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27,300 | Conserved current is the flow of the canonical conjugate of a quantity possessing a continuous translational symmetry. The continuity equation for the conserved current is a statement of a conservation law. Examples of canonical conjugate quantities are: Time and energy - the continuous translational symmetry of time i... | Conserved current | 0.806716 |
27,301 | In physics a conserved current is a current, j μ {\displaystyle j^{\mu }} , that satisfies the continuity equation ∂ μ j μ = 0 {\displaystyle \partial _{\mu }j^{\mu }=0} . The continuity equation represents a conservation law, hence the name. Indeed, integrating the continuity equation over a volume V {\displaystyle V}... | Conserved current | 0.806716 |
27,302 | In theoretical physics, ultraviolet completion, or UV completion, of a quantum field theory is the passing from a lower energy quantum field theory to a more general quantum field theory above a threshold value known as the cutoff. In particular, the more general high energy theory must be well-defined at arbitrarily h... | UV completion | 0.806715 |
27,303 | One can view certain classes of bounded operators as noncommutative analogue of classical sequence spaces, with trace-class operators as the noncommutative analogue of the sequence space ℓ 1 ( N ) . {\displaystyle \ell ^{1}(\mathbb {N} ).} Indeed, it is possible to apply the spectral theorem to show that every normal t... | Trace-class operator | 0.806714 |
27,304 | Let A {\displaystyle A} be a trace-class operator in a separable Hilbert space H , {\displaystyle H,} and let { λ n ( A ) } n = 1 N , {\displaystyle \{\lambda _{n}(A)\}_{n=1}^{N},} N ≤ ∞ {\displaystyle N\leq \infty } be the eigenvalues of A . {\displaystyle A.} Let us assume that λ n ( A ) {\displaystyle \lambda _{n}(A... | Trace-class operator | 0.806714 |
27,305 | Sense Networks was founded by Greg Skibiski in February 2006 (2003?) near his home in Northampton, Massachusetts. After establishing an office in NoHo, New York City near Silicon Alley, Skibiski recruited Alex Pentland, Director of Human Dynamics Research and former Academic Head of the MIT Media Lab, Tony Jebara, Asso... | Sense Networks | 0.806714 |
27,306 | Sense Networks is a New York City based company with a focus on applications that analyze big data from mobile phones, carrier networks, and taxicabs, particularly by using machine learning technology to make sense of large amounts of location (latitude/longitude) data.In 2009, Sense was named one of "The 25 Most Intri... | Sense Networks | 0.806714 |
27,307 | It follows that B ( H ) {\displaystyle B(H)} is the dual space of C 1 . {\displaystyle C_{1}.} This can be used to define the weak-* topology on B ( H ) . {\displaystyle B(H).} | Trace-class operator | 0.806714 |
27,308 | Reliability improvements target all aspects of UAV systems, using resilience engineering and fault tolerance techniques. Individual reliability covers robustness of flight controllers, to ensure safety without excessive redundancy to minimize cost and weight. Besides, dynamic assessment of flight envelope allows damage... | Unmanned Aircraft | 0.806713 |
27,309 | In some types of prion in fungi this change is continuous and direct; the information flow is Protein → Protein. Some scientists such as Alain E. Bussard and Eugene Koonin have argued that prion-mediated inheritance violates the central dogma of molecular biology. However, Rosalind Ridley in Molecular Pathology of the ... | Central dogma of biology | 0.806712 |
27,310 | The relation ϕ ( α ) = ω α {\displaystyle \phi (\alpha )=\omega \alpha } implies that the product of the conjugates of α {\displaystyle \alpha } (that is the images of α {\displaystyle \alpha } by the K-automorphisms) belongs to K, and is equal to the product of α n {\displaystyle \alpha ^{n}} by the product of the nth... | Simple radical extension | 0.806711 |
27,311 | Radical extensions occur naturally when solving polynomial equations in radicals. In fact a solution in radicals is the expression of the solution as an element of a radical series: a polynomial f over a field K is said to be solvable by radicals if there is a splitting field of f over K contained in a radical extensio... | Simple radical extension | 0.806711 |
27,312 | Cells can produce antisense RNA molecules naturally, called microRNAs, which interact with complementary mRNA molecules and inhibit their expression. The concept has also been exploited as a molecular biology technique, by artificially introducing a transgene coding for antisense RNA in order to block the expression of... | Non-coding strand | 0.80671 |
27,313 | In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complement in specifying a sequence of amino acids. Depending on the context, sense may have slightly different meanings. For example, negative-sense s... | Non-coding strand | 0.80671 |
