id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
32,200 | The seventh report, released to the public at 11 am ET on Thursday, November 4, 2021, recommended scientific priorities and investments for the next decade to help achieve the following primary goals: search for habitable exoplanets and extraterrestrial life, study black holes and neutron stars and study the growth and... | Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey | 0.804059 |
32,201 | The second report, Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1970s, was released in 1972. The committee was chaired by Jesse L. Greenstein. It recommends priorities for both space- and ground-based programs, and was instrumental in the eventual construction of the Very Large Array. | Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey | 0.804059 |
32,202 | The fifth report, Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium, was released in 2001. The committee was co-chaired by Christopher McKee and Joseph H. Taylor. It gives highest priority to the construction and launch of Next Generation Space Telescope, now known as the James Webb Space Telescope which launched on 25 ... | Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey | 0.804059 |
32,203 | The Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey is a review of astronomy and astrophysics literature produced approximately every ten years by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States. The report surveys the current state of the field, identifies research priorities, and make... | Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey | 0.804059 |
32,204 | Identification of substrates for orphan enzymes Optimization of known enzyme substrates Elucidation of signal transduction pathways Detection of contaminating enzyme activities Consensus sequence and key residues determination Identifying sites for protein-protein interactions within a complex | Peptide microarray | 0.804058 |
32,205 | Some alternative procedures describe unspecific covalent binding and adhesive immobilization. However, lithographic methods can be used to overcome the problem of excessive number of coupling cycles. Combinatorial synthesis of peptide arrays onto a microchip by laser printing has been described, where a modified colour... | Peptide microarray | 0.804057 |
32,206 | A peptide microarray (also commonly known as peptide chip or peptide epitope microarray) is a collection of peptides displayed on a solid surface, usually a glass or plastic chip. Peptide chips are used by scientists in biology, medicine and pharmacology to study binding properties and functionality and kinetics of pro... | Peptide microarray | 0.804057 |
32,207 | "Integral domain" is defined almost universally as above, but there is some variation. This article follows the convention that rings have a multiplicative identity, generally denoted 1, but some authors do not follow this, by not requiring integral domains to have a multiplicative identity. Noncommutative integral dom... | Associate (ring theory) | 0.804057 |
32,208 | In mathematics, specifically abstract algebra, an integral domain is a nonzero commutative ring in which the product of any two nonzero elements is nonzero. Integral domains are generalizations of the ring of integers and provide a natural setting for studying divisibility. In an integral domain, every nonzero element ... | Associate (ring theory) | 0.804057 |
32,209 | In the mathematical field of algebraic topology, the orientation sheaf on a manifold X of dimension n is a locally constant sheaf oX on X such that the stalk of oX at a point x is o X , x = H n ( X , X − { x } ) {\displaystyle o_{X,x}=\operatorname {H} _{n}(X,X-\{x\})} (in the integer coefficients or some other coeff... | Orientation sheaf | 0.804057 |
32,210 | Particle technology thus deals with: the behavior of solids in bulk, including soil mechanics, bulk material handling, silos, conveying, powder metallurgy, nanotechnology; size reduction including crushing and grinding; increasing size by flocculation, granulation, powder compaction, tableting, crystallization particle... | Particle science | 0.804054 |
32,211 | Particle technology is the "science and technology related to the handling and processing of particles and powders." This applies to the production, handling, modification, and use of a wide variety of particulate materials, both wet or dry, in sizes ranging from nanometers to centimeters; its scope spans a range of in... | Particle science | 0.804054 |
