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27,800 | Curves that are tangent to a surface at a point (for instance, curves lying on a surface) do not intersect the surface transversally. Here is a more specialised example: suppose that G {\displaystyle G} is a simple Lie group and g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is its Lie algebra. By the Jacobson–Morozov theorem every... | Transversality (mathematics) | 0.806401 |
27,801 | In fields utilizing the calculus of variations or the related Pontryagin maximum principle, the transversality condition is frequently used to control the types of solutions found in optimization problems. For example, it is a necessary condition for solution curves to problems of the form: Minimize ∫ F ( x , y , y ′ )... | Transversality (mathematics) | 0.806401 |
27,802 | Since healthcare facilities can house a number of different types of patients who potentially have weakened immune systems, aerobiological engineering is of significant importance to engineers of hospitals. The aerobiology that concerns designers of hospitals includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other microbiological... | Aerobiological engineering | 0.8064 |
27,803 | Another improvement that may be used is applying the same Skolem function symbol for formulae that are identical up to variable renaming.Another use is in the resolution method for first-order logic, where formulas are represented as sets of clauses understood to be universally quantified. (For an example see drinker p... | Skolem normal form | 0.806399 |
27,804 | One of the uses of Skolemization is automated theorem proving. For example, in the method of analytic tableaux, whenever a formula whose leading quantifier is existential occurs, the formula obtained by removing that quantifier via Skolemization may be generated. For example, if ∃ x . Φ ( x , y 1 , … , y n ) {\displays... | Skolem normal form | 0.806399 |
27,805 | Barrett's Fender Esquire is played through a Binson echo machine, creating psychedelic delay effects. The track is the band's only overt "space rock" song, though a group-composed, abstract instrumental was titled "Interstellar Overdrive". Waters, in an interview with Nick Sedgewick, described "Astronomy Dominé" as "th... | Astronomy Domine | 0.806399 |
27,806 | "Astronomy Domine" (alternative "Astronomy Dominé") is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd. The song, written and composed by the original vocalist/guitarist Syd Barrett, is the opening track on their debut album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967). The lead vocal was sung by Barrett and the keyboard player R... | Astronomy Domine | 0.806399 |
27,807 | In 1968, Pink Floyd travelled to Belgium and appeared on Tienerklanken where they filmed a lip-synced promotional film for "Astronomy Dominé", as well as "See Emily Play", "The Scarecrow", "Apples and Oranges", "Paint Box", "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" and "Corporal Clegg". Barrett does not appear in the... | Astronomy Domine | 0.806398 |
27,808 | The song was also played by Gilmour and his solo band (which included Wright with Pratt on bass guitar and Steve DiStanislao on drums) at the Abbey Road Studios sessions, which has been released as part of a CD/DVD On an Island package. "Astronomy Dominé" was performed during the last few dates of Gilmour's On an Islan... | Astronomy Domine | 0.806398 |
27,809 | "Astronomy Domine" was a popular live piece, regularly included in the band's concerts. It is the first track on the live side of the album Ummagumma, released in 1969. This version reflects the band's more progressive style of that era. | Astronomy Domine | 0.806398 |
27,810 | The album The Dark Side of the Moog X (2005) by Klaus Schulze and Pete Namlook is subtitled "Astro Know Me Domina". The Canadian heavy metal band Voivod covered "Astronomy Dominé" on their 1989 album Nothingface. The Brazilian band Violeta de Outono covered the song on their live album Seventh Brings Return: A Tribute ... | Astronomy Domine | 0.806398 |
27,811 | One complication of these blood-derived ingredients is the potential for contamination of the culture with viruses or prions, particularly in medical biotechnology applications. Current practice is to minimize or eliminate the use of these ingredients wherever possible and use human platelet lysate (hPL). This eliminat... | Cell culture | 0.806397 |
27,812 | Research in tissue engineering, stem cells and molecular biology primarily involves cultures of cells on flat plastic dishes. This technique is known as two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, and was first developed by Wilhelm Roux who, in 1885, removed a portion of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and maintaine... | Cell culture | 0.806397 |
27,813 | Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the manufacture of viral vaccines and other products of biotechnology. Culture of human stem cells is used to expand the number of cells and differentiate the cells into various somatic cell types for transplantation. Stem cell culture is also used to harvest the mole... | Cell culture | 0.806397 |