27,314 | Physically speaking, a null dust describes either gravitational radiation, or some kind of nongravitational radiation which is described by a relativistic classical field theory (such as electromagnetic radiation), or a combination of these two. Null dusts include vacuum solutions as a special case. Phenomena which can... | Null dust solution | 0.806707 |
27,315 | In mathematical physics, a null dust solution (sometimes called a null fluid) is a Lorentzian manifold in which the Einstein tensor is null. Such a spacetime can be interpreted as an exact solution of Einstein's field equation, in which the only mass–energy present in the spacetime is due to some kind of massless radia... | Null dust solution | 0.806707 |
27,316 | In regression analysis, a dummy variable (also known as indicator variable or just dummy) is one that takes a binary value (0 or 1) to indicate the absence or presence of some categorical effect that may be expected to shift the outcome. For example, if we were studying the relationship between biological sex and incom... | Dummy variable (statistics) | 0.806706 |
27,317 | Since the caches mediate accesses to memory addresses, data written to different addresses may reach the peripherals' memory or registers out of the program order, i.e. if software writes data to an address and then writes data to another address, the cache write buffer does not guarantee that the data will reach the p... | Incomplete address decoding | 0.806705 |
27,318 | RF drive testing can broadly be categorized into three distinct topics: Network benchmarking. Optimization and troubleshooting Service quality monitoring.The result produced by drive testing for each of these purposes is different. | Drive testing | 0.806701 |
27,319 | RF drive test equipment typically collects data relating to the network itself, services running on the network such as voice or data services, radio frequency scanner information and GPS information to provide location logging. The data set collected during drive testing field measurements can include information such... | Drive testing | 0.806701 |
27,320 | Optimization and troubleshooting information is more typically used to aid in finding specific problems during the rollout phases of new networks or to observe specific problems reported by consumers during the operational phase of the network lifecycle. In this mode drive testing data is used to diagnose the root caus... | Drive testing | 0.806701 |
27,321 | σ-algebras are sometimes denoted using calligraphic capital letters, or the Fraktur typeface. Thus ( X , Σ ) {\displaystyle (X,\Sigma )} may be denoted as ( X , F ) {\displaystyle \scriptstyle (X,\,{\mathcal {F}})} or ( X , F ) . {\displaystyle \scriptstyle (X,\,{\mathfrak {F}}).} | Join (sigma algebra) | 0.806701 |
27,322 | This σ-algebra is a subalgebra of the Borel σ-algebra determined by the product topology of R T {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{\mathbb {T} }} restricted to X . {\displaystyle X.} An important special case is when T {\displaystyle \mathbb {T} } is the set of natural numbers and X {\displaystyle X} is a set of real-valued ... | Join (sigma algebra) | 0.806701 |
27,323 | {\displaystyle \textstyle \Sigma _{t_{1},\dots ,t_{n}}.} Then the family of subsets is an algebra that generates the cylinder σ-algebra for X . {\displaystyle X.} | Join (sigma algebra) | 0.806701 |
27,324 | Suppose is a set of real-valued functions. Let B ( R ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(\mathbb {R} )} denote the Borel subsets of R . {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} .} A cylinder subset of X {\displaystyle X} is a finitely restricted set defined as Each is a π-system that generates a σ-algebra Σ t 1 , … , t n . | Join (sigma algebra) | 0.806701 |
27,325 | Since you and your opponent are each infinitely wealthy, there is no limit to how long the game can last. This means the sample space Ω must consist of all possible infinite sequences of H {\displaystyle H} or T: {\displaystyle T:} However, after n {\displaystyle n} flips of the coin, you may want to determine or revis... | Join (sigma algebra) | 0.806701 |
27,326 | In much of probability, especially when conditional expectation is involved, one is concerned with sets that represent only part of all the possible information that can be observed. This partial information can be characterized with a smaller σ-algebra which is a subset of the principal σ-algebra; it consists of the c... | Join (sigma algebra) | 0.806701 |
27,327 | A fundamental result in group theory, Cayley's theorem, essentially says that any group is in fact just a subgroup of a permutation group (up to isomorphism).The set of all bijective functions f: X → X (called permutations) forms a group with respect to function composition. This is the symmetric group, also sometimes ... | Composite Function | 0.806701 |