32,212 | So, the quantum potential is responsible for all the mysterious effects of quantum mechanics. One can also combine the modified Hamilton–Jacobi equation with the guidance equation to derive a quasi-Newtonian equation of motion m d d t v → = − ∇ → ( V + Q ) , {\displaystyle m\,{\frac {d}{dt}}\,{\vec {v}}=-{\vec {\nabla ... | Pilot wave theory | 0.804053 |
32,213 | The pilot wave guides the motion of the point particles as described by the guidance equation. Ordinary quantum mechanics and pilot wave theory are based on the same partial differential equation. The main difference is that in ordinary quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is connected to reality by the Born pos... | Pilot wave theory | 0.804053 |
32,214 | The matter wave of de Broglie is described by the time-dependent Schrödinger equation: i ℏ ∂ ψ ∂ t = ( − ℏ 2 2 m ∇ 2 + V ) ψ {\displaystyle i\,\hbar \,{\frac {\,\partial \psi \,}{\partial t}}=\left(-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{\,2m\,}}\nabla ^{2}+V\right)\psi \quad } The complex wave function can be represented as: ψ = ρ exp ... | Pilot wave theory | 0.804053 |
32,215 | Lucien Hardy and John Stewart Bell have emphasized that in the de Broglie–Bohm picture of quantum mechanics there can exist empty waves, represented by wave functions propagating in space and time but not carrying energy or momentum, and not associated with a particle. The same concept was called ghost waves (or "Gespe... | Pilot wave theory | 0.804053 |
32,216 | The basis for this strong acceptance is a combination of extensive evidence of something not occurring, combined with an underlying theory, very successful in making predictions, whose assumptions lead logically to the conclusion that something is impossible. While an impossibility assertion in natural science can neve... | Laws of science | 0.804049 |
32,217 | For example, Zipf's law is a law in the social sciences which is based on mathematical statistics. In these cases, laws may describe general trends or expected behaviors rather than being absolutes. In natural science, impossibility assertions come to be widely accepted as overwhelmingly probable rather than considered... | Laws of science | 0.804049 |
32,218 | Typically theoretically reversible in time (if non-quantum), although time itself is irreversible. Broad. In physics, laws exclusively refer to the broad domain of matter, motion, energy, and force itself, rather than more specific systems in the universe, such as living systems, i.e. the mechanics of the human body.Th... | Laws of science | 0.804049 |
32,219 | Scientific laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments and observations over many years and which have become accepted universally within the scientific community. A scientific law is "inferred from particular facts, applicable to a defined group or class of phenomena, and expressible by the... | Laws of science | 0.804049 |
32,220 | Gram staining is a bacteriological laboratory technique used to differentiate bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative) based on the physical properties of their cell walls. Gram staining is not used to classify archaea, since these microorganisms yield widely varying responses that do n... | Gram Stain | 0.804049 |
32,221 | In microbiology and bacteriology, Gram stain (Gram staining or Gram's method), is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique in 1884.Gram ... | Gram Stain | 0.804049 |
32,222 | The computational complexity of Buchberger's algorithm is very difficult to estimate, because of the number of choices that may dramatically change the computation time. Nevertheless, T. W. Dubé has proved that the degrees of the elements of a reduced Gröbner basis are always bounded by 2 ( d 2 2 + d ) 2 n − 2 {\displa... | Buchberger's algorithm | 0.804048 |
32,223 | For any graph G, its kth power Gk is defined as the graph on the same vertex set that has an edge between every two vertices whose distance in G is at most k. If G is 2-vertex-connected, then by Fleischner's theorem its square G2 is Hamiltonian; this can be strengthened to show that it is necessarily vertex-pancyclic. ... | Pancyclic graph | 0.804048 |
32,224 | Mantel's theorem states that any n-vertex undirected graph with at least n2/4 edges, and no multiple edges or self-loops, either contains a triangle or it is the complete bipartite graph Kn/2,n/2. This theorem can be strengthened: any undirected Hamiltonian graph with at least n2/4 edges is either pancyclic or Kn/2,n/2... | Pancyclic graph | 0.804048 |