27,814 | Since Haberlandt's original assertions, methods for tissue and cell culture have been realized, leading to significant discoveries in biology and medicine. His original idea, presented in 1902, was called totipotentiality: “Theoretically all plant cells are able to give rise to a complete plant.”Cell culture techniques... | Cell culture | 0.806397 |
27,815 | Cell culture is also a key technique for cellular agriculture, which aims to provide both new products and new ways of producing existing agricultural products like milk, (cultured) meat, fragrances, and rhino horn from cells and microorganisms. It is therefore considered one means of achieving animal-free agriculture.... | Cell culture | 0.806397 |
27,816 | The concept of the holobiont, which emphasizes the importance and interactions of a microbial host with associated microorganisms and viruses and describes their functioning as a single biological unit, has been investigated and discussed for many model systems, although there is substantial criticism of a concept that... | Seagrass holobiont | 0.806395 |
27,817 | Several habitats have been described to harbor plant-associated microbes, including the rhizoplane (surface of root tissue), the rhizosphere (periphery of the roots), the endosphere (inside plant tissue), and the phyllosphere (total above-ground surface area). The microbial community in the P. oceanica rhizosphere show... | Seagrass holobiont | 0.806395 |
27,818 | Technically, the encoding effect proceeds by the creation of a population inversion between the valence and conduction bands, with the resulting creation of plasmons. During this time, ferroelectric perovskite materials can be forced to change geometry by the application of an electric field. The encoded regions become... | Photon-induced electric field poling | 0.806395 |
27,819 | Optical Parametric Amplification with Periodically Poled KTiOPO4 (doctoral). Stockholm, Sweden: Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology. Sangalli, P.; Giulotto, E.; Rollandi, L.; Calvi, P.; Camagni, P.; Samoggia, G. | Photon-induced electric field poling | 0.806395 |
27,820 | Müller, Manfred; Soergel, Elisabeth; Buse, Karsten (2003). "Influence of ultraviolet illumination on the poling characteristics of lithium niobate crystals" (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. AIP Publishing. | Photon-induced electric field poling | 0.806395 |
27,821 | In physics, photon-induced electric field poling is a phenomenon whereby a pattern of local electric field orientations can be encoded in a suitable ferroelectric material, such as perovskite. The resulting encoded material is conceptually similar to the pattern of magnetic field orientations within the magnetic domain... | Photon-induced electric field poling | 0.806395 |
27,822 | Point reflection across the center of a sphere yields the antipodal map. A symmetric space is a Riemannian manifold with an isometric reflection across each point. Symmetric spaces play an important role in the study of Lie groups and Riemannian geometry. | Inversion through a point | 0.806394 |
27,823 | Resource selection functions (RSFs) are a class of functions that are used in spatial ecology to assess which habitat characteristics are important to a specific population or species of animal, by assessing a probability of that animal using a certain resource proportional to the availability of that resource in the e... | Resource selection function | 0.806393 |
27,824 | Before the modern era, cryptography focused on message confidentiality (i.e., encryption)—conversion of messages from a comprehensible form into an incomprehensible one and back again at the other end, rendering it unreadable by interceptors or eavesdroppers without secret knowledge (namely the key needed for decryptio... | Mathematical cryptography | 0.806393 |
27,825 | Some use the terms "cryptography" and "cryptology" interchangeably in English, while others (including US military practice generally) use "cryptography" to refer specifically to the use and practice of cryptographic techniques and "cryptology" to refer to the combined study of cryptography and cryptanalysis. English i... | Mathematical cryptography | 0.806393 |
27,826 | However, in cryptography, code has a more specific meaning: the replacement of a unit of plaintext (i.e., a meaningful word or phrase) with a code word (for example, "wallaby" replaces "attack at dawn"). A cypher, in contrast, is a scheme for changing or substituting an element below such a level (a letter, a syllable,... | Mathematical cryptography | 0.806393 |
27,827 | The advantage of asymmetric systems is that the public key can be freely published, allowing parties to establish secure communication without having a shared secret key. In practice, asymmetric systems are used to first exchange a secret key, and then secure communication proceeds via a more efficient symmetric system... | Mathematical cryptography | 0.806393 |
