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27,600 | While there are many that believe in the future of informatics in the materials development and scaling process, many challenges remain. Hill, et al., write that "Today, the materials community faces serious challenges to bringing about this data-accelerated research paradigm, including diversity of research areas with... | Materials informatics | 0.806543 |
27,601 | The overarching goals of bioinformatics and systems biology may provide a useful analogy. Andrew Murray of Harvard University expresses the hope that such an approach "will save us from the era of "one graduate student, one gene, one PhD". Similarly, the goal of materials informatics is to save us from one graduate stu... | Materials informatics | 0.806543 |
27,602 | Databases are essential for any informatics research and applications. In material informatics many databases exist containing both empirical data obtained experimentally, and theoretical data obtained computationally. Big data that can be used for machine learning is particularly difficult to obtain for experimental d... | Materials informatics | 0.806543 |
27,603 | Some more narrow interpretations include combinatorial chemistry, Process Modeling, materials property databases, materials data management and product life cycle management. Materials informatics is at the convergence of these concepts, but also transcends them and has the potential to achieve greater insights and dee... | Materials informatics | 0.806543 |
27,604 | Materials informatics is a field of study that applies the principles of informatics to materials science and engineering to improve the understanding, use, selection, development, and discovery of materials. This is an emerging field, with a goal to achieve high-speed and robust acquisition, management, analysis, and ... | Materials informatics | 0.806543 |
27,605 | There are some parallels between the chemistry of ammonia NH3 and water H2O. For example, the capacity of both compounds to be protonated to give NH4+ and H3O+ or deprotonated to give NH2− and OH−, with all of these able to be isolated in solid compounds.Nitrogen shares with both its horizontal neighbours a preference ... | Biological role of nitrogen | 0.80654 |
27,606 | Hypervalency is almost unknown in the 2p elements for the same reason, because the high electronegativity makes it difficult for a small nitrogen atom to be a central atom in an electron-rich three-center four-electron bond since it would tend to attract the electrons strongly to itself. Thus, despite nitrogen's positi... | Biological role of nitrogen | 0.80654 |
27,607 | The nitride anion, N3−, is much larger at 146 pm, similar to that of the oxide (O2−: 140 pm) and fluoride (F−: 133 pm) anions. The first three ionisation energies of nitrogen are 1.402, 2.856, and 4.577 MJ·mol−1, and the sum of the fourth and fifth is 16.920 MJ·mol−1. Due to these very high figures, nitrogen has no sim... | Biological role of nitrogen | 0.80654 |
27,608 | Phylogenetic footprinting is a technique used to identify transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) within a non-coding region of DNA of interest by comparing it to the orthologous sequence in different species. When this technique is used with a large number of closely related species, this is called phylogenetic shad... | Phylogenetic footprinting | 0.806536 |
27,609 | The original event calculus paper of Kowalski and Sergot focused on applications to database updates and narratives. Extensions of the event calculus can also formalize non-deterministic actions, concurrent actions, actions with delayed effects, gradual changes, actions with duration, continuous change, and non-inertia... | Event calculus | 0.806535 |
27,610 | In addition to Prolog and its variants, several other tools for reasoning using the event calculus are also available: Abductive Event Calculus Planners Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner Event Calculus Answer Set Programming Reactive Event Calculus Run-Time Event Calculus (RTEC) | Event calculus | 0.806535 |
27,611 | The effects of events are stated by formulae relating the effects of events with their preconditions. For example, if the event open makes the fluent isopen true, but only if haskey is currently true, the corresponding formula in the event calculus is: I n i t i a t e s ( e , f , t ) ≡ ∨ ⋯ {\displaystyle {\mathit {Ini... | Event calculus | 0.806535 |
27,612 | Like other languages for representing actions, the event calculus formalizes the correct evolution of the fluent via formulae telling the value of each fluent after an arbitrary action has been performed. The event calculus solves the frame problem in a way that is similar to the successor state axioms of the situation... | Event calculus | 0.806535 |
27,613 | In the event calculus, fluents are reified. This means that they are not formalized by means of predicates but by means of functions. A separate predicate HoldsAt is used to tell which fluents hold at a given time point. For example, H o l d s A t ( o n ( b o x , t a b l e ) , t ) {\displaystyle {\mathit {HoldsAt}}(on(... | Event calculus | 0.806535 |
