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27,500 | Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level. Stains and dyes are frequently used in histology (microscopic study of biological tissues), in cytology (microscopic study of cells), and in the medical fields of histopathology, hematology, and cytopathology that focus on ... | Cell staining | 0.806615 |
27,501 | A number λ and a non-zero vector v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } satisfying are called an eigenvalue and an eigenvector of A {\displaystyle A} , respectively. The number λ is an eigenvalue of an n×n-matrix A if and only if A − λIn is not invertible, which is equivalent to The polynomial pA in an indeterminate X given by... | Square matrices | 0.806615 |
27,502 | Polylysine refers to several types of lysine homopolymers, which may differ from each other in terms of stereochemistry (D/L; the L form is natural and usually assumed) and link position (α/ε). Of these types, only ε-poly-L-lysine is produced naturally. | Polylysine | 0.806614 |
27,503 | Since 2003 a frontier for the Standard Model (SM) has emerged at low energies through XYZ particle discoveries. The well-established theory of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is tested by many exotic charmonium discoveries since the X(3872) was first identified at the Belle experiment in 2003. The basic model of hadron ph... | XYZ particle | 0.806611 |
27,504 | More than two dozen previously unpredicted charmonium- and bottomonium-like states have been discovered, and the understanding of heavy quarkonium physics is undetermined. Previously postulated exotic Standard Model states might apply to these new unique particles. | XYZ particle | 0.806611 |
27,505 | In particle physics, XYZ particles (also referred to as XYZ states) are recently-discovered heavy mesons whose properties do not appear to fit the standard picture of charmonium and bottomonium states. They are therefore types of exotic mesons. The term arises from the names given to some of the first such particles di... | XYZ particle | 0.806611 |
27,506 | They differ from open clusters in having a much higher combined mass, with a typical lifespan extending for billions of years. gravitational collapse gravitational lens Any very large distribution of mass, such as a galactic cluster, which can bend passing light from a distant source by a noticeable degree. The effect,... | Thin disk population | 0.806611 |
27,507 | gamma-ray astronomy The subfield of astronomy that studies astronomical objects detectable at gamma-ray wavelengths. gamma-ray burst (GRB) A cataclysmic event that generates a brief but intense outburst of gamma ray radiation which can be detected from billions of light-years away. The source of most GRBs is theorized ... | Thin disk population | 0.806611 |
27,508 | galactic astronomy The branch of astronomy that studies objects and phenomena within the Milky Way galaxy, as opposed to everything outside of the Milky Way, which is the domain of extragalactic astronomy. galactic anticenter The direction in space that is directly opposite the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, as viewed... | Thin disk population | 0.806611 |
27,509 | stellar parallax stellar remnant submillimetre astronomy The subfield of astronomy that studies astronomical objects detectable at submillimetre wavelengths (i.e. terahertz radiation). subsatellite Any natural or artificial satellite that orbits another natural satellite, i.e. "a moon of a moon". substellar object Also... | Thin disk population | 0.806611 |
27,510 | spectroscopy speed of light spherical astronomy Also positional astronomy. A branch of observational astronomy which is used to locate the positions of astronomical objects on the celestial sphere as they would appear from a particular date, time, and location on Earth. It relies on the mathematical methods of spherica... | Thin disk population | 0.806611 |
27,511 | The fundamental unit of sidereal time is the sidereal day, i.e. the time interval between two successive returns of the fixed stars to the local meridian, as viewed from a given location on the Earth's surface. sidereal year sky Everything that lies above the surface of the Earth, including the atmosphere and outer spa... | Thin disk population | 0.806611 |
27,512 | The characteristic impedance or surge impedance (usually written Z0) of a uniform transmission line is the ratio of the amplitudes of voltage and current of a single wave propagating along the line; that is, a wave travelling in one direction in the absence of reflections in the other direction. Alternatively, and equi... | Surge impedance | 0.80661 |
27,513 | Flatness refers to the shape of a liquid's free surface. On Earth, the flatness of a liquid is a function of the curvature of the planet, and from trigonometry, can be found to deviate from true flatness by approximately 19.6 nanometers over an area of 1 square meter, a deviation which is dominated by the effects of su... | Free surface | 0.80661 |
27,514 | In physics, a free surface is the surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress, such as the interface between two homogeneous fluids. An example of two such homogeneous fluids would be a body of water (liquid) and the air in the Earth's atmosphere (gas mixture). Unlike liquids, gases cannot form a f... | Free surface | 0.806609 |
