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Stimulated by the discussion at another entry, yesterday I made a little graph, almost a mnemonic, on the demographics of Northern European Neolithic and Chalcolithic, based on academic data which I discussed back in 2009.
This is the result:
The very simplified graph is nothing but a version of another one, used in 2009 (and reproduced below), which in turn is an annotated and composite version extracted from two different studies (references also below).
For convenience I have marked the millennia marks at the bottom (meaning 5000, 4000, 3000 and 2000 BCE, from left to right) while the unmarked vertical scale ranks from 0 to 100 (marked by the lowest and highest dots, not the frame, which is actually outside of the graph itself). The dots mark population level at any time as proportion of the maximum (100) in discrete intervals rounded up/down to 10 ppts and taken at intervals of 250 years. Notice that I ignored monuments in the case of Britain, only considering the habitation and other productive sites.
Not sure if it will result useful to you but it did help me to visualize the demographics of Northern Europe in these four millennia of surely dramatic population changes. If you don't like this version the more detailed original double graph is below, scroll down.
Something quite obvious is that while Danubian Neolithic first caused an important population expansion, it later declined to quite low population levels, maybe because of climatic cooling and the exhaustion of the lands because of poorly developed agricultural techniques.
This late Danubian collapse lasted for about a millennium, when (1) Funnelbeaker (TRBK) in Denmark, (2) Megalithism in Britain and Denmark especially (later also in parts of Germany) and (3) Kurgan cultures in Poland (later also in Germany and Denmark) seem to have brought with them very notable demographic expansions.
But decline seems to set on again all around at the end of the Chalcolithic period, much more notably in the continent (in Poland the rate of archaeological findings decays to zero!) than in Britain and especially Denmark.
And now indeed the original "verbose" graph:
And the sources:
- S. Shennan & K. Edinborough, Prehistoric population history: from the Late Glacial to the Late Neolithic in Central and Northern Europe (Journal of Archaeological Science, 2007).
- Mark Collard et al., Radiocarbon evidence indicates that migrants introduced farming to Britain. Antiquity, 2009.
Update (Sep 19): Dienekes mentions today a pay-per-view study by Nicky J. Whitehouse which deals with the same issues and finds similar patterns of apparent early Neolithic expansion and collapse in the case of Ireland. Relevant graph:
Plantago is a leafy weed or herb (depending on your viewpoint) that grows largely in prairies and plowed fields.
A multi-disciplinary study assessing the evidence for agriculture in Neolithic Ireland is presented, examining the timing, extent and nature of settlement and farming. Bayesian analyses of palaeoenvironmental and archaeological 14C data have allowed us to re-examine evidential strands within a strong chronological framework. While the nature and timing of the very beginning of the Neolithic in Ireland is still debated, our results – based on new Bayesian chronologies of plant macro-remains – are consistent with a rapid and abrupt transition to agriculture from c. 3750 cal BC, though there are hints of earlier Neolithic presence at a number of sites. We have emphatically confirmed the start of extensive Neolithic settlement in Ireland with the existence of a distinct ‘house horizon’, dating to 3720-3620 cal BC, lasting for up to a century. Cereals were being consumed at many sites during this period, with emmer wheat dominant, but also barley (naked and hulled), as well as occasional evidence for einkorn wheat, naked wheat and flax. The earliest farmers in Ireland, like farmers elsewhere across NW Europe, were not engaged in shifting cultivation, but practised longer-term fixed-plot agriculture. The association between early agriculture and the Elm Decline seen in many pollen diagrams shows that this latter event was not synchronous across all sites investigated, starting earlier in the north compared with the west, but that there is a strong coincidence with early agriculture at many sites. After this early boom, there are changes in the nature of settlement records; aside from passage tombs, the evidence for activity between 3400-3100 cal BC is limited. From 3400 cal BC, we see a decrease in the frequency of cereal evidence and an increase in some wild resources (e.g. fruits, but not nuts, in the records), alongside evidence for re-afforestation in pollen diagrams (3500–3000 cal BC). Changes occur at a time of worsening climatic conditions, as shown in Irish bog oak and reconstructed bog surface wetness records, although the links between the various records, and assessment of causes and effects, will require further investigation and may prove complex. This period seems to have been one of environmental, landscape, settlement and economic change. The later 4th millennium BC emerges as a period that would benefit from focused research attention, particularly as the observed changes in Ireland seem to have parallels in Britain and further afield. | <urn:uuid:5551c3fe-018a-4f88-88cd-e826be41758c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://forwhattheywereweare.blogspot.com/2013/06/revisiting-demographics-of-northern-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188550.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00461-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94742 | 1,100 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Artificial intelligence. It’s dominating headlines with the promise of self-driving cars and virtual assistants becoming more real every day. But despite all the talk around AI, no one seems to really understand what it is or how companies can use it.
Is AI the computer that competed on Jeopardy? Or Johnny 5 from the movie Short Circuit? Will machines really take our jobs? As data volumes surge and analytic engines become more mature, has technology finally caught up with the hype?
Artificial intelligence does in fact encompass elements of all these things, but there’s been increasing market confusion around what it is and how businesses can successfully use it.
The efforts of OpenAI and industry development around AI are exciting, but it’s important to accelerate understanding of the topic and terminology. With this in mind, here’s a primer on artificial intelligence and what it means for business.
Many people think of AI as the blending of humans and machines. They’re not far off, but AI is an incredibly broad term — more of an umbrella term, really — that simply means making computers act intelligently. It is one of the major fields of study in computer science and encompasses subfields such as robotics, machine learning, expert systems, general intelligence and natural language processing.
Apple’s Siri, Google’s self-driving cars and Facebook’s image recognition software are standard examples of AI. But it’s much broader than that. AI also powers product pricing on Amazon, movie recommendations on Netflix, predictive maintenance for machinery and fraud detection for your credit card. While these applications are all powered very differently and achieve different goals, they all roll up into the umbrella term of artificial intelligence.
Intelligence has never been sexier.
From a business perspective, companies wouldn’t simply “buy” an AI solution. Rather, they would likely leverage one or more of the subfields of AI and buy software packages like R, Python, SAS, and MATLAB for statistical analysis. But new technology is pushing beyond traditional statistics, and machines are acting more intelligently than ever — they’re not just doing the analysis, machines are now finding patterns in data and figuring out how systems “work”… often without any human intervention.
Let me stop here for a quick, yet important, PSA — neither artificial intelligence nor machines will replace all of our jobs. This is perhaps the biggest misconception about AI. Everything under the AI umbrella — including machine intelligence and machine learning — is data-driven, but requires human expertise to apply answers and discoveries to solve problems.
AI will allow people to do new and interesting things that have never been done before. That’s the fun part, so let’s take a look.
Early on, AI was focused on expert systems: establishing if-then rules to mimic human knowledge and decision-making. Expert systems fell out of favor because they didn’t leverage data, didn’t learn from data and didn’t scale. They were entirely limited by the programming and cerebral capacity of the people who created them. Today, machine learning has replaced expert systems.
Machine learning refers to the statistical arm of AI. Most of the people or companies leveraging “AI” are referring to machine learning, not doomsday robots. The focus of machine learning is on programming algorithms to learn from data, complete tasks and make predictions with an emphasis on high statistical accuracy. It is not used for the discovery or interpretation of data — this is important to know, and something we’ll cover more in-depth later.
Machine learning algorithms can be developed, run and tuned with libraries from software packages like SAS, R and Python. Data scientists and statistical analysts typically work in these programming languages, ultimately applying the resulting algorithms to enterprise applications like sales forecasting, email spam filtering and determining where the next hurricane is likely to develop.
Because of machine learning’s widespread applications, there exists a plethora of tools that empower its implementation. Yet the “rules” and predictions uncovered by machine learning algorithms are still unable to solve many business problems on their own. Without data scientists, businesses have trouble interpreting the algorithms and developing an understanding of the why.
Has technology finally caught up with the hype?
If we’re a Fortune 500 retailer, do we care exclusively about predicting sales, or are we equally concerned with why that number? What are all the variables and relationships at play, and what can we change to improve that outcome? How much of our revenue can be chalked up to weather patterns or marketing spend? Are we stocking the correct amounts of each product, or should we optimize for impending tastes and trends?
If we’re an engine manufacturer, is it useful to merely predict that the assembly line will produce a faulty component 1 percent of the time, or is it more helpful to be able to understand all the knobs and levers that contribute to the failure so we can actually change the future and our processes?
Welcome to the next phase of AI.
Machine intelligence is the newest subfield of AI, focused on learning and interpretation of data. It’s a natural progression of machine learning, but takes it a step further.
One of the shortcomings of machine learning is that machines are learning but not conveying to us what they’re finding from the data. To make data valuable, we need to be able to understand it and explain it; only then can we connect the dots and apply it back to the business.
This is machine intelligence — the interpretation and understanding of data — and why it’s so important.
IBM had one of the first attempts at machine intelligence. Watson, IBM’s Jeopardy-aceing robot, uses natural language processing to interact with and process data, by converting speech to a scalable search through the World Wide Web. Watson can listen to anyone, interpret the information then search its database for a response to a question that somewhere, at some time, has already been answered. Where Watson falls short is its inability to infer new ideas or answers. Similarly, other services like Microsoft and Amazon provide platforms for running machine learning algorithms, but do not facilitate interpretation of results.
What if we could take this a step further and have machines discover answers that are not yet known? Machine intelligence has the ability to not just uncover answers, but to understand and interpret what it has learned.
Machine intelligence is the next exciting progression of artificial intelligence. Whereas machine learning will accurately predict that your electric bill will increase next month, machine intelligence will accurately predict that your electric bill will increase next month — and tell you why: your travel schedule will be light, the weather will be hotter than usual and your air conditioner has been deteriorating. Machine intelligence teaches back to the human the reasons why things happen or will happen, arming users with the ability to make quick and justified changes in strategy. Machine intelligence, not “big data,” offers the “actionable answers” businesses need.
Unfortunately, some people have been exploiting the ambiguity around artificial intelligence. AI, in and of itself, is a relatively basic, high-level idea that machines can be programmed to act “intelligently.” Machine learning dives into the idea that machines can actually learn without explicitly being programmed. Finally, machine intelligence exhibits the ability to not only learn from data, but to actually clearly articulate answers and discover why. That is, machine intelligence is the first instance of machines teaching the human and relaying brand new discoveries automatically.
This is an exciting time, and we’re only on the cusp of what’s to come in AI. Machine learning has been the panacea for decades. Machine intelligence is the next step in the progression, allowing people (and companies) to understand why things happen and what to change to generate their desired outcome. Intelligence has never been sexier. | <urn:uuid:f584e1aa-5b7e-477f-97ef-95985d55fd75> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/12/clarifying-the-uses-of-artificial-intelligence-in-the-enterprise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370525223.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404200523-20200404230523-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.941068 | 1,624 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Aviation authorities in the UK are closely monitoring the fall out from a volcanic eruption in Iceland, where planes have been put on high alert.
Iceland's Met Office this afternoon reported a subglacial lava eruption at the Bardarbunga volcano, which has been rattled by thousands of earthquakes over the past week. It is the frozen island's largest volcano and sits under the country’s most expansive glacier.
Just minutes before the eruption Iceland raised its aviation alert to the highest level of red, which warns that an eruption could cause "significant emission of ash into the atmosphere."
In 2010 an eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano, in the south of the country, produced an ash cloud that caused a week of aviation chaos with more than 100,000 flights cancelled across the UK and the rest of the world.
A spokeswoman for NATS, the UK's air traffic control organisation, said: "NATS is monitoring the situation and working in close collaboration with the Met Office, Department for Transport and our safety regulator, the Civil Aviation Authority, as this dynamic situation develops further."
She added that NATS will help determine what impact the eruption will have for operations in UK airspace and advise airline customers accordingly.
Aviation chiefs are confident that the UK is much better prepared to deal with a potential ash cloud crisis than it was four years ago.
The Civil Aviation Authority said: "Volcanic ash can adversely affect aircraft in a number of ways. Jet aircraft engines in particular are susceptible to damage from volcanic ash.
"That's why there are comprehensive safety arrangements in place. As a result of the work that has been undertaken since the 2010 ash crisis and arrangements that have been put in place since, we are confident that high levels of public safety can be maintained, while minimising disruption."
The CAA said the improvements include:
- A new system of regulating the way aviation deals with ash that allows more airspace to be used safely and gives airlines more input into the process;
- Improvements in the observing and forecasting of where ash is and its density - including a new radar in Iceland to detect ash in the atmosphere;
- The establishment of two working groups including airlines and scientists to act as advisers on ash forecasting and how best to use the output from the Met Office modelling system.
A spokeswoman for the Met Office said: "We are in close contact with the Icelandic Met Office, but currently they tell us that the eruptions are sub-glacial, so no ash has made it to the surface.
"If ash does make it to the surface, we will run our model which will indicate where any ash would go, and we will inform the CAA and Nats. They will then make the decision on how that will affect any air flights."
A Virgin Atlantic spokesman said a flight from London Heathrow to San Francisco was rerouted away from the volcano as a "precautionary measure".
"Safety and security is always our top priority," he said. "All other Virgin Atlantic flights continue to operate as normal, but we are advising all customers to visit our website for the latest information.
"We continue to closely monitor the situation and we are in ongoing dialogue with all of the relevant authorities."
Andrew McConnell, Flybe's director of communications, said: "We are monitoring the situation in Iceland very closely, currently there is no disruption to our services and all our flights are operating as norm
A spokesman for budget airline easyJet said it is putting its contingency plans into action following the red alert, using specialist technology to ensure any ash created by the eruption is detected and chartered.
"easyJet will use this and other data provided by the authorities to determine what, if any, changes it should make to its flying programme," he said.
"As things stand there are no changes to easyJet's flying programme, including flights to and from Iceland."
He added: "The safety and wellbeing of our passengers and crew is easyJet's highest priority."
One tour operator has found a way to monetise the potential travel chaos, offering customers the chance to fly immediately to the site of the erupting volcano as soon as it is safe to do so.
Discover the World has set up a ‘volcano hotline’ which will inform interested travellers at short notice about the eruption, and fly them out to the site by helicopter or transport them by jeep.
Volcanodiscovery considers the Marum Volcano in the southern Pacific Island of Ambrym one of the most unspoilt and intact places of the earth. In 2010, a Youtube video of volcanologist Geoff Mackley climbing into the boiling Marum crater went viral. "A lot of people might think I'm crazy," said the freelance photographer from Auckland, New Zealand. "The incredible noise... the heat.... the toxic gas... the falling rocks...the danger, nothing else in life will ever compare to the mind blowing rush of being so close to a spectacle like this!"
Located under a glacier, Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted on April 14, 2010, producing scenic lava flows and a plume of gas-rich volcanic ash which disrupted air travel and caused regional mayhem for several weeks. Eyjafjallajökull, some 75 miles (120 kilometers) east of Reykjavik, erupted March 20 after almost 200 years of dormancy.
The Llaima volcano in southern Chile spewed lava and a thick column of ash, which rose more than 9,300 feet into the sky in January 2008. The eruption forced the emergency evacuation of some 150 people from the Conguillio National Park where the volcano is located, 400 miles south of Santiago.
Ethiopia's Erta Ale is considered to be one of the most active volcanos containing basaltic lava, which can rise to a temperature of 1,200 degrees Celsius, according to the Sun. Active since 1906, Erta Ale, which translates to "smoking mountain" in the local language, is one of five lava lakes in the world, according to Physics Central.
In 2012, Europe's tallest active volcano Mount Etna in southern Italy came back to life and released a dense cloud of ash lava.
Mt. Sakurajima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes, erupted several times in March 2012.
A new vent opening at the Kilauea volcano, one of the world's most active, sent lava shooting up to 65 feet high in May 2011. Kilauea has been in constant eruption since Jan. 3, 1983. | <urn:uuid:91f2746a-95b3-47df-aa59-83a486edc8e6> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/08/23/icelands-biggest-volcano-bardarbunga-has-erupted-travel_n_5702798.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275836.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00101-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950741 | 1,351 | 3 | 3 |
Baldness is a common issue affecting some 35 million men and 21 million women in the United States. There are treatment options available for those individuals who don't want to have a bald head. Many of the facts about the issue and its treatment are relatively unknown, despite it affecting so many people.
- The most common form is called Androgenetic Alopecia, or male pattern baldness. This is caused by male hormones and genetics. Despite its name, many women also suffer from the disease.
- There are a number of environmental factors that influence hair loss in addition to genetics. Diabetes, extreme weight fluctuations, vitamin C and iron deficiencies, poor hair care habits, and excessive exposure to the sun have all been linked to the issue.
- Bald men are more likely to face several major medical problems, including coronary heart disease and prostate cancer.
- Hair loss is a major source of stress for both men and women. Eighty-six percent of women in their thirties who experience hair loss suffer from worry or anxiety. An estimated 60 percent of people who are balding claim they would choose to have more hair than they would choose to have more friends or more money.
- The surgical hair transplant procedure involves a narrow piece of scalp being taken from the back area of the head while the patient is under local anesthesia. The surgeon cuts it into tiny pieces, each containing just one or several strands of hair. Those individual grafts are placed in the targeted area where they heal and continue growing hair.
- A transplant procedure may take between four and eight hours. Some individuals and their doctors choose to do a follow-up procedure down the road if hair loss continues or if the individual wants even thicker hair.
- An estimated 100,000 people elect to have this restoration surgery in the U.S. each year.
Read more about hair loss and surgical procedures in our resources section. | <urn:uuid:840cdf15-29d3-4e33-a74d-d217659067ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.locateadoc.com/blog/2014/03/17/get-the-facts-about-baldness-and-its-treatment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174159.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00628-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966382 | 387 | 3.046875 | 3 |
5 Gardening Tips For Budding Green Thumbs
If your kids are anything like ours, then they love to make messes. While we don’t condone the ones they make inside the house, there’s one outdoor mess that everyone can feel good about: gardening. Believe it or not, the early months of the year are ideal for preparing a spring garden, so now’s the perfect time to grab your trowels and gloves and start planting. In addition to being a fun outdoor activity, gardening also gives you the opportunity to show your kids how to grow fresh veggies and herbs from the ground up. And because they lent a hand in growing and preparing their own food, your kids will be more excited for dinner after the daily harvest. Below are some super handy hints will help you get your little gardeners started.
First thing’s first, what exactly does the family enjoy eating? Brainstorm with the kids at dinner and see what everyone might enjoy growing and eating. Different fruits and veggies take up different amounts of plot space, require varying amounts of sun and may offer up enormous quantities of yummy food. It’s a fantastic idea to create an imaginary garden and select plots for each type of produce.
Zones 14 – 17? Say what? Well if the mother of all gardening manuals, Sunset Western Garden Book, does not have a place on your bookshelf, basically, it’s all about getting to know the local weather patterns. Especially in the Bay Area, where there’s a different microclimate every twenty miles or so. It will prevent the common error of trying to grow melon or corn or any other heat obsessed plant in the fog friendly summers of San Francisco.
Wait for a dry spell
Mr. Sun is your man with the plan on beginning garden days. Super wet soil is not a good starting point so wait for those rays to start shining, it will loosen up the remaining dirt, get some oxygen moving around and make the garden more accepting of springs seeds.
Did you know? Get to know your dirt! By knowing what your backyard soil has or doesn’t have, the garden will be that much more of a success. Grab a pH testing kit and find out if the soil on the homefront is lacking nutrients.
The kids will think it’s their lucky day when the outdoor clothes are thrown on, the shovels and spades are out and mom says, “now dig!” It’s important to get about 12’ inches down so give the kids patches of their own and show them how to pull out weeds, break up clots and get some fresh air and minerals into the mix. Garden centers and nurseries will have a super choices on the perfect tools for digging in the dirt.
Clues about Compost
If the family has a compost pile, it’s great to show the kids how foods we eat can be reused to grow more. If not, no biggie, there are numerous ways to introduce fresh material to the soil. Grab a bag and be generous, make sure it mixes deep into the vegetable bed.
It’s all about fresh when picking seeds for sowing, every packet should be posted with the current year. Most seeds can dropped right in the ground, just prepare a bed and make some rows, get the kids dropping! Early seeds such as carrots, turnips, spinach and peas, can be planted before the danger of frost has passed but others, like squashes, cucumbers and beans, the little gardeners should wait until it’s just a little warmer. These little guys can be picked up at any nursery, hardware store, online or even at the farmers market. Slip em’ in an airtight jar or container, store em’ in a cool dry place and next year’s harvest is ready to go.
Bay Area Bites
What grows best in the bay area? Bell peppers, herbs of all kinds, lots of leafy greens, broccoli and Meyer lemons trees. Tomatoes are a sure bet, but plant them early, they need the spring warmth before the foggy summers. Artichokes grow super well but are huge and leafy so grow at your own risk! It may take over the whole garden.
Other Gardening Resources
Looking for a new set of garden gloves? How about a planter box for your herb garden? Check out the Bay Area’s Best Gardening Stores for everything you need to get your garden ready for springtime. Many offer classes and workshops designed specifically for kids, so roll up those sleeves and get messy.
In case you don’t have a backyard, plan an excursion to the Hayes Valley neighborhood of San Francisco and check out a working farm within the city. Or, check out some local community gardens to get your fill of all things green.
Need some inspiration for your garden-to-be? Grab your camera and visit some Botanical Gardens around the Bay Area and see what kind of flora thrive in our backyards.
Got any gardening tips for budding green thumbs? How do you get your little ones involved in the planting process?
– Gabrielle Cullen
photo credit: “Digging in the dirt” Courtesy of Dylan Parker via Flickr, “Tomato Time” Courtesy of Gabrielle Cullen, “shoveling” courtesy of woodley wonderworks via Flickr, “Seedy Business” Courtesy of Sloat Garden Center via Facebook, “Barrel Planting” Courtesy of Sloat Garden Center via Facebook
Want More San Francisco Adventures?
Let us help you be the rock star mom (or dad) we know you are! Sign up for our picks for the best things to see, do, eat and explore with your kids in San Francisco. | <urn:uuid:0968ed1d-2e69-4d71-8646-eeee36da2f15> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://redtri.com/san-francisco/how-to-plant-a-winter-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535924501.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909013109-00024-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9101 | 1,204 | 2.53125 | 3 |
During the Cainozoic the continents moved into their present positions. The climate started warm, but cooling continued steadily. Finally ice ages occurred.
Previously, what is now the Cainozoic was divided into two periods, the Tertiary and the Quaternary. The Tertiary corresponded to the Palaeogene+Neogene. Now, the term 'Tertiary' is not used. Officially, it is 'deprecated'.
On land, the Cainozoic is the era of mammals, and of birds and flowering plants. Grassland became a major habitat. Aquatic mammals took over the roles of predatory reptiles like the mosasaurs and plesiosaurs. As a result, the ecological landscape of the Cainozoic has become quite different from the Mesozoic.
- Levin, Harold L. 2005. The Earth through time. 8th ed, Wiley, N.Y. Chapter 4: The fossil record. | <urn:uuid:e9518c0e-a79c-47f4-852e-d3c0886d8262> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainozoic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304570.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124124654-20220124154654-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.938442 | 213 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Garrisoned for over 800 years.
Dover castle is a prominent fortress high on the White Cliffs of the Kent coastline and has an incredible timeline.
Romans left a legacy of a stone lighthouse, it’s seen Royals come and go and clandestine secrets being formulated in its underground tunnels during WWII.
What a place for us to discover further, so, armed with our English Heritage cards we enter the battlement.
The grounds of Dover castle are fairly large, when you pass through the first stone gate, the main castle fortification will open up in front of you.
Before heading in, take a wander up to the ancient Roman lighthouse that was built between 115-40, and still stands today.
The lighthouse occupies a high vantage point across the harbour below.
Just next to the lighthouse is the Church of St Mary-in-Castro built during the late 10th & early 11th century.
Unfortunately, this little church suffered years of neglect on and off during the 16th & 17th century and was used as a coal store in the early 1800’s.
To the castle, you go
Crossing the drawbridge, you wander into the main fortification.
After William the Conqueror’s success in the Battle of Hastings in 1066, he had the original defences put in place at Dover Castle. Amazingly from then on (over 800 years) Dover Castle was garrisoned up until 1958.
However, it was Henry II who had the castle rebuilt as it stands today during 1180-89. The imposing structure of the Great Tower was really built as a palace more than a fortress. As Henry II would entertain his distinguished visitors.
An interesting read
If you're intrigued by Kent's weird and wonderful history, or all unusual stories around the county, then take a peek at "Kent's Strangest Tales".
You won't be able to put it down, you can pick it up for your Kindle or in good old paperback.
Recreating the past
English Heritage has refurbished the interior of the Great Tower to give you a better understanding of how the Monarchs would have lived, both upstairs and downstairs.
As you stroll around the inside you’ll wander through the colourful bedrooms, the dining hall, there is even a fire lit, that’s burning wood which permeates through the castle as you stroll around.
However, these great Royal palaces don’t run on their own
What I like about the English Heritage run attractions, is that they always have friendly knowledgeable people on hand, ready to answer any question that you may have. You can tell they enjoy their work.
We continue through the castle branching off into the little side rooms, one of which was a tiny chapel dedicated to Thomas Becket.
Up on the roof
As we head further up the tower, we finally reach the roof and climb out on top of the castle, to see the wonderful views below.
During the 13th century, successive rings of defensive walls were added around the castle.
You can’t help yourself but venture down into the damp, dark winding Medieval tunnels, they were burrowed out under the castle, during Siege of 1216.
These were created to protect the most vulnerable side of the castle from attack, hopefully, what the enemy least expected.
At times wandering along the tunnels, we needed a torch to see where we were going.
The tunnels used in the Operation Dynamo & the Underground Hospital tours, were built at the end of the 17th century as barracks and storerooms.
However, at the start of WWII in 1939, they were converted into air-raid shelters. Then later into a military command centre and an underground hospital.
Unfortunately, there was no photography allowed in the tunnel tours.
However, it was one of the highlights of the visit. The Operation Dynamo tour takes around 1 hour and you are led through a network of tunnels.
The story unfolds as to how in May 1940, Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsey led the evacuation of French and British soldiers from Dunkirk, code-named Operation Dynamo.
You are taken through rooms to create an atmosphere to make you feel like you have been transported back in time.
You wander along graffiti tunnel, watch videos of how the invasion happened, and you gain an understanding of how close our troops came to being so nearly captured while under massive enemy fire.
It’s fascinating to see the communication rooms, plans and maps that led to the successful evacuation.
Would you like a little more?
We have created a little YouTube video of Dover Castle
Why not subscribe to our YouTube channel and get the latest clips as we post them?
Inspired to visit Dover Castle?
Why not pack a picnic and come along and enjoy the fun?
Whilst you can stay in Dover, we would recommend Deal. A short distance away by rail & road.
You can checkout the latest deals on Booking.Com?
(Why not Pin It for Later?) | <urn:uuid:74c1c21d-2c2e-4b34-bfe3-3207e77d03a7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.ourworldforyou.com/turrets-tunnels-dover-castle-england/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499744.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129144110-20230129174110-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.967395 | 1,063 | 2.625 | 3 |
|Subprime mortgage crisis|
99ers is a colloquial term for unemployed people in the United States, mostly citizens, who have exhausted all of their unemployment benefits, including all unemployment extensions. As a result of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act passed by Congress in February 2009, many unemployed people can receive up to 99 weeks of unemployment insurance benefits, hence the name "99ers". An estimated 7 million people are affected.
United States unemployment benefits during the financial crisis of 2007-2010 are calculated as follows (with the availability of extensions dependent on a state's unemployment rate (see: Bureau of Labor Statistics):
|Unemployment Benefits||# of Weeks|
|Regular Unemployment Insurance Benefits||26|
|Emergency Unemployment Compensation Tier 1||20|
|Emergency Unemployment Compensation Tier 2||14|
|Emergency Unemployment Compensation Tier 3||13|
|Emergency Unemployment Compensation Tier 4||6|
|Extended Benefits (13 weeks + 7 additional)||20|
|Total Number of Weeks||99|
Legislation to extend unemployment benefits has been blocked from coming to a vote on the floor of the Senate through minority Republican filibuster or holds. This began in February 2010 with a blockage of an unemployment benefit funding bill vote (for already authorized and granted unemployment checks for those who had not exhausted their benefits) by a single Senator, Jim Bunning (R-KY).
Following that precedent, Senate floor votes on unemployment have required a supermajority of sixty votes to bring the bills to the floor. Bunning's position was that he wanted the bill paid for out of previously allocated funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Senators who did not initially support Bunning's position have since used that argument to block or delay votes on unemployment extensions that could not achieve a supermajority to reach the floor for a vote.
Economists have cited that unemployment should not have the requirement of being paid for out of an existing stimulus package because it is stimulative and, therefore, to take away allocated funds from other projects would have a self-canceling effect.
The passage of the bill to fund eligible (non-exhausted) unemployment benefits required a special appointment of a replacement senator, Carte Goodwin, by West Virginia Governor Joe Manchin, after the death of Senator Robert Byrd (D-WV), whose vote was needed for the supermajority. This gave the Senate its 60th vote for the legislation and the funds were released to the states to pay unemployment compensation to those who were eligible and who had not yet exhausted benefits as of July 2010.
The passage of the bill did not provide for those who have exhausted their benefits (99ers).
On August 4, 2010, Senator Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) introduced a bill (S.3706) to extend unemployment past 99 weeks. The bill was referred to the Senate Finance Committee prior to the Senate breaking for their summer vacation:
The Americans Want to Work Act (S.3706)
A Senate bill introduced by Senator Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) on August 4, 2010 will, if passed, benefit those who have exhausted all of their benefits by providing an additional 20 weeks of unemployment benefits under a Tier 5. The bill has an unemployment rate threshold of 7.5% which requires states to have an unemployment rate at 7.5% or higher to qualify. The bill was announced by Senator Stabenow on MSNBC's The Ed Schultz Show (video). The bill is co-sponsored by Senators Charles Schumer (D-NY), Harry Reid (D-NV), Dick Durbin (D-IL), Carl Levin (D-MI), Bob Casey, Jr. (D-PA), Christopher Dodd (D-CT), Sherrod Brown (D-OH), Jack Reed (D-RI), and Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI).
The proposed bill is designed to help 99ers by:
- Creating an additional tier of benefits for those who have exhausted their unemployment insurance.
- Extends the HIRE Act payroll tax exemption through the end of 2011.
- Doubles the general business tax credit to encourage businesses to hire the hardest hit Americans.
Tier 5 Unemployment Insurance (Under S.3706 Bill): What it does: Provides 20 weeks of additional unemployment insurance for states with 7.5% or higher unemployment. This tier will benefit the people who have exhausted all of their benefits.
Retroactive Eligibility: Would apply retroactively to everyone who has exhausted all of their previous tiers in recent months. However, benefits would not be paid retroactively. (Example: a claimant who exhausted his or her benefits three months ago would be eligible to begin Tier 5 at the date of enactment. He or she would not, however, be paid out for the three months in which no benefits were received. If a claimant is going to exhaust benefits in two weeks, he or she will move right onto Tier 5 and receive 20 weeks of benefits.)
Requirements: People who are unemployed still need to meet current UI law requirements such as job searches.
On August 10, 2010, Representative Shelley Berkley (D-NV) introduced a House bill (H.R. 6901) to extend benefits for another 20 additional weeks for states whose unemployment rate exceeds 10 percent:
The Emergency Unemployment Compensation Act (H.R. 6091)
A House bill introduced by Representative Shelley Berkley (D-NV-1) on August 10, 2010 will, if passed, benefit those who have exhausted all of their benefits by providing an additional 20 weeks of unemployment benefits under a Tier 5. The bill has an unemployment rate threshold of 10% which requires states to have an unemployment rate at 10% or higher to qualify. The bill is co-sponsored by Representatives Michael F. Doyle (D, PA-14), Bob Filner (D, CA-51), Barney Frank (D, MA-4), Phil Hare (D, IL-17), Dale Kildee (D, MI-5), Carolyn Kilpatrick (D, MI-13), John Lewis (D, GA-5), Jim McDermott (D, WA-7), Laura Richardson (D, CA-37), Linda Sánchez (D, CA-39), Janice Schakowsky (D, IL-9) and Diane Watson (D, CA-33).
News reports and interviews have been presented by various media outlets that include the New York Times, Washington Post and PBS's NewsHour. The 99er cause has been championed by Ed Schultz on his MSNBC television show, where he lashed out at Congress, and hosted the announcement of Senator Stabenow's 99er bill on his MSNBC television show (video) and his radio program and by Rachel Maddow on her television program where she replayed negative statements about the unemployed by Sharron Angle, Senator Jon Kyl (R-AZ), Rep. Steve King, (R-IA), Rep. Dean Heller (R-NV), Lt. Gov. Andre Bauer (R-SC).
On July 19, 2010, The Daily Beast published Get America Back to Work which has gathered signatures of prominent economists, academics, journalists and historians, including five Nobel Prize Laureates, in support of a statement calling for further stimulus to deal with long-term unemployment, citing Keynesian economics in support of their position: The article was signed by one hundred prominent economists, historians, academics and journalists, including: Joseph Stiglitz, Alan Blinder, John Cassidy, Lizabeth Cohen, Jim Hoge, Robert Reich, Richard Parker, Laura Tyson, Sir Harold Evans, Sean Wilentz, Kenneth Arrow, Peter Beinart, Sidney Blumenthal, Nancy Folbre, Simon Schama and Robert Solow (list).
In December 2010 the BBC ran a story about the 99ers titled "What happens when your unemployment benefits stop?" The article included the views of Heidi Shierholz "We can kick people off and it will certainly make people more desperate to find a job. But in a labour market like this it's not going to make them more likely to find a job because the jobs aren't there."
Republican legislators have insisted that additional unemployment benefits be paid for out of existing funds. This is a departure from how unemployment benefits have been funded in the past.
Democratic supporters of additional unemployment extensions[who?] have pointed out that Republicans who are calling for unemployment benefits to be paid for out of existing funds are, in some cases, the same legislators who insist the Bush tax cuts be renewed without funding. Republicans have countered the Bush tax cuts are stimulative and therefore do not require funding.
The requirement of a supermajority to bring bills to the floor has led to heated and controversial comments, including this exchange between Senators Jim Bunning (R-KY) and Jeff Merkley (D-OR), where Senator Merkley asked Senator Bunning to stop his repeated blocks of a unanimous consent motion to extend unemployment benefits, to which Senator Bunning replied: "Tough shit."
Several other politicians, lawmakers and commentators have made controversial statements portraying the long-term unemployed as lazy, unwilling to work, and/or on drugs, while some in favor of long term unemployment benefits have called opponents pro-death and pro-child hunger.
- Orrin Hatch proposed an amendment that would require unemployment beneficiaries to pass a drug test to qualify for programs: "Drugs are a scourge on our society – hurting children, families and communities alike. This amendment is a way to help people get off of drugs to become productive and healthy members of society, while ensuring that valuable taxpayer dollars aren’t wasted.”
- Alan Grayson: "I will say this to Republicans who will block this [unemployement benefits extension] bill now for months, and kept food out of the mouths of children. I will say to them now, may God have mercy on your souls."
- Sharron Angle: "“You can make more money on unemployment than you can going down and getting one of those jobs that is an honest job, but it doesn’t pay as much. And so that’s what’s happened to us is that we have put in so much entitlement into our government that we really have spoiled our citizenry and said you don’t want the jobs that are available.”
- Rand Paul: "As bad as it sounds, ultimately we do have to sometimes accept a wage that's less than we had at our previous job in order to get back to work and allow the economy to get started again. Nobody likes that, but it may be one of the tough love things that has to happen."
- Tom Corbett: "People don’t want to come back to work while they still have some unemployment. That’s becoming a problem. The jobs are there, but if we keep extending unemployment, people are just going to sit there."
- Rush Limbaugh: "Extended unemployment benefits do nothing but incentivize people not to look for work"
On May 24, 2010, Cynthia Tucker of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, published: Unemployment benefits make people lazy? Not so, where she reported how the economist Mark Zandi cited the lack of available jobs in response to a statement by Senator Judd Gregg (R-NH) that unemployment benefits discouraged the unemployed from looking for work.
Several prominent economists have argued long term unemployment benefits are an incentive not to work, including President Obama's former White House economic adviser Lawrence Summers, who once wrote in the Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: "The second way government assistance programs contribute to long-term unemployment is by providing an incentive, and the means, not to work. Each unemployed person has a 'reservation wage' — the minimum wage he or she insists on getting before accepting a job." A Brookings Institution panel on economic activity said in March 2010 that jobless insurance extensions "correspond to between 0.7 and 1.8 percentage points of the 5.5 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate witnessed in the current recession." Alan Reynolds of the Cato Institute found nearly two percent of the current jobless rate is due to extensions of unemployment insurance and other federal policies.
99ers have responded to these and similar statements with their own stories of repeated and unsuccessful job hunting efforts where the number of applicants have far exceeded the available positions. The Economic Policy Institute's data supports the 99ers' and Mark Zandi's position in their March 2010 report of an average of five applicants for each opening.
The Economic Policy Institute, using data provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, has verified that, as of September, 2010, the U.S. economy would need to add 11.5 million jobs to make up for the shortfall due to the recession. In September, 2010, the private sector added 64,000 jobs.
Proponents of benefits extension point out that corporations are sitting on approximately 1.8 trillion in cash while not hiring. MSNBC reported in June 2010, that, for 99ers, a job can feel like a mirage: The Economic Policy Institute's March 2010 report cites an average of five applicants for each job opening.
Job postings with statements that only workers who are currently employed or those who've been unemployed for less than six months will be considered – thereby decreasing opportunities for the long-term unemployed – have been documented. The Huffington Post, which has chronicled the phenomenon by combing through online employment listings on sites such as Craigslist and Monster.com, has found multiple listings that use the terms: "Must be currently employed, "no unemployed applicants will be considered" or "must have been employed within the last 6 months."
An employment recruiter for the search firm Goodwin and Associates told The Huffington Post that "some companies think that the best people are already working" and "Maybe the ones looking for jobs for some reason had a problem, or were let go for a reason, or quit for a reason, but the people companies want are the type that already have a job."
Statistics provided by the Economic Policy Institute and the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicate the majority of long-term unemployed who lost their jobs due to the recession have been let go through no fault of their own in mass lay-offs that were cited by their companies as having been for economic reasons.
The exclusionary jobs postings have prompted New Jersey Assemblyman Peter Barnes (D-Middlesex) to propose legislation that would impose fines of $10,000 per incident for companies that post job advertisements which say the unemployed shouldn't bother applying.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has released a report on the long-term experience of the jobless which states that, while more younger workers were unemployed, the older worker was the most impacted by long-term unemployment, leading to concerns that ageism may factor in hiring discrimination.
The 99ers have begun to organize, both online and in rallies. There is an online petition with over 40,000 signatures. 99ers have testified before Congress and have started numerous online sites from which to organize, meet others in their situation and to share links to resources.
A rally sponsored by Unemployed Workers Action Group (UWAG.org) took place on Wall Street in New York City on August 12, 2010 to support the S.3706 Tier 5 unemployment extension bill. It was held at Federal Hall, 26 Wall St., New York City. and was attended by MSNBC's Ed Schultz and NYC's Labor Commission Representative, John Noyes:
"Today on Wall Street, people who have been out of work for nearly two years rallied to ask: where's the recovery for the Middle Class? Today, I attended a rally of professional Americans who have been displaced by corporate greed and out-of-touch politicians; a passionate crowd of 99ers rallied at the Federal Hall, here in New York, in the shadow of Wall Street. They had one basic question: Where are the jobs? I'd like to tell these people that Washington is listening, but the reality is that members of Congress are back home trying to save their own jobs. You can see the passion in the eyes of the 99ers today. They just want a chance to work. That's it." Ed Schultz, MSNBC's The Ed Show – Video.
On Sept. 16, 2010 a coalition of numerous 99er activist groups was formed to become one large united force to lobby Washington to pass legislation that would add weeks of benefits for all those who had exhausted all benefits without yet finding a job. They called themselves the American 99ers Union and have held a number of campaigns in which they encouraged thousands of 99er activists to fax, call and email Congress in support of a Tier 5 or other method of adding extended benefits for 99ers.
- Fletcher, Michael A. (July 13, 2010). "No unemployment extension: Benefits not in sight for the long-term jobless". The Washington Post.
- MSNBC News, MSNBC Article on "99ers"
- Semuels, Alana (April 30, 2010). "'99Ers' Exhaust Jobless Benefits". Los Angeles Times.
- AOL News, AOL News Article on "99ers"
- ABC News, ABC News Video on "99ers"
- Economics Policy Institute, EPI article on "99ers"
- , Mike Shedlock's blog, describing estimation methodology
- NY Dept. of Labor, Unemployment Benefits Info
- U.S. Dept. of Labor, Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program PDF
- U.S. Dept. of Labor, Unemployment Insurance Extended Benefits
- Politico, Sen. Jim Bunning holds floor, Politico
- The Hill, Unemployment extension should have been paid for (Sen. Mike Johanns) The Hill
- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities , The Four Pieces of Effective Fiscal Stimulus Unemployment Insurance, State Relief, Food Stamps, and Tax Refunds, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
- Associated Press[dead link], Checks are coming: Obama signs unemployment bill, AP
- The Ed Shultz Show, MSNBC News, Senator Stabenow Announces 99er Bill
- S.3706 Senator Stabenow Press Release, S.3706 Senator Stabenow Press Release
- Berkley.House.Gov, Shelly Berkley (H.R. 6091) Press Release
- The Ed Schultz Radio Show The Ed Schultz Radio Show's Stabenow Announcement on 99ers, August 4, 2010
- Luo, Michael (August 2, 2010). "Desperation Grows as Jobless Benefits Run Out". The New York Times.
- PBS NewsHour, PBS Video on "99ers"
- The Daily Beast Get America Back to Work, 100 Signatures, The Daily Beast
- The Daily Beast, Get America Back to Work, The Daily Beast
- The Plain Dealer, They're known as 'the 99ers,' and their numbers are growing in Ohio and nationwide, The Plain Dealer
- Vaidyanathan, Rajini (December 6, 2010). "What happens when your unemployment benefits stop". BBC.
- ABC News, Bachmann: Pay for Unemployment Benefits, Not Tax Cuts, ABC News
- Huffington Post, Politico, Jim Bunning Repeatedly Blocks Unemployment Benefits Extension, Huffington Post, Politico
- Washington Monthly, Washington Monthly: "Republicans Don't Like the Unemployed"
- Sen. Hatch wants unemployed to face mandatory drug tests, Sen. Hatch wants unemployed to face mandatory drug tests, The Hill
- LexisNexis BECK for August 16, 2010
- Huffington Post, Alan Grayson: Final Score: Compassion 1, Bullying 0
- Republicans to the Unemployed: You're Lazy, Republicans to the Unemployed: You're Lazy, Politics Daily
- Dems seize on GOP candidates' comments about unemployed, Dems seize on GOP candidates' comments about unemployed, The Hill
- The Rush Limbaugh Show, June 29, 2010.
- Economic Policy Institute, EPI 5 applicants for each job stats
- The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Unemployment benefits make people lazy? Not so, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
- Library of Economics and Liberty, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
- Wall Street Journal, Incentives Not to Work
- Fifteen months since recession’s official end, economy short 11.5 million jobs, Fifteen months since recession’s official end, economy short 11.5 million jobs, Economic Policy Institute
- ABC News Report, Hoarding, Not Hiring – Corporations Stockpile Mountain of Cash – ABC News
- MSNBC News, MSNBC News, For 99ers, a job can seem like a mirage
- This Week In Jobless Discrimination: Unemployed Applicants Might 'Be Tempted To Steal', This Week in Jobless Discrimination: Unemployed Applicants Might 'Be Tempted To Steal', The Huffington Post
- Employers Continue to Discriminate Against Jobless, Think 'The Best People Are Already Working, Employers Continue to Discriminate Against Jobless, Think 'The Best People Are Already Working, The Huffington Post
- Proposed New Jersey Law Would Penalize Employers For Discriminating Against Unemployed, Proposed New Jersey Law Would Penalize Employers For Discriminating Against Unemployed, The Huffington Post
- BLS (PDF), Bureau of Labor Statistics, Long-term unemployment experience of the jobless
- Petition Change.Org, Petition in support of Tier V for 99ers
- Washington Independent, Washington Independent, As Long Term Unemployment Deepens, 99ers Look for Answers
- Huffington Post, Unemployed Friends: Jobless Find Support Online, Huffington Post
- Croghan, Lore (August 7, 2010). "'99ers' looking for help, plan to hold rally on Wall St. to demand unemployment benefits". Daily News (New York).
- Croghan, Lore (August 12, 2010). "New York's jobless 99ers channel anger in Wall Street protest, demand unemployment extension". Daily News (New York).
- New York Labor Commission, Takin' It to the Streets, John Noyes, NY Labor Commission Website
- MSNBC, The Ed Show (Video)
- The Plain Dealer, Jobless Americans lobby Congress for extended benefits
- PRLog, The American 99ers Union Urges Washington, D.C. to Save America Now | <urn:uuid:af12b492-d3d1-4c39-b0da-35848c09f10b> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99ers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119647626.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030047-00041-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939028 | 4,588 | 2.546875 | 3 |
There is an enormous range of mammal species on planet Earth. The blue whale is not only the largest mammal alive today, but also the largest animal ever to live on our planet.
But what about down at the other end? What's the smallest mammal that has ever lived?
You might think that a house mouse would make this top 10 list, but in fact, they weight around 40g on average – and the actual smallest species weighs less than 2g.
Read on for the top 10 smallest mammals by weight.
10. American shrew mole
Weight: 7-11g; average 10g
Distribution: Northwestern USA
The American shrew mole, Neurotrichus gibbsii, is the world's smallest species of mole. Also known as Gibb's shrew mole, its body is 69-84mm long, and its tail is a further 31-42mm.
9. Tasmanian pygmy possum
Weight: 7-10g; average 8.4g
Distribution: Tasmania, Australia
Also known as the tiny pygmy possum or Cercartetus lepidus, this species is the world's smallest possum. The head and body are on average 70mm long, and the prehensile tail averages 64mm.
8. Paucident planigale
Planigale gilesi is one of five species of planigale, a type of small, carnivorous marsupial. 'Paucident' in its name means 'few teeth', reflecting the fact that it only has two premolars in each row, compared to three in other species.
Its head and body are between 60 and 80mm long, and its tail is a further 55 to 70mm.
7. Narrow-nosed planigale
Planigale tenuirostris, though it measures only up to 7.5cm, is a vicious predator. It takes down insects and small lizards, occasionally even ones bigger than itself.
6. Long-tailed planigale
Planigale ingrami is the last planigale on this list, and is the world's smallest marsupial. Its head and body are only 55-65mm long.