27,614 | The event calculus was originally formulated as a set of Horn clauses augmented with negation as failure and could be run as a Prolog program. In fact, circumscription is one of the several semantics that can be given to negation as failure, and is closely related to the completion semantics (in which "if" is interpret... | Event calculus | 0.806535 |
27,615 | The event calculus is a logical language for representing and reasoning about events and their effects first presented by Robert Kowalski and Marek Sergot in 1986. It was extended by Murray Shanahan and Rob Miller in the 1990s. Similar to other languages for reasoning about change, the event calculus represents the eff... | Event calculus | 0.806535 |
27,616 | The term Blahut–Arimoto algorithm is often used to refer to a class of algorithms for computing numerically either the information theoretic capacity of a channel, the rate-distortion function of a source or a source encoding (i.e. compression to remove the redundancy). They are iterative algorithms that eventually con... | Blahut–Arimoto algorithm | 0.806535 |
27,617 | . ) {\displaystyle (\mathbf {p} ^{0},Q^{0},\mathbf {p} _{1},Q^{1}...)} iteratively as follows: ( q j i t ) := p i t w i j ∑ k = 1 n p k t w k j {\displaystyle (q_{ji}^{t}):={\dfrac {p_{i}^{t}w_{ij}}{\sum _{k=1}^{n}p_{k}^{t}w_{kj}}}} p k t + 1 := ∏ j = 1 m ( q j k t ) w k j ∑ i = 1 n ∏ j = 1 m ( q j i t ) w i j {\displa... | Blahut–Arimoto algorithm | 0.806535 |
27,618 | Micro-irrigation, also called Micro-spray,localized, low-volume, low-flow, or trickle irrigation, is an irrigation method with lower water pressure and flow than a traditional sprinkler system. Low-volume irrigation is used in agriculture for row crops, orchards, and vineyards. It is also used in horticulture in wholes... | Micro-irrigation | 0.806534 |
27,619 | Matroids of this kind are called vector matroids. An important example of a matroid defined in this way is the Fano matroid, a rank-three matroid derived from the Fano plane, a finite geometry with seven points (the seven elements of the matroid) and seven lines (the proper nontrivial flats of the matroid). | Matroid constraints | 0.806532 |
27,620 | If M is a finite matroid, we can define the orthogonal or dual matroid M* by taking the same underlying set and calling a set a basis in M* if and only if its complement is a basis in M. It is not difficult to verify that M* is a matroid and that the dual of M* is M.The dual can be described equally well in terms of ot... | Matroid constraints | 0.806532 |
27,621 | A simple matroid obtained from another matroid M by deleting all loops and deleting one element from each 2-element circuit until no 2-element circuits remain is called a simplification of M. A matroid is co-simple if its dual matroid is simple. A union of circuits is sometimes called a cycle of M. A cycle is therefore... | Matroid constraints | 0.806532 |
27,622 | That is, it has no loops and no parallel elements. The term combinatorial geometry is also used. | Matroid constraints | 0.806532 |
27,623 | In 2007, Syngenta’s Canadian division was named one of Canada’s Top 100 Employers, as published in Maclean’s magazine.In October 2008, Syngenta Crop Protection Canada, Inc. was recognized as one of Waterloo Area’s Top Employers, as announced in the Waterloo Region Record, Guelph Mercury and Cambridge Times. In 2011, Sy... | Syngenta | 0.806532 |
27,624 | In 2001, the United States Patent and Trademark Office ruled in favor of Syngenta which had filed a suit against Bayer for patent infringement on a class of neonicotinoid insecticides. The following year Syngenta filed suits against Monsanto and other companies claiming infringement of its U.S. biotechnology patents co... | Syngenta | 0.806532 |
27,625 | It sells a VMAX soybean that is resistant to glyphosate herbicide. In 2021 the company partnered with Hong Kong-based Insilico Medicine to develop "sustainable weedkillers" by using AI deep-learning tools.Syngenta brands include Actara (Thiamethoxam), Agrisure (corn with Viptera trait), Alto (Cyproconazole), Amistar (a... | Syngenta | 0.806532 |
27,626 | Like many agriculture companies, Syngenta also works in the biofuel space. In 2011, it announced the corn trait Enogen to reduce the consumption of water and energy versus conventional corn. In 2007, Queensland University in Australia contracted with Syngenta to research different inputs for biofuels as a renewable ene... | Syngenta | 0.806532 |
27,627 | A second original source for the theory of matroids is graph theory. Every finite graph (or multigraph) G {\displaystyle G} gives rise to a matroid M ( G ) {\displaystyle M(G)} as follows: take as E {\displaystyle E} the set of all edges in G {\displaystyle G} and consider a set of edges independent if and only if it i... | Matroid constraints | 0.806532 |
