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25,000 | Kushite ancestors built speos between 3700 and 3250 BC. Bloomeries and blast furnaces were also created during the Meroitic period.The earliest practical water-powered machines, the water wheel and watermill, first appeared in the Persian Empire, in what are now Iraq and Iran, by the early 4th century BC.Ancient Greece... | History of engineering | 0.807856 |
25,001 | Only a decade after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, the 1920s saw extensive development of aeronautical engineering through development of World War I military aircraft. Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background science continued by combining theoretical physics with experiments. The first Ph... | History of engineering | 0.807856 |
25,002 | The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.Aeronautical Engineering deals with aircraft design while Aerospace Engineering is a more modern term that expands the reach envelope of the discipline by including spacecraft design. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation p... | History of engineering | 0.807856 |
25,003 | Although it is impossible to precisely pinpoint a first electrical engineer, Francis Ronalds stands ahead of the field, who created the first working electric telegraph system in 1816 and documented his vision of how the world could be transformed by electricity.The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late ... | History of engineering | 0.807856 |
25,004 | The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to modern Mechanical Engineering. The development of specialized machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of Mechanical Engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad.The discipline... | History of engineering | 0.807856 |
25,005 | The following images are samples from a deck of cards illustrating engineering instruments in England in 1702. They illustrate a range of engineering specializations, that would eventually become known as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, geodesy and geomatics, and so on. Each card includes a caption explainin... | History of engineering | 0.807856 |
25,006 | The first fully-functioning steam engine was built in 1712 by blacksmith Thomas Newcomen. The development of this device gave rise to the industrial revolution in the coming decades, allowing for the beginnings of mass production. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, the term became more na... | History of engineering | 0.807856 |
25,007 | He described four automaton musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable drum machine, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns. The castle clock, a hydropowered mechanical astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari, was the first programmable analog computer.Al-Jazari bu... | History of engineering | 0.807856 |
25,008 | In this context, now obsolete, an "engine" referred to a military machine, i. e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). The word "engine" itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. 1250), meaning "innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever inve... | History of engineering | 0.807856 |
25,009 | The ISS padlock method is based on padlock probing, rolling-circle amplification (RCA), and sequencing by ligation chemistry. Within intact tissue sections, mRNA is reversely transcribed to cDNA, which is followed by mRNA degradation by RNase H. Then, there are two ways of how this method can be carried out. The first ... | Spatial transcriptomics | 0.807854 |
25,010 | Friction and wear originate at these points, and thus understanding their behavior becomes important when studying materials in contact. When the surfaces are subjected to a compressive load, the asperities deform through elastic and plastic modes, increasing the contact area between the two surfaces until the contact ... | Asperity (material science) | 0.807852 |
25,011 | In materials science, asperity, defined as "unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness" (from the Latin asper—"rough"), has implications (for example) in physics and seismology. Smooth surfaces, even those polished to a mirror finish, are not truly smooth on a microscopic scale. They are rough, with sharp, rough or r... | Asperity (material science) | 0.807852 |
25,012 | Mass cytometry has research applications in medical fields including immunology, hematology, and oncology. It has been used in studies of hematopoiesis, cell cycle, cytokine expression, and differential signaling responses. MC has been used in various research fields, such as cancer biology, immunology, and neuroscienc... | Mass cytometry | 0.807852 |
25,013 | A number of groups have suggested that this could be the signature of new physics at the greatest observable scales; other groups suspect systematic errors in the data.Ultimately, due to the foregrounds and the cosmic variance problem, the greatest modes will never be as well measured as the small angular scale modes. ... | B modes | 0.807848 |