Females of the species weigh on average 4.3g, whereas males weigh an average of 4.2g.
5. Baluchistan pygmy jerboa
Distribution: Pakistan and Afghanistan
According to the Guinness Book of Records in 1999, the Baluchistan pygmy jerboa is joint with the African pygmy mouse for the title of the world's smallest rodent.
Salpingotulus michaelis, or the dwarf three-toed jerboa, has a body around 4.4cm long, and a tail of 8cm. On average, adult females weigh 3.75g.
4. African pygmy mouse
Weight: 3-12g; average 7.2g
Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa
The African pygmy mouse, Mus minutoides, holds the joint title for the world's smallest rodent with the Baluchistan pygmy jerboa.
Its body is 6-8cm long, with an additional 3-6cm in length coming from its tail.
3. Kitti's hog-nosed bat
Distribution: Thailand and Myanmar
By body size, Kitti's hog-nosed bat is the smallest mammal on Earth, at 29-33mm long. It also has the smallest skull of any mammal. It's not quite the smallest by body weight, though, with the smallest individuals weighing around 1.7g.
The species is named for Thai zoologist Kitti Thonglongya, who discovered the species in 1974. Other names for the species include bumblebee bat and Craseonycteris thonglongyai.
Not only is the bumblebee bat the smallest bat, it's also smaller than the largest bumblebee (Bombus dahlbomii, which can grow up to 40mm).
2. Etruscan shrew
Weight: 1.5-2.5g; average 2.1g
Distribution: North America
Also known as the white-toothed pygmy shrew or Suncus etruscus, the Etruscan shrew is the smallest mammal by weight alive today. At 36–52mm long, excluding tail, it's larger than Kitti's hog-nosed bat. However, individuals can weigh as little as 1.5g, meaning the Etruscan shrew takes the crown.
If you take into account extinct species, though, even this tiny animal can be beaten.
1. Batodonoides vanhouteni (extinct)
Distribution: North America
At only 1.3g, the extinct B. vanhouteni is believed to be the smallest mammal that ever lived. This tiny, shrew-like animal roamed North America 53 million years ago.
When it was discovered, B. vanhouteni pushed the limits for just how small a mammal could possibly be. Since it's only known from fossils, its exact weight is unknown, but the discoverers estimated it weighed between 0.93g and 1.82g, with the most likely figure being 1.3g. | <urn:uuid:d4de11ac-b507-4ef4-ad76-c0ab17880504> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/top-10-earths-smallest-mammals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711344.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208150643-20221208180643-00852.warc.gz | en | 0.929237 | 1,166 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Consider setting up different parts of your art area as creative "exploratoriums." For example, you could provide reflective papers, aluminum foil, colored cellophane, and flashlights. Add other basic art materials such as plain white paper, cardboard, and glue. Ask: "How many ways can we use these materials?" and "What else can we add to reflect light and color?"
Provide daily "surprises" at your easel area. Change the colors, textures, and/or types of paint. Change the materials children paint on, including different types of paper and add three-dimensional materials (such as paper tubes, egg cartons, or small boxes). Change the materials children paint with, including different types of brushes, feather dusters, and corks. Feel free to use your imagination!
Experimenting With Color and Light
- Here is a "spectrum of activities" to try in your art area:
- Experiment with painting on wet and dry paper. What happens to the colors on wet paper? On dry paper? What happens when you hold the painting in the sunlight or shine a flashlight on it?
- What do you see when you put colored ice cubes in a clear glass of vegetable oil? Try it in different lights!
- Paint with vegetable oil on colored paper using cotton swabs as brushes. What happens when your picture is exposed to light?
- Draw crayon pictures on paper that is placed on a warming tray. (Be sure to carefully supervise this activity.) Children can create "rainbows" by drawing with different crayons that are taped together. What happens when the crayons are warmed? When light shines through the pictures?
- Place two different colors of homemade play dough in a sealed plastic bag. Invite children to mix the colors together by squeezing the bag. What happens to the colors? Will light shine through them? | <urn:uuid:fe0e15c5-e171-49c6-8bc0-4c2c854d96a0> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/learning-centers-art-center-creative-surprises/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371612531.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406004220-20200406034720-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.923552 | 389 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Any way of making education more fun is fantastic in our book. That's why these ingeniously simple Lego-style building blocks are so brilliant–they're actually designed using the Braille alphabet's six-dot configuration to help children who are visually impaired learn to read. A limited, experimental supply of Braille Bricks have been produced for the non-profit Dorina Nowill Foundation for the Blind by the agency Lew'LaraTBWA, and the team is seeking to expand production of the clever toys so that more children may have the opportunity to learn by playing.
Braille Bricks aim to stimulate creativity and help blind children learn to read and write. The blocks are created by modifying the classic building block design to form the 26 letters of the alphabet in Braille. The Nowill Foundation also hopes that their tools will help to include all children, with or without visual impairments.
The innovation of the Braille Brick lies in its simplicity. However, with an aim of enabling literacy and helping create a more playful and inclusive learning environment, their goals are anything but. The company invites all to support their initiative with the hashtag #BrailleBricksforAll. | <urn:uuid:3d7f7b87-06c8-4235-a8d8-9f726fe78467> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://mymodernmet.com/braille-brick-designs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320685.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626064746-20170626084746-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.94831 | 237 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Hello, Excellers. Welcome to another #MacroMonday blog post in my Excel series. Today let’s look at breaking up our VBA code by adding a breakpoint to your Excel VBA code. If you’re an Excel user, you know that VBA code can be incredibly useful for automating tasks and customizing your spreadsheets. But what happens when your code isn’t working the way you want it to? One of the best ways to troubleshoot and fix your code is to add breakpoints so that you can see where in the code execution things are going wrong. In this blog post, we’ll show you how to add a pause or breakpoint to your Excel VBA code. Stay tuned!
First Things First – What Is A Breakpoint Or Pause In VBA?.
A breakpoint is a selected line of code that once it has been reached, your macro will be suspended. At this point you use the debugging environment to step through each line of code, halt the codes execution or view the status of your program. It is a great way to step though and debug your code without having to restart your code from the very beginning each time you want to debug.
There is no limit to how many breakpoints you have in your code. You cannot however add breakpoints to the following lines of VBA
- nothing in them (blank lines).
- Only code comments, usually wrtitten in green and begin with an apostrophe.
- Dimensioning statements. (lines starting with DIM).
How To Add Break Points To Your VBA Code.
Let’s get down to adding pauses or breakpoints into our VBA code. First, open the VBA environment by either hitting the Excel keyboard shortcut ALT+F11 or hit the Developer Tab and then select Visual Basic.
To set a breakpoint in your VBA Code, find the line you want to add to break to. Then, follow the instructions below.
- Left-click in the grey bar to the left of the code.
- A red dot should appear, subsequently the line of code will be highlighted in red.
- Your breakpoint will be inserted.
How To Remove Break Points From Your VBA Code.
Once you have finished debugging your VBA code it is really easy to remove the breakpoints you have inserted.
- Left click on the breakpoint you want to remove
- Your breakpoint will automatically be removed
How To Clear Multiple Break Points From Your Excel VBA Code.
If you have a lot of breakpoints in your VBA code as there is no restriction on how many you can use, then it maybe a challenge to individually go through your code and remove them one by one. If you want to remove all of the breakpoints at once then you can use the debugging menu options.
- Select the Debug Menu
- Select Clear All Breakpoints
- Or use the keyboard shortcut CTRL+SHIFT+F9
So there you have it! How to add a break point or pause in your Excel VBA code. This should help you troubleshoot and fix any errors in your code. If you want more tips like this, sign up for my newsletter below and I’ll send them straight to your inbox. Thanks for reading!
If you want to see all of my blog posts in the Macro Mondays Series you can find them all in the link below. Why not bookmark it?, Yes, it is updated EVERY Monday. | <urn:uuid:b1cbb4ae-e8ee-4c32-ab4d-d1ad2648a868> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://howtoexcelatexcel.com/category/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710869.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201185801-20221201215801-00752.warc.gz | en | 0.878833 | 726 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Traces of some of the nearly 80,000 chemical substances used by U.S. industry end up in the air, in consumer products and in drinking water. Yet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has only evaluated the safety of a few hundred of them. Last year the EPA pledged to speed and streamline its evaluation process. But some scientists argue that the agency needs to do more, including update the science behind its assessment approaches and incorporate data from other agencies.
One reason the EPA's chemical risk assessments are slow is that its scientists “tend to … keep trying to improve [an assessment] without thinking how much is too much,” says Adam Finkel, executive director of the Penn Program on Regulation at the University of Pennsylvania. But “delay always costs society.” The agency could speed its process by incorporating data from other organizations, says George Gray of George Washington University, a former EPA staffer who recently co-wrote an editorial on the topic in Nature.
Incorporating personnel from other organizations may help as well. In 2011 eight professional scientific societies, including the Endocrine Society, asked the EPA to put their scientists on regulatory panels to help improve accuracy. Among other things, the EPA has been using outdated science to study the effects of low doses of hormonelike chemicals such as bisphenol A, the societies argue.
Ultimately, Gray and his co-authors say, it makes sense for the EPA to embrace uncertainty. Instead of devising a single threshold value distinguishing safe from unsafe exposure, the agency should consider providing a range of values. “We should describe the risk as well as we can—given what we have—and get it out in the hands of people who have to make decisions that can affect their nation's health,” he says. | <urn:uuid:5c71a66a-a7f1-498b-867a-2bc2d8f2d760> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fda-must-get-up-to-speed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736677221.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215757-00215-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965301 | 369 | 2.890625 | 3 |
I have heard about bullies in schools, haven't ever seen or faced them in real life though.
I would like to know what makes a kid bully, and how to prevent him from becoming a bully?
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Your first question is what causes a child to become a bully, and there are many possible causes, most of which directly relate to low self-esteem:
Bullies may be seeking to
To prevent your child becoming a bully, then, you should work to help him develop a positive sense of self. You can:
choose a non-judgmental disciplinary method that recognizes that misbehaviors are a sign the child is temporarily out of control and needs help calming herself down; discipline should address the behavior and not the child herself.
When a child misbehaves, you talk about the behavior. For example: "In our house we don't hit when we get angry, we use our words. Go to your room for a timeout to settle down." Instead of "You are a bad boy for hitting your sister. Go to your room until I tell you that you can come out." Always try to describe the behavior instead of labeling the child.
give your child opportunities to develop his talents
If you suspect your child is a sociopath, you will need professional help. For a person with no sense of right and wrong, life is a game, and games are about winning. To be productive and of no harm to others, this person must learn that he wins best when everyone around him wins as well.
The Sociopath Next Door by Martha Stout, PhD
Having been bullied in more than one school, I can provide these observations from the "victim" perspective:
To stop bullying, the above points must be defused or negated:
It's not easy being different when uniformity and/or conformity to (sometimes hidden) norms are valued. In my case, I was being bullied because I was an outsider in several ways: I was new in town, I had lived in other countries, I spoke several languages fluently (even English better than the teacher), I was bright, I was tall, I was good at most things, I enjoyed school. This was very different from the average style in my class, so I was an easy choice.
I'm not an expert at this; I do help look after my partners three kids and I have a son of my own who lives with his mother. But from my experience, and from what I have read over the years, a child usually becomes a bully if there are problems at home: not enough attention, or the child is getting bullied at home.
It is mostly a cry for help, or trying to vent some anger onto someone else.
My partner's son used to get bullied when he was 5, quite extremely, and when she went to confront the parents, she found out that the bully's dad was an alcohol and drug abuser, who really did not care.
Personally, I feel that the best prevention is someone for the child to talk to, someone they can look up to and respect. It's a real shame that in 2013, some people still would rather satisfy their own wants rather than their children.
But other people have different views; some think computer games, and that is their opinion, but I grew up on computer games and I have never had trouble.
I hope this is some kind of help.
While many of the bullies I have seen in schools have come from homes with significant parenting problems, it would surprise you the number of kids who bully (at an older age) who come from loving homes. It can be very easy for the bully-ee to become the bully in a chain-reaction kind of way.
At its root, bullying is about power and a lack of self-esteem. A kid who has a parent who is abusive or who is an alcoholic or drug user has very little control over his/her own life. There is no sense of security or constancy in their lives, and if a child is being beaten at home then he/she will have learned that that is the acceptable way to handle anger and frustration. A kid who comes to school and is bullied can become a bully as a way to regain a sense of power and as a way to make themselves feel better about themselves--even if that child comes from a loving home. Bullies feel better about themselves after an incident of bullying.
Also keep in mind that the way that girls go about bullying is very different from the way boys go about bullying. Boys will openly make fun of other boys and threaten them; girls can be very subversive and include tactics like spreading rumors, shunning other girls from their circle of friends, etc.
There doesn't seem to be a huge body of research on the matter but a recent meta-analysis looked at the effect of parenting on the risk of children to become bullying victims or turn bully themselves.
Citing from the abstract:
Negative parenting behavior [including abuse and neglect and maladaptive parenting] is related to a moderate increase of risk for becoming a bully/victim and small to moderate effects on victim status at school. Intervention programs against bullying should extend their focus beyond schools to include families and start before children enter school. | <urn:uuid:4009b3c1-2e96-437b-aff5-469dbba04836> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://parenting.stackexchange.com/questions/8037/what-makes-a-kid-turn-bully-and-how-to-prevent-him-from-turning-into-a-bully | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886178.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704135515-20200704165515-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.980977 | 1,119 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Wooden structures are lightweight, energy efficient, versatile and sustainable solutions. In Earthquake prone areas wooden structures have the advantage that the wooden framed building won’t break off easily. They are flexible, economical and more versatile compared to concrete structures. Availability of cheap wood, flexibility, and aesthetics were the major factors that induced people towards wooden structures.But the case is different for cyclone-prone coastal areas. Although the vulnerability of a structure to a cyclone is circumscribed by its siting, the possibility that a cyclone will occur, and the extent to which its edifices can be damaged by it, concrete structures are always preferred than wooden ones. Concrete buildings, although ordinarily more expensive than wood frame structures, are totally worth it in the long term.
According to the Portland Cement Association (PCA) and the Insulating Concrete Form Association (ICFA), reinforced concrete offers a huge advantage to the structures. Concrete can be reinforced by steel bars, or rebar, fiber reinforcements made from glass, polymers, plastics, or graphite, which all have their own impression on the health and dexterity of a structure’s foundation. The main advantages of reinforced concrete house frames, when compared to more traditional timber-framed homes, include energy efficiency as well as disaster-resistance and protection in the face of many natural disasters.
India is extremely defenseless to natural hazards especially cyclones, earthquakes, floods, drought, and landslides. Researches show that natural disaster losses equate to up to 2% of India’s Gross Domestic Product and up to 12% of Central government revenue. On a recent study conducted by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), its found that the 12 districts, all on the east coast, are “very highly prone” and 41 “highly prone” to cyclones in our country. Building up structures that are prone to all the occurring natural disasters can be quite painful but still, opting robust concrete edifices for shelter is the best option available for now. The wooden houses aren’t an economical option for cyclone-prone countries like India.
On the bright side, concrete structures do have plenty of solid advantages over wooden ones.
Concrete structures are able to withstand up to 250-mile-an-hour winds and wind-borne wreckage. This is one of the major reasons that attract people in hurricane and tornado prone areas towards concrete structures.
Concrete homes excel at retaining conditioned air in and intense temperatures out. Concrete’s mass decreases the passage of heat moving within the wall making them energy efficient.
The tight building enclosure of concrete houses ensures fewer hot and cold zones and limited draftiness.
Concrete is an exceptional acoustic insulator. Concrete walls filter out noise from outside to keep you comfortable inside.
Concrete houses have longer life expectancy than wooden ones. Concrete is not affected by pests, deterioration due to biotic factors which makes it reliable in case of durability.
Concrete is non-flammable. Unlike wood, It can’t catch fire by itself. Concrete does not need any further fire-protection because of its built-in resistance to fire.
Concrete houses cost more than wooden ones in countries with abundant forest and wood but in a country like India, wooden homes are more expensive com in the long term maintenance cost other utility costs are much lower for concrete homes.
Concrete houses provide healthy environments with fewer air-borne allergens, molds, and contaminants than timber frame houses.
Reinforced concrete is a much smarter and cost-efficient choice over wood when it comes to home construction. It’s durability, stability, and resiliency makes reinforced concrete a natural shield for the structure’s integrity during most of all kinds of natural disasters.
Steel Reinforcement; A much better alternative
Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is extremely similar to that of steel, excluding large internal stresses due to variances in thermal expansion or contraction. There is no other material ever found with such similarity and this is the most significant reason why steel is used as the reinforcement. The cement and steel bond perfectly without any slippage and act as a single unit in holding the applied loads.
The selection of structural steel for a building’s framing practice brings various privileges to the building. Structural steel improves construction productivity because it aids in increasing the speed of construction and minimizing construction site waste. Studies indicate that a structural steel framing system including will typically cost 5% to 7% less than concrete framing systems. The flexibility of the steel frameworks is the other factor that makes steel a winner in this aspect. Aesthetic appeal is a big determinant of resale and sale value of the property.
Structural steel sections can be bent and rolled to create non-linear segments to further intensify the aesthetic appeal of the construction. Structural steel is typically 50 ksi material meaning that the steel has a yield stress of 50,000 pounds per square inch in both compression and tension. Which makes steel the strongest option for reinforcing.
We explored the merits and demerits of timber framing lately. Choosing a better option is questionable but still when considering long term security and economic value, concrete is the better option than wooden frames.
The Right Steel Reinforcement
RCC definitely proves to be the choice for the construction in a country like India with more abundant availability of aggregates that contribute to the concrete mix, which makes them more affordable compared to wooden structures. Especially for a country like India, with a major part of the geographical area lying in Earthquake prone zones 3 and higher and with a large coastal peninsular area, the country is vulnerable to natural disasters. With RCC structures proving to be efficient in handling all unseen circumstances, choosing the right grade of TMT for reinforcement to concrete is also a must.
Since ductility of TMT bars is the major factor contributing earthquake resistance to RCC structures, grades like Fe 415 has proved to be the better choice for construct in States that are prone to unseen natural disasters, be it earthquakes, typhoons or floods. Also grade Fe 415 proves better workability with easier bendability when employing manual labour, another reason for being a favourite for contractors especially when undertaking small and medium scale projects, especially the residential projects.
Construction of structures is definitely based on the available resources and based on the geographical conditions of an area. We believe in the motto of building right, in choosing the right building materials and in engaging in the right practices and following of ethics in construction and recommend RCC construction and right grade of TMT bars for the construct.
To conclude quoting Steve Saretsky,
” Concrete is considered to be the premium when it comes to new developments as the overall maintenance over time is generally less and can better withstand the natural elements nature throws at us.” | <urn:uuid:e56e4c20-aefb-4f72-b4af-85e245fd9690> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://rightsteel.in/wood-vs-concrete-a-quick-look-through/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540551267.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213071155-20191213095155-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.931242 | 1,401 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Arboriculture: The science and art of caring for trees, shrubs and other woody plants in landscape settings.
Arborist: A person possessing the technical competence through experience and related training to provide for or supervise the management of trees or other woody plants in a landscape setting.
Biomass: The total mass, at a given time, of living organisms of one or more species per unit area (species biomass) or of all the species in the community (community biomass).
Bracing: Installation of steel rods or bolts through the stems or limbs, to reduce twisting or splitting of the wood.
Cabling: Installation of steel cables, attached to lag screws or bolts placed in tree limbs, to provide additional support or to limit movement and stress of limbs.
Cavity: An open and exposed area of wood, where the bark is missing and internal wood has been decayed and dissolved.
Compaction: The compression of soil, causing a reduction of pore space and an increase in the density of the soil. Tree roots cannot grow in compacted soil.
Conifer: Plant that bears seeds in a cone.
Core Sample: A sample of wood extracted from a trunk or branch, using an increment borer tool. The resulting core can be analyzed for characteristics of growth, structure, and decay, and for species identification.
Critical root zone: Portion of the root system that is the minimum necessary to maintain vitality or stability of the tree. Encroachment or damage to the critical root zone will put the tree at risk of failure.
Decay: Progressive deterioration of organic tissues, usually caused by fungal or bacterial organisms, resulting in loss of cell structure, strength, and function. In wood, the loss of structural strength.
Deciduous: Perennial plant that loses all its leaves at one time during the year.
Defoliation: Loss of leaves.
Dormant: Seasonal quiescent state in which the plant suspends growth. Usually occurs during winter months.
Evergreen: Plant that retains its leaves for more than one growing season.
Fertilization: The process of adding nutrients to a tree or plant; usually done by incorporating the nutrients into the soil, but sometimes by foliar application or injection directly into living tissues.
Foliage: The live leaves or needles of the tree; the plant part primarily responsible for photosynthesis.
Growth Increment: The incremental growth added as new wood each growing season over existing wood. This is seen as growth rings in cross-sections of wood.
Hardwood: Trees that lose their leaves in autumn; also refers to the wood produced by these trees. Hardwoods are the predominant type of tree in the deciduous forest.
Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants or inhibits their growth; intended for weed control.
Horticulture: Cultivation of fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.
Insecticide: A chemical that kills insects.
Integrated Pest Management: System of controlling pests and their damaging effects through mechanical, chemical, biological, cultural and regulatory techniques.
Landscape: Areas of land that are distinguished by differences in landforms, vegetation, land use, and aesthetic characteristics.
Mitigation: Action taken to alleviate potential adverse effects on wetlands and fish habitat undergoing modification. Also commonly used to mean compensation for damage done.
Mulch: Any material such as wood chips, straw, sawdust, leaves, and stone that is spread on the surface of the soil to protect the soil and plant roots from the effects of raindrops, soil crusting, freezing, and evaporation.
Natural pruning: The natural death of branches on the stem of a tree from such causes as decay, or deficiency of light or water, or snow, ice and wind breakage.
Natural target pruning: Pruning technique in which only branch tissue is removed, with the cut placed just beyond the branch collar.
Nutrients: The substances, such as mineral elements and compounds, including water and air, that a plant synthesizes into the complex compounds of tissue.
Overmature: Tree or stand that has passed the age of maturity where the rate of growth has diminished and the trees are weakened.
Pruning: Selective removal of woody plant parts of any size, using saws, pruners, clippers, or other pruning tools.
Resistograph®: A gear-driven drilling instrument which inserts a three-millimeter-diameter probe into a tree, and graphically or digitally records resistance to the probe; used to detect decay and defects.
Root System: The portion of the tree containing the root organs, including buttress roots, transport roots, and fine absorbing roots; all underground parts of the tree.
Root Zone: The area and volume of soil around the tree in which roots are normally found. May extend to three or more times the branch spread of the tree, or several times the height of the tree.
Senescence: The process of aging, decline and death.
Softwood: Cone-bearing trees with needles or scale-like leaves; also refers to the wood produced by these trees. Softwoods are the predominant tree type in coniferous forests.
Soil: A dynamic natural body composed of mineral and organic materials and living forms in which plants grow.
Species: The main category of taxonomic classification into which living organisms are subdivided, comprising a group of similar individuals having a number of correlated characteristics.
Stress: Unfavorable deviation from normal. The action on a body of any system of balanced forces whereby strain or deformation results. In arboriculture, the adverse alteration of tree health by abiotic or biotic factors.
Target: Any person or object within reach of a falling tree or part of a tree, that may be injured or damaged.
Thinning: Pruning technique in which branches are removed at their point of origin.
Tree protection zone: A designated area around trees where maximum protection and preservation efforts are implemented to minimize soil compaction, etc.
Urban forestry: Management of naturally occurring and planted trees in urban areas
Vigor: Overall health; the capacity to grow and resist physiological stress.
Visual Tree Assessment: Method of evaluating structural defects and stability in trees. | <urn:uuid:2a94ed4f-b519-43ce-bbc4-6a42157cf302> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.asca-consultants.org/industry/terms.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132025.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00321-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927165 | 1,299 | 3.796875 | 4 |
German Central Bank Admits that Credit is Created Out of Thin Air
2011 05 10
Most people think that banks lend solely from their base of deposits. Some also know that with fractional reserve banking, they can loan out many times more than they actually have in reserves.
But very few people - with the exception of those in the banking industry and financial experts - know where credit really comes from.
Germany's central bank - the Deutsche Bundesbank (German for German Federal Bank) - has admitted in writing that banks create credit out of thin air.
As the Bundesbank states in a publication entitled "Money and Monetary Policy" (pages 88-93; translation provided by Google translate, but German speaker and economic writer Festan von Geldern confirmed the basic translation)
4.4 Creation of the banks money
Money is created by "money creation". Both [central banks] and private commercial banks can create money. In the euro monetary system [money creation] arises mainly through the granting of loans, as well as the fact that central banks or commercial banks to buy assets such as gold, foreign currencies, real estate or securities. If the central bank granted a loan from a commercial bank and crediting the amount in the account of the bank at the central bank, created “central bank money.”***
Money creation by commercial banksIn other words, money is created as book-entry by purchasing assets or entering credits on the left side of the balance-sheet and corresponding deposits on the right side. In other words, credit is created out of thin air.
The commercial banks can create money itself, the so-called bank money. The money creation process through which commercial banks can be explained by the related postings: If a commercial bank to a customer a loan, they booked in its balance sheet as an asset against a loan receivable the client - for example, 100,000. At the same time, the bank writes down the customer's checking account, which is run on the liabilities of the bank's balance sheet, 100,000 euros good. This credit increases the deposits of customers on its current account - it creates deposit money, which increases the money supply.
Frontiers of money creationAs I've previously pointed out, the Federal Reserve is taking the same tack, creating conditions that guarantee that American banks will have huge excess reserves so as to prevent inflation. Back to the publication:
The above description might leave the impression that the commercial banks are able to draw an infinite amount of money in bank accounts. If this were really so, this could be inflationary. The central bank therefore takes effect on the extent of lending and money creation. It requires commercial banks to hold the reserve.
Central banks, commercial banks can typically obtain only by the fact that the central bank granted them credit. For these loans, commercial banks have to pay the central bank interest rate. Increase this rate, the central bank, the "prime rate", the commercial banks usually raise their part, the rates at which they lend themselves. There will be a general rise in interest rates. This, however, dampens the tendency of businesses and households, the demand for loans. By raising or lowering the key interest rate the central bank can thus influence the business sector demand for credit - and thus on Lending and bank money creation.Do you get it now?
The commercial banks need central bank money to cover not only for the reserve, but also to the cash needs of its customers. Each bank customer may be credit in the bank account into cash to pay off. If the stocks of the banks in cash to be in short supply, the central bank can create only remedy. Because only they are permitted to bring additional notes in circulation. To meet the cash needs of its clients, the commercial bank must therefore include, where appropriate, with the central bank for a loan. This leads to the creation of central bank money. The so-purchased assets for central bank money can pay off the commercial bank in cash let. Thus, the cash is in circulation: from the central bank to commercial banks and from these to the bank customers.
Central Bank money is also to cover the non-cash payments are required: a customer transfers money from its credit to a customer at another bank, this results in many cases led to the sending bank central bank needs to transfer money to the receiving bank. The central banks then moves from one bank to another.
The commercial banks can use the surplus of central bank money and to award additional credits to businesses and households. As previously described, arises from the award of additional credits additional demand for central bank money - which can be covered in this special situation of great uncertainty among banks by the existing excess liquidity. The abundant supply of liquidity relief, a bank that wants to provide a loan, from the traditional consideration of how much money they need after the award of credit is, how it is constituted, and at what cost. Using the so-called money creation multiplier can be estimated how large the potential for additional Credit limit is.
Private banks don't make loans because they have extra deposits lying around. The process is the exact opposite:
(1) Each private bank "creates" loans out of thin air by entering into binding loan commitments with borrowers (of course, corresponding liabilities are created on their books at the same time. But see below); then It's not just Bernanke ... the central banks and their owners - the private commercial banks - have been running the printing presses for hundreds of years.
(2) If the bank doesn't have the required level of reserves, it simply borrows them after the fact from the central bank (or from another bank);
(3) The central bank, in turn, creates the money which it lends to the private banks out of thin air.
Of course, as I pointed out Tuesday, Bernanke is pushing to eliminate all reserve requirements in the U.S. If Bernanke has his way, American banks won't even have to borrow from the Fed or other banks after the fact to have reserves. Instead, they can just enter into as many loans as they want and create endless money out of thin air (within Basel I and Basel II's capital requirements - but since governments are backstopping their giant banks by overtly and covertly throwing bailout money, guarantees and various insider opportunities at them, capital requirements are somewhat meaningless).
The system is no longer based on assets (and remember that the giant banks have repeatedly become insolvent) It is based on creating new debts, and then backfilling from there.
It is - in fact - a monopoly system. Specifically, only private banks and their wholly-owned central banks can run printing presses. Governments and people do not have access to the printing presses (with some limited exceptions, like North Dakota), and thus have to pay the monopolists to run them (in the form of interest on the loans).
See this and this.
At the very least, the system must be changed so that it is not - by definition - perched atop a mountain of debt, and the monetary base must be maintained by an authority that is accountable to the people.
Here's a translation by Scott A:
Money Creation by Banks
Money comes into existence through "money creation". Both state central banks as well as private commercial banks are able to create money. In the Euro-system, money comes into existence primarily through the origination of loans, and additionally through the acquisition of assets by central or commercial banks, such as gold, foreign currencies, real estate or securities. When the central bank extends a loan to a commercial bank and credits the amount to the [commercial] bank's account at the central bank, then "central bank money" comes into existence. Commercial banks need this in order to fulfill their fractional reserve requirements, to satisfy the demand for cash, and for their payments transactions.
Money Creation by Commercial Banks
>> Commercial banks create money through loan originations <<
Commercial banks can also create money - so-called fiat money. The process of money creation by commercial banks can be explained by the associated bookkeeping entries: When a commercial bank extends a loan to a customer, the bank makes an entry for a credit claim against the customer on the assets side of its balance sheet, for, say, 100,000 Euros. The bank simultaneously credits 100,000 Euros to the customer's checking [OR: current] account, which is entered on the liabilities side of the bank's balance sheet. This credit entry increases the deposits in the customer's account. Money comes into existence, which increases the money supply.
Fiat money created in this manner can be used by the bank to purchase goods and to pay for services. At first glance one might think that the loan customer has become richer via this creation of money. However, this is not the case, as the customer's increased balance which was created by the borrowing is offset by an obligation in an equal amount, namely the requirement to pay back the loan. In addition, the customer must continually pay interest.
The requirement to pay interest provides a strong incentive to take out a loan only in such cases where the associated resource is actually necessary. For a business, this means that what it does with the loan has to be productive, so that it's able to realize a return which at least covers the interest expense. The origination of loans and the associated creation of money lead in this way to investments, increased production, and the creation of economic value. However, this value creation is not attributable to the money creation act itself, but rather to the productive, value-creating usage of the loan, motivated by the interest.
Loan originations and fiat money creation increase the assets and liabilities of both the borrower and the commercial bank by the exact same amounts. And the bank also does not make a profit through the act of fiat money creation considered in and of itself. But the bank does earn a commission from the loan as well as from the continual interest income. This potential for profit is offset, however, by the risk that the customer might not pay back the loan. Then the bank suffers a loss. This risk provides an incentive for the bank to exercise caution when originating loans and creating fiat money. Once created, money circulates in the economy. Either it flows from account to account, when for example payments are made via transfers. Or it is withdrawn in cash from the account and then goes from hand to hand in the form of banknotes and coins. If the loan is paid off and not replaced by a new one, then the money created by it is withdrawn from circulation. In industry jargon, this is referred to as "money destruction".
Limits to Money Creation
>> The central bank can influence the volume of loan origination and money creation <<
The above description could give the impression that commercial banks have the ability to create an infinite amount of money. If that were actually the case, then it could have an inflationary effect. For this reason, the central bank exerts some control over the volume of loan origination and money creation: it requires the commercial banks to maintain fractional reserves. To illustrate this concept, the simple example from the preceding section will be continued (in reality loan originations are a bit more complicated): if the commercial bank has increased its customer deposits by 100,000 Euros by means of the loan origination, then it must also increase its fractional reserve deposits at the central bank. Since the fractional reserve rate in the Euro-system is currently 2 percent, in this case the commercial bank needs an additional 2,000 Euros in central bank money.
Commercial banks can typically create central bank money only by having a loan extended to them from the central bank. Commercial banks must pay interest to the central bank on these loans. If the central bank increases the interest rate - the "prime rate" - then the central banks in turn generally raise the interest rates on the loans which they themselves originate. This leads to an overall increase in the level of interest rates. This, however, has a tendency to dampen the demand from businesses and households for loans. By raising or lowering the prime rate, the central bank can thereby exert an influence on the economy's demand for loans - and also on loan origination and money creation.
Commercial banks need central bank money not only for their fractional reserves, but also to cover the cash needs of their customers. Every customer can have his bank account deposit paid out in cash. If banks' cash holdings become tight, then only the central bank can take remedial action - as only it is authorized to put additional banknotes into circulation: from the central bank to the commercial banks, and from them to the bank customers.
Central bank money is additionally used for the settlement of non-cash payments transactions. If a customer transfers money from his account to a customer at another bank, this often leads to a situation where the sending bank must transfer central bank money to the receiving bank. Central bank money then moves from one bank to another.
Commercial banks can use their surplus central bank money to originate additional loans to businesses and households. As described above, the origination of additional loans gives rise to an additional need for central bank money - which in this special situation of great uncertainty among banks can be covered by the excess liquidity already in existence. Overabundant provision of liquidity relieves a bank from the considerations it would otherwise normally make about HOW MUCH CENTRAL BANK MONEY IT WILL NEED *AFTER* ORIGINATING LOANS, how it should be obtained, and at what cost. With the help of the so-called money creation multiplier, it's possible to estimate how big the potential for additional loan originations is. [emphasis added]
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New UK spy chief says tech giants aid terrorism, privacy not ‘absolute right’
2014 11 21
Robert Hannigan, the new head of GCHQ
The new head of Britain’s GCHQ, the UK equivalent of the NSA in the U.S., said he believes privacy is not an absolute right and that tech giants must open themselves up to intelligence agencies.
“GCHQ is happy to be part of a mature debate on privacy in the digital age,” Hannigan said. “But privacy ...
LOL: Atheist Feminist Pornographer Used as Moral Authority in T-shirt Row
2014 11 21
Dr. Matt Taylor was thrust into the headlines this last week, largely for his lead role in successfully landing a spacecraft on a comet 300 million miles from earth that travels at a speed of 85,000 mph. In short, Taylor and his colleagues pulled off one of the most amazing achievements in contemporary science and space exploration, and in a ...
Forty Years that Unmade France
2014 11 21
Eric Zemmour is a well-known French author and television personality. Of Algerian-Jewish origin, he may seem an unlikely spokesman for French tradition, but he has emerged in recent years as a prominent scourge of ideological orthodoxy. He is unquestionably the most prominent mainstream French commentator who speaks candidly about race.
This role comes with a price. In 2011 he was ...
Richard Spencer Under Fire
2014 11 21
The Flathead Beacon has a story on the mobbing of Richard Spencer consequent to the publicity over the Budapest conference. The city council is being asked to “an ordinance barring hate-group activities in the community.” As several of the comments note, the First Amendment seems to be of no concern to these activists. The article is interesting ...
|More News » | | <urn:uuid:f72dc4f2-0617-446a-b821-e014a13094e3> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.redicecreations.com/article.php?id=15301 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400372999.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123252-00135-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960244 | 3,287 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Imagine arriving at the airport just in time to catch a plane. Everything in your behavior betrays the heightened concentration of your attention. Your mind on alert, you look for the departures sign, without letting yourself be distracted by the flow of travelers; you quickly scroll through the list to find your flight. Advertisements all around call out to you, but you do not even see them—instead, you head straight for the check-in counter. Suddenly, you turn around: in the crowd, an unexpected friend just called your first name. This message, which your brain considers a priority, takes over your attention and invades your consciousness . . . making you forget which check-in counter you were supposed to go to.
In the space of a few minutes, your brain went through most of the key states of attention: vigilance and alertness, selection and distraction, orientation and filtering. In cognitive science, “attention” refers to all the mechanisms by which the brain selects information, amplifies it, channels it, and deepens its processing. These are ancient mechanisms in evolution: whenever a dog reorients its ears or a mouse freezes up upon hearing a cracking sound, they’re making use of attention circuits that are very close to ours.
Why did attention mechanisms evolve in so many animal species? Because attention solves a very common problem: information saturation. Our brain is constantly bombarded with stimuli: the senses of sight, hearing, smell, and touch transmit millions of bits of information per second. Initially, all these messages are processed in parallel by distinct neurons—yet it would be impossible to digest them in depth: the brain’s resources would not suffice. This is why a pyramid of attention mechanisms, organized like a gigantic filter, carries out a selective triage. At each stage, our brain decides how much importance it should attribute to such and such input and allocates resources only to the information it considers most essential.Attention is essential, but it may result in a problem: if attention is misdirected, learning can get stuck.
Selecting relevant information is fundamental to learning. In the absence of attention, discovering a pattern in a pile of data is like looking for the fabled needle in a haystack. This is one of the main reasons behind the slowness of conventional artificial neural networks: they waste considerable time analyzing all possible combinations of the data provided to them, instead of sorting out the information and focusing on the relevant bits.
It was only in 2014 that two researchers, Canadian Yoshua Bengio and Korean Kyunghyun Cho, showed how to integrate attention into artificial neural networks. Their first model learned to translate sentences from one language to another. They showed that attention brought in immense benefits: their system learned better and faster because it managed to focus on the relevant words of the original sentence at each step.
Very quickly, the idea of learning to pay attention spread like wildfire in the field of artificial intelligence. Today, if artificial systems manage to successfully label a picture (“A woman throwing a Frisbee in a park”), it is because they use attention to channel the information by focusing a spotlight on each relevant part of the image. When describing the Frisbee, the network concentrates all its resources on the corresponding pixels of the image and temporarily removes all those which correspond to the person and the park—it will return to them later. Nowadays, any sophisticated artificial intelligence system no longer connects all inputs with all outputs—it knows that learning will be faster if such a plain network, where every pixel of the input has a chance to predict any word at the output, is replaced by an organized architecture where learning is broken down into two modules: one that learns to pay attention, and another that learns to name the data filtered by the first.
Attention is essential, but it may result in a problem: if attention is misdirected, learning can get stuck. If I don’t pay attention to the Frisbee, this part of the image is wiped out: processing goes on as if it did not exist. Information about it is discarded early on, and it remains confined to the earliest sensory areas. Unattended objects cause only a modest activation that induces little or no learning. This is utterly different from the extraordinary amplification that occurs in our brain whenever we pay attention to an object and become aware of it. With conscious attention, the discharges of the sensory and conceptual neurons that code for an object are massively amplified and prolonged, and their messages propagate into the prefrontal cortex, where whole populations of neurons ignite and fire for a long time, well beyond the original duration of the image.
Such a strong surge of neural firing is exactly what synapses need in order to change their strength—what neuroscientists call “long-term potentiation.” When a pupil pays conscious attention to, say, a foreign-language word that the teacher has just introduced, she allows that word to deeply propagate into her cortical circuits, all the way into the prefrontal cortex. As a result, that word has a much better chance of being remembered. Unconscious or unattended words remain largely confined to the brain’s sensory circuits, never getting a chance to reach the deeper lexical and conceptual representations that support comprehension and semantic memory.American psychologist Michael Posner distinguishes at least three major attention systems: Alerting; Orienting; and Executive Attention.
This is why every student should learn to pay attention—and also why teachers should pay more attention to attention! If students don’t attend to the right information, it is quite unlikely that they will learn anything. A teacher’s greatest talent consists of constantly channeling and capturing children’s attention in order to properly guide them.
Attention plays such a fundamental role in the selection of relevant information that it is present in many different circuits in the brain. American psychologist Michael Posner distinguishes at least three major attention systems:
1. Alerting, which indicates when to attend, and adapts our level of vigilance.
2. Orienting, which signals what to attend to, and amplifies any object of interest.
3. Executive attention, which decides how to process the attended information, selects the processes that are relevant to a given task, and controls their execution.
These systems massively modulate brain activity and can therefore facilitate learning, but also point it in the wrong direction. Let us examine them one by one.
The first attention system, perhaps the oldest in evolution, tells us when to be on the watch. It sends warning signals that mobilize the entire body when circumstances require it. When a predator approaches or when a strong emotion overwhelms us, a whole series of subcortical nuclei immediately increases the wakefulness and vigilance of the cortex. This system dictates a massive and diffuse release of neuromodulators such as serotonin, acetylcholine, and dopamine. Through long-range axons with many spread-out branches, these alerting messages reach virtually the entire cortex, greatly modulating cortical activity and learning. Some researchers speak of a “now print” signal, as if these messages directly tell the cortex to commit the current contents of neural activity into memory.
Animal experiments show that the firing of this warning system can indeed radically alter cortical maps. The American neurophysiologist Michael Merzenich conducted several experiments in which the alerting system of mice was tricked into action by electrical stimulation of their subcortical dopamine or acetylcholine circuits. The outcome was a massive shift in cortical maps. All the neurons that happened to be activated at that moment, even if they had no objective importance, were subject to intense amplification. When a sound, for instance, a high-pitched tone, was systematically associated with a flash of dopamine or acetylcholine, the mouse’s brain became heavily biased toward this stimulus. As a result, the whole auditory map was invaded by this arbitrary note. The mouse became better and better at discriminating sounds close to this sensitive note, but it partially lost the ability to represent other frequencies.
It is remarkable that such cortical plasticity, induced by tampering with the alerting system, can occur even in adult animals. Analysis of the circuits involved shows that neuromodulators such as serotonin and acetylcholine—particularly via the nicotinic receptor (sensitive to nicotine, another major player in arousal and alertness)—modulate the firing of cortical inhibitory interneurons, tipping the balance between excitation and inhibition. Remember that inhibition plays a key role in the closing of sensitive periods for synaptic plasticity. Disinhibited by the alerting signals, cortical circuits seem to recover some of their juvenile plasticity, thus reopening the sensitive period for signals that the mouse brain labels as crucial.Far from reducing our ability to concentrate, video games can actually increase it. They are a powerful stimulant of attention.
What about Homo sapiens? It is tempting to think that a similar reorganization of cortical maps occurs every time a composer or a mathematician passionately dives into their chosen field, especially when their passion starts at an early age. A Mozart or a Ramanujan is perhaps so electrified by fervor that his brain maps become literally invaded with mental models of music or math. Furthermore, this may apply not only to geniuses, but to anyone passionate in their work, from a manual worker to a rocket scientist. By allowing cortical maps to massively reshape themselves, passion breeds talent.
Even though not everyone is a Mozart, the same brain circuits of alertness and motivation are present in all people. What circumstances of daily life would mobilize these circuits? Do they activate only in response to trauma or strong emotions? Maybe not. Some research suggests that video games, especially action games that play with life and death, provide a particularly effective means of engaging our attentional mechanisms. By mobilizing our alerting and reward systems, video games massively modulate learning. The dopamine circuit, for example, fires when we play an action game. Psychologist Daphné Bavelier has shown that this translates into rapid learning. The most violent action games seem to have the most intense effects, perhaps because they most strongly mobilize the brain’s alerting circuits. Ten hours of gameplay suffice to improve visual detection, refine the rapid estimation of the number of objects on the screen, and expand the capacity to concentrate on a target without being distracted. A video game player manages to make ultra-fast decisions without compromising his or her performance.
Parents and teachers complain that today’s children, plugged into computers, tablets, consoles, and other devices, constantly zap from one activity to the next and have lost the capacity to concentrate—but this is untrue. Far from reducing our ability to concentrate, video games can actually increase it. In the future, will they help us remobilize synaptic plasticity in adults and children alike? Undoubtedly, they are a powerful stimulant of attention, which is why my laboratory has developed a whole range of educational tablet games for math and reading, based on cognitive science principles.
Video games also have their dark side: they present well-known risks of social isolation, time loss, and addiction. Fortunately, there are many other ways to unlock the effects of the alerting system while also drawing on the brain’s social sense. Teachers who captivate their students, books that draw in their readers, and films and plays that transport their audiences and immerse them in real-life experiences probably provide equally powerful alerting signals that stimulate our brain plasticity.
The second attention system in the brain determines what we should attend to. This orienting system acts as a spotlight on the outside world. From the millions of stimuli that bombard us, it selects those to which we should allocate our mental resources, because they are urgent, dangerous, appealing . . . or merely relevant to our present goals.
The founding father of American psychology, William James (1842 – 1910), in his The Principles of Psychology (1890), best defined this function of attention: “Millions of items of the outward order are present to my senses which never properly enter into my experience. Why? Because they have no interest for me. My experience is what I agree to attend to. Only those items which I notice shape my mind.”Paying attention consists of suppressing unwanted information—and in doing so, our brain runs the risk of becoming blind to what it chooses not to see.
Selective attention operates in all sensory domains, even the most abstract. For example, we can pay attention to the sounds around us: dogs move their ears, but for us humans, only an internal pointer in our brain moves and tunes in to whatever we decide to focus on. At a noisy cocktail party, we are able to select one out of ten conversations based on voice and meaning. In vision, the orienting of attention is often more obvious: we generally move our head and eyes toward whatever attracts us. By shifting our gaze, we bring the object of interest into our fovea, which is an area of very high sensitivity in the center of our retina. However, experiments show that even without moving our eyes, we can still pay attention to any place or any object, wherever it is, and amplify its features. We can even attend to one of several superimposed drawings, just like we attend to one of several simultaneous conversations. And there is nothing stopping you from paying attention to the color of a painting, the shape of a curve, the speed of a runner, the style of a writer, or the technique of a painter. Any representation in our brains can become the focus of attention.
In all these cases, the effect is the same: the orienting of attention amplifies whatever lies in its spotlight. The neurons that encode the attended information increase their firing, while the noisy chattering of other neurons is squashed. The impact is twofold: attention makes the attended neurons more sensitive to the information that we consider relevant, but, above all, it increases their influence on the rest of the brain. Downstream neural circuits echo the stimulus to which we lend our eyes, ears, or mind. Ultimately, vast expanses of cortex reorient to encode whatever information lies at the center of our attention. Attention acts as an amplifier and a selective filter.
“The art of paying attention, the great art,” says the philosopher Alain (1868–1951), “supposes the art of not paying attention, which is the royal art.” Indeed, paying attention also involves choosing what to ignore. For an object to come into the spotlight, thousands of others must remain in the shadows. To direct attention is to choose, filter, and select: this is why cognitive scientists speak of selective attention. This form of attention amplifies the signal which is selected, but it also dramatically reduces those that are deemed irrelevant. The technical term for this mechanism is “biased competition”: at any given moment, many sensory inputs compete for our brain’s resources, and attention biases this competition by strengthening the representation of the selected item while squashing the others. This is where the spotlight metaphor reaches its limits: to better light up a region of the cortex, the attentional spotlight of our brain also reduces the illumination of other regions. The mechanism relies on interfering waves of electrical activity: to suppress a brain area, the brain swamps it with slow waves in the alpha frequency band (between eight and twelve hertz), which inhibit a circuit by preventing it from developing coherent neural activity.