27,515 | This is usually done only when the geometry changes. Winged-edge meshes are ideally suited for dynamic geometry, such as subdivision surfaces and interactive modeling, since changes to the mesh can occur locally. Traversal across the mesh, as might be needed for collision detection, can be accomplished efficiently. See... | Polygon mesh | 0.806608 |
27,516 | Introduced by Baumgart in 1975, winged-edge meshes explicitly represent the vertices, faces, and edges of a mesh. This representation is widely used in modeling programs to provide the greatest flexibility in dynamically changing the mesh geometry, because split and merge operations can be done quickly. Their primary d... | Polygon mesh | 0.806608 |
27,517 | RD meshes do not require the four outgoing edges since these can be found by traversing from edge to face, then face to neighboring edge. RD meshes benefit from the features of winged-edge meshes by allowing for geometry to be dynamically updated. See Tobler & Maierhofer (WSCG 2006) for more details. | Polygon mesh | 0.806608 |
27,518 | Winged-edge meshes are not the only representation which allows for dynamic changes to geometry. A new representation which combines winged-edge meshes and face-vertex meshes is the render dynamic mesh, which explicitly stores both, the vertices of a face and faces of a vertex (like FV meshes), and the faces and vertic... | Polygon mesh | 0.806608 |
27,519 | The geodesics on the manifold are spirals, projecting down to circles in two dimensions. That is, if γ ( t ) = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) ) {\displaystyle \gamma (t)=(x(t),y(t),z(t))} is a geodesic curve, then the curve c ( t ) = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) ) {\displaystyle c(t)=(x(t),y(t))} is an arc of a circle, and z ( t... | Discrete Heisenberg group | 0.806604 |
27,520 | The isomorphism to the group using upper triangular matrices relies on the decomposition of V into a Darboux basis, which amounts to a choice of isomorphism V ≅ U ⊕ U*. Although the new group law yields a group isomorphic to the one given higher up, the group with this law is sometimes referred to as the polarized Heis... | Discrete Heisenberg group | 0.806604 |
27,521 | The Lie algebra of the Heisenberg group is given by the commutation relation = ω ( v 1 , v 2 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}(v_{1},t_{1}),(v_{2},t_{2})\end{bmatrix}}=\omega (v_{1},v_{2})} or written in terms of the Darboux basis = δ a b {\displaystyle \left=\delta _{a}^{b}} and all other commutators vanish. It is a... | Discrete Heisenberg group | 0.806604 |
27,522 | A vector in H(V) is then given by v = q a e a + p a f a + t E {\displaystyle v=q^{a}\mathbf {e} _{a}+p_{a}\mathbf {f} ^{a}+tE} and the group law becomes ( p , q , t ) ⋅ ( p ′ , q ′ , t ′ ) = ( p + p ′ , q + q ′ , t + t ′ + 1 2 ( p q ′ − p ′ q ) ) . {\displaystyle (p,q,t)\cdot \left(p',q',t'\right)=\left(p+p',q+q',t+t'+... | Discrete Heisenberg group | 0.806604 |
27,523 | The application that led Hermann Weyl to an explicit realization of the Heisenberg group was the question of why the Schrödinger picture and Heisenberg picture are physically equivalent. Abstractly, the reason is the Stone–von Neumann theorem: there is a unique unitary representation with given action of the central Li... | Discrete Heisenberg group | 0.806604 |
27,524 | Poromechanics is a branch of physics and specifically continuum mechanics and acoustics that studies the behaviour of fluid-saturated porous media. A porous medium or a porous material is a solid referred to as matrix) permeated by an interconnected network of pores (voids) filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). Usually ... | Poromechanics | 0.806602 |
27,525 | The prediction of the Biot’s slow wave generated some controversy, until it was experimentally observed by Thomas Plona in 1980. Other important early contributors to the theory of poroelasticity were Yakov Frenkel and Fritz Gassmann.Conversion of energy from fast compressional and shear waves into the highly attenuati... | Poromechanics | 0.806602 |
27,526 | Given two structures A and B of the same signature σ, A is said to be a weak substructure of B, or a weak subalgebra of B, if the domain of A is a subset of the domain of B, f A = f B|An for every n-ary function symbol f in σ, and R A ⊆ {\displaystyle \subseteq } R B ∩ {\displaystyle \cap } An for every n-ary relation ... | Extension (model theory) | 0.8066 |
27,527 | In model theory, given a structure M which is a model of a theory T, a submodel of M in a narrower sense is a substructure of M which is also a model of T. For example, if T is the theory of abelian groups in the signature (+, 0), then the submodels of the group of integers (Z, +, 0) are the substructures which are als... | Extension (model theory) | 0.8066 |
27,528 | He tried to explain his idea in both mathematical and also accessible forms to both technical and general audience. His main ideas are reflected in The Mathematical Structure of Human Affairs (1974). That book covers the key ideas in q-analysis and its application to a wide range of examples, like analyzing game of che... | Q-analysis | 0.806598 |