25,014 | 2006 – Two of COBE's principal investigators, George Smoot and John Mather, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006 for their work on precision measurement of the CMBR. 2006–2011 – Improved measurements from WMAP, new supernova surveys ESSENCE and SNLS, and baryon acoustic oscillations from SDSS and WiggleZ, contin... | B modes | 0.807848 |
25,015 | 1983 – Researchers from the Cambridge Radio Astronomy Group and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory first detect the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect from clusters of galaxies. 1983 – RELIKT-1 Soviet CMB anisotropy experiment was launched. 1990 – FIRAS on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite measures the black body ... | B modes | 0.807848 |
25,016 | The Poisson–Boltzmann equation can take many forms throughout various scientific fields. In biophysics and certain surface chemistry applications, it is known simply as the Poisson–Boltzmann equation. It is also known in electrochemistry as Gouy-Chapman theory; in solution chemistry as Debye–Huckel theory; in colloid c... | Poisson–Boltzmann equation | 0.807846 |
25,017 | The geometry that most easily facilitates this is a planar surface. In the case of an infinitely extended planar surface, there are two dimensions in which the potential cannot change because of symmetry. Assuming these dimensions are the y and z dimensions, only the x dimension is left. Below is the Poisson–Boltzmann ... | Poisson–Boltzmann equation | 0.807846 |
25,018 | The Poisson–Boltzmann equation can also be used to calculate the electrostatic free energy for hypothetically charging a sphere using the following charging integral: where τ q {\displaystyle \tau q} is the final charge on the sphere The electrostatic free energy can also be expressed by taking the process of the charg... | Poisson–Boltzmann equation | 0.807846 |
25,019 | The N-terminal domain has an all-alpha structure consisting of six helices in a bundle with a left-handed twist and an up-and-down topology.The C-terminal domain is responsible for G-actin-binding. This domain has a superhelical structure, where the superhelix turns are made of two beta-strands each. == References == | Cyclase-associated protein family | 0.807844 |
25,020 | In molecular biology, the cyclase-associated protein family (CAP) is a family of highly conserved actin-binding proteins present in a wide range of organisms including yeast, flies, plants, and mammals. CAPs are multifunctional proteins that contain several structural domains. CAP is involved in species-specific signal... | Cyclase-associated protein family | 0.807844 |
25,021 | Polymer gradient materials (PGM) are a class of polymers with gradually changing mechanical properties along a defined direction creating an anisotropic material. These materials can be defined based upon the direction and the steepness of the gradient used and can display gradient or graded transitions. A wide range o... | Mechanically gradient polymers | 0.807843 |
25,022 | Chemical oceanographers collect and measure chemicals in seawater, using the standard toolset of analytical chemistry as well as instruments like pH meters, electrical conductivity meters, fluorometers, and dissolved CO₂ meters. Most data are collected through shipboard measurements and from autonomous floats or buoys,... | Chemical oceanography | 0.807838 |
25,023 | The chemistry of the subsurface ocean of Europa may be Earthlike. The subsurface ocean of Enceladus vents hydrogen and carbon dioxide to space. | Chemical oceanography | 0.807838 |
25,024 | Initial data types can be defined as being the least fixpoint (up to isomorphism) of some type equation; the isomorphism is then given by an initial algebra. Dually, final (or terminal) data types can be defined as being the greatest fixpoint of a type equation; the isomorphism is then given by a final coalgebra. If th... | Corecursion | 0.807838 |
25,025 | In computer science, corecursion is a type of operation that is dual to recursion. Whereas recursion works analytically, starting on data further from a base case and breaking it down into smaller data and repeating until one reaches a base case, corecursion works synthetically, starting from a base case and building i... | Corecursion | 0.807838 |
25,026 | The learning problem with the least squares loss function and Tikhonov regularization can be solved analytically. Written in matrix form, the optimal w {\displaystyle w} is the one for which the gradient of the loss function with respect to w {\displaystyle w} is 0. min w 1 n ( X ^ w − Y ) T ( X ^ w − Y ) + λ ‖ w ‖ 2 2... | Regularization (machine learning) | 0.807836 |
25,027 | Groups of features can be regularized by a sparsity constraint, which can be useful for expressing certain prior knowledge into an optimization problem. In the case of a linear model with non-overlapping known groups, a regularizer can be defined: R ( w ) = ∑ g = 1 G ‖ w g ‖ 2 , {\displaystyle R(w)=\sum _{g=1}^{G}\|w_{... | Regularization (machine learning) | 0.807836 |