32,225 | In the mathematical study of graph theory, a pancyclic graph is a directed graph or undirected graph that contains cycles of all possible lengths from three up to the number of vertices in the graph. Pancyclic graphs are a generalization of Hamiltonian graphs, graphs which have a cycle of the maximum possible length. | Pancyclic graph | 0.804048 |
32,226 | Assume that M is an n-dimensional smooth hypersurface in real (n+1)-space. Assume that M has no points where the second fundamental form is degenerate. From the article affine differential geometry, there exists a unique transverse vector field over M. This is the affine normal vector field, or the Blaschke normal fiel... | Affine focal set | 0.804042 |
32,227 | In mathematics, and especially affine differential geometry, the affine focal set of a smooth submanifold M embedded in a smooth manifold N is the caustic generated by the affine normal lines. It can be realised as the bifurcation set of a certain family of functions. The bifurcation set is the set of parameter values ... | Affine focal set | 0.804042 |
32,228 | {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} (\mathbf {u} )+t\mathbf {A} (\mathbf {u} )=\mathbf {X} (\mathbf {u} +d\mathbf {u} )+t\mathbf {A} (\mathbf {u} +d\mathbf {u} ).} This can be done by using power series expansions, and is not too difficult; it is lengthy and has thus been omitted. Recalling from the article affine differential ... | Affine focal set | 0.804042 |
32,229 | In probability and statistics, a compound probability distribution (also known as a mixture distribution or contagious distribution) is the probability distribution that results from assuming that a random variable is distributed according to some parametrized distribution, with (some of) the parameters of that distrib... | Compound probability distribution | 0.804041 |
32,230 | In six-dimensional geometry, a runcinated 5-simplex is a convex uniform 5-polytope with 3rd order truncations (Runcination) of the regular 5-simplex. There are 4 unique runcinations of the 5-simplex with permutations of truncations, and cantellations. | Runcicantitruncated 5-simplex | 0.804038 |
32,231 | However, there are some objections to Laudan's theory. One might see shortcomings in the historic examples Laudan gives as proof of his hypothesis. Theories later refuted, like that of crystalline spheres in astronomy, or the phlogiston theory, do not represent the most successful theories at their time. | Pessimistic induction | 0.804035 |
32,232 | In mathematics, more specifically in numerical linear algebra, the biconjugate gradient method is an algorithm to solve systems of linear equations A x = b . {\displaystyle Ax=b.\,} Unlike the conjugate gradient method, this algorithm does not require the matrix A {\displaystyle A} to be self-adjoint, but instead one n... | Biconjugate gradient method | 0.804033 |
32,233 | If properly planned, the program may be much shorter than an equivalent imperative language program. Lisp is widely used in artificial intelligence. However, its usage has been accepted only because it has imperative language operations, making unintended side-effects possible. | Declarative language | 0.804031 |
32,234 | Because of this work, Staudinger was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953.After the 1930s polymers entered a golden age during which new types were discovered and quickly given commercial applications, replacing naturally-sourced materials. This development was fuelled by an industrial sector with a strong economic drive an... | Polymer chains | 0.804031 |
32,235 | However, there exists a fully polynomial time randomized approximation scheme for counting the number of bipartite matchings. A remarkable theorem of Kasteleyn states that the number of perfect matchings in a planar graph can be computed exactly in polynomial time via the FKT algorithm. The number of perfect matchings ... | Matching (graph theory) | 0.80403 |
32,236 | A Kekulé structure of an aromatic compound consists of a perfect matching of its carbon skeleton, showing the locations of double bonds in the chemical structure. These structures are named after Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, who showed that benzene (in graph theoretical terms, a 6-vertex cycle) can be given ... | Matching (graph theory) | 0.80403 |