Paying attention, therefore, consists of suppressing the unwanted information—and in doing so, our brain runs the risk of becoming blind to what it chooses not to see. Blind, really? Really. The term is fully appropriate, because many experiments, including the famous “invisible gorilla” experiment, demonstrate that inattention can induce a complete loss of sight. In this classic experiment, you are asked to watch a short movie where basketball players, dressed in black and white, pass a ball back and forth. Your task is to count, as precisely as you can, the number of passes of the white team. A piece of cake, you think—and indeed, 30 seconds later, you triumphantly give the right answer.
But now the experimenter asks a strange question: “Did you see the gorilla?” The gorilla? What gorilla? We rewind the tape, and to your amazement, you discover that an actor in a full-body gorilla costume walked across the stage and even stopped in the middle to pound on his chest for several seconds. It seems impossible to miss. Furthermore, experiments show that, at some point, your eyes looked right at the gorilla. Yet you did not see it. The reason is simple: your attention was entirely focused on the white team and therefore actively inhibited the distracting players who were dressed in black . . . gorilla included! Busy with the counting task, your mental workspace was unable to become aware of this incongruous creature.
The invisible gorilla experiment is a landmark study in cognitive science, and one which is easily replicated: in a great variety of settings, the mere act of focusing our attention blinds us to unattended stimuli. If, for instance, I ask you to judge whether the pitch of a sound is high or low, you may become blind to another stimulus, such as a written word that appears within the next fraction of a second. Psychologists call this phenomenon the “attentional blink”: your eyes may remain open, but your mind “blinks”—for a short while, it is fully busy with its main task and utterly unable to attend to anything else, even something as simple as a single word.
In such experiments, we actually suffer from two distinct illusions. First, we fail to see the word or the gorilla, which is bad enough. (Other experiments show that inattention can lead us to miss a red light or run over a pedestrian—never use your cell phone behind the wheel!) But the second illusion is even worse: we are unaware of our own unawareness—and, therefore, we are absolutely convinced that we have seen all there is to see! Most people who try the invisible gorilla experiment cannot believe their own blindness. They think that we played a trick on them, for instance by using two different movies. Typically, their reasoning is that if there really was a gorilla in the video, they would have seen it. Unfortunately, this is false: our attention is extremely limited, and despite all our good will, when our thoughts are focused on one object, other objects—however salient, amusing, or important—can completely elude us and remain invisible to our eyes. The intrinsic limits of our awareness lead us to overestimate what we and others can perceive.
The gorilla experiment truly deserves to be known by everyone, especially parents and teachers. When we teach, we tend to forget what it means to be ignorant. We all think that what we see, everyone can see. As a result, we often have a hard time understanding why a child, despite the best of intentions, fails to see, in the most literal sense of the term, what we are trying to teach him. But the gorilla heeds a clear message: seeing requires attending. If students, for one reason or another, are distracted and fail to pay attention, they may be entirely oblivious to their teacher’s message—and what they cannot perceive, they cannot learn.
From How We Learn by Stanislas Dehaene, published by Viking, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House, LLC. Copyright © 2020 by Stanislas Dehaene. | <urn:uuid:927c526d-74fa-4e2b-98b9-e73645e64ea0> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://lithub.com/how-we-pay-attention-changes-the-very-shape-of-our-brains | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511055.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003060619-20231003090619-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.951298 | 4,049 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Stove tile with Tudor rose
England, probably Surrey or Hampshire
Earthenware, moulded and lead-glazed
Museum no. C.383-1940
Tile-clad stoves were widely used for heating in northern Europe after 1400. They were probably introduced to England by German potters, who settled south-east of London. In England, however, only the very rich installed such stoves.
The badge of the Tudor dynasty was the rose and crown. The initials ER refer either to Edward VI (1547-53) or Elizabeth I (1558-1603). | <urn:uuid:06448cd8-476a-49a3-a22c-4f6f0c162b67> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.vam.ac.uk/users/node/7205 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510268660.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011748-00120-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971995 | 126 | 2.625 | 3 |
Cecelia Hodges. Coloring Pages. August 30th , 2020.
As you can see, when it comes to coloring and animals for elementary school children there is no limit to the creative ideas out there. Try brainstorming to come up with your own animal coloring craft ideas. Ask your students for good ideas-sometimes elementary school kids are the best source of ideas for teaching methods. Try different activities and figure out which ones really excite your students. A good animal coloring activity can really improve the level of enthusiasm in a class.
Preschool teachers do the same activity by indulging the kids into such varieties of arts. It is a great trick to keep the child busy along with enhancing their creativity and imagination. The only thing to consider is that it becomes difficult to find the best printable pages which you are looking over internet. There are a variety of topics and thus it becomes not so easy to choose the best. These pages can be obtained on each and every kind of topic. There are some creative ways to find the free printable coloring pages.
Animal coloring books. Find fun animal coloring books that provide an array of different animals for the students to color. Don’t just settle for the same old animals; look for coloring books with exotic animals. This not only provides some variety, but it also provides a great learning opportunity. The children will learn a great deal about new animals and their environments. Dinosaurs are also a very popular animal among young children. Find out which animals the kids like and provide them with coloring books specific to their interests.
Do you like to color? If you haven’t done so you may wish to try your coloring techniques on a new hobby called coloring for adults. Its popularity started out as means of occupying your idle time while traveling or waiting your turn for an appointment at the doctor’s or dentist’s office. This new craze has gone beyond its use for doodling or a form of activity for relaxation, or an activity for the elderly. Hobbyists are finding this to be a fun activity and are using their finished art pieces in craft projects.
Help improves Concentration, In children, you can speed up their concentration process by giving them time-long activities to do, of which educational coloring pages is chief. When children sit for long coloring pages to print, it helps the child keep his on one thing and will certainly develop his overall concentration level as time goes on.
Well, if the coloring pages and books that Old People–those of us past the age of twenty-five–used back in the days before they invented weather and when we all knew what a telephone cord was are fading out of mind, they are being reborn on the Internet. Children’s coloring pages are all over the place online. A whole new dimension of coloring and drawing has been opened up with the advent of the Internet.
What are the most popular preschool coloring pages for kids? Utilizing colors could be an excellent way to inculcate the nature, trees, water bodies, and other environmental surroundings with ease. Kids learn faster through outdoor fun activities, by make use of nature you can introduce vibrant colors to your kids. You can also plan a visit to the nearest zoo, to make your younger ones understand the animal coloring worksheets. Earth coloring pages or worksheets or activity books could be the easy to use option for parents and preschool teachers. Food drawing worksheets, animated drawing worksheets, Alphabets drawing worksheets and many more are available online in printable coloring pages format.
Any content, trademark/s, or other material that might be found on this site that is not this site property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does LocalHost claim ownership or responsibility for such items and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner. | <urn:uuid:386e692e-0b2f-40cd-a4e8-2f75f7a7b986> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://oguchionyewu.com/byZzTc9801/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301670.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120005715-20220120035715-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.950521 | 809 | 3.03125 | 3 |
London, as a city with strong links to its river, traditionally made a lot of money through trade. Ships would follow the river from the sea into the heart of the city to deliver fruit, fabrics, tea and many other valued goods to be sold to the public. This was before the rivers width had been restricted, so it was far bigger and large ships could easily travel along it. You can still see remains of this trade around the City, in street names such as Lime Street, a remnant of what used to be sold there.
The City of London, otherwise known as the City, became a major marketplace for insurance during this time. Ships represented a big risk – the people who owned the goods being transported often had to wait months for their investment to be returned. There was a risk of sinking, pirates, spoiled produce, fires, and many others. Basically, they wanted some reassurance that even if they never received the silk or oranges or coffee they were waiting for, their venture would not have been a waste of money. That’s where insurers came in. They promised that if they were paid a ‘premium’, a one off or annual fee, they would pay the insured whatever money they had lost if the delivery was compromised. Most of those deals were made in a coffee shop that nowadays has become Lloyd’s of London (not to be confused with Lloyds TSB) the biggest insurance market in the country.
In a modern day insurance company underwriters go to the Lloyd’s building, where brokers (who represent people or companies who want to be insured) approach them and pitch their business. The underwriter then decides whether they want to insure that risk on behalf of their company and decide on a price to set the premium as by putting information into a model, which is a computer program that takes in data about a risk and produces a price for the risk. For example if it is a model for insuring a building it may ask the size of the building, its age, and if it is in an area prone to natural disasters like hurricanes. These models are built by pricing actuaries. Actuaries have to undergo a series of examinations, much like accountants, before they are fully qualified. Reserving actuaries look at data from past policies to try to predict how much each new policy will cost the company. The industry continues to make money because although some policies are very risky (likely to incur a large claim or many claims), premiums are nearly always larger than claims. Reinsurance exists to help cover extremely risky policies like satellites or the building of a skyscraper. This means one company will insure another company’s risk. This could be by paying a percentage of every claim or by paying anything above a certain value, say £500,000. In this way, if a huge claim comes in then the insured will receive all the money they are entitled to without the company going bust.
Despite its reputation for being dull, insurance is a varied and interesting area of business. Insurance companies usually offer a variety of policies, from kidnapping to satellites. Current events affect day to day work in insurance more than most other areas of finance, in that an earthquake or flood will cost the company a lot of money in claims, but will also make other people realise that they need insurance and bring in more money in premiums. This makes the whole industry self-sustaining.
Image credit: http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01759/lloyds_1759329b.jpg (Image shows the interior of the Lloyd's building) | <urn:uuid:6c64fd02-c4d5-4a37-be7b-ce94b32b3e0f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.kingsnews.org/articles/the-insurance-industry-in-london | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902038.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028221148-20201029011148-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.981532 | 740 | 2.953125 | 3 |
How to Read Food Labels with a Green Eye
Buying food can be confusing, particularly if you’re trying to make healthy and sustainable choices. Reading food labels is important because they’re often the only source of information about the content of the food you buy. Food labels aren’t perfect, but they do provide basic information about where the food comes from, what it contains, and what nutritional value it offers.
To determine whether a food product arrived on the shelf from a sustainable production process, check out the following information on the label:
Ingredients list: Understanding the ingredients and their nutrients gives you an excellent feel for the quality of your food. Heavily processed food is likely to have added salt to assist in preservation and taste and several chemicals for flavoring and coloring. Naturally prepared foods are usually low in added salt, sugar, and saturated fats.
Animals used: Some animals and fish are protected species due to their near extinction from being over-farmed or culled or from habitat destruction. From a food point of view, you’re most likely to run into threatened species of fish; you can find the latest news plus handy pocket shopping guides from Seafood Watch. The site tells you the best choices for seafood, good alternatives if you can’t find the best choices, and species to avoid.
Country of origin: Somewhere on the label should be a note that says “Product of (a country).” Technically, this tells you the country the food comes from, but the reality is that this information sometimes can be misleading. It may indicate, for example, where the product was processed and packaged rather than where the product actually came from or where it traveled to during the processing. The nuances aren’t apparent from the packaging, so you may have to check the manufacturer’s Web site to find out where it processes its products. | <urn:uuid:ec60fd11-299b-4322-b5b1-2098b414ebab> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.dummies.com/home-garden/green-living/how-to-read-food-labels-with-a-green-eye/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201882.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319012213-20190319034213-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.936633 | 389 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Georgia Genealogy Trails
"Where your Journey Begins"
G., lawyer and member of Congress, was born in Franklin
county, N. C., March 20, 1839. After the usual preparatory training he entered
the University of Virginia, but the death of his father in 1857 made it
necessary for him to leave the institution before completing his course. The
following year he came to Georgia, where he taught school until the commencement
of the war, when he enlisted in the Confederate service. He served through the
entire war, being mustered out as captain, and in 1865 was admitted to the bar.
In 1872 he was one of the presidential electors on the Democratic ticket. Later
he served three terms in the legislature; was elected to represent his district
in the lower branch of Congress in 1880, and reflected at each succeeding
election until 1894. Upon retiring from Congress he resumed the practice of law
at Quitman; was appointed one of the justices of the supreme court, but after a
short service he resigned, and died at Quitman in 1905.
family appears to have been a very old Georgia family, living here apparently
before the Revolutionary War, but originally from South Carolina. John
Allbritton, a Revolutionary soldier, of Effingham County, and George Allbritton
of Burke County and Richard Allbritton of Screven and Bulloch counties, were
Matthew Allbritton was
a native of Effingham County, and was born in 1788, a son of John Allbritton, R.
S. He grew up in Bulloch County which was created out of Effingham, and was
married about 1808 to Ann Bulloch, a daughter of James and Dinah Bulloch of
Effingham County. She was born in that county in 1792 and died in 1871 in Brooks
Matthew Allbritton had
one known brother and one known sister, viz: Thomas Allbritton, born 1776, of
Ware County (cut into Pierce County by the creation of that county 1858), and
Jane, born 1795, created he was cut off into it and became one of its first
Inferior Court justices, serving 1826-27. In 1830 he lived (according to the
1830 tax digest) on lot of land 446, 12th district of Lowndes, now Brooks
County, which he owned.
Elder Allbritton died
in the midst of a very busy ministry, and was greatly in demand as a preacher of
the Gospel. His passing brought much sadness to a wide circle of brethren
throughout this section. He was buried at Bethany Church. His grave was marked
by a brick wall about it, though no tombstone was ever put there. His widow
lived twenty-one years longer and died in 1871 and was buried on the old John W.
Allen place one mile east of Dixie. She spent her last years with Mr. and Mrs.
Allen. The children of
Elder and Mrs.
Allbritton were: 1. Abigall b. 1805, m. Cornelius English. Died at
Plant City, Fla. 2. Jesse J. b. 1810, m. Catherine Holloway. 3. James B. b.
1813, m. Mariah Lastinger. 4. George W. b. 1815, m. Jane Allen 5. William T. b.
1823, m. Adeline Griffin. 6. Matthew Henry b.
1826, m. Mary Amanda Turner. 7. Martha
Ellen b. 1832, m. (1)______Woods; (2)
John W. Allen. 8. Sophronia b. 1834, m. Willet F. N. Kirkland from
M. H. and J. J.
Allbritton were administrators of the estate.
Rev. Allbritton and
his wife were married in Bryan County and lived in Laurens County a few years,
about 1809-15, and also lived a short time in Bryan County, and are found in the
1820 Census in Bulloch County. As already indicated, they moved to Lowndes (or
Irwin at the time) about 1823-24, when only a few people lived here.
Mrs. Allbritton had a
sister Abigail who married Silas Hilliard in Bryan County, and they moved later
to Ware County where their son Thomas (1804-1866) became a very prominent
citizen and large landowner in his day, and served a number of terms in the
state senate, also filling other offices. married John Dean in Laurens County in
1812. There were apparently other brothers and sisters. John and Jane Dean moved
from Laurens to Lowndes County about 1830 and settled in present Brooks where
they lived until they died, leaving several children whose descendants live here
now. Most of the descendants of Thomas Allbritton became citizens of
Matthew Allbritton was
a well-known Baptist minister of his day. Just when and where he was ordained is
not now known but it appears to have been before he moved to this section. He
was one of the presbytery which constituted the first Baptist Church in all this
section—Union Church on the banks of the Alapaha River near the present town of
Lakeland, in October, 1825. He was then an ordained minister and was called as
the first pastor and held the pastorate until his death in January, 1850. His
wife became a charter member of Union Church by letter and was dismissed by
letter August 12, 1826 and he and his wife became charter members of Bethel
Baptist Church in Brooks County when it was formed in September, 1826. On
September 6, 1833, he transferred his membership to Union Church and continued a
member until his death. It is thought that Rev. Allbritton and his wife were
originally members of a Baptist Church in Bulloch County and that he was
ordained there. When division developed in the ranks of Baptists in the 1830s
and 1840s Rev. Allbritton cast his lot with the Primitives. He served a number
of churches all over old Lowndes County and also in Thomas County and over in
Florida. He was pastor of Columbia Church in present Brooks County, 1841-1847,
and it is probable, was its pastor for the preceding eight years, 1833-41, the
minutes for that period being lost Was also pastor of Bethel Church for some
Elder Allbritton was
one of the first settlers of this section, and lived here when it was Irwin
County. In 1825 when Lowndes was created lie was cut off into it and became one
of its first Inferior Court justices, serving 1826-27. In 1830 he lived
(according to the 1830 tax digest) on lot of land 446, 12th district of Lowndes,
now Brooks County, which he owned.
Elder Allbritton died
in the midst of a very busy ministry, and was greatly in demand as a preacher of
the Gospel. His passing brought much sadness to a wide circle of brethren
throughout this section. He was buried at Bethany Church. His grave was marked
by a brick wall about it, though no tombstone was ever put there. His widow
lived twenty-one years longer and died in 1871 and was buried on the old John W.
Alien place one mile east of Dixie. She spent her last years with Mr. and Mrs.
Allen. The children of
Elder and Mrs.
Allbritton were: 1. Abigail b. 1805, m. Cornelius English. Died at
Plant City, Fla. 2. Jesse J. b. 1810, m. Catherine Holloway. 3. James B. b.
1813, m. Marian Lastinger. 4. George W. b. 1815, m. Jane Allen 5. William T. b.
1823, m. Adeline Griffin. 6. Matthew Henry b. 1826, m.
Mary Amanda Turner. 7. Martha EUen b. 1832, m. (1)______Woods; (2) John W.
Allen. 8. Sophronia b. 1834, m. Willet F. N. Kirkland from Florida.
M. H. and J. J.
Allbritton were administrators of the estate. Rev. Allbritton and his wife were
married in Bryan County and lived in Laurens County a few years, about 1809-15,
and also lived a short time in Bryan County, and are found in the 1820 Census in
Bulloch County. As already indicated, they moved to Lowndes (or Irwin at the
time) about 1823-24, when only a few people lived here.
Mrs. Allbritton had a
sister Abigail who married Silas Hilliard in Bryan County, and they moved later
to Ware County where their son Thomas (1804-1866) became a very prominent
citizen and large landowner in his day, and served a number of terms in the
state senate, also filling other offices.
George W. Allbritton,
third son of Elder Allbritton and wife, was born in 1815 in Laurens County, and
came as a boy with his parents to present Brooks County. He married Jane Allen,
a daughter of Isaac and Easter Allen, who were among the first settlers of
Thomas County. She was born September 19, 1818, and died November 9, 1892. Her
husband enlisted in the Brooks County militia in the last year of the Civil "War
and was captured in the battles about Atlanta, and confined in Federal prison on
Hilton Head Island, S. ft, where he died January, 1865. He served in the Indian
War as a first lieutenant in the Florida Volunteers, 1836. When Brooks County
was formed Mr. Allbritton and family were cut out of Thomas County into the new
county and continued to live here afterwards.
Isaac Allen was a
brother of James Allen, first Sheriff of Irwin County, also a brother of Dennis
Alien, William Allen, and John Allen and Henry Allen, all of whom were
originally from North Carolina and came to Georgia about 1800-1810 and settled
first in Telfair County, then in Irwin, being cut off into Lowndes and Thomas
counties later. Their father was Charles Allen, a Revolutionary soldier in North
Carolina, later of South Carolina.
The children of George
W. and Jane Allbritton were:
1. Martha b. 1834f probably died in girlhood.
2. Easter b. 1838, m._Woods. Died Nov. 12, 1860.
3. Laura b. 1840, m. S.
4. Mary b. 1842, m.
(2) _Lee. Died 1932.
5. Lurania b. 1844, m. Henry
6. Isaac Allen b. 1849, m. Willie Sinclair.
7. Susan b. 1852, m.
8. Rachel b. 1854, m. Augustus B. Jones. Died 1889.
George W„ Jr. b. 1856, died Dec. 16, 1859.
I. b. 1860, m. George P. Smith. Died 1900.
Matthew J. b. 1862, died single, age 21.
Mrs. Jane Allen
Allbritton is buried in the town cemetery at Dixie in Brooks County. Her husband
was buried at Hilton Head, S. C.
Isaac A. Allbritton
Isaac Allen Allbritton was born in present Brooks County in 1849 and was
admitted to the bar in Brooks Superior Court, December 21st, 1874, after a
creditable examination. He was married in 1877 to Miss "Willie Sinclair,
daughter of Hon. B. W. Sinclair and wife of Brooks County; to them were born two
daughters, Alma and Willie. The former married Dr. E. L. Jelks of Quitman, and
her sister who was never married, lives with her and Dr. Jelks in Quitman. Mr.
Allbritton died a premature death July 21, 1881, in his thirty-second year, and
was at his death enjoying a large and growing practice of law. Mrs. Allbritton
having died the year before, their two little daughters were taken in hand by
their grandmother, Mrs. Sinclair, and reared by her. Mr. and Mrs. Isaac A.
Allbritton were buried in West End Cemetery, Quitman.
Randolph Avera was the son of David and
Elizabeth (Hood) Avera; both were born in Washington County and reared twelve
children. David was a member of the Legislature from Crawford County and later
moved to Houston County where he died in 1876. Randolph Avera and his brother
Thomas moved to Quitman and built the first brick store and set out the first
shade trees in the new town of Quitman in 1859. On July 21, 1861, Mr. Avera
married Mrs. Mary Jane (Young) McElveen who represented one of the oldest
families in South Georgia. She was born in Thomas County September 29, 1830, the
daughter of Michael Young and Mrs. Sarah Everett Young; the grand-daughter of
William and Mary Henderson Young. William Young, in 1775, was a member of the
Council of Safety at Savannah and on July 4th of that year represented the town
and district of Savannah in the first assemblage of the Provincial Congress. He
was afterwards a planter in Screven County.
Michael Young, son of William and Mary
Henderson Young and father of Mrs. Avera, was born in Screven County January 16,
1797. He married Miss Sarah Everett who was born in Bulloch County. In 1828,
Michael with his family and slaves, moved to the new county of Thomas and
settled three miles from Thomasville, subsequently developing a yery large
plantation there which he farmed profitably until his death. He was a member of
the legislature from Thomas County; as there were no railroads he had to make
the journey to Milledgeville on horseback. He died on his farm August 24, 1856.
His wife died in 1876. They reared nine children.
Mary Jane Avera first married William
Henry McElveen of Decatur County in 1850; they bought land and lived on their
farm until his death at the age of 35. She was left with three small children.
After her husband's death she bought a tract of land in 1857 in what is now
Brooks County, to be near her brother, James Everett Young. There was no Quitman
and her land was a pine forest. With her slaves she cleared the land and built a
home; first, a log house and later a colonial-style residence set far back among
fruit and shade trees. Here she and Mr. Avera lived for over fifty years and
reared four children.
Mrs. Avera was untiring in her service to
the county and to the welfare of the community. She was one of the founders of
the Ladies' Memorial Association and an active member of the Methodist
Mary Jane Young was born September 29,
1830 in Thomas County; married William Henry McElveen of Decatur County,
December 17, 1850. Their children were William Henry McElveen, Jr., Sarah
America McElveen and Susan Tallulah McElveen.
Sarah America McElveen married Dr. Daniel
Luther Ricks. Their children were: Mary Tallulah, William Luther, Clara Ethel,
Cora Lee, Lelia Viola, Josie Alberta and Hugh Brandon Ricks. Cora Lee married
Matt Armstrong Fleming and their children are William McElveen Fleming, Hugh
Armstrong Fleming, Frank Lamar Flem-ing. William McElveen Fleming married Louise
Jefferson and their child was Stacy Jefferson Fleming. Hugh Armstrong Fleming
mar-ried Nell Legwin and they have one son Hugh Armstrong Fleming, Jr. Frank
Lamar Fleming married Eva Clark. Lelia Viola Ricks married Preston Castleberry
and they have one child: Mary Mec Castleberry who married William Lawson
Bobbitt. William Luther Ricks married Estelle Benedict and their children are:
Charles Luther and William Benedict Ricks. Hugh Brandon Ricks married La Verne
Susan Tallulah McElveen married Joseph
King Hodges. Their children: Mary Effie, Mec, Tallulah, Joseph King Hodges, Jr.
Mary Effie Hodges married Joseph Walker and their children were Mary Beler,
Emma, Tallulah, Joseph. Emma Walker married William Stevens Porter and their son
is William S. Jr. Tallulah Walker married James A. Anderson and their children
are James A. Jr., and Mary Emily Anderson. Mec Hodges married Bealer Walker,
Tallulah Hodges married Tom Fox. Joseph King Hodges married Marie
William Henry McElveen died in Thomas
County, in 1857, and his widow married Randolph Avera July 21, 1861, in Brooks
County. He was born May 21, 1826, at Fort Valley, Ga. Their children: Clara
Lavinia, James Walter, John Randolph and Charles Young Avera.
James Walter Avera married Margaret
McMullen and their chil-dren : Mary Mec, Walter McMullen, Sallie Lee and James
West Avera. Mary Mec married Walter Thomas Home and they have: Walter T., Jr.,
and Margaret who married Eddy N. Ekdahl. Walter McMullen Avera married Allie
Thomas and James West Avera married Mamie Smith.
John Randolph Avera married Beulah
Whittington and their children: Kathleen, Mary Jane, Virginia McDonald, Ruth,
John Randolph Jr., Beulah Whittington, Benjamin Whittington and Dougal McDonald
Avera. Kathleen Avera married Paul C. Smith, later Ralph L. Slate; Mary Jane
married George Robert Whitfield; Virginia MacDonald Avera married Lee Howard
McFarlane; Beulah Whittington Avera married Allen Wyche Groover; Benjamin W.
Avera married Theresa Kirstead and their children are: Benj. W. Jr., and John
Randolph Avera II.
Charles Young Avera married Florrie
McMullen and their children are Daisy and Charlie Jr., and Clara Lee. Daisy
married Herman James Lambert and their children are Herman J. Jr., and Robert
Young Lambert. Charles Young Avera also married Bertice Smith and they have:
Henry Randolph, Ruth and Eloise Avera.
Herman J. Lambert mentioned above, has
served in the U. S. Army for 28 years in a professional capacity. He at present
is chief of the Dental Service at the Tripler General Hospital, Oahu, Territory
of Hawaii, where he lives with his wife and two sons. The elder son, Herman Jr.,
is a physician at the Queen Hospital in Honolulu, and the other son is attending
the University of Hawaii.
Data Compiled by J. B. Baum of
The first member of the Baum family known
in South Georgia was Jacob Baum who was born in Germany, June 8, 1825, and died
in Quitman, Ga., April 10, 1891. He and his brothers who came with him to
America about 1847, were of High German descent and were born in or near Sahern,
near Berlin. At least two of his brothers originally settled at Irwinton, Ga.,
they being Alexander Baum and Michael Baum. The latter, according to the family
tra-dition, was a younger brother and he served in the Confederate Army and was
in the battles around Atlanta. He was buried at Irwinton.
Six or seven Baum brothers departed from
Germany about 100 years ago when there was a revolution for civil and religious
liberty, and sailed for Baltimore, three of them uthnately settling in Georgia
and two of these marrying and having large families.
When he first settled in this country
Jacob Baum was an immigrant without funds and unable to speak English. He went
into the mercantile business in Quitman and gradually accumulated capital
whereby his business expanded.
Jacob Baum was wounded in the civil war
in Germany and ultimately lost his eye-sight from this wound. He was not
physically qualified for military service when the Civil War of 1861 came on and
therefore could not serve in the Confederate Army but did serve as a Confederate
nurse. He always said that he loved the country of his adoption more than his
native country, as he knew what freedom meant. He could not understand why he
had to forage at night for chickens, eggs, porkers, and other food for the
wounded soldiers quartered in this section. He often stated to his children that
his acts of stealing food for diseased and dying soldiers were the only acts of
theft he had ever committed.
He married twice, first to Miss Hester A.
R. Taylor of Thomas County, the sister of John Taylor of Boston, a Confederate
veteran. They were married May 20, 1860. She died April 27, 1865, leaving three
small children, viz: Leopold B. Baum, born November 24, 1861, died September 16,
1867; Bartola C. Baum, born October 22, 1863, died September, 1906, at Waycross;
and Hester Ann Baum, born April 27, 1865, died September, 1904, married Bart
Brooks. The latter's only child, Honora Brooks, born September 6, 1896 at
Boston, Ga., married Charles St. Clair Harby of Greenville, Fla, at Boston, on
March 25, 1919, who died November 23, 1934. There were two children of Honora
and Charles, viz: James St. Clair Harby, born September 20, 1923, who served
overseas in the late World War; and Louise Marie Harby, born August 31, 1929,
living in Boston, Ga.
During the Civil War, Jacoh Baum carried
on a mercantile business in Quitman, having bought one of the first lots in the
business section of the town when the first auction of town lots took place in
1859. He built the usual type of country store across from the Court House on
the lot where the present three-story building stands that was built by the
Rountrees. The Civil War came on, and as time went on he had many trials. With a
war on and much suffering everywhere, nursing sick soldiers, currency inflated
and later with three motherless children on his hands he did not have much
prospect for a bright future.
While thus traveling about he met the
family of John Dugger, Sr., of the Grooverville section of Brooks County, and
became acquainted with Miss Ann Pharaba Dugger, one of John Dugger's daughters.
After a brief courtship they were married September 14, 1865. The present Baum
home on West Screven Street was built in the 1860s (though of course it has been
remodelled and changed in many respects since those days) and it was to that
home with its three motherless children that he brought his bride. She took them
into her love and care, and became a good mother to them.
To Jacob and Ann Pharaba Dugger Baum were
born eight children, as follows: (1) Michael Baum, named for his uncle, born
January 5, 1867; died in Miami, Fla., June 18, 1934. (2) Jacob Alexander Baum,
born December 28, 1868, died January 8, 1895. Married January 8, 1890, Miss
Mattie B. Perry of Lowndes County. She was born September 13, 1872, died
September 18,1903. Issue Sallie (Mrs. C. M. Hunt) and Thelma (Mrs. Earl Doty).
(3) John Henry Baum, born January 21, 1871, died January 8, 1934. Never married.
(4) Ettie Baum, born October 9, 1872, married John G. Dean of Monticello, Fla.,
February 6, 1901, later resided in Panama City, Fla. Died July 6, 1944, leaving
three sons, Charlie, John G. Jr., and Martine Dean. (5) Mamie Baum, born
November 5, 1875, died January 28, 1887. (6) Tillie Baum, born December 2, 1877,
died August 29, 1878. (7) Annie Baum, born January 12, 1882; taught school
several years at Evergreen School in this county; married April 24, 1901 to Wm.
A. Taylor, a nephew of her father's first wife. Died January 21, 1920, survived
by her husband and four children, W. A. Jr., Walter, Annie Lois and Jacob Baum
Taylor. (8) Mabel Baum, born September 12, 1883, lives in Miami, Fla., address
1865 N.W. 21st Terrace. Married October 12, 1904 to Olin P. Stewart. They have
one son, Ben Stewart. Olin P. Stewart was a son of Rev. W. W. Stewart, Methodist
minister in the South Georgia Conference, so well remembered by many older
people as the Methodist pastor in Quitman for several years.
Mrs. Ann Pharaba Baum was born January
24, 1842, and died March 30, 1897. She and her husband are buried in the
Clipping from "The Waycross Headlight,"
Waycross, Ga., issue of November 18, 1885:
"Mr. Jacob Baum, an old respected
merchant of Quitman, is almost blind. "We knew him during the dark days twenty
years ago when he kept a dry goods store and carried on the manufacture of
cigars in that town. Mr. Baum is a German, honest to a fault, has a most
excellent wife, and we regret to hear of the sad affliction that has come upon
him. In his declining days he is still true to business principles and
advertises in his county paper."
Michael Baum, the oldest of the Baum
children by the second marriage of Jacob Baum, was born as stated above, January
5, 1867, and married Miss Ruth Hastings Brantley of Boston, 6a., April 20, 1898.
Their honeymoon consisted of a train ride from Boston to Quitman, where she came
to her husband's home to mother the two youngest Baum girls, Annie and Mabel,
who had been left orphans by the deaths of their parents. Mrs. Ruth Baum, like
her namesake in the Bible story, became a sister to all the Jacob Baum children
and was greatly loved by them. Her father was William R. Brantley, born February
12, 1834, died February 7, 1925, a native of North Carolina. She too lost a
bright young sister in her girlhood—Sallie Brantley (August 25, 1873-October 2,
1892), but her brother William Zachariah Brantley (October 31, 1867 - July 10,
1931) lived in Boston all of his life. Ruth was also a sister to Zach's wife,
Ruby Stone Brantley (August 5, 1867-September 23, 1935). The latter for many
years ran the Hotel Ruby of Boston, so well known to the traveling public as the
place where they had turn-tables and plenty of fried chicken! Grandmother
Brantley was formerly Martha Watson (June 28, 1832-December 3, 1912) with
relatives in Albany and in Worth County and Floral City, Fla. Zaek Brantley and
wife Ruby left two children, Martha (Mrs. W. C. Ball of Thomasville) and
Roderick Stone Brantley, very talented with paints, colors and an architect by
profession, now located in Thomasvill, Ga. Grandfather Brantley was a
Confederate veteran and was detailed to apprehend deserters toward the close of
the war, also was assigned to get salt at St. Marks, Fla., and was in the
Confederate secret service awhile. His oath of allegiance to the Union, after
the War, is recorded in the Court House at Albany.
Mrs. Ruth Brantley Baum was born July 24,
1871, and died in Greenwood, S.C, September 9, 1935, and is buried in West End
Cemetery, Quitman, in the Baum burial lot. Her husband, Michael Baum, was a
resident of Quitman until 1925 when he moved with all the family to Miami, Fla.,
with the exception of his brother, John Henry Baum, and his son J. Brantley
Baum, the latter being the only living member of the Baum family left in Brooks
County at present.
Michael Baum first started to practicing
law as the secretary for Judge W. B. Bennet of the County Court of Quitman, then
was elected Justice of the Peace, and from 1919 to 1924 was Judge of the City
Court of Quitman, and practiced law here for many years prior to his removal to
J. Brantley Baum was born June 17, 1899;
graduated from Quit-man High School in 1917; subsequently was in World "War No.
1; received his academic training at the U. S. Naval Academy 1918-1920. He then
attended the Lamar School of Law, Emory University, 1920-1923, and since his
admission to the bar has practiced law in Quitman. He was married to Miss Marian
Alene Akin, April 29, 1928. She was of an old Georgia family that moved to South
Florida when Miami was a small village. They have the following children: Martha
Patricia Baum, born March 17, 1929, Clifford Brantley Baum, born May 12, 1935,
and Marion Ruth Baum, born October 8, 1936.
Michael Earl Baum, the second child of
Michael and Ruth Baum, was born November 26, 1901, attended Quitman High School
as well as Sparks Collegiate Institute at Sparks, Ga., and took his law course
at Miami University, Miami, Fla. He married Emmalene V. Willett of Owensboro,
Ky., a daughter of a prominent Baptist min-ister of that city. They were married
August 30, 1928, and have a daughter Barbara Brantley Baum, born June 12, 1929.
Michael Earl Baum is a successful and prominent Miami attorney. He prac-ticed
law with his father in Miami until the latter ?s death.
The third child of the family was
Mildred, born November 6, 1903 and died May 23, 1905.
Christine Ann Baum, the oldest living
daughter, was born April 18, 1906, graduated from Quitman High School as well as
from Wesleyan College, Macon; taught school for a year or so in Miami, Fla. and
on July 21, 1928, was married to Joe E. Adams at Miami. They moved to Greenwood,
S. C, about 1933, where Mr. Adams is prominently connected in the hardware and
mill supply business. They have two sons, Joe Jr., born November 17, 1933 and
Brantley Michael Adams, born August 26, 1940.
The youngest child of Michael and Ruth
Baum, is Ruth, named for her mother. She was born January 20, 1909, attended
Quitman High School and Andrew College, Cuthbert, and graduated from Southern
College, Lakeland, Fla., in 1929. She then taught school in Dade County, Fla.,
and later married Tech. Sgt. Alden J. Wright, 7th Heavy Bombardment Air Force,
TJ. S. Army. After World War II she returned to Miami where she is teaching in
the public schools there.
Bartola C. Baum, son of Jacob by his
first marriage, was born October 22, 1863, and died at Waycross in September,
1906. His wife was Miss Nellie Garrison of Brooks County. They were married
January 7, 1890.
He was survived by five children: (1)
Joseph I. Baum, born August 22, 1892, in Waycross. Served in World War No. 1,
veteran of overseas service, serving in the Army of Occupation in Germany.
Married January 11, 1920, Leila V. Wells in Savannah. She was born December 12,
1901, in Savan-nah. They have one son Joseph I. Jr., born April 21, 1922, at
Sa-vannah, served as an M.P. in World War No. 2; Joseph I. Jr., mar-ried October
2, 1943, in Miami, Fla., Miss Helen H. Hosack, and they have a son John D. Baum,
born August 21, 1944, in Jacksonville, Fla.
(2) Conrad F. Baum, born in Waycross,
about 1895; has lived in Savannah, Ga, Birmingham, Ala., Miami, Panama City, and
St. Andrews, Fla. He is married and has a son Conrad Jr., who served in the U.
S. Navy in World War No. 2.
(3) Mary Ellen Baum, born about 1897, in
Waycross, married June 18, 1931, Russell F. Benatie in Jacksonville, Fla.
Address: 1451 Pinegrove Avenue, Jacksonville, Fla. For several years she lived
in Boston, Ga., with an uncle and aunt, Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Taylor, and after
Mrs. Taylor's death she lived with another uncle and aunt, Mr. and Mrs. J. G.
Deen Sr., in Panama City, Fla.
(4) Bartola Baum, born December 8, 1898,
in Waycross. He served in World War No. 1, and was in France. He is active in
the American Legion and in the Forty-and-Eight; and is a Mason. He has lived
most of his life in Savannah, where he has a successful plumbing business. He
married Miss Lucile M. Bishop October 15, 1922. They have one child, Bessie
Helen Baum, born August 4, 1923, married Irwin Paul Brown, a staff sergeant in
the U. S. Army.
(5) Percy Baum, born December 4, 1903, in
Waycross In young manhood he joined the U. S. Army and was in the service
seventeen years, receiving an Honorable Discharge account of disabilities, with
the rank of sergeant, after Pearl Harbor. He was in defense work during World
War No. 2, in shipbuilding yards at Savannah. He is active in American Legion
work also. He lives with his brother Bartola in Savannah, and is
As already stated, Jacob Alexander Baum
and wife had two children. These were:
(1) Annie Sallie Baum, born November 13,
1890. She was mar-ried to Marshall Joseph Hopps January 14, 1910. He died July
4, 1932, in Brunswick, 6a. To them was born one daughter, Evelyn Baum Hopps,
born December 1, 1910. Mrs. Annie Sallie Hopps later married Charles Marvin
Hunt, formerly of Valdosta, 6a., November 13, 1933, then lived seven years in
Savannah and six years in St. Matthews, S. C, and St. Ceorge, S. C, where Mr.
Hunt is a druggist. The daughter, Evelyn, married James Cale Leybourne May 19,
1929. He is Trust Officer and Vice-President of the American National Bank,
Miami, Fla. Residence: 6001 N.W. 30th St., Coral Cables 34, Fla. They have three
daughters: Martha Joe Leybourne, born December 5, 1930; Sylvia Owens Leybourne,
October 25, 1937; and Sallie Amanda Leybourne, born January 7, 1940.
(2) Thelma Baum, born March 25, 1895, in
Quitman. Married Lemuel Purdom March 15, 1916, in Waycross, Ga. He was born
December 27, 1891, and died June 8, 1930. She then married Earl Doty November 2,
1935. He was born in Brookfield, Mo., November 15, 1885, and was a Supervisor at
Army Air Field. By the first marriage a son, Lemuel A. Purdom, was born August
10, 1917, in Waycross; he married Dorothy May McQuaig in Jacksonville, Fla., May
19, 1939; they have two daughters, Sandra Evelyn born February 10, 1941, and
Judy Kathryn born Sept. 17, 1943, both born in Waycross. Lemuel served in World
War No. 2, overseas in Germany. Home address of Earl and Thelma Doty: 815 S.W.
66th Ave., Route 1, Miami 35, Fla.
(Written by W. T. Gaulden)
Wililam Baker Bennet was born in Liberty
County, Ga., in 1827. Graduated from Mercer University in 1848. Married Miss
Martha J. Campbell, daughter of Rev. Jesse H. Campbell in 1851. He read law
under Charles Screven Gaulden at Lumpkin, Stewart County, and was admitted to
the bar in 1850. Soon after, he located at Troupville where he practiced law
until he moved to Quitman when it was founded in 1859.
When the War Between the States came on
he enlisted as a volunteer Confederate soldier. He was later disehargd on
account of disabilities, and returning to Quitman, he resumed the practice of
law. He was elected to the legislature in 1865 and took part in the memorable
legislative sessions of 1865-67. In 1868 he was appointed Solicitor-General of
the Southern Circuit and held this office six years; in those days it was a
large circuit embracing the territory between (and including) Pulaski and Thomas
In 1880 Mr. Bennet was elected County
School Commissioner and served four years. In 1884 he was appointed Judge of the
County Court and served until it was changed into the City Court in 1904. He
continued four more years as Judge of the City Court. In both judicial positions
he served twenty-four years. During his long service on the bench he never had a
decision reversed by a higher court. He resigned January 15, 1908, due to ill
health, and his death soon followed, May 3, 1908.
Judge Bennet was possessed of a deep,
religious nature, which was reflected in his conversion at the age of 30, his
affiliation with the Troupville Baptist Church and his subsequent call to the
ministry. More than any other he was largely instrumental in the selection of a
site and the erection thereon of the first meeting-house, of the First Baptist
Church of Quitman. He remained active in its affairs and in Baptist
Associational work until his death. In 1874 he was ordained to the Baptist
ministry and the next year accepted the call of the First Baptist Church in
Thomasville as its pastor. He moved there with his family and continued in the
pastorate there three years. In 1878 he returned to Quitman and continued for a
number of years to serve churches in this county and section. In 1881-84 he was
pastor of the Baptist Church at Homerville, and it was under his leadership that
the church there built and dedicated its first house of worship.
Judge Bennet's early life was spent in
the county of his birth and he was reared amidst wealth, culture and refinement
for which Liberty County was noted. He was a man of great intellect, with a
mathematical and analytical mind. He was a successful lawyer. It was in criminal
cases whether in the defense or prosecution, that his legal abilities were best
reflected. "While Solicitor-General it was often that he secured a conviction in
every case during a term of court, with all the local bar against him. His great
powers of wit and humor, pathos as well as logic, coupled with a deep
discernment of law made him a masterful pleader at the bar. He had a passion for
humor and few could tell a tale as well as he could. He was a delightful
Judge Bennet was highly regarded
everywhere he was known. He was honest and truthful and courageous. In all the
public offices he held and in the various relations of life he was faithful to
every trust, and as a judge he administered conscientiously and impartially
exact justice to all.
Judge Bennet was married twice. After his
first wife's death he was married in 1887 to Miss Lizzie Spence of Camilla. Six
children survived by the first marriage, and four by the second.
Of Judge Bennet's six sons who lived to
reach maturity, all be-came lawyers, achieving an enviable place in their
profession and in the public esteem. Most of them held various offices of trust
and honor. Three of Judge Bennet's daughters became teachers in schools and
colleges and were outstanding in their profession. The other daughter married
and reared a family of three children.
Joseph W. Bennet, the oldest son, studied
law under his father and was admitted to the bar here in 1889; he soon after
located in Brunswick and in a short time had a lucrative law practice. In 1898
he was appointed Judge of the Superior Courts of the Brunswick Circuit, and
after serving one term, resigned and resumed the practice of law. Later,
Governor Terrell tendered him an appointment as a Justice of the Supreme Court,
but after some consideration he declined. He served many years as Division
Counsel for both the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and the Southern Railway. He
had important business connections and interests, among these as president of
The National Bank of Brunswick, also of the Brunswick Bank & Trust
Stanley S. Bennet, the next son, was a
prominent Quitman attorney and citizen. See further for sketch of his
Samuel Stevens Bennet, the next son, was
admitted to the bar at the age of 17, and was taken into partnership at Camilla
by Judge W. N. Spence, and practiced law there several years. Lated he moved to
Albany where his practice rapidly extended over a large portion of Southwest
Georgia. He served as President of the Georgia Bar Association and was a member
of the American Bar Association. During World War I he was called to Washington
and served awhile as Major in the office of the Judge Advocate-GeneraL He served
two terms from Mitchell County in the legislature, and one term from Dougherty
County. He died in November, 1945, age 71 years.
Matt. C. Bennet, the next son, began the
practice of law in Camilla also. He later became secretary to Senator Hoke Smith
in Washington after which he became connected with the office of Secretary of
State in Atlanta, where he has for many years served as head of the Securities
Commission. He is a veteran of the Spanish-American War.
Hilliard G. Bennet, the next son, after
practicing law in Alaska located in Texas where he is now so engagei He married
Mrs. Jewell Kolb of Texas.
William B. Bennet II, served in World War
I overseas, then took up the practice of law in Tifton. He was Judge of the City
Court there when he died at the early age of 31.
Misses Lee and Helen Bennet taught school
for many years in Georgia, and their sister Elizabeth taught first in Georgia,
then in Alaska and now in Washington state. Miss Hattie Bennet, the other
daughter, married Allie McDonald and to them were born three children: Allie
McDonald II, of Charleston, S.C, Mrs. Ferrell Jolly of Tifton, and D. Bennet
McDonald of Quitman. The latter is at present (1948) Chairman of the Quitman
City Commission and is active in civic affairs. He married Marie Storey and has
two daughters, Jean and Lala.
Stanley S. Bennet, a distinguished member
of a most distinguished legal family in Georgia, was born in Quitman, Navember
7, 1867, and was a son of Judge Wm. B. Bennet and wife. He attended Mercer
University from which he graduated in 1888; he then returned home and studied
law under his illustrious father. Proving himself an untiring and quick student
he soon was admitted to the bar, and the partnership of Bennet & Bennet that
immediately followed, became one of the finest and best in this
Mr. Bennet became the dean of the bar in
Southwest Georgia and was connected with the official life in Quitman since
early man-hood. He was Mayor of Quitman continuously from 1892 through 1903;
attorney for Brooks County, serving in that capacity almost continuously since
1892, a period of fifty years; served 1892-1904 as County School Superintendent,
represented Brooks County in hoth branches of the General Assembly. He was a
member of the first State Highway Board and served until 1929. He was Division
Counsel for the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad for years; was a director of the
Bank of Quitman and bank attorney up to the time of his death; served as
Worshipful Master of Sholto Masonic Lodge for four years; was a Rotarian and a
member of the Baptist Church where he led the Men's Bible Class each Sunday for
There was widespread sorrow at the
passing of Mr. Bennet, for many people, who although they did not see him often,
had so many delightful recollections of him and had felt in so many ways his
warmth and courage and the genius of his fellowship. He occupied a leading place
in the Georgia bar and no man had more firmly won esteem and admiration than had
he both for personal qualities of ability and strength and the fine ethical
stability of his legal activities. He played the game squarely and firmly in the
best interest of his client but he held severely and unswervingly to his high
concept of law and its ethics.