27,529 | Q-analysis is a mathematical framework to describe and analyze set systems, or equivalently simplicial complexes. This idea was first introduced by Ronald Atkin in the early 1970s. Atkin was a British mathematician teaching at the University of Essex. Crediting the inspiration of his idea to Clifford Dowker’s paper (Ho... | Q-analysis | 0.806598 |
27,530 | The Heroes of Chemistry is an award given annually by the American Chemical Society. It highlights teams responsible for creation of innovative and impactful products based on chemistry and chemical engineering and is intended to show how human welfare is improved by industrial chemical scientists and their companies. ... | Heroes of Chemistry | 0.806597 |
27,531 | Octene is an alkene with the formula C8H16. Several isomers of octene are known, depending on the position and the geometry of the double bond in the carbon chain. The simplest isomer is 1-octene, an alpha-olefin used primarily as a co-monomer in production of polyethylene via the solution polymerization process. Sever... | Octene | 0.806597 |
27,532 | Noise may arise in signals of interest to various scientific and technical fields, often with specific features: Noise (audio), such as "hiss" or "hum", in audio signals Background noise, due to spurious sounds during signal capture Comfort noise, added to voice communications to fill silent gaps Electromagnetically in... | Noise (signal processing) | 0.806595 |
27,533 | A long list of noise measures have been defined to measure noise in signal processing: in absolute terms, relative to some standard noise level, or relative to the desired signal level. They include: Dynamic range, often defined by inherent noise level Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), ratio of noise power to signal power P... | Noise (signal processing) | 0.806595 |
27,534 | Nano-PSI is a plasma device at the Differ – Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy Research ("DIFFER".) research institute in Eindhoven. It is used for experimental research at the junction of plasma physics and materials science. 'PSI' stands for Plasma Surface Interactions, while 'nano' has been chosen to stress the ... | Nano-PSI | 0.806591 |
27,535 | This restriction can be rephrased in the language of differential equations. Finding an indefinite integral of a function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} is the same as solving the differential equation d y d x = f ( x ) . | Arbitrary constant of integration | 0.806591 |
27,536 | At first glance, it may seem that the constant is unnecessary, since it can be set to zero. Furthermore, when evaluating definite integrals using the fundamental theorem of calculus, the constant will always cancel with itself. However, trying to set the constant to zero does not always make sense. For example, 2 sin ... | Arbitrary constant of integration | 0.806591 |
27,537 | For example, there are two constants of integration for ∫ d x / x , {\textstyle \int dx/x,} and infinitely many for ∫ tan x d x , {\textstyle \int \tan x\,dx,} so for example, the general form for the integral of 1/x is: Second, F {\displaystyle F} and G {\displaystyle G} were assumed to be everywhere differentiable.... | Arbitrary constant of integration | 0.806591 |
27,538 | For any x, the fundamental theorem of calculus, together with the assumption that the derivative of F {\displaystyle F} vanishes, implying that thereby showing that F {\displaystyle F} is a constant function. Two facts are crucial in this proof. First, the real line is connected. | Arbitrary constant of integration | 0.806591 |
27,539 | Imposing the condition that our antiderivative takes the value 100 at x = π is an initial condition. Each initial condition corresponds to one and only one value of C , {\displaystyle C,} so without C {\displaystyle C} it would be impossible to solve the problem. There is another justification, coming from abstract alg... | Arbitrary constant of integration | 0.806591 |
27,540 | {\displaystyle G(x)=0.} Then the derivative of F {\displaystyle F} is zero where it is defined, and the derivative of G {\displaystyle G} is always zero. Yet it's clear that F {\displaystyle F} and G {\displaystyle G} do not differ by a constant, even if it is assumed that F {\displaystyle F} and G {\displaystyle G} ar... | Arbitrary constant of integration | 0.806591 |
27,541 | If the real line were not connected, we would not always be able to integrate from our fixed a to any given x. For example, if we were to ask for functions defined on the union of intervals and , and if a were 0, then it would not be possible to integrate from 0 to 3, because the function is not defined between 1 and ... | Arbitrary constant of integration | 0.806591 |
27,542 | Consequently, every ordered exponential field is an ordered Pythagorean field. Not every real-closed field is a formally exponential field, e.g., the field of real algebraic numbers does not admit an exponential. This is so because an exponential E {\textstyle E} has to be of the form E ( x ) = a x {\displaystyle E(x)=... | Exponentially closed field | 0.806587 |