32,237 | The conditional differential entropy yields a lower bound on the expected squared error of an estimator. For any random variable X {\displaystyle X} , observation Y {\displaystyle Y} and estimator X ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {X}}} the following holds:: 255 This is related to the uncertainty principle from quantum mech... | Conditional entropy | 0.804028 |
32,238 | The weight of the bowling ball on the Moon would be one-sixth of that on the Earth, although its mass remains unchanged. Consequently, whenever the physics of recoil kinetics (mass, velocity, inertia, inelastic and elastic collisions) dominate and the influence of gravity is a negligible factor, the behavior of objects... | Mass versus weight | 0.804028 |
32,239 | The 4th edition was held between 23–28 of February 2011 and included also Chemistry and Computer Science. The 5th edition, held in 2012 was only for Physics and Mathematics. The current champion team in Mathematics is the United States of America. | Romanian Master of Mathematics and Sciences | 0.804027 |
32,240 | The first Romanian Master in Mathematics was held in 2008 and has been initiated by Prof. Severius Moldoveanu and Prof. Radu Gologan. In 2010 Physics was also added as a section, therefore the name changed to RMMS. At the beginning, the competition structure had been 4 problems in 5 hours, but also in 2010, it was chan... | Romanian Master of Mathematics and Sciences | 0.804027 |
32,241 | The contest is organised at the Tudor Vianu National College of Computer Science in collaboration with the Sector 1 town council. As a host, Tudor Vianu has the right to have its own team entering the contest in each section, thus participating against countries. == References == | Romanian Master of Mathematics and Sciences | 0.804027 |
32,242 | The Partnership in Education has produced animated planetarium shows and movies, a pilot for a television series, teaching materials, interactive software, video games, board games and educational murals and artwork. The movies and multimedia explore from fundamental to advanced biology of the heart, brain, spinal cord... | Regenerative Medicine Partnership in Education | 0.804027 |
32,243 | The Partnership in Education (formerly the Regenerative Medicine Partnership in Education) is a non-profit multidisciplinary health literacy and informal science education project based at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Partnership in Education produces planetarium shows and other multimedia that ... | Regenerative Medicine Partnership in Education | 0.804027 |
32,244 | The Romanian Master of Mathematics and Sciences (formerly known as the Romanian Masters in Mathematics) is an annual competition for students at the pre-university level, held in Bucharest, Romania. The contestants compete individually, in four different sections: mathematics, physics, chemistry and computer science. T... | Romanian Master of Mathematics and Sciences | 0.804027 |
32,245 | The ISDS-required practices for suppliers focus on ensuring that software quality is built into vendors’ products through systematic reviews, inspections, and testing. All of these requirements are generally accepted good practices in software engineering. | Integrated Software Dependent System | 0.804024 |
32,246 | (only considers the case of real invariants). N. I. Akhiezer, Elements of the Theory of Elliptic Functions, (1970) Moscow, translated into English as AMS Translations of Mathematical Monographs Volume 79 (1990) AMS, Rhode Island ISBN 0-8218-4532-2 Tom M. Apostol, Modular Functions and Dirichlet Series in Number Theory,... | Elliptic functions | 0.804024 |
32,247 | One of Jacobi's most important works is Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum which was published 1829. The addition theorem Euler found was posed and proved in its general form by Abel in 1829. Note that in those days the theory of elliptic functions and the theory of doubly periodic functions were consider... | Elliptic functions | 0.804024 |
32,248 | Euler immediately generalized Fagnano's results and posed his algebraic addition theorem for elliptic integrals.Except for a comment by Landen his ideas were not pursued until 1786, when Legendre published his paper Mémoires sur les intégrations par arcs d’ellipse. Legendre subsequently studied elliptic integrals and c... | Elliptic functions | 0.804024 |