27,828 | The first use of the term "cryptograph" (as opposed to "cryptogram") dates back to the 19th century—originating from "The Gold-Bug," a story by Edgar Allan Poe.Until modern times, cryptography referred almost exclusively to "encryption", which is the process of converting ordinary information (called plaintext) into an... | Mathematical cryptography | 0.806393 |
27,829 | Security of the key used should alone be sufficient for a good cipher to maintain confidentiality under an attack. This fundamental principle was first explicitly stated in 1883 by Auguste Kerckhoffs and is generally called Kerckhoffs's Principle; alternatively and more bluntly, it was restated by Claude Shannon, the i... | Mathematical cryptography | 0.806393 |
27,830 | After the discovery of frequency analysis, perhaps by the Arab mathematician and polymath Al-Kindi (also known as Alkindus) in the 9th century, nearly all such ciphers could be broken by an informed attacker. Such classical ciphers still enjoy popularity today, though mostly as puzzles (see cryptogram). Al-Kindi wrote ... | Mathematical cryptography | 0.806393 |
27,831 | The earliest known use of cryptography is some carved ciphertext on stone in Egypt (c. 1900 BCE), but this may have been done for the amusement of literate observers rather than as a way of concealing information. The Greeks of Classical times are said to have known of ciphers (e.g., the scytale transposition cipher cl... | Mathematical cryptography | 0.806393 |
27,832 | Cryptography can be used to secure communications by encrypting them. Websites use encryption via HTTPS. "End-to-end" encryption, where only sender and receiver can read messages, is implemented for email in Pretty Good Privacy and for secure messaging in general in WhatsApp, Signal and Telegram.Operating systems use e... | Mathematical cryptography | 0.806393 |
27,833 | Much of the theoretical work in cryptography concerns cryptographic primitives—algorithms with basic cryptographic properties—and their relationship to other cryptographic problems. More complicated cryptographic tools are then built from these basic primitives. These primitives provide fundamental properties, which ar... | Mathematical cryptography | 0.806393 |
27,834 | Lightweight cryptography (LWC) concerns cryptographic algorithms developed for a strictly constrained environment. The growth of Internet of Things (IoT) has spiked research into the development of lightweight algorithms that are better suited for the environment. An IoT environment requires strict constraints on power... | Mathematical cryptography | 0.806393 |
27,835 | ACL has a large number of Special Interest Groups (SIGs), focusing on specific areas of natural language processing. Some current SIGs within ACL are: | Association for Computational Linguistics | 0.806392 |
27,836 | The Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) is a scientific and professional organization for people working on natural language processing. Its namesake conference is one of the primary high impact conferences for natural language processing research, along with EMNLP. The conference is held each summer in loc... | Association for Computational Linguistics | 0.806392 |
27,837 | The ACL organizes several of the top conferences and workshops in the field of computational linguistics and natural language processing. These include: Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), the flagship conference of the organization Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EM... | Association for Computational Linguistics | 0.806392 |
27,838 | The duality of convex polyhedra was recognized by Johannes Kepler in his 1619 book Harmonices Mundi. Recognizable planar dual graphs, outside the context of polyhedra, appeared as early as 1725, in Pierre Varignon's posthumously published work, Nouvelle Méchanique ou Statique. This was even before Leonhard Euler's 1736... | Planar dual | 0.806391 |
27,839 | For instance, the four color theorem (the existence of a 4-coloring for every planar graph) can be expressed equivalently as stating that the dual of every bridgeless planar graph has a nowhere-zero 4-flow. The number of k-colorings is counted (up to an easily computed factor) by the Tutte polynomial value TG(1 − k,0) ... | Planar dual | 0.806391 |
27,840 | If G is planar, the dual matroid is the graphic matroid of the dual graph of G. In particular, all dual graphs, for all the different planar embeddings of G, have isomorphic graphic matroids.For nonplanar surface embeddings, unlike planar duals, the dual graph is not generally an algebraic dual of the primal graph. And... | Planar dual | 0.806391 |
27,841 | An algebraic dual of a connected graph G is a graph G* such that G and G* have the same set of edges, any cycle of G is a cut of G*, and any cut of G is a cycle of G*. Every planar graph has an algebraic dual, which is in general not unique (any dual defined by a plane embedding will do). The converse is actually true,... | Planar dual | 0.806391 |
