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21,900 | The study of dynamics in multiferroic systems is concerned with understanding the time evolution of the coupling between various ferroic orders, in particular under external applied fields. Current research in this field is motivated both by the promise of new types of application reliant on the coupled nature of the d... | Multiferroics | 0.809867 |
21,901 | Many outstanding properties that distinguish domains in multiferroics from those in materials with a single ferroic order are consequences of the coupling between the order parameters. The coupling can lead to patterns with a distribution and/or topology of domains that is exclusive to multiferroics. The order-paramete... | Multiferroics | 0.809867 |
21,902 | (2008). "Multiferroicity due to charge ordering". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. | Multiferroics | 0.809867 |
21,903 | Ultrafast processes operating at picosecond, femtosecond, and even attosecond scale are both driven by, and studied using, optical methods that are at the front line of modern science. The physics underpinning the observations at these short time scales is governed by non-equilibrium dynamics, and usually makes use of ... | Multiferroics | 0.809867 |
21,904 | A second example shows the possibility for the direct control of spin waves with THz radiation on antiferromagnetic NiO. These are promising demonstrations of how the switching of electric and magnetic properties in multiferroics, mediated by the mixed character of the magnetoelectric dynamics, may lead to ultrafast da... | Multiferroics | 0.809867 |
21,905 | Spaldin, Nicola A.; Cheong, Sang-Wook; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy (2010-10-01). "Multiferroics: Past, present, and future". Physics Today. | Multiferroics | 0.809867 |
21,906 | "Magnetoelectric and multiferroic media". Physics-Uspekhi. 55 (6): 557–581. | Multiferroics | 0.809867 |
21,907 | "Multiferroic materials and magnetoelectric physics: symmetry, entanglement, excitation, and topology". Advances in Physics. 64 (5–6): 519–626. | Multiferroics | 0.809867 |
21,908 | In a second example, the unusual improper geometric ferroelectric phase transition in the hexagonal manganites has been shown to have symmetry characteristics in common with proposed early universe phase transitions. As a result, the hexagonal manganites can be used to run experiments in the laboratory to test various ... | Multiferroics | 0.809867 |
21,909 | Multiferroics have been used to address fundamental questions in cosmology and particle physics. In the first, the fact that an individual electron is an ideal multiferroic, with any electric dipole moment required by symmetry to adopt the same axis as its magnetic dipole moment, has been exploited to search for the el... | Multiferroics | 0.809867 |
21,910 | In some contexts, especially in optimization, one differentiates between strongly polynomial time and weakly polynomial time algorithms. These two concepts are only relevant if the inputs to the algorithms consist of integers. Strongly polynomial time is defined in the arithmetic model of computation. In this model of ... | Cubic time | 0.809865 |
21,911 | The Coulomb gauge (also known as the transverse gauge) is used in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics and is defined by the gauge condition (more precisely, gauge fixing condition) It is particularly useful for "semi-classical" calculations in quantum mechanics, in which the vector potential is quantized but... | Dirac gauge | 0.809863 |
21,912 | Proof assistants are finding acceptance in the mathematical community. Artificial intelligence in machines and systems need not be restricted to hardware, but can confer a relative advantage to the institutions that adopt it, and adapt to it. Canonical forms in a suitable format and in a critical mass for acceptance ca... | Conceptual systems | 0.809862 |
21,913 | In mathematics, the irregularity of a complex surface X is the Hodge number h 0 , 1 = dim H 1 ( O X ) {\displaystyle h^{0,1}=\dim H^{1}({\mathcal {O}}_{X})} , usually denoted by q. The irregularity of an algebraic surface is sometimes defined to be this Hodge number, and sometimes defined to be the dimension of the P... | Irregularity of a surface | 0.809861 |
21,914 | Since its initial publication, the monograph has come to be seen as a highly influential work in the field of mathematical biology. It serves as the essential text for most high level mathematical biology courses around the world, and is credited with transforming the field from a niche subject into a standard research... | Mathematical Biology | 0.809857 |
21,915 | Part II of Mathematical Biology focuses on pattern formation and applications of reaction-diffusion equations. Topics include: predator-prey interactions, chemotaxis, wound healing, epidemic models, and morphogenesis. Chapter 1: Multi-Species Waves and Practical Applications Chapter 2: Spatial Pattern Formation with Re... | Mathematical Biology | 0.809857 |