27,328 | Suppose one has two (or more) functions f: X → X, g: X → X having the same domain and codomain; these are often called transformations. Then one can form chains of transformations composed together, such as f ∘ f ∘ g ∘ f. Such chains have the algebraic structure of a monoid, called a transformation monoid or (much more... | Composite Function | 0.806701 |
27,329 | This process is known as post-translational processing or post-translational modification, because it takes place on the protein after the DNA is translated. The role of post-translational processing in gene regulation is the subject of the growing field of study, epigenetics. One modification mechanism is methylation. | Citrullination | 0.806698 |
27,330 | Net Applications is a web analytics firm. The company is commonly known in the web browser development and technology news communities for its global market share statistics. | Net Applications | 0.806697 |
27,331 | While the statistics released by the company routinely place operating systems sold by Microsoft (Windows) and Apple (Mac OS X) with a high market share in the desktop computer category (through 2013), Vincent Vizzaccaro (EVP – Marketing and Strategic Alliances, Net Applications, 2002–present) has stated that Microsoft... | Net Applications | 0.806697 |
27,332 | Galois then used this theorem heavily in his development of the Galois group. Since then it has been used in the development of Galois theory and the fundamental theorem of Galois theory. The two primitive element theorems were proved in their modern form by Ernst Steinitz, in an influential article on field theory in ... | Primitive element theorem | 0.806696 |
27,333 | In his First Memoir of 1831, Évariste Galois sketched a proof of the classical primitive element theorem in the case of a splitting field of a polynomial over the rational numbers. The gaps in his sketch could easily be filled (as remarked by the referee Siméon Denis Poisson; Galois' Memoir was not published until 1846... | Primitive element theorem | 0.806696 |
27,334 | In field theory, the primitive element theorem is a result characterizing the finite degree field extensions that can be generated by a single element. Such a generating element is called a primitive element of the field extension, and the extension is called a simple extension in this case. The theorem states that a f... | Primitive element theorem | 0.806696 |
27,335 | The classical primitive element theorem states: Every separable field extension of finite degree is simple.This theorem applies to algebraic number fields, i.e. finite extensions of the rational numbers Q, since Q has characteristic 0 and therefore every finite extension over Q is separable. The following primitive ele... | Primitive element theorem | 0.806696 |
27,336 | Then simple algebra shows that F(α + x0 β) = F(α, β). For an alternative proof, observe that each of the finite number of intermediate fields is a proper linear subspace of E over F, and that a finite union of proper linear subspaces of a vector space over an infinite field cannot equal the entire space. Then, taking a... | Primitive element theorem | 0.806696 |
27,337 | Blondel's theorem states that for any system with N current-carrying conductors, that N-1 measuring elements are sufficient to measure electrical energy. This indicates that different metering is needed, for example, for a three-phase three-wire system than for a three-phase four-wire (with neutral) system. In Europe, ... | Electrical meter | 0.806694 |
27,338 | The European Physical Journal A: Hadrons and Nuclei is an academic journal, recognized by the European Physical Society, presenting new and original research results in a variety of formats, including Regular Articles, Reviews, Tools for Experiment and Theory/Scientific Notes and Letters. Topics covered include: Hadron... | European Physical Journal A | 0.806693 |
27,339 | Let D {\displaystyle D} be an open subset of the real line. The set of all C k {\displaystyle C^{k}} real-valued functions defined on D {\displaystyle D} is a Fréchet vector space, with the countable family of seminorms where K {\displaystyle K} varies over an increasing sequence of compact sets whose union is D {\disp... | Smooth functions | 0.806692 |
27,340 | These effects have been supposed to exist since the time of Michael Faraday. There have also been observations on the existence of Hall effect in electrolytes. Until these observations, magnetoelectrochemistry was an esoteric curiosity, though this field has had a rapid development in the past years and is now an activ... | Magnetoelectrochemistry | 0.806691 |
27,341 | There are three types of magnetic effects in electrochemistry: on electrolytes on mass transfer on metal deposition | Magnetoelectrochemistry | 0.806691 |
27,342 | Magnetoelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry dealing with magnetic effects in electrochemistry. | Magnetoelectrochemistry | 0.806691 |
