id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
27,100 | Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) is computer software for conducting statistical analysis of molecular evolution and for constructing phylogenetic trees. It includes many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. It is licensed as proprietary freeware. The project for developin... | Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis | 0.806805 |
27,101 | Some (but not all) quadrilaterals have an incircle. These are called tangential quadrilaterals. Among their many properties perhaps the most important is that their two pairs of opposite sides have equal sums. This is called the Pitot theorem.More generally, a polygon with any number of sides that has an inscribed circ... | Contact triangle | 0.806802 |
27,102 | However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the competition was moved to an online format and Colombia was moved to 2021. This competition was not named IOAA, but GeCAA (meaning Global e-Competition on Astronomy and Astrophysics) and did not count as the 14th IOAA. It was held 23rd September 2020 to 23rd October 2020. Eston... | International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics | 0.8068 |
27,103 | Source: https://www.ioaastrophysics.org/results/ | International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics | 0.8068 |
27,104 | Source: https://www.ioaastrophysics.org/participating-countries/ | International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics | 0.8068 |
27,105 | The following table lists multiple (triple and more) gold medal winners of IOAA with their ranks and corresponding years. Note: Several countries (e.g. India, Indonesia, Iran, Thailand) do not allow their students to contest in IOAA more than two times, even if they are eligible. Thus, statistics from those countries i... | International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics | 0.8068 |
27,106 | The International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics (IOAA) is an annual Astronomy and Astrophysics competition for high school students. It is one of the international science olympiads.The Olympiad was founded from a dissidence inside the International Astronomy Olympiad, in order to increase the scope of the org... | International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics | 0.8068 |
27,107 | There are extensions of Dynkin diagrams, namely the affine Dynkin diagrams; these classify Cartan matrices of affine Lie algebras. These are classified in (Kac 1994, Chapter 4, pp. 47–), specifically listed on (Kac 1994, pp. 53–55). | Affine Dynkin diagram | 0.806799 |
27,108 | The SEIS model is like the SEIR model (above) except that no immunity is acquired at the end. S → E → I → S {\displaystyle {\color {blue}{{\mathcal {S}}\to {\mathcal {E}}\to {\mathcal {I}}\to {\mathcal {S}}}}} In this model an infection does not leave any immunity thus individuals that have recovered return to being su... | Compartmental models in epidemiology | 0.806799 |
27,109 | Dropping the direction on the graph edges corresponds to replacing a root system by the finite reflection group it generates, the so-called Weyl group, and thus undirected Dynkin diagrams classify Weyl groups. They have the following correspondence for the Lie algebras associated to classical groups over the complex nu... | Affine Dynkin diagram | 0.806798 |
27,110 | The fundamental interest in Dynkin diagrams is that they classify semisimple Lie algebras over algebraically closed fields. One classifies such Lie algebras via their root system, which can be represented by a Dynkin diagram. One then classifies Dynkin diagrams according to the constraints they must satisfy, as describ... | Affine Dynkin diagram | 0.806798 |
27,111 | Notably, any simply laced Dynkin diagram can be folded to I2(h), where h is the Coxeter number, which corresponds geometrically to projection to the Coxeter plane. Folding can be applied to reduce questions about (semisimple) Lie algebras to questions about simply-laced ones, together with an automorphism, which may be... | Affine Dynkin diagram | 0.806798 |
27,112 | A (simply-laced) Dynkin diagram (finite or affine) that has a symmetry (satisfying one condition, below) can be quotiented by the symmetry, yielding a new, generally multiply laced diagram, with the process called folding (due to most symmetries being 2-fold). At the level of Lie algebras, this corresponds to taking th... | Affine Dynkin diagram | 0.806798 |
27,113 | Removing a node from a connected diagram may yield a connected diagram (simple Lie algebra), if the node is a leaf, or a disconnected diagram (semisimple but not simple Lie algebra), with either two or three components (the latter for Dn and En). At the level of Lie algebras, these inclusions correspond to sub-Lie alge... | Affine Dynkin diagram | 0.806798 |
27,114 | In Facet Theory, relationships between attribute components (such as verbal intelligence and numeric intelligence as components of intelligence), are expressed in geometric terms –such as shapes and spatial orientation – rather than in algebraic terms. Just as one would describe relationships between neighboring countr... | Facet theory | 0.806798 |