The memory of Stanley S. Bennet will live
for he was among those very few who "have added a little to the sweetness of the
world and a little to the light of it"
There was deep grief over the loss of
this exemplary man. Death came September 15,1942, in the lovely, spacious,
two-story home right in the shadow of the Baptist Church he had so faithfully
served, and the law-office—a quaint little white frame building in the quiet of
his trees and flower garden. Mr. Bennet gave to his town and state honor,
dignity and distinction. He was a devoted husband and father and it can also be
said he was a gentleman of the old school.
Surviving him are his widow the former
Miss Minnie Hightower whom he married in 1892, and children: Miss Louise Bennet,
dean of women at Shorter College; Stanley Spencer Bennet Jr., Quitman; Paul
Bennet, Chairman O.I'.A. Board, farmer and business man; Miss Mildred Bennet, a
teacher in the Quitman schools. —Mrs. Otis Bell.
(Note: The following sketch Is taken from
Vol. II, Savannah and South Georgia," by Harden, and to it has been added more
data as shown below, following the sketch. Mr. Bower died some years after the
sketch was written.)
A prominent farmer and merchant of Dixie,
Brooks County, Robert Edward Lee Bower takes an intelligent interest in
everything tending to promote the welfare and progress of the town and county,
being a public-spirited and useful member of his community. A son of George
Mcintosh Bower he was born July 14, 1862, in Newton County, Ga., of honored New
England ancestry, being a direct descendant in the fourth generation of the
noted sculptor, John Bower, and his wife Honora Bower nee Jacobs.
Ebenezer Bower, the subject's
grandfather, was born, bred and educated in Providence, R. I. Foreseeing the
future development of the South he came as a young man to Georgia and lived
awhile in Savannah where he met and married an heiress, Miss Margaret McConkey.
Removing with his bride to Jones County, Ga., he became an extensive and
prosperous planter and merchant, in the management of his land having plenty of
help, owning as many as 250 slaves. About 1830 he moved with his family to
Florida, becoming a pioneer of Marianna, and there erected the first brick house
built in that locality. He operated large tracts of land and leased many slaves
to vessel owners doing shipping business between Apalaehicola and Mobile. When
he came South there were no railroads in Georgia, the country being largely in
its pristine wildness ... Both Ebenezer Bower and his wife spent their last
years on their large estate in Western Florida. They reared six children, five
sons and one daughter.
George Mcintosh Troup Bower was born in
1825 in Jones County, Ga., and as a lad of five years accompanied his parents to
Florida. The facilities for obtaining an education in that state being then very
limited he was sent North and in the public schools of Providence, R.I.,
acquired his early book knowledge which was subsequently supplemented by a
course of study at Emory College in Oxford, Ga. When ready to establish himself
in business he settled in Newton County, Ga., and was there an honored and
esteemed resident until his death in 1897. He became prominent in public
affairs, holding many offices of trust and responsibility, including those of
county judge and sheriff. He was a great reader and a constant student,
remarkably well-informed on all topics, and was very frequently called upon as
an adviser and counsellor. During his life he saw wonderful changes in the face
of the country roundabout, witnessing with just pride and gratification the
growth of Georgia from a wilderness to a rich and prosperous state. . .
The maiden name of the wife of George
Mcintosh Troup Bower was Eliza Turner. She was born in Henry County, Ga., and
was brought up and educated in her native state. Her father, Rev. Allen W.
Turner, a native of South Carolina, was educated for the ministry and became a
pioneer preacher of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Georgia. He held
pastorates in different places in Georgia, and as there were then no railways
nor even good carriage roads he used to make his long trips on horseback, and
did most of his preaching in log houses. He was offered the position of bishop
in his church but declined the honor, saying he could do more real good as a
pastor. He spent his last days in Palmetto, Ga., and his wife whose maiden name
was Mary Dousing, died in 1878. Mr. and Mrs. George Mcintosh Troup Bower reared
the following children: Augustus Rudolphus, Eugenia, Mary Fletcher, Chalmers
Hendrick, Allen Ebenezer, Robert Edward Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Annie, George
and Bennie Simms Bower.
Obtaining his academical education at the
seminary in Covington, Ga., Robert E. L. Bower completed the course of study at
Oxford, at Emory. Going then to Coweta County he spent three years as clerk in a
fancy grocery store and the following two years was employed as a truck farmer
in Lake County, Fla. Lured to Orange County, Fla., Mr. Bower embarked in
mercantile pursuits in Orlando, where he conducted a grocery for a time, carying
a large stock of fancy goods. Returning to Georgia, he was for a year engaged in
business as a merchant at Quitman, Brooks County, and was afterwards employed in
farming in the Dixie district until 1901 when he resumed his former occupation
in Dixie where he is conducting an extensve and remunerative business as a
general merchant carrying a large stock of goods. Mr. Bower has been very
fortunate in his agricultural operations and is the owner of various farms,
aggregating in all 500 acres, the farms which are located in the Dixie, Dry
Lake, and Grooverville districts, being operated by tenants.
Mr. Bower married in 1889, in Orlando,
Fla., Miss Catherine Puckett, who was born in Gumming, Forsyth County, where her
father, Rev. Miles Puckett, who preached during his life in various places in
Georgia, was then located. Neither he nor his wife whose maiden name was Carrie
Scott, are now living. Mr. and Mrs. Bower have six children, viz: Kittie Lee,
Marie, R. E., Sybelle, Emory Scott and Jack. Mr. Bower is a Democrat in
politics, but has ever been too much engrossed with his private affairs to
indulge in office-holding, although he has for five years served as Chairman of
the Dixie School Board. Both he and Mrs. Bower are consistent members of the
Methodist Episcopal Church. (End of sketch).
Robert Edward Lee Bower lived in Dixie
the remainder of his life, dying at the age of 79. He was twice married. His
first wife died December 14, 1918, and on December 17, 1919, he married Miss
Katherine Beasley of Union Point. She preceded him in death about a year and
nine months, she dying June 6, 1939, and he dying February 3, 1941. There were
no children by the second marriage. She was a loving stepmother and a devoted
wife. "Miss Katherine" as everybody knew her, was a faithful member of the
The following paragraphs give data about
the Bower children:
(1) Kittie Lee Bower, eldest of the six
children, received her early education in the Dixie public school, and her
higher education at Wesleyan College, majoring in music. She married Joseph
Brewer Crane, born June 29, 1889, son of Ephriam Joseph and Zoe Elizabeth
(Wilkerson) Crane. At the time of his marriage, Joseph Brewer Crane was
postmaster at Dixie, serving from March 1912, to April, 1936, when he was
transferred to the Rural Route service served by the Dixie postoffice, which he
has served since. Their three children: Katherine Elizabeth, born April 11,
1918, graduate of Andrew College, taught school at Homerville one year; married
October 9, 1937, to Oren Edgar Tally, a successful Homerville business man and
owner of the Tally Ice and Cold Storage Company; they have one daughter, Sandra
Katherine, born January 14, 1942. Joseph Bower Crane, second child of Joseph
Brewer and Kittie Lee Crane, was born June 14, 1921, took a veterinary medical
course at Auburn Polytechnic Institute, and after his graduation located in
Valdosta, where he follows his profession; he married Miss Flora Ann Groover,
May 9, 1943, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Claude Groover of Dixie, and they have one
son, J. B. Crane II, born July 12, 1947. Frances Marie Crane, third child of
Joseph Brewer and Kittie Lee Crane, was born July 9, 1924, attended G.S.C.W. in
Valdosta; married Dr. Herbert Spencer Tally, December 8, 1943 (brother to Oren
Edgar Tally); Dr. Tally is a prominent veterinarian of Blackshear, where he and
his family live. He and his wife have one daughter, Cheryl Ann, born October 3,
(2) Lydia Marie Bower, after receiving
her high school education in Dixie, attended Wesleyan College majoring in music
and voice. She taught school in different towns in Georgia and South Carolina,
later marrying Dr. W. D. McCord of Americus, January, 1921. Possessed of a
friendly nature she was loved and admired by all who knew her. She died May 28,
1936, leaving a loving husband and a devoted stepson to mourn her
(3) R. E. Bower was born January 6, 1897,
and died in Savannah, May, 1925. He attended the Quitman High School and
attended Emory College. He then was connected with his father in the mercantile
business at Dixie for several years, when he became connected with the Georgia
Ice Company in Savannah and remained with them until his death. He married Miss
Marie Harrington of Ludowici, January, 1920, and she and one daughter Gerald
A"", survive. The widow lives in Tallahassee, Fla., and the daughter who married
Richard Cross of Boston, Mass., in September, 1944, lives in Boston, and has a
son, Richard Jr.
(4) Augusta Sybelle Bower, born March 2,
1900, received her education in Quitman High School, marrying very young to
Lewis Thomas Beverly, a returned World War I veteran, on July 19, 1919. Lewis
opened up a grocery store in his home town, Ocklocknee, 6a., but sold out a few
years later and entered the produce business and is now a produce broker in West
Palm Beach, Fla. Mr. and Mrs. Beverly have two sons: L. T. Jr., a World War II
veteran, married Miss Lorene Davis of Delray Beach, Fla., and has two
Nannette and Corine; Lewis Jr., and
family live in Savannah, where he is connected with the government training work
in college for returned veterans. The second child of Mr. and Mrs. Beverly was
Norman Emory who served in "World War II, and is now attending Mercer
University, majoring in Social Science.
(5) Emory Scott Bower, born June 26,
1902, educated in Quitman High School; attended Sparks College; married Miss
Lucile Crovatt of Thomasville, September 24, 1923. After several years in
construction work he became connected with West End Ice & Storage Company in
Quitman, which position he still holds. They have two daughters: Geraldine, born
September 2, 1924, educated in Dixie High School, graduated from G.S.C.W. in
Milledgeville with a B.S. degree; married Leon L. Blair September 24, 1945, he
is A.C.L.R.R. agent, and they have one son, Gary Wayne Blair, born March, 1947;
he owns the old R. E. L. Bower farm and operates a modern stock farm. The second
daughter of Emory S. Bower is Jackie, born August, 1932, attending Dixie High
(6) Jack Bower, born April 6, 1906,
attended Dixie High School. Married Miss Florrie Burke, daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
Rufus Burke of Hickory Head, October 8, 1926. He was with the Railway Express
Company in Orlando, Fla., until his father's death when he came back to Dixie,
subsequently entering the farming and cattle business with his brother Emory. He
and his wife have two sons: (a) Robert Burke, born August 19, 1927, served in
navy in World War II, and now attending Emory Junior College, Valdosta; (b)
Glynn, born July 12, 1934, attending Dixie High School.
Lee Whiting Branch, prominent Quitman
attorney, was born in Macon, Ga., April 18, 1871, the son of Dr. James Orson
Brand and his wife, Mrs. Caroline Hentz Branch, and grandson of Caroline Lee
Whiting-Hentz, noted Southern writer of the 1860s.
His father, Dr. J. 0. Branch, was a
distinguished Methodist minister serving in the South Georgia Conference as
pastor and Presiding Elder for many years.
L. W. Branch was in the honor group
graduating from old Emory College at Oxford, in June, 1891, and was a member of
Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He was admitted to the bar in Macon in 1893, and
there practiced law for awhile, later coming to Quitman where he pursued his
profession until his death December 17, 1937. He was married on September 27,
1899, to Miss Jamie Scotia Snow of Quitman, a daughter of Dr. J. S. N. Snow and
Mrs. Scotia Livingston Snow; Mrs. Branch's death occurred simultaneously with
her husband, bringing much sorrow to all Quitman. Surviving was one daughter,
Lalla, wife of Commander Charles Kirkpatrick of the U. S. Navy.
Early in life Mr. Branch united with the
Methodist Church and was active in the affairs of Quitman church for many years
prior to his death, serving in the various capacities of Steward, member of the
Board of Trustees, and teacher of the Men's Bible Class. He was generous towards
his church, giving liberally of his time, talent and money.
In the Spanish-American War he served in
the Third Georgia Volunteer Infantry, being stationed in Cuba and was given an
honorable discharge as First Lieutenant. He was a trustee of Emory University,
Representative from Brooks County 1904-1905, President of the Georgia Bar
Association 1925-1926. Together with Stanley S. Bennet of Quitman, he was
Division Counsel for the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad from 1908 until his death.
He was at the time of his death a member of the State Board of Education from
the Second Congressional District and also a member of the Governor's Staff,
both appointments having been made by Governor Rivers.
Mr. Branch was endowed with a fine and
discriminating mind. He was clear-headed, an indefatigable worker, a close
reasoner, resourceful, courteous and ethical. He was an excellent lawyer, and
was counsel in many important cases during his career. Always taking an active
part in the life of his community and his state, his sudden passing in the
meridian of his life was a heavy loss to his home town and county.
(Note: The above adapted from a Memorial
to Mr. Branch published in the Georgia Bar Association Proceedings for
The Branch family in Georgia traces back
to Peter Branch of High Holden, County Kent, England, who was the emigrant
ancestor to come over in 1638 when Charles I was King of England. He came in the
ship "Castle" bound for Boston, but died enroute, on ship-board, in June,
Peter Branch was born in 1601, married
Elizabeth Gillame January 13, 1623, and they had one son John, born 1628. The
wife died prior to the family emigrating to America, survived by her husband and
one son. Enroute the husband died, leaving the son John, then ten years old. The
father left a will dated June 16, 1638, which was probated and recorded in
Boston, Mass., leaving all his property to his son John, naming Thomas "Weyburn
John Branch lived eight miles from
Plymouth Rock until he was 21 where on December 6, 1652, he married Mary Sneed
of Marsh-field, Mass. He died at Marshfield May 17, 1711. Six children sur-vived
John and his wife, among whom was Peter Branch.
Peter Branch, son of John, married Hannah
Lincoln and they moved to Norwich, Conn., where he bought what is known as "the
Branch Property" from Oraneco, sachem of the Mohegan Indians. Copy of original
deed in possession of R. Branch Pollette of Hartford, Conn. Peter and Hannah had
ten children, youngest of whom was Joseph, born September 10, 1704.
Joseph, born September 10, 1704, married
Zerviah Tracy who was born September 12, 1714, at Preston, Conn. To them were
born several children among whom was Rufus, the fourth child. There were six
sons in this family.
Rufus Branch was born February 5, 1740,
on Branch Hill, Preston, Conn. He married Abigail Mason, born 1744. Both died at
Castleton, Vt., in 1835. She was a great-granddaughter of Major John Mason, the
conqueror of the Pequots and Governor of the colony for many years. Rufus Branch
was a Minute-man during the War in 1776 and as such fought at the battles of
Hubbardton and White Hall. When the signal was given that the British were
approaching Bennington (Vermont) he joined Stark's forces and fought through the
battle and helped drive the "red-coats" to Stillwater.
Rufus and Abigail had ten children, the
eighth of whom was named Waite Branch, born 1779 in Castleton, Vt., married Lucy
Hide July 13, 1800, in Orwell, Vt. Waite and Lucy had three children, viz: Waite
Jr., Franklin and Orson. Waite Branch Sr. was a Colonel in the War of 1812-14
and led his regiment at the battle of Plattsburg. The sword he then carried is
in possession of Major C. F. Branch, his grandson.
Franklin Branch, second son of Waite and
Lucy, was born 1802 in Orwell, Vt., died in Tampa, Fla., August 24, 1882. He was
a graduate of Castleton (Vermont) Medical College. He practiced his profession
in Abbeville, S. C, for many years, then went to Tampa, Fla. Married December
19, 1828, to Lavonia Nichols of Whiting, Vt. She with an infant son died October
2, 1829. Dr. Franklin Branch was married the second time, December 16, 1830, to
Miss Matilda Vashti Wilson of Abbeville, S. C, born August 11, 1809, died in
Tampa, Fla., August 29, 1857. There were six children by this marriage: Darwin
Austin, Franklin Addison, Frances Lizonia, James Orson, Helen Mary, Lucy Hyde
Branch. Dr. Branch married the third time Miss Martha A. Turnbull of Monticello,
Fla., and they had one child, Henry Lee Branch of Tampico, Fla., born November
James Orson Branch, fourth child of Dr.
Franklin Branch, was born June 20, 1838, at Tampa, Fla., and died January 24,
1904, in Moultrie, Ga., where he had gone to attend a meeting of his church. For
many years he had been one of the leading members of the South Georgia
Conference. When time for his retirement came he bought a home at Dixie, Ga.,
and spent his declining years in this cultured and pleasant community. He was
Rev. J. O. Branch was married to Miss
Caroline Lee Hentz in Marianna, Fla., January 20, 1858. She was the daughter of
Caroline Lett Whiting-Hentz, the noted Southern novelist of ante-bellum days.
They had six children viz:
1. Emma, married James S. Comer in
Savannah, Ga. Two children : Lucile and Callie.
2. Charles Hentz Branch, married Zella
Johnson. Issue: Hentz and Garnett.
3. Frank married (1) Julia Keys, issue:
Theresa and Julia; and (2) Agnes Owens, issue one child, Frank Branch Jr.
Married Jane Worthington, July 9, 1943, issue: Franklin Taylor Branch, January
4. Orson married Belle Johnson of
Cordele. Died in the prime of life. Both he and his wife are buried at
5. Caroline Lee born in Tallahassee,
Fla., January 20, 1867, married William P. Fleming at Dixie, Brooks County,
January 29, 1892. Issue: James Branch Fleming born December 6,1894, at Dixie,
married Evelyn Roebuck of Cordele, issue one son James Branch Felming Jr.;
William Gladstone Fleming, born August 6, 1897, in Johnsonville, Monroe County,
married Annie Belle Moye, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Moye, November 7, 1900,
issue one son William Gladstone Fleming Jr., born February 24, 1926. Three other
children of Mr. and Mrs. William P. Fleming died in infancy.
Bibliography: "History of Crisp County"
by W. P. Fleming, page 149; ''Branch of Abingdon", by James Branch CabeU of
Dumbarton, Va., also see "Branch History of 1638-1914 by A. E. Branch Paulson,
Joseph Brice and his wife, formely Martha
Folsom, emigrated from Pennsylvania to Duplin County, N. C, and were said to
have been natives of England. Among their children was Francis Brice, born March
17, 1804, in Duplin County, N. C, died at the family home at Tallokas, Brooks
County, Ga., January 26, 1878.
Francis Brice married Elizabeth Murphy,
daughter of James and Mary Hall Murphy of Duplin County, N.C. She was born March
7, 1805, and died at the family home at Tallokas, November 8, 1880. She and her
husband and others of the family are buried at old Bethel Primitive Baptist
Church a few miles from their old home.
Francis Brice and wife emigrated to
Georgia in the fall of 1833, making the long overland trip in a covered wagon
loaded with the few personal effects that they could afford to bring on the long
tedious trip. It is said that they saw the celebrated falling of the stars as
they were enroute; this incident occurred November 18, 1833. On arriving in
Georgia they proceeded to what was then Thomas but now Brooks County, at
Tallokas, and there he acquired land. Later the farm became a large plantation,
the owner becoming an extensive planter and an influential citizen. Since those
pioneer days the Brice family has been prominent in life and affairs of Brooks
The children of Francis and Elizabeth
1. Joseph b. 1826, N. C, never
2. William Francis b. 1830, N. C, m.
3. Mary W. b. 1833, N. C, m. Thomas R.
4. David James b. 1837, Ga., killed at
Gettysburg; never m.
5. Timothy W. b. 1838, Ga., m. Mary
6. Mitchell b. 1840, Ga., m.
(1) Keziah Walker;
7. Martha b. 1844, Ga., m. Dr. G. B.
8. Amanda b. 1850, Ga., m. H. Dobbin
Mitchell Brice, son of Francis and
Elizabeth, was born in present Brooks County, December 14, 1840, and inherited
Tallokas Planta-tion at his father's death. To these lands he added other lands
and operated a large sawmill and general store in addition to his farms. He
became interested in fine horses, many of which he bred and raised on his
plantation. These horses he entered in various horse races after they were
trained on his own race track. They were raced successfully in New Orleans,
Jacksonville, St. Louis, Atlanta, New York, and at county fairs in Thomasville,
Valdosta and other towns in South Georgia and Florida. He became a large
stockholder in some of the first banks chartered in Quitman, and served as
director; also became a member of the Board of County Commissioners and was
Chairman at the time the court house was remodelled in 1892-93. Mr. Brice died
at his home in Quitman, March 7, 1903.
The first wife of Mitchell Brice was
Keziah Walker, daughter of Isham A. Walker of Quitman, a native of Pierce
County. She was born February 4, 1855, and died January 26, 1882, survived by
her husband and one child David James Brice, born February 13, 1872; the latter
died June 24, 1894, single.
The second wife was Miss Martha Elizabeth
Edmonson, daughter of Simpson D. Edmondson. To this marriage were born two
children, viz: Mitchell who died in childhood, and Henry Turner Brice, born May
2, 1898, and who is now and has been for many years Chairman of the Brooks
County Commissioners and is the present Chairman of the State Board of
Corrections. H. T. Brice is the owner of Tallokas Plantation with its varied
interests. He is a veteran of World War I. Mrs. Martha Elizabeth Brice resides
at her home in Quitman.
Henry Turner Brice was married August 3,
1919, to Miss Sadie Tillman, daughter of Henry Young Tillman and his wife Marie
McKey Tillman, of Valdosta. To them have been born three children: (1) Mitchell
Brice, born September 23, 1920, who is a physician and served as captain in the
U. S. Army in the Pacific area; (2) Marie, born December 10, 1923, married John
Alston Bracey of Thomasville, served as Captain in the U. S. Army Air Force; (3)
Henry Turner Jr., born November 12, 1925, served as Staff Sergeant in the U. S.
Army, having seen service in Burma, India and China.
Timothy W. Brice, son of Francis and
Elizabeth, was born October 4, 1838, at Tallokas. He died at Pavo, April 11,
1910. He was married December 15, 1866, to Miss Mary Susan Fall, of Senoia,
daughter of Dr. Calvin Jones Fall and Mrs. Sarah Stroud Fall. She was born in
Henry County November 12, 1847, and died at the family home in Pavo, April 11,
1910. To them were born ten children, viz: (1) Sallie Elizabeth who married J.
D. Butler January 5, 1899. She died July 24, 1906.
(2) Lucy, born at Pavo, November 16,
1869, married November 15, 1888, J. M. Burnett of Tampa, Fla. Four children:
Brice M., Lucille (who married Fred J. Bazemore of Orlando, Fla), Symms and
(3) Jennie Evelyn, born at Pavo September
10, 1871, married January 9, 1901, Dr. Joseph Monroe Brannon. One child: Mary
Claire who was born at Pavo, December 5, 1909, married John Parnell
(4) Willie Mae, born at Pavo May 18,
1873, married at Pavo July 18, 1901, Dr. Reuben Jackson Clower, son of John
Thomas and Anne Brogdon Clower, Their children: (a) Mary Thomas Clower,
Homestead, Fla., born Morven, Ga., July 5, 1903, married at Miami, Fla., May 29,
1925, Frederick Theodore Suber, three children; (b) Emil Jackson Clower, lawyer,
born at Morven September 1, 1905, graduated 1923 Emory Academy; BJh. degree
1927, and LL.B. 1929, Emory University; president student body in 1928;
practiced law in Quitman and Rome, Ga.; appointed Assistant Attorney-General of
Georgia and served under three governors; he was in U. S. Navy during World War
II and was Lieut. Commander when mustered out: now practicing law at Rome;
married Frances Stinson of Banner Elk, N. C, June 19, 1935, one son Daniel Bowie
Clower born 1946; (c) Timothy Brice Clower, born Morven, Ga., May 21, 1909,
graduated from University of Georgia in veterinary medicine. He has held the
office of State Veterinarian several years and lives in Atlanta. He married
LaForest Robertson and has two young sons viz: Tim Brice Jr., born August 2,
1936, and Crawford Jackson Clower, born July 26, 1946 (called Jack); (d)
Margaret Clower, born Morven, Ga., April 22, 1915; graduated from University of
Georgia in Domestic Science; successful teacher.
(5) Jessie Eliza Brice, born Pavo,
January 5, 1875, died at Whigham, March 26, 1904; married, 1900, George Latham
Bunch, born at Meigs; one child George Laford Bunch, Wilmington, N. C, married
Hazel Guthrie, March, 1926.
(6) Frank Calvin Brice, born at Pavo,
November 3, 1876; married June 3, 1908, Florine Faith, born at Floyd, La.,
January 26, 1882. Children: Frank Calvin Jr., born at McLane, Miss., February 8,
1912, Mary Faith Brice born Epley, Miss., August 30, 1913; and Charles Brice,
born Epley, Miss., May 25, 1915.
(7) John Thomas Brice, Taft, Calif.; born
at Pavo, August 30, 1882; married December 28, 1912, to Malta Matthews in
Oklahoma. Children: John Thomas Jr., James and Mary Evelyn.
(8) James Samuel Brice, born Pavo,
October 16, 1889, educated at Georgia Tech, Atlanta, and Mississippi A&M,
Starkville, Miss. Married March 25, 1913 at Clay Center, Kans., Miss Amy
Peterson, born Osceola, Neb., August 25, 1895. Their children: Corine Brice,
born Morenci, Ariz., January 2, 1914; Donald, born Morenci, Ariz., August 2,
1917; Roger Brice, born Clay Center, Kans., December 15, 1919.
(9) Milton Fall Brice, born July 28,
1884, at Pavo. Died at Morven, Ga., November 1, 1943, at the home of his sister,
Mrs. R. J. Clower; single.
(10) Mary Louette Brice, Tampa, Fla.,
born at Pavo, October 27, 1890; married June 8, 1926, Benjamin J. Spear, born at
Tazewell, Ga., December 24, 1888, son of J. W. and Alice Spear.
Martha Brice, daughter of Francis and
Elizabeth, was born at old Tallokas, in 1844, and was married to Dr. Green B.
Williams November 6, 1870. She resided at Quitman until her death. The children
of Dr. and Mrs. Williams:
(1) Mitchell Williams, married Alma
Booker, and their chil-dren were Clarence and Irma. Clarence married Ernestine
Baker and has three children. Irma married Morris Crane and lives at Dixie, and
has four children.
(2) A. B. ("Ade") Williams, married
Luella Griffin, and lives in Orlando, Fla. Children: Clyde, Frank, Blenus and
(3) Wilburn W. Williams, married first,
Lollie Rogers and had one son Joe who married Hattie Landers. Joe and his wife
and one child live in Atlanta. W. W. Williams' present wife is Miss Ida Fluker
from Greene County.
(4) Arthur E. Williams who married Nellie
Pidcock of Moultrie. She died in Quitman May 21, 1947. A. E. Williams and wife
had three daughters: Miss Martha Williams of Quitman, Mrs. Frances (Aubrey)
Smith of MonticeUo, Fla., Mrs. Nellie (M. L.) Willis of Bainbridge.
(5) Luther Williams who married Lena Goff
of Tifton. They have three sons and two daughters and live in Tifton.
(6) Frank Brice Williams married-and they
have several children.
(7) Joseph Brice Williams, died
(8) Claude Williams married Lucy Morse of
Tallokas. They live in Tampa, Fla.
William Francis Brice, born 1830 in North
Carolina, married Phoebe Alderman, born 1834, daughter of George and Nancy
(Carlton) Alderman and granddaughter of Daniel Alderman of Duplin County, N. C.
Their children: Timothy, Presley, Marcus, Eliza, Charles, Robert and Betty, the
latter married John Beaty of Pavo. Mary Brice, born 1833 in North Carolina,
married Thomas R. Hester. To them were born seven children:
(1) Cullen B. Hester married Julia
Simmons of Tampa. Their children: Mamie, Cora and Bertha.
(2) Theo married Pauline Greene from
North Carolina. No issue.
(3) Lilla married James Burgess of Pavo.
Children: Grady and West.
(4) J. M., married America Murphy of
Moultrie, Ga. Children: Stella who married Walter Waters of Pavo; Bessie married
Lloyd McWilliams, of Tampa Fla.; Mattie, Bertha and Effie, who married Dewey
Worth of Perry, Fla.
J. M. Hester's second wife was Bessie
Harper. To them were born James who married Ruby Odum and their children are
Mildred Shirley, James Edward, Paul and Myra Lee Hester; John, Myra Lee and
(5) Francis Bartow Hester married Miss
Molsie Lee Odum, born at Newton, Georgia, October, 1891, daughter of Rev. J. M.
Odum. They had seven children as follows:
a. Ethel Pearl m. John Weyman Coley of Dodge Co. July 20, 1913.
1. John W. Coley Jr., b. June 26, 1914,
at SmithviUe, Ga., m. first Devara Lane of St. Augustine, Fla., Nov. 12, 1938,
and to them was born John Richard Coley, Aug. 26, 1941; married secondly, Louise
Gatt at Greenville, Tenn., Apr. 1, 1944, and they have a daughter, Carla Jean,
Mar. 12, 1945.
2. Horace William Coley, b. Dec. 26,
1916, at Jacksonville, Fla., m. Dora Knipp, Sept. 27, 1947.
b. Verna, m. Robert
Steele of Baltimore, Md.
1. Robert, Jr., born Feb. 14,
Willie Jackson, m. Allene WUliams of Pulaski County. They have four daughters:
Jacqueline Grace, Molsie Frances, Ha Juanita, Ernestine Anne.
d. Francis married
EsteUe Giles of Tennessee, in 1929.
e. Bobbie Mae, m.
Wilbur James, of JacksonviUe, Fla., Mar. 22, 1947.
f. Tiny Jewell, m.
Burton Barringer of St. Augustine, Fla., Feb. 14, 1931. One son: Robert, b.
Sept. 9, 1935.
g. Ernest Bartow, m.
Alma Morgan at Asheville, N. C. Dec. 27, 1934.
1. Barbara, b. April 12, 1938.
2. Anne, b. Oct. 26, 1939.
The second marriage of Francis Bartow
Hester was in March, 1917, to Miss Ola Fitzgerald of Pulaski County, Ga. ( 6)
Mattie Hester married John Suber of Coolidge, Ga. To them were born: Bertha who
married Garnett Dekle of Coolidge, Lula who married Charlie Carter of Coolidge;
Lottie married D. M. Baker of Coolidge; J. D. married first to a Murphy, and
secondly, a Chastain.
(7) Ida Dove, married Luther Adams of
Madison County, Ga. They have three children: Hyman, Grady and Mary.
The Clowers of Morven have been prominent
citizens of Brooks County since 1887. They trace their lineage back to Daniel
Clower who was born in Germany July 17, 1762. He came to America as a youth and
fought with the Colonists in their struggle for independ-ence. Daniel married
and had a son Daniel P. Clower born May 13, 1805, and died about 1840 in
Gwinnett County, Ga. He married Parthene Brandon, daughter of William Brandon.
Daniel P. Clower and his wife both died in the prime of life, leaving four
children, John Thomas, William P., Mary Elizabeth and Nancy J. These were
brought up by an uncle, Joseph Brandon.
Dr. John Thomas Clower, the eldest of the
four children of Daniel P. and Parthene, was born in Gwinnett County, Ga., May
13, 1830. He obtained such education as was available at that time and later
entered the Atlanta Medical College from which he graduated just as the War
Between the States was declared. He immediately enlisted and was made 2nd
Lieutenant of his company which was attached to Major Leyden's Battalion in the
9th Georgia Regiment, which became a part of the Western Army. Later Dr. Clower
was appointed Regimental Surgeon and was with the army in its many campaigns and
battles until the last of the conflict in 1865.
When Dr. Clower returned to Georgia he
went back to Gwinnett County and engaged in the practice of his profession until
1870 when he moved to Ray's Mill, Berrien County, where he practiced medicine
the next seventeen years, moving from there to Morven district, Brooks County,
1887. On moving here he bought a farm and carried on farming in connection with
his professional work and became noted as an agriculturist and as a physician of
skill and ability, until his death March 12, 1893.
Dr. Clower married Delusky Ann Brogdon in
1869. She was born March 7, 1849, in Gwinnett County, daughter of Hope J. and
Emily Brogdon. To them were born three sons, John P. Clower, Reuben Jackson
Clower and W. L. Pierce Clower, all born in Berrien County.
John P. Clower was twice married. First
wife was Frances Louise Edmondson, daughter of S. D. Edmondson of Brooks County.
She died in early womanhood, leaving two children, Bamma and Warren Candler
Clower. The second wife was Miss Mamie Pruitt, and to them were born three
children viz: Young, Lovie and Elizabeth. John P. Clower died in Moultrie, May
W. L. Pierce Clower, born 1880, lived at
the old homestead with his aged mother until her death, and now lives in
Reuben Jackson Clower
When Dr. R. J. Clower died at Morven,
January 10, 1942, Brooks County lost one of its leading citizens and finest
characters. His passing at the age of sixty-eight left many with a sense of
personal loss, thankful that they had known this beloved physician. He gave the
last full measure of his failing strength in devoted efforts to relieve
Dr. Clower, affectionately known as "Dr.
Jack," was born October 11, 1873, at Ray's Mill, now Ray City, in Berrien
County, son of Dr. John T. and Deluscia Ann Clower. He followed his father in
his professional footsteps, taking over his extensive practice at his death, and
his father having in turn taken over the extensive practice of Dr. R. M. Hitch
at his death. Both, father and son, received their medical education at the old
Atlanta Medical College, now a branch of Emory University.
Surviving Dr. Clower is his widow who was
Willie Mae Brice, daughter of Timothy Brice, of the pioneer Brice family of this
county; also two sons, E. J. ("Sandy") Clower, and Dr. Tim Brice Clower. The
former, "Sandy" Clower, studied law, was admitted to the bar, served as
Assistant Attorney-General of Georgia and is now Solicitor-General of his
circuit (Rome). Dr. T. B. Clower of Atlanta, is State Veterinarian. Also
surviving Dr. R. J. Clower are two daughters, Mrs. Mary Suber of Homestead,
Fla., and Miss Margaret Clower, formerly a teacher in the LaGrange schools but
now in government employ at Spartanburg, S. C.
Dr. "Jack" Clower was one of the last
old-time country doctors who have played such a remarkable part in Georgia life
in their day. He had practiced medicine at Morven forty-six years and had
patients in all parts of this section. In the course of his practice he had
delivered more than 5000 babies, which is one indication of the great extent of
his service in the county.
His was a well-rounded life, active in
church, fraternal and all civic affairs. He served for many years as
Superintendent of the Methodist Sunday school at Morven; was Chairman of the
Board of Stewards of that church; was a member and Chairman of the County Board
of Education for some years, and had served as Mayor of Morven. He was active in
the Masonic fraternity and the Morven lodge conducted the Masonic funeral rites
at the grave. For some time before the funeral a procession of people passed the
casket, people in all walks of life who had been his close friends, and who had
been his patients. In the throng were a great many colored people whom the
Doctor had waited on and treated and befriended. To a great many of these people
he was the greatest, most dependable friend.
(This account of Dr. Clower condensed
from a sketch of his life appearing In "History of Savannah and South Georgia",
and from a news item in "The Quitman Free-Press."
Hon. David R. Creech was one of the
earliest and best known Quitman citizens and had a large part in the early
building up of Quitman and Brooks County. The following news item from the files
of the Quitman Free Press, issue of Saturday, August 14, 1897, tells not only of
his passing but also of his life and character:
"Judge D. R. Creech, one of Quitman's
oldest merchants and best known citizens, died at his home on Court Street
Monday morning at 10 o'clock after an illness that confined him to his bed for
four days. He had been a sufferer from Bright's disease of the kidneys for a
year or more, and for the past few months he realized that the end was fast
approaching. The funeral was preached at the home by Father Schleake of the
Catholic Church of Columbus, Tuesday at 11 o'clock, A.M. after which the remains
were interred in their last resting place in the new cemetery.
*'David Robinson Creech was born in
Laurens County, Ga., on the 4th day of November, 1830, where his boyhood was
spent, moving with his parents to Thomas County in 1849 in his 19th year of age.
In 1851 he moved to Lowndes County, accepting a position in his uncle's store at
Clyattville; here he remained until 1857 when he moved to Troupville and entered
the mercantile business for himself.
"When this county was cut off from
Lowndes and Thomas in 1859 and Troupville was broken up, part going to Valdosta
and part coming to Quitman, he cast his lot with the latter and opened up the
first business house that was started here. It was in the building now occupied
by Jim Buckner and known as the Witt shop. He afterwards built the brick store
in which he did business until his death.
"Judge Creech was a man of strong
intellect, a forceful reasoner and a natural leader of men, and his life has
been one that leaves its impress on the memory of man. He never took a position
until he had reason on his side and then his stand was firm. His title of Judge
was acquired by his having been Justice of the Inferior Court of this county,
which was the only public office he ever held or would hold. In politics he was
a strong believer in Democracy and a life-long defender of its principles. He
was for a number of years Chairman of the Democratic Executive Committee and one
of the strongest leaders in the county.
"In business and his dealings with his
fellow-man we can unhesitatingly say of him that which we conceive to be the
greatest encomium that can be applied to the life of man; in all things he was
strictly honest, doing unto his fellow man as he would have them do unto him . .
. . "
Judge and Mrs. Creech had only one son,
Lewis Thomas Creech, born October 26, 1861, in Quitman; married September 14,
1893, to Mary Araminta Young. Died July 16, 1940. To them were born the
following children: Roberson Young Creech, November 10, 1894; Lewis Thomas
Creech Jr., October 27, 1896; Mary Emily Creech, February 2, 1899; Lavinia
Araminta Creech, July 9, 1901; Silas Morton Creech, March 14, 1904; William
Briggs Creech, July 8, 1907; Frances Rachel Creech, June 28, 1910; Sara Lee
Johnson Creech, May 2, 1916.
Roberson Young Creech married Ida L.
Stump of Valdosta, July 17,1917, and now lives in Belle Glade, Fla. Three
children: R. Y. Jr., Marcelyn Wingfield Creech and Barnes G. Creech.
Lewis Thomas Creech Jr., married Maude L.
Booker, February 11, 1917. He died May 9, 1938. Two children: L. T. Creech III,
October 30, 1919, and Ivy Lavinia Creech, May 2, 1918.
Mary Emily Creech married July 26, 1920
to George Burnett Moore, and they live in Sparta, Ga. Children: George B. Jr.,
born October 18, 1923, and Mary Lucy Moore, born October 4, 1929. Lavinia
Araminta Creech married George Edward Durham of Alexandria, La. They now reside
in Jacksonville, Fla. No issue.
Silas Morton Creech married September 15,
1934 to Elizabeth Ann Marston of Baltimore, Md., and they now live in Bethesda,
Md. Three children: Imogene Creech, S. M. Creech Jr., and Jay Gardner
William Briggs Creech married November 2,
1930, to Miss Hannah Mary Ashe of Columbia, S. C, and they reside in Atlanta.
One son, Wm. B. Creech Jr.
Frances Rachel Creech married November
24, 1939 to Laurence Winton Boon of Wilmington, N. C. They have one child, L. W.
Sarah Lee Johnson Creech and her mother
now live in Belle Glade, Fla., where she has built a home and is established in
Mrs. Grace Gillam Davidson, the daughter
of William Andrew Gillam and Marie Wilson Trout, was born April 7, 1873, near
Kingston, Ga. It is an interesting sidelight that the wedding ceremony of the
mother and father was performed in Atlanta by Rev. Arminius Wright, the father
of Prof. Homer Wright who later served as head of the Quitman Public
Mrs. Davidson finished the course of
study at the Kingston public school and later graduated from Martin Institute at
Jefferson, Ga. Later she taught school in a number of places including Buford
In September, 1893, she married at
Kingston, Ga., John Lee Davidson and shortly thereafter the young couple moved
to South Georgia where Mr. Davidson became connected with the lumber
manufacturing interests of the Oglesby family. The sawmill was located at a
place known as Heartpine, some three miles south of the village of Adel (in
present Cook County) and was served by what was then known as the Georgia,
Southern & Florida Railroad.
The family moved to Quitman in 1901,
followed about two years later by the sawmill which continued in operation for
some twenty years thereafter.
Mrs. Davidson was interested in matters
pertaining to local com-munity history and family history for a great many
years. She was one of the charter members of the Hannah Clarke Chapter of the
Daughters of the American Revolution which was organized by Mrs. L. C. Chapman
in April of 1908. Mrs. Davidson served as chapter regent from time to time and
later was elected as honorary regent for life in recognition of her outstanding
She began her genealogical research more
or less as a hobby but it became so interesting to her that she developed it
into practically a nation-wide business. In carrying on this work she perhaps
had the largest volume of correspondence of any woman in this section. This
correspondence was not confined to Georgia, but extended over the South and the
nation. She also had a number of clients in Europe and even in China. For
several years after her death, letters on genealogical matters were still being
received from many people who did not know of her death.
Mrs. Davidson served as D.A.R. State
Historian from 1926 to 1928 and as State Chairman of Genealogical Research from
1928 to 1932. She compiled and indexed seven volumes of county records during
this period. Her historical collection of Georgia Society of D.A.R. records of
Richmond County, Elbert County and of "Wilkes County constitute valuable
reference works in many public and private libraries. Her books are considered
particularly valuable by librarians and professional genealogists, because the
subject matter is so well indexed.
Each summer for a number of years she
toured various counties throughout the state which were rich in historical lore,
and spent many hours copying in longhand old marriage records, birth records,
records of deeds, wills and other public records which might shed some light on
local history or on history of the families who settled and lived in the
respective communities. When she was asked by the local chapter of the D.A.R. to
undertake writing a history of Brooks County Mrs. Davidson agreed to do so
despite the handicap of deafness. Unfortunately, her eyesight began to fail in
1937 along with her general health, and it was a source of deepest
disappointment to her that she was unable to proceed further with the work of
compiling this History. It was no less grieving to her to give up her beloved
genealogical work. With her husband's assistance in writing down notes and in
doing her typing and writing her letters she tried to carry on after her
eyesight began to fail, but when health too, failed, she at last had to lay down
life's work and like many others before her who were engaged in some great work,
had to leave it uncompleted and let somebody else take up when she had left
Mrs. Davidson passed away November 3,
1940, survived by her husband and two children. Mr. Davidson has since departed
this life. The two children were born while the family was living at Heartpine
but were actually born at Mrs. Davidson's old home, Kingston. Miss Marie
Davidson, the daughter, graduated from Brenau College and later married John
Kimble and has a son James C. Kimble who served in "World War II, in the North
African and Italian campaigns: she is now Secretary of the Brooks County Board
of Health. John L. Davidson Jr., the son, graduated from the Georgia School of
Technology in Mechanical Engineering, and served in World War I, and is now
Vice-President of the Valve Pilot Corpora-tion, New York City. He lives in a
suburb, Scarsdale, N. Y.
Among Mrs. Davidson's friends and the
surviving members of the family there remains a dominant impression of her
concept of history so aptly expressed by the ancient Roman scholar, Cicero, "To
be ignorant of what happened before you were born is to be ever a child. For
what is man's lifetime unless the memory of past events is woven with those of
(The foregoing is inserted to the memory
of Mrs. Davidson by the Committee in charge, and is complimentary to her family
out of a sense of appre-ciation of her faithful labors.)
By Mrs. Donald M. Davis Dr. Jesse
Thomas Davis was born in 1824 in Georgia, and was one of the first citizens to
locate in the new town of Quitman when it was laid out. He was a young
physician, and in the small-pox epidemic in 1860 he was appointed by the
Inferior Court as Chairman of the Citizens' Committee to combat the spread of
the dread disease. He became the first Justice of Peace in the newly-formed
Quitman District and served 1859-1871. In October, 1866, he was appointed local
agent for the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad at Quitman, and continued in this
capacity until January 1, 1892, when he had to resign on account of his health
which had been steadily declining. On the 27th of the same month he died. The
railroad company never had a more popular or efficient representative. Dr. Davis
and his wife also operated "The Railroad House" adjoining the depot, for several
years; it was a very popular place with the travelling public and railroad men.
Dr. Davis was a town councilman 1873-74 and was Mayor of Quitman in
Dr. Davis was twice married. By the first
marriage there was a daughter, Miss Lalah Davis. The second marriage was on
March 10, 1869, to Miss Lucy L. Russell, daughter of James Russell of Quitman
and Thomasville. By this marriage there were four sons born: James Russell,
Fred, Thomas and Dudley, all of whom are now deceased. Fred and Dudley never
married. Tom is survived by his wife, the former Mary Lee Felder of Elmyra, N.
Y., and their children, Thomas and Caroline.
Dr. Davis was a devoted parent and
husband and, with his wife, took a lively interest and pleasure in the rearing
and recreation of their children. Their home on South Lee Street was the scene
of many happy hours for the boys as well as for the children of the neighbors
and often for the children of the town at large.
James Russell Davis, son of Dr. Jesse T.
Davis, was born in Quitman, August 29, 1871, and died here April 1st, 1925. He
was educated in the old Quitman Academy and at Mercer University. On the death
of his father he was appointed railroad agent here and was later transferred to
Naylor. In August, 1893, he was appointed Assistant Cashier of the Merchants
& Farmers Bank, and in February, 1896, was promoted to cashier, which
position he held until the bank was succeeded by The Citizens Bank, holding this
position several years. He later became vice-president of the First National
Bank in Quitman.
Mr. Davis was a member of the city
council 1903-1914 and was Mayor for eight years, 1914-1922. He was the third
president of the Quitman Rotary Club, and was Superintendent of the Baptist
Sunday school for years. A more genial and sociable man Quitman never had, and
his death was mourned by countless friends and citizens.
Mr. Davis married his one and only
sweetheart, the lovely Con-stance McCall, on June 14,1892. She was born in
Quitman, November 30, 1872, a daughter of Dr. and Mrs. James H. McCall; and died
April 30, 1943. Of their four children, three survive: Donald McCall Davis of
Quitman, Mrs. E. H. Graves of Eufaula, Ala., and James Russell Davis Jr., of
Jacksonville, Fla. The fourth child was Tillie Mae, born June 25, 1893, died
December 16, 1945, married Septem-ber, 1916, to Joseph W. Pate of Monticello,
Fla. Mr. and Mrs. Pate had two daughters: Emmala Pate, born November, 1927, and
Josephine, married Feb. 14, 1945, John Anderson.