27,343 | In molecular biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions of genetic code in DNA or RNA. Each strand of DNA or RNA has a 5' end and a 3' end, so named for the carbon position on the deoxyribose (or ribose) ring. By convention, upstream and downstream relate to the 5' to 3' direction re... | Upstream and downstream (DNA) | 0.806688 |
27,344 | The Computer Science Laboratory for Mechanics and Engineering Sciences (LIMSI) was a CNRS pluri-disciplinary science laboratory in Orsay, France. LIMSI academics and scholars come primarily from the Engineering and Information Sciences fields, but also from Cognitive Science and Linguistics. LIMSI is associated with th... | Laboratoire d'informatique pour la mécanique et les sciences de l'ingénieur | 0.806686 |
27,345 | LIMSI was created in 1972 under the leadership of Lucien Malavard, with an initial focus on Numerical Fluid Mechanics, Acoustics, and Signal Processing. Its research themes have progressively been expanded to Speech and Image Processing, then to a growing number of themes related to Human-Computer Communication and Int... | Laboratoire d'informatique pour la mécanique et les sciences de l'ingénieur | 0.806686 |
27,346 | LIMSI research is organized in four main themes, spanning the activities of nine research groups: Fluid Mechanics remains one of LIMSI's main research areas, with an expertise in the development of advanced numerical methodologies associated to experiments in academic configurations: the AERO and ETCM groups both contr... | Laboratoire d'informatique pour la mécanique et les sciences de l'ingénieur | 0.806686 |
27,347 | PSSC Labs was founded in 1984 by Larry Lesser. In 1998, it manufactured the Aeneas Supercomputer for Dr. Herbert Hamber of the University of California, Irvine (the physics and astronomy department); it was based on Linux and had a maximum speed of 20.1 Gigaflops.In 2001, the company developed CBeST, software packages,... | PSSC Labs | 0.806681 |
27,348 | PSSC Labs is a California-based company that provides supercomputing solutions in the United States and internationally. Its products include "high-performance" servers, clusters, workstations, and RAID storage systems for scientific research, government and military, entertainment content creators, developers, and pri... | PSSC Labs | 0.806681 |
27,349 | All research facilities had a chemistry department and analytical analysis was done by “wet chemistry” methods. The idea of doing this analysis by physics instrumentation was considered suspect. To overcome this bias, the salesman would ask a prospective customer for a task the customer was doing by “wet methods”. | X-ray spectroscopy | 0.806678 |
27,350 | It added an X-ray spectrograph to the product line very quickly and contributed other related products for the next 8 years. The applications lab was an essential sales tool. When the spectrograph was introduced as a quick and accurate analytical chemistry device, it was met with widespread skepticism. | X-ray spectroscopy | 0.806678 |
27,351 | Non-human primates (NHPs) are used in toxicology tests, studies of AIDS and hepatitis, studies of neurology, behavior and cognition, reproduction, genetics, and xenotransplantation. They are caught in the wild or purpose-bred. In the United States and China, most primates are domestically purpose-bred, whereas in Europ... | Lab animal | 0.806677 |
27,352 | In the field of computational biology, a planted motif search (PMS) also known as a (l, d)-motif search (LDMS) is a method for identifying conserved motifs within a set of nucleic acid or peptide sequences. PMS is known to be NP-complete. The time complexities of most of the planted motif search algorithms depend expon... | Planted motif search | 0.806677 |
27,353 | Corps Locaux by Jean-Pierre Serre, originally published in 1962 and translated into English as Local Fields by Marvin Jay Greenberg in 1979, is a seminal graduate-level algebraic number theory text covering local fields, ramification, group cohomology, and local class field theory. The book's end goal is to present loc... | Local Fields | 0.806671 |
27,354 | Part I, Local Fields (Basic Facts): Discrete valuation rings, Dedekind domains, and Completion. Part II, Ramification: Discriminant & Different, Ramification Groups, The Norm, and Artin Representation. Part III, Group Cohomology: Abelian & Nonabelian Cohomology, Cohomology of Finite Groups, Theorems of Tate and Nakayam... | Local Fields | 0.806671 |
27,355 | Area: Theory and Methods Best Paper Award: Jameson Reed, Mohammad Naeem and Pascal Matsakis. "A First Algorithm to Calculate Force Histograms in the Case of 3D Vector Objects"Best Student Paper: Johannes Herwig, Timm Linder and Josef Pauli. "Removing Motion Blur using Natural Image Statistics"Area: Applications Best Pa... | ICPRAM | 0.806671 |
27,356 | Area: Theory and Methods Best Paper Award: Barbara Hammer, Andrej Gisbrecht and Alexander Schulz. "Applications of Discriminative Dimensionality Reduction"Best Student Paper: Cristina Garcia-Cardona, Arjuna Flenner and Allon G. Percus. "Multiclass Diffuse Interface Models for Semi-supervised Learning on Graphs"Area: Ap... | ICPRAM | 0.806671 |