32,249 | Shortly after the development of infinitesimal calculus the theory of elliptic functions was started by the Italian mathematician Giulio di Fagnano and the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. When they tried to calculate the arc length of a lemniscate they encountered problems involving integrals that contained the squ... | Elliptic functions | 0.804024 |
32,250 | The basic principles of physics and the Coriolis effect define an approximate geostrophic wind or gradient wind, balanced flows that are parallel to the isobars. Measurements of wind speed and direction at heights well above ground level confirm that wind matches these approximations quite well. However, nearer the Ear... | Secondary flow | 0.804022 |
32,251 | Bioinformatics vendor DNASTAR has incorporated morphs from the database into its commercial Protean3D product. The connection between DNASTAR and the authors of the database, if any, is not immediately clear. | Database of Molecular Motions | 0.80402 |
32,252 | The Database of Macromolecular Motions is a bioinformatics database and software-as-a-service tool that attempts to categorize macromolecular motions, sometimes also known as conformational change. It was originally developed by Mark B. Gerstein, Werner Krebs, and Nat Echols in the Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry D... | Database of Molecular Motions | 0.80402 |
32,253 | In the late 1920s, André Weil demonstrated profound connections between algebraic geometry and number theory with his doctoral work leading to the Mordell–Weil theorem which demonstrates that the set of rational points of an abelian variety is a finitely generated abelian group.Modern foundations of algebraic geometry ... | Arithmetical algebraic geometry | 0.804015 |
32,254 | The Standards of Fundamental Astronomy (SOFA) software libraries are a collection of subroutines that implement official International Astronomical Union (IAU) algorithms for astronomical computations. As of February 2009 they are available in both Fortran and C source code format. | Standards of Fundamental Astronomy | 0.804015 |
32,255 | The following example demonstrates dynamic loop unrolling for a simple program written in C. Unlike the assembler example above, pointer/index arithmetic is still generated by the compiler in this example because a variable (i) is still used to address the array element. Full optimization is only possible if absolute i... | Loop unrolling | 0.804012 |
32,256 | On the other hand, this manual loop unrolling expands the source code size from 3 lines to 7, that have to be produced, checked, and debugged, and the compiler may have to allocate more registers to store variables in the expanded loop iteration. In addition, the loop control variables and number of operations inside t... | Loop unrolling | 0.804012 |
32,257 | Consider: But of course, the code performed need not be the invocation of a procedure, and this next example involves the index variable in computation: which, if compiled, might produce a lot of code (print statements being notorious) but further optimization is possible. This example makes reference only to x(i) and ... | Loop unrolling | 0.804012 |
32,258 | They are often used as a collection { φ k } k {\displaystyle \{\varphi _{k}\}_{k}} which forms a basis for some function space of interest, hence the name. Sums of radial basis functions are typically used to approximate given functions. This approximation process can also be interpreted as a simple kind of neural netw... | Radial basis function | 0.80401 |
32,259 | A group scheme is a group-stack. More generally, a group algebraic-space, an algebraic-space analog of a group scheme, is a group-stack. Over a field k, a vector bundle stack V {\displaystyle {\mathcal {V}}} on a Deligne–Mumford stack X is a group-stack such that there is a vector bundle V over k on X and a presentatio... | Group-stack | 0.804009 |
32,260 | The definition of a group action of a group-stack is a bit tricky. First, given an algebraic stack X and a group scheme G on a base scheme S, a right action of G on X consists of a morphism σ: X × G → X {\displaystyle \sigma :X\times G\to X} , (associativity) a natural isomorphism σ ∘ ( m × 1 X ) → ∼ σ ∘ ( 1 X × σ ) {\... | Group-stack | 0.804009 |
32,261 | In algebraic geometry, a group-stack is an algebraic stack whose categories of points have group structures or even groupoid structures in a compatible way. It generalizes a group scheme, which is a scheme whose sets of points have group structures in a compatible way. | Group-stack | 0.804009 |
