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22,000 | In general, the angular velocity in an n-dimensional space is the time derivative of the angular displacement tensor, which is a second rank skew-symmetric tensor. This tensor Ω will have n(n−1)/2 independent components, which is the dimension of the Lie algebra of the Lie group of rotations of an n-dimensional inner p... | Angular velocity tensor | 0.809776 |
22,001 | Since the spin angular velocity tensor of a rigid body (in its rest frame) is a linear transformation that maps positions to velocities (within the rigid body), it can be regarded as a constant vector field. In particular, the spin angular velocity is a Killing vector field belonging to an element of the Lie algebra SO... | Angular velocity tensor | 0.809776 |
22,002 | In physics, a plane wave is a special case of wave or field: a physical quantity whose value, at any moment, is constant through any plane that is perpendicular to a fixed direction in space.For any position x → {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}} in space and any time t {\displaystyle t} , the value of such a field can be writ... | Plane waves | 0.809772 |
22,003 | The Doppler parameter, or Doppler broadening parameter, usually denoted as b {\displaystyle b} , is a parameter commonly used in astrophysics to characterize the width of observed spectral lines of astronomical objects. It is defined as b = 2 σ {\displaystyle b={\sqrt {2}}\sigma } ,where σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is th... | Doppler parameter | 0.809767 |
22,004 | The Anderson–Darling and Cramér–von Mises statistics belong to the class of quadratic EDF statistics (tests based on the empirical distribution function). If the hypothesized distribution is F {\displaystyle F} , and empirical (sample) cumulative distribution function is F n {\displaystyle F_{n}} , then the quadratic E... | Anderson–Darling test | 0.809766 |
22,005 | Empirical testing has found that the Anderson–Darling test is not quite as good as the Shapiro–Wilk test, but is better than other tests. Stephens found A 2 {\displaystyle A^{2}} to be one of the best empirical distribution function statistics for detecting most departures from normality. The computation differs based ... | Anderson–Darling test | 0.809766 |
22,006 | Computational topology Digital topology Network topology Topological computing Topological Quantum Computing Topological quantum computer | List of topology topics | 0.809765 |
22,007 | Combinatorial topology Counterexamples in Topology Differential topology Geometric topology Geospatial topology Grothendieck topology Link (knot theory) Listing number Mereotopology Noncommutative topology Pointless topology Set-theoretic topology Topological combinatorics Topological data analysis Topological degree t... | List of topology topics | 0.809765 |
22,008 | Quantum topology Topological defect Topological entropy in physics Topological order Topological quantum field theory Topological quantum number Topological string theory Topology of the universe | List of topology topics | 0.809765 |
22,009 | The ideas underlying topology go back to Gottfried Leibniz, who in the 17th century envisioned the geometria situs and analysis situs. Leonhard Euler's Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem and polyhedron formula are arguably the field's first theorems. The term topology was introduced by Johann Benedict Listing in the 1... | List of topology topics | 0.809765 |
22,010 | In mathematics, topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling and bending, but not tearing or gluing. A topological space is a set endowed with ... | List of topology topics | 0.809765 |
22,011 | The definition extends naturally to more than two random variables. We say that n {\displaystyle n} random variables X 1 , … , X n {\displaystyle X_{1},\ldots ,X_{n}} are i.i.d. if they are independent (see further Independence (probability theory) § More than two random variables) and identically distributed, i.e. if ... | Independent and identically-distributed random variables | 0.809764 |
22,012 | In statistics, "random sample" is the typical terminology, but in probability it is more common to say "IID". Identically distributed means that there are no overall trends–the distribution doesn't fluctuate and all items in the sample are taken from the same probability distribution. Independent means that the sample ... | Independent and identically-distributed random variables | 0.809764 |
22,013 | Statistics commonly deals with random samples. A random sample can be thought of as a set of objects that are chosen randomly. More formally, it is "a sequence of independent, identically distributed (IID) random data points". In other words, the terms random sample and IID are basically one and the same. | Independent and identically-distributed random variables | 0.809764 |
22,014 | In stochastic calculus, i.i.d. variables are thought of as a discrete time Lévy process: each variable gives how much one changes from one time to another. For example, a sequence of Bernoulli trials is interpreted as the Bernoulli process. One may generalize this to include continuous time Lévy processes, and many Lév... | Independent and identically-distributed random variables | 0.809764 |