27,115 | This is because quantum well devices require structures that are of high purity with few defects. Therefore, having great control over the growth of these heterostructures allows for the development of semiconductor devices that can have very fine-tuned properties.Quantum wells and semiconductor physics has been a hot ... | Multiple quantum well | 0.806798 |
27,116 | The semiconductor quantum well was developed in 1970 by Esaki and Tsu, who also invented synthetic superlattices. They suggested that a heterostructure made up of alternating thin layers of semiconductors with different band-gaps should exhibit interesting and useful properties. Since then, much effort and research has... | Multiple quantum well | 0.806798 |
27,117 | The associated discrete energies are given by: E n = ℏ 2 k n 2 2 m w ∗ = ℏ 2 2 m w ∗ ( n π d ) 2 . {\displaystyle E_{n}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}k_{n}^{2}}{2m_{w}^{*}}}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m_{w}^{*}}}\left({\frac {n\pi }{d}}\right)^{2}.} The simple infinite well model provides a good starting point for analyzing the physics ... | Multiple quantum well | 0.806798 |
27,118 | Quantum wells and quantum well devices are a subfield of solid-state physics that is still extensively studied and researched today. The theory used to describe such systems uses important results from the fields of quantum physics, statistical physics, and electrodynamics. | Multiple quantum well | 0.806798 |
27,119 | Incongruent transition, in chemistry, is a mass transition between two phases which involves a change in chemical composition. This is contrasted with congruent transition, for which the composition remains the same. The transition may be that of melting, vaporization or allotropism. The concept is also often extended ... | Congruent transition | 0.806796 |
27,120 | The driving force for the development of the VLA was David S. Heeschen. He is noted as having "sustained and guided the development of the best radio astronomy observatory in the world for sixteen years." Congressional approval for the VLA project was given in August 1972, and construction began some six months later. ... | Expanded Very Large Array | 0.806795 |
27,121 | In June 2023, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory announced that they will be replacing the ageing antennae with 160 new ones at the site, plus 100 auxiliary antennae located across North America. The project, estimated to cost about $2 billion to build and around $90 million to run, will vastly expand the capabil... | Expanded Very Large Array | 0.806795 |
27,122 | Astronomers using the VLA have made key observations of black holes and protoplanetary disks around young stars, discovered magnetic filaments and traced complex gas motions at the Milky Way's center, probed the Universe's cosmological parameters, and provided new knowledge about the physical mechanisms that produce ra... | Expanded Very Large Array | 0.806795 |
27,123 | The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) is a centimeter-wavelength radio astronomy observatory in the southwestern United States. It lies in central New Mexico on the Plains of San Agustin, between the towns of Magdalena and Datil, approximately 50 miles (80 km) west of Socorro. The VLA comprises twenty-eight 25-mete... | Expanded Very Large Array | 0.806795 |
27,124 | The image sorting capabilities of Google Brain have been used to help detect certain medical conditions by seeking out patterns that human doctors may not notice to provide an earlier diagnosis. During screening for breast cancer, this method was found to have one quarter the false positive rate of human pathologists, ... | Imagen (Google Brain) | 0.806791 |
27,125 | The other network, known as the "prior network," uses the mappings from the previous network to add more detail to the original image. The resulting translated image is not the same image in higher resolution, but rather a 32x32 resolution estimation based on other existing high-resolution images. Google Brain's result... | Imagen (Google Brain) | 0.806791 |
27,126 | In February 2017, Google Brain determined a probabilistic method for converting pictures with 8x8 resolution to a resolution of 32x32. The method built upon an already existing probabilistic model called pixelCNN to generate pixel translations.The proposed software utilizes two neural networks to make approximations fo... | Imagen (Google Brain) | 0.806791 |
27,127 | The Google Brain project began in 2011 as a part-time research collaboration between Google fellow Jeff Dean, Google Researcher Greg Corrado, and Stanford University professor Andrew Ng. Ng had been interested in using deep learning techniques to crack the problem of artificial intelligence since 2006, and in 2011 bega... | Imagen (Google Brain) | 0.806791 |