27,842 | The same duality can also be used in finite element mesh generation. Lloyd's algorithm, a method based on Voronoi diagrams for moving a set of points on a surface to more evenly spaced positions, is commonly used as a way to smooth a finite element mesh described by the dual Delaunay triangulation. This method improves... | Planar dual | 0.806391 |
27,843 | Along with its use in graph theory, the duality of planar graphs has applications in several other areas of mathematical and computational study. In geographic information systems, flow networks (such as the networks showing how water flows in a system of streams and rivers) are dual to cellular networks describing dra... | Planar dual | 0.806391 |
27,844 | According to Steinitz's theorem, every polyhedral graph (the graph formed by the vertices and edges of a three-dimensional convex polyhedron) must be planar and 3-vertex-connected, and every 3-vertex-connected planar graph comes from a convex polyhedron in this way. Every three-dimensional convex polyhedron has a dual ... | Planar dual | 0.806391 |
27,845 | Many natural and important concepts in graph theory correspond to other equally natural but different concepts in the dual graph. Because the dual of the dual of a connected plane graph is isomorphic to the primal graph, each of these pairings is bidirectional: if concept X in a planar graph corresponds to concept Y in... | Planar dual | 0.806391 |
27,846 | The reagents are aryl selenenyl bromides, and they were first developed for solution phase chemistry and then modified for solid phase bead attachment via an aryloxy moiety. The solid-phase reagents were applied toward the selenenylation of various alkenes with good enantioselectivities. The products can be cleaved fro... | Electrophile | 0.806389 |
27,847 | In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair. Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids. Most electrophiles are positively charged, have an atom that carries a partial positive charge, or have an atom that does not have an octet ... | Electrophile | 0.806389 |
27,848 | Originally, the critical path method considered only logical dependencies between terminal elements. Since then, it has been expanded to allow for the inclusion of resources related to each activity, through processes called activity-based resource assignments and resource optimization techniques such as Resource Level... | Critical Path Method | 0.806389 |
27,849 | In ring theory, the centralizer of a subset of a ring is defined with respect to the semigroup (multiplication) operation of the ring. The centralizer of a subset of a ring R is a subring of R. This article also deals with centralizers and normalizers in a Lie algebra. The idealizer in a semigroup or ring is another co... | Normalizer (group theory) | 0.806389 |
27,850 | Although first-order logic is sufficient for formalizing much of mathematics, and is commonly used in computer science and other fields, it has certain limitations. These include limitations on its expressiveness and limitations of the fragments of natural languages that it can describe. For instance, first-order logic... | First-order predicate calculus | 0.806386 |
27,851 | A theory is consistent if it is not possible to prove a contradiction from the axioms of the theory. A theory is complete if, for every formula in its signature, either that formula or its negation is a logical consequence of the axioms of the theory. Gödel's incompleteness theorem shows that effective first-order theo... | First-order predicate calculus | 0.806386 |
27,852 | Many theories have an intended interpretation, a certain model that is kept in mind when studying the theory. For example, the intended interpretation of Peano arithmetic consists of the usual natural numbers with their usual operations. However, the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem shows that most first-order theories will al... | First-order predicate calculus | 0.806386 |
27,853 | In mathematics, the linear algebra concept of dual basis can be applied in the context of a finite extension L/K, by using the field trace. This requires the property that the field trace TrL/K provides a non-degenerate quadratic form over K. This can be guaranteed if the extension is separable; it is automatically tru... | Dual basis in a field extension | 0.806386 |
27,854 | The Space Physics Archive Search and Extract (SPASE) effort is an international consortium formed in 2001. Its mission is to define standards and services to enable the establishment and operation of discipline specific Virtual Observatories. The main focus of the consortium is to define and maintain a standard data mo... | Space Physics Archive Search and Extract | 0.806385 |
27,855 | The Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering defines its scope as covering significant developments relevant to chemical engineering. It includes disciplines such as applied chemistry and biology, physics, and engineering with a focus on the development of chemical products and processes. As of 2023, Jour... | Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering | 0.806382 |