27,628 | A Boolean flag, truth bit or truth flag in computer science is a Boolean value represented as one or more bits, which encodes a state variable with two possible values. | Boolean flag | 0.806527 |
27,629 | Most computer languages support the setting and testing of single or multiple bits in combination for use as truth indicators and usually up to 256 different combinations of conditions can be tested for with just a single instruction on one byte using bitwise operations. Advancements in processor design and parallel co... | Boolean flag | 0.806527 |
27,630 | In mathematics, the magnitude or size of a mathematical object is a property which determines whether the object is larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind. More formally, an object's magnitude is the displayed result of an ordering (or ranking) of the class of objects to which it belongs. In physics, mag... | Magnitude (mathematics) | 0.806525 |
27,631 | There are several fixed-point theorems which come in three equivalent variants: an algebraic topology variant, a combinatorial variant and a set-covering variant. Each variant can be proved separately using totally different arguments, but each variant can also be reduced to the other variants in its row. Additionally,... | KKMS theorem | 0.806525 |
27,632 | A theorem of Ravindra Bapat, generalizing Sperner's lemma,: chapter 16, pp. 257–261 implies the KKM lemma extends to connector-free coverings (he proved his theorem for n = 3 {\displaystyle n=3} ). The connector-free variant also has a permutation variant, so that both these generalizations can be used simultaneously. | KKMS theorem | 0.806525 |
27,633 | Instruments used specially in microbiology include: | Instruments used in microbiology | 0.806521 |
27,634 | The One-Million-Liter Test Sphere—also known as the Test Sphere, the Horton Test Sphere, the Cloud Study Chamber, Building 527, and the "Eight Ball" (or "8-ball")—is a decommissioned biological warfare (BW) chamber and testing facility located on Fort Detrick, Maryland, US. It was constructed and utilized by the U.S. A... | One-Million-Liter Test Sphere | 0.806518 |
27,635 | In 2020, through a collaboration between AMD, Intel, Red Hat, and SUSE, three microarchitecture levels on top of the x86-64 baseline were defined: x86-64-v2, x86-64-v3, and x86-64-v4. These levels define specific features that can be targeted by programmers to provide compile-time optimizations. The features exposed by... | Intel 64 | 0.806516 |
27,636 | : 11 However, such programs may be started from an operating system running in long mode on processors supporting VT-x or AMD-V by creating a virtual processor running in the desired mode. Since the basic instruction set is the same, there is almost no performance penalty for executing protected mode x86 code. This is ... | Intel 64 | 0.806516 |
27,637 | Ruth Lawrence and Don Zagier related mock theta functions to quantum invariants of 3-manifolds. A. M. Semikhatov, A. Taormina, and I. Yu Tipunin related mock theta functions to infinite-dimensional Lie superalgebras and two-dimensional conformal field theory. J. Troost showed that the modular completions of mock modula... | Mock modular form | 0.806515 |
27,638 | The International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science is a computer science journal published by World Scientific. It was founded in 1990, covering the field of theoretical computer science, from algebraic theory and algorithms, to quantum computing and wireless networks. Since 1997, the Editor-in-Chief has been... | International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science | 0.806514 |
27,639 | Knowledge compilation is a family of approaches for addressing the intractability of a number of artificial intelligence problems. A propositional model is compiled in an off-line phase in order to support some queries in polynomial time. Many ways of compiling a propositional models exist.Different compiled representa... | Knowledge compilation | 0.806511 |
27,640 | Ultraviolet astronomy employs ultraviolet wavelengths between approximately 100 and 3200 Å (10 to 320 nm). Light at those wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, requiring observations at these wavelengths to be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space. Ultraviolet astronomy is best suited to the st... | Stellar astronomy | 0.80651 |
27,641 | A number of amateur astronomers use either homemade telescopes or use radio telescopes which were originally built for astronomy research but which are now available to amateurs (e.g. the One-Mile Telescope).Amateur astronomers continue to make scientific contributions to the field of astronomy and it is one of the few... | Stellar astronomy | 0.80651 |
27,642 | Many amateurs like to specialize in the observation of particular objects, types of objects, or types of events that interest them.Most amateurs work at visible wavelengths, but many experiment with wavelengths outside the visible spectrum. This includes the use of infrared filters on conventional telescopes, and also ... | Stellar astronomy | 0.80651 |