22,015 | The critical issue of the solar neutrino problem, that many astrophysicists interested in solar neutrinos studied and attempted to solve in late 1900s and early 2000s, is solved. In the 21st century, even without a main problem to solve, there is still unique and novel research ongoing in this field of astrophysics. | Solar neutrino flux | 0.809763 |
22,016 | The Master Control Program (MCP), voiced by David Warner and also played by Barnard Hughes, is the main digital antagonist of the first film. It is an artificial intelligence created by ENCOM founder Walter Gibbs and improved by Ed Dillinger that ruled ENCOM's mainframe computer. During the rule of the MCP, many progra... | Master Control Program (Tron) | 0.809756 |
22,017 | Sometimes it is useful to simplify complex expressions made up of bitwise operations, for example when writing compilers. The goal of a compiler is to translate a high level programming language into the most efficient machine code possible. Boolean algebra is used to simplify complex bitwise expressions. | Bitwise NOT | 0.809752 |
22,018 | In the context of cryptography, encryption serves as a mechanism to ensure confidentiality. Since data may be visible on the Internet, sensitive information such as passwords and personal communication may be exposed to potential interceptors. The process of encrypting and decrypting messages involves keys. The two mai... | Cryptographic algorithm | 0.809751 |
22,019 | An authorized recipient can easily decrypt the message with the key provided by the originator to recipients but not to unauthorized users. Historically, various forms of encryption have been used to aid in cryptography. Early encryption techniques were often used in military messaging. | Cryptographic algorithm | 0.809751 |
22,020 | In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding information. This process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Ideally, only authorized parties can decipher a ciphertext back to plaintext and access the original information. | Cryptographic algorithm | 0.809751 |
22,021 | The solids were ordered with the innermost being the octahedron, followed by the icosahedron, dodecahedron, tetrahedron, and finally the cube, thereby dictating the structure of the solar system and the distance relationships between the planets by the Platonic solids. In the end, Kepler's original idea had to be aband... | Platonic solids | 0.80975 |
22,022 | For the special case of a Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} with a Cartan subalgebra h {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}} , given an ordering of h {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}} , the Borel subalgebra is the direct sum of h {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}} and the weight spaces of g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {... | Parabolic subgroup | 0.809749 |
22,023 | In the theory of algebraic groups, a Borel subgroup of an algebraic group G is a maximal Zariski closed and connected solvable algebraic subgroup. For example, in the general linear group GLn (n x n invertible matrices), the subgroup of invertible upper triangular matrices is a Borel subgroup. For groups realized over ... | Parabolic subgroup | 0.809749 |
22,024 | In spherical trigonometry, the half side formula relates the angles and lengths of the sides of spherical triangles, which are triangles drawn on the surface of a sphere and so have curved sides and do not obey the formulas for plane triangles. | Half-side formula | 0.809748 |
22,025 | Machine Design (ISSN 0024-9114) is an American trade magazine and website serving the OEM engineering market. Its print issues reach qualified design engineers and engineering managers twice a month. Key technologies covered include computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), electrical and electronics, fastenin... | Machine Design | 0.809747 |
22,026 | A mathematical theory is a mathematical model of a branch of mathematics that is based on a set of axioms. It can also simultaneously be a body of knowledge (e.g., based on known axioms and definitions), and so in this sense can refer to an area of mathematical research within the established framework.Explanatory dept... | Mathematical theory | 0.809739 |
22,027 | In 2004, the US National Cancer Institute launched a program effort on Integrative Cancer Systems Biology to establish Centers for Cancer Systems Biology that focus on the analysis of cancer as a complex biological system. The integration of experimental biology with mathematical modeling will result in new insights in... | Cancer systems biology | 0.809737 |
22,028 | Key developments include: The generation of comprehensive molecular datasets (genome, transcriptome, epigenomics, proteome, metabolome, etc.) The Cancer Genome Atlas data collection Computational algorithms to extract drivers of cancer progression from existing datasets Statistical and mechanistic modeling of signaling... | Cancer systems biology | 0.809737 |