27,128 | Magenta is a project that uses Google Brain to create new information in the form of art and music rather than classify and sort existing data. TensorFlow was updated with a suite of tools for users to guide the neural network to create images and music. However, the team from Valdosta State University found that the A... | Imagen (Google Brain) | 0.806791 |
27,129 | Some books such as Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control (3rd Edition) use modified (proximal) DH parameters. The difference between the classic (distal) DH parameters and the modified DH parameters are the locations of the coordinates system attachment to the links and the order of the performed transformati... | Denavit–Hartenberg parameters | 0.806791 |
27,130 | In mechanical engineering, the Denavit–Hartenberg parameters (also called DH parameters) are the four parameters associated with a particular convention for attaching reference frames to the links of a spatial kinematic chain, or robot manipulator. Jacques Denavit and Richard Hartenberg introduced this convention in 19... | Denavit–Hartenberg parameters | 0.806791 |
27,131 | Principles of Quantum Mechanics is a textbook by Ramamurti Shankar. The book has been through two editions. It is used in many college courses around the world. | Principles of Quantum Mechanics | 0.80679 |
27,132 | Physics Bulletin said about the book, "No matter how gently one introduces students to the concept of Dirac’s bras and kets, many are turned off. Shankar attacks the problem head-on in the first chapter, and in a very informal style suggests that there is nothing to be frightened of". American Scientist called it "An e... | Principles of Quantum Mechanics | 0.80679 |
27,133 | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to natural-language processing: natural-language processing – computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or m... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,134 | Augmented transition network – type of graph theoretic structure used in the operational definition of formal languages, used especially in parsing relatively complex natural languages, and having wide application in artificial intelligence. Introduced by William A. Woods in 1970. Distributed Language Translation (proj... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,135 | Conceptual dependency theory – a model of natural-language understanding used in artificial intelligence systems. Roger Schank at Stanford University introduced the model in 1969, in the early days of artificial intelligence. This model was extensively used by Schank's students at Yale University such as Robert Wilensk... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,136 | Terry Winograd – professor of computer science at Stanford University, and co-director of the Stanford Human-Computer Interaction Group. He is known within the philosophy of mind and artificial intelligence fields for his work on natural language using the SHRDLU program. William Aaron Woods – Maurice Gross – author of... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,137 | With James H. Martin, he wrote the textbook Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Speech Recognition, and Computational Linguistics Roger Schank – introduced the conceptual dependency theory for natural-language understanding. Jean E. Fox Tree – Alan Turing – originator of the ... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,138 | Daniel Bobrow – Rollo Carpenter – creator of Jabberwacky and Cleverbot. Noam Chomsky – author of the seminal work Syntactic Structures, which revolutionized Linguistics with 'universal grammar', a rule based system of syntactic structures. Kenneth Colby – David Ferrucci – principal investigator of the team that created... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,139 | Maluuba – intelligent personal assistant for Android devices, that uses a contextual approach to search which takes into account the user's geographic location, contacts, and language. METAL MT – machine translation system developed in the 1980s at the University of Texas and at Siemens which ran on Lisp Machines. Neve... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,140 | There is an increasing interest in text mining and information extraction strategies applied to the biomedical and molecular biology literature due to the increasing number of electronically available publications stored in databases such as PubMed. Decision tree learning – Sentence extraction – Terminology extraction ... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,141 | High-quality information is typically derived through the devising of patterns and trends through means such as statistical pattern learning. Biomedical text mining – (also known as BioNLP), this is text mining applied to texts and literature of the biomedical and molecular biology domain. It is a rather recent researc... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,142 | Jabberwacky Jeeney AI MegaHAL Mitsuku, 2013 and 2016 Loebner Prize winner Rose - ... 2015 - 3x Loebner Prize winner, by Bruce Wilcox. SimSimi – A popular artificial intelligence conversation program that was created in 2002 by ISMaker. Spookitalk – A chatterbot used for NPCs in Douglas Adams' Starship Titanic video gam... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,143 | AFNLP (Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing Associations) – the organization for coordinating the natural-language processing related activities and events in the Asia-Pacific region. Australasian Language Technology Association – Association for Computational Linguistics – international scientific and profe... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,144 | This model is a commonly used to train document classifiers Brill tagger – Cache language model – ChaSen, MeCab – provide morphological analysis and word splitting for Japanese Classic monolingual WSD – ClearForest – CMU Pronouncing Dictionary – also known as cmudict, is a public domain pronouncing dictionary designed ... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,145 | Studies in Natural Language Processing – book series of the Association for Computational Linguistics, published by Cambridge University Press. | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,146 | Reinforcement learning occurs when a machine must perform a goal without teacher feedback. Pattern recognition – branch of machine learning that examines how machines recognize regularities in data. As with machine learning, teachers can train machines to recognize patterns by providing them with example inputs and out... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,147 | There are three broad approaches to machine learning. Supervised learning occurs when the machine is given example inputs and outputs by a teacher so that it can learn a rule that maps inputs to outputs. Unsupervised learning occurs when the machine determines the inputs structure without being provided example inputs ... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,148 | Knowledge Representation research involves analysis of how to reason accurately and effectively and how best to use a set of symbols to represent a set of facts within a knowledge domain. Semantic network – study of semantic relations between concepts. Semantic Web – Machine learning – subfield of computer science that... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,149 | It is a separate field within computer science (closer to databases), but IR relies on some NLP methods (for example, stemming). Some current research and applications seek to bridge the gap between IR and NLP. Knowledge representation (KR) – area of artificial intelligence research aimed at representing knowledge in s... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,150 | Metalinguistics – Sign linguistics – scientific study and analysis of natural sign languages, their features, their structure (phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics), their acquisition (as a primary or secondary language), how they develop independently of other languages, their application in communication, the... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,151 | Applied linguistics – interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, linguistics, psychology, computer science, anthropology, and sociology. Some of the subfields of ap... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,152 | Natural-language processing contributes to, and makes use of (the theories, tools, and methodologies from), the following fields: Automated reasoning – area of computer science and mathematical logic dedicated to understanding various aspects of reasoning, and producing software which allows computers to reason complet... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,153 | The purpose of programming is to create a set of instructions that computers use to perform specific operations or to exhibit desired behaviors. A subfield of artificial intelligence programming – A type of system – set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole or a set of elements (often ... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,154 | An application of engineering – science, skill, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and also build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. An application of software engineering – application of a systematic, discipl... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,155 | Natural-language processing can be described as all of the following: A field of science – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.An applied science – field that applies human knowledge to build or design useful things. A field o... | Outline of natural language processing | 0.80679 |
27,156 | This is the generalization of Noether's theorem. To see how the generalization is related to the version given above, assume that the action is the spacetime integral of a Lagrangian that only depends on φ {\displaystyle \varphi } and its first derivatives. Also, assume Q ≈ ∂ μ f μ {\displaystyle Q\approx \partial _{\... | Noether charge | 0.806789 |