27,643 | The main source of information about celestial bodies and other objects is visible light, or more generally electromagnetic radiation. Observational astronomy may be categorized according to the corresponding region of the electromagnetic spectrum on which the observations are made. Some parts of the spectrum can be ob... | Stellar astronomy | 0.806509 |
27,644 | Gamma ray astronomy observes astronomical objects at the shortest wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma rays may be observed directly by satellites such as the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory or by specialized telescopes called atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The Cherenkov telescopes do not detect the gamm... | Stellar astronomy | 0.806509 |
27,645 | Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics. In practice, modern astronomical researc... | Stellar astronomy | 0.806509 |
27,646 | Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry "to ascertain the nature of the astronomical objects, rather than their positions or motions in space". Among the objects studied are the Sun, other stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic mi... | Stellar astronomy | 0.806509 |
27,647 | Astronomy is one of the sciences to which amateurs can contribute the most.Collectively, amateur astronomers observe a variety of celestial objects and phenomena sometimes with consumer-level equipment or equipment that they build themselves. Common targets of amateur astronomers include the Sun, the Moon, planets, sta... | Stellar astronomy | 0.806509 |
27,648 | Some fields, such as astrometry, are purely astronomy rather than also astrophysics. Various departments in which scientists carry out research on this subject may use "astronomy" and "astrophysics", partly depending on whether the department is historically affiliated with a physics department, and many professional a... | Stellar astronomy | 0.806509 |
27,649 | "Astronomy" and "astrophysics" are synonyms. Based on strict dictionary definitions, "astronomy" refers to "the study of objects and matter outside the Earth's atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties," while "astrophysics" refers to the branch of astronomy dealing with "the behavior, physical propertie... | Stellar astronomy | 0.806509 |
27,650 | One of the oldest fields in astronomy, and in all of science, is the measurement of the positions of celestial objects. Historically, accurate knowledge of the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars has been essential in celestial navigation (the use of celestial objects to guide navigation) and in the making of... | Stellar astronomy | 0.806509 |
27,651 | In the 21st century there remain important unanswered questions in astronomy. Some are cosmic in scope: for example, what are dark matter and dark energy? These dominate the evolution and fate of the cosmos, yet their true nature remains unknown. | Stellar astronomy | 0.806509 |
27,652 | Chang and Blei included network information between linked documents in the relational topic model, to model the links between websites. The author-topic model by Rosen-Zvi et al. models the topics associated with authors of documents to improve the topic detection for documents with authorship information. HLTA was ap... | Topic modeling | 0.806509 |
27,653 | Topic models are being used also in other contexts. For examples uses of topic models in biology and bioinformatics research emerged. Recently topic models has been used to extract information from dataset of cancers' genomic samples. In this case topics are biological latent variables to be inferred. | Topic modeling | 0.806509 |
27,654 | In the age of information, the amount of the written material we encounter each day is simply beyond our processing capacity. Topic models can help to organize and offer insights for us to understand large collections of unstructured text bodies. Originally developed as a text-mining tool, topic models have been used t... | Topic modeling | 0.806509 |
27,655 | The "topics" produced by topic modeling techniques are clusters of similar words. A topic model captures this intuition in a mathematical framework, which allows examining a set of documents and discovering, based on the statistics of the words in each, what the topics might be and what each document's balance of topic... | Topic modeling | 0.806509 |
27,656 | In statistics and natural language processing, a topic model is a type of statistical model for discovering the abstract "topics" that occur in a collection of documents. Topic modeling is a frequently used text-mining tool for discovery of hidden semantic structures in a text body. Intuitively, given that a document i... | Topic modeling | 0.806509 |