27,543 | The canonical example for an ordered exponential field is the ordered field of real numbers R with any function of the form a x {\textstyle a^{x}} where a {\textstyle a} is a real number greater than 1. One such function is the usual exponential function, that is E(x) = ex. The ordered field R equipped with this functi... | Exponentially closed field | 0.806587 |
27,544 | Dual-coding theories complement a dual-route theory of reading. When people read written information, dual-route theory contends that the readers access orthographic and phonological information to recognize words in the writing. Paivio's work has implications for literacy, visual mnemonics, idea generation, HPT, human... | Dual-coding theory | 0.806585 |
27,545 | The Electrochemical Society is a learned society (professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of electrochemistry and solid-state science and related technology. The Society membership comprises more than 8,000 scientists and engineers in over 85 countries at all d... | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.80658 |
27,546 | Herbert H. Dow: Among his most significant achievements, Dow founded the Dow Chemical Company in 1897. Dow Chemical funded the creation of the ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division H. H. Dow Memorial Student Achievement Award in his honor in 1990. Edward Weston: Noted for his achievem... | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.80658 |
27,547 | Edward Goodrich Acheson: The inventor of the Acheson process was a manufacturer of carborundum and graphite. The ECS Acheson Award was named in his honor in 1931. Theodore William Richards: Richards, whose research helped confirm the existence of isotopes, received the 1914 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, “in recognition of ... | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.80658 |
27,548 | Carl Wagner: Often referred to as the father of solid state chemistry, Wagner's work on oxidation rate theory, counter diffusion of ions, and defect chemistry considerably advanced knowledge of how reactions proceed at the atomic level in the solid state. Wagner was the first recipient of the ECS Palladium Award in 195... | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.80658 |
27,549 | This was later known as Moore's law. Norman Hackerman: The internationally known expert in metal corrosion served as ECS president in 1957-1958. Hackerman is most recognized for developing the electrochemistry of oxidation. | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.80658 |
27,550 | Charles W. Tobias: A pioneer in the field of electrochemical engineering, Tobias made a long-lasting and far-reaching impact on the field of electrochemical science by forming the Chemical Engineering Department at UC Berkeley in 1947. He served as ECS president from 1970-1971. Gordon E. Moore: The co-founder of Intel ... | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.80658 |
27,551 | Jean-Marie Lehn, an early innovator in the field of supramolecular chemistry, shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for the development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity”. Gerd Binnig shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics “for the design of the scanning tunneling microsc... | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.80658 |
27,552 | Steven Chu and William D. Phillips were co-recipients of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics “for the development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light”. Richard Smalley shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for the discovery of fullerenes”. Rudolph A. Marcus won the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his ... | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.80658 |
27,553 | John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino, all long time ECS members, shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for the development of lithium-ion batteries”. Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji Nakamura shared the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for “the invention of efficient blue light-emitting d... | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.80658 |
27,554 | Notable members of The Electrochemical Society include numerous Nobel Prize laureates including the three co-winners of the 2019 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Thomas Edison: Edison became a member on April 4, 1903. Early members recall attending a meeting at Edison's home in the Society’s early days. Most recognized for i... | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.80658 |
27,555 | JSS is a peer-reviewed journal covering fundamental and applied areas of solid state science and technology, including experimental and theoretical aspects of the chemistry and physics of materials and devices. | Electrochemical Society Monograph Series | 0.80658 |
27,556 | The demand for jobs in the electronics engineering and service fields is the result of a recent proliferation of both consumer and industrial electronics products. The design, installation, servicing and maintenance of this equipment has created significant employment opportunities in the electronics industry.Typical j... | Electronics technician | 0.80658 |