Lillian Russell Davis, born May 30, 1897,
married December 1, 1922, to Eugene H. Graves. Two children: E. H. Jr., born
September 3, 1924, and Constance, born June 23, 1926, married Ralph Garrison of
Eufaula, Ala., September 18, 1946.
James Russell Davis Jr., was born August
9, 1905, and was married July 19, 1941, to Miss Mildred Lockerman of Montezuma,
Donald McCall Davis was born in Quitman,
October 8, 1895, and attended Quitman public schools, later G.M.A., from which
he graduated in 1911. He then attended Auburn where he was a member of Phi Delta
Theta fraternity. He served in World War I in the Aviation Cadet Corps for about
18 months. He entered the automobile business here as Ford dealer, in 1916 and
was in this business until 1941. He is now in the insurance and gasoline
business. He is active in the social, civic and religious life of Quitman. He is
very active in the First Baptist Church in which he has served a number of years
as Sunday school teacher and deacon, and is now Superintendent of the Sunday
school. He is one of the only two active charter members of the Quitman Rotary
Club in which he is much interested and of which he has served as President. He
was married October 20, 1926, to Miss Sarah Maddux of Culloden, Ga., and they
have two children, Evelyn Towns Davis, born August 26, 1928, and Donald McCall
Davis, Jr., born May 19, 1931.
The Denmarks of Brooks County are
descended from William Denmark, a Revolutionary soldier, who lived in Hyde
County, N. C, until his removal to Screven County, Ga., sometime during the
1770s. Record is found of his residence and plantation known as "Denmark's
Point" on one of the numerous coastal bays in Hyde County. After living in
Screven County a short while he moved to Effingham County, where his stock-mark
is found of record, registered December 19, 1791. In his last years, he moved to
Warren County, Ga., where he died at the age of 102 years.
William Denmark was married twice, to
Misses Moye, sisters. The first wife, Mourning, died in North Carolina. Born by
the first wife:
1. Stephen m.
Mrs. Elizabeth Bird-McCaU, dau. of Frederick Rester.
James m. Susan, dau. of William Wise, Oct.
4, 1S02. Moved to Miss.
m. William Travis in N. C. Moved to Georgia also. By the second wife, Anna, were
born the following:
4. Redden b. 1770, m. Lavina Wise, dau.
5. Levisa m. Frederick Rester,
6. Malachi m. Jane Wise, dau. of
7. Martha m. Thomas Jones, Apr. 17,
8. Susannah m. _Jones.
9. Clarisa m. John Lucas, Aug. 20,
10. Jemima probably never
The Effingham County deed records show a
deed of gift dated January 21,1795, by William Denmark to his wife Anna and
children Stephen, Susanna Jones, Jemima, Clarissa and Martha, Mrs. Lavinia
Rester, and Redden Denmark. See deed book "CD" page 279, of Effingham
Redden Denmark, named above, was married
August 17, 1802, to Miss Winnie Wise, daughter of William Wise, a Revolutionary
soldier. She was born 1787 and died 1857. Redden Denmark died in Bulloch County
in 1813 in the prime of life, leaving a wife and five small children.
1. Elizabeth b. 1803, m. James Groover;
moved to Brooks Co.
2. Clarisa b. 1804, m. John William
Gibson, Jan. 29, 1818.
3. Sarah b. 1805, m. Wm. Lastinger, Jan.
4. Thomas I. b. 1809, m. Amanda Groover,
Dec. 1, 1831. Moved to Brooks.
5. John b. 1811, m. Mourning Hagan July
Thomas Irving Denmark
Thomas Irving Denmark was born September
30, 1809, in Bulloch County, son of Redden, and his father dying when he was
four years of age the child was taken to the home of his uncle Malachi Denmark,
where he grew to manhood. Six years after his marriage he moved to Lowndes
County (territory now in Brooks County) and lived there until he died in
Mr. Denmark was married in Bulloch County
December 1, 1831, to Miss Amanda Groover daughter of Charles Groover of that
county. She was born in Bulloch County May 12, 1816, and died August 15, 1890,
at the family home in Brooks County. Thirteen children were born to Mr. and Mrs.
1. Sarah b. 1832, m. James Lee of Bullocn
2. Agnes A. b. 1834, m. A W. L.
Irving b. 1836, m. Josephine
4. Mary Jane b. 1838, m. Wade P. Hodges
of Decatur Co.
5. Clayton R. b. 1841, m. Nannie
6. Frances R. b. 1843, m. Thomas N.
7. Daniel Jones b. 1845, died at the age
of 11 years.
8. Ann Victoria b. 1848, died at the age
of 16 years.
9. Brantley A. b. 1850, m. Ann Rebecca
Stark of Savannah,
10. Florence V. b. 1852, m. J. N.
1L Elisha Peck Smith b. 1855,
m. Mary Lane.
Clinton b. 1860, died single May
13. Nora Jndson b. 1862, died in
Mr. Denmark enlisted in the Seminole
Indian War in Florida and served a short while. When the Civil War came on he
was overage but later when the call went out for volunteers from 16 to 60, he
volunteered though he was 55 years old at the time. He saw hard service in the
battles around Atlanta and was there when that city felL His sons Redden and
Clayton enlisted in the early part of the war, in the Confederate Army and were
in it until the close. Mr. Denmark was a farmer all his life and was industrious
and successful in business. He was very religious and believed firmly in
education and gave his children the very best education he could possibly
afford. He believed that boys and girls should be taught early to take care of
themselves and that idleness was the cause of much evil in life. He was a member
of the Baptist Church and a deacon also, from young manhood until his death, and
was a deacon in Hickory Head Baptist Church for many years prior to his death.
All his large family with one exception, were members of the Baptist faith. It
was said of him that he was of the high type of Christian who loved his neighbor
as himself and this trait of character in life made him the friend of everybody
and everybody to be his friend.
In his latter years he was affectionately
known as "Uncle Tommy, the grand old man of Brooks County."
Mrs. Denmark was descended through both
of her parents from the Salzburgers who as well known, left Austria on account
of their religious beliefs and settled at Ebenezer in Effingham County. She was
very strong intellectually and was deeply religious. She was one of the
organizers of Liberty Baptist Church at Grooverville in what was then Thomas
County but now Brooks County.
Clayton R. Denmark
Clayton Rhey Denmark, son of Thomas I.
and Amanda Groover, was born October 27,1840, in Lowndes, now Brooks County, and
died December 10, 1886, at Hickory Head within a few miles of where he was
On July 21, 1861, he volunteered in the
Confederate Army, joining the newly-formed Piscola Volunteers which afterwards
became a part of the 26th Georgia Regiment. He served through the war and was in
Virginia under Generals Lawton, Gordon and Stonewall Jackson. He was wounded
three times but as soon as he was well enough he went to the front again each
time. After the war was over he returned home and by industry and thrift and
good judgment became in due time an extensive planter.
On October 25, 1865, Mr. Denmark was
married to Miss Nannie McMullen, daughter of John and Nancy McMullen of Brooks
To them were born six children,
1. Thomas Jackson b. 18 , died at the age
of 16 years.
2. Charles Groover b. 18 , m. Cora
3. Dewitt Clinton b. 18 , m. Ella Young
of Eatonton, Ga.
4. Jennie Lee b. 18 , never
5. Carrie Amanda b. 18 , m. Joseph Bruce
Tillman of Quitman.
6. Clayton Rhey, Jr. b. 18 , m. Effie
Galloway of Baltimore, Md.
"While a soldier in the Confederate Army
Mr. Denmark united with the Baptist Church. He was a faithful member and deacon
of Hickory Head Baptist Church to the day of his death.
Clayton R. Denmark may be said to have
been one of the builders of Brooks County. He had an unflagging interest in the
welfare of his county and rendered a most worthwhile service in his capacity as
Chairman of the Board of County Commissioners. He was appointed as a member of
the Board when it was created by legislative act approved August 11, 1881, and
became its chairman on the board assuming office, and continued as such until
his death five years later. The County Commissioners in session, at their first
session after his death, adopted resolutions of respect to the memory of Mr.
Denmark, and in these resolutions said:
" Resolved that in the death of Mr. C. R.
Denmark the Board has lost not only its presiding officer but also one of the
safest, most liberal and prudent of its members, one whose enlarged views, good
judgment and faithfulness to the discharge of his duty, ever made his advice
entitled to the careful consideration of this Board;
"Resolved that the County of Brooks has
lost one of its best citizens, one whose energy and success did much to
recommend our County Board, and one whose liberality, both public and private,
rendered him a benefactor to our people."
Redden Irving Denmark
Redden Irving Denmark, son of Thomas
Irving and Amanda Denmark, was born July 30, 1836, and married October 12, 1858,
Miss Josephine McMullen, daughter of James and Harriet (Rountree)
He was a planter and spent his life on
his farm near Quitman in Brooks County where he died March 12, 1902. His home
was "open house" to a host of friends and he and Mrs. Denmark were noted and
loved for their abundant hospitality.
Mr. Denmark was a man who had a vision of
what could be developed along agricultural lines. He was one of the founders of
the Hickory Head Agricultural Club which was a strong factor in community life
in that section. This club was the first of its kind to be organized.
Mr. Denmark was largely responsible for
the establishment of the Rural Mail route in Brooks County, which was the first
in the South. He was vitally interested in education and assumed a large
responsibility for the maintenance of the community school, and this school
stood so well that pupils leaving it could enter any college in the
As a young man, Mr. Denmark served two
years in the Confederate Army and was Adjutant of his Regiment. He was an active
member of the Hickory Head Baptist Church and a man of outstanding activities in
the life of his community and county.
Children of Mr. and Mrs. Denmark
1. Charles died in infancy.
*2. Harriet Amanda m. W. Hewell Britt of
3. Daniel Arlington m. (1) Josie Jelks,
(2) Parthenia Staten.
4. Emma Cotton never married.
5. Frances Reiser never
6. Edgar never married.
7. Arthur m. Bertha Twiss.
8. Augusta Reppard m. Henry
L. Covington of Pensacola, Fla.
9. Cobb m. Rebecca Moss of Paducah,
10. R. I. Jr. m. (1) Eva McArthur, (2)
Fannie Mae Duke.
11. Josephine m. Oreon Burnett.
*Mr. and Mrs. Britt had only one
daughter, Emma Jo, who was reared as one of her grandparents* family. She
married Golden Stevens.
Elisha Peck Smith Denmark,
Elisha Peck Smith Denmark achieved much
prominence as a successful lawyer and business leader first in Quitman and then
in Valdosta. He was born December 4, 1854, in present Brooks, a son of Thomas I.
and Amanda Denmark; and died January 6, 1929, in Valdosta. He was the last of a
family group widely known in this part of the South.
E. P. S. Denmark's early life was spent
on his father's planta-tion in the Hickory Head community where he received his
early schooling. He later attended the University of Georgia law school and
graduated, and then took up the practice of law in Quitman in 1878. In 1879 he
was appointed Solicitor of the County Court, and the next year was elected to
the State Senate from the 7th District, serving 1880-81.
In February, 1893, Mr. Denmark moved to
Valdosta and there formed a law partnership with the late D. C. Ashley, which
continued for many years. He was one of the organizers or charter stock-holders
of the Bank of Quitman, and was President of the bank until his removal to
Valdosta. In Valdosta, he was one of the organizers of The Merchants Bank which
for many years was a very strong financial institution and in more recent years
was merged with the Citizens & Southern National Bank. Mr. Denmark also
helped to organize the Strickland Cotton Mills in Valdosta, and was the attorney
for the corporation.
Mr. Denmark was a member of the First
Baptist Church, first in Quitman, then in Valdosta. He served on the Valdosta
City Board of Education for nearly thirty years as its Chairman. He married Miss
Mary E. Lane, of Lowndes County, on January 6, 1881. To them were born five
children: Remer Lane Denmark, E. P. S. Denmark Jr., Augustus H. Denmark, Thomas
Irving Denmark married Lucille Graham and Mary E. who married C. C. Bell of
Edward Taylor Dukes, Quitman merchant,
was born in Thomas (now Brooks) County, December 12, 1846, fourth son of Edward
Clinton Dukes and Mrs. Nancy Hodges Dukes. He served in Company "B," 1st Georgia
Reserves in the Confederate Army, from May, 1864, to the close of the war. He
went to Homerville in 1867 and engaged in the mercantile business. His brother
Henry C. Dukes was associated with him. In 1873 he was elected Clerk of the
Superior Court of Clinch County, serving two years. Just before the close of his
term he appointed a deputy clerk and returned to Brooks County where he and his
brother went into business in Quitman. The Quitman Reporter on September 10,
"It is our pleasure this week to record a
pleasant accession to the young men of our community and a substantial addition
to the business men of Quitman. We allude to Messrs. E. T. and Henry C. Dukes,
formerly of Homerville, who have just moved to our town and opened the store
next door to Mr. Nathan Gazan on Screven Street, under the firm name of E. T.
Dukes & Bro. The senior of the firm went to New York this season and
purchased a large and tasty assortment of goods which are now being opened and
prepared for sale. "We welcome these worthy young gentlemen to our town and
trust that their busi-ness undertaking may meet with their most sanguine
In a few years Mr. Henry C. Dukes sold
his interest to his brother and went first to Atlanta then to Valdosta where he
was in business until his death. E. T. Dukes continued in the mercantile
business in Quitman until his death in 1920.
Mr. Dukes was first married in 1870 to
Miss Lucy E. Wade, daughter of Hon. Elijah Wade and his wife Mrs. Elizabeth
Reddick Wade. She died the next year at Homerville, leaving an infant son Edward
Scott Dukes (1871-1902). On February 10, 1876, Mr. Dukes married Miss Avie Bryan
who died in 1881, leaving one daughter, Nellie Leland Dukes. In 1891 Mr. Dukes
was married the third time, to Miss Mattie Eliza Rountree, daughter of Mr. and
Mrs. A. J. Rountree of Quitman, and to them was born one daughter, Frances
Rountree Dukes, now Mrs. Paul McDonald Wynne, of Miami, Fla.
Mr. and Mrs. Wynne have two children,
Pauline Dukes and Frank Cody Wynne. Nellie Leland Dukes married June 15, 1898,
E. Peck Smith (1873-1915) and they had one daughter, Theodosia Livingstone,
married W. H. White Jr., and is now living in St. Augustine, Fla. Edward Scott
Dukes married Miss Mattie Irvine of Madison, Fla., June 15, 1893, and had a son
Mr. Dukes was a Mason, first becoming one
at Homerville in March, 1874, and after removal to Quitman was a member of
Sholto Lodge until his death. He and his last wife were active in the social,
business and church life in Quitman during their entire married lives.
Edward Clinton Dukes (father of E. T.
Dukes) was born in Liberty County January 6, 1810, and died at his home in
present Brooks County July 17, 1855. His wife, Nancy, was born in Tattnall
County (on the Tattnall-Liberty line) February 6, 1813, and was a daughter of
"William Hodges, a pioneer citizen of Tatnall and Liberty counties. William
Hodges lived near Taylor's Creek Church in Liberty County and was buried there.
Edward C. Dukes was Justice of Peace 790th district of Lowndes (now Brooks)
County 1840-1853 and was a charter member and the first Secretary of Okapilco
Lodge No. 172, F.&A.M., located at old Tallokas. He served 1852-1853-1854 as
secretary. On moving from Liberty County Mr. Dukes first settled not long after
marriage, in the Grooverville district of Thomas County (now Brooks), where he
was Justice of Peace of the 754th district 1841-45 and captain of the militia
1836-37. He later sold out and moved to the Tallokas district of what was then
Lowndes, now Brooks. He and his wife had twelve children. Edward C. Dukes was a
son of John Taylor Dukes, a Revolutionary soldier, who drew land in 1784 in
Washington County (now Tattnall) as a Revolutionary
Original data: Huxford, Folks,. The history of Brooks
County, Georgia. Quitman, Ga.: Hannah Clarke Chapter, D.A.R., 1948, c1949.
MRS. ELLA KEMP (MRS. W. T.). Probation Officer,
Thomas Co. Daughter of Bryant A. Kemp (December 1, 1822-November 15, 1876) and
Emily A. (Fulwood) Kemp October 4, 1844-June 2, 1870). Born in Brooks Co., Ga.,
December 6, 1860. Educated in schools of Brooks Co. and Thomas Co. Married March
16, 1881, in Thomasville, Ga., William Thomas Wilson. Children: Three Daughters
and two sons. Baptist. Democrat. Member, Eastern Star, W. C. T. U. and Business
and Professional Women's Club. Probation Officer, Thomas Co., November 11,
1919-date; Attendance Officer, Thomas Co.,
1920-date. Address: Thomasville, Ga.
['Georgia Women of 1926', Compiled by Ruth Blair]
Copyright © Genealogy Trails | <urn:uuid:4e73a4c4-cb9b-4ac8-9606-0848dc639562> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://genealogytrails.com/geo/brooks/bios.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768636.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00056-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980455 | 27,491 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Federal cuts to mental health and affordable housing programs that began in the 1980s are responsible for this shameful reality. HUD’s low/moderate-income housing budget was cut from $77 billion in 1978 to $18 billion in 1983. These cuts have put millions of people on the street, many of whom are mentally ill and some who pushed to the brink of insanity by having to live on the street.
Local governments reacted to the very visible upsurge in the street population with public space restrictions and ordinances that criminalize activities like sitting or lying on sidewalks, panhandling, and sleeping outside. These punitive policies are largely driven by the concerns of business interests, and go hand in hand with the increasing privatization of public spaces.
All of this has a particularly dramatic impact on people who have difficulty navigating the criminal justice system: Once cited by police, a person who does not go to court or pay the fine ends up having a bench warrant permitting arrest on sight. Arrest records can block access to the very services and benefits that are needed to help stabilize such an individual. Whether intentional or not, the bottom-line is that these laws are disenfranchising tens of thousands of mentally ill homeless people.
Been Here Before
“It’s unfair how we are treated.”
Mentally ill people have long been stigmatized by society. They have been met with pity and repulsion, sometimes with reluctant charity, their “treatment” often horrific. People labeled insane have also been removed from public view, be it in attics, asylums, or jails.
Rikers Island Jail in New York City, Cook County Jail in Chicago, and Los Angeles County Jail are now the three largest psychiatric facilities in the United States. Los Angeles County Jail alone warehouses up to 3,300 mentally ill people a night. The situation is so dire at Chicago’s Cook’s County Jail that the sheriff has threatened to file a lawsuit against the state of Illinois for allowing his jail to become a “dumping ground” for the mentally ill.
There is precedent for locking up mentally ill people at the current alarming rates. In the middle of the 19th century, jails were filled with indigent mentally ill people criminalized under poor laws. Poor laws were imported from England during colonial times and used to control the movement of the poor and to distinguish those considered “deserving” from those considered “undeserving” of aid. The “undeserving poor” were punished in jails and workhouses.
Our mental health and criminal justice policies are not all that different from the poor laws of the 1850s: Poor mentally ill people are languishing in jails untreated due to discriminatory “quality of life” or “nuisance crime” laws. Instead of increasing treatment and housing options in the community, we are shutting down programs and substituting them with costly jails. Despite reports ad nauseam about the human and social toll of this approach, the overriding policy remains simply getting mentally ill people out of sight.
Taking it to the streets
“We’re always told to move on, but to where? There are no places for us to be.” —Survey Respondent
The voices of those most impacted by these punitive measures–mentally ill homeless people themselves–are currently nowhere to be found in policy debates. To better understand the reality of those caught in the vicious cycle of insufficient treatment, homelessness, and jail at the street level, WRAP and our partners conducted surveys with 336 self-identified mentally ill homeless people in seven cities — San Francisco, Los Angeles, Berkeley, and Oakland, California; Portland, Oregon; Denver, Colorado; Worcester, Massachusetts; and Houston, Texas. We also conducted a small online survey with 48 front-line service providers in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Portland.
The findings from the two sets of surveys build on other recent data from the Department of Justice and mental health researchers. The findings from the two surveys are very similar and reveal a discriminatory pattern that deserves closer public scrutiny.
Results from the street outreach found:
80% reported being stopped, arrested, or cited due to “quality of life” offenses.
52% reported being harassed by private security (usually from private, quasi-governmental Business Improvement Districts.)
48% reported having ignored tickets issued against them.
57% reported having bench warrants issued for their arrest.
22% reported having outstanding warrants at the time of the survey.
31% reported having been incarcerated.
30% reported having lost their housing or being discharged from a program due to incarceration, while only 5% reported having been referred to a program when brought before court.
This closely mirrors the experiences of service providers in various cities:
74% of service providers reported that at least 70% of their clients had been arrested due to “quality of life” offenses.
Almost 20% of service providers reported that their clients’ interactions with police occurred because they appear to be homeless.
Over 60% of service providers reported that their clients had interacted with police for drinking-related offenses, 30% for loitering, 16% report for jaywalking, and 16% for trespassing (which usually means sleeping in a doorway.)
53% of service providers reported that approximately 20% or more of their clients had bench warrants.
44% of service providers reported that 50% or more of their clients had outstanding tickets.
The human story behind the numbers
The following story comes from Caduceus Outreach Services – a program that used to provide alternative forms of psychiatric treatment, restorative social supports, and healing for homeless people with severe mental illnesses. The story highlights the lived experiences embedded in the statistics above and illustrates the counterproductive policies now in place. The story is by no means unique.
DJ is a 35-year-old African American man. He has been homeless since his early teens when he ran away from a small Southern town to escape physical and sexual abuse. He has been diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Dissociative Identity Disorder. He is now in early out-patient psychiatric treatment and taking medications that prevent the worst of his hallucinations.
He is well known to the police, as he is unafraid of telling them what he thinks when they tell him to move along. He will call out the inequality by which the law is applied and enforced, reminding them that if he were a white woman having a street sale on the sidewalk in front of her home they would not tell him to move along. As a result, he is frequently ticketed for not having a vendor’s license or for trespassing, and despite lack of evidence, has been arrested several times for selling stolen property.
Because the streets and parks are dangerous, DJ carries knives for protection when he camps out at night. He has been rousted and searched, arrested for carrying “concealed weapons,” as well as ticketed for camping, sleeping on the sidewalk, and trespassing. His arrest record takes up 27 pages, with most charges dropped by the district attorney.
During a police sweep of a homeless encampment, he became so angry that he held up one of his knives and yelled at the police, “Why don’t you just shoot me then, you know you want to.” He was arrested for assault with a deadly weapon on a peace officer as they claimed that he had advanced on them with a knife. While his case was negotiated, DJ received no psychiatric treatment, no medication, lost his place on a housing waiting list, and had his disability benefits application denied because he couldn’t attend appointments. The result was time served and three years felony probation, which, if violated, would result in his being sentenced to state prison. The likelihood of DJ, and thousands of other people like him in similar situations, making it through probation without the appropriate supports is next to zero.
Caduceus Outreach Services, one of the few programs with a proven track record for reaching hundreds of people like DJ, was shut down in 2010 due to budget cuts.
Ineffective, expensive, and cruel
Money is being spent on jails rather than services. Municipalities, business districts, and downtown tourist centers support “quality of life” or “nuisance crime” laws because they lead to more lucrative and less disturbing downtowns. But they are also an enormously expensive process.
In 2009, a California jail bed ranged from $25,000 to $55,000 and a bed for acute mental health services in a psychiatric unit in a California jail cost $1,350 a day. A University of Pennsylvania study found that homeless people with mental illness who were placed in permanent housing cost the public $16,282 less per person per year compared to their previous costs for mental health, corrections, Medicaid, and public institutions and shelters.
The scale of this issue is enormous and the cruelty and abandonment suffered by poor and homeless mentally ill people like DJ is unacceptable. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, as many as 64% of people in jails nationwide have mental health problems. In the 1980s and early 1990s, people with severe mental illness made up 6-7% of the jail population. In the last five years, this percentage has climbed to 16-30%. Nationwide, there are three times as many people with mental illness in jails and prisons as there are in hospitals; 40% of people with severe mental illness have been imprisoned at some point in their lives; 90% of those incarcerated with a mental illness have been incarcerated more than once.
We deal with this national shame as we so often deal with personal shame: we pretend it isn’t there; we try to hide it. The obvious answer is–of course–affordable housing and residential treatment centers. Neither is on our current national agenda. But as a country we must wake up to the reality that we treat mentally ill homeless people the way they were treated 150 years ago.
Ignoring that truth is the real shame. | <urn:uuid:9c410252-9fa6-4511-b716-cf91904cc514> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://streetsheetsf.wordpress.com/2011/09/03/madness-criminalization-of-the-mentally-ill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513478.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211105804-20171211125804-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.97544 | 2,068 | 2.703125 | 3 |
01 Oct 2018
Have you ever wanted to learn a bit more about the weather? Would you like a better understanding of the forecast information that you see on TV or online?
Learn About Weather is an exciting course that we piloted last September. The course will run over four weeks, with a few hours of learning per week. Weeks one to three cover the basics of weather, starting with the big picture, moving on to synoptic charts, air masses, fronts, wind and clouds.
Then at week four, we put that theory into practice by looking at some leisure activities that can be impacted by the weather.
Are you a gardener? Alongside the Royal Horticultural Society, we’ll be offering expert advice on how to make the most of the weather, ways to garden in an environmentally friendly way and how you can adapt your garden to the changing climate.
Perhaps you’re a photographer? The weather can have big impacts on outdoor photography, and along with experts at the Royal Photographic Society, we can help you understand the weather and how it might impact your photographs.
Maybe you’re a walker? Being out in all weathers is part of the fun, but we’ll make sure you understand the dangers and implications of hazardous weather, and find out how to make the best of the weather forecast.
The course starts on 6 August 2018, but you can find out more and sign up now. It’s free, and no prior knowledge is required.
Don't worry if you miss the 6 August start - you can join the course after this point (although the later you leave it the less you will be able to take advantage of the live discussion and guidance available!).
To sign up or see more information on the course visit www.futurelearn.com/courses/learn-about-weather. On Twitter use the hashtag #FLLearnAboutWeather | <urn:uuid:3db6a07e-6062-4354-a0fc-9282a38023d8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.sthelensccg.nhs.uk/news-and-events/learn-about-weather-course/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.934868 | 393 | 3.078125 | 3 |
High magnification freeze-fracture image of a chloroplast from barley (Hordeum vulgare) illustrating the characteristic size and distribution of particles on the EFs and PFs faces of cleaved thylakoid membranes. Other images in this group show the changes in particle distribution in a pale green mutant that lacks chlorophyll b.
Wildtype and mutant plants were were grown under a 16-hr day regime, harvested at 3 weeks, and chloroplasts isolated. For freeze fracture, isolated chloroplasts were made 30% in glycerol, plunge frozen, and cleaved, etched, and shadowed in a Balzers freeze-fracture unit. Replicas were examined with a Philips 300 transmission EM and images recorded on film. See Fig 6 in KR Miller et al. 1976 J. Cell Biol 71, 624-638.
|Spatial Axis||Image Size||Pixel Size| | <urn:uuid:74951972-1d14-491e-9aee-35f25dc5c5cc> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/images/39120 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514121.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118030549-20210118060549-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.888965 | 189 | 2.890625 | 3 |
We often hear that additives are chemicals that will harm us, and they should be banned. But many food additives actually come from natural sources, such as the red colouring from beetroot plants (beet red) or the purple colour from grape skins (anthocyanins). It is also possible to manufacture additives found in nature, such as ascorbic acid or vitamin C. Other food additives are manufactured for a specific purpose, such as artificial sweeteners like aspartame.
In this podcast FOOD ADDITIVES are discussed and the following questions are answered:
To ensure they are safe, all food additives must go through a rigorous safety assessment process before being approved for use in food. This is done by Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ), and any new additive needs to gain approval from government ministers before being used as a food ingredient.
Most food additives are assigned to a class – colours, flavours, sweeteners, etc., and allocated an international code number. Some code numbers start with an ‘E’, which means the food has been labelled for the European market. Food additives are found within the list of ingredients on a food label. Each additive will be listed by its class name, followed by the additive’s name or code number in brackets. For example, Thickener (pectin) or Thickener (440).
Visit Food Standards Australia New Zealand for a list of all food additives approved for use in New Zealand.
Last modified: July 18, 2022 | <urn:uuid:85b35934-d2b1-4238-b271-9ece0ce3c9e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://nutritionfoundation.org.nz/food-additives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.957175 | 308 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Artificial Placenta Rescues Premature Lambs from Lung Failure
U-M researchers make progress on extraordinary new artificial womb technology that could one day help extremely premature babies continue to develop outside the womb.
An out-of-body artificial placenta that mimics the womb saved premature lambs from lung failure and protected their brain development until they transitioned to mechanical ventilation, new research from Michigan Medicine shows.
The lambs in one experiment lived up to 16 days.
The data, presented at the American Academy of Pediatrics national conference, reflect significant milestones in the artificial placenta project at University of Michigan’s C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital that aims to revolutionize the treatment of extreme prematurity.
The technology simulates the intrauterine environment and provides gas exchange without mechanical ventilation. Based on the success of the experimental work, researchers anticipate a clinical trial within five years.
The goal is to help the tiniest premature babies with the greatest risks of disability or death continue critical organ development outside of the mother’s womb until their bodies are ready to breathe air regularly.
Although many current therapies addressing prematurity are lifesaving, they may contribute to complications because undeveloped lungs are often too fragile to handle even the gentlest ventilation techniques.
“The most common problem for premature babies is respiratory distress, but we know that mechanical ventilation, even for a very short period of time, puts infants with underdeveloped lungs at risk of lung and brain injury,” says presenter Joe Church, M.D., a postdoctoral research fellow at Mott and U-M’s Extracorporeal Circulation Research Laboratory.
“These findings are very promising, suggesting that our technology is protective of the lungs and brain development in premature animals.”
Progress toward revolutionizing premature infant care
Led by Mott pediatric and fetal surgeon George Mychaliska, M.D., the artificial placenta project, funded by the National Institutes of Health, is taking place in the lab of U-M’s Robert Bartlett, M.D.
Bartlett is known as the “father of ECMO” for developing the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation technology that works as a heart and lung machine for a prolonged period in patients with heart and lung failure.
The artificial womb uses ECMO technology in a novel way that allows the baby to breathe a simulated amniotic fluid, as it would in the uterus. Oxygenated blood flows into the umbilical vein, and deoxygenated blood drains from the right heart.
About 30,000 babies are born younger than 26 weeks old in the United States each year. These extremely premature babies not only have smaller survival rates but also are at higher risk of severe disabilities, including lung disease and cerebral palsy.
Severely immature lungs cannot provide the brain, heart and other organs the oxygen they need to survive.
Compared with current options, “a mechanical artificial placenta would allow a premature infant to grow and thrive while avoiding the many complications associated with conventional treatment,” says Mychaliska.
“Our goal is to improve the outcomes of extremely premature babies by re-creating the intrauterine environment so that critical organs are protected and develop outside of the womb,” he says.
“This would be a complete paradigm shift in treating prematurity. We continue to make progress toward developing an artificial placenta that would revolutionize the care of premature infants.” | <urn:uuid:86d2ce4d-797c-41c7-badf-a8fe6a9f0c06> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/health-tech/artificial-placenta-rescues-premature-lambs-from-lung-failure?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Get%20the%20details&utm_campaign=20170915%20Weekly%20Digest%20RESEND | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516075201-20210516105201-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.929794 | 732 | 3.046875 | 3 |
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General Crossword Questions for “tricuspid”
Putrid (sic) outcome with three points
Tricuspid+Valve. The tricuspid valve is on the right side of the mammalian heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Tricuspid regurgitation is not uncommon in the tricuspid valve. — “Tricuspid valve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia”, en.wikipedia.org
Tricuspid insufficiency (TI), a valvular heart disease also called tricuspid regurgitation (TR), refers to the failure of the heart's tricuspid valve to close properly during systole. Although congenital causes of tricuspid insufficiency exist, most cases are due to dilation of the right. — “Tricuspid insufficiency - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia”, en.wikipedia.org
Tricuspid atresia is a form of congenital heart disease whereby there is a complete absence of the tricuspid valve. Therefore, there is an absence of right atrioventricular connection. This leads to a hypoplastic (undersized) or absent right ventricle. — “Tricuspid atresia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia”, en.wikipedia.org | <urn:uuid:7ce38c77-dbb0-4ee8-be5f-efcada1f3b63> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://crossword911.com/tricuspid.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511314.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017220358-20181018001858-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.769416 | 342 | 3.71875 | 4 |
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The Vascular System, Chapter 13
inner layer (lining, or endothelium
The layer of the wall of an artery that is smooth to prevent abnormal clotting is the inner
The layer of the wall of an artery that helps maintain blood pressure is the
The layer of the wall of an artery that helps prevent rupture is the
lining, prevent abnormal clotting
Simple squamous epithelium forms the ? of an artery, and its function is to
middle, maintain BP.
Smooth muscle tissue forms the ? layer of an artery, and its function is to ?
outer, prevent artery from rupture
FTC forms the ? layer of an artery, and its function is to ?
In the wall of a vein, the layer that is folded into valves is the ?
The outer layer of the wall of a vein is thin because ? in veins is low.
prevent back flow of blood.
The function of valves in veins is to
In the vascular system, an alternate pathway for blood flow is provided by vessels called an ?
An arterial anastomosis provides an alternate pathway for blood to flow to an ?
A venous anastomosis provides an alternate pathway for blood to flow back to the ?
simple squamous epithelial, thinness
Capillaries are made of ? tissue, and its important characteristic is its?
Capillaries are the site of ? between the blood and tissues.
precapillary spincter, smooth muscle
The flow of blood into a capillary network is regulated by a ?, which is made of ? tissue.
In capillaries, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between blood and tissues by the process of ?
In capillaries, nutrients are brought out into tissues by the process of?
In capillaries, tissue fluid is brought back into the blood by the process of?
In capillaries, the process of filtration depends on?
albumin plasma proteins
In capillaries, colloid osmotic pressure is created by the presence of ? in the blood
In capillaries, blood pressure provides the energy for the process of?
In capillaries, albumin creates? pressure, a pulling pressure.
Capillaries carry blood from ? to ?
Arteries carry blood from the ? to ?
Veins carry blood from ? to the ?
internal carotid, basilar
The circle of Willis is formed by the two ? arteries and the ? artery.
The circle of Willis supplies the ? and is an example of an arterial ?
digestive organs, spleen, liver
In hepatic portal circulation, blood from the ? and the ? flows through the ? before returning to the heart.
In hepatic portal circulation, veins from abdominal organs unite to form the ? vein that empties blood into the ? of the liver.
small intestine, glycogen
One purpose of portal circulation is to enable the liver to receive glucose absorbed by ? and store the excess as ?
One purpose of hepatic portal circulation is to enable the liver to receive alcohol absorbed the stomach and ? it before blood reaches the ?
old RBC, store
One purpose of portal circulation is to enable the liver to receive the iron of ? destroyed in the spleen and ? any excess
In pulmonary circulation, blood is pumped to the lungs by the ?
Right ventricle, left atrium
In pulmonary circulation, blood is pumped to the lungs by the ? and returns to the ? of the heart.
CO2 (carbon dioxide), O2 (oxygen)
In pulmonary capillaries, ? diffuses from blood to air, and ? diffuses from air to blood.
The BP in pulmonary circulation is always ?. to prevent filtration and accumulation of fluid in the ?
In fetal circulation, exchanges between fetal blood and maternal blood take place in the ?
In fetal circulation, blood flows from the placenta to the fetus through the ?
In fetal circulation, blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through the?
In fetal circulation, blood in the umbilical ? vein has a high level of oxygen, and blood in the umbilical ? has a high level of carbon dioxide.
In fetal circulation, the vessel that takes most incoming blood to the inferior vena cava is the ?
In fetal circulation, the ? permits blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.
In fetal circulation, the ? permits blood to flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
pulmonary artery, aorta
In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus permits blood to flow from the ? to the ?
Venous return is the amount of blood that is returned to the?
Veins are able to constrict because of the ? tissue in their walls
The respiratory pump is especially important for venous return by the veins in the ?
The flow of venous return is kept to one direction only the ? in the veins.
If venous return decreases, cardiac output will ?
The elasticity of the large arteries permits them to ? during left ventricular systole, and thereby to ? systolic BP.
recoil (snap back), raise
The elasticity of the large arteries permits them to ? during left ventricular diastole, and thereby to ? diastolic BP.
The large arteries are elastic, and are stretched by left ventricular ?, thereby lowering ? BP.
contract more forcefully
Starling's law of the heart states that when cardiac muscle fibers are stretched, they will ?
If venous return decreases, the heart contracts? forcefully and cardiac output ?
The hormone that raises blood pressure by increasing heart rate and force of contraction is ?
The hormone that raises blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction throughout the body is ?
The hormone that raises blood pressure by increasing sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys is
The hormone that raises BP by directly increasing the reabsorption of water by the kidneys is ?
The hormone that lowers BP by increasing the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys is ?
When blood flow through the kidneys decreases, the process of ? decreases, and ? is conserved to maintain BP.
Renin is secreted by the ? when BP ?
Renin, angiotension II
When BP decreases, the kidneys secrete ?, which initiates the formation of ?
To compensate for a small loss of blood, the heart rate will ?
decrease urinary output
To compensate for a small loss of blood, the kidneys will?
To compensate for a small loss of blood, the arteries will?
A normal BP is considered to be below
Hypertension is considered to be a BP that is consistently higher than?
The ? of the brain regulates the diameter of arteries and veins
medulla, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator
The ? of the brain regulates the diameter of arteries and veins and has a and a ? area
The nerves to the smooth muscle of all arteries and veins are ? nerves
When vasoconstriction is needed to raise BP, the arteries receive more ? impulses
When vasodilation is needed to lower BP, the arteries receive fewer ?
Blood flow is slowest in ?, and this is important to permit ? for exchanges of materials.
During exercise, blood flow to the heart will ?, and blood flow to the skeletal muscles will ?
During exercise, blood flow to the digestive tract will ?, and blood flow the the skin will ? | <urn:uuid:8a7ba2d4-fbe8-4e6f-a809-b9b87b2003f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://quizlet.com/19985129/the-vascular-system-chapter-13-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170434.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00113-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888277 | 1,612 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Athens- Limassol- Geneva
Inverted Nipples are a very common deformity of the breast and reffers to the lack of projection of the nipple. It occures to one out of ten women, and it can be bilateral or unilateral. According to the gravity of the problem it may affect breast feeding or not, and can be categorized into grades.
Grade 1 refers to nipples that can easily be pulled out, by using finger pressure around the areola. The Grade 1 inverted nipple maintains its projections and rarely retracts.
Grade 2 is the nipple which can be pulled out, though not as easily as the Grade 1 inverted nipple but which retracts after pressure is released. Breast feeding could be possible even though it is more likely to be either very difficult or impossible.
Grade 3 describes a severely inverted and retracted nipple which can rarely be pulled out physically and which requires surgery in order to be protracted. Milk ducts are often constricted and breast feeding is impossible. People with Grade 3 inverted nipples may also struggle with infections, rashes, or problems with nipple hygiene.
The correction of an inverted nipple is done with a minor surgical intervention, under local anesthesia. Two different techniques are used, depending on the grade of the inversion, the age of the patient and the possibility to breast feed. | <urn:uuid:405a482b-ed42-4edb-8800-dc6ab3a93617> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://hatzipieras.com/inverted-nipples | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821088.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017110249-20171017130249-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.953697 | 267 | 3.15625 | 3 |
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Some people think that it is better to educate boys and girls in separate schools. Others, however, believe that boys and girls benefit more from attending mixed schools.
Discus both these views and give your own opinion.
Give reason for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
Some countries have single-sex education models, while in others both single sex and mixed schools co-exist and it is up to the parents or the children to decide which model is preferable.
Some educationalists think it is more effective to educate boys and girls in single-sex schools because they believe this environment reduces distractions and encourages pupils to concentrate on their studies. This is probably true to some extent. It also allows more equality among pupils and gives more opportunity to all those at the school to choose students more freely without gender prejudice. For example, a much higher proportion of girls study science to a high level when they attend girls’ schools than their counterparts in mixed schools do. Similarly, boys in single-sex schools are more likely to take cookery classes and study languages, which are often thought of as traditional subjects for girls.
On the other hand, some experts would argue that mixed schools prepare their pupils better for their future lives. Girls and boys learn to live and work together form an early age and are consequently not emotionally underdeveloped in their relations with the opposite sex. They are also able to learn from each other, and to experience different types of skill and talent then might be evident in a single gender environment.
Personally, I think that there are advantages to both systems. I went to a mixed school, but feel that I myself missed the opportunity to specialise in science because it was seen as the natural domain and career path for boys when I was a girl. So because of that, I would have preferred to go to a girls’ school .But hopefully times have changed and both genders of student can have equal chances to study what they want to in whichever type of school they attend. | <urn:uuid:f83a6a0a-05b8-40d4-a4d6-df89676ba2a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.ielts-writing.info/index.php/general/ielts-writing-task-two-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826114.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023145244-20171023165244-00896.warc.gz | en | 0.979438 | 433 | 3.28125 | 3 |
In a nutshell
This study investigated the risk factors of developing lung problems after bleomycin (Blenoxane) treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). It was found that older age may increase the risk of developing lung problems.
Bleomycin is an anti-cancer drug, used to treat many types of cancer. Bleomycin is commonly used to treat HL. Bleomycin is effective for the treatment of HL. However patients often experience serious side effects. Lung problems are one of the side effects associated with bleomycin treatment. This may present as inflammation in the lungs, pneumonia, and thickening of the lung walls. Risk factors for the development of bleomycin related-Lung problems include older age, higher doses of bleomycin and treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF; Filgrastim). G-CSF is a protein therapy which stimulates the body to produce immune cells. G-CSF is used to treat many forms of cancer, including HL. It is important to investigate the development of bleomycin-associated lung problems.
Methods & findings
This study included 412 patients with HL. Patients included had been treated with bleomycin for HL between 1990 and 2014. The development of lung problems and its effects on cancer progression and survival were investigated.
Eight percent of patients treated with bleomycin developed lung problems. Development of lung problems was associated with the cancer spreading to different tissues. It was also associated with side-effects such as sweating, fever and weight-loss. Patients who were over 45 were more likely to develop lung problems. However, smoking did not appear to influence the development of bleomycin-related lung problems. Patients who received G-CSF were also more likely to develop lung problems. Lung problems did not appear to influence HL worsening or survival in patients treated with bleomycin.
The bottom line
This study found that bleomycin-associated lung problems were more common in patients with HL, who were over the age of 45 or were treated with G-CSF.
The fine print
Some patients were treated with different anti-cancer drugs before this study. This may have influenced the results.
If you have questions about the managment of HL, please consult your doctor.
Published By :
Leukemia & lymphoma
Oct 02, 2018
If you sign up for Medivizor, you'll receive PERSONALIZED updates that are JUST FOR YOU. Want to give it a try? | <urn:uuid:c28d0db7-a291-417c-8ca8-c759d77fe680> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://medivizor.com/blog/SampleLibrary/hodgkin-lymphoma/bleomycin-and-the-risk-factors-for-lung-problems-in-hodgkin-lymphoma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348496026.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605080742-20200605110742-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.974768 | 513 | 2.671875 | 3 |
It Is Time To Howl Like A Wolf
The wolf has been with us every day since the Pleistocene period, as far back as 125,000 years, in the form of the domesticated dog.
In the US, wolves were mercilessly hunted and totally eradicated by the 1920’s. Across the border in Canada, they lived on.
Fast forward to 1995 and our understanding of ecosystems had increased showing us that the wolf was necessary as a part of the chain of life in Yellowstone National Park. This led to 70 wolves being captured in Canada and relocated to Yellowstone. This was an effort to reverse the degradation of the fauna due to excessive grazing by animals whose predator had been removed.
There is also a landowner in Scotland who, in March this year, asked for permission to re-introduce the wolf to his land as a way of controlling the deer population.
But why howl like a wolf?
Howl At The Moon Day was started to make people aware of the importance of wolves in the wild.
It is also a great excuse to go camping and have a few beers before going outside the tent and howling at the moon. People will think you are acting like idiots, but it is really just some harmless fun to had, especially with the approach of Halloween
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Join To Get New Posts And Art To Your Inbox | <urn:uuid:6c266551-4e86-401e-b213-6befaac3b541> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://artsales.co/howl-like-a-wolf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987838289.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191024012613-20191024040113-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.979827 | 290 | 3.25 | 3 |
The surprising association between celiac disease & other medical conditions.
After Erica Dermer was officially diagnosed with celiac disease in 2011, she adopted a gluten-free diet in order to heal her damaged gut. However, in the aftermath of that diagnosis, the 35-year-old Phoenix resident discovered she had other health challenges. She was diagnosed with hypothyroidism and irritable bowel syndrome, along with a moderate case of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. This was in addition to several preexisting conditions—gastroparesis (slow or incomplete emptying of the stomach), Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (a connective-tissue disorder), endometriosis, adenomyosis (a painful condition where endometrial tissue grows into the muscles of the uterus) and generalized anxiety disorder. What in the world was going on?
Are Dermer’s other health conditions linked to celiac disease? Very possibly. Research has found that people with celiac disease have a higher risk of developing other conditions, particularly autoimmune diseases.
For instance, it’s well known that celiac disease and type 1 diabetes are linked. Up to about 8 percent of people with type 1 diabetes are diagnosed with celiac disease, a significantly greater percentage than occurs in the general population. And patients diagnosed with celiac disease also are at greater risk of being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Another condition commonly linked to celiac disease is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which encompasses Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis; the prevalence of IBD is up to 10 times higher in people with celiac disease than in those without.
Recent research has revealed that the spectrum of diseases associated with celiac disease may be much wider than previously thought. A team of scientists analyzing a database of the electronic health records of 36 million people discovered potential links between celiac disease and a multitude of conditions as diverse as liver disease, Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, lupus, eosinophilic esophagitis, anxiety disorder, Down syndrome, psoriasis and autism. The study, yet unpublished, was presented at the World Congress of Gastroenterology 2017.
“One purpose of our study was to use this giant nationwide database to find those links,” says Daniel Karb, MD, a third-year resident at University Hospitals Case Medical Center in Cleveland. “It has the power to really find connections that aren’t otherwise obvious.”
Who knew that nearly 16 percent of people with celiac disease have pancreatitis, versus 0.7 percent of people without celiac disease? Or that nearly 29 percent of those with celiac disease also have arthritis compared with just 8.4 percent of non-celiacs?