27,657 | The term homogeneous was first applied to differential equations by Johann Bernoulli in section 9 of his 1726 article De integraionibus aequationum differentialium (On the integration of differential equations). | Homogeneous differential equation | 0.806509 |
27,658 | A differential equation can be homogeneous in either of two respects. A first order differential equation is said to be homogeneous if it may be written f ( x , y ) d y = g ( x , y ) d x , {\displaystyle f(x,y)\,dy=g(x,y)\,dx,} where f and g are homogeneous functions of the same degree of x and y. In this case, the cha... | Homogeneous differential equation | 0.806509 |
27,659 | In the gas phase, a single water molecule has an oxygen atom surrounded by two hydrogens and two lone pairs, and the H2O geometry is simply described as bent without considering the nonbonding lone pairs.However, in liquid water or in ice, the lone pairs form hydrogen bonds with neighboring water molecules. The most co... | Tetrahedral coordination geometry | 0.806507 |
27,660 | Soil series as established by the National Cooperative Soil Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service are a level of classification in the USDA Soil Taxonomy classification system hierarchy. The actual object of classification is the so-called soil individual, o... | Soil series | 0.806507 |
27,661 | 23–31). This starts from the basic step that generates the tessellation, the reflection of an ideal triangle in one of its sides. Reflection corresponds to the process of inversion in projective geometry and taking the projective harmonic conjugate, which can be defined in terms of the cross ratio. | Fundamental domain triangle | 0.806503 |
27,662 | Maskit (1971) gave a general proof of Poincaré's polygon theorem in hyperbolic space; a similar proof was given in de Rham (1971). Specializing to the hyperbolic plane and Schwarz triangles, this can be used to give a modern approach for establishing that the existence of Schwarz triangle tessellations, as described in... | Fundamental domain triangle | 0.806503 |
27,663 | The field F is algebraically closed if and only if, for each natural number n, every linear map from Fn into itself has some eigenvector. An endomorphism of Fn has an eigenvector if and only if its characteristic polynomial has some root. Therefore, when F is algebraically closed, every endomorphism of Fn has some eige... | Algebraically closed field | 0.806502 |
27,664 | In mathematics, a field F is algebraically closed if every non-constant polynomial in F (the univariate polynomial ring with coefficients in F) has a root in F. | Algebraically closed field | 0.806502 |
27,665 | It is true that the focus of mineralogy, materials science, and solid state chemistry differs from the usual focus of coordination or inorganic chemistry. The former are concerned primarily with polymeric structures, properties arising from a collective effects of many highly interconnected metals. In contrast, coordin... | Complex ion | 0.806501 |
27,666 | The areas of coordination chemistry can be classified according to the nature of the ligands, in broad terms: Classical (or "Werner Complexes"): Ligands in classical coordination chemistry bind to metals, almost exclusively, via their lone pairs of electrons residing on the main-group atoms of the ligand. Typical ligan... | Complex ion | 0.806501 |
27,667 | Metal complexes, also known as coordination compounds, include virtually all metal compounds. The study of "coordination chemistry" is the study of "inorganic chemistry" of all alkali and alkaline earth metals, transition metals, lanthanides, actinides, and metalloids. Thus, coordination chemistry is the chemistry of t... | Complex ion | 0.806501 |
27,668 | For example, most schemes in finite-dimensional algebraic geometry are locally Noetherian, but G L ∞ = ∪ G L n {\displaystyle GL_{\infty }=\cup GL_{n}} is not. logarithmic geometry log structure See log structure. The notion is due to Fontaine-Illusie and Kato. loop group See loop group (the linked article does not dis... | Algebraic scheme | 0.806501 |
27,669 | local uniformization The local uniformization is a method of constructing a weaker form of resolution of singularities by means of valuation rings. locally factorial The local rings are unique factorization domains. locally of finite type The morphism f: Y → X is locally of finite type if X {\displaystyle X} may be cov... | Algebraic scheme | 0.806501 |
27,670 | Lelong number See Lelong number. level structure see http://math.stanford.edu/~conrad/248BPage/handouts/level.pdf linearization Another term for the structure of an equivariant sheaf/vector bundle. local Most important properties of schemes are local in nature, i.e. a scheme X has a certain property P if and only if fo... | Algebraic scheme | 0.806501 |
27,671 | The Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the fundamentals of engineering science and its application to the solution of challenges and problems in engineering. The journal obtained its current name in ... | Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C | 0.806498 |