27,157 | This is the seed idea generalized in Noether's theorem. Several alternative methods for finding conserved quantities were developed in the 19th century, especially by William Rowan Hamilton. For example, he developed a theory of canonical transformations which allowed changing coordinates so that some coordinates disap... | Noether charge | 0.806789 |
27,158 | Magnetic reluctance, or magnetic resistance, is a concept used in the analysis of magnetic circuits. It is defined as the ratio of magnetomotive force (mmf) to magnetic flux. It represents the opposition to magnetic flux, and depends on the geometry and composition of an object. Magnetic reluctance in a magnetic circui... | Magnetic reluctivity | 0.806788 |
27,159 | A derivation of the test consists of using a population genetics model to obtain the expected proportions for the quantities a , b , c {\displaystyle a,b,c} and d {\displaystyle d} in the table above. In particular, one can show that under nearly all disease models the expected proportion of b {\displaystyle b} and c {... | Transmission disequilibrium test | 0.806786 |
27,160 | In October, 2020 IBM announced the start of an Early Access Program for the "New SPSS Statistics", codenamed Project NX. It contains "many of your favorite SPSS capabilities presented in a new easy to use interface, with integrated guidance, multiple tabs, improved graphs and much more". In December, 2021, IBM opened u... | SPSS | 0.806785 |
27,161 | Add-on packages can enhance the base software with additional features (examples include complex samples, which can adjust for clustered and stratified samples, and custom tables, which can create publication-ready tables). SPSS Statistics is available under either an annual or a monthly subscription license. Version 2... | SPSS | 0.806785 |
27,162 | Several variants of SPSS Statistics exist. SPSS Statistics Gradpacks are highly discounted versions sold only to students. SPSS Statistics Server is a version of the software with a client/server architecture. | SPSS | 0.806785 |
27,163 | These datasets are then read into SPSS. SPSS Statistics can read and write data from ASCII text files (including hierarchical files), other statistics packages, spreadsheets and databases. It can also read and write to external relational database tables via ODBC and SQL. | SPSS | 0.806785 |
27,164 | Files can be matched one-to-one and one-to-many, but not many-to-many. In addition to that cases-by-variables structure and processing, there is a separate Matrix session where one can process data as matrices using matrix and linear algebra operations. The graphical user interface has two views which can be toggled. | SPSS | 0.806785 |
27,165 | In addition, the Python extension allows SPSS to run any of the statistics in the free software package R. From version 14 onwards, SPSS can be driven externally by a Python or a VB.NET program using supplied "plug-ins". (From version 20 onwards, these two scripting facilities, as well as many scripts, are included on ... | SPSS | 0.806785 |
27,166 | The many features of SPSS Statistics are accessible via pull-down menus or can be programmed with a proprietary 4GL command syntax language. Command syntax programming has the benefits of reproducible output, simplifying repetitive tasks, and handling complex data manipulations and analyses. Additionally, some complex ... | SPSS | 0.806785 |
27,167 | SPSS Statistics is a statistical software suite developed by IBM for data management, advanced analytics, multivariate analysis, business intelligence, and criminal investigation. Long produced by SPSS Inc., it was acquired by IBM in 2009. Versions of the software released since 2015 have the brand name IBM SPSS Statis... | SPSS | 0.806785 |
27,168 | Calculating these energies exactly is not possible except for the simplest systems (i.e. hydrogen and hydrogen-like elements), primarily because of difficulties in integrating the electron correlation terms. Therefore, approximation methods are routinely employed, with different methods varying in complexity (computati... | Electron binding energy | 0.806785 |
27,169 | According to the more complete theory of quantum mechanics, the location of an electron is best described as a probability distribution within an electron cloud, i.e. atomic orbital. The energy can be calculated by integrating over this cloud. The cloud's underlying mathematical representation is the wavefunction, whic... | Electron binding energy | 0.806785 |
27,170 | The adiabatic ionization energy of a molecule is the minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral molecule, i.e. the difference between the energy of the vibrational ground state of the neutral species (v" = 0 level) and that of the positive ion (v' = 0). The specific equilibrium geometry of e... | Electron binding energy | 0.806785 |
27,171 | The NBACC achieved a "Superior" Defense Security Service (DSS) rating in 2012 and 2013 and was recognized for staff volunteerism. It has played a role in over 100 federal law enforcement cases.The NBTCC has unique national biosafety level 3 and 4 aerobiology capabilities, which are necessary to collect crucial data tha... | National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center | 0.80678 |