21,916 | Part I of Mathematical Biology covers population dynamics, reaction kinetics, oscillating reactions, and reaction-diffusion equations. Chapter 1: Continuous Population Models for Single Species Chapter 2: Discrete Population Models for a Single Species Chapter 3: Models for Interacting Populations Chapter 4: Temperatur... | Mathematical Biology | 0.809857 |
21,917 | Mathematical Biology is a two-part monograph on mathematical biology first published in 1989 by the applied mathematician James D. Murray. It is considered to be a classic in the field and sweeping in scope. | Mathematical Biology | 0.809857 |
21,918 | The five themes of cultural ecology emphasize that technological literacy goes through life spans, that literacy provides the medium for people to exert their agency, that literacy occurs and develops both within and outside of school contexts, that the conditions of access influence people's literacy development, and ... | Computers and writing | 0.809857 |
21,919 | In the age of communication technology, amateurs and experts collaborate to create, sustain and develop virtual communities based on what James Paul Gee and Elisabeth Hayes have called "passionate affinity spaces", or communities organized around "a shared endeavor, interest, or passion". Technology, specifically blogs... | Computers and writing | 0.809857 |
21,920 | A galvanostat (also known as amperostat) is a control and measuring device capable of keeping the current through an electrolytic cell in coulometric titrations constant, disregarding changes in the load itself. Its main feature is its nearly "infinite" (i.e. extremely high in respect to common loads) internal resistan... | Galvanostat | 0.809856 |
21,921 | The simplest way to implement a CAS system is to have all of the files stored within a typical database to which clients connect to add, query and retrieve files. However, the unique properties of content addressability means that the paradigm is well suited for computer systems in which multiple hosts collaboratively ... | Content-addressable storage | 0.809856 |
21,922 | Cassette is an open-source CAS implementation for C#/.NET.Arvados Keep is an open-source content-addressable distributed storage system. It is designed for large-scale, computationally intensive data science work such as storing and processing genomic data. Infinit is a content-addressable and decentralized (peer-to-pe... | Content-addressable storage | 0.809856 |
21,923 | In order to function without a central federating server, these services rely heavily on CAS to enforce the faithful copying and easy querying of unique files. At the same time, the growth of the open-source software movement in the 2000s led to the rapid proliferation of CAS-based services such as Git, a version contr... | Content-addressable storage | 0.809856 |
21,924 | Operator algebras can be used to study arbitrary sets of operators with little algebraic relation simultaneously. From this point of view, operator algebras can be regarded as a generalization of spectral theory of a single operator. In general operator algebras are non-commutative rings. | Operator algebra | 0.809851 |
21,925 | In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, an operator algebra is an algebra of continuous linear operators on a topological vector space, with the multiplication given by the composition of mappings. The results obtained in the study of operator algebras are often phrased in algebraic terms, while the techniques... | Operator algebra | 0.809851 |
21,926 | A similar result holds for von Neumann algebras. Commutative self-adjoint operator algebras can be regarded as the algebra of complex-valued continuous functions on a locally compact space, or that of measurable functions on a standard measurable space. Thus, general operator algebras are often regarded as a noncommuta... | Operator algebra | 0.809851 |
21,927 | These include C*-algebras, von Neumann algebras, and AW*-algebra. C*-algebras can be easily characterized abstractly by a condition relating the norm, involution and multiplication. Such abstractly defined C*-algebras can be identified to a certain closed subalgebra of the algebra of the continuous linear operators on ... | Operator algebra | 0.809851 |
21,928 | Though algebras of operators are studied in various contexts (for example, algebras of pseudo-differential operators acting on spaces of distributions), the term operator algebra is usually used in reference to algebras of bounded operators on a Banach space or, even more specially in reference to algebras of operators... | Operator algebra | 0.809851 |
21,929 | An operator algebra is typically required to be closed in a specified operator topology inside the whole algebra of continuous linear operators. In particular, it is a set of operators with both algebraic and topological closure properties. In some disciplines such properties are axiomized and algebras with certain top... | Operator algebra | 0.809851 |