27,672 | The classification of quasithin groups is a crucial part of the classification of finite simple groups. The quasithin groups were classified in a 1221-page paper by Michael Aschbacher and Stephen D. Smith (2004, 2004b). An earlier announcement by Geoffrey Mason (1980) of the classification, on the basis of which the cl... | Quasithin group | 0.806497 |
27,673 | In mathematics, a quasithin group is a finite simple group that resembles a group of Lie type of rank at most 2 over a field of characteristic 2. More precisely it is a finite simple group of characteristic 2 type and width 2. Here characteristic 2 type means that its centralizers of involutions resemble those of group... | Quasithin group | 0.806497 |
27,674 | The Schrödinger–Newton equation, sometimes referred to as the Newton–Schrödinger or Schrödinger–Poisson equation, is a nonlinear modification of the Schrödinger equation with a Newtonian gravitational potential, where the gravitational potential emerges from the treatment of the wave function as a mass density, includi... | Schrödinger–Newton equation | 0.806494 |
27,675 | An argument that appears obvious to human intuition may in fact require fairly long formal derivations from the axioms. A particularly well-known example is how in Principia Mathematica, Whitehead and Russell have to expend a number of lines of rather opaque effort in order to establish that, indeed, it is sensical to ... | Rigorous proof | 0.806494 |
27,676 | Indeed, with the aid of computers, it is possible to check some proofs mechanically. Formal rigour is the introduction of high degrees of completeness by means of a formal language where such proofs can be codified using set theories such as ZFC (see automated theorem proving). Published mathematical arguments have to ... | Rigorous proof | 0.806494 |
27,677 | During the 19th century, the term "rigorous" began to be used to describe increasing levels of abstraction when dealing with calculus which eventually became known as mathematical analysis. The works of Cauchy added rigour to the older works of Euler and Gauss. The works of Riemann added rigour to the works of Cauchy. | Rigorous proof | 0.806494 |
27,678 | The code-division multiple access (CDMA) scheme is based on spread spectrum, meaning that a wider radio channel bandwidth is used than the data rate of individual bit streams requires, and several message signals are transferred simultaneously over the same carrier frequency, utilizing different spreading codes. Per th... | Multiple access | 0.806491 |
27,679 | Permease of phosphotransferase system (or PTS-AG superfamily according to TCDB) is a superfamily of phosphotransferase enzymes that facilitate the transport of L-ascorbate (A) and galactitol (G). Classification has been established through phylogenic analysis and bioinformatics.The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar p... | Permease of phosphotransferase system | 0.80649 |
27,680 | The McKinley Climatic Laboratory is both an active laboratory and a historic site located in Building 440 on Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. The laboratory is part of the 96th Test Wing. In addition to Air Force testing, it can be used by other US government agencies and private industry.On October 6, 1997, it was added... | McKinley Climatic Laboratory | 0.80649 |
27,681 | In probability theory, the reversed compound agent theorem (RCAT) is a set of sufficient conditions for a stochastic process expressed in any formalism to have a product form stationary distribution (assuming that the process is stationary). The theorem shows that product form solutions in Jackson's theorem, the BCMP t... | Reversed compound agent theorem | 0.806488 |
27,682 | An algebra over a ring is called an integral algebra if all its elements are integral over the ring. 6. A ring is called locally integral if it is reduced and the localization at every prime ideal is integral. | Formally equidimensional | 0.806487 |
27,683 | stable A decreasing filtration of a module is called stable (with respect to an ideal I) if Mn+1=IMn for all sufficiently large n. stably free A module M over a ring R is called stably free if M⊕Rn is free for some natural number n. Stanley 1. Named after Richard P. Stanley 2. A Stanley–Reisner ring is a quotient of a ... | Formally equidimensional | 0.806487 |
27,684 | 2. The maximal spectrum of a ring is the set of maximal ideals with the Zariski topology. | Formally equidimensional | 0.806487 |
27,685 | socle The socle of a module is the sum of its simple submodules. spectrum 1. The prime spectrum of a ring, often just called the spectrum, is a locally ringed space whose underlying topological space is the set of prime ideals with the Zariski topology. | Formally equidimensional | 0.806487 |
27,686 | The singular computer algebra system for commutative algebra smooth A smooth morphism of rings is a homomorphism that is formally smooth and finitely presented. These are analogous to submersions in differential topology. An algebra over a ring is called smooth if the corresponding morphism is smooth. | Formally equidimensional | 0.806487 |