27,172 | Current knowledge of how specific water quality parameters alter the toxicity of metals to aquatic life is still growing.In 1973, Zitko et al. provided evidence that the free metal ion played a stronger role in determining toxicity than did the metals overall concentration. Shortly after, in 1976, Zitko et al. establis... | Biotic Ligand Model | 0.806778 |
27,173 | The Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) is a tool used in aquatic toxicology that examines the bioavailability of metals in the aquatic environment and the affinity of these metals to accumulate on gill surfaces of organisms. BLM depends on the site-specific water quality including such parameters as pH, hardness, and dissolved ... | Biotic Ligand Model | 0.806778 |
27,174 | The optical reciprocity theorem, or principle of Helmholtz reciprocity, generally holds true for elastically scattered electrons, as is often the case under standard TEM operating conditions. The theorem states that the wave amplitude at some point B as a result of electron point source A would be the same as the ampli... | Conventional transmission electron microscope | 0.806777 |
27,175 | Magnifications higher than those available with a light microscope were achieved in September 1933 with images of cotton fibers quickly acquired before being damaged by the electron beam.At this time, interest in the electron microscope had increased, with other groups, such as that of Paul Anderson and Kenneth Fitzsim... | Conventional transmission electron microscope | 0.806777 |
27,176 | Samples may also be replicated using cellulose acetate film, the film subsequently coated with a heavy metal such as platinum, the original film dissolved away, and the replica imaged on the TEM. Variations of the replica technique are used for both materials and biological samples. In materials science a common use is... | Conventional transmission electron microscope | 0.806777 |
27,177 | Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMs) based holders provide a cheap and customizable platform to conduct mechanical tests on previously difficult samples to work with such as micropillars, nanowires, and thin films. Passive MEMs are used as simple push to pull devices for in-situ mechanical tests. Typically, a nano-i... | Conventional transmission electron microscope | 0.806777 |
27,178 | The possibility of life-forms being based on "alternative" biochemistries is the topic of an ongoing scientific discussion, informed by what is known about extraterrestrial environments and about the chemical behaviour of various elements and compounds. It is of interest in synthetic biology and is also a common subjec... | Silicon-based life | 0.806776 |
27,179 | Hypothetical types of biochemistry are forms of biochemistry agreed to be scientifically viable but not proven to exist at this time. The kinds of living organisms currently known on Earth all use carbon compounds for basic structural and metabolic functions, water as a solvent, and DNA or RNA to define and control the... | Silicon-based life | 0.806776 |
27,180 | A shadow biosphere is a hypothetical microbial biosphere of Earth that uses radically different biochemical and molecular processes than currently known life. Although life on Earth is relatively well-studied, the shadow biosphere may still remain unnoticed because the exploration of the microbial world targets primari... | Silicon-based life | 0.806776 |
27,181 | Also, the water molecule's tendency to form strong hydrogen bonds can interfere with internal hydrogen bonding in complex organic molecules. Life with a hydrocarbon solvent could make more use of hydrogen bonds within its biomolecules. Moreover, the strength of hydrogen bonds within biomolecules would be appropriate to... | Silicon-based life | 0.806776 |
27,182 | In population genetics, ecotypic variation is the type of genetic variation found in large, continuous geographic populations. Variation of this kind is homogeneous, due to factors such as gene flow. In 1954 Ernst Mayr wrote a landmark paper attacking the idea that subspecies in ecotypic populations would lead to the f... | Ecotypic variation | 0.806774 |
27,183 | In case (1) above, the conditional probability that the longitude λ lies in a set E given that φ = 0 can be written P(λ ∈ E | φ = 0). Elementary probability theory suggests this can be computed as P(λ ∈ E and φ = 0)/P(φ = 0), but that expression is not well-defined since P(φ = 0) = 0. Measure theory provides a way to d... | Borel–Kolmogorov paradox | 0.806772 |
27,184 | In probability theory, the Borel–Kolmogorov paradox (sometimes known as Borel's paradox) is a paradox relating to conditional probability with respect to an event of probability zero (also known as a null set). It is named after Émile Borel and Andrey Kolmogorov. | Borel–Kolmogorov paradox | 0.806772 |
27,185 | The occupant may sustain injury at the end of stage one based on the velocity of impact with the compartment surfaces and due to vehicle accelerations during stage two. The occupant impact velocity and acceleration are computed from the vehicle collision acceleration history and the compartment geometry. Finally, the h... | Flail space model | 0.806772 |