27,856 | This rudimentary idea was refined and abstracted, first in a geometric context and later in other branches of mathematics. Over time different versions of the concept developed, but today, in a sufficiently abstract setting, we can unify these variations.In cartography, a map projection is a map of a part of the surfac... | Projection (mathematics) | 0.806379 |
27,857 | The points P such that the line CP is parallel to the plane does not have any image by the projection, but one often says that they project to a point at infinity of the plane (see Projective geometry for a formalization of this terminology). The projection of the point C itself is not defined. The projection parallel ... | Projection (mathematics) | 0.806379 |
27,858 | The shadow of a three-dimensional sphere is a closed disk. Originally, the notion of projection was introduced in Euclidean geometry to denote the projection of the three-dimensional Euclidean space onto a plane in it, like the shadow example. The two main projections of this kind are: The projection from a point onto ... | Projection (mathematics) | 0.806379 |
27,859 | Extensions to graphs include graph neural network (GNN), Neural Network for Graphs (NN4G), and more recently convolutional neural networks for graphs. == References == | Recursive neural network | 0.806378 |
27,860 | An efficient approach to implement recursive neural networks is given by the Tree Echo State Network within the reservoir computing paradigm. | Recursive neural network | 0.806378 |
27,861 | A recursive neural network is a kind of deep neural network created by applying the same set of weights recursively over a structured input, to produce a structured prediction over variable-size input structures, or a scalar prediction on it, by traversing a given structure in topological order. Recursive neural networ... | Recursive neural network | 0.806378 |
27,862 | Recurrent neural networks are recursive artificial neural networks with a certain structure: that of a linear chain. Whereas recursive neural networks operate on any hierarchical structure, combining child representations into parent representations, recurrent neural networks operate on the linear progression of time, ... | Recursive neural network | 0.806378 |
27,863 | Typically, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is used to train the network. The gradient is computed using backpropagation through structure (BPTS), a variant of backpropagation through time used for recurrent neural networks. | Recursive neural network | 0.806378 |
27,864 | RecCC is a constructive neural network approach to deal with tree domains with pioneering applications to chemistry and extension to directed acyclic graphs. | Recursive neural network | 0.806378 |
27,865 | Several schemes assist managing programmer activity so that fewer bugs are produced. Software engineering (which addresses software design issues as well) applies many techniques to prevent defects. For example, formal program specifications state the exact behavior of programs so that design bugs may be eliminated. Un... | Computer bugs | 0.806377 |
27,866 | Pharmacognosy Reviews is a peer-reviewed open-access medical journal published by Pharmacognosy Network Worldwide (Phcog.net). The journal publishes articles on the subject of pharmacognosy, natural products, and phytochemistry. It is indexed with Caspur, EBSCO, ProQuest, and Scopus. Phcog.net appeared on Beall's list ... | Pharmacognosy Reviews | 0.806373 |
27,867 | In a locally convex space (E, P) with topology given by a set P of seminorms, one can define for any p ∈ P a p-contraction as a map f such that there is some kp < 1 such that p(f(x) − f(y)) ≤ kp p(x − y). If f is a p-contraction for all p ∈ P and (E, P) is sequentially complete, then f has a fixed point, given as limit... | Contraction mapping | 0.806373 |
27,868 | Moreover, the Banach fixed-point theorem states that every contraction mapping on a non-empty complete metric space has a unique fixed point, and that for any x in M the iterated function sequence x, f (x), f (f (x)), f (f (f (x))), ... converges to the fixed point. This concept is very useful for iterated function sys... | Contraction mapping | 0.806373 |
27,869 | The Cornell University Center for Advanced Computing, and its predecessor the Cornell Theory Center, deployed the first IBM Scalable POWERparallel System SP2 supercomputer and first Dell supercomputer, and established a financial solutions center for supercomputing.Today, CAC is a partner on the National Science Founda... | Cornell University Center for Advanced Computing | 0.80637 |
27,870 | Initially a 56-kbit/s network, traffic on the network grew exponentially; the links were upgraded to 1.5-Mbit/s T1s in 1988 and to 45 Mbit/s in 1991. The NSFNet was a major milestone in the development of the Internet and its rapid growth coincided with the development of the World Wide Web. In the early 1990s, in addi... | Cornell University Center for Advanced Computing | 0.80637 |
27,871 | The Cornell Theory Center (CTC) was established in 1985 under the direction of Cornell Physics Professor and Nobel Laureate Kenneth G. Wilson. In 1984, the National Science Foundation began work on establishing five new supercomputer centers, including the CTC, to provide high-speed computing resources for research wit... | Cornell University Center for Advanced Computing | 0.80637 |