27,557 | ABET-accredited electronics technician programs usually require at least two mathematics and physics courses besides the core competencies. Electronics technician curriculum generally consists of courses in basic electricity and electronics, including Ohm's Law, Parallel and Series Circuits, Magnetism, AC/DC Circuits, ... | Electronics technician | 0.80658 |
27,558 | Most employers prefer to hire electronics technicians with an associate degree or other post-secondary education in engineering technology. Is available at technical institutes, at community colleges, at extension divisions of colleges and universities, at public and private vocational-technical schools, and in the Arm... | Electronics technician | 0.80658 |
27,559 | We define several terms related to learning algorithms training sets, so that we can then define stability in multiple ways and present theorems from the field. A machine learning algorithm, also known as a learning map L {\displaystyle L} , maps a training data set, which is a set of labeled examples ( x , y ) {\displ... | Stability (learning theory) | 0.806576 |
27,560 | A stable learning algorithm would produce a similar classifier with both the 1000-element and 999-element training sets. Stability can be studied for many types of learning problems, from language learning to inverse problems in physics and engineering, as it is a property of the learning process rather than the type o... | Stability (learning theory) | 0.806576 |
27,561 | Stability, also known as algorithmic stability, is a notion in computational learning theory of how a machine learning algorithm output is changed with small perturbations to its inputs. A stable learning algorithm is one for which the prediction does not change much when the training data is modified slightly. For ins... | Stability (learning theory) | 0.806576 |
27,562 | The stability of an algorithm is a property of the learning process, rather than a direct property of the hypothesis space H {\displaystyle H} , and it can be assessed in algorithms that have hypothesis spaces with unbounded or undefined VC-dimension such as nearest neighbor. A stable learning algorithm is one for whic... | Stability (learning theory) | 0.806576 |
27,563 | Some of the simplest machine learning algorithms—for instance, for regression—have hypothesis spaces with unbounded VC-dimension. Another example is language learning algorithms that can produce sentences of arbitrary length. Stability analysis was developed in the 2000s for computational learning theory and is an alte... | Stability (learning theory) | 0.806576 |
27,564 | A central goal in designing a machine learning system is to guarantee that the learning algorithm will generalize, or perform accurately on new examples after being trained on a finite number of them. In the 1990s, milestones were reached in obtaining generalization bounds for supervised learning algorithms. The techni... | Stability (learning theory) | 0.806576 |
27,565 | This research is considered to be the foundation of modern cosmochemistry.During the 1950s and 1960s, cosmochemistry became more accepted as a science. Harold Urey, widely considered to be one of the fathers of cosmochemistry, engaged in research that eventually led to an understanding of the origin of the elements and... | Cosmochemistry | 0.80657 |
27,566 | These grains are recognizable from their exotic chemistry which is alien to the Solar System (such as matrixes of graphite, diamond, or silicon carbide). They also often have isotope ratios which are not those of the rest of the Solar System (in particular, the Sun), and which differ from each other, indicating sources... | Cosmochemistry | 0.80657 |
27,567 | Cosmochemistry (from Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos) 'universe', and χημεία (khēmeía) 'chemistry') or chemical cosmology is the study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions. This is done primarily through the study of the chemical composition of meteorites a... | Cosmochemistry | 0.80657 |
27,568 | This is an issue because the newborn period is a crucial time for the parents to bond with the child, and it has been noted that ten percent of parents whose children were diagnosed with a false-positive still worried that their child was fragile and/or sickly even though they were not, potentially preventing the paren... | Newborn screening | 0.806568 |
27,569 | In some cases, a positive newborn screen can also trigger testing on other family members, such as siblings who did not undergo newborn screening for the same condition or the baby's mother, as some maternal conditions can be identified through results on the baby's newborn screen. Depending on the likelihood of the di... | Newborn screening | 0.806568 |
27,570 | In many regions, Guthrie's BIA has been replaced by MS/MS profiles, however the filter paper he developed is still used worldwide, and has allowed for the screening of millions of infants around the world each year.In the United States, the American College of Medical Genetics recommended a uniform panel of diseases th... | Newborn screening | 0.806568 |