25,028 | In the case of least squares, this problem is known as LASSO in statistics and basis pursuit in signal processing. min w ∈ R p 1 n ‖ X ^ w − Y ^ ‖ 2 + λ ‖ w ‖ 1 {\displaystyle \min _{w\in \mathbb {R} ^{p}}{\frac {1}{n}}\|{\hat {X}}w-{\hat {Y}}\|^{2}+\lambda \|w\|_{1}} L 1 {\displaystyle L_{1}} regularization can occasi... | Regularization (machine learning) | 0.807836 |
25,029 | Assume that a dictionary ϕ j {\displaystyle \phi _{j}} with dimension p {\displaystyle p} is given such that a function in the function space can be expressed as: f ( x ) = ∑ j = 1 p ϕ j ( x ) w j {\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{j=1}^{p}\phi _{j}(x)w_{j}} Enforcing a sparsity constraint on w {\displaystyle w} can lead to si... | Regularization (machine learning) | 0.807836 |
25,030 | There is a whole research branch dealing with all possible regularizations. In practice, one usually tries a specific regularization and then figures out the probability density that corresponds to that regularization to justify the choice. It can also be physically motivated by common sense or intuition. In machine le... | Regularization (machine learning) | 0.807836 |
25,031 | Implicit regularization is essentially ubiquitous in modern machine learning approaches, including stochastic gradient descent for training deep neural networks, and ensemble methods (such as random forests and gradient boosted trees).In explicit regularization, independent of the problem or model, there is always a da... | Regularization (machine learning) | 0.807836 |
25,032 | The regularization term, or penalty, imposes a cost on the optimization function to make the optimal solution unique. Implicit regularization is all other forms of regularization. This includes, for example, early stopping, using a robust loss function, and discarding outliers. | Regularization (machine learning) | 0.807836 |
25,033 | In mathematics, statistics, finance, computer science, particularly in machine learning and inverse problems, regularization is a process that changes the result answer to be "simpler". It is often used to obtain results for ill-posed problems or to prevent overfitting.Although regularization procedures can be divided ... | Regularization (machine learning) | 0.807836 |
25,034 | In physics (specifically tribology), superlubricity is a regime of motion in which friction vanishes or very nearly vanishes. However, a "vanishing" friction level is not clear, which makes the term vague. As an ad hoc definition, a kinetic coefficient of friction less than 0.01 can be adopted. | Superlubricity | 0.807835 |
25,035 | In mathematics, an admissible algebra is a (possibly non-associative) commutative algebra whose enveloping Lie algebra of derivations splits into the sum of an even and an odd part. Admissible algebras were introduced by Koecher (1967). | Admissible algebra | 0.807832 |
25,036 | In the field of computer science, particularly in automation and robotics, s a w t o o t h ( θ ) = 2 ∗ a t a n ( t a n ( θ / 2 ) ) {\displaystyle sawtooth(\theta )=2*atan(tan(\theta /2))} allows to calculate sums and differences of angles while avoiding discontinuities at 360° and 0°. The sawtooth wave is the form of t... | Sawtooth function | 0.80783 |
25,037 | In the chemistry, after removing all 18 sides in borane hydrogen ions (), it is an Octadecahedron. If making a perpendicular to the center of gravity to the surface of a boron atom, a new polyhedron is constructed, which is 18 surface structures of the dual polyhedron, also one of hendecahedrons. | Hendecahedron | 0.807826 |
25,038 | In all the convex hendecahedrons, there are a total of 440,564 convex ones with distinct differences in topology. There are significant differences in the structure of topology, which means two types of polyhedrons cannot be transformed by moving vertex positions, twisting, or scaling, such as a pentagonal pyramid and ... | Hendecahedron | 0.807826 |
25,039 | The results of these experiments led directly to the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis that specific genes code for specific proteins. This concept proved to be the opening gun in what became molecular genetics and all the developments that have followed from that.Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast of the phylum Ascomyco... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,040 | Fungi can be both multicellular and unicellular organisms, and are distinguished from other microbes by the way they obtain nutrients. Fungi secrete enzymes into their surroundings, to break down organic matter. Fungal genetics uses yeast, and filamentous fungi as model organisms for eukaryotic genetic research, includ... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,041 | Bacteria have been on this planet for approximately 3.5 billion years, and are classified by their shape. Bacterial genetics studies the mechanisms of their heritable information, their chromosomes, plasmids, transposons, and phages.Gene transfer systems that have been extensively studied in bacteria include genetic tr... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,042 | They are present in area with low pH levels like hot springs and geyers. Most thermophiles are found in the Yellowstone National Park.Archaeal Genetics is the study of genes that consist of single nucleus-free cells. | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,043 | Archaeal chromosomes replicate from different origins of replication, producing two haploid daughter cells. " They share a common ancestor with bacteria, but are more closely related to eukaryotes in comparison to bacteria. Some Archaea are able to survive extreme environments, which leads to many applications in the f... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,044 | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s contribution to the microscopic protozoa and microscopic bacteria yielded to scientific observations and descriptions. These contributions were accomplished by a simple microscope, which led to the understanding of microbes today and continues to progress scientists understanding. Microbial gen... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,045 | That DNA created is then in contact with a host organism. Cloning is also an example of genetic engineering.Since the discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek during the period 1665-1885 they have been used to study many processes and have had applications in various areas of study in gene... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,046 | Genetic Engineering is a field of work and study within microbial genetics. The usage of recombinant DNA technology is a process of this work. The process involves creating recombinant DNA molecules through manipulating a DNA sequence. | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,047 | This method of improving efficiency is nothing new in agriculture, but it's a relatively new concept in industrial production. It is thought that this method will be far superior to conventional industrial methods because you have optimization on multiple fronts. The first front being that the microorganisms that make ... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,048 | Industrial applications of lipases generally include the enzyme as a more efficient and cost-effective catalyst in the production of commercially valuable chemicals from fats and oils, because they are able to retain their specific properties in mild easy to maintain conditions and work at an increased rate. Other alre... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,049 | From this microbe scientists isolated the enzyme Taq polymerase, which is now used in the powerful experimental technique, Polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Additionally the development of recombinant DNA technology through the use of bacteria has led to the birth of modern genetic engineering and biotechnology.Using mic... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,050 | Microbes are ideally suited for biochemical and genetics studies and have made huge contributions to these fields of science such as the demonstration that DNA is the genetic material, that the gene has a simple linear structure, that the genetic code is a triplet code, and that gene expression is regulated by specific... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,051 | Viruses are capsid-encoding organisms composed of proteins and nucleic acids that can self-assemble after replication in a host cell using the host's replication machinery. There is a disagreement in science about whether viruses are living due to their lack of ribosomes. Comprehending the viral genome is important not... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,052 | Microbial genetics is a subject area within microbiology and genetic engineering. Microbial genetics studies microorganisms for different purposes. The microorganisms that are observed are bacteria, and archaea. Some fungi and protozoa are also subjects used to study in this field. | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,053 | The process of studying microbial evolution in this way lacks the ability to give a time scale of when the evolution took place. However, by testing evolution in this way, scientist can learn the rates and outcomes of evolution. Studying the relationship between microbes and the environment is a key component to microb... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,054 | Microbial genetics can focus on Charles Darwin's work and scientists have continued to study his work and theories by the use of microbes. Specifically, Darwin's theory of natural selection is a source used. Studying evolution by using microbial genetics involves scientists looking at evolutionary balance. An example o... | Microbial genetics | 0.807824 |
25,055 | Biomarkers validated by genetic and molecular biology methods can be classified into three types. Type 0 — Natural history markers Type 1 — Drug activity markers Type 2 — Surrogate markers | Biomarker (cell) | 0.807824 |
25,056 | Biomarkers can also be classified based on their application such as diagnostic biomarkers (i.e., cardiac troponin for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction), staging of disease biomarkers (i.e., brain natriuretic peptide for congestive heart failure), disease prognosis biomarkers (cancer biomarkers), and biomarkers f... | Biomarker (cell) | 0.807824 |