21,930 | Predicting is done using a standard ODE predictor method, such as Runge–Kutta, and correction often uses Newton–Raphson iteration. Because f {\displaystyle f} and g {\displaystyle g} are polynomial, homotopy continuation in this context is theoretically guaranteed to compute all solutions of f {\displaystyle f} , due t... | Homotopy continuation | 0.80985 |
21,931 | The primary computational method used in numerical algebraic geometry is homotopy continuation, in which a homotopy is formed between two polynomial systems, and the isolated solutions (points) of one are continued to the other. This is a specialization of the more general method of numerical continuation. Let z {\disp... | Homotopy continuation | 0.80985 |
21,932 | Solutions to polynomial systems computed using numerical algebraic geometric methods can be certified, meaning that the approximate solution is "correct". This can be achieved in several ways, either a priori using a certified tracker, or a posteriori by showing that the point is, say, in the basin of convergence for N... | Homotopy continuation | 0.80985 |
21,933 | Several software packages implement portions of the theoretical body of numerical algebraic geometry. These include, in alphabetic order: alphaCertified Bertini Hom4PS HomotopyContinuation.jl Macaulay2 (core implementation of homotopy tracking and NumericalAlgebraicGeometry package) PHCPack | Homotopy continuation | 0.80985 |
21,934 | Numerical algebraic geometry is a field of computational mathematics, particularly computational algebraic geometry, which uses methods from numerical analysis to study and manipulate the solutions of systems of polynomial equations. | Homotopy continuation | 0.80985 |
21,935 | The adaptive machine category should not be confused with adaptive manufacturing or adaptive machine learning. Adaptive machines can be quite effective in an adaptive manufacturing environment and can benefit from adaptive machine learning applications. But they are neither interchangeable terms nor require one another... | Adaptive Machine | 0.809842 |
21,936 | The addition of 0.5 is the continuity correction; the uncorrected normal approximation gives considerably less accurate results. This approximation, known as de Moivre–Laplace theorem, is a huge time-saver when undertaking calculations by hand (exact calculations with large n are very onerous); historically, it was the... | Binomial Distribution | 0.809839 |
21,937 | {\displaystyle {\frac {|1-2p|}{\sqrt {np(1-p)}}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {n}}}\left|{\sqrt {\frac {1-p}{p}}}-{\sqrt {\frac {p}{1-p}}}\,\right|<0.3.} This can be made precise using the Berry–Esseen theorem. A stronger rule states that the normal approximation is appropriate only if everything within 3 standard deviations of it... | Binomial Distribution | 0.809839 |
21,938 | In probability theory and statistics, the binomial distribution with parameters n and p is the discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of n independent experiments, each asking a yes–no question, and each with its own Boolean-valued outcome: success (with probability p) or failure (wi... | Binomial Distribution | 0.809839 |
21,939 | In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a k-synchronized sequence is an infinite sequence of terms s(n) characterized by a finite automaton taking as input two strings m and n, each expressed in some fixed base k, and accepting if m = s(n). The class of k-synchronized sequences lies between the classes of k-au... | K-synchronized sequence | 0.809839 |
21,940 | Schrödinger's lecture focused on one important question: "how can the events in space and time which take place within the spatial boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry? "In the book, Schrödinger introduced the idea of an "aperiodic crystal" that contained genetic information in its co... | What Is Life? | 0.809835 |
21,941 | What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell is a 1944 science book written for the lay reader by physicist Erwin Schrödinger. The book was based on a course of public lectures delivered by Schrödinger in February 1943, under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, where he was Director of Th... | What Is Life? | 0.809835 |
21,942 | Schrödinger explains that living matter evades the decay to thermodynamical equilibrium by homeostatically maintaining negative entropy in an open system. In Chapter VII, he maintains that "order-from-order" is not absolutely new to physics; in fact, it is even simpler and more plausible. | What Is Life? | 0.809835 |
21,943 | In Chapter VI, Schrödinger states: ...living matter, while not eluding the "laws of physics" as established up to date, is likely to involve "other laws of physics" hitherto unknown, which however, once they have been revealed, will form just as integral a part of science as the former. He anticipates that this stateme... | What Is Life? | 0.809835 |