22,029 | Despite these advances, many unresolved challenges remain, including the dearth of new treatment avenues for many cancer types, or the unexplained treatment failures and inevitable relapse in cancer types where targeted treatment exists. Such mismatch between clinical results and the massive amounts of data acquired by... | Cancer systems biology | 0.809737 |
22,030 | In parallel with the exploits of molecular biology, cancer research focused on the identification of critical oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in the etiology of cancer. These breakthroughs revolutionized our understanding of molecular events driving cancer progression. Targeted therapy may be considered the current... | Cancer systems biology | 0.809737 |
22,031 | Cancer systems biology finds its roots in a number of events and realizations in biomedical research, as well as in technological advances. Historically cancer was identified, understood, and treated as a monolithic disease. It was seen as a “foreign” component that grew as a homogenous mass, and was to be best treated... | Cancer systems biology | 0.809737 |
22,032 | Cancer systems biology merges traditional basic and clinical cancer research with “exact” sciences, such as applied mathematics, engineering, and physics. It incorporates a spectrum of “omics” technologies (genomics, proteomics, epigenomics, etc.) and molecular imaging, to generate computational algorithms and quantita... | Cancer systems biology | 0.809737 |
22,033 | Cancer systems biology encompasses concrete applications of systems biology approaches to cancer research, notably (a) the need for better methods to distill insights from large-scale networks, (b) the importance of integrating multiple data types in constructing more realistic models, (c) challenges in translating ins... | Cancer systems biology | 0.809737 |
22,034 | Cancer systems biology encompasses the application of systems biology approaches to cancer research, in order to study the disease as a complex adaptive system with emerging properties at multiple biological scales. Cancer systems biology represents the application of systems biology approaches to the analysis of how t... | Cancer systems biology | 0.809737 |
22,035 | The computational approaches used in cancer systems biology include new mathematical and computational algorithms that reflect the dynamic interplay between experimental biology and the quantitative sciences. A cancer systems biology approach can be applied at different levels, from an individual cell to a tissue, a pa... | Cancer systems biology | 0.809737 |
22,036 | Although important technical optimization and improved biological interpretation of multimodality imaging findings are needed, this approach can already be applied informatively in clinical trials of cancer therapeutics using existing tools. Cancer Genomics Statistical and mechanistic modelling of cancer progression an... | Cancer systems biology | 0.809737 |
22,037 | For example, in explosives research Helmholtz free energy is often used, since explosive reactions by their nature induce pressure changes. It is also frequently used to define fundamental equations of state of pure substances. The concept of free energy was developed by Hermann von Helmholtz, a German physicist, and f... | Helmholtz energy | 0.809736 |
22,038 | In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy (or Helmholtz energy) is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature (isothermal). The change in the Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system c... | Helmholtz energy | 0.809736 |
22,039 | Computing the free energy is an intractable problem for all but the simplest models in statistical physics. A powerful approximation method is mean-field theory, which is a variational method based on the Bogoliubov inequality. This inequality can be formulated as follows. | Helmholtz energy | 0.809736 |
22,040 | Econophysics is a non-orthodox (in economics) interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods originally developed by physicists in order to solve problems in economics, usually those including uncertainty or stochastic processes and nonlinear dynamics. Some of its application to the study of financial ... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,041 | Economic Fluctuations and Statistical Physics: Quantifying Extremely Rare and Much Less Rare Events, Eugene Stanley, Videolectures.net Applications of Statistical Physics to Understanding Complex Systems, Eugene Stanley, Videolectures.net Financial Bubbles, Real Estate Bubbles, Derivative Bubbles, and the Financial and... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,042 | One paper has argued that this technique can improve the performance of portfolios, e.g., in applied in portfolio optimization.There are, however, various other tools from physics that have so far been used, such as fluid dynamics, classical mechanics and quantum mechanics (including so-called classical economy, quantu... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,043 | The fluctuation-dissipation theorem connects the two to establish a concrete correspondence of "temperature", "entropy", "free potential/energy", and other physics notions to an economics system. The statistical mechanics model is not constructed a-priori - it is a result of a boundedly rational assumption and modeling... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,044 | Basic tools of econophysics are probabilistic and statistical methods often taken from statistical physics. Physics models that have been applied in economics include the kinetic theory of gas (called the kinetic exchange models of markets), percolation models, chaotic models developed to study cardiac arrest, and mode... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,045 | It appears that it also plays a role that near a change of the tendency (e.g. from falling to rising prices) there are typical "panic reactions" of the selling or buying agents with algebraically increasing bargain rapidities and volumes.As in quantum field theory the "fat tails" can be obtained by complicated "nonpert... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,046 | Presently, one of the main results of econophysics comprises the explanation of the "fat tails" in the distribution of many kinds of financial data as a universal self-similar scaling property (i.e. scale invariant over many orders of magnitude in the data), arising from the tendency of individual market competitors, o... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,047 | Econophysics has nothing to do with the "physical quantities approach" to economics, advocated by Ian Steedman and others associated with neo-Ricardianism. Notable econophysicists are Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, Emmanuel Bacry, Jean-Francois Muzy, Giulio Bottazzi, Bikas K Chakrabarti, J. Doyne Farmer, Diego Garlaschelli, D... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,048 | Their book Laws of Chaos: A Probabilistic Approach to Political Economy proposes dissolving (their words) the transformation problem in Marx's political economy by re-conceptualising the relevant quantities as random variables.If, on the other hand, "econophysics" is taken to denote the application of physics to econom... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,049 | The first book on econophysics was by R. N. Mantegna & H. E. Stanley in 2000.The almost regular meeting series on the topic include: ECONOPHYS-KOLKATA (held in Kolkata & Delhi), Econophysics Colloquium, ESHIA/ WEHIA. In recent years network science, heavily reliant on analogies from statistical mechanics, has been appl... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,050 | It became apparent that traditional methods of analysis were insufficient – standard economic methods dealt with homogeneous agents and equilibrium, while many of the more interesting phenomena in financial markets fundamentally depended on heterogeneous agents and far-from-equilibrium situations. The term "econophysic... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,051 | Econophysics was started in the mid-1990s by several physicists working in the subfield of statistical mechanics. Unsatisfied with the traditional explanations and approaches of economists – which usually prioritized simplified approaches for the sake of soluble theoretical models over agreement with empirical data – t... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,052 | Physicists' interest in the social sciences is not new (see e.g.,); Daniel Bernoulli, as an example, was the originator of utility-based preferences. One of the founders of neoclassical economic theory, former Yale University Professor of Economics Irving Fisher, was originally trained under the renowned Yale physicist... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,053 | Papers on econophysics have been published primarily in journals devoted to physics and statistical mechanics, rather than in leading economics journals. Some Mainstream economists have generally been unimpressed by this work. Other economists, including Mauro Gallegati, Steve Keen, Paul Ormerod, and Alan Kirman have s... | Econophysics | 0.809734 |
22,054 | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), part of UK Research and Innovation, is a non-departmental public body (NDPB), and is the largest UK public funder of non-medical bioscience. It predominantly funds scientific research institutes and university research departments in the UK. | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council | 0.809734 |
22,055 | The council strategically funds eight research institutes in the UK, and a number of centres (BBSRC: Institutes and centres). They have strong links with business, industry and the wider community, and support policy development.The institutes' research underpins key sectors of the UK economy such as agriculture, bioen... | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council | 0.809734 |
22,056 | Since then, more than 200 organizations from more than 50 countries have joined CBOL and agreed to put their barcode data in a public database. CBOL promotes DNA barcoding through workshops, working groups, international conferences, outreach meetings to developing countries, planning meetings for barcoding projects, a... | Consortium for the Barcode of Life | 0.809733 |