27,687 | separable An algebra over a field is called separable if its extension by any finite purely inseparable extension is reduced. separated An alternative term for Hausdorff, usually applied to a topology on a ring or module. simple A simple field is an archaic term for an algebraic number field whose ring of integers is a... | Formally equidimensional | 0.806487 |
27,688 | If the ideal or submodule is the whole ring or module this is inconsistent with the definition of an irreducible ring or module. irrelevant The irrelevant ideal of a graded algebra is generated by all elements of positive degree. isolated An isolated prime of a module is a minimal associated prime. | Formally equidimensional | 0.806487 |
27,689 | J-0 ring A J-0 ring is a ring such that the set of regular points of the spectrum contains a non-empty open subset. J-1 ring A J-1 ring is a ring such that the set of regular points of the spectrum is an open subset. J-2 ring A J-2 ring is a ring such that any finitely generated algebra is a J-1 ring. Jacobian 1. | Formally equidimensional | 0.806487 |
27,690 | To meet the challenge of antigenic drift, vaccines that confer broad protection against heterovariant strains are needed against seasonal, epidemic and pandemic influenza.As in all RNA viruses, mutations in influenza occur frequently because the virus' RNA polymerase has no proofreading mechanism, resulting in an error... | Antigenic drift | 0.806486 |
27,691 | Rendered obsolete by Human evolutionary genetics and modern anthropology. Mendelian genetics, classical genetics, Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory – first genetic theories. Not invalidated as such, but subsumed into molecular genetics. Germ line theory, explained immunoglobulin diversity by proposing that each antibody ... | Superseded theories in science | 0.806484 |
27,692 | Discoveries in epigenetics have shown that in some very limited ways, the life experiences of organisms can affect the development of their children. Vitalism – the theory that living things are alive because of some "vital force" independent of matter, as opposed to because of some appropriate assembly of matter. It w... | Superseded theories in science | 0.806484 |
27,693 | Spontaneous generation – a principle regarding the spontaneous generation of complex life from inanimate matter, which held that this process was a commonplace and everyday occurrence, as distinguished from univocal generation, or reproduction from parent(s). Falsified by an experiment by Louis Pasteur: where apparentl... | Superseded theories in science | 0.806484 |
27,694 | Copernicium is expected to be able to use its d electrons for chemistry as its 6d subshell is destabilised by strong relativistic effects due to its very high atomic number, and as such is expected to have transition-metal-like behaviour when it shows higher oxidation states than +2 (which are not definitely known for ... | Transition metals | 0.806482 |
27,695 | Some authors prefer to leave the spaces below yttrium blank as a third option, but there is confusion on whether this format implies that group 3 contains only scandium and yttrium, or if it also contains all the lanthanides and actinides; additionally, it creates a 15-element-wide f-block, when quantum mechanics dicta... | Transition metals | 0.806482 |
27,696 | Chemical Computing Group is a software company specializing in research software for computational chemistry, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, docking, pharmacophore searching and molecular simulation. The company's main customer base consists of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as academic research ... | Chemical Computing Group | 0.80648 |
27,697 | MOE (Molecular Operating Environment)MOE is a drug discovery software platform that integrates visualization, modeling, and simulations, as well as methodology development. MOE scientific applications are used by biologists, medicinal chemists and computational chemists in pharmaceutical, biotechnology and academic res... | Chemical Computing Group | 0.80648 |
27,698 | There are several popular numerical computing applications such as MATLAB, TK Solver, S-PLUS, and IDL as well as free and open source alternatives such as FreeMat, Scilab, GNU Octave (similar to Matlab), and IT++ (a C++ library). There are also programming languages such as R (similar to S-PLUS), Julia, and Python with... | Numerical methods | 0.806479 |
27,699 | Since the late twentieth century, most algorithms are implemented in a variety of programming languages. The Netlib repository contains various collections of software routines for numerical problems, mostly in Fortran and C. Commercial products implementing many different numerical algorithms include the IMSL and NAG ... | Numerical methods | 0.806479 |
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