran), sold under the brand name Comirnaty, is an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by the German biotechnology company BioNTech. For its development, BioNTech collaborated with American company Pfizer to carry out clinical trials, logistics, and manufacturing. It i... | Pfizer vaccine | 0.80988 |
21,881 | In set theory, a set is finite if and only if every non-empty family of subsets has a minimal element when ordered by the inclusion relation. In abstract algebra, the concept of a maximal common divisor is needed to generalize greatest common divisors to number systems in which the common divisors of a set of elements ... | Maximal element | 0.809879 |
21,882 | {\displaystyle S.} Zorn's lemma states that every partially ordered set for which every totally ordered subset has an upper bound contains at least one maximal element. This lemma is equivalent to the well-ordering theorem and the axiom of choice and implies major results in other mathematical areas like the Hahn–Banac... | Maximal element | 0.809879 |
21,883 | In philology, decipherment is the discovery of the meaning of texts written in ancient or obscure languages or scripts. Decipherment in cryptography refers to decryption. The term is used sardonically in everyday language to describe attempts to read poor handwriting. In genetics, decipherment is the successful attempt... | Decipherment | 0.809879 |
21,884 | TPL Tables has its roots in the Table Producing Language (TPL) system, developed at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in the 1970s and early 1980s to run on IBM mainframes. It was one of the first software languages that was task oriented rather than procedure oriented. To create a table in TPL, the user needed... | TPL Tables | 0.809878 |
21,885 | In reality the odds of having the least common ancestor of two extant species as an anchor is low, often that fossil already lies in one branch (underestimating the age), lies in a third branch (underestimating the age) or in the case of being within the LCA species, may have been millions of years older than the branc... | Molecular anthropology | 0.809876 |
21,886 | The molecular phylogenetics is based on quantification substitutions and then comparing sequence with other species, there are several points in the process which create errors. The first and greatest challenge is finding "anchors" that allow the research to calibrate the system. In this example, there are 10 mutations... | Molecular anthropology | 0.809876 |
21,887 | While human fossils in the early and middle stone age are far more abundant than chimpanzee or gorilla, there are few unambiguous chimpanzee or gorilla fossils from the same periodLoci that have been used in molecular phylogenetics: Cytochrome C Serum albumin Hemoglobin - Braunitizer, 1960s, Harding et al. 1997 Mitocho... | Molecular anthropology | 0.809876 |
21,888 | Critical in the history of molecular anthropology: That molecular phylogenetics could compete with comparative anthropology for determining the proximity of species to humans. Wilson and King realized in 1975, that while there was equity between the level of molecular evolution branching from chimp to human to putative... | Molecular anthropology | 0.809876 |
21,889 | At present the best evidence suggests that in migration the male to female ratio in humans may have declined, causing a trimming of Y diversity on multiple occasions within and outside of Africa. For short-range molecular phylogenetics and molecular clocking, the Y chromosome is highly effective and creates a second pe... | Molecular anthropology | 0.809876 |
21,890 | Significant progress has been made in genomic sequencing since Ingman and colleague published their finding on mitochondrial genome. Several papers on genomic mtDNA have been published; there is considerable variability in the rate of evolution, and rate variation and selection are evident at many sites. In 2007, Gonde... | Molecular anthropology | 0.809876 |
21,891 | Molecular anthropology, also known as genetic anthropology, is the study of how molecular biology has contributed to the understanding of human evolution. This field of anthropology examines evolutionary links between ancient and modern human populations, as well as between contemporary species. Generally, comparisons ... | Molecular anthropology | 0.809876 |
21,892 | Mitochondrial DNA became an area of research in phylogenetics in the late 1970s. Unlike genomic DNA, it offered advantages in that it did not undergo recombination. The process of recombination, if frequent enough, corrupts the ability to create parsimonious trees because of stretches of amino acid subsititions (SNPs).... | Molecular anthropology | 0.809876 |
21,893 | The real and imaginary parts of the coordinates set up a bijection of C n {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}} with the 2n-dimensional real coordinate space, R 2 n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2n}} . With the standard Euclidean topology, C n {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}} is a topological vector space over the complex nu... | Complex coordinate space | 0.809874 |
21,894 | The penetrating face product is used in the tensor-matrix theory of digital antenna arrays. This operation can also be used in artificial neural network models, specifically convolutional layers. | Elementwise division | 0.809872 |
21,895 | The Hadamard product of two positive-semidefinite matrices is positive-semidefinite. This is known as the Schur product theorem, after Russian mathematician Issai Schur. For two positive-semidefinite matrices A and B, it is also known that the determinant of their Hadamard product is greater than or equal to the produc... | Elementwise division | 0.809872 |
21,896 | The Hadamard product appears in lossy compression algorithms such as JPEG. The decoding step involves an entry-for-entry product, in other words the Hadamard product.In image processing, the Hadamard operator can be used for enhancing, suppressing or masking image regions. One matrix represents the original image, the ... | Elementwise division | 0.809872 |
21,897 | == Summary == In cell biology, membrane bound polyribosomes are attached to a cell's endoplasmic reticulum. When certain proteins are synthesized by a ribosome they can become "membrane-bound". The newly produced polypeptide chains are inserted directly into the endoplasmic reticulum by the ribosome and are then transp... | Membrane bound polyribosome | 0.809871 |
21,898 | In quantum physics, a bound state is a quantum state of a particle subject to a potential such that the particle has a tendency to remain localized in one or more regions of space. The potential may be external or it may be the result of the presence of another particle; in the latter case, one can equivalently define ... | Bound particle | 0.809869 |
21,899 | At the heart of the proposed technologies based on magnetoelectric coupling are switching processes, which describe the manipulation of the material's macroscopic magnetic properties with electric field and vice versa. Much of the physics of these processes is described by the dynamics of domains and domain walls. An i... | Multiferroics | 0.809867 |
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