22,057 | With the dimensions shown, the mechanical advantage, W/F can be calculated as 10/3 × 9/4 = 7.5, meaning that an applied force of 1 pound (or 1 kg) could lift a weight of 7.5 lb (or 7.5 kg). Alternatively, if the position of the fulcrum on lever AA' were moved so that A1 = 4 units and A2 = 9 units, then the mechanical a... | Compound lever | 0.809732 |
22,058 | However, Einstein's interpretation of the Lorentz transformation was not mentioned, and Einstein's name was completely ignored. Many classical physicists resented Einstein's dismissal of the notion of a luminiferous aether, which had been a mainstay of their work for the majority of their productive lives. They were no... | Deutsche Physik | 0.809725 |
22,059 | While the response to Einstein was based in part on his concepts being a radical break from earlier theories, there was also an anti-Jewish element to some of the criticism. The leading theoretician of the Deutsche Physik type of movement was Rudolf Tomaschek, who had re-edited the famous physics textbook Grimsehl's Le... | Deutsche Physik | 0.809725 |
22,060 | Socialist students organized a demonstration against Lenard, who was taken into protective custody by state prosecutor Hugo Marx. The sentiment displayed by Lenard was not unique to physics or physicists; the blend of nationalism and perceived affront from foreign and internal forces was a key reason for the popularity... | Deutsche Physik | 0.809725 |
22,061 | This movement began as an extension of a German nationalistic movement in the physics community which went back as far as World War I. On 25 August 1914, during the German invasion of Belgium, German troops used petrol to set fire to the library of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. The burning of the library led to a... | Deutsche Physik | 0.809725 |
22,062 | Ball, Philip, Serving the Reich: The Struggle for the Soul of Physics Under Hitler (University of Chicago Press, 2014). Beyerchen, Alan, Scientists under Hitler: Politics and the physics community in the Third Reich (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977). Hentschel, Klaus, ed. Physics and National Socialism: An a... | Deutsche Physik | 0.809725 |
22,063 | It is occasionally put forth that there is a great irony in the Nazis' labeling modern physics as "Jewish science", since it was exactly modern physics—and the work of many European exiles—which was used to create the atomic bomb. Even if the German government had not embraced Lenard and Stark's ideas, the German antis... | Deutsche Physik | 0.809725 |
22,064 | After beginning a full character evaluation, which Heisenberg both instigated and passed, Himmler forbade further attack on the physicist. Heisenberg would later employ his "Jewish physics" in the German project to develop nuclear fission for the purposes of nuclear weapons or nuclear energy use. Himmler promised Heise... | Deutsche Physik | 0.809725 |
22,065 | Under this Nazi-era paradigm, academic disciplines and professional fields followed a strictly linear hierarchy created along ideological lines. The figureheads of "Aryan Physics" met with moderate success, but the support from the Nazi Party was not as great as Lenard and Stark would have preferred. | Deutsche Physik | 0.809725 |
22,066 | By 1935, though, this campaign was superseded by the Nuremberg Laws of 1935. There were no longer any Jewish physics professors in Germany, since under the Nuremberg Laws, Jews were not allowed to work in universities. Stark in particular also tried to install himself as the national authority on "German" physics under... | Deutsche Physik | 0.809725 |
22,067 | When the Nazis entered the political scene, Lenard quickly attempted to ally himself with them, joining the party at an early stage. With another physics Nobel laureate, Johannes Stark, Lenard began a core campaign to label Einstein's relativity as Jewish Physics. Lenard and Stark benefited considerably from this Nazi ... | Deutsche Physik | 0.809725 |
22,068 | Deutsche Physik (German: , lit. "German Physics") or Aryan Physics (German: Arische Physik) was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s which had the support of many eminent physicists in Germany. The term was taken from the title of a four-volume physics textbook by Nobel laureate Phi... | Deutsche Physik | 0.809725 |
22,069 | In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the rest of the molecule's composition. This enables systematic prediction of chemic... | Chemical group | 0.809723 |
22,070 | The study of nanowire mechanics has boomed since the advent of the atomic force microscope (AFM), and associated technologies which have enabled direct study of the response of the nanowire to an applied load. Specifically, a nanowire can be clamped from one end, and the free end displaced by an AFM tip. In this cantil... | Nanowire | 0.809722 |
22,071 | This avoids the problem of how to achieve precision doping of complementary nanocircuits, which is unsolved. They were able to control the Schottky barrier to achieve low-resistance contacts by placing a silicide layer in the metal-silicon interface.It is possible that semiconductor nanowire crossings will be important... | Nanowire | 0.809722 |