21,944 | Even though molecules had long been known to exist, their stability could not be explained by classical physics due to the discrete nature of quantum mechanics. Furthermore, mutations are directly linked to quantum leaps. He continues to explain, in chapter V, that true solids, which are also permanent, are composed of... | What Is Life? | 0.809835 |
21,945 | He concludes that the carrier of hereditary information has to be both small in size and permanent in time, contradicting the naïve physicist's expectation. This contradiction cannot be resolved by classical physics. In Chapter IV, Schrödinger presents molecules, which are indeed stable even if they consist of only a f... | What Is Life? | 0.809835 |
21,946 | The book, published in 1944, is based on lectures delivered under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies at Trinity College, Dublin in February 1943, attended by Éamon de Valera and his cabinet. At that time, although DNA was known to be a constituent of cell nuclei, it had not yet been identified wi... | What Is Life? | 0.809835 |
21,947 | Such languages may be Turing tarpits due to not offering standard support for common programming tasks. Creating a minimal Lisp interpreter is a common learning task set before computer science students. The Lambda calculus, developed by Alonzo Church is a minimal programming language that uses only function definition... | Minimalism (computing) | 0.809834 |
21,948 | In a speech at the 2002 International Lisp Conference, Richard Stallman indicated that minimalism was a concern in his development of GNU and Emacs, based on his experiences with Lisp and system specifications of low-end minicomputers at the time.As the capabilities and system requirements of common desktop software an... | Minimalism (computing) | 0.809834 |
21,949 | For much of the 20th century, prokaryotes were regarded as a single group of organisms and classified based on their biochemistry, morphology and metabolism. Microbiologists tried to classify microorganisms based on the structures of their cell walls, their shapes, and the substances they consume. In 1965, Emile Zucker... | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,950 | A few of these archaeocins have been characterized, but hundreds more are believed to exist, especially within Haloarchaea and Sulfolobus. These compounds differ in structure from bacterial antibiotics, so they may have novel modes of action. In addition, they may allow the creation of new selectable markers for use in... | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,951 | Consequently, the counterparts of bacterial or eukaryotic enzymes from extremophile archaea are often used in structural studies.In contrast with the range of applications of archaean enzymes, the use of the organisms themselves in biotechnology is less developed. Methanogenic archaea are a vital part of sewage treatme... | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,952 | In industry, amylases, galactosidases and pullulanases in other species of Pyrococcus that function at over 100 °C (212 °F) allow food processing at high temperatures, such as the production of low lactose milk and whey. Enzymes from these thermophilic archaea also tend to be very stable in organic solvents, allowing t... | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,953 | Extremophile archaea, particularly those resistant either to heat or to extremes of acidity and alkalinity, are a source of enzymes that function under these harsh conditions. These enzymes have found many uses. For example, thermostable DNA polymerases, such as the Pfu DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus furiosus, revoluti... | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,954 | Although these archaea can be present in extremely high numbers (up to 40% of the microbial biomass), almost none of these species have been isolated and studied in pure culture. Consequently, our understanding of the role of archaea in ocean ecology is rudimentary, so their full influence on global biogeochemical cycl... | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,955 | Their morphological, metabolic, and geographical diversity permits them to play multiple ecological roles: carbon fixation; nitrogen cycling; organic compound turnover; and maintaining microbial symbiotic and syntrophic communities, for example.No clear examples of archaeal pathogens or parasites are known. Instead the... | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,956 | Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very different shapes, such as the flat, square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi. Despite this morphological similarity to bacteria, archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of euka... | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,957 | At least twice, microbes evolved lipid biosynthesis and cell wall biochemistry. It has been suggested that the last universal common ancestor was a non-free-living organism. It may have had a permeable membrane composed of bacterial simple chain amphiphiles (fatty acids), including archaeal