32,262 | In geometry, the inverse Pythagorean theorem (also known as the reciprocal Pythagorean theorem or the upside down Pythagorean theorem) is as follows: Let A, B be the endpoints of the hypotenuse of a right triangle △ABC. Let D be the foot of a perpendicular dropped from C, the vertex of the right angle, to the hypotenus... | Inverse Pythagorean theorem | 0.804006 |
32,263 | If two identical lamps are placed at A and B, the theorem and the inverse-square law imply that the light intensity at C is the same as when a single lamp is placed at D. | Inverse Pythagorean theorem | 0.804006 |
32,264 | The area of triangle △ABC can be expressed in terms of either AC and BC, or AB and CD: 1 2 A C ⋅ B C = 1 2 A B ⋅ C D ( A C ⋅ B C ) 2 = ( A B ⋅ C D ) 2 1 C D 2 = A B 2 A C 2 ⋅ B C 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\tfrac {1}{2}}AC\cdot BC&={\tfrac {1}{2}}AB\cdot CD\\(AC\cdot BC)^{2}&=(AB\cdot CD)^{2}\\{\frac {1}{CD^{2}}... | Inverse Pythagorean theorem | 0.804006 |
32,265 | In cellular biology, AFM can be used to attempt to distinguish cancer cells and normal cells based on a hardness of cells, and to evaluate interactions between a specific cell and its neighboring cells in a competitive culture system. AFM can also be used to indent cells, to study how they regulate the stiffness or sha... | Scanning force microscopy | 0.804005 |
32,266 | The AFM has been applied to problems in a wide range of disciplines of the natural sciences, including solid-state physics, semiconductor science and technology, molecular engineering, polymer chemistry and physics, surface chemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, and medicine. Applications in the field of solid sta... | Scanning force microscopy | 0.804004 |
32,267 | For tightly coupled inductors where k = 1 {\displaystyle k=1} this reduces to which is independent of the load impedance. If the inductors are wound on the same core and with the same geometry, then this expression is equal to the turns ratio of the two inductors because inductance is proportional to the square of turn... | Coupled inductors | 0.804003 |
32,268 | It is a proportionality constant that depends on the geometry of circuit conductors (e.g., cross-section area and length) and the magnetic permeability of the conductor and nearby materials. An electronic component designed to add inductance to a circuit is called an inductor. | Coupled inductors | 0.804003 |
32,269 | There are other theorems that can be deduced simply from the above argument. | Parabolic curve | 0.804001 |
32,270 | Proof: can be done (like the properties above) for the unit parabola y = x 2 {\displaystyle y=x^{2}} . Application: This property can be used to determine the direction of the axis of a parabola, if two points and their tangents are given. An alternative way is to determine the midpoints of two parallel chords, see sec... | Parabolic curve | 0.804001 |
32,271 | The lengths of BM and CM are: Using the intersecting chords theorem on the chords BC and DE, we get Substituting: Rearranging: For any given cone and parabola, r and θ are constants, but x and y are variables that depend on the arbitrary height at which the horizontal cross-section BECD is made. This last equation show... | Parabolic curve | 0.804001 |
32,272 | If the point is near the origin, the Pythagorean theorem shows that But if (x, y) is extremely close to the origin, since the x axis is a tangent to the circle, y is very small compared with x, so y2 is negligible compared with the other terms. Therefore, extremely close to the origin Compare this with the parabola whi... | Parabolic curve | 0.804001 |
32,273 | Since m 0 ∥ π {\displaystyle m_{0}\parallel \pi } , and point P {\displaystyle P} is in plane π {\displaystyle \pi } , line q {\displaystyle q} must be in plane π {\displaystyle \pi } . Since m 0 ⊥ l {\displaystyle m_{0}\perp l} , we know that q ⊥ l {\displaystyle q\perp l} as well. Let point B {\displaystyle B} be the... | Parabolic curve | 0.804001 |
32,274 | In the following, the angle of two lines will be measured by the difference of the slopes of the line with respect to the directrix of the parabola. That is, for a parabola of equation y = a x 2 + b x + c , {\displaystyle y=ax^{2}+bx+c,} the angle between two lines of equations y = m 1 x + d 1 , y = m 2 x + d 2 {\displ... | Parabolic curve | 0.804001 |