27,357 | Area: Theory and Methods Best Paper Award: Anne C. van Rossum, Hai Xiang Lin, Johan Dubbeldam and H. Jaap van den Herik. "Nonparametric Bayesian Line Detection - Towards Proper Priors for Robotic Computer Vision "Best Student Award: Roghayeh Soleymani, Eric Granger and Giorgio Fumera. "Classifier Ensembles with Traject... | ICPRAM | 0.806671 |
27,358 | The conference papers are made available at the SCITEPRESS digital library and are published in the conference proceedings. It's also made a selection of the best papers presented in the conference for publication in a Springer volume.Besides the presentation of papers from the authors, the conference is composed by tu... | ICPRAM | 0.806671 |
27,359 | The International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods (ICPRAM) is held annually since 2012. From the beginning it is held in conjunction with two other conferences: ICAART - International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence and ICORES - International Conference on Operations Research... | ICPRAM | 0.806671 |
27,360 | ; Hidayat Husain, M. (1927). "Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D." | Sulphur-mercury theory of metals | 0.806671 |
27,361 | al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2009). Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. | Sulphur-mercury theory of metals | 0.806671 |
27,362 | There are about 600 Arabic works attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan that are known by name, approximately 215 of which are still extant today. Though some of these are full-length works (e.g., The Great Book on Specific Properties), most of them are relatively short treatises and belong to larger collections (The One Hundr... | Sulphur-mercury theory of metals | 0.806671 |
27,363 | By Jabir's time Aristotelian physics had become Neoplatonic. Each Aristotelian element was composed of these qualities: fire was both hot and dry, earth, cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air, hot and moist. In the Jabirian corpus, these qualities came to be called "natures" (ṭabāʾiʿ), and elements are said to be... | Sulphur-mercury theory of metals | 0.806671 |
27,364 | no. 2580; The Book of Categories, Kr. no. 2582; The Book on Interpretation, Kr. no. 2583; The Book of Metaphysics, Kr. | Sulphur-mercury theory of metals | 0.806671 |
27,365 | In any case, the writings actually used by the Jabirian authors appear to have mainly consisted of alchemical works falsely attributed to ancient philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Apollonius of Tyana, only some of which are still extant today, and whose philosophical content still needs to be determined.One of the... | Sulphur-mercury theory of metals | 0.806671 |
27,366 | 300), as well as to legendary figures such as Hermes Trismegistus and Ostanes, and to scriptural figures such as Moses and Jesus (to whom a number of alchemical writings were also ascribed). However, these references may have been meant as an appeal to ancient authority rather than as an acknowledgement of any intellec... | Sulphur-mercury theory of metals | 0.806671 |
27,367 | (contains a penetrating critique of Kraus’ thesis on the late dating of the Jabirian works) Stapleton, Henry E. (1905). "Sal Ammoniac: A Study in Primitive Chemistry". | Sulphur-mercury theory of metals | 0.806671 |
27,368 | The classical electron radius appears in the classical limit of modern theories as well, including non-relativistic Thomson scattering and the relativistic Klein–Nishina formula. Also, r e {\displaystyle r_{\text{e}}} is roughly the length scale at which renormalization becomes important in quantum electrodynamics. Tha... | Thomson scattering length | 0.806671 |
27,369 | Weak negation on a concept lattice L is a weak complementation, i.e. an order-reversing map Δ: L → L which satisfies the axioms xΔΔ ≤ x and (x⋀y) ⋁ (x⋀yΔ) = x. Weak opposition is a dual weak complementation. A (bounded) lattice such as a concept algebra, which is equipped with a weak complementation and a dual weak com... | Formal concept analysis | 0.806671 |
27,370 | Weak negation can be written as (A, B)Δ = ((G \ A)″, (G \ A)'), and weak opposition can be written as (A, B)𝛁 = ((M \ B)', (M \ B)″). The concept lattice equipped with the two additional operations Δ and 𝛁 is known as the concept algebra of a context. Concept algebras generalize power sets. | Formal concept analysis | 0.806671 |
27,371 | Concept algebras: Modelling negation of formal concepts is somewhat problematic because the complement (G \ A, M \ B) of a formal concept (A, B) is in general not a concept. However, since the concept lattice is complete one can consider the join (A, B)Δ of all concepts (C, D) that satisfy C ⊆ G \ A; or dually the meet... | Formal concept analysis | 0.806671 |