simple chain amphiphiles (is... | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,958 | By contrast, the fatty acids in the membranes of other organisms have straight chains without side branches or rings. Although isoprenoids play an important role in the biochemistry of many organisms, only the archaea use them to make phospholipids. These branched chains may help prevent archaeal membranes from leaking... | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,959 | In ester lipids this is an ester bond, whereas in ether lipids this is an ether bond. The stereochemistry of the archaeal glycerol moiety is the mirror image of that found in other organisms. The glycerol moiety can occur in two forms that are mirror images of one another, called enantiomers. | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,960 | The classification of archaea, and of prokaryotes in general, is a rapidly moving and contentious field. Current classification systems aim to organize archaea into groups of organisms that share structural features and common ancestors. These classifications rely heavily on the use of the sequence of ribosomal RNA gen... | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,961 | Introduction to the Archaea, ecology, systematics and morphology Oceans of Archaea – E.F. DeLong, ASM News, 2003 | Archaea | 0.809832 |
21,962 | In operator theory, a multiplication operator is an operator Tf defined on some vector space of functions and whose value at a function φ is given by multiplication by a fixed function f. That is, for all φ in the domain of Tf, and all x in the domain of φ (which is the same as the domain of f). This type of operator i... | Multiplication operator | 0.809831 |
21,963 | The point is that these equations are easier to understand for direct sums of line bundles than for arbitrary vector bundles, so equations should be understood in Y {\displaystyle Y} and then pushed down to X {\displaystyle X} . Since vector bundles on X {\displaystyle X} are used to define the K-theory group K ( X ) {... | Splitting principle | 0.809829 |
21,964 | The theorem above holds for complex vector bundles and integer coefficients or for real vector bundles with Z 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}} coefficients. In the complex case, the line bundles L i {\displaystyle L_{i}} or their first characteristic classes are called Chern roots. The fact that p ∗: H ∗ ( X ) → H ∗ ... | Splitting principle | 0.809829 |
21,965 | In the 2010s, Singing synthesis technology has taken advantage of the recent advances in artificial intelligence—deep listening and machine learning to better represent the nuances of the human voice. New high fidelity sample libraries combined with digital audio workstations facilitate editing in fine detail, such as ... | Music technology (electronic and digital) | 0.809828 |
21,966 | With the introduction of Transformer models, paraphrase generation approaches improved their ability to generate text by scaling neural network parameters and heavily parallelizing training through feed-forward layers. These models are so fluent in generating text that human experts cannot identify if an example was hu... | Paraphrasing (computational linguistics) | 0.809826 |
21,967 | The encoder and decoder can be implemented through the use of a recursive neural network (RNN) or an LSTM. Since paraphrases carry the same semantic meaning between one another, they should have similar skip-thought vectors. Thus a simple logistic regression can be trained to good performance with the absolute differen... | Paraphrasing (computational linguistics) | 0.809826 |
21,968 | In 2006, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences released the report of a study of molecular manufacturing as part of a longer report, A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative The study committee reviewed the technical content of Nanosystems, and in its conclusion states that no curren... | Molecular manufacturing | 0.809823 |
21,969 | However, most published safety guidelines include "recommendations against developing ... replicator designs which permit surviving mutation or undergoing evolution".Most assembler designs keep the "source code" external to the physical assembler. At each step of a manufacturing process, that step is read from an ordin... | Molecular manufacturing | 0.809823 |
21,970 | Greenpeace for instance commissioned a report concerning nanotechnology in which they express concern into the toxicity of nanomaterials that have been introduced in the environment. However, it makes only passing references to "assembler" technology. The UK Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering also commissio... | Molecular manufacturing | 0.809823 |
21,971 | Speculation on the power of systems that have been called "molecular assemblers" has sparked a wider political discussion on the implication of nanotechnology. This is in part due to the fact that nanotechnology is a very broad term and could include "molecular assemblers". Discussion of the possible implications of fa... | Molecular manufacturing | 0.809823 |