22,072 | As previously mentioned, the high aspect ratio of nanowires makes this nanostructures suitable for electrochemical sensing with the potential for ultimate sensitivity. One of the challenge for the use of nanowires in commercial products is related to the isolation, handling, and integration of nanowires in an electrica... | Nanowire | 0.809722 |
22,073 | Terrestrial bacteria, particularly Deinococcus radiodurans, highly resistant to environmental hazards, could survive for at least three years in outer space, based on studies on the International Space Station.An extreme speculation is that the biochemistry of life could have begun as early as 17 My (million years) aft... | History of research into the origin of life | 0.809721 |
22,074 | Euclid's formula for a Pythagorean triple a = m 2 − n 2 , b = 2 m n , c = m 2 + n 2 {\displaystyle a=m^{2}-n^{2},\quad b=2mn,\quad c=m^{2}+n^{2}} can be understood in terms of the geometry of rational points on the unit circle (Trautman 1998). In fact, a point in the Cartesian plane with coordinates (x, y) belongs to t... | Pythagorean triplet | 0.809716 |
22,075 | Furthermore, the determinant of X is det X = c 2 − a 2 − b 2 {\displaystyle \det X=c^{2}-a^{2}-b^{2}\,} which is zero precisely when (a,b,c) is a Pythagorean triple. If X corresponds to a Pythagorean triple, then as a matrix it must have rank 1. Since X is symmetric, it follows from a result in linear algebra that ther... | Pythagorean triplet | 0.809716 |
22,076 | Formulas used in science almost always require a choice of units. Formulas are used to express relationships between various quantities, such as temperature, mass, or charge in physics; supply, profit, or demand in economics; or a wide range of other quantities in other disciplines. An example of a formula used in scie... | Formula | 0.809712 |
22,077 | Mathematical formulas are often algebraic, analytical or in closed form.In a general context, formulas are often a manifestation of mathematical model to real world phenomena, and as such can be used to provide solution (or approximated solution) to real world problems, with some being more general than others. For exa... | Formula | 0.809712 |
22,078 | In mathematics, a formula generally refers to an equation relating one mathematical expression to another, with the most important ones being mathematical theorems. For example, determining the volume of a sphere requires a significant amount of integral calculus or its geometrical analogue, the method of exhaustion. H... | Formula | 0.809712 |
22,079 | The CAPD library (Computer Assisted Proofs in Dynamics) is a software library that aims to provide a set of flexible C++ modules designed for rigorous numerics in Dynamical Systems and homology computation. It has been used in a research of chaotic dynamics, bifurcations, heteroclinic/homoclinic solutions and periodic ... | CAPD library | 0.80971 |
22,080 | The European Prize in Combinatorics is a prize for research in combinatorics, a mathematical discipline, which is awarded biennially at Eurocomb, the European conference on combinatorics, graph theory, and applications. The prize was first awarded at Eurocomb 2003 in Prague. Recipients must not be older than 35. The mo... | European Prize in Combinatorics | 0.809709 |
22,081 | Strengthen ties between the general academic and industrial communities and NASA’s Ames Research Center to further develop in-house programmatic activities in computer science and technology. Carry out a variety of additional activities, including lecture programs and visiting scientist programs, as well as provide con... | Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science | 0.809708 |
22,082 | The stated purpose of RIACS since its formation is to: Provide an interface between the NASA Ames Research Center and the academic community and serve as a center of cooperation for activities conducted in areas of advanced computer science and engineering, applied mathematics, and the application of computers to NASA’... | Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science | 0.809708 |
22,083 | Examples of RIACS contributions to NASA Ames as part of the "Intelligent Systems Divisions" include leadership roles in developing and infusing: Autoclass Bayesian discovery system – used probabilistic techniques to discover new classes of infra-red stars in the Low Resolution Spectral catalogue from the NASA IRAS miss... | Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science | 0.809707 |
22,084 | An underlying philosophy and approach of the Institute is that successful research is interdisciplinary, and that challenging applications associated with NASA’s mission provide a driving force for developing innovative information systems and advancing computer science. To implement this approach, research staff under... | Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science | 0.809707 |
22,085 | The Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS) was founded June 1, 1983 as a joint collaboration between the Universities Space Research Association (USRA) and the NASA Ames Research Center. The Institute was created to conduct basic and applied research in computer science, covering a broad range of rese... | Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science | 0.809707 |