27,186 | The most direct method of calculating a modular exponent is to calculate be directly, then to take this number modulo m. Consider trying to compute c, given b = 4, e = 13, and m = 497: c ≡ 413 (mod 497)One could use a calculator to compute 413; this comes out to 67,108,864. Taking this value modulo 497, the answer c is... | Modular exponentiation | 0.806769 |
27,187 | Modular exponentiation is exponentiation performed over a modulus. It is useful in computer science, especially in the field of public-key cryptography, where it is used in both Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange and RSA public/private keys. Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the... | Modular exponentiation | 0.806769 |
27,188 | In quantum computing, modular exponentiation appears as the bottleneck of Shor's algorithm, where it must be computed by a circuit consisting of reversible gates, which can be further broken down into quantum gates appropriate for a specific physical device. Furthermore, in Shor's algorithm it is possible to know the b... | Modular exponentiation | 0.806769 |
27,189 | The following is an example in pseudocode based on Applied Cryptography by Bruce Schneier. The inputs base, exponent, and modulus correspond to b, e, and m in the equations given above. function modular_pow(base, exponent, modulus) is if modulus = 1 then return 0 Assert :: (modulus - 1) * (modulus - 1) does not overflo... | Modular exponentiation | 0.806769 |
27,190 | Because modular exponentiation is an important operation in computer science, and there are efficient algorithms (see above) that are much faster than simply exponentiating and then taking the remainder, many programming languages and arbitrary-precision integer libraries have a dedicated function to perform modular ex... | Modular exponentiation | 0.806769 |
27,191 | International Workshop on Ubiquitous Data Mining Archived 2013-02-23 at the Wayback Machine held in conjunction with the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) in Beijing, China, August 3–5, 2013. International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery from Ubiquitous Data Streams Archived 2012-02-16 a... | Data stream mining | 0.806767 |
27,192 | Bifet, Albert; Gavaldà, Ricard; Holmes, Geoff; Pfahringer, Bernhard (2018). Machine Learning for Data Streams with Practical Examples in MOA. Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning. MIT Press. | Data stream mining | 0.806767 |
27,193 | Data Stream Mining (also known as stream learning) is the process of extracting knowledge structures from continuous, rapid data records. A data stream is an ordered sequence of instances that in many applications of data stream mining can be read only once or a small number of times using limited computing and storage... | Data stream mining | 0.806767 |
27,194 | In many applications, especially operating within non-stationary environments, the distribution underlying the instances or the rules underlying their labeling may change over time, i.e. the goal of the prediction, the class to be predicted or the target value to be predicted, may change over time. This problem is refe... | Data stream mining | 0.806767 |
27,195 | River's ambition is to be the go-to library for doing machine learning on streaming data. GAENARI: C++ incremental decision tree. It continuously executes inserts and updates of chunked data sets. Rebuild support for concept drift issues. | Data stream mining | 0.806767 |
27,196 | One advantage of StreamDM in comparison to existing frameworks is that it directly benefits from the Spark Streaming API, which handles much of the complex problems of the underlying data sources, such as out of order data and recovery from failures. RapidMiner: commercial software for knowledge discovery, data mining,... | Data stream mining | 0.806767 |
27,197 | scikit-multiflow: A machine learning framework for multi-output/multi-label and stream data implemented in Python. scikit-multiflow contains stream generators, stream learning methods for single-target and multi-target, concept drift detectors, evaluation and visualisation methods. (This software is discontinued) Strea... | Data stream mining | 0.806767 |
27,198 | MOA (Massive Online Analysis): free open-source software specific for mining data streams with concept drift developed in Java. It has several machine learning algorithms (classification, regression, clustering, outlier detection and recommender systems). Also, it contains a prequential evaluation method, the EDDM conc... | Data stream mining | 0.806767 |
27,199 | In geometry, a centre (British English) or center (American English) (from Ancient Greek κέντρον (kéntron) 'pointy object') of an object is a point in some sense in the middle of the object. According to the specific definition of center taken into consideration, an object might have no center. If geometry is regarded ... | Center (geometry) | 0.806767 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.