The prevalence rate of other conditions is increased, as well: Almost 19 percent of people with celiac have migraine headaches, compared to just 4 percent of non-celiacs. And a whopping 36.8 percent of people with celiac disease suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease, nearly three times the GERD rate of non-celiacs (13 percent).
Related Conditions Target Gut & Brain
Why do people with celiac disease have higher rates of so many other conditions, autoimmune and otherwise? Scientists agree that certain genes, such as HLA-DQ2, play a role in the development of celiac disease, and certain environmental factors may trigger the disorder. However, they aren’t yet sure what the exact mechanism is that causes celiac and other diseases to appear in tandem, or one after another.
“We did find a connection between celiac disease and all of these other conditions in that you have an increased likelihood of having these other diseases if you have celiac disease,” says Karb. “But our study did not attempt to postulate a cause.”
One theory about why celiac disease can lead to other autoimmune diseases has to do with permeability inside the body. According to Luis Rodrigo, MD, emeritus professor at the University of Oviedo in Spain, the gliadin protein in gluten can trigger a series of events that results in a higher risk of additional autoimmune conditions.
“The gliadin stimulates the liberation of zonulin (a protein) that opens the intercellular unions present in the small bowel epithelium,” he says. “[This] increas[es] the intestinal permeability, leading to the pass[age] of other substances through this route.” Increased permeability—like “leaky gut”—may trigger an inflammatory response that kicks off new gastrointestinal conditions. In addition, neurological conditions—like gluten ataxia, gluten neuropathy and gluten encephalopathy—may result from this increased permeability.
“The gliadin also produces an increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier that permits the pass[age] of several proteins into the brain that cause inflammatory changes in the central nervous system,” Rodrigo says.
Another theory is that once the immune system is stimulated by one autoimmune condition, it remains hypersensitive to other triggers that can cause additional autoimmune conditions.
“Our immune system needs to be able to go back to baseline,” said Bana Jabri, MD, PhD, director of research at the University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center and a professor at the University of Chicago who studies the mechanics of complex inflammatory diseases. Jabri says that researchers need to determine whether people with celiac disease have immune systems that are less resilient in general and predisposed to inflammation—in essence, whether they’re unable to go back to baseline once they’re stimulated.
More Than Gluten Free
A number of people with celiac disease, like David Vineyard, manage a variety of medical issues while they live a strictly gluten-free lifestyle. Vineyard knows that an overactive immune system can result in far more than just a celiac disease diagnosis, something that he received in 2013 after years of odd gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms. He also has gluten ataxia, a syndrome in which gluten attacks the cerebellum and causes damage to the central nervous system, resulting in loss of motor control.
Vineyard, the 28-year-old owner of a gluten-free bakery in Ennis, Texas, found that simply giving up gluten was certainly helpful—but it didn’t make him completely better. Since his celiac diagnosis, he learned he also has ulcerative colitis and pancreatic enzyme issues. In addition, he has multiple food intolerances. He cannot eat dairy, peanuts, corn, soy or red meat.
Sick for years, Vineyard saw multiple healthcare providers to try to figure out what was going on. “It seemed like there was always a new intolerance cropping up or an immune system quirk—like a riot/war in my body with collateral damage.”
Having grown up loving to cook, Vineyard opted to forge that passion and his dietary needs into a career of serving others with food intolerances.
“I took what I knew and slowly started learning gluten-free baking and cooking,” he says. “I needed to fund my new diet, so I started selling my homemade gluten-free baked goods at the local farmer’s market. I’ve been doing it ever since.” When his evolving health needs prompted him to drop starches and grains from his diet, he tweaked the ingredients in his baked goods accordingly.
Vineyard’s dream? He hopes one day to have a 100 percent gluten-free, paleo food truck.
Dealing with celiac disease can be challenging. Adding other medical conditions definitely makes it even more so. Yet learning about the increased risk of developing associated conditions can provide an instructive heads-up in addressing unresolved (and seemingly unrelated) symptoms, hopefully resulting in accurate diagnoses and treatment—and better overall health.
Health and medical writer Laurie Saloman, MS, is the parent of a young adult with celiac disease. | <urn:uuid:d9e6f426-c282-49de-9d2b-a17cd7184ad2> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.glutenfreeandmore.com/issues/celiac-and-autoimmune-disease-links/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742567.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115054518-20181115080518-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.958995 | 1,672 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Copyright © 2013 by the author(s). Published here under license by The Resilience Alliance.
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Baumgartner, T., and C. Pahl-Wostl. 2013. UN–Water and its role in global water governance. Ecology and Society 18(3): 3.
, part of a special feature on Global Water Governance: Challenges and Future Scope
UN–Water and its Role in Global Water Governance
1University of Freiburg, 2Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrueck
UN–Water was established in 2003 to coordinate United Nations activities on water. There have been no scientific assessments about this coordination mechanism and, hence, we focus on the role of UN–Water in global water governance. We use an analytical framework to conceptualize relevant natural and social phenomena, actors, and institutions in the field of global water governance. This framework ultimately allows an assessment of UN–Water’s role in this field. Our work draws upon official UN–Water documents, a formal external review of UN–Water, and semistructured expert interviews to assess UN–Water’s influence on global water discourses, particularly on the discourses of water and climate change, and integrated water resources management. This helps to identify UN–Water’s specific functions in the field of global water governance. The mechanism acts as a bridge between the expert-centered background and the political foreground of global water governance.
Key words: global water governance (GWG); integrated water resources management (IWRM); UN–Water; water and climate change
Governance, in a broad sense, can be understood as “the art of governing” and embraces the full complexity of regulatory processes and their interaction. This is reflected in the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) definition of water governance: “Water governance refers to the range of political, social, economic and administrative systems that are in place to regulate development and management of water resources and provisions of water services at different levels of society (United Nations Development Programme 2000).” At the global level, outputs of these systems include framing policy, setting standards, and mobilizing, allocating, and coordinating resources and responsibilities (Conca 2005). It is important to keep in mind that the intrinsic multilevel character of governance implies that the global level does not act independently and cannot be studied separately from the “lower” levels, as it is enacted through the interplay of actors working on all levels across the local–global spectrum (Urueña 2009, Varady et al. 2009). Also, the scope of the global governance of water cannot be limited to water in a narrow sense. Global water governance (GWG) frameworks must be adaptive and create links across policy fields such as energy, trade, and agriculture, given that water challenges cannot be addressed by remaining within the “water box” (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization 2006).
Pahl-Wostl et al. (2008) concluded from their analysis that:
GWG is currently diffuse and mobius web-like in character. A lack of strong motivation on the part of UN agencies and states to push water management has encouraged the rise of pluralistic bodies that try to deal with these issues. However, it is not clear that these polycentric governance frameworks can be more successful in generating the necessary political will for global action.
Findings of Pahl-Wostl et al. (2013) confirm these concerns. They conclude from their analysis on missing links in policy trajectories in major GWG fields that there are:
...major missing links between knowledge generation and policy framing and between knowledge generation and rulemaking. There seems to be a clear role for flexible global multiactor networks for issue integration, agenda setting, and open (re)framing processes. But for rulemaking in governance settings, it is important to move from mobilizing action to formalizing commitments.
UN–Water, a coordination body in the United Nations (UN) system, might be a step toward closing such gaps.
Within the UN system, the responsibilities and competencies relating to freshwater governance are highly fragmented among different organizations, programs, and funds. Consequently, coordination among the different actors is difficult, but all the more essential. Other articles of this special feature have focused on the different challenges of GWG and possible institutional responses, including UN interagency coordination mechanisms (see Schubert and Gupta 2013). In 2003, UN–Water was established as such a mechanism, to coordinate UN action for achieving the water-related targets set by the Millennium Declaration, and to implement decisions concerning water that were made at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. The mechanism is mandated to provide “coordination on technical issues at the expert level” (United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination 2003:7) and promote greater system-wide coherence. However, it has no formal decision-making power to achieve these ends. Even though UN–Water has been operational since 2003, it has attracted very little, if any, serious scientific interest thus far. The only study conducted about this mechanism is an external review commissioned by UN–Water itself (Keen and Ratynska 2009). It assesses the performance of UN–Water in terms of fulfillment of its mandate, but it does not inquire about its role as a mechanism in the wider context of the UN system or GWG. Yet, the time is ripe to reflect on the performance of UN–Water and its role in the UN system and GWG. Given the need for improved GWG mechanisms, an assessment of UN–Water's role in GWG is also necessary.
The purpose of our work is to develop an understanding of UN–Water's role in, and influence on, GWG. This understanding is obtained through qualitative research procedures, and draws on a thorough analysis of scientific literature, a careful examination of UN–Water documents, and inputs provided by UN–Water and GWG experts. The results of this research contribute valuable insights to the reform of UN–Water’s mandate, and provide food for thought about restructuring the entire field of GWG.
FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS
Global water governance has been defined as “the development and implementation of norms, principles, rules, incentives, informative tools, and infrastructure to promote a change in the behavior of actors at the global level in the area of water governance” (Pahl-Wostl et al. 2008:422). To understand the interactions among the different actors and institutions in the field of GWG, it is useful to refer to an analytical framework for global governance first proposed by Kennedy (2005) and later applied to the context of water by Urueña (2009). It makes a distinction between the domains of context, foreground, and background of global (water) governance. Context refers to the facts on the ground, and the operation of impersonal social and environmental forces. The foreground is the “stage” of global governance where highly visible events and tangible politics take place. The background is the natural habitat of expertise, or the “back stage” of GWG.
From a systemic perspective, this analytical distinction between the context, foreground, and background is, to a certain degree, analogous to the idea of input, process, and output of a social system. Global governance systems have to deal with water issues that are created by the GWG context. This “input” is then interpreted and processed, and knowledge is generated by experts to form background norms. Finally, these shape policy decisions and eventually produce, as outputs, foreground institutions that feed back to the context with significant temporal delays (see Fig. 1). Using this framework, one can characterize the missing links identified by Pahl-Wostl et al. 2013, between knowledge generation and policy framing and between knowledge generation and rulemaking, as missing links between background and foreground, and between expertise and politics.
It is important to note that the distinction between these GWG domains is artificial and rather fluid; it serves for analytical purposes only. However, the introduction of this framework is very useful in that it allows an analysis of all elements of GWG individually, without losing the sense of the bigger picture, that is, the idea of how all these strands fit together.
The context of GWG is set by natural and social realities that water governance mechanisms on all levels have to adapt to. As Kennedy noted, context is “driven by facts on the ground, by natural forces [...] or by invisible hands” (2005:8). Global and interconnected phenomena such as the importance of water for all life; the functioning of the global hydrological cycle; and the effects of climate change, biodiversity loss, globalization, population growth, and economic development make up the context of GWG. Although there are a number of global institutions that try to deal with these phenomena and minimize their negative effects on GWG, they are unlikely to produce significant results in the short to medium term, and are clearly beyond the scope of any global mechanism focusing on water governance. Institutions in the context domain take the form of multilateral environmental agreements (e.g., the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
, the Convention on Biodiversity
, the Ramsar Convention
, etc.) or World Trade Organization rules. They do not deal with water explicitly, but imply certain policy measures that directly affect the water sector and indirectly affect GWG.
The foreground domain of GWG comprises what is commonly perceived as the outputs of the GWG system. This includes phenomena such as global water events (UN megaconferences and plenary sessions, World Water Forums
, etc.), the establishment of new organizations and organizational structures, and the definition of international water law and policies (see Varady et al. 2009). The foreground is the stage that gives publicity and visibility to the field of GWG and to “those who seem to be in charge” (Kennedy 2005:4), like ministers and heads of states. It lies in the spotlight of our attention, provides stories for international front-page news and marks the milestones in the history of GWG. Notwithstanding the abundance of regional cooperation and regulation efforts (Wolf 2001), they have not yet led to the emergence of a comprehensive foreground institutional framework in the form of an international water regime providing rules for treaty making, interpretation, and dispute resolution at the global level (Dellapenna and Gupta 2008). However, advancements in the institutional foreground are deemed essential for successful GWG (Schnurr 2008).
However, limiting GWG analysis to the context and foreground domains would reveal a picture that does not allow us to make much sense of what is actually happening in the field of GWG. Indeed, it is clear that treating the field of GWG as a purely formal, political, and event-centered field misses the point. Are the presidents and ministers really the ones controlling the field of GWG? Aren’t the decisions that purport to be the result of foreground deliberations actually the product of less visible forces? To account for these “hidden forces,” Kennedy introduced the background domain, which refers to the work of people other than those who seem to be in charge for visible foreground decisions. The background is the natural habitat of expertise, comprising global networks of epistemic communities of scientists, policy advisers, pollsters, lawyers, managers, activists, journalists, administrators, government officials, etc. Whereas the output of foreground politics are regimes, policies, laws, events, and new organizational structures, the output of background expertise is data, information, discourses, paradigms, ideas, norms, and values that feed into the political decision-making processes and considerably influence GWG foreground outcomes. Contrary to the foreground domain, where power is exercised with legal legitimacy, background influence is exerted in a manner that lacks transparency, legitimacy, and accountability. Nevertheless, we depend increasingly on experts and the notion of expertise for making governance decisions, especially in GWG (Urueña 2009).
Using the Kennedy framework to analyze the field of GWG, it becomes clear that the GWG foreground domain is rather weakly institutionalized, with many disconnected treaties on the subglobal level, but no integrative global water regime. Regulation efforts in the context domain are more developed, but exogenous to the field of GWG, confirming the widespread concern that important decisions impacting water are being made in other governance areas (see Ünver 2009). Within GWG, the most promising impulses of institutionalization emerge from the background domain. The normative work of experts (e.g., on the integrated water resources management
(IWRM) principle) has gone a long way toward influencing foreground institutions and water governance practices on a global scale.
It is clear that UN–Water, as an interagency coordination mechanism that lacks direct control by an intergovernmental governing body and, thus, lacks formal decision-making power, is constrained to operate in the background of GWG. It has been mentioned above that whereas the output of foreground politics are regimes, laws, ministerial events, and new organizations, the background mainly produces discourses, norms, and values that influence foreground decisions.
Given our previous considerations about missing links and the hypothesis that UN–Water might act like a kind of “bridging organization” between background and foreground, it is useful to give more consideration to network governance. Here, a theoretical framework is introduced that captures the essence of such a role in GWG, and builds upon the work of Burris et al. (2005). These scholars have introduced a model of nodal governance which they describe as “an elaboration of contemporary network theory that explains how a variety of actors operating within social systems interact along networks to govern the systems they inhabit” (Burris et al. 2005:33). Burris et al. visualize networks as systems composed of nodes and connections. The theory of nodal governance puts the focus on the transformation of intra- and internetwork resource flows into action. This transformation takes place in nodes which are conceived as governance sites where knowledge, capacity, and resources are mobilized to manage the course of events. Nodes are not just virtual points on the conjunction of resource flows, but real, interdependent entities operating simultaneously in a number of different networks.
The theory of nodal governance lies somewhere between the structural determinism of Castells’ (2000) theory of information networks and the randomness suggested by Hayek’s (2001) theory of spontaneous order, in the sense that nodes and networks are constantly reconstituting themselves to form new nodal structures but, at the same time, do too much planning for their governing activities to be considered purely spontaneous. As such, nodal governance helps to explain the emergence of governing order and the circulation of power in highly complex social systems and can provide a conceptualization of UN–Water and the field of GWG that allows to place all GWG relevant actors and institutions in a framework that accounts for all interactions taking place within and among the various networks and nodes. The mutual interconnections and interdependencies can create “superstructural nodes” that “bring together representatives of different nodal organizations [...] to concentrate the members’ resources and technologies for a common purpose but without integrating the various networks” (Burris et al. 2005). These superstructural nodes are seen as “the command centers of networked governance” (Burris et al. 2005).
The analysis of the role of UN–Water in GWG explores whether UN–Water can be described as a superstructural node in the overall architecture of GWG. The influence of UN–Water on GWG is conceptualized by analyzing its influence on global water discourses. To conduct this analysis, this article will focus more in detail on two dominant global discourses; namely, water and climate change, and IWRM.
Apart from official documents such as terms of reference, annual reports, work plans, web page, etc., that provide insights into UN–Water's history and mandate, almost no other literature on UN–Water exists to date. An extensive literature review has yielded only one publication that explicitly deals with UN–Water, namely a book section by Schnurr (2008); however, his analysis is very superficial and remains on purely prescriptive grounds. Although UN–Water’s Operational Guidelines
state that its activities are guided by transparency, the application of this principle of good governance seems to be limited to participating member and partner organizations. It is very difficult for “outsiders” to gain insight into the workings and decision-making procedures of this organization. Many documents, such as meeting protocols, strategic papers, and the recently completed external review, are not made public. Therefore, our document analysis of the history and mandate of UN–Water is based on the limited “official” material available, and on some scientific literature that provides context descriptions for the historical background.
Given the limited amount of accessible written documentation, another approach was chosen for analyzing the functioning of UN–Water and its role in GWG. The empirical basis for addressing these issues is provided by a number of semistructured interviews with renowned experts of UN–Water and in the field of GWG. For our purposes, these experts were grouped in four categories: experts of UN–Water member organizations (members); experts of UN–Water partner organizations (partners); experts working for UN–Water or one of the affiliated programs (affiliates); and GWG experts with no direct organizational link to UN–Water (observers). The sampling strategy aimed to achieve a good balance among these different perspectives. Over a period of four weeks, 17 interview requests were sent out to various experts, and a total of 11 interviews with an average duration of 44 minutes were then conducted over a period of seven weeks. For the data analysis, interviews were transcribed, proofread, and broken down into codes and themes to facilitate the interpretation. Below, we present a summary of the results of these interviews. Appendix 1 provides more information on the sampling strategy and coding scheme.
THE ROLE OF UN–WATER IN GLOBAL WATER GOVERNANCE
UN–Water's history and mandate
UN–Water was formally established by the UN High Level Committee of Programs (HLCP) and officially endorsed by the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) in 2003. It was conceived of as an interagency mechanism to coordinate action for achieving water-related targets set by the UN Millennium Declaration; specifically, Target 7.C of the Millennium Development Goals is to: “Halve by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.“ It was also to be a mechanism for implementing decisions concerning water from the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development
(WSSD) in Johannesburg (United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination 2003:51); in particular concerning four major objectives contained in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPI):
- halve, by the year 2015, the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water and the proportion of people who do not have access to basic sanitation,
- develop integrated water resources management and water efficiency plans by 2005,
- develop programs for mitigating the effects of extreme water-related events, and
- establish and/or develop national monitoring networks and water-related databases.
In relation to these, UN–Water was to provide “coordination on technical issues at the expert level” (United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination 2003:7). Thus, UN–Water was explicitly conceived of as an organization operating primarily in the GWG background.
Before the creation of UN–Water, coordinating water-related agendas was the responsibility of the Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC), now the CEB, through its Subcommittee on Water Resources. After the subcommittee was disbanded at the turn of the millennium, the former members continued to coordinate their activities on an informal basis. This informal arrangement became known as “UN–Water” and, even before the mechanism was officially endorsed in the fall of 2003, it was responsible for the coordination of the first World Water Development Report,
now the UN’s flagship report on water.
The creation of UN–Water reflects a kind of paradigm shift in global water governance. A decade after the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, there was wide recognition that governments had largely failed to make progress in fulfilling international obligations to sustainable development (Andonova and Levy 2003, Seyfang 2003, Scherr and Gregg 2005). This recognition, coupled with a new emphasis on effective implementation and concrete actions, led to the adoption of a new approach that was later formalized under the term “Type II Partnerships” in the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development.
Governance through transnational, multistakeholder partnerships, bringing together public, private, and societal actors, was deemed to be more effective for dealing with regional and global sustainability challenges than the state-centric, top-down implementation plans for Agenda 21 resulting from the Rio Summit.
Although similar partnerships existed already prior to the WSSD, the Johannesburg conference brought a new form of recognition and attention to this commitment (Scherr and Gregg 2005). This paradigm shift, which took place at the beginning of the new millennium and which became apparent more explicitly at the WSSD, was at the root of a subtle but profound change in governance. At the operational level, it brought the private sector into the spotlight of global environmental governance; at a strategic level, it triggered some important reform processes within the UN.
The partnership approach was seen by many as a blueprint solution for addressing duplication issues resulting from institutional and organizational overlap within the multilateral system. They advocated heavily for the establishment of UN–internal partnerships, which also inspired the setup of several interagency coordination mechanisms, including UN–Water, UN–Oceans, UN–Energy, the UN Environment Management Group (EMG), and the UN Development Group (UNDG).
The Terms of Reference
(TOR) produced for UN–Water define it as: “the interagency mechanism that promotes coherence in, and coordination of, UN system actions aimed at the implementation of the agenda defined by the Millennium Declaration and the World Summit on Sustainable Development as it relates to its scope of work.” The TOR also outline the form and content of UN–Water's partnership with non-UN actors. It states that “UN–Water will encourage the contribution of non-UN system actors in its thematic initiatives, including participation in relevant time-bound task forces, and in discussions at UN–Water meetings to monitor progress in relation to such initiatives.”
UN–Water’s nodal characteristics
Our analysis of UN–Water’s role in the GWG architecture focuses on nodal characteristics, as defined in the concept of nodal governance structures, mentalities, resources, and technologies.
“Structures” refer to formal rules and procedures through which the nodes’ mentalities, technologies, and resources can be mobilized. UN–Water is not a legal entity within the UN system but, rather, a loosely institutionalized coordination mechanism without its own legal personality. However, our document analysis did not reveal the logic behind this format and did not result in a sense of how this somewhat particular status within the UN affects UN–Water’s agency. It seems that “UN–Water [still] struggles with what its mandate really ought to be,” in particular given that it attracted an increasing number of non-UN partners. Although some experts would like to “extend the mandate of UN–Water,” to give it “a bit of a coordination function also toward non-UN actors,” and see the mechanism become “more ambitious about what it’s trying to achieve,” others are “taken aback by what it [has] become” and think that UN–Water should rather slow down and revert to its initial, “introverted” mandate. Notwithstanding these different expectations about the future development of UN–Water, the overwhelming majority of participants agreed on the fact that there is an urgent need to “redefine” the role of partner organizations within the mechanism, not only because many partners are “frustrated” with their currently “unclear role,” but also because different assumptions about the substance and intensity of partner involvement to a large degree underpin opposing views about the future development of the coordination mechanism.
“Mentalities” refer to the ideals and paradigms around which individuals and organizations gather to form intellectual and social capital. The interview data suggests that a collaborative mentality seems to have developed from the bottom up, through conviction and persuasion, rather than coerced collaboration prescribed from the CEB and UN–Water's TOR in a top-down manner. However, two major defecits have been noted. One is a lack of discussion of controversial issues in the quest for common positions, and the second is a personal, interorganizational, and sectoral rivalry, mainly among UN–Water member organizations and their representatives. Further, it is obvious that the lack of a clearly defined institutional role for UN–Water’s partners has significant adverse effects of the member–partner relationships, and unless this situation is amended, most participants believe that the mechanism runs the risk of having its partners lose interest in participating in its meetings and contributing to its work.
“Resources” refer to human and financial resources that are necessary to support the operation of nodes. When UN–Water was established in 2003, it was equipped with a “very strong mandate to coordinate” but very limited resources. All financial and human resources were provided exclusively by UN–Water member organizations. It was not until 2007 that, through the establishment of the Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF), UN–Water was structurally enabled to receive additional funding from external donors. Despite this improvement in funding, UN–Water’s financial resources are judged to be unsatisfactory even for fulfilling its original mandate; it also concurrently gave rise to problems regarding UN–Water’s identity.
Finally, “technologies” refer to the set of methods that a node can dispose of for exerting power and influencing the course of events. UN–Water does not have any formal decision-making power, but instead it tries to exert influence primarily in the background of GWG. The interview data reveal that UN–Water's technologies are basically limited to procedural and outreach methods of influence, where the former relate more to the discursive processes within the coordination mechanism and the latter to publications resulting from these discussions and deliberations. The scope of UN–Water's procedural influence is mostly confined to its members who discuss the different issues of coordination in the “in camera” meetings. Many experts’ comments imply that UN–Water has been relatively successful in pushing its publications to its member and partner organizations through background channels, but it needs to improve its active distribution through foreground channels to reach donors and member states.
UN–Water’s influence on global water governance
The influence of UN–Water on GWG is assessed by analyzing its impact on two major policy discourses; (1) water and climate change, and (2) IWRM.
All the experts we interviewed expressed some level of concern that the climate change discourse and the water discourse “are not linked enough,” and there is “a general feeling by water people that they are under-represented in the [climate change] debate.” Although there is clearly a need for coordinated action under the umbrella of UN–Water, there are a number of internal and external factors preventing the mechanism from acting promptly and coherently on water and climate change. This can be linked to the fact that the people who are discussing water issues inside the UN–Water meetings are not necessarily the same as those who are dealing with climate change issues in the member organizations. This means that UN–Water members “are spending a lot of time and effort internally” agreeing upon common positions and defining how the water and climate change discourse should be addressed by UN–Water. Another internal issue arises through the fact that neither UN–Water nor its individual member organizations have been given a clear mandate to advocate for an increased consideration of water issues in the global climate change policy processes.
Notwithstanding these challenges, in several instances, UN–Water attempted to actively influence the global discourse and policy process. For example, at the COP-15 conference in Copenhagen, the mechanism presented a “statement on the prime role of water in the adaptation process” which all member organizations have previously agreed upon. This means that “27 UN agencies are standing behind it,” something that “hasn’t happened before.” UN–Water released a policy brief on climate change and water in which “different aspects are addressed and different emphases get made.” Although the process of producing this document was “difficult” and required “a lot of time and effort,” it was also UN–Water’s “first real policy brief.”
Despite these various outreach efforts, “UN–Water has just started to scratch on the surface of the issue” and its direct influence on the discourse is still minimal. The interview data suggest that this very limited direct influence is actually outweighed by the more subtle, indirect influence the mechanism exerts through its member organizations. Experts feel that “clearly some of the individual member organizations” do have a direct influence on global and national climate-policy processes “and in that way, UN–Water is indirectly influencing this discourse.” The most important processes here are the discussions taking place through the climate change task force and the core group, especially around joint publications such as policy briefs and the World Water Development Reports. These activities are “the necessary first steps in starting to create coherence, but it is a long way from that to actually being able to act effectively” upon the discourse. All in all, “UN–Water has played a significant role in identifying impacts of climate on water and highlighting a need for action to address the impact of climate on water,” but the mechanism is not an influential actor in the global climate policy-making processes.
The discourse on water and climate change is intimately linked to the discourse on IWRM, in the sense that climate change adaptation “is really about how to manage water,” and that the current paradigm of water management puts a strong focus on integration, as well on climate change adaptation.
Although all experts in principle approve of an integrated-management approach, some have also pointed out that “there are a lot of people challenging the whole concept of IWRM” and questioning its practicability. This stems from a general confusion about the plurality of definitions and understandings of the concept. Thus, there is great need for clarification, and many participants expect UN–Water “to be providing some leadership and helping to create coherence and build understanding” around this discourse. However, once again the mechanism's direct influence is limited by a number of internal and external barriers.
From the outside, UN–Water faces two gaps that need to be bridged in order to move the discourse forward. The current discourse on IWRM has created a “gap between essentially northern environmentally focused interests and southern developmentally focused interests.” Many developing countries see IWRM as an “advocacy struggle by environmental advocates,” where “social voices get very little play and economic voices are regarded often as the enemy.”
The IWRM discourse seems to be polarized, with theoreticians and donors on one side promoting and requesting IWRM definitions, plans, and monitoring procedures, and practitioners on the other side who are torn between living up to the expectations of donors and simply trying to “get on with their job.” The Johannesburg Declaration required all countries to create IWRM plans “without clearly defining exactly what they are supposed to be.” This target was set in 2002 and “should have been achieved by 2005, which is not the case.” Many participants feel that the meeting in Johannesburg “got things off at the wrong track.” Developing IWRM plans became an official objective of the
Commission on Sustainable Development
and, therefore, the whole UN system. Many member states “put a lot of attention and a significant amount of money into developing a plan and neglected implementation.” Many experts feel that “a new start is needed,” but are rather pessimistic about the capacity of UN–Water to trigger this new start, not least because it is also faces internal barriers: inside UN–Water, it is difficult to address the conflicting and politically sensitive aspects of IWRM. “If you have a political divide, it’s unlikely that UN–Water, which is dependent on consensus between North and South, is going to take a particularly leading role.” Moreover, UN–Water has not explicitly been given the mandate to act upon the IWRM discourse, whereas one of its major partner organizations, the
Global Water Partnership
(GWP) has taken up this particular mission. Given that “there are UN agencies represented in various governing bodies of the GWP,” UN–Water has to be very “cautious about taking on activities in IWRM explicitly” and make sure it does not “step on the toes of GWP” or any other member organization.
Notwithstanding these internal and external barriers, UN–Water has carried out some activities relating to IWRM. The strongest attempt to influence this discourse was made with the
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans
(UN–Water 2008) and Status Report on the Application of Integrated Approaches to Water Resources Management
(UN–Water 2012) prepared for CSD16 and Rio+20, respectively. However, after the first report there was no constructive, internal follow-up discussion and “there seems to have been very little advance in UN–Water apart from that report.” Although some interviewees are frustrated with UN–Water’s reluctance to take a more active role in the advancement of the IWRM discourse, most experts approve of its restrained activities and stress the fact that UN–Water should not “initiate entirely new activities,” “start to be operational on a country level,” or “act like one of the UN agencies” but, rather, that it should rather play a strong facilitating role by synthesizing and confirming the existing IWRM discourse and making it further accepted in the wider community.
Overall, there is widespread dissatisfaction with the insufficient implementation of IWRM practices worldwide. Interestingly enough, UN–Water’s most valuable contribution to the advancement of IWRM may be the fact of its own existence. In a sense, the coordination mechanism is based on the idea of integration and, by establishing UN–Water, the UN system moved beyond talking and actually “put things in place” that allow it to integrate its work on freshwater issues. Therefore, UN–Water can be seen as IWRM put into practice at the UN level. This perspective also sheds a different light on the enormous challenges the mechanism is facing from within (see Keen and Ratynska 2009). Instead of dismissing the internal structural, procedural, and political difficulties as factors that are simply preventing UN–Water from working effectively, they should be seen as practical realities that every integrator has to cope with. Just as “it is unlikely that you would ever reach complete integration with IWRM,” it would also be unreasonable to expect UN–Water to work in complete harmony.
Once again, UN–Water's direct influence on the discourse is rather insignificant, but the mere existence of the mechanism along with its internal procedures exerts some indirect influence on the IWRM discourse through its member and partner organizations. In that sense, UN–Water is also taking a more “reactive” stance toward global water discourses in general. Instead of developing new discourses, UN–Water helps distill and clarify existing discourses.
Taking into account the considerations about the model of nodal GWG and the insights about UN–Water's nodal characteristics provided by our interviews with area experts, UN–Water can certainly be seen as, and its role could be strengthened as, a superstructural node in the field of nodal GWG. The mechanism disposes of all essential nodal characteristics and brings together representatives of other nodes in the field of GWG to concentrate their resources and technologies, without integrating them to form a new organization. Moreover, UN–Water creates links among different networks that exist in the field of GWG by providing a platform for discussion among actors in the UN system, NGOs, the private sector, and secretariats of various context institutions. Figure 2 schematically illustrates UN–Water's superstructural position in the field of nodal GWG.
Our analysis of UN–Water's influence on global water discourses provides interesting insights into the assessment of UN–Water's role in the field of GWG. Although the expert interviews clearly revealed that the mechanism is not a major driving force behind global water discourses, they did point to some other important functions that UN–Water is performing in the field of GWG.
First, UN–Water is clearly a background actor. In the field of GWG, all multistakeholder platforms, such as the Global Water Partnership,
World Water Council,
(WWC) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) are operating primarily in the background, and UN–Water’s role as a “talking shop” for senior administrators of the various UN freshwater programs does not differ in this regard. However, it is unique in the sense that it is constrained by its institutional setup to disproportionally account for foreground concerns of diplomacy and political correctness. The analysis of UN–Water’s influence on the IWRM discourse has effectively demonstrated that UN–Water, unlike other organizations in the GWG background, cannot just “paper over” political divides but that it is instead compelled to deal with them. Even though this often proves to be extremely complicated, frustrating, and time consuming, and usually results in toothless and seemingly trivial documents and statements—such as the
UN–Water policy brief on water and climate change
—this feature is quite unique in the background of GWG and clearly distinguishes UN–Water’s role from that of other major GWG actors. As with many other organizations, UN–Water cannot unilaterally address controversial issues; instead, it has to embrace the whole political and scientific complexity of global water challenges, find solutions that are acceptable to all of its member organizations, and ultimately ones that are acceptable to all member states.
Second, the fact that UN–Water is often seen to perform weakly is, to a large degree, a mirror of the fact that the United Nations represent a divided world. UN–Water's role, unlike the role of most other organizations, is precisely to account for these divisions and find solutions that are adapted to the global political realities and, thus, are more widely acceptable and applicable. In that sense, UN–Water is a mechanism that can effectively bridge the gap between theoreticians and practitioners of GWG. Compared to other actors that are prone to cherish illusions of a rational, united world, UN–Water is, through its institutional setup, much more down-to-earth with regard to political realities. On the one hand, this prevents the mechanism from becoming a visionary and from proactively driving global water discourses, much to the regret of many experts. On the other hand, it allows the mechanism to bring the pipe dreams of other GWG actors to a practical and politically acceptable level, or, as one interviewee put it, to help them to “start getting positions which are more realistic.“ This role is unique in the field of GWG and extremely important if global governance activities are to percolate to the national, regional, and local levels to ultimately facilitate and support work on the ground.
Finally, this bridging function between the background and the foreground also brings some structural and normative improvements to the field of GWG by enhancing coordination among its member organizations, bringing higher accountability, legitimacy, and some legitimate leadership to the global governance of water. This slightly increases the overall efficiency of the system and raises political awareness about global water issues. Moreover, UN–Water brings together a unique constellation of a large variety of actors and institutions in a relatively light and flexible organizational structure. This presents a great policy innovation potential and adds to the diversity and the resilience of the entire field of GWG. Nevertheless, the mechanism has thus far not been able to significantly improve some of the most serious and most pressing structural deficiencies in the field of GWG. It has not reduced the system’s overall ineffectiveness in providing enforceable foreground institutions and sufficient financial resources to achieve the various water-related targets in a timely way.
These observations confirm that UN–Water does not play a powerful role as a leader and reformer of the GWG system but, rather, that it operates in the background where it exerts indirect influence, mainly through its member organizations and their member states. UN–Water does not shape the substance of GWG so much as the procedures of the GWG system. The analytical distinctions between the context, background, and foreground are, from a systemic perspective, analogous to the idea of input, process, and output. The above considerations clearly show that the mechanism primarily influences the procedural aspects of GWG; that is, legitimacy, accountability, efficiency, awareness, etc., but it largely fails to improve the output of the GWG system; that is, foreground institutions, financial resources, etc. UN–Water has improved the often missing or weak link between knowledge production and politics. However, this has not yet led to an increase in the effectiveness of policy processes.
The authors would like to thank all the anonymous participants in the phone interviews who dedicated their precious time for this research.
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Wolf, A. T. 2001. Water and human security. Water Resources Update | <urn:uuid:2145a649-1bd8-4e66-bc94-4a3a03366cbe> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol18/iss3/art3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272680.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00433-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935572 | 9,756 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The federal government attaches sticky strings to its principal education programs, No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top. The strings are an inducement, a carrot, a cudgel. In reality, they’re bribes; and if your state or school district is strapped for cash, as most are these days, you not only plug your nose as you take the money. You may find yourself painting lipstick on the pig, as much to assuage one’s guilt as to rationalize the corrupting quid-pro-quo.
So it is with Washington state’s political leaders, who jumped into the federal bed, strings and all, in exchange for much needed dollars. As a result, children and their teachers have been subjected to a cruel testing regimen that does nothing to improve education while surely stifling whatever intellectual curiosity existed before kids entered their first classroom.
The reformist premise is that public schools are forever “in crisis,” their alleged failures responsible for the decline in civilization and national fortunes. With each new crisis claim comes a program or initiative promising to bring educational nirvana.
After all, have you seen the latest test scores? Our kids are flunking. Repeat. Reform. Repeat. Reform.
In her latest book, Reign of Error, Diane Ravitch systematically debunks the crisis claims. Take test scores. She looks at the 2010 PISA results (a test given randomly to children within the OECD).
First, the scores of American fifteen-year-olds had not declined. In reading and mathematics, the U.S. scores were not measurably different from earlier PISA assessments in 2000, 2003, and 2006. In science, U.S. students improved their scores over an earlier assessment in 2006.
More important, and we should always keep this in mind, test scores track poverty rates. The higher the level of poverty the lower the test scores. Thus, Massachusetts, which has a relatively low poverty rate, records better results on PISA, whereas Mississippi, with high percentages of poor people, does worse.
Yet, even with higher poverty rates than other western industrial nations American students do well against their international peers. Here’s Ravitch:
Second, American students in schools with low poverty— the schools where less than 10 percent of the students were poor— had scores that were equal to those of Shanghai and significantly better than those of high-scoring Finland, the Republic of Korea, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, and Australia. In U.S. schools where less than a quarter of the students were eligible for free or reduced-price lunch (the federal definition of poverty), the reading scores were similar to those of students in high-performing nations. Technically, the comparison is not valid, because it involves comparing students in low-poverty schools in the United States with the average score for entire nations. But it is important to recognize that the scores of students in low-poverty schools in the United States are far higher than the international average, higher even than the average for top-performing nations, and the scores decline as poverty levels increase, as they do in all nations.
Writing for the New York Times, Frank Bruni throws his two-cent hat into the reformist ring. He’s touting a “bold” initiative in Colorado that requires voter approval, as he begins with broad, unthinking strokes:
If there’s a key to this nation’s sustained competitiveness, it’s education. And if there’s a key to the kind of social mobility that’s integral to our country’s cherished narrative, to its soul, it’s giving kids from all walks of life teachers and classrooms that beckon them toward excellence. But like all aspects of American policy making these days, the push to improve public schools bucks up against factionalism, pettiness, lobbies that won’t be muted and sacred cows that can’t be disturbed. Progress that needs to be sweeping is anything but.
Amendment 66, as the ballot measure is called, enjoys unusual support from a disparate array of interests, including the Walton family, which heavily funds education reform efforts, especially charter school initiatives, and two national teachers unions. U.S. education secretary Arne Duncan, according to Bruni:
…has said that the success of Amendment 66, which is what voters will weigh in on, would make Colorado “the educational model for every other state to follow.”
While it’s easy to see why corporate reformers back the initiative, what’s in it for teachers and their unions? Here’s the bribe part, and I’ll quote Bruni:
Part of what rallied the unions to the overhaul, which many unionized teachers initially resisted, is its infusion of an extra $950 million annually into public education through the 12th grade, a portion of which could go to rehiring teachers who lost jobs during the recession and to hiring new ones for broadly expanded preschool and kindergarten programs.
Increase spending, by all means, but remove the strings. Also, get smarter about public education.
Finnish schools, perhaps the best in the world, have no charters or”Teach for Finland,” Ravitch’s slam against Wendy Kopps’s Teach for America. There are no standardized tests in Finland. Teachers, among the best prepared in the world when they start their careers, actually spend less time instructing students then their American counterparts. As for funding, all education in Finland is free, or, if you prefer, completely subsidized by the government. Yet, per-pupil spending in Finland is far less than in the U.S.
So, if we wish to talk about reform and eliminate the bribes, we might look at the Finnish example. Do a search on this blog using the term ‘Finland’ to find more. Here’s a start. | <urn:uuid:822cff61-e044-44ea-afde-d627d17e4201> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://davald.wordpress.com/2013/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999620.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624171058-20190624193058-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.959667 | 1,237 | 2.625 | 3 |
With a saucer-shaped disc in front of the nostrils, above a contorted horizontal structure known as a ‘nose-leaf’, Ridley’s leaf-nosed bat has a bizarre appearance. The nose-leaf functions to emit ultrasound, used by some bats (mainly Microchiroptera) to orientate, and to locate prey (‘echolocation’). This bat also possesses very large and broad ears with rectangular tips and folded outer edges. The fur is dark brown and extends very slightly onto the wings. The wing membranes are sooty-brown to black and are partly edged with dull yellow colouration. Only the extreme tip of the tail is free from membrane (2).
As a result of the small number of observations of this species, knowledge of its biology is extremely limited. It echolocates using ultrasound frequencies of between 65 and 67 kHz to find insects and to orientate itself. It has been noted as lactating between early April and late May (2).
For many years Ridley’s leaf-nosed bat was known only from the original specimen, caught in Singapore in 1911. In the late 1970s several small colonies of this species were found around Selangor in Malaysia, and it has since been reported from Sabah and Sarawak in North Borneo, as well as Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Laos (2).
Ridley’s leaf-nosed bat is found in peat swamp forest and primary mixed dipterocarp forest. It is thought to roost in caves and use trails in the understory of lowland dipterocarp forest to move around its habitat (2)
Selective logging throughout the entire range threatens the habitat of Ridley’s leaf-nosed bat. In Laos, bats are exploited for food, regardless of size, and Ridley’s leaf-nosed bat may be particularly vulnerable to this, as it roosts in caves making it possible to capture several bats at once (2).
The documentation of biodiversity in the area and the education of the public, as well as the protection of adequate habitat, are all essential to the survival of this and many other bat species. Malaysia is home to a particularly high diversity of bats, so the protection of its forest habitat may safeguard many other species (2).
To help conserve this species by working in the field with Earthwatch, click here.
Embed this ARKive thumbnail link ("portlet") by copying and pasting the code below. | <urn:uuid:81961657-6a01-4016-94fd-f3cd984daf73> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.arkive.org/ridleys-leaf-nosed-bat/hipposideros-ridleyi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464053379198.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524012939-00170-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957024 | 527 | 4.21875 | 4 |
The Cost of the Continuing California Drought
Published: July 1991
Authors: Peter Gleick and Linda Nash
Since 1987, the State of California has been in the grip of a severe drought. water availability throughout the State has been far lower than normal for each of the last five years when measured in any of a variety of ways: total precipitation runoff, groundwater overdraft, or reservoir storage. The current drought is comparable in severity to the drought of the late 1920s and early 1930s, considered to be the worst drought on record and there is no guarantee that next year will be any wetter. The California Department of Water Resources has classified four of the last five years as “critically dry”, while the fifth was classified as “dry”.
We present here the information on the impacts and economic costs of the drought where they are available, for a wide variety of sectors. We also assess what the current drought tells us about California’s vulnerability to global climate change. We have avoided making an overall dollar estimate of the costs of the drought to California in part because such estimates can be misleading. They tend to focus attention on those impacts that can be easily quantified while undercounting those impacts that cannot be readily assessed in economic terms. Indeed, our study suggests that many of the most sever effects of the first four years of the drought have been in those sectors that are not adequately evaluated by economic measures, the State’s ecological resources: its fish, wildlife, forests, and natural ecosystems.
Based on the information collected for this report, we believe that the greatest impacts are currently falling on the environment, and that, moreover, many of the ecological effects may be irreversible. In addition, California will see substantial economic costs, totaling roughly $3 billion, as a result of decreased hydroelectric potential. Limited portions of the agricultural sector are also bearing heavy costs, although the effect on California’s overall farm income will be relatively small. While urban areas have suffered shortages, they have been manageable in most cases and have not cause major economic dislocations. The additional rainfall that the State received in March of this year helped to avert much more serious impacts int eh municipal and industrial sectors, but only modestly improved the conditions of ecosystems and the water supply for agriculture.
The drought is not over. With doubt, another dry year would result in much more severe situation than California has experienced thus far. Reservoir reserves have been drawn down to extremely low levels, some fisheries populations have been brought to the verge of extinction, if indeed they have not already been pushed over the edge, and ground-water reserves have been severely depleted in many agricultural regions.
Lear more about the impacts of the drought by downloading “The Societal and Environmental Cost of the Continuing California Drought.” | <urn:uuid:076ee624-c32e-4254-94b5-4b165a8d7902> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://pacinst.org/publication/cost-continuing-california-drought/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649931.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324054204-20180324074204-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.958434 | 573 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The Neotropical frog-eating bat, Trachops cirrhosus, primarily hunts stationary prey, either by gleaning on the wing, or in a sit-and-wait mode hanging from a perch. It listens passively for prey-generated sounds, but uses echolocation in all stages of the hunt. Like other bats in the family Phyllostomidae, T. cirrhosus has a conspicuous nose leaf, hypothesized to direct and focus echolocation calls emitted from the nostrils. T. cirrhosus is highly flexible in its cognitive abilities and its use of sensory strategies for prey detection. Additionally, T. cirrhosus has been observed to echolocate both with closed and open mouth. We hypothesize that its flexibility extends to echolocation call design. We investigated the effect of hunting mode, perching or flying, as well as the effect of mouth opening, on the acoustic parameters and directionality of the echolocation call. We used a multi-microphone array, a high-speed video camera, and a microphone-diode-video system to directly visualize the echolocation sound beam synchronized with the bat's behavior. We found that T. cirrhosus emits a highly directional sound beam with half amplitude angle (HAM) of 12-18° and DI (directionality index) of ~17 dB, among the most directional bat sonar beams measured to date. The directionality was high both when flying and when perching. The emitted intensity was low, around 88 dB SPL at 10 cm from the mouth, when hanging, but higher, around 100 dB SPL at 10 cm, when flying or just before take-off. Our data suggests that the limited search volume of T. cirrhosus sonar beam defined by the high directionality and the rather low intensity of its echolocation calls is adapted to the highly cluttered hunting habitat and to the perch hunting mode. | <urn:uuid:f72c318b-2afb-4cc7-ae3e-6b0fcb3bf20b> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/catalog/242962785 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320666.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626013946-20170626033946-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.936158 | 404 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems. Their neuroanatomy is therefore better understood. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or "lesions" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.
For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.
The first known written record of a study of the anatomy of the human brain is the ancient Egyptian document the Edwin Smith Papyrus. The next major development in neuroanatomy came from the Greek Alcmaeon, who determined that the brain and not the heart ruled the body and that the senses were dependent on the brain.
After Alcmaeon’s findings, many scientists, philosophers, and physicians from around the world continued to contribute to the understanding of neuroanatomy, notably: Galen, Herophilus, Rhazes and Erasistratus. Herophilus and Erasistratus of Alexandria were perhaps the most influential Greek neuroscientists with their studies involving dissecting the brains. For several hundred years afterward, with the cultural taboo of dissection, no major progress occurred in neuroscience. However, Pope Sixtus IV effectively revitalized the study of neuroanatomy by altering the papal policy and allowing human dissection. This resulted in a boom of research in neuroanatomy by artists and scientists of the Renaissance.