27,571 | In mathematical optimization, neighborhood search is a technique that tries to find good or near-optimal solutions to a combinatorial optimisation problem by repeatedly transforming a current solution into a different solution in the neighborhood of the current solution. The neighborhood of a solution is a set of simil... | Very large-scale neighborhood search | 0.806566 |
27,572 | The applicability domain (AD) (for both chemistry and machine learning) of a QSAR model is the physico-chemical, structural or biological space, knowledge or information on which the training set of the model has been developed, and for which it is applicable to make predictions for new compounds. The purpose of AD is ... | Applicability domain | 0.806562 |
27,573 | In the mathematical field of graph theory, an antiprism graph is a graph that has one of the antiprisms as its skeleton. An n-sided antiprism has 2n vertices and 4n edges. They are regular, polyhedral (and therefore by necessity also 3-vertex-connected, vertex-transitive, and planar graphs), and also Hamiltonian graphs... | Antiprism graph | 0.806562 |
27,574 | In computer science, a Van Wijngaarden grammar (also vW-grammar or W-grammar) is a formalism for defining formal languages. The name derives from the formalism invented by Adriaan van Wijngaarden for the purpose of defining the ALGOL 68 programming language. The resulting specification remains its most notable applicat... | Two-level grammar | 0.80656 |
27,575 | They describe precisely all recursively enumerable languages, which makes parsing impossible in general: it is an undecidable problem to decide whether a given string can be generated by a given W-grammar. Hence, their use must be seriously constrained when used for automatic parsing or translation. Restricted and modi... | Two-level grammar | 0.80656 |
27,576 | Java Analysis Studio (JAS) is an object oriented data analysis package developed for the analysis of particle physics data. The latest major version is JAS3. JAS3 is a fully AIDA-compliant data analysis system. It is popular for data analysis in areas of particle physics which are familiar with the Java programming lan... | Java Analysis Studio | 0.806558 |
27,577 | For example, the sum of the interior angles of a spherical triangle always exceeds 180 degrees. Also, any two similar spherical triangles are congruent. Any pair of points on a sphere that lie on a straight line through the sphere's center (i.e. the diameter) are called antipodal points—on the sphere, the distance betw... | Spherical surface | 0.806558 |
27,578 | Many theorems from classical geometry hold true for spherical geometry as well, but not all do because the sphere fails to satisfy some of classical geometry's postulates, including the parallel postulate. In spherical trigonometry, angles are defined between great circles. Spherical trigonometry differs from ordinary ... | Spherical surface | 0.806558 |
27,579 | The basic elements of Euclidean plane geometry are points and lines. On the sphere, points are defined in the usual sense. The analogue of the "line" is the geodesic, which is a great circle; the defining characteristic of a great circle is that the plane containing all its points also passes through the center of the ... | Spherical surface | 0.806558 |
27,580 | This formula can also be derived using integral calculus, i.e. disk integration to sum the volumes of an infinite number of circular disks of infinitesimally small thickness stacked side by side and centered along the x-axis from x = −r to x = r, assuming the sphere of radius r is centered at the origin. For most pract... | Spherical surface | 0.806558 |
27,581 | For viruses, Bayesian phylogenetic methods are popular because of the ability to fit complex demographic scenarios while integrating out phylogenetic uncertainty.Traditional evolutionary approaches directly utilize methods from computational phylogenetics and population genetics to assess hypotheses of selection and po... | Viral phylodynamics | 0.806556 |
27,582 | In general, in needing to run simulations rather than compute likelihoods, it may be difficult to make fine-scale inferences on epidemiological parameters, and instead, this work usually focuses on broader questions, testing whether overall genealogical patterns are consistent with one epidemiological model or another.... | Viral phylodynamics | 0.806555 |
27,583 | These remaining lineages will coalesce at the rate λ n − 1 ⋯ λ 2 {\displaystyle \lambda _{n-1}\cdots \lambda _{2}} after intervals T n − 1 ⋯ T 2 {\displaystyle T_{n-1}\cdots T_{2}} . This process can be simulated by drawing exponential random variables with rates { λ n − i } i = 0 , ⋯ , n − 2 {\displaystyle \{\lambda _... | Viral phylodynamics | 0.806555 |
27,584 | A well studied example is the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) system of differential equations, which describes the fractions of the population S ( t ) {\displaystyle S(t)} susceptible, I ( t ) {\displaystyle I(t)} infected, and R ( t ) {\displaystyle R(t)} recovered as a function of time: d S d t = − β S I {\disp... | Viral phylodynamics | 0.806555 |