27,872 | The undergraduate program at the department is a 4-year integrated course leading to a master's degree in mechanical engineering, including an option to study a year abroad, or take an extra year in industry. All students graduating with the MEng degree also automatically receive an Associateship of the City and Guilds... | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London | 0.806364 |
27,873 | The origins of the department lie in the 1884 appointment of William Unwin as professor of civil and mechanical engineering at the Central Institution of the City & Guilds of London Institute, later the City & Guilds College, one of the predecessors to Imperial College. In 1904, the department was taken over by William... | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London | 0.806364 |
27,874 | The department's research is conducted by research groups which have a particular academic focus. These research groups are organized by the department into different divisions which centre around fields of study: Applied mechanicsDynamics - Aeroelasticity and structural dynamics in turbomachinery Medical engineering -... | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London | 0.806364 |
27,875 | The college ranks 10th in the world for engineering on the Times Higher Education subject rankings, and the department in particular ranks 8th in the world in the 2018 QS world subject rankings. Domestically, the department ranks 2nd on the Complete University Guide's 2019 mechanical engineering table after Cambridge, ... | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London | 0.806364 |
27,876 | The Department of Mechanical Engineering is responsible for teaching and research in mechanical engineering at Imperial College London, occupying the City & Guilds Building at the South Kensington campus. The department has around 45 faculty members, 600 undergraduates, and 250 postgraduate students. The department ran... | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London | 0.806364 |
27,877 | Neurochemical Research is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering neurochemistry. It was established in 1976 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Arne Schousboe (University of Copenhagen). | Neurochemical Research | 0.806364 |
27,878 | From there on more than 80 courses have been presented worldwide. The topics of "the basic NASE course" are: Positional astronomy Solar System Exoplanets Spectrography Photometry Spectroscopy Determination of absolute magnitude Stellar nucleosynthesis Stellar evolution CosmologyNASE classes were designed for developing... | Network for Astronomy School Education | 0.806364 |
27,879 | Network for Astronomy School Education (NASE) is an International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group that works on Training Teachers for primary and secondary schools. In 2007, professor George K. Miley, IAU vice-president, invited Rosa M. Ros to begin exploring the idea of setting up an astronomy program to give p... | Network for Astronomy School Education | 0.806364 |
27,880 | NASE has also cooperated with other associations to promote teacher training on astronomy, namely with UNESCO and the European Association for Astronomy Education-EAAE. | Network for Astronomy School Education | 0.806364 |
27,881 | The Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation (CCRG) is a research center of the College of Science (COS) and a Research Center of Excellence at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) dedicated to research at the frontiers of numerical relativity and relativistic astrophysics, gravitational-wave physics, its... | Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation | 0.806358 |
27,882 | Spike directivity is a vector that quantifies changes in transient charge density during action potential propagation.The digital-like uniformity of action potentials is contradicted by experimental data. Electrophysiologists have observed that the shape of recorded action potentials changes in time. Recent experimenta... | Spike directivity | 0.806357 |
27,883 | In persistent homology, a persistent homology group is a multiscale analog of a homology group that captures information about the evolution of topological features across a filtration of spaces. While the ordinary homology group represents nontrivial homology classes of an individual topological space, the persistent ... | Persistent homology group | 0.806356 |
27,884 | The International Society of Limnology (SIL) is an international scientific society that disseminates information among limnologists, those who study all aspects of inland waters, including their physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and management. It was founded by August Thienemann and Einar Naumann in 1922 as the I... | International Society of Limnology | 0.806355 |