In 1664, Thomas Willis, a physician and professor at Oxford University, coined the term neurology when he published his text Cerebri anatome which is considered the foundation of neuroanatomy. The subsequent three hundred and fifty some years has produced a great deal of documentation and study of the neural systems.
At the tissue level, the nervous system is composed of neurons, glial cells, and extracellular matrix. Both neurons and glial cells come in many types (see, for example, the nervous system section of the list of distinct cell types in the adult human body). Neurons are the information-processing cells of the nervous system: they sense our environment, communicate with each other via electrical signals and chemicals called neurotransmitters across synapses, and produce our memories, thoughts and movements. Glial cells maintain homeostasis, produce myelin, and provide support and protection for the brain's neurons. Some glial cells (astrocytes) can even propagate intercellular calcium waves over long distances in response to stimulation, and release gliotransmitters in response to changes in calcium concentration. The extracellular matrix also provides support on the molecular level for the brain's cells.
At the organ level, the nervous system is composed of brain regions, such as the hippocampus in mammals or the mushroom bodies of the fruit fly. These regions are often modular and serve a particular role within the general pathways of the nervous system. For example, the hippocampus is critical for forming memories. The nervous system also contains nerves, which are bundles of fibers that originate from the brain and spinal cord, and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body. Nerves are made primarily of the axons of neurons, along with a variety of membranes that wrap around and segregate them into nerve fascicles.
The vertebrate nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain, retina, and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of all the nerves outside of the CNS that connect it to the rest of the body. The PNS is further subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system is made up of "afferent" neurons, which bring sensory information from the sense organs to the CNS, and "efferent" neurons, which carry motor instructions out to the muscles. The autonomic nervous system also has two subdivisions, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic, which are important for regulating the body's basic internal organ functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, and salivation. Autonomic nerves, like somatic nerves, contain afferent and efferent fibers.
Orientation in neuroanatomyEdit
In anatomy in general and neuroanatomy in particular, several sets of topographic terms are used to denote orientation and location, which are generally referred to the body or brain axis (see Anatomical terms of location). The pairs of terms used most commonly in neuroanatomy are:
- Dorsal and ventral: dorsal loosely refers to the top or upper side, and ventral to the bottom or lower side. These descriptors originally referred to dorsum and ventrum – back and belly – of the body; the belly of most animals is oriented towards the ground; the erect posture of humans places our ventral aspect anteriorly, and the dorsal aspect becomes posterior. The case of the head and the brain is peculiar, since the belly does not properly extend into the head, unless we assume that the mouth represents an extended belly element. Therefore, in common use, those brain parts that lie close to the base of the cranium, and through it to the mouth cavity, are called ventral – i.e., at its bottom or lower side, as defined above – whereas dorsal parts are closer to the enclosing cranial vault.
- Rostral and caudal: rostral refers to the front of the body (towards the nose, or rostrum in Latin), and caudal to the tail end of the body (towards the tail; cauda in Latin). In Man, the directional terms "superior" and "inferior" essentially refer to this rostrocaudal dimension, because our body axis is roughly oriented vertically in the erect position. However, all vertebrates develop a kink in the neural tube that is still detectable in the adult central nervous system, known as the cephalic flexure. The latter bends the rostral part of the CNS at a 90 degree angle relative to the caudal part, at the transition between the forebrain and the brainstem and spinal cord. This change in axial dimension is problematic when trying to describe relative position and sectioning planes in the brain.
- Medial and lateral: medial refers to being close, or relatively closer, to the midline (the descriptor median means a position precisely at the midline. Lateral is the opposite (a position separated away from the midline)).
Note that such descriptors (dorsal/ventral, rostral/caudal; medial/lateral) are relative rather than absolute (e.g., a lateral structure may be said to lie medial to something else that lies even more laterally).
Commonly used terms for planes of orientation or planes of section in neuroanatomy are "sagittal", "transverse" or "coronal", and "axial" or "horizontal". Again in this case, the situation is different for swimming, creeping or quadrupedal (prone) animals than for Man, or other erect species, due to the changed position of the axis.
- A mid-sagittal plane divides the body and brain into left and right halves; sagittal sections in general are parallel to this median plane, moving along the medial-lateral dimension(see the image above). The term sagittal refers etymologically to the median suture between the right and left parietal bones of the cranium, known classically as sagittal suture, because it looks roughly like an arrow by its confluence with other sutures (sagitta; arrow in Latin).
- A section plane across any elongated form in principle is held to be transverse if it is orthogonal to the axis (e.g., a transverse section of a finger; if there is no length axis, there is no way to define such sections, or there are infinite possibilities). Therefore, transverse body sections in vertebrates are parallel to the ribs, which are orthogonal to the vertebral column, that represents the body axis both in animals and man. The brain also has an intrinsic longitudinal axis – that of the primordial elongated neural tube – which becomes largely vertical with the erect posture of Man, similarly as the body axis, except at its rostral end, as commented above. This explains that transverse spinal cord sections are roughly parallel to our ribs, or to the ground. However, this is only true for the spinal cord and the brainstem, since the forebrain end of the neural axis bends crook-like during early morphogenesis into the hypothalamus, where it ends; the orientation of true transverse sections accordingly changes, and is no longer parallel to the ribs and ground, but perpendicular to them; lack of awareness of this morphologic brain peculiarity (present in all vertebrate brains without exceptions) has caused and still causes erroneous thinking on forebrain brain parts. Acknowledging the singularity of rostral transverse sections, tradition has introduced a different descriptor for them, namely coronal sections. Coronal sections divide the forebrain from rostral (front) to caudal (back), forming a series orthogonal (transverse) to the local bent axis. The concept cannot be applied meaningfully to the brainstem and spinal cord, since there the coronal sections become horizontal to the axial dimension, being parallel to the axis.
- A coronal plane across the head and brain is modernly conceived to be parallel to the face (the etymology refers to corona or crown; the plane in which a king's crown sits on his head is not exactly parallel to the face, and exportation of the concept to less frontally endowed animals than us is obviously even more conflictive, but there is an implicit reference to the coronal suture of the cranium, which forms between the frontal and temporal/parietal bones, giving a sort of diadema configuration which is roughly parallel to the face). Coronal section planes thus essentially refer only to the head and brain, where a diadema makes sense, and not to the neck and body below.
- Horizontal sections by definition are aligned with the horizon. In swimming, creeping and quadrupedal animals the body axis itself is horizontal, and, thus, horizontal sections run along the length of the spinal cord, separating ventral from dorsal parts. Horizontal sections are orthogonal to both transverse and sagittal sections. Due to the axial bend in the brain (forebrain), true horizontal sections in that region are orthogonal to coronal (transverse) sections (as is the horizon relative to the face).
According to these considerations, the three directions of space are represented precisely by the sagittal, transverse and horizontal planes, whereas coronal sections can be transverse, oblique or horizontal, depending on how they relate to the brain axis and its incurvations.
Modern developments in neuroanatomy are directly correlated to the technologies used to perform research. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the various tools that are available. Many of the histological techniques used to study other tissues can be applied to the nervous system as well. However, there are some techniques that have been developed especially for the study of neuroanatomy.
In biological systems, staining is a technique used to enhance the contrast of particular features in microscopic images.
Nissl staining uses aniline basic dyes to intensely stain the acidic polyribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is abundant in neurons. This allows researchers to distinguish between different cell types (such as neurons and glia), and neuronal shapes and sizes, in various regions of the nervous system cytoarchitecture.
The classic Golgi stain uses potassium dichromate and silver nitrate to fill selectively with a silver chromate precipitate a few neural cells (neurons or glia, but in principle any cells can react similarly). This so-called silver chromate impregnation procedure stains entirely or partially the cell bodies and neurites of some neurons -dendrites, axon- in brown and black, allowing researchers to trace their paths up to their thinnest terminal branches in a slice of nervous tissue, thanks to the transparency consequent to the lack of staining in the majority of surrounding cells. Modernly, Golgi-impregnated material has been adapted for electron-microscopic visualization of the unstained elements surrounding the stained processes and cell bodies, thus adding further resolutive power.
Histochemistry uses knowledge about biochemical reaction properties of the chemical constituents of the brain (including notably enzymes) to apply selective methods of reaction to visualize where they occur in the brain and any functional or pathological changes. This applies importantly to molecules related to neurotransmitter production and metabolism, but applies likewise in many other directions chemoarchitecture, or chemical neuroanatomy.
Immunocytochemistry is a special case of histochemistry that uses selective antibodies against a variety of chemical epitopes of the nervous system to selectively stain particular cell types, axonal fascicles, neuropiles, glial processes or blood vessels, or specific intracytoplasmic or intranuclear proteins and other immunogenetic molecules, e.g., neurotransmitters. Immunoreacted transcription factor proteins reveal genomic readout in terms of translated protein. This immensely increases the capacity of researchers to distinguish between different cell types (such as neurons and glia) in various regions of the nervous system.
In situ hybridization uses synthetic RNA probes that attach (hybridize) selectively to complementary mRNA transcripts of DNA exons in the cytoplasm, to visualize genomic readout, that is, distinguish active gene expression, in terms of mRNA rather than protein. This allows to identify histologically (in situ) the cells involved in the production of genetically-coded molecules, which often represent differentiation or functional traits, as well as the molecular boundaries separating distinct brain domains or cell populations.
Genetically encoded markersEdit
By expressing variable amounts of red, green, and blue fluorescent proteins in the brain, the so-called "brainbow" mutant mouse allows the combinatorial visualization of many different colors in neurons. This tags neurons with enough unique colors that they can often be distinguished from their neighbors with fluorescence microscopy, enabling researchers to map the local connections or mutual arrangement (tiling) between neurons.
Optogenetics uses transgenic constitutive and site-specific expression (normally in mice) of blocked markers that can be activated selectively by illumination with a light beam. This allows researchers to study axonal connectivity in the nervous system in a very discriminative way.
Non-invasive brain imagingEdit
Magnetic resonance imaging has been used extensively to investigate brain structure and function non-invasively in healthy human subjects. An important example is diffusion tensor imaging, which relies on the restricted diffusion of water in tissue in order to produce axon images. In particular, water moves more quickly along the direction aligned with the axons, permitting the inference of their structure.
Certain viruses can replicate in brain cells and cross synapses. So, viruses modified to express markers (such as fluorescent proteins) can be used to trace connectivity between brain regions across multiple synapses. Two tracer viruses which replicate and spread transneuronal/transsynaptic are the Herpes simplex virus type1 (HSV) and the Rhabdoviruses. Herpes simplex virus was used to trace the connections between the brain and the stomach, in order to examine the brain areas involved in viscero-sensory processing. Another study injected herpes simplex virus into the eye, thus allowing the visualization of the optical pathway from the retina into the visual system. An example of a tracer virus which replicates from the synapse to the soma is the pseudorabies virus. By using pseudorabies viruses with different fluorescent reporters, dual infection models can parse complex synaptic architecture.
Axonal transport methods use a variety of dyes (horseradish peroxidase variants, fluorescent or radioactive markers, lectins, dextrans) that are more or less avidly absorbed by neurons or their processes. These molecules are selectively transported anterogradely (from soma to axon terminals) or retrogradely (from axon terminals to soma), thus providing evidence of primary and collateral connections in the brain. These 'physiologic' methods (because properties of living, unlesioned cells are used) can be combined with other procedures, and have essentially superseded the earlier procedures studying degeneration of lesioned neurons or axons. Detailed synaptic connections can be determined by correlative electron microscopy.
Serial section electron microscopy has been extensively developed for use in studying nervous systems. For example, the first application of serial block-face scanning electron microscopy was on rodent cortical tissue. Circuit reconstruction from data produced by this high-throughput method is challenging, and the Citizen science game EyeWire has been developed to aid research in that area.
Is a field that utilizes various imaging modalities and computational techniques to model and quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of neuroanatomical structures in both normal and clinical populations.
Aside from the human brain, there are many other animals whose brains and nervous systems have received extensive study as model systems, including mice, zebrafish, fruit fly, and a species of roundworm called C. elegans. Each of these has its own advantages and disadvantages as a model system. For example, the C. elegans nervous system is extremely stereotyped from one individual worm to the next. This has allowed researchers using electron microscopy to map the paths and connections of all of the approximately 300 neurons in this species. The fruit fly is widely studied in part because its genetics is very well understood and easily manipulated. The mouse is used because, as a mammal, its brain is more similar in structure to our own (e.g., it has a six-layered cortex, yet its genes can be easily modified and its reproductive cycle is relatively fast).
The brain is small and simple in some species, such as the nematode worm, where the body plan is quite simple: a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been studied because of its importance in genetics. In the early 1970s, Sydney Brenner chose it as a model system for studying the way that genes control development, including neuronal development. One advantage of working with this worm is that the nervous system of the hermaphrodite contains exactly 302 neurons, always in the same places, making identical synaptic connections in every worm. Brenner's team sliced worms into thousands of ultrathin sections and photographed every section under an electron microscope, then visually matched fibers from section to section, to map out every neuron and synapse in the entire body, to give a complete connectome of the nematode. Nothing approaching this level of detail is available for any other organism, and the information has been used to enable a multitude of studies that would not have been possible without it.
Drosophila melanogaster is a popular experimental animal because it is easily cultured en masse from the wild, has a short generation time, and mutant animals are readily obtainable.
Arthropods have a central brain with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing. The brain of a fruit fly contains several million synapses, compared to at least 100 billion in the human brain. Approximately two-thirds of the Drosophila brain is dedicated to visual processing.
Thomas Hunt Morgan started to work with Drosophila in 1906, and this work earned him the 1933 Nobel Prize in Medicine for identifying chromosomes as the vector of inheritance for genes. Because of the large array of tools available for studying Drosophila genetics, they have been a natural subject for studying the role of genes in the nervous system. The genome has been sequenced and published in 2000. About 75% of known human disease genes have a recognizable match in the genome of fruit flies. Drosophila is being used as a genetic model for several human neurological diseases including the neurodegenerative disorders Parkinson's, Huntington's, spinocerebellar ataxia and Alzheimer's disease. In spite of the large evolutionary distance between insects and mammals, many basic aspects of Drosophila neurogenetics have turned out to be relevant to humans. For instance, the first biological clock genes were identified by examining Drosophila mutants that showed disrupted daily activity cycles.
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- Ginn, S. R.; Lorusso, L. (2008). "Brain, Mind, and Body: Interactions with Art in Renaissance Italy". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 17 (3): 295–313. doi:10.1080/09647040701575900.
- Neher, A (2009). "Christopher Wren, Thomas Willis and the Depiction of the Brain and Nerves". Journal of Medical Humanities. 30 (3): 191–200. doi:10.1007/s10912-009-9085-5.
- Mushroom Bodies of the Fruit Fly
- Ginger, M.; Haberl, M.; Conzelmann, K.-K.; Schwarz, M.; Frick, A. (2013). "Revealing the secrets of neuronal circuits with recombinant rabies virus technology". Front. Neural Circuits. 7. doi:10.3389/fncir.2013.00002.
- McGovern, AE; Davis-Poynter, N; Rakoczy, J; Phipps, S; Simmons, DG; Mazzone, SB (2012). "Anterograde neuronal circuit tracing using a genetically modified herpes simplex virus expressing EGFP". J Neurosci Methods. 209 (1): 158–67. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.05.035. PMID 22687938.
- Kuypers HG, Ugolini G (February 1990). "Viruses as transneuronal tracers". Trends in Neurosciences. 13 (2): 71–5. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90071-H. PMID 1690933.
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|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neuroanatomy.|
- Neuroanatomy, an annual journal of clinical neuroanatomy
- Mouse, Rat, Primate and Human Brain Atlases (UCLA Center for Computational Biology)
- brainmaps.org: High-Resolution Neuroanatomically-Annotated Brain Atlases
- BrainInfo for Neuroanatomy
- Brain Gene Expression Map, mouse gene expression neuroanatomical resource from St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
- Brain Architecture Management System, several atlases of brain anatomy
- White Matter Atlas, Diffusion Tensor Imaging Atlas of the Brain's White Matter Tracts | <urn:uuid:34e91d90-c7c4-459d-acca-a38f996d75f0> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroanatomy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804680.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118075712-20171118095712-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.887601 | 5,779 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Fethiye Mosque was originally built as a church in the Çarsamba neighborhood of the Fatih District by the Byzantine historian, Mihail Glabas Tarkaniotes, in the late 13the century. Its original location was on a hillside looking down over the Haliç (Golden Horn). After the conquest of Istanbul in 1453, the Orthodox Patriarchate was moved from the church and it was converted into a mosque to commemorate the conquest of Georgia and Azerbaijan in 1595. It was at this time that the mosque began to be called Fethiye Mosque. After it was converted into a mosque, the building’s abscissa was destroyed and a domed interior, a mihrab, a niche for the mosque, and a madrasa surrounding the courtyard along with minarets on three sides were added to the structure.
Fethiye Mosque underwent repaires in 1845, and an elementary school was built on the site of madrasa in the beginning of the 20th century. The complex’s structural integrity was also compromised by removing the outer wall of the forecourt. In addition, the mosque was later restored by the General Directorate of Religious Endowments between 1936 and 1938 and, after converting it into a museum, it was left under the administration of the Directorate of Museums. It was said that the Fethiye Mosque had been left rugged in that period, and it was reconverted into a mosque in the 1960s and the parekklesion situated next to the building was restored by the Byzantine Institute of America. During that restoration period, the mosaics and frescos in the parekklesion were revealed. | <urn:uuid:e730a0b3-b21a-4fa9-a4c3-7cde88ed63ff> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.visitingistanbul.com/fethiye-mosque.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668954.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117115233-20191117143233-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.986946 | 347 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In this page arithmetic series we are going to see ,how to find the sum of n terms in an arithmetic series.The formula,meaning of each term in that formula and also example problems with detailed steps.
The method used to find the sum of an A.P is known by Gaussian method of addition,named after German mathematician.Karl Friedrich Gauss(1777-1855 A.D). He found two formulas to find the sum of n terms to an Arithmetic progression.
1. Sequence is nothing but set of numbers.
2. Each number is separated by commas.
1.Series is nothing but sum of terms.
2. Each number is separated by positive sign.
Now let us see the formula to find sum of n terms.
Here a = First term
d = Common difference
n = number of terms
l = last term
Both are the formulas to find the sum of n terms.The first formula will be used if the last term is not given. However the last term is given we need to the second formula.
Some times if we are not given the number of terms in the series. We can find the number of terms by using the following formula.
Find the sum of the series 1 + 3 + 5 + .............+ 399
Here we need to find the sum of the series 1 + 3 + 5 + .............+ 399
We don't know how many terms are in the series.So we have to use the formula to find how many terms are in the series.
The first term (a) = 1
Common difference (d) = 3-1
and the last term (l) = 399
n =[ (399-1) / 2 ] + 1
n = ( 398/2 ) + 1
= 199 + 1
n = 200
We have 200 terms in the arithmetic series.Here we have last term.So we can use the second formula.
= [200/ 2(1 + 399)]
= 100 (400)
Quote on Mathematics
“Mathematics, without this we can do nothing in our life. Each and everything around us is math.
Math is not only solving problems and finding solutions and it is also doing many things in our day to day life. They are:
It subtracts sadness and adds happiness in our life.
It divides sorrow and multiplies forgiveness and love.
Some people would not be able accept that the subject Math is easy to understand. That is because; they are unable to realize how the life is complicated. The problems in the subject Math are easier to solve than the problems in our real life. When we people are able to solve all the problems in the complicated life, why can we not solve the simple math problems?
Many people think that the subject math is always complicated and it exists to make things from simple to complicate. But the real existence of the subject math is to make things from complicate to simple.” | <urn:uuid:0fe46bae-4440-47ff-b7de-797addcae438> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.onlinemath4all.com/arithmetic-series.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521102417-20190521124417-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.931245 | 615 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Γεια! Question about Objective pronouns in Greek
Hi! i am an English speakers using the English to Greek course to learn Greek. I have reached the lesson on Objective Pronouns (https://www.duolingo.com/skill/en/Pronouns-objective), and am having trouble understadning the concept, becuase I do not believe Englsish has it. Could anyone offer assistance? Ευχάριστω!
See here: http://blogs.transparent.com/greek/personal-pronouns-direct-indirect-object/ And if you have any questions, post them on my wall. :D
Thank you! I have definitely seen that as well, including the word cat (γατά) being pronounced the same as the Spanish (gata)
So you see, it's like the english "me, you, him, her, etc" when the pronoun is the object of the sentence.
If you have more questions, post them here for other people to get the answers, too :)
Thank you to both of you. I found A good chart with the cases, but my confusion is on the lessons, the sentences had two different words, for example με and μου. Why is that?
με = me, μου = to me
For example, "Με βλέπει."= He sees me., while "Μου δίνει το βιβλίο."= He gives me the book (or he gives the book to me). However, in the everyday language, you can hear them mixed, for example in northern Greece it's quite common to use με in both cases, although it's not grammatically correct.
The same happens with σε σου, το(ν) του, τη(ν) της, το το (it's the same), μας μας (it's the same), σας σας (it's the same), τους τους (it's the same), τις τις (it's the same), τα τα (it's the same).
For more explanations look at the link above. :) | <urn:uuid:1907cef0-301c-478a-bd14-116750346a9d> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/8087184/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1-Question-about-Objective-pronouns-in-Greek | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211000.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816132758-20180816152758-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.91449 | 512 | 2.921875 | 3 |
If teeth are overcrowded or baby teeth are present in an adult dog, your veterinarian may remove some teeth. Special dental tools will be used to remove all plaque and calculus, to polish the teeth, and to rinse them. He or she will then teach you how to clean your pet’s teeth, and appointments for follow-up examinations should be scheduled.
Living and Management
You can help maintain your dog’s oral health care by brushing or rubbing (with a special finger pad) its teeth once a day or at least twice a week with veterinary toothpaste. Your veterinarian may also give you a veterinary antibacterial solution to squirt on your pet’s teeth to decrease plaque build-up. Rawhide chew strips and specialized food recommended to you by your veterinarian can reduce tartar and improve the dog's oral health as well.
A fissure or groove
A medical condition in which the gums become inflamed
Used to refer to any drug or medical substance that has the ability to slow down or stop the growth of bacteria and other such organisms. | <urn:uuid:1ea3baaa-d29d-45e2-943d-513ea7c19093> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/mouth/c_dg_gingivitis?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929781 | 219 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Under 4' or 4'6"
A 16 year old girl who is headed for an adult height
of under 4 feet (or 4ft.
6in.) can be described as dwarf-sized. Dwarfism is a medical term for persons with problems in their bones that prevent normal height growth. Achondroplastic dwarfs are the most common (women are about 4 feet tall). A child who is very short should be seen by a doctor. People do not like to be called midgets or dwarfs. | <urn:uuid:7f773b8a-0d3d-41c4-a5a2-2b0f0ef6612e> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.healthtap.com/user_questions/38621-at-what-height-does-a-16yo-girl-have-to-be-to-considered-a-midget | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188623.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00286-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972587 | 107 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Hands-Only CPR: When and How to Do It
I am often asked if lending breaths has been eradicated from CPR today that the CPR tips have been upgraded. The simple answer is no, the flashes are still taught in traditional CPR classes CPR Certify4u – Orlando. But, there’s been a major push, notably with the American Heart Association, to show some variation of CPR without breaths.
Simply speaking, hands-only CPR is fast, deep compressions onto a victim’s torso. If someone doesn’t react to your efforts to wake them, and their breathing is irregular or they’re not breathing, then you push straight down in an adult’s torso at least 2 inches at an interest rate of at least 100 compressions a minute. This is a skill you need to clinic with a teacher on a manikin, therefore I’m not planning to move into further detail about how to perform this skill.
Hands-only CPR has many benefits over conventional CPR: it’s straightforward to do, as it reduces the danger of disease transmission while doing CPR, and research shows it’s as effective or more effective when used appropriately.
Hands-only CPR is an acceptable approach once you see someone suddenly collapse. If that is an adult, it’s probably as a result of cardiac arrest (a heart attack). The victim still has several moments of oxygen in their blood since these were breathing moments before they collapsed. The goal of hands-only CPR will be to circulate that oxygenated blood throughout the body. By continually compressing their torso, you’re literally squeezing blood throughout their core so that it reaches the organs and brain. Those compressions will purchase the victim valuable minutes until emergency medical personnel arrive.
But, hands-only CPR isn’t always the best approach. If the victim has become unconscious and isn’t breathing normally as a result of an aviation crisis, they need CPR together with breaths. Asthma, severe allergies, choking, drowning and suffocation are typical examples of airway crises that can result in a victim who’s unconscious and not breathing normally. Because these victims are lacking oxygen, they want rescue breaths, together with chest compressions.
Children and infants normally have healthy, strong hearts so should they become unconscious, the reason is usually not cardiac-related. Most likely they are experiencing an airway emergency. This is why every parent who chooses a CPR class should figure out how to do CPR with breaths. Unless a CPR class says it is really a hand-only class, all of American Red Cross and American Heart Association CPR classes will educate you on how to give rescue breaths along with compressions.
Chris Schlesinger’s business In Home CPR offers CPR,
BLS, AED, standard Medical and pediatric first aid certifications throughout the American Heart Association and American Red Cross. He teaches courses at houses and businesses throughout the San Francisco Bay Area, serving the counties of Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Contra Costa, Alameda, San Mateo, Santa Clara and Solano. Visit his websites at CPR Certification San Francisco or BLS Certification San Mateo. | <urn:uuid:692f2063-3907-4811-82ac-621cd8b9b00e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.michaelkorsshoes.us.com/hands-only-cpr-do-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400210616.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923081833-20200923111833-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.947865 | 656 | 2.703125 | 3 |
AI-based technologies and applications offer tremendous opportunities to build a better world. Advanced systems can be used to enhance educational instruction, improve the efficiency of transportation infrastructure, fight epidemics, support the elderly, and combat corruption, to name just a few examples. However, AI-based technologies can also deepen existing inequalities and create new ones if not developed and deployed in thoughtful ways with appropriate governance safeguards and support mechanisms in place. In a world challenged by growing domestic and international inequalities, policymakers face hard problems and difficult choices when dealing with AI systems.
We are working to fill a need for policymakers at all levels by developing best practices, model legislation, and informational resources necessary for effective decision-making. Our interactions with national and international policymakers have revealed three cross-sectional sets of questions to be addressed to bolster the use of AI for the public good: (1) How can the information asymmetries between technologists and policymakers be reduced, given the complex nature of AI technology? (2) What are all the instruments available in the governance toolbox - borrowing also from previous global governance challenges - that can be applied to AI issues? (3) How can academia contribute to the formation of robust discussion forum to inform the debate about global AI governance challenges and solutions? In order to explore these questions, we are working directly with policymakers and multi-stakeholder groups to make progress towards a more inclusive future. | <urn:uuid:b945bfd3-e6d5-4f79-85ef-ac9cd0dd91f8> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://cyber.harvard.edu/projects/ai-global-governance-and-inclusion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583700012.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120042010-20190120064010-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.92284 | 281 | 2.8125 | 3 |
You may not have been asking, but some scientists think they have the answer to where small dogs “evolved.”
Pity poor planet WASP-12b: its host star not only heats it to more than 4,700˚F (2600˚C), but also is in the process of eating it.
Several news stories this week examine aspects of various animals’ surprising levels of intelligence—though this shouldn’t come as a surprise to regular News to Note readers, considering our frequent coverage of this fascinating topic. The animals included here are no surprise, however: dolphins, chimps, crows, elephants, and whales, all animals already renowned for their smarts.
Four dinosaur skulls recovered from Utah’s Dinosaur National Monument reveal Abydosaurus mcintoshi, a huge sauropod dinosaur thought to have swallowed its meals whole.
5. And Don’t Miss . . .
- Harvard scientists have shown how a few mathematical rules may be responsible for all the variation in the beaks of Darwin’s finches. This simplicity eases the birds’ ability to adapt and shows how relatively straightforward genetic variation can cause a wide range of morphological variation.
- In Israel, a politician responsible for education has insisted that a governmental chief scientist’s views on evolution and global warming are “unacceptable.” The reason for the scientist’s censure? He spoke out against the dogmatic teaching of both.
- Giant frogs and menacing crocodiles, while said to date from different time periods, both give us an idea of the wondrous and often fearsome creatures our human ancestors would have had to deal with before—and perhaps after—the Flood.
- LiveScience provides an interesting overview of a molecular motor that functions inside the body’s cells, working as a tiny seesaw—which creationists and evolutionists agree is a great example of “design,” whether intelligent or not!
- A Hebrew University archaeologist has unearthed what may be another physical remnant of biblical accounts: an ancient Jerusalem wall, which the archaeologist matches with the wall described in 1 Kings 3:1.
- Two sources you might not expect to present views quite similar to Answers in Genesis’s nonetheless did so this week: in the New York Times, Stanley Fish argues that even “secular” decision-making presupposes certain (religious) values, and for National Public Radio, Christopher Joyce documents how presupposed beliefs may determine one’s views on science.
- A new study by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life shows that according to most measures, American “Millennials” (those born after 1980) are “considerably less religious than older Americans”—even compared to earlier generations’ when they were equivalent in age.
For more information: Get Answers
Remember, if you see a news story that might merit some attention, let us know about it! (Note: if the story originates from the Associated Press, Fox News, MSNBC, New York Times or another major national media outlet, we will most likely have already heard about it.) And thanks to all of our readers who have submitted great news tips to us. If you didn’t catch last week’s News to Note, why not take a look at it now? See you next week! | <urn:uuid:edeaf811-3415-45e0-9a20-347510fb3a3d> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://answersingenesis.org/answers/news-to-know/news-to-note-february-27-2010/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726082204-20170726102204-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.936093 | 700 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Perhaps one of the most important forms of preventative medicine is ensuring that our bodies are not overburdened by toxins. Unregulated toxin exposure leads to storage of toxin in body cells, development of symptoms, and sometimes even chronic conditions. Unfortunately, toxins are everywhere – both internal and external, therefore completely eliminating toxins from the body is not a realistic goal. However, there are many small steps that can be made in order to monitor the levels of toxins that reach the body.
How do toxins affect the body?
• Difficulty focusing and persistent brain fog
• Difficulty losing weight despite good diet and exercise
• Digestive issues
• Joint aches
• Skin issues
• Chronic sinus drain
• Mood swings
• Allergies and asthma
A toxin is defined as any substance that causes bodily harm. External, internal and/or lifestyle toxins penetrate our bodies every day. Our immune system, liver and kidneys work together to remove toxins. However, overexposure causes our bodies to store toxins, in many cases, for years. It’s only after the burden of toxins become too high that we develop symptoms and sometimes, chronic conditions.
External and environmental toxins are typically the first that come to mind. Pollutants such as automobile exhaust, pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, radiation, smog, inhalants, heavy metals, and solvents are everywhere. Avoiding any combination of these toxins or each altogether is impossible, unless you never set foot outside again. But even then, toxin exposure can occur.
Our bodies produce toxins in three main categories: metabolic reactions, intestinal microbes, and emotional toxins. Metabolic reactions are the body’s daily processes necessary for function, such as digestion and the transport of substances into, out of, and between cells. By-products of metabolic reactions including carbon dioxide and ammonia are both considered toxins. Intestinal microbes such as bacteria, yeast, and fungi aid in digestion and the absorption of food, however, overgrowth of these microbes can be toxic to the body. Emotional toxins including stress, trauma, abuse, and unhappiness are considered toxic as well and can stem from or lead to hormone imbalance and poor lifestyle habits.
Certain lifestyle habits may introduce toxins into the body at varying levels. Habits such as eating more processed foods, sugar, and turning to addictive substances such as caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco to cope with daily stresses of life all introduce toxins into the body. Even medications can introduce toxins, such as prescription drugs. Certain sweeteners and food additives are highly toxic and have been linked to Alzheimer’s and ADD/ADHD. Hormones and Antibiotics in cattle and poultry can cause hormonal disruption in our bodies.
The presence of toxins inside and all around us may seem like discouraging information, but managing the amount of toxins that enter the body and ensuring that the body does not become overburdened by toxins are certainly achievable goals. Detoxifying the body starts with pinpointing the areas of our lives that encourage toxin exposure, from there reducing toxin exposure becomes simple. Many assume ‘detox’ means total body cleanses, with fasting, strict diets, and elimination of most food groups, however detoxification can be achieved with small steps rather than giant leaps. For example, try buying organic produce to reduce the amount of herbicides and insecticide exposure, use green cleaning products and detergents, re-evaluate toxin encouraging lifestyle habits, or try a few of the anti-inflammatory recipes listed below.
Core Restore Detoxification Program
For those looking to jumpstart the detoxification process the Core Restore Detoxification Kit is a great way to begin. The program lasts for seven days (although there are 14 and 28 day kits as well) and leaves the participant with more energy, clearer skin, better eating habits, and reduced reliance on caffeine and sweeteners. The liver (one of the main detoxifying organs in the body) is safely stimulated to use both Phase I and Phase II pathways to detoxify the body by three active formulas – Core Support, Alpha Base, and PhytoCore. Along with the active formulas the Core Restore Detoxification program eliminates foods that prevent detoxification and encourages the use of foods that aid in detoxification. The Core Restore Detoxification program is a simple, easy-to-follow, way to boost detoxification and develop habits that will lessen daily exposure to toxins and better manage body toxin levels.
If you have questions or are interested in trying the Core Restore Detoxification Kit give us a call (714) 442-6642
If you’re looking for smaller steps to get started detoxifying the body, try incorporating some of the foods and recipes listed below that help encourage detoxification.
Anti-Inflammatory and Detoxification Recipes
Foods that helpDetoxification
Any fresh or frozen fruit such as raspberries, strawberries, avocados, blueberries, bananas, apples, blackberries, mangos, and peaches
Broccoli, sweet potatoes, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, arugula, spinach, kale, turnips, cauliflower, radish, beets, turnips, onion, watercress, bell peppers, cucumber, celery, garlic, and lentils and beans (canned beans can be used as long as they are BPA-free)
Grass-fed beef, wild caught fish, and organic or pasture-raised chicken and turkey
Wild and brown rice, quinoa, millet, amaranth, tapioca, buckwheat, and grain-free oats (unless they are gluten free)
• Fats and Oils
Extra virgin olive oil, flaxseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, and nut oils excluding peanut oil
• Nuts and Seeds
Almonds, walnuts, cashews, sesame seeds, chia seeds, and sunflower seeds
• Dairy Products
Unsweetened non-dairy milks such as almond, cashew, hemp, or coconut milk
• Spices and Condiments
Pink Himalayan salt, turmeric, garlic, ginger, rosemary, and cocoa
Stevia, xylotol, and erythritol
• Plant Proteins and Legumes
Anything but soy
Foods that prevent Detoxification
Oranges, grapefruit, canned syrupy fruits, and artificial berry juices high in sugar
Corn, soybean and soy-based foods, and canned vegetables in sauces
Bacon, eggs, shellfish, sausage, hot dogs, lunch meats, pork, and conventional beef
Refined flours and gluten-containing: wheat, spelt, rye, oats, barley, and kamut
• Fats and Oils
Butter, margarine, vegetable oil, canola oil, hydrogenated oils, corn oil, shortening, mayonnaise, and cooking sprays
• Nuts and Seeds
Peanuts and peanut butter
• Dairy Products
Dairy from cows: milk, cheese, yogurt, frozen yogurt, and ice cream
• Spices and Condiments
Mustard, ketchup, barbeque sauce, relish, soy sauce, chocolate, and iodized salt
White and brown sugar, maple and corn syrup, sucralose, aspartame, saccharin, honey, agave nectar, and artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives
• Plant Proteins and Legumes
Edamame, tofu, soybeans, and miso
Quinoa Oatmeal, serves 4
• ½ cup of quinoa
• 1 cup of steel-cut oats (which are gluten free)
• 4 cups of water
• 1 tsp olive or coconut oil
• ½ cup of almond milk
• Pinch of sea or Himalayan pink salt
Heat water on the stovetop or in the microwave until it is near boiling
Rinse quinoa in a strainer to remove bitter after-cooking taste
In a saucepan, heat the oil on medium heat. Add oats and stir until toasted, about 2 minutes. Add quinoa, hot water, and salt and bring to boil.
Once boiling turn down the heat and let simmer uncovered for 25-30 minutes.
Add almond milk and turn off heat
Berry Smoothie, serves 2
• 2 cups of unsweetened almond or coconut milk
• 1 frozen banana, sliced
• 1 cup each of frozen strawberries and blueberries
• Optional: Use any combination of frozen fruit for desired flavor
Add ingredients to blender and blend until smooth
Pour into glass and serve
Green Chia Porridge, serves 2
• 2 cups of water
• 1 banana
• 10 soaked almonds, walnuts, or cashews
• 2 Tbsp of chia seeds
• Flesh of 1 avocado
• 3 cups of baby spinach
• Optional: ½ cup of raspberries for garnish
Combine water, nuts, avocado, banana, chia seeds, and spinach in a blender
Blend on high speed until smooth and creamy
Garnish with raspberries
Sweet Potato Toast, serves 2
• 1 medium sweet potato
• 1 banana
• 2 Tbsp of almond butter
• Dash of cinnamon
Preheat the oven to 400°F and bake sweet potato. Cut the sweet potato lengthwise to speed baking time, about 45-60 minutes. This step can also be done the night before to save time. Otherwise, pierce sweet potato with a fork 4 or 5 times all over the surface and microwave for 4 minutes. Then flip and microwave for another 4 minutes, or until soft.
Take each sweet potato halve and top with 1 Tbsp of almond butter and ½ banana each.
Dash cinnamon over top and serve.
Optional: Add chia seeds if desired or try another topping combination such as avocado, sea or Himalayan pink salt, and pepper or berries instead of banana. This recipe is very flexible, all you need is the sweet potato as the base and your choice of toppings
Strawberry Avocado Spinach Salad, serves 2
• 4 cups of fresh baby spinach
• ½ pint of strawberries, hulled and sliced
• ½ avocado, pitted and diced
• 2 Tbsp of olive oil
• 2 Tbsp of balsamic vinegar
• ½ tsp of fresh lemon juice
• ¼ small red onion sliced thin
• ⅛ cup of sliced raw almonds
Pour olive oil, balsamic, and lemon juice into small bowl and whisk thoroughly to mix. Set aside.
Mix spinach, strawberries, avocados, onions, and almonds together in a salad bowl.
Top salad with desired vinaigrette and serve.
Cannellini Bean and Roasted Red Pepper Soup, serves 12
• Six 15 oz cans of rinsed and drained cannellini beans
• 6 cups of vegetable broth
• 3 large red bell peppers
• 3 Tbsp of extra-virgin olive oil
• 3 minced garlic cloves
• 1 ½ oz of fresh basil, sliced thin, plus whole basil leaves for garnish
• Sea or Himalayan pink salt and ground black pepper
Combine beans and broth in a large pot on high heat and bring to a boil. Reduce heat to low and let simmer for 10 minutes while peppers roast. If you wish to save time, use red peppers that are already roasted.
Coat peppers with a small amount of oil and set over an open high flame, turning occasionally with a pair of tongs. Once blackened all over, transfer peppers to a large bowl and cover with plastic wrap. Allow peppers to cool.
Once cool, peel and remove any charred skin. Then cut peppers in half and discard seeds and stem.
Add roasted peppers, basil, remaining oil, and garlic to beans. Transfer the soup to a blender, in batches if necessary, and blend on high speed for about 2 minutes, or until smooth.
Turn the heat to low to warm the soup, season with salt and pepper to taste and serve garnished with basil leaves.
Vegetable Quinoa, serves 2
• 1 cup of dry quinoa
• ½ Tbsp of olive oil
• 1 clove of crushed garlic
• ¼ cup of diced red or green pepper
• ¼ cup of chopped zucchini
• ⅛ cup of diced yellow onion
• 2 cups of vegetable or chicken broth
• ¼ cup of chopped cilantro
• ½ tsp of sea or Himalayan pink salt
Rinse quinoa in a strainer to remove bitter after-cooking taste and set aside.
Heat olive oil over medium heat in a sauté pan. Once heated, add garlic and onions and sauté until translucent.
Add quinoa and continue to cook for 2 minutes.
Add remaining vegetables and stir until they start to soften.
Add broth and bring to boil.
Lower heat and simmer, covered. Add cilantro and salt then cook for 15-20 minutes, until quinoa is tender.
Uncover, fluff with a fork, and serve.
Lemon Chicken Kabobs and Tomato-Parsley Salad, serves 4
• Four 6 oz. skinless, boneless chicken breast halves cut into 1 ½ inch cubes
• 2 cups of fresh parsley leaves
• 1 ½ cups of chopped cherry tomatoes
• 1 green and 1 red pepper, cut into inch long pieces
• 1 onion, cut into inch long pieces
• 3 divided Tbsp of fresh lemon juice
• 1 ½ divided Tbsp of minced garlic
• 1 ½ divided tsp of dried oregano
• ¾ divided tsp of Himalayan pink salt
• ¾ divided tsp of freshly ground black pepper
• 3 divided Tbsp of extra virgin olive oil
Combine 2 Tbsp lemon juice, 1 Tbsp garlic, 1 tsp oregano, ½ tsp salt, and ½ tsp pepper in a bowl. Add 1 Tbsp olive oil and stir with a whisk.
Add chicken and stir. Cover and marinate in the refrigerator for 2 hours.
Remove chicken and discard marinade. Thread chicken, tomatoes, peppers, and onions onto skewers and heat a grill pan over high heat.
Add skewers and cook until done (about 6 minutes), turning often.
For the salad: combine remaining juice, garlic, oregano, salt, and pepper in a medium bowl. Gradually add remaining oil, stirring well with whisk. Add parsley and tomatoes, and toss to coat.
Serve chicken on top of salad.
Mediterranean Sweet Potatoes, serves 4
• Sweet Potatoes and Chickpeas
• 4 medium sweet potatoes
• 1 can of chickpeas (15 oz.), drained and rinsed
• ¼ Tbsp olive oil
• ½ tsp each cumin, coriander, cinnamon, smoked (or regular) paprika
• Optional: Pinch of sea salt or lemon juice
Garlic Herb Sauce:
• ¼ cup of hummus (or tahini)
• Juice from ½ lemon (~1 Tbsp)
• ¾ – 1 tsp dried dill or 2-3 tsp fresh dill
• 3 clove of garlic, minced
• Water or unsweetened almond milk to thin
• Optional: Sea salt to taste
• ¼ cup of diced cherry tomatoes
• ¼ cup of minced parsley
• 2 Tbsp lemon juice
Preheat oven to 400°F and line a large baking sheet with aluminum foil.
Rinse and scrub potatoes, then cut lengthwise to speed cooking time. Bake for 45-60 minutes.
Toss rinsed and drained chickpeas with olive oil and spices, then place on foil covered baking sheet.
Rub sweet potatoes with a small amount of olive oil and place face down on the same baking sheet (or separate sheet if there is not enough space).
While sweet potatoes and chickpeas are roasting, prepare sauce: add all ingredients to mixing bowl and whisk to combine, add enough water or almond milk until the sauce is thin enough to pour. Taste and adjust seasonings as preferred.
Once sweet potatoes are tender and chickpeas are golden brown, about 25 minutes, remove from the oven.
Flip potatoes and smash insides down a bit, top with chickpeas, sauce, and any additional toppings and serve.
Wild-Caught Salmon with Rice and Collards, serves 2
• Two 3 oz wild caught, skin-on salmon fillets
• ½ cup of uncooked wild rice
• 2 tsp of sesame oil
• 1 tsp of extra-virgin coconut oil
• 3 tsp of fresh dill, chopped
• 2 cups of vegetable broth
• 1 can of rinsed and drained chickpeas (15 oz.)
• 2 minced cloves of garlic
• 1 large head of red collard greens, stemmed and roughly chopped
• 10 fresh cilantro leaves
• ½ of a lemon
• 1 Tbsp of black sesame seeds
• Sea or Himalayan pink salt
• Ground black pepper
Soak rice in enough water to cover by 2 inches for 2-3 hours, then drain and set aside. This step can be done prior to cooking in order to save time.
Preheat the oven to 400°F and lightly grease baking sheet.
Lay salmon fillets on a cutting board and rush them with 1 tsp of sesame oil. Season both sides with dill, salt, and black pepper taste, and then squeeze lemon juice over them. Let sit while rice is prepared.
Heat coconut oil over medium-high heat in a small pot. Add rice and sesame seeds and toast them, stirring consistently for about 3-5 minutes.
Pour 1 ½ cups of vegetable broth and a pinch of salt to rice. Reduce heat to low, cover, and simmer until all the liquid is absorbed, about 50-55 minutes. Add the chickpeas just before the rice is finished cooking, then replace the cover and let the chickpeas steam.
After the salmon marinates for a few minutes, place fillets on baking sheet and bake until cooked through, about 8-10 minutes.
Heat the remaining 1 tsp of sesame oil in a medium pot over medium heat. Add garlic and cook for 1 minute. Pour remaining vegetable broth and add collard greens. Cook for 3 minutes, until leaves are wilted.
Lay bed of rice and collards on each plate and place a salmon fillet on top. Garnish with cilantro leaves and serve.
Grilled Chicken or Turkey Breast with Sweet Peaches, serves 2
• 2 boneless chicken breast halves (may substitute turkey breast for chicken)
• 2 peaches cut into wedges
• 1 red onion cut into wedges
• 2 Tbsp of olive oil
• ½ Tbsp of apple cider vinegar
• ½ Tbsp of fresh ginger, finely chopped or grated
• ½ tsp of fresh thyme leaves
• 1 clove of crushed garlic
• ½ Tbsp of sea or Himalayan pink salt
• ¼ tsp of black pepper
Combine vinegar, herbs, 1 ½ Tbsp of oil, and dash of salt and pepper in a small bowl and set aside.
Combine onions, peaches, remaining oil, ¼ tsp salt, and ⅛ tsp of pepper.
Season chicken or turkey with ¼ tsp of salt and ⅛ tsp of pepper.
Grill chicken or turkey and onions until choice meat is done throughout and onions are tender, about 5-6 minutes on an outdoor grill, or 6 minutes total on a tabletop grill.
Grill peaches until tender, about 3-4 minutes per side.
Drizzle vinaigrette onto chicken or turkey and serve with onions and peaches.
Oven Baked Beet Chips, serves 8
• 12 beets (can be red, golden, or mixed)
• ½ cup of olive oil
• 2 tsp of sea salt (Himalayan pink salt or celery salt would work as well)
Preheat the oven to 300° F, and line several baking sheets with parchment paper.
Scrub the beets well and cut the tops off.
Using a Mandoline slicer, slice the beets until they are paper thin (1/16 inch). Hold the root end and drag the beets across the Mandoline to slice. Because the slices are so thin, there is no need to peel them first.