25,057 | Pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers can measure the direct interaction between a drug and its receptor. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers reveal drug mechanisms, if the drug has its intended effect on the biology of the disease, ideal biological dosing concentrations, and physiologic response/resistance mechanisms. Pharmacodynami... | Biomarker (cell) | 0.807824 |
25,058 | Experimental psychology – RDE is founded on the realization that perception and behavior are linked in a two-way exchange. RDE uses a variation of conjoint analysis as its statistical basis. Driving power of business – a need to create new products and services that people like, doing so fast and inexpensively The worl... | Rule-developing experimentation | 0.807816 |
25,059 | This allows patterns discovered in the data, across elements and respondents (Step 6) to generate rules for more targeted optimization as well as uncover all meaningful two-way synergisms and suppressions between the elements. RDE uses dummy variable regression to estimate the absolute values of the utilities, which in... | Rule-developing experimentation | 0.807816 |
25,060 | Initially, RDE was used for product optimization followed by message optimization for advertising, promotions, etc. New applications of RDE include NDP "NDP is not defined. Could it be a typo for new product development (NPD)? combinatorial innovation, multivariate landing page optimization (MVLPO), political elections... | Rule-developing experimentation | 0.807816 |
25,061 | The structure of RDE imposes the discipline of thinking resulting in a higher success rate than other methods. Many users report that just preparing for RDE (seven steps above) helps them to better understand the problem and find possible solutions. Individual models for each respondent allows for more robust and rich ... | Rule-developing experimentation | 0.807816 |
25,062 | Rule-developing experimentation was developed by Moskowitz Jacobs Inc. in cooperation with Professor Jerry (Yoram) Wind (Wharton School of Business at University of Pennsylvania). The term was initially coined by Howard R. Moskowitz and Alex Gofman in a series of articles and conference papers. The paradigm for systema... | Rule-developing experimentation | 0.807816 |
25,063 | However, this equation of state continues to be widely used in models of solid explosives. Of more elaborate equations of state, the most used in earth physics is the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. In shock physics of metals and alloys, another widely used equation of state is the Mie–Grüneisen equation of state. | Murnaghan equation of state | 0.807815 |
25,064 | The Murnaghan equation of state is a relationship between the volume of a body and the pressure to which it is subjected. This is one of many state equations that have been used in earth sciences and shock physics to model the behavior of matter under conditions of high pressure. It owes its name to Francis D. Murnagha... | Murnaghan equation of state | 0.807815 |
25,065 | Rough set methods can be applied as a component of hybrid solutions in machine learning and data mining. They have been found to be particularly useful for rule induction and feature selection (semantics-preserving dimensionality reduction). Rough set-based data analysis methods have been successfully applied in bioinf... | Rough set theory | 0.807815 |
25,066 | In computer science, a rough set, first described by Polish computer scientist Zdzisław I. Pawlak, is a formal approximation of a crisp set (i.e., conventional set) in terms of a pair of sets which give the lower and the upper approximation of the original set. In the standard version of rough set theory (Pawlak 1991),... | Rough set theory | 0.807815 |
25,067 | It has been suggested that the idea of the Tusi couple may have arrived in Europe leaving few manuscript traces, since it could have occurred without the translation of any Arabic text into Latin.Other scholars have argued that Copernicus could well have developed these ideas independently of the late Islamic tradition... | Heliocentric universe | 0.807815 |
25,068 | Copernicus' lunar and Mercury models are also identical to Ibn al-Shatir's.While the influence of the criticism of Ptolemy by Averroes on Renaissance thought is clear and explicit, the claim of direct influence of the Maragha school, postulated by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1957, remains an open question. Since the Tusi cou... | Heliocentric universe | 0.807815 |
25,069 | Some historians maintain that the thought of the Maragheh observatory, in particular the mathematical devices known as the Urdi lemma and the Tusi couple, influenced Renaissance-era European astronomy, and thus was indirectly received by Renaissance-era European astronomy and thus by Copernicus. Copernicus used such de... | Heliocentric universe | 0.807815 |