27,372 | The notions of 'temporal objects', 'time' and 'place' are represented as formal concepts in scales. A state is formalized as a set of object concepts. That leads to a conceptual interpretation of the ideas of particles and waves in physics. | Formal concept analysis | 0.806671 |
27,373 | Temporal concept analysis (TCA) is an extension of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) aiming at a conceptual description of temporal phenomena. It provides animations in concept lattices obtained from data about changing objects. It offers a general way of understanding change of concrete or abstract objects in continuous, ... | Formal concept analysis | 0.806671 |
27,374 | Parity problems are widely used as benchmark problems in genetic programming but inherited from the artificial neural network community. Parity is calculated by summing all the binary inputs and reporting if the sum is odd or even. This is considered difficult because: a very simple artificial neural network cannot sol... | Parity benchmark | 0.80667 |
27,375 | In many branches of mathematics, the term map is used to mean a function, sometimes with a specific property of particular importance to that branch. For instance, a "map" is a "continuous function" in topology, a "linear transformation" in linear algebra, etc. Some authors, such as Serge Lang, use "function" only to r... | Map (mathematics) | 0.806669 |
27,376 | In category theory, a map may refer to a morphism. The term transformation can be used interchangeably, but transformation often refers to a function from a set to itself. There are also a few less common uses in logic and graph theory. | Map (mathematics) | 0.806669 |
27,377 | "Sources of interindividual variation in the quantitative levels of apolipoprotein B in pedigrees ascertained through a lipid clinic". American Journal of Human Genetics. 43 (3): 311–21. PMC 1715383. PMID 3414686. | Complex segregation analysis | 0.806669 |
27,378 | Skeptical arguments have historically played a role in the evolution of philosophical discussion, particularly in the fields of ontology, metaphysics, the theory of knowledge and the philosophy of science. The fallibility of perception, knowledge and thought have been explored employing several arguments. Solipsist sce... | Simulated multiverse | 0.806669 |
27,379 | Science fiction has highlighted themes such as virtual reality, artificial intelligence and computer gaming for more than fifty years.Jokester (1956) by Isaac Asimov explores the idea that humor is actually a psychological study tool imposed from without by extraterrestrials studying mankind, similarly to how humans st... | Simulated multiverse | 0.806669 |
27,380 | Russell had written previously on foundations of geometry, denoting, and relativism of space and time, so those topics are recounted. Elliptic geometry according to Clifford, and the Cayley-Klein metric are mentioned to illustrate non-Euclidean geometry. There is an anticipation of relativity physics in the final part ... | The Principles of Mathematics | 0.806669 |
27,381 | The Principles of Mathematics consists of 59 chapters divided into seven parts: indefinables in mathematics, number, quantity, order, infinity and continuity, space, matter and motion. In chapter one, "Definition of Pure Mathematics", Russell asserts that: Russell deconstructs pure mathematics with relations, by positi... | The Principles of Mathematics | 0.806669 |
27,382 | The Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) is located at the Campus UAB in Bellaterra. As a public consortium incorporating research groups from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB) and ICREA researchers, it is devoted to the study of the genom... | Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (Bellaterra) | 0.806668 |
27,383 | Either an individual script could be run, or a group of them run in sequence by a test driver. Among the innovations for the test driver was the ability to customize the batch execution with the inclusion of custom-designed dialog boxes and menus, which were built with the User Interface Editor. Customers had to purcha... | Visual Test | 0.806668 |
27,384 | In polymer chemistry, MALDI can be used to determine the molar mass distribution. Polymers with polydispersity greater than 1.2 are difficult to characterize with MALDI due to the signal intensity discrimination against higher mass oligomers.A good matrix for polymers is dithranol or AgTFA. The sample must first be mix... | MALDI matrix | 0.806667 |
27,385 | Natural Computing is a scientific journal covering natural computing research. It has been published quarterly by Springer Verlag (Springer Netherlands) in print (ISSN 1567-7818) and online (ISSN 1572-9796) since 2002. "Natural Computing refers to computational processes observed in nature, and human-designed computing... | Natural Computing (journal) | 0.806666 |