22,086 | PH contains almost all well-known complexity classes inside PSPACE; in particular, it contains P, NP, and co-NP. It even contains probabilistic classes such as BPP (this is the Sipser–Lautemann theorem) and RP. However, there is some evidence that BQP, the class of problems solvable in polynomial time by a quantum comp... | PH (complexity) | 0.809706 |
22,087 | Bürgisser, Peter (2000). Completeness and reduction in algebraic complexity theory. Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics. Vol. | PH (complexity) | 0.809706 |
22,088 | Similarly, in a gas, the order is perfect and the measure of entropy of the system has its lowest value when all the molecules are in one place, whereas when more points are occupied the gas is all the more disorderly and the measure of the entropy of the system has its largest value.In systems ecology, as another exam... | Entropy (order and disorder) | 0.809706 |
22,089 | This "molecular ordering" entropy perspective traces its origins to molecular movement interpretations developed by Rudolf Clausius in the 1850s, particularly with his 1862 visual conception of molecular disgregation. Similarly, in 1859, after reading a paper on the diffusion of molecules by Clausius, Scottish physicis... | Entropy (order and disorder) | 0.809706 |
22,090 | In thermodynamics, entropy is often associated with the amount of order or disorder in a thermodynamic system. This stems from Rudolf Clausius' 1862 assertion that any thermodynamic process always "admits to being reduced to the alteration in some way or another of the arrangement of the constituent parts of the worki... | Entropy (order and disorder) | 0.809706 |
22,091 | The computational task of determining the bipartite dimension for a given graph G is an optimization problem. The decision problem for bipartite dimension can be phrased as: INSTANCE: A graph G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} and a positive integer k {\displaystyle k} . QUESTION: Does G admit a biclique edge cover ... | Bipartite dimension | 0.809705 |
22,092 | In the mathematical fields of graph theory and combinatorial optimization, the bipartite dimension or biclique cover number of a graph G = (V, E) is the minimum number of bicliques (that is complete bipartite subgraphs), needed to cover all edges in E. A collection of bicliques covering all edges in G is called a bicli... | Bipartite dimension | 0.809705 |
22,093 | The optimum key generation problem is to find a minimum set of encryption keys for ensuring secure transmission. As above, the problem can be modeled using a bipartite graph whose minimum biclique edge covers coincide with the solutions to the optimum key generation problem (Shu, Lee & Yannakakis 2006). A different app... | Bipartite dimension | 0.809705 |
22,094 | The Delon circuit uses a bridge topology for voltage doubling; consequently it is also called a full-wave voltage doubler. This form of circuit was, at one time, commonly found in cathode ray tube television sets where it was used to provide an extra high tension (EHT) supply. Generating voltages in excess of 5 kV with... | Voltage doubler | 0.809704 |
22,095 | This cascade of Greinacher cells is often inaccurately referred to as a Villard cascade. It is also called a Cockcroft–Walton multiplier after the particle accelerator machine built by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, who independently discovered the circuit in 1932. The concept in this topology can be extended to a v... | Voltage doubler | 0.809704 |
22,096 | In statistics, the Dickey–Fuller test tests the null hypothesis that a unit root is present in an autoregressive (AR) time series model. The alternative hypothesis is different depending on which version of the test is used, but is usually stationarity or trend-stationarity. The test is named after the statisticians Da... | Dickey–Fuller test | 0.809703 |
22,097 | The academic journal Waste & Biomass Valorization publishes scholarship on the topic and was first published in 2010. A special edition of the Journal of Industrial Ecology focused on valorization in 2010.Routledge published a textbook on the topic in 2016. A special issue of the Journal of Environmental Management foc... | Beneficial reuse | 0.809701 |
22,098 | Pointed pseudotriangulations arise in rigidity theory as examples of minimally rigid planar graphs, and in methods for placing guards in connection with the art gallery theorem. The shelling antimatroid of a planar point set gives rise to pointed pseudotriangulations, although not all pointed pseudotriangulations can a... | Pointed pseudotriangulation | 0.809701 |
22,099 | In Euclidean plane geometry, a pseudotriangle (pseudo-triangle) is the simply connected subset of the plane that lies between any three mutually tangent convex sets. A pseudotriangulation (pseudo-triangulations) is a partition of a region of the plane into pseudotriangles, and a pointed pseudotriangulation is a pseudot... | Pointed pseudotriangulation | 0.809701 |
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