32,275 | A parabola with equation y = a x 2 + b x + c , a ≠ 0 {\displaystyle y=ax^{2}+bx+c,\ a\neq 0} is uniquely determined by three points ( x 1 , y 1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) , ( x 3 , y 3 ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1}),(x_{2},y_{2}),(x_{3},y_{3})} with different x coordinates. The usual procedure to determine the coefficients a , ... | Parabolic curve | 0.804001 |
32,276 | A parabola can be considered as the affine part of a non-degenerated projective conic with a point Y ∞ {\displaystyle Y_{\infty }} on the line of infinity g ∞ {\displaystyle g_{\infty }} , which is the tangent at Y ∞ {\displaystyle Y_{\infty }} . The 5-, 4- and 3- point degenerations of Pascal's theorem are properties ... | Parabolic curve | 0.804001 |
32,277 | PCR has many applications in molecular biology field including DNA analysis. The main purpose of PCR is to amplify and double the DNA sequences exponentially. In gene doping detection, If the sequence started to amplify producing an exponential graph, then the test is positive and indicates the presence of the gene in ... | Myostatin inhibitor | 0.803998 |
32,278 | In population ecology and economics, optimum sustainable yield is the level of effort (LOE) that maximizes the difference between total revenue and total cost. Or, where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. This level of effort maximizes the economic profit, or rent, of the resource being utilized. It usually corresp... | Maximum sustainable yield | 0.803997 |
32,279 | In population ecology and economics, maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is theoretically, the largest yield (or catch) that can be taken from a species' stock over an indefinite period. Fundamental to the notion of sustainable harvest, the concept of MSY aims to maintain the population size at the point of maximum growth ... | Maximum sustainable yield | 0.803997 |
32,280 | The core supports eight interrupt sources with prioritization by software. It has two low power modes where the clocks to all core units are stopped, one mode exempting the data cache to maintain cache coherency with the rest of the system. Au1 is a scalar, in-order microarchitecture with a classic five stage RISC pipe... | Alchemy (microarchitecture) | 0.803993 |
32,281 | Friendly artificial intelligence (also friendly AI or FAI) is hypothetical artificial general intelligence (AGI) that would have a positive (benign) effect on humanity or at least align with human interests or contribute to fostering the improvement of the human species. It is a part of the ethics of artificial intelli... | Beneficial AI | 0.803992 |
32,282 | James Barrat, author of Our Final Invention, suggested that "a public-private partnership has to be created to bring A.I.-makers together to share ideas about security—something like the International Atomic Energy Agency, but in partnership with corporations." He urges AI researchers to convene a meeting similar to th... | Beneficial AI | 0.803992 |
32,283 | For k = 1, ..., K compute the waiting time at each node using the arrival theorem W k ( m ) = 1 + L k ( m − 1 ) μ k . {\displaystyle W_{k}(m)={\frac {1+L_{k}\left(m-1\right)}{\mu _{k}}}.} 2. | Mean value analysis | 0.803992 |
32,284 | For example, the Tree-MVA method can scale to larger models if the routing matrix is sparse.Exact values for mean performance metrics can be obtained in large models using the method of moments, which requires log-quadratic time. The method of moments can solve in practice models with up to 10 classes of customers or s... | Mean value analysis | 0.803992 |
32,285 | In the case of multiclass networks with R classes of customers, each queue k can feature different service rates μk,r for each job class r=1,...,R, although certain restrictions exist in the case of first-come first-served stations due to the assumptions of the BCMP theorem in the multiclass case. The waiting time Wk,r... | Mean value analysis | 0.803992 |
32,286 | In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, mean value analysis (MVA) is a recursive technique for computing expected queue lengths, waiting time at queueing nodes and throughput in equilibrium for a closed separable system of queues. The first approximate techniques were published i... | Mean value analysis | 0.803992 |
32,287 | He put it this way: Basically we should assume that a 'superintelligence' would be able to achieve whatever goals it has. Therefore, it is extremely important that the goals we endow it with, and its entire motivation system, is 'human friendly.' In 2008 Eliezer Yudkowsky called for the creation of "friendly AI" to mit... | Beneficial AI | 0.803992 |