Once sliced, place the beets in a large bowl and add the oil and salt. Toss well. If using a mixture of red and golden beets place in separate bowls and divide salt and oil evenly.
Let the beets sit for about 15-20 minutes, that way they have the chance to release their natural juices. This will ensure they preserve better shape and color.
Toss again, and then drain. Lay the slices out in a single layer on the baking sheets. Bake for 45-60 minutes, until crisp but not brown.
Remove from oven and allow them to cool completely. Then enjoy! Store any leftovers in an airtight container to keep them from going stale.
Rice Cakes with Almond Butter, serves 2
• 2 brown rice cakes
• 4 Tbsp almond butter
• Optional: Add fresh fruit such as raspberries, bananas, blueberries, or blackberries
Top rice cakes with 2 Tbsp of nut butter each.
Garnish with fruit.
Butternut Squash Fries with Avocado Dressing, serves 2
• Long neck section of 1 small butternut squash (the bottom half can be saved for later use in another recipe)
• 2 tsp of extra-virgin olive oil
• 2 tsp of sea of Himalayan pink salt
• 2 tsp of freshly chopped tarragon
• 1 avocado
• 2 tsp of fresh lime juice
• ½ cup of unsweetened almond milk
• 1 tsp of ground black pepper
• 2 Tbsp of water
Preheat the oven to 450°F and line a baking sheet with foil. Wash butternut squash thoroughly and dry. Cut the squash at the base of the neck. Wrap the bottom part and refrigerate for later use.
Cut the top part of the neck and discard, then peel the skin off and cut into long strips.
Place strips in a bowl and add oil. If strips are not fully coated, add more. Add tarragon and 1 tsp of salt. Toss until well mixed and transfer to baking sheet making sure to spread strips out evenly.
Bake for about 15-20 minutes, until crisp.
While the fries bake, peel and chop the avocado roughly, then place in a food processor (or blender if food processor is unavailable).
Add lime juice, remaining salt, pepper, almond milk, and water and blend on low until well blended. For a creamier dipping sauce add more almond milk.
Remove fries from the oven and allow them to cool.
Once cool, transfer to a plate and serve with avocado sauce on the side or spread on top.
Hummus, serves 2
• One 15 oz can of chickpeas
• ⅛ cup of olive oil
• ½ Tbsp of lemon juice
• ½ tsp of ground cumin
• 1 clove of crushed garlic
• ¼ tsp of Himalayan pink sauce
• Vegetables for dipping
Combine all ingredients, except dipping vegetables, into a blender or food processor and blend until creamy.
Serve with your choice of vegetables for dipping.
• Hyman MD, Mark. The Blood Sugar Solution Cookbook. New York: Little, Brown and Company,2013.
• Ortho Molecular Products. Core Restore Patient Handbook Revitalizing Healthy Liver Function. | <urn:uuid:2b02082b-b335-4aec-bb24-c87de86d85a6> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.ocmedicaltustin.com/contents/patient-information/detoxification | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202689.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322200215-20190322222215-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.876216 | 4,937 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Chipboard screws are self-tapping screws with a small screw diameter. It can be used for precision applications like the fastening of chipboards of varying densities. They have coarse threads to ensure the perfect sitting of the screw on the chipboard surface. Most of the chipboard screws are self-tapping, which means that there is no need for a pilot hole to be pre-drilled. It is available in stainless steel, carbon steel, and alloy steel to bear more wear and tear while also making it more corrosion resistant.
The advantages of these screws are numerous. Despite having very high tensile strength, these screws are easy to use and prevent the surface from cracking or splitting even without the use of a washer. In addition to that, they are temperature resistant, which means that they can retain their mechanical and electrical characteristics even at very high or very low temperatures. All
these features drastically increase the service life of these screws.
There are pan head, oval had countersunk flat head and double flat head chipboard screws and so on.
Be widely used in structural steel industry, metal building industry, mechanical equipment industry, automobile industry, etc. Ideal for chipboards and wood, they are often used for cabinetry and for flooring.
Common length (around 4cm) chipboard screws are often used to join chipboard flooring to regular wood joists.
Small chipboard screws (around 1.5cm) can be used to fasten hinges to chipboard cabinetry.
Long (around 13cm) chipboard screws can be used to fasten chipboard to chipboard when making cabinets.
The Feature of Chipboard screws:
Easy to screw in High tensile strength Avoid cracking and splitting
Deep and sharp thread for cutting through wood cleanly
Excellent quality and high temperature treatment for resistance to snapping
Different choices of dimensions and surfaces
Construction authorities approved Long service life chipboard screws | <urn:uuid:1285fdd0-608d-41c6-ae8d-c280fdbb6f98> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.yzfastener.com/chipboard-screws-product/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990449.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514091252-20210514121252-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.866384 | 392 | 2.6875 | 3 |
But it did get me thinking (imagine that, me pondering) about some interesting questions. When is it expected that a person be called Miss/Ms./Mrs./Mr. Surname and when is it expected to use his or her given name? What power is contained in calling a person by their given or their surname?
I love this line from The Avett Brothers' “Murder in the City”
Like the love that let us share our name.
To me it speaks to the power of chosen love. The love that joins two individuals is very different than the bonds created between parents and offspring, siblings, even best friends. Most of our relationships are based on sharing with those who are similar to us, except for the relationship with our spouses. For many of us our spouse is the black to our white, the yin to our yang, the chaos to our order, our complement. This is not to say that spouses aren’t similar. Clearly there must be some fundamental things they agree upon, but what makes the relationship special are the things they do differently. They fit together because they are individuals.
A wife should no more take her husband's name than he should hers.
My name is my identity and must not be lost (Stone, Lucy).
I have been AmyK since elementary school. It's not that I don't want to share my husband's name, I simply don't want to forego my own. My surname is unique and I like it. In many ways it is my “true” name.
It has been almost twenty years since I last sat in Mrs. P.’s classroom. Our recent correspondence was commercial in nature. It could be that I, due to my own biases, forced her into an identity she no longer holds, that of a teacher. Our recent interaction required her to use a different identity; one with whom I had not been introduced.
And I think that’s the deciding factor. A person may hold multiple identities, but they should get to chose who uses which identity and when. When we introduce ourselves, we chose the identity by which we want others to know us.
In Lois Lowry's The Giver trilogy names are extremely important. Each book has a different theme by which characters are named. In The Messenger, the final book, it is The Leader who gives each person their “true name.” Like the characters in the first book, The Giver, who fret about what assignment to lifelong occupation they will receive when they turn twelve, the main character in The Messenger spends a great deal of time pondering what his true name is. In his world, his assigned “true name” defines him. He does not get to chose his name.
In my world, I get to chose which name I go by. Now, I need to learn to accept the multiple identities of the people around me. | <urn:uuid:8f539f73-7096-461b-840a-7faef1c7d754> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.2bperfectlyfrank.com/2012/01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738950.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812225607-20200813015607-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.978405 | 604 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Elgin Marbles Debate
Perhaps the most famous debate about the rights of ownership and patrimony surround a series of carved marbles from the Parthenon at Athens, held since the nineteenth century in the British Museum in London. Over the past decades, the Greek government has made a series of requests for the return of these objects. These repatriation demands include arguments about the legality (or alleged illegality) of the original sale of the works to Lord Elgin during a period of Ottoman control over Greece. British refusals to return the marbles to Greece have included their own range of justifications, from a firm assertion that the original sale was legal to expressed concerns about the ability of the Greek government to provide a stable environment for and proper conservation of these marbles. The latter claim is cited as one central reason for the construction of the Acropolis museum in Athens. The case, although loudly and repeatedly argued in the court of international opinion, has not as yet been argued in toto in any court of law. A team of students tackled the issues at the center of this passionate debate, attempting to sift through the moral, legal, historical, and cultural complexities of the issue by asking, among other questions:
- Can a modern court make a ruling on this issue? Should they? Why or why not?
- Who has the greater claim to the Marbles – the British Museum or the Greek government? Why?
- Is there a difference between a moral right to ownership vs. a legal right to ownership? If so, which is more pressing, and how could a court decide which should take precedence?
- Do modern courts have an obligation to overturn what may have been a past legal action if it does not align with modern sensibilities? Why or why not? What issues may arise from courts doing so? | <urn:uuid:082b9ebb-1ac5-4e87-8185-be706f80bcff> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://ancientart.as.ua.edu/special-topics/elgin-marbles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824822.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213123823-20181213145323-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.962066 | 371 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Found! Fossil poo from first Americans
DNA from ancient human faeces found in a cave provides biological verification that people were in North America 14,000 years ago, researchers say.
The fossilised faeces, known as coprolites, add to growing evidence that people were living in the Americas earlier than the once widely accepted date of 13,000 years ago.
That date is based on bones from the so-called Clovis culture in the southwestern US.
"The dates of the coprolites are more than 1000 years earlier than currently accepted dates for the Clovis-complex," the researchers write today in the journal Science.
Dr Dennis Jenkins, a senior archaeologist at the University of Oregon, found the dried out samples in caves known as the Paisley Caves, about 350 kilometres southeast of Eugene, Oregon.
In with these samples, are sinew and plant fibre threads, hide, basketry, cords, rope, wooden pegs and animal bones.
Jenkins asked an international team of experts to sample and date the excrement. Two teams carbon dated the faeces, and others examined the DNA in them.
"The Paisley Cave material represents, to the best of my knowledge, the oldest human DNA obtained from the Americas," says Professor Eske Willerslev, director of the Centre for Ancient Genetics at Denmark's University of Copenhagen, who helped to analyse the DNA.
"This is actually, in our view, the first well-supported evidence humans were there," her colleague Dr Thomas Gilbert says. "We have got enough information to say they are from native Americans."
Populating the Americas
The issue of when humans first arrived in the Americas is contentious. Most experts agree they migrated from Siberia over a land bridge that once existed in what is now the Bering Strait between Alaska and Russia.
The best evidence is from the Clovis culture.
"At Clovis there are human remains everywhere. There are either human remains or there are stone tools," says Gilbert.
"Before Clovis, there's almost nothing. There are things like a bone that has got cut marks on it and if you want to believe that humans were there you say a knife made it and if you want to believe humans weren't there you say it came from the bite from a lion."
One archaeological site in Monte Verde, Chile, may date as far back as 33,000 years ago.
In 2004, Dr Albert Goodyear of the University of South Carolina said carbon dating of apparently burnt plant remains found in his state showed they may be as old as 50,000 years, a controversial finding.
Genetics, linguistics, glaciers
Genetic and linguistic studies tend to put the date of the migration at about 15,000 years ago, which fits in with evidence of when glaciers would have receded and cleared the strait for people to pass.
Other genetic studies of modern Native Americans suggests their DNA lineage dates to about 15,000 years ago.
"Not only have we got native American DNA, we have got it right at the beginning of the groups," Gilbert says.
Gilbert says with more and better DNA samples they may be able to date the mitochondrial DNA, inherited directly from the mother, of whoever left them in the cave.
Some of the coprolites contain DNA from foxes, wolves or coyotes. Gilbert says it is possible the people ate such animals, or that some of the coprolites came from animals that ate human or human remains.
"Whether the human ate the dog or the dog ate the human, it doesn't matter," he says. | <urn:uuid:fe7de8f3-b844-4029-abfc-2f619de58c09> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/04/04/2207884.htm?site=science&topic=latest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535924501.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909013155-00338-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965089 | 750 | 3.359375 | 3 |
In this book, J. L. Lightfoot throws a bridge between two mutually ignorant areas: pagan oracles and Judaeo-Christian studies. The Sibyl was a legendary figure in Greco-Roman antiquity who was credited with verse prophecies, often of an apocalyptic character. Lightfoot describes how she wastaken over by Jews in the Hellenistic period, and later by Christians, as a vehicle for their own understandings of prophecy. She explores what those understandings were, and describes how the message was then clothed in the very distinctive and mannered pagan idiom that was the hallmark ofSibylline prophecy. The volume contains an edition, translation, and commentary on the undeservedly neglected first and second books of extant oracles. The commentary illustrates some of the ways in which biblical scriptures were represented and recast in an oracular idiom, and pays particularattention to the oracle's most noteworthy feature, its extraordinarily rich description of the Day of Judgement. | <urn:uuid:2d8083af-5081-4e77-ab6c-7b3130aa29ba> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/the-sibylline-oracles-with-introduction/9780199215461-item.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962019 | 201 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A new generation of portable standalone air cleaners relies on photocatalytic oxidation, plasma generation and microbial thermal inactivation. These technologies can generate potentially harmful byproducts, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone, ultrafine particles (UFP) and/or reactive oxygen species. Emissions originating from six portable air cleaners were investigated using a 20-m3 room-sized environmental chamber under realistic conditions. Pollutant concentrations were determined with the air cleaners operating in clean air and in the presence of a challenge VOC mixture. Four devices removed between 8% and 29% of VOCs at rates between 600 and 1700 ?g h-1, while the other two emitted VOCs at rates of 300 – 1400 ?g h-1. Two devices showed good particle removal efficiency, reducing the UFP number concentration by 35% to 90%. Primary emissions (e.g., 85 ?g h-1 toluene) and secondary oxidation byproducts (e.g., 16 ?g h-1 formaldehyde) were observed. One device emitted very high ozone levels (up to 6 mg h-1), which also produced UFP in the presence of VOCs, reaching concentrations of 3 x 103 particles per cm3. Modeling results using chamber-derived emissions rates suggested that ozone emitted by one device can exceed regulatory levels. Formaldehyde emissions were predicted to exceed California reference exposure levels for three devices, and benzene emissions were predicted for two devices to exceed Proposition 65 risk levels. | <urn:uuid:95dc0542-eb83-45db-8f4c-6e2ba71f50c8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://cfpub.epa.gov/ols/catalog/advanced_brief_record.cfm?FIELD1=SUBJECT&INPUT1=Volatile%20Organic%20Compounds%20VOC&TYPE1=EXACT&LOGIC1=AND&COLL=&SORT_TYPE=MTIC&item_count=14&item_accn=503368 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987833089.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023094558-20191023122058-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.932161 | 315 | 2.609375 | 3 |
- In general usage, hybrid is synonymous with heterozygous: any offspring resulting from the breeding of two genetically distinct individuals
- a genetic hybrid carries two different alleles of the same gene
- a structural hybrid results from the fusion of gametes that have differing structure in at least one chromosome, as a result of structural abnormalities
- a numerical hybrid results from the fusion of gametes having different haploid numbers of chromosomes
- a permanent hybrid is a situation where only the heterozygous genotype occurs, because all homozygous combinations are lethal.
From a taxonomic perspective, hybrid refers to:
- Offspring resulting from the interbreeding between two animal species or plant species. See also hybrid speciation.
- Hybrids between different subspecies within a species (such as between the Bengal tiger and Siberian tiger) are known as intra-specific hybrids. Hybrids between different species within the same genus (such as between lions and tigers) are sometimes known as interspecific hybrids or crosses. Hybrids between different genera (such as between sheep and goats) are known as intergeneric hybrids. Extremely rare interfamilial hybrids have been known to occur (such as the guineafowl hybrids). No interordinal (between different orders) animal hybrids are known.
- The third type of hybrid consists of crosses between populations, breeds or cultivars within a single species, but it is actually crossbreeding and not hybrid. This meaning is often used in plant and animal breeding, where hybrids are commonly produced and selected, because they have desirable characteristics not found or inconsistently present in the parent individuals or populations. This flow of genetic material between populations is often called hybridization.
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Types of hybrids
- 3 Interspecific hybrids
- 4 Hybrid species
- 5 Examples of hybrid animals
- 6 Hybrid plants
- 7 Hybrids in nature
- 8 Limiting factors
- 9 Mythical, legendary and religious hybrids
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 External links
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word is derived from Latin hybrida, meaning the "offspring of a tame sow and a wild boar", "child of a freeman and slave", etc. The term entered into popular use in English in the 19th century, though examples of its use have been found from the early 17th century.
Types of hybrids
Depending on the parents, there are a number of different types of hybrids;
- Single cross hybrids — result from the cross between two true breeding organisms and produces an F1 generation called an F1 hybrid (F1 is short for Filial 1, meaning "first offspring"). The cross between two different homozygous lines produces an F1 hybrid that is heterozygous; having two alleles, one contributed by each parent and typically one is dominant and the other recessive. Typically, the F1 generation is also phenotypically homogeneous, producing offspring that are all similar to each other.
- Double cross hybrids — result from the cross between two different F1 hybrids.
- Three-way cross hybrids — result from the cross between one parent that is an F1 hybrid and the other is from an inbred line.
- Triple cross hybrids — result from the crossing of two different three-way cross hybrids.
- Population hybrids — result from the crossing of plants or animals in a population with another population. These include crosses between organisms such as interspecific hybrids or crosses between different breeds.
- Stable hybrid - a horticultural term which typically refers to an annual plant that, if grown and bred in a small monoculture free of external pollen (e.g., an air-filtered greenhouse) will produce offspring that are "true to type" with respect to phenotype; i.e., a true breeding organism.
- Hybrid species - results from hybrid populations evolving reproductive barriers against their parent species through hybrid speciation.
Interspecific hybrids are bred by mating two species, normally from within the same genus. The offspring display traits and characteristics of both parents. The offspring of an interspecific cross are very often sterile; thus, hybrid sterility prevents the movement of genes from one species to the other, keeping both species distinct. Sterility is often attributed to the different number of chromosomes the two species have, for example donkeys have 62 chromosomes, while horses have 64 chromosomes, and mules and hinnies have 63 chromosomes. Mules, hinnies, and other normally sterile interspecific hybrids cannot produce viable gametes, because differences in chromosome structure prevent appropriate pairing and segregation during meiosis, meiosis is disrupted, and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. However, fertility in female mules has been reported with a donkey as the father.
Most often other processes occurring in plants and animals keep gametic isolation and species distinction. Species often have different mating or courtship patterns or behaviors, the breeding seasons may be distinct and even if mating does occur antigenic reactions to the sperm of other species prevent fertilization or embryo development. Hybridisation is much more common among organisms that spawn indiscriminately, like soft corals and among plants.
While it is possible to predict the genetic composition of a backcross on average, it is not possible to accurately predict the composition of a particular backcrossed individual, due to random segregation of chromosomes. In a species with two pairs of chromosomes, a twice backcrossed individual would be predicted to contain 12.5% of one species' genome (say, species A). However, it may, in fact, still be a 50% hybrid if the chromosomes from species A were lucky in two successive segregations, and meiotic crossovers happened near the telomeres. The chance of this is fairly high: (where the "two times two" comes about from two rounds of meiosis with two chromosomes); however, this probability declines markedly with chromosome number and so the actual composition of a hybrid will be increasingly closer to the predicted composition.
Hybrids are often named by the portmanteau method, combining the names of the two parent species. For example, a zeedonk is a cross between a zebra and a donkey. Since the traits of hybrid offspring often vary depending on which species was mother and which was father, it is traditional to use the father's species as the first half of the portmanteau. For example, a liger is a cross between a male lion and a female tiger, while a tigon is a cross between a male tiger and a female lion.
Domestic and wild hybrids
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (January 2010)|
Hybrids between domesticated and wild animals in particular may be problematic. Breeders of domesticated species discourage crossbreeding with wild species, unless a deliberate decision is made to incorporate a trait of a wild ancestor back into a given breed or strain. Wild populations of animals and plants have evolved naturally over millions of years through a process of natural selection in contrast to human controlled selective breeding or artificial selection for desirable traits from the human point of view. Normally, these two methods of reproduction operate independently of one another. However, an intermediate form of selective breeding, wherein animals or plants are bred by humans, but with an eye to adaptation to natural region-specific conditions and an acceptance of natural selection to weed out undesirable traits, created many ancient domesticated breeds or types now known as landraces.
Many times, domesticated species live in or near areas which also still hold naturally evolved, region-specific wild ancestor species and subspecies. In some cases, a domesticated species of plant or animal may become feral, living wild. Other times, a wild species will come into an area inhabited by a domesticated species. Some of these situations lead to the creation of hybridized plants or animals, a cross between the native species and a domesticated one. This type of crossbreeding, termed genetic pollution by those who are concerned about preserving the genetic base of the wild species, has become a major concern. Hybridization is also a concern to the breeders of purebred species as well, particularly if the gene pool is small and if such crossbreeding or hybridization threatens the genetic base of the domesticated purebred population.
The concern with genetic pollution of a wild population is that hybridized animals and plants may not be as genetically strong as naturally evolved region specific wild ancestors wildlife which can survive without human husbandry and have high immunity to natural diseases. The concern of purebred breeders with wildlife hybridizing a domesticated species is that it can coarsen or degrade the specific qualities of a breed developed for a specific purpose, sometimes over many generations. Thus, both purebred breeders and wildlife biologists share a common interest in preventing accidental hybridization.
While not very common, a few animal species have been recognized as being the result of hybridization. The Lonicera fly is an example of a novel animal species that resulted from natural hybridization. The American red wolf appears to be a hybrid species between gray wolf and coyote, although its taxonomic status has been a subject of controversy. The European edible frog appears to be a species, but is actually a semi-permanent hybrid between pool frogs and marsh frogs. The edible frog population is dependent on the presence of at least one of the parents species to be maintained.
Hybrid species of plants are much more common than animals. Many of the crop species are hybrids, and hybridization appear to be an important factor in speciation in some plant groups.
Examples of hybrid animals
- Equid hybrids
- Mule, a cross of female horse and a male donkey.
- Hinny, a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. Mule and hinny are examples of reciprocal hybrids.
- hybrid ass, a cross between a donkey and an onager or Asian wild ass.
- Bovid hybrids
- Dzo, zo or yakow; a cross between a domestic cow/bull and a yak.
- Beefalo, a cross of an American bison and a domestic cow. This is a fertile breed; this along with genetic evidence has caused them to be recently reclassified into the same genus, Bos.
- Żubroń, a hybrid between wisent (European bison) and domestic cow.
- Sheep-goat hybrid is the cross between a sheep and a goat, which belong to different genera.
- Ursid hybrids, such as the grizzly-polar bear hybrid, occur between black bears, brown bears, and polar bears.
- Felid hybrids
- Savannah cats are the hybrid cross between an African serval cat and a domestic cat
- A hybrid between a Bengal tiger and a Siberian tiger is an example of an intra-specific hybrid. It also includes the Indochinese tiger, Sumatran tiger too.
- Pumapards are the hybrid crosses between a puma and a leopard.
- Ligers and Tiglons (crosses between a lion and a tiger) and other Panthera hybrids such as the lijagulep. Various other wild cat crosses are known involving the lynx, bobcat, leopard, serval, etc.
- Bengal cat, a cross between the Asian leopard cat and the domestic cat, one of many hybrids between the domestic cat and wild cat species. The domestic cat, African wild cat and European wildcat may be considered variant populations of the same species (Felis silvestris), making such crosses non-hybrids.
- Fertile canid hybrids occur between coyotes, wolves, dingoes, jackals and domestic dogs.
- Hybrids between black and white rhinoceroses have been recognized.
- Hybrid camel, a cross between a bactrian camel and a dromedary camel, just like the mule a more powerful creature than its parents.
- Cama, a cross between a camel and a llama, also an intergeneric hybrid.
- Wholphin, a fertile but very rare cross between a false killer whale and a bottlenose dolphin.
- At Chester Zoo in the United Kingdom, a cross between an African elephant (male) and an Asian elephant (female). The male calf was named Motty. He died of intestinal infection after twelve days.
- Homininae hybrids
- Hybrids between spotted owls and barred owls
- Cagebird breeders sometimes breed hybrids between species of finch, such as goldfinch × canary. These birds are known as mules.
- The Perlin is a Peregrine falcon - Merlin hybrid.
- Gamebird hybrids, hybrids between gamebirds and domestic fowl, including chickens, guineafowl and peafowl, interfamilial hybrids.
- Numerous macaw hybrids and lovebird hybrids are also known in aviculture.
- Red kite × black kite: five bred unintentionally at a falconry center in England. (It is reported[weasel words] that the black kite (the male) refused female black kites but mated with two female red kites.)
- The mulard duck, hybrid of the domestic pekin duck and domesticated muscovy ducks.
- In Australia, New Zealand and other areas where the Pacific Black Duck occurs, it is hybridised by the much more aggressive introduced Mallard. This is a concern to wildlife authorities throughout the affected area, as it is seen as Genetic pollution of the Black Duck gene pool.
- Hybridisation in gulls is a reasonably frequent occurrence in the wild.
- Hybrid Iguana, a single‐cross hybrid resulting from natural interbreeding between male marine iguanas and female land iguanas since the late 2000s.
- Crestoua, a cross between a Rhacodactylus Ciliatus (crested gecko) and a Rhacodactylus Chahoua.
- Colubrid snakes of the tribe Lampropeltini have been shown to produce fertile hybrid offspring.
- Hybridization between the endemic Cuban crocodile (Crocodilus rhombifer) and the widely distributed American crocodile (Crocodilus acutus) is causing conservation problems for the former species as a threat to its genetic integrity.[clarification needed]
- Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) have mated with Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in captivity producing offspring which in many cases have grown over 20 feet (6.1 metres) in length. It is likely that wild hybridization occurred historically in parts of southeast Asia.
- Many species of boas and pythons are known to produce hybrids, such as carball (a cross between a ball python and a carpet python) or a bloodball (a cross between a blood python and a ball python) however, most of these only occur in captivity. Contrary to popular belief, boa–python hybrids are not possible due to their differing reproductive functions. Boas only produce hybrids with other species of boas, and pythons only produce hybrids with other species of pythons.
- Japanese Giant Salamanders and Chinese Giant Salamanders have created hybrids that threaten the survival of Japanese Giant Salamanders due to the competition for similar resources in Japan.
- Blood parrot cichlid, which is probably created by crossing a red head cichlid and a Midas cichlid or red devil cichlid
- A group of about 50 hybrids between Australian blacktip shark and the larger common blacktip shark was found by Australia's East Coast in 2012. This is the only known case of hybridization in sharks.
- Silver bream and Common bream commonly produce sterile hybrids.
- Tiger muskie is a sterile hybrid between Northern pike and Muskellunge.
- Killer bees were created during an attempt to breed a strain of bees that would produce more honey and be better adapted to tropical conditions. This was done by crossing a European honey bee and an African bee.
- The Colias eurytheme and C. philodice butterflies have retained enough genetic compatibility to produce viable hybrid offspring.
Hybrids should not be confused with genetic chimeras such as that between sheep and goat known as the geep. Wider interspecific hybrids can be made via in vitro fertilization or somatic hybridization, however the resulting cells are not able to develop into a full organism. An example of interspecific hybrid cell lines is humster (hamster × human) cells.
Many hybrids are created by humans, but natural hybrids occur as well. Plant species hybridize more readily than animal species, and the resulting hybrids are more often fertile hybrids and may reproduce, though there still exist sterile hybrids and selective hybrid elimination where the offspring are less able to survive and are thus eliminated before they can reproduce. A number of plant species are the result of hybridization and polyploidy with many plant species easily cross pollinating and producing viable seeds, the distinction between each species is often maintained by geographical isolation or differences in the flowering period. Since plants hybridize frequently without much work, they are often created by humans in order to produce improved plants. These improvements can include the production of more or improved seeds, fruits or other plant parts for consumption, or to make a plant more winter or heat hardy or improve its growth and/or appearance for use in horticulture. Much work is now being done with hybrids to produce more disease resistant plants for both agricultural and horticultural crops. In many groups of plants hybridization has been used to produce larger and more showy flowers and new flower colors.
Many plant genera and species have their origins in polyploidy. Autopolyploidy results from the sudden multiplication in the number of chromosomes in typical normal populations caused by unsuccessful separation of the chromosomes during meiosis. Tetraploids (plants with four sets of chromosomes rather than two) are common in a number of different groups of plants and over time these plants can differentiate into distinct species from the normal diploid line. In Oenothera lamarchiana the diploid species has 14 chromosomes, this species has spontaneously given rise to plants with 28 chromosomes that have been given the name Oenothera gigas. When hybrids are formed between the tetraploids and the diploid population, the resulting offspring tend to be sterile triploids, thus effectively stopping the intermixing of genes between the two groups of plants (unless the diploids, in rare cases, produce unreduced gametes).
Another form of polyploidy called allopolyploidy occurs when two different species mate and produce polyploid hybrids. Usually the typical chromosome number is doubled, and the four sets of chromosomes can pair up during meiosis, thus the polyploids can produce offspring. Usually, these offspring can mate and reproduce with each other but cannot back-cross with the parent species. Allopolyploids may be able to adapt to new habitats that neither of their parent species inhabited.
|Species||Common Name||Family||Hybridization||Confirmed or Putative Hybridization?||Putative Parental/Introgressive species||Polyploid or Homoploid?||Polyploid Chromosome Count||References||Notes|
|Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench||Okra||Malvaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Putative||Uncertain||Polyploid (tetraploid)||usually 2n=4x=130||Joshi and Hardas, 1956; Schafleitner et al., 2013||Variable ploidy|
|Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F.Liang & A.R.Ferguson||Kiwifruit||Actinidiaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Putative||Actinidia chinensis Planch. and Unknown||Polyploid (hexaploid)||2n=6x=174||Atkinson et al., 1997|
|Agave fourcroydes Lem.||Henequen||Asparagaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Uncertain||Polyploid (usu. pentaploid, triploid)||2n=5x(3x)=150(90)||Robert et al., 2008; Hughes et al., 2007||Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent|
|Agave sisalana Perrine||Sisal||Asparagaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Uncertain||Polyploid (usu. pentaploid, hexaploid)||2n=5x(6x)=150(180)||Robert et al., 2008||Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent|
|Allium ampeloprasum L.||Great headed garlic||Amaryllidaceae||Intraspecific hybrid origin||Putative||Allium ampeloprasum L.||Homoploid||-||Guenaoui et al., 2013|
|Allium cepa L.||Common onion||Amaryllidaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Putative||Uncertain: Allium vavilovii Popov & Vved., A. galanthum Kar. & Kir. or A. fistulosum L.||Homoploid||-||Gurushidze et al., 2007|
|Allium cornutum Clementi||Triploid onion||Amaryllidaceae||Triparental allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Allium cepa L., A. roylei Stearn, unknown||Polyploid (triploid)||2n=3x=24||Fredotovic et al., 2014|
|Ananas comosus (L.) Merr is||Pineapple||Bromeliaceae||Interspecific introgression||Putative||Ananas ananassoides (Baker) L.B. Smith||Homoploid||-||Duval et al., 2003|
|Annona x atemoya||Atemoya||Annonaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Annona cherimola Mill. and A. squamosa L.||?||-||Perfectti et al., 2004; Jalikop, 2010|
|Arachis hypogaea L.||Peanut||Fabaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Arachis duranensis Krapov. & W.C. Greg. and A. ipaënsis Krapov. & W.C. Greg.||Polypoid (tetraploid)||2n=4x=40||Kochert et al., 1996; Bertioli et al., 2011|
|Armoracia rusticana P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.||Horseradish||Brassicaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Putative||Uncertain||?||-||Courter and Rhodes, 1969|
|Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg||Breadfruit||Moraceae||Interspecific introgression||Putative||Artocarpus mariannensis Trécul||?||-||Zerega et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2013|
|Avena sativa L.||Oat||Poaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Uncertain||Polyploid (hexaploid)||2n=6x=42||Linares et al., 1998; Oliver et al., 2013|
|Brassica carinata A.Braun||Ethiopian mustard||Brassicaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Brassica oleracea L. and B. nigra (L.) K.Koch||Polyploid (tetraploid)||2n=4x=19||Arias et al., 2014|
|Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.||Indian mustard||Brassicaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch and B. rapa L.||Polyploid (tetraploid)||2n=4x=18||Arias et al., 2014|
|Brassica napus L.||Rapeseed, Rutabega||Brassicaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Brassica rapa L. and B. oleracea L.||Polyploid (tetraploid)||2n=4x=19||Arias et al., 2014|
|Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.||Pigeon Pea||Fabaceae||Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression||Putative||Wild Cajanus cajan and other species||Homoploid||-||Kassa et al., 2012|
|Cannabis sativa L.||Hemp||Cannabaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Putative||Cannabis sativa L. 'Indica' and 'Sativa' types||Homoploid||-||de Meijer and van Soest, 1992|
|Carica pentagona Heilborn||Babaco||Caricaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Uncertain (Carica stipulata V.M.Badillo, Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC., Vasconcellea weberbaueri (Harms) V.M. Badillo)||?||-||Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2002; Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2006|
|Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch||Pecan||Juglandaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Putative||Uncertain||?||-||Grauke et al., 2011|
|Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh||Chestnut||Fagaceae||Interspecific introgression||Confirmed||Castanea pumila (L.) Mill.||Homoploid||-||Li and Dane, 2013||Also ongoing efforts to introgress blight resistance from Castanea mollissima Blume (see Jacobs et al., 2013)|
|Castanea sativa Mill.||Chestnut||Fagaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Confirmed||Castanea sativa Eurosiberian and Mediterranean populations||Homoploid||-||Villani et al., 1999; Mattioni et al., 2013|
|Chenopodium quinoa Willd.||Quinoa||Chenopodiaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Putative||Uncertain||Polyploid (tetraploid)||-||Heiser, 1974; Ward, 2000; Maughan et al., 2004|
|Cicer arietinum L.||Chickpea (pea-shaped)||Fabaceae||Intraspecific hybrid origin||Putative||Cicer arietinum L. Desi and Kabuli Germplasm||?||-||Upadhyaya et al., 2008; Keneni et al., 2011|
|Cichorium intybus L.||Radicchio||Asteraceae||Interspecific introgression||Confirmed||Wild Cichorium intybus L.||Homoploid||-||Kiaer et al., 2009|
|Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle||Key lime||Rutaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Citrus medica L. and C. subg. Papeda||?||-||Ollitrault and Navarro, 2012; Penjor et al., 2014; Nicolosi et al., 2000; Moore, 2001|
|Citrus aurantium L.||Sour oranges||Rutaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Citrus maxima (Burm.) and C. reticulata Blanco||?||-||Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001|
|Citrus clementina hort.||Clementine||Rutaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and C. reticulata Blanco||?||-||Wu et al., 2014|
|Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck||Lemon, lime||Rutaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Citrus medica L., C. aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle, and uncertain||?||-||Nicolosi et al., 2000; Moore, 2001|
|Citrus paradisi Macfad.||Grapefruit||Rutaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and C. maxima (Burm.)||?||-||Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001|
|Citrus reticulata Blanco||Mandarin||Rutaceae||Interspecific introgression||Confirmed||Citrus maxima (Burm.)||?||-||Wu et al., 2014|
|Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck||Sweet orange (blood, common)||Rutaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Uncertain||?||-||Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001|
|Cocos nucifera L.||Coconut||Arecaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Confirmed||Cocos nucifera L. Indo-Atlantic and Pacific lineages||Homoploid||-||Gunn et al., 2011|
|Coffea arabica L.||Coffee||Rubiaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Coffea eugenioides S.Moore and C. canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner||Polyploid (tetraploid)||2n=4x=44||Lashermes et al., 1999|
|Corylus avellana L.||Hazelnut||Betulaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Confirmed||Wild Corylus avellana L. in Southern Europe||Homoploid||-||Campa et al., 2011; Boccacci et al., 2013|
|Cucurbita pepo L.||Winter Squash, Pumpkin||Cucurbitaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Putative||Cucurbita pepo var. texana (Scheele) D.S.Decker||Homploid||-||Kirkpatrick and Wilson, 1988|
|Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.||Carrot||Apiaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Confirmed||Daucus carota L. subsp. carota||Homoploid||-||Iorizzo et al., 2013; Simon, 2000|
|Dioscorea L. spp.||Yam||Dioscoreaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin, introgression||Putative||Uncertain||Variable||-||Terauchi et al., 1992; Dansi et al., 1999; Bhattacharjee et al., 2011; Mignouna et al., 2002||Multiple species of putative hybrid (perhaps allopolyploid) origin including Dioscorea cayennensis subsp. rotundata (Poir.) J.Miège. and D. cayennensis Lam.|
|Diospyros kaki L.f.||Persimmon||Ebenaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Putative||Uncertain||Polyploid (hexaploid)||Yonemori et al., 2008|
|Ficus carica L.||Fig||Moraceae||Interspecific introgression||Putative||Uncertain||?||- Aradhya et al., 2010|
|Fragaria ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier||Strawberries||Rosaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Fragaria virginiana Mill. (octoploid), F. chiloensis (L.) Mill. (octoploid)||Homoploid relative to parentals (octoploid)||2n=8x=56 Evans, 1977; Hirakawa et al., 2014||Uncertain which species formed the octoploid progenitors|
|Garcinia mangostana L.||Mangosteen||Clusiaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Putative||Garcinia celebica L. and G. malaccensis Hook.f. ex T.Anderson||Polyploid (tetraploid)||? Richards, 1990||Recent work shows this may not be of hybrid origin (Nazre, 2014)|
|Gossypium hirsutum L.||Upland Cotton||Malvaceae||hybrid origin||Confirmed||Uncertain, referred to as 'A' and 'D'||Polyploid (formed <1MYA)||2n =4x=52 Wendel and Cronn 2003||Polyploidization likely led to agronomically significant traits (Applequist et al., 2001)|
|Hibiscus sabdariffa L.||Roselle||Malvaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Putative||Uncertain||Polyploid (tetraploid)||2n=4x=72 Menzel and Wilson, 1966; Satya et al., 2013|
|Hordeum vulgare L.||Barley||Poaceae||Introgression||Confirmed||Hordeum spontaneum K.Koch||Homoploid||- Badr et al., 2000; Dai et al., 2012|
|Humulus lupulus L.||Hops||Cannabaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Confirmed||Humulus lupulus L. North American and European Germplasm||Homoploid||- Reeves and Richards, 2011; Stajner et al., 2008; Seefelder et al., 2000|
|Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.||Sweet Potato||Convolvulaceae||Intraspecific introgression; Interspecific introgression?||Putative||Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Central American and South American Germplasm||Homoploid relative to parentals||Roullier et al., 2013|
|Juglans regia L.||Walnut||Juglandaceae||Interspecific hybridization||Confirmed||Juglans sigillata Dode||Homoploid||- Gunn et al., 2010|
|Lactuca sativa L.||Lettuce||Asteraceae||Intraspecific hybrid origin||Putative||Lactuca serriola L. and other L. spp.||Homoploid||- de Vries, 1997|
|Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.||Bottle Gourd||Cucurbitaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Confirmed||Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. African/American and Asian Germplasm||Homoploid||- Clarke et al., 2006|
|Lens culinaris Medik. ssp. culinaris||Lentil||Fabaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Putative||Wild lentil, Lens culinaris subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Ponert||Homoploid||- Erskine et al., 2011|
|Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche||Macadamia||Proteaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression||Confirmed||Macadamia tetraphylla L.A.S.Johnson, and other M. spp.||Homoploid||- Hardner et al., 2009; Steiger et al., 2003; Aradhya et al., 1998|
|Malus domestica Borkh.||Apple||Rosaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem., M. sylvestris (L.) Mill., and possibly others||Homoploid||- Cornille et al., 2012|
|Mentha piperita L.||Peppermint||Lamiaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Mentha aquatica L. and M. spicata L.||Polyploid (12-ploid)||2n=12x=66 or 72 Harley and Brighton, 1977; Gobert et al., 2002|
|Musa paradisiaca L.||Banana||Musaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Musa acuminata Colla, M. balbisiana Colla||Polyploid (usually triploid)||2n=3x=33 Simmonds and Shepherd, 1955; Heslop-Harrison and Schwarzacher, 2007; De Langhe et al., 2010|
|Nicotiana tabacum L.||Tobacco||Solanaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Uncertain (Nicotiana sylvestris Speg. & S. Comes and N. tomentosiformis Goodsp.)||Polyploid (tetraploid)||2n=4x=48 Kenton et al., 1993; Murad et al., 2002|
|Olea europaea L.||Olive||Oleaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Putative||Wild Olea europaea L., Eastern and Western Germplasm||Homoploid||- Kaniewski et al., 2012; Besnard et al., 2013; Breton et al., 2006; Rubio de Casas et al., 2006; Besnard et al., 2007; Besnard et al., 2000|
|Opuntia L. spp.||Opuntia||Cactaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin, Allopolyploid origin||Putative||Including Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.||Polyploid, homoploid||- Hughes et al., 2007; Griffith, 2004|
|Oryza sativa L.||Rice||Poaceae||Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression||Putative||Oryza sativa L. 'Japonica' and 'Indica' Germplasm, Oryza rufipogon Griff.||Homoploid||- Caicedo et al., 2007; Gao and Innan, 2008|
|Oxalis tuberosa Molina||Oca||Oxalidaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Putative||Uncertain||Polyploid (octaploid)||2n=8x=64 Emswhiller and Doyle, 2002; Emshwiller 2002; Emswhiller et al., 2009|
|Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.||Pearl Millet||Poaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Confirmed||Wild Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.||Homoploid||- Oumar et al., 2008|
|Persea americana Mill.||Avocado (Hass and other cultivars)||Lauraceae||Intraspecific introgression||Confirmed||Persea americana Mill. 'Guatamalensis', 'Drymifolia', and' Americana'||Homoploid||- Chen et al., 2008; Davis et al., 1998; Ashworth and Clegg, 2003; Douhan et al., 2011|
|Phoenix dactylifera L.||Date palm||Arecaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Putative||Uncertain||Homoploid||- El Hadrami et al., 2011; Bennaceur et al., 1991|
|Piper methysticum G.Forst.||Kava||Piperaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Putative||Piper wichmannii C. DC. and P. gibbiflorum C.DC.||Polyploid (decaploid)||2n=10x=130 Singh, 2004; Lebot et al., 1991|
|Pistacia vera L.||Pistachio||Anacardiaceae||Interspecific introgression||Putative||Pistacia atlantica Desf., P. chinensis subsp. integerrima (J. L. Stewart ex Brandis) Rech. f.||Homoploid||- Kafkas et al., 2001|
|Pisum abyssinicum A.Braun||Pea||Fabaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Uncertain (Pisum fulvum Sibth. & Sm. and other P. spp.)||Homoploid||- Vershinin et al., 2003|
|Pisum sativum L.||Pea||Fabaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Uncertain (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius (M.Bieb.) Asch. & Graebn. and other P. spp.)||Homoploid||- Vershinin et al., 2003|
|Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel||Jaboticaba||Myrtaceae||Intraspecific hybridization, interspecific hybridization||Putative||Plinia 'Jaboticaba' and 'Cauliflora' Germplasm; P. peruviana (Poir.) Govaerts||Homoploid||- Balerdi et al., 2006|
|Prunus cerasus L.||Cherry||Rosaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Prunus avium (L.) L. and P. fruticosa Pall.||Polyploid (tetraploid)||2n=4x=32 Tavaud et al., 2004; Olden and Nybom, 1968|
|Prunus domestica L.||Plum||Rosaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Uncertain (P. cerasifera Ehrh. and P. spinosa L.)||Polyploid (hexaploid)||2n=6x=48 Zohary, 1992; Hartmann and Neumuller, 2009||Japanese Plum is also of hybrid origin (see Hartmann and Neumuller 2009). Also hybridizes with other cultivated Prunus spp.|
|Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb||Almond||Rosaceae||Interspecific introgression||Confirmed||Prunus orientalis (Mill.) Koehne and other P. spp.||Homoploid||- Delplancke et al., 2012; Delplancke et al., 2013|
|Pyrus L. species||Pear||Rosaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Many species||Homoploid||- Silva et al., 2014||Also introgression with semidomesticated populations (see Iketani et al. 2009)|
|Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin||Radish||Brassicaceae||Intraspecific introgression||Confirmed||Raphanus raphanistrum L. subsp. raphanistrum||Homoploid||- Ridley et al., 2008|
|Rheum L. cultivated species||Rhubarb||Polygonaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Putative||Unclear||Homoploid relative to parentals (tetraploid)||- Foust and Marshall, 1991; Kuhl and Deboer, 2008||Hybrids include: Rheum rhaponticum L., R. rhabarbarum L., R. palmatum L.|
|Rubus L. spp.||Red raspberry, Blackberry, Tayberry, Boysenberry, etc.||Rosaceae||Allopolyploid origin, interspecific hybridization||Confirmed||Many||Polyploid||- Alice et al., 2014; Alice and Campbell, 1999|
|Saccharum spp.||Sugarcane||Poaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Saccharum officinarum L. and S. spontaneum L.||Polyploid||Variable, 2n=10-13x=100-130 Grivet et al., 1995; D'Hont et al., 1996|
|Secale cereale L.||Rye||Poaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Uncertain (Secale montanum Guss., S. vavilovii Grossh.)||Homoploid||- Bartos et al., 2008; Korzun et al., 2001; Hillman, 1978; Tang et al., 2011; Salamini et al., 2002|
|Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.||Chayote||Cucurbitaceae||Interspecific introgression||Putative||Sechium compositum (Donn. Sm.) C. Jeffrey||Homoploid||- Newstrom, 1991|
|Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.||Foxtail millet||Poaceae||Interspecific introgression||Confirmed||Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv.||Homoploid||- Till-Bottraud et al., 1992|
|Solanum L. spp. Section Petota||Potato||Solanaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin, allopolyploid origin, interspecific introgression||Confirmed||Including Solanum tuberosum L., S. ajanhuiri Juz. & Bukasov, S. curtilobum Juz. & Bukasov, S. juzepczukii Bukasov||Homoploid and Polyploid||- Rodriguez et al., 2010|
|Solanum lycopersicum L.||Tomato||Solanaceae||Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression||Confirmed||Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Dunal) D.M. Spooner, G.J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen and S. pimpinellifolium L.||Homoploid||- Blanca et al., 2012; Causse et al., 2013; Rick, 1950|
|Solanum melongena L.||Eggplant||Solanaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression, intraspecific introgression||Confirmed||Solanum undatum Lam. and others; wild S. melongena L. (=S. insanum L.)||Homoploid||- Knapp et al., 2013; Meyer et al., 2012||Hybrid origin is not confirmed, but introgression is well documented|
|Solanum muricatum Aiton||Pepino dulce||Solanaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression||Likely||Solanum species in Series Caripensia||Homoploid||- Blanca et al., 2007||Polyphyletic origin and extensive, ongoing introgression with wild species|
|Spondias purpurea L.||Jocote||Anacardiaceae||Interspecific introgression||Putative||Spondias mombin L.||Homoploid||- Miller and Schaal, 2005|
|Theobroma cacao L.||Cacao (Trinitario-type)||Malvaceae||Intraspecific hybrid origin||Confirmed||Theobroma cacao L. 'Forastero' and 'Criollo' Germplasm||Homoploid||- Yang et al., 2013|
|Triticum aestivum L.||Bread Wheat, Spelt||Poaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Triticum turgidum L. (tetraploid) with Aegilops tauschii Coss.||Polyploid (