21,972 | The Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS), was a weak focusing 12.5 GeV proton accelerator that operated at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois from 1964 to 1979. It enabled pioneering experiments in particle physics, in the areas of quark model tests; neutrino physics (observation of neutrino interaction in its 12 f... | Zero Gradient Synchrotron | 0.809817 |
21,973 | In mathematics, discrete Chebyshev polynomials, or Gram polynomials, are a type of discrete orthogonal polynomials used in approximation theory, introduced by Pafnuty Chebyshev and rediscovered by Gram. They were later found to be applicable to various algebraic properties of spin angular momentum. | Gram polynomial | 0.809815 |
21,974 | SimBioSys (short for Simulated Biological Systems) is a technology company deploying a combination of artificial intelligence and biophysical simulations to improve the personalized and patient-specific understanding of cancer. SimBioSys developed a simulation engine, TumorScope, which utilizes current standard of care... | Simbiosys | 0.809813 |
21,975 | Materials are important as well. A pipe filled with hair restricts the flow of water more than a clean pipe of the same shape and size. Similarly, electrons can flow freely and easily through a copper wire, but cannot flow as easily through a steel wire of the same shape and size, and they essentially cannot flow at al... | AC resistance | 0.809808 |
21,976 | (In the image at right, the water pressure below the pipe is zero.) The resistance and conductance of a wire, resistor, or other element is mostly determined by two properties: geometry (shape), and materialGeometry is important because it is more difficult to push water through a long, narrow pipe than a wide, short p... | AC resistance | 0.809808 |
21,977 | Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm is an algorithm in graph theory for finding the strongly connected components (SCCs) of a directed graph. It runs in linear time, matching the time bound for alternative methods including Kosaraju's algorithm and the path-based strong component algorithm. The algorithm i... | Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm | 0.809805 |
21,978 | The underlying limitations are the beam width and the wavelength of the electron beam (determining diffraction), determined, as already discussed, by the electron beam energy. The calibration of these scanning electron microscope measurements is tricky, as results depend upon the material measured and its geometry. A t... | Electronic distance meter | 0.809804 |
21,979 | Measuring dimensions of localized structures (as opposed to large arrays of atoms like a crystal), as in modern integrated circuits, is done using the scanning electron microscope. This instrument bounces electrons off the object to be measured in a high vacuum enclosure, and the reflected electrons are collected as a ... | Electronic distance meter | 0.809804 |
21,980 | To equalise long video lines, a network with Cauer topology is used as the Z impedance of a Zobel constant resistance network. Just as the input impedance of a Bode network is used as the Z impedance of a Zobel network to form a Zobel Bode equaliser, so the input impedance of a Cauer network is used to make a Zobel Cau... | Bridged T circuit | 0.8098 |
21,981 | It is possible to transform a bridged–T section into a Lattice, or X–section (see Bartlett's bisection theorem). The X–section is a kind of bridge circuit, but usually drawn as a lattice, hence the name. Its topology makes it intrinsically balanced but it is never used to implement the constant resistance filters of th... | Bridged T circuit | 0.8098 |
21,982 | In molecular biology, the amino acid kinase domain is a protein domain. It is found in protein kinases with various specificities, including the aspartate, glutamate and uridylate kinase families. In prokaryotes and plants the synthesis of the essential amino acids lysine and threonine is predominantly regulated by fee... | Amino acid kinase | 0.809794 |
21,983 | On the other hand, the Chinese company Nantong Egens Biotechnology recommends using their test twice per day. If testing once per day, no significant difference has been found between testing LH in the morning versus in the evening, in relation to conception rates, and recommendations of what time in the day to take th... | Luteinizing hormone | 0.80979 |
21,984 | Whisk broom or spotlight sensors have the effect of stopping the scan, and focusing the detector on one part of the swath, typically capturing greater detail in that area. This is also called a close look scanner, comparable to a telephoto lens on a camera. Passive sensors can capture information for which there is no ... | Measurement and Signature Intelligence | 0.809787 |