25,070 | He also cited the Copernican system's "opposition to the authority of Sacred Scripture in more than one place" as a reason why one might wish to reject it, and observed that his own geo-heliocentric alternative "offended neither the principles of physics nor Holy Scripture".The Jesuit astronomers in Rome were at first ... | Heliocentric universe | 0.807815 |
25,071 | Likewise, Tycho took issue with the vast distances to the stars that Aristarchus and Copernicus had assumed in order to explain the lack of any visible parallax. Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars (now known to be illusory), and used geometry to calculate that in order to both have those apparent sizes and ... | Heliocentric universe | 0.807815 |
25,072 | Prior to the publication of De Revolutionibus, the most widely accepted system had been proposed by Ptolemy, in which the Earth was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited it. Tycho Brahe, arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time, advocated against Copernicus' heliocentric system and fo... | Heliocentric universe | 0.807815 |
25,073 | The first edition of Oxford Dictionary of Biology was first published in 1985 and the seventh edition in 2015. | Oxford Dictionary of Biology | 0.807813 |
25,074 | Oxford Dictionary of Biology (often abbreviated to ODB) is a multiple editions dictionary published by the English Oxford University Press. With more than 5,500 entries, it contains comprehensive information in English on topics relating to biology, biophysics, and biochemistry. The first edition was published in 1985 ... | Oxford Dictionary of Biology | 0.807813 |
25,075 | The result was stated without proof by Erdős in 1964. Bondy & Simonovits (1974) published the first proof, and strengthened the theorem to show that, for n-vertex graphs with Ω(n1 + 1/k) edges, all even cycle lengths between 2k and 2kn1/k occur. | Even circuit theorem | 0.807812 |
25,076 | In extremal graph theory, the even circuit theorem is a result of Paul Erdős according to which an n-vertex graph that does not have a simple cycle of length 2k can only have O(n1 + 1/k) edges. For instance, 4-cycle-free graphs have O(n3/2) edges, 6-cycle-free graphs have O(n4/3) edges, etc. | Even circuit theorem | 0.807812 |
25,077 | Because a 4-cycle is a complete bipartite graph, the maximum number of edges in a 4-cycle-free graph can be seen as a special case of the Zarankiewicz problem on forbidden complete bipartite graphs, and the even circuit theorem for this case can be seen as a special case of the Kővári–Sós–Turán theorem. More precisely,... | Even circuit theorem | 0.807812 |
25,078 | The bound of Erdős's theorem is tight up to constant factors for some small values of k: for k = 2, 3, or 5, there exist graphs with Ω(n1 + 1/k) edges that have no 2k-cycle.It is unknown for k other than 2, 3, or 5 whether there exist graphs that have no 2k-cycle but have Ω(n1 + 1/k) edges, matching Erdős's upper bound... | Even circuit theorem | 0.807812 |
25,079 | While logical inference and mathematical proof had existed previously, in 1931 Kurt Gödel proved with his incompleteness theorem that there are fundamental limitations on what statements could be proved or disproved. Information theory was added to the field with a 1948 mathematical theory of communication by Claude Sh... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,080 | Theoretical results in machine learning mainly deal with a type of inductive learning called supervised learning. In supervised learning, an algorithm is given samples that are labeled in some useful way. For example, the samples might be descriptions of mushrooms, and the labels could be whether or not the mushrooms a... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,081 | European Association for Theoretical Computer Science SIGACT Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,082 | Modern cryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory and computer science practice; cryptographic algorithms are designed around computational hardness assumptions, making such algorithms hard to break in practice by any adversary. It is theoretically possible to break such a system, but it is infeasible to do s... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,083 | Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties (called adversaries). More generally, it is about constructing and analyzing protocols that overcome the influence of adversaries and that are related to various aspects in information security such as data co... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,084 | Computer algebra, also called symbolic computation or algebraic computation is a scientific area that refers to the study and development of algorithms and software for manipulating mathematical expressions and other mathematical objects. Although, properly speaking, computer algebra should be a subfield of scientific ... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,085 | Computational biology involves the development and application of data-analytical and theoretical methods, mathematical modeling and computational simulation techniques to the study of biological, behavioral, and social systems. The field is broadly defined and includes foundations in computer science, applied mathemat... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,086 | Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their fitness for a specific application. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error-correction and more recently also for network coding. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering, mathe... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,087 | Automata theory is the study of abstract machines and automata, as well as the computational problems that can be solved using them. It is a theory in theoretical computer science, under discrete mathematics (a section of mathematics and also of computer science). Automata comes from the Greek word αὐτόματα meaning "se... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,088 | Programming language theory is a branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of programming languages and their individual features. It falls within the discipline of theoretical computer science, both depending on and affecting mathematics, soft... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,089 | Machine learning is sometimes conflated with data mining, although that focuses more on exploratory data analysis. Machine learning and pattern recognition "can be viewed as two facets of the same field. ": vii | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,090 | Machine learning is employed in a range of computing tasks where designing and programming explicit, rule-based algorithms is infeasible. Example applications include spam filtering, optical character recognition (OCR), search engines and computer vision. | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,091 | Machine learning is a scientific discipline that deals with the construction and study of algorithms that can learn from data. Such algorithms operate by building a model based on inputs: 2 and using that to make predictions or decisions, rather than following only explicitly programmed instructions. Machine learning c... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,092 | The field is at the intersection of mathematics, statistics, computer science, physics, neurobiology, and electrical engineering. Its impact has been crucial to the success of the Voyager missions to deep space, the invention of the compact disc, the feasibility of mobile phones, the development of the Internet, the st... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,093 | Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics, electrical engineering, and computer science involving the quantification of information. Information theory was developed by Claude E. Shannon to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communica... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,094 | In 1971, Stephen Cook and, working independently, Leonid Levin, proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are NP-complete – a landmark result in computational complexity theory. With the development of quantum mechanics in the beginning of the 20th century came the concept that mathematical operations ... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,095 | Theoretical computer science (TCS) is a subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on mathematical aspects of computer science such as the theory of computation, formal language theory, the lambda calculus and type theory. It is difficult to circumscribe the theoretical areas precisely. The ACM's S... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,096 | Formal methods are a particular kind of mathematics based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems. The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing appropriate mathemat... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,097 | Computational geometry is a branch of computer science devoted to the study of algorithms that can be stated in terms of geometry. Some purely geometrical problems arise out of the study of computational geometric algorithms, and such problems are also considered to be part of computational geometry. The main impetus f... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,098 | A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine, also known as the universal quantum computer. Quantum computers share theoretical similarities with non-deterministic and probabilistic computers; one example is the ability to be in more than one state simultaneously. The field of quantum computing was first introduce... | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.80781 |
25,099 | During the online GATE examinations and other competitive examinations, candidates are provided with a virtual scientific calculator as physical calculators of any type are not permitted. New Zealand – Calculators identified as having high-level algebraic manipulation capability are prohibited in NCEA examinations unle... | Graphics calculator | 0.807807 |
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