27,585 | (Note that rings need not be unital for the kernel definition). To some extent, this can be thought of as a special case of the situation for modules, since these are all bimodules over a ring R: R itself; any two-sided ideal of R (such as ker f); any quotient ring of R (such as R/(ker f)); and the codomain of any ring... | Kernel (ring theory) | 0.806555 |
27,586 | This is always the case if R is a field, and S is not the zero ring. Since ker f contains the multiplicative identity only when S is the zero ring, it turns out that the kernel is generally not a subring of R. The kernel is a subrng, and, more precisely, a two-sided ideal of R. Thus, it makes sense to speak of the quot... | Kernel (ring theory) | 0.806555 |
27,587 | An example of such an analysis is given by the constraints that can be placed on the dark matter halo within the Milky Way. Using Sloan Digital Sky Survey measurements of our Galaxy, researchers were able to simulate the dark matter halo distribution using Jeans equations. By comparing measured values with Jeans equati... | Jeans equations | 0.806554 |
27,588 | Aircraft-quality birch was specified in early Bensen designs, and a wood/steel composite is used in the world-speed-record-holding Wallis design. Gyroplane rotor blades are made from other materials such as aluminium and GRP-based composite.Bensen's success triggered several other designs, some of them fatally flawed w... | Autogyro | 0.806554 |
27,589 | The Jeans equations were originally derived by James Clerk Maxwell. However, they were first applied to astronomy by James Jeans in 1915 while working on stellar hydrodynamics. Since then, multiple solutions to the equations have been calculated analytically and numerically. Some notable solutions include a spherically... | Jeans equations | 0.806554 |
27,590 | The Jeans equations are a set of partial differential equations that describe the motion of a collection of stars in a gravitational field. The Jeans equations relate the second-order velocity moments to the density and potential of a stellar system for systems without collision. They are analogous to the Euler equatio... | Jeans equations | 0.806554 |
27,591 | This technique is a basic form of snapshot hyperspectral imaging. Slitless spectroscopy is used for astronomical surveys and in fields, such as solar physics, where time evolution is important. Both types of application benefit from higher speed operation of a slitless spectrograph: conventional spectrographs require m... | Slitless spectroscopy | 0.806553 |
27,592 | In molecular biology, a displacement loop or D-loop is a DNA structure where the two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule are separated for a stretch and held apart by a third strand of DNA. An R-loop is similar to a D-loop, but in this case the third strand is RNA rather than DNA. The third strand has a base sequ... | D-loop | 0.806548 |
27,593 | The original Physical Chemistry Laboratory was built in 1941 and at that time also housed the inorganic chemistry laboratory. It replaced the Balliol-Trinity Laboratories. The east wing of the building was completed in 1959 and inorganic chemistry, already in its own building on South Parks Road, then became a separate... | Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory (Oxford) | 0.806548 |
27,594 | The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory (PTCL) is a major chemistry laboratory at the University of Oxford, England. It is located in the main Science Area of the university on South Parks Road. Previously it was known as the Physical Chemistry Laboratory. | Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory (Oxford) | 0.806547 |
27,595 | Its boundary is a sphere, a 2-manifold. (Do not confuse with Boundary (topology)). In technical language, a manifold with boundary is a space containing both interior points and boundary points. | Manifold | 0.806546 |
27,596 | In organic chemistry, an aminomethyl group is a monovalent functional group with formula −CH2−NH2. It can be described as a methyl group substituted by an amino group −NH2. | Aminomethyl group | 0.806545 |
27,597 | SAC has featured research presentations on many cryptographic topics, with a traditional focus on the design and analysis of block ciphers. SAC is regarded as a high-quality venue for presenting cryptographic results, and is the only cryptography conference held annually in Canada. Since 2003, SAC has included an invit... | Selected Areas in Cryptography | 0.806545 |
27,598 | Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC) is an international cryptography conference (originally a workshop) held every August in Canada since 1994. The first workshop was organized by Carlisle Adams, Henk Meijer, Stafford Tavares and Paul van Oorschot. Through 1999, SAC was hosted at either Queen's University or Carleton ... | Selected Areas in Cryptography | 0.806545 |
27,599 | In the toroidal coordinates with radius R {\displaystyle R} , the solenoid can be parametrized by t ∈ R {\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} } aswhere ω k = 1 n 1 ⋯ n k , r k = R δ 1 ⋯ δ k {\displaystyle \omega _{k}={\frac {1}{n_{1}\cdots n_{k}}},\quad r_{k}=R\delta _{1}\cdots \delta _{k}} Here, δ k {\displaystyle \delta _{... | Solenoid (mathematics) | 0.806544 |
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