21,985 | Figure "Remote Sensing Geometry" illustrates several key aspects of a scanning sensor. The instantaneous field of view (IFOV) is the area from which radiation currently impinges on the detector. The swath width is the distance, centered on the sensor path, from which signal will be captured in a single scan. Swath widt... | Measurement and Signature Intelligence | 0.809787 |
21,986 | Another possible definition calls it "astronomy except for the direction of view." The allusion here is to observational astronomy being a set of techniques that do remote sensing looking away from the earth (contrasted with how MASINT employs remote sensing looking toward the earth). Astronomers make observations in m... | Measurement and Signature Intelligence | 0.809787 |
21,987 | (2005). Biophysical and Structural Aspects of Bioenergetics (1st ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-346-2. | Oxidative phosphorylation | 0.809787 |
21,988 | Nelson DL, Cox MM (2004). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6. | Oxidative phosphorylation | 0.809787 |
21,989 | Microsatellites are often referred to as short tandem repeats (STRs) by forensic geneticists and in genetic genealogy, or as simple sequence repeats (SSRs) by plant geneticists.Microsatellites and their longer cousins, the minisatellites, together are classified as VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) DNA. The name... | Short Tandem Repeat | 0.809784 |
21,990 | Microsatellites were popularized in population genetics during the 1990s because as PCR became ubiquitous in laboratories researchers were able to design primers and amplify sets of microsatellites at low cost. Their uses are wide-ranging. A microsatellite with a neutral evolutionary history makes it applicable for mea... | Short Tandem Repeat | 0.809784 |
21,991 | A phase switch is a device used to increase the discrimination and sensitivity of an interferometer, especially at radio frequencies; an extra half-wave path difference is switched in, at well defined frequency, between the two interfering signal sources. In-phase signals then become out of phase and vice versa, so tha... | Phase switch | 0.809783 |
21,992 | Using a more complicated construction, Lenhard (1960) proved that every tetrahedron can be dissected into at most 12 orthoschemes.Böhm (1980) proved that this is optimal: there exist tetrahedra that cannot be dissected into fewer than 12 orthoschemes. In the same paper, Böhm also generalized Lenhard's result to three-d... | Dissection into orthoschemes | 0.809783 |
21,993 | In geometry, it is an unsolved conjecture of Hugo Hadwiger that every simplex can be dissected into orthoschemes, using a number of orthoschemes bounded by a function of the dimension of the simplex. If true, then more generally every convex polytope could be dissected into orthoschemes. | Dissection into orthoschemes | 0.809783 |
21,994 | Linear time-invariant circuits are important because they can process analog signals without introducing intermodulation distortion. This means that separate frequencies in the signal stay separate and do not mix, creating new frequencies (heterodynes). They are also easier to understand and analyze. Because they obey ... | Linear circuit | 0.809782 |
21,995 | Structure generation and enumeration are performed based on Brendan McKay's canonical augmentation method. RetroPath 2.0 provides a variety of workflows such as isomer transformation, enumeration, QSAR and metabolomics. Besides these mathematical structure generation methods, the implementations of neural networks, suc... | Chemical graph generator | 0.809778 |
21,996 | In a graph representing a chemical structure, the vertices and edges represent atoms and bonds, respectively. The bond order corresponds to the edge multiplicity, and as a result, chemical graphs are vertex and edge-labelled graphs. A vertex and edge-labelled graph G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} is described as ... | Chemical graph generator | 0.809778 |
21,997 | A chemical graph generator is a software package to generate computer representations of chemical structures adhering to certain boundary conditions. The development of such software packages is a research topic of cheminformatics. Chemical graph generators are used in areas such as virtual library generation in drug d... | Chemical graph generator | 0.809778 |
21,998 | If fragments are obtained from the experimental data, they can also be used as inputs to accelerate structure generation. The first structure generators were versions of graph generators modified for chemical purposes. One of the first structure generators was CONGEN, originally developed for the DENDRAL project, the f... | Chemical graph generator | 0.809778 |
21,999 | It is seen that the position of the particle can be written: R i = R + r i {\displaystyle \mathbf {R} _{i}=\mathbf {R} +\mathbf {r} _{i}} The defining characteristic of a rigid body is that the distance between any two points in a rigid body is unchanging in time. This means that the length of the vector r i {\displays... | Angular velocity tensor | 0.809776 |
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