27,386 | The causal sets program is an approach to quantum gravity. Its founding principles are that spacetime is fundamentally discrete (a collection of discrete spacetime points, called the elements of the causal set) and that spacetime events are related by a partial order. This partial order has the physical meaning of the ... | Causal Sets | 0.806664 |
27,387 | The theorem was proven by Bing in 1951 and was an independent discovery with the Nagata–Smirnov metrization theorem that was proved independently by both Nagata (1950) and Smirnov (1951). Both theorems are often merged in the Bing-Nagata-Smirnov metrization theorem. It is a common tool to prove other metrization theore... | Bing metrization theorem | 0.806664 |
27,388 | In topology, the Bing metrization theorem, named after R. H. Bing, characterizes when a topological space is metrizable. | Bing metrization theorem | 0.806664 |
27,389 | Causal sets was initiated by Rafael Sorkin who continues to be the main proponent of the program. He has coined the slogan "Order + Number = Geometry" to characterize the above argument. The program provides a theory in which space time is fundamentally discrete while retaining local Lorentz invariance. | Causal Sets | 0.806664 |
27,390 | The theorem states that a topological space X {\displaystyle X} is metrizable if and only if it is regular and T0 and has a σ-discrete basis. A family of sets is called σ-discrete when it is a union of countably many discrete collections, where a family F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} of subsets of a space X {\display... | Bing metrization theorem | 0.806664 |
27,391 | Astrochemistry is the study of the abundance and reactions of molecules in the universe, and their interaction with radiation. The discipline is an overlap of astronomy and chemistry. The word "astrochemistry" may be applied to both the Solar System and the interstellar medium. The study of the abundance of elements an... | Interstellar chemistry | 0.806664 |
27,392 | Christopher Oze, of the University of Canterbury in New Zealand and his colleagues reported, in June 2012, that measuring the ratio of dihydrogen and methane levels on Mars may help determine the likelihood of life on Mars. According to the scientists, "...low H2/CH4 ratios (less than approximately 40) indicate that li... | Interstellar chemistry | 0.806664 |
27,393 | Interstellar formaldehyde was the first organic molecule detected in the interstellar medium. Perhaps the most powerful technique for detection of individual chemical species is radio astronomy, which has resulted in the detection of over a hundred interstellar species, including radicals and ions, and organic (i.e. ca... | Interstellar chemistry | 0.806664 |
27,394 | One particularly important experimental tool in astrochemistry is spectroscopy through the use of telescopes to measure the absorption and emission of light from molecules and atoms in various environments. By comparing astronomical observations with laboratory measurements, astrochemists can infer the elemental abunda... | Interstellar chemistry | 0.806664 |
27,395 | Dolomatov using methods of the probability theory, the mathematical and physical statistics and the equilibrium thermodynamics. Based on this model are estimated the resources of life-related molecules, amino acids and the nitrogenous bases in the interstellar medium. The possibility of the oil hydrocarbons molecules f... | Interstellar chemistry | 0.806664 |
27,396 | Astrochemistry overlaps with astrophysics and nuclear physics in characterizing the nuclear reactions which occur in stars, as well as the structure of stellar interiors. If a star develops a largely convective envelope, dredge-up events can occur, bringing the products of nuclear burning to the surface. If the star is... | Interstellar chemistry | 0.806664 |
27,397 | Research is progressing on the way in which interstellar and circumstellar molecules form and interact, e.g. by including non-trivial quantum mechanical phenomena for synthesis pathways on interstellar particles. This research could have a profound impact on our understanding of the suite of molecules that were present... | Interstellar chemistry | 0.806664 |
27,398 | Lab experiments on the photochemistry of simple interstellar ices have produced amino acids. The similarity between interstellar and cometary ices (as well as comparisons of gas phase compounds) have been invoked as indicators of a connection between interstellar and cometary chemistry. This is somewhat supported by th... | Interstellar chemistry | 0.806664 |
27,399 | If the hydrogen is atomic, then the H atoms react with available O, C and N atoms, producing "reduced" species like H2O, CH4, and NH3. However, if the hydrogen is molecular and thus not reactive, this permits the heavier atoms to react or remain bonded together, producing CO, CO2, CN, etc. These mixed-molecular ices ar... | Interstellar chemistry | 0.806664 |
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