32,288 | The roots of concern about artificial intelligence are very old. Kevin LaGrandeur showed that the dangers specific to AI can be seen in ancient literature concerning artificial humanoid servants such as the golem, or the proto-robots of Gerbert of Aurillac and Roger Bacon. In those stories, the extreme intelligence and... | Beneficial AI | 0.803992 |
32,289 | In particle physics, V was a generic name for heavy, unstable subatomic particles that decay into a pair of particles, thereby producing a characteristic letter V in a bubble chamber or other particle detector. Such particles were first detected in cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere in the late 1940s and were fi... | V particle | 0.803991 |
32,290 | The first two of these are relativistically stabilized and hence behave as inert pairs, while the last is relativistically destabilized and can easily participate in chemistry. (The 6d electrons are not destabilized enough to participate chemically, although this may still be possible in the two previous elements, niho... | Element 115 | 0.803986 |
32,291 | For many theoretical purposes, the valence electron configuration may be represented to reflect the 7p subshell split as 7s27p21/27p13/2. These effects cause moscovium's chemistry to be somewhat different from that of its lighter congeners. The valence electrons of moscovium fall into three subshells: 7s (two electrons... | Element 115 | 0.803986 |
32,292 | Two heavier isotopes of moscovium, 289Mc and 290Mc, were discovered in 2009–2010 as daughters of the tennessine isotopes 293Ts and 294Ts; the isotope 289Mc was later also synthesized directly and confirmed to have the same properties as found in the tennessine experiments.In 2011, the Joint Working Party of internation... | Element 115 | 0.803986 |
32,293 | In mathematics, specifically measure theory, the counting measure is an intuitive way to put a measure on any set – the "size" of a subset is taken to be the number of elements in the subset if the subset has finitely many elements, and infinity ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } if the subset is infinite.The counting measure c... | Counting measure | 0.803985 |
32,294 | Chemogenetics has therefore been used in pharmacology to adjust the levels of such neurotransmitters in specific neuron while minimizing the side effects of treatment. To treat and relieve the symptoms of any disease using the DREADDs, these receptors are delivered to the area of interest via viral transduction.Recentl... | Chemogenetics | 0.803985 |
32,295 | G-protein coupled receptors' usage and chemogenetics are nowadays the targets for many of the pharmaceutical companies to cure and alleviate symptoms of diseases that involve all tissues of the body. More specifically, DREADDs have been used to explore treatment options for various neurodegenerative and psychological c... | Chemogenetics | 0.803985 |
32,296 | The engineered macromolecules used to design these receptors include nucleic acid hybrids, kinases, variety of metabolic enzymes, and G-protein coupled receptors such as DREADDs.DREADDs are the most common G protein–coupled receptors used in chemogenetics. These receptors solely get activated by the drug of interest (i... | Chemogenetics | 0.803985 |
32,297 | Optogenetics and chemogenetics are the more recent and popular methods used to study this relationship. Both of these methods target specific brain circuits and cell population to influence cell activity. However, they use different procedures to accomplish this task. | Chemogenetics | 0.803985 |
32,298 | Recent studies have shown that DREADDs were successfully used to treat the motor deficits of rats modeling Parkinson's disease. Other studies have had successes linking the usage of DREADDs and influencing drug seeking and drug sensitization behavior.The progression of chemogenetics from rodents to non-human primates h... | Chemogenetics | 0.803985 |
32,299 | DREADDS have been used in many animal models (e.g., mice and other non-primate animals) to target and influence the activity of various cells. Chemogenetics used in animals assists with demonstrating human disease models such as Parkinson's disease. Having this information allows scientists understand whether viral exp... | Chemogenetics | 0.803985 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.