27,885 | Bart De Pontieu (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, Palo Alto, California, United States), Robert Erdélyi and Stewart James (both from the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom) hypothesised in 2004 that spicules form as a result of P-mode oscillations in the Sun's surface, sound waves with a period o... | Solar spicule | 0.806351 |
27,886 | In solar physics, a spicule, also known as a fibril or mottle, is a dynamic jet of plasma in the Sun's chromosphere about 300 km in diameter. They move upwards with speeds between 15 and 110 km/s from the photosphere and last a few minutes each before falling back to the solar atmosphere. They were discovered in 1877 b... | Solar spicule | 0.806351 |
27,887 | Larger area detectors can be created by bump-bonding multiple chips to larger monolithic sensors. Detectors of sizes from 2x2 to 2x4 chips are commonly used. Even larger, gapless areas could be created using the edgeless sensor technology. Medipix/Timepix chips each have its own sensor. These assemblies are tiled next ... | Medipix | 0.806349 |
27,888 | The detectors may also find applications in astronomy, high energy physics, medical imaging, and X-ray spectroscopy. | Medipix | 0.806349 |
27,889 | Sensors and Materials is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all aspects of sensor technology, including materials science as applied to sensors. It is published by Myu Scientific Publishing and the editor-in-chief is Makoto Ishida (Toyohashi University of Technology). The journal was establ... | Sensors and Materials | 0.806346 |
27,890 | In molecular biology, the BtpA protein family is a family of proteins which includes BtpA. BtpA appears to play a role in the stabilisation of photosystem I . It is an extrinsic membrane protein located on the cytoplasmic side of the thylakoid membrane. Homologs of BtpA are found in the Thermoproteota and "Euryarchaeot... | BtpA protein | 0.806345 |
27,891 | In mathematics, given a non-empty set of objects of finite extension in d {\displaystyle d} -dimensional space, for example a set of points, a bounding sphere, enclosing sphere or enclosing ball for that set is an d {\displaystyle d} -dimensional solid sphere containing all of these objects. Used in computer graphics a... | Smallest bounding sphere | 0.806344 |
27,892 | In a quantum computer, the fundamental unit of information (called a quantum bit or qubit), is not binary but rather more quaternary in nature. This qubit property arises as a direct consequence of its adherence to the laws of quantum mechanics, which differ radically from the laws of classical physics. A qubit can exi... | Lateral computing | 0.806343 |
27,893 | Human beings/animals learn new skills, languages/concepts. Similarly, machine learning algorithms provide capability to generalize from training data. There are two classes of Machine Learning (ML): Supervised ML Unsupervised MLOne of the well known machine learning technique is Back Propagation Algorithm. This mimics ... | Lateral computing | 0.806343 |
27,894 | This is another class of highly successful machine learning techniques successfully applied to tasks such as text classification, speaker recognition, image recognition etc. | Lateral computing | 0.806343 |
27,895 | DNA computing uses strands of DNA to encode the instance of the problem and to manipulate them using techniques commonly available in any molecular biology laboratory in order to simulate operations that select the solution of the problem if it exists. Since the DNA molecule is also a code, but is instead made up of a ... | Lateral computing | 0.806343 |
27,896 | They provide a way of developing innovative solutions resulting in smart systems with Very High Machine IQ (VHMIQ). This article has traced the transition from lateral-thinking to lateral-computing. Then several lateral-computing techniques have been described followed by their applications. Lateral-computing is for bu... | Lateral computing | 0.806343 |
27,897 | The authors have demonstrated the successful use of fuzzy logic system for volume control in mobile handsets. Optimization using genetic algorithms and simulated annealing: The problems such as traveling salesman problem have been shown to be NP complete problems. Such problems are solved using algorithms which benefit... | Lateral computing | 0.806343 |
27,898 | This problem has been efficiently solved by neural networks and fuzzy systems. Smart volume control for mobile phones: The volume control in mobile phones depend on the background noise levels, noise classes, hearing profile of the user and other parameters. The measurement on noise level and loudness level involve imp... | Lateral computing | 0.806343 |
27,899 | The genetic algorithm (GA) resembles the natural evolution to provide a universal optimization. Genetic algorithms start with a population of chromosomes which represent the various solutions. The solutions are evaluated using a fitness function and a selection process determines which solutions are to be used for comp... | Lateral computing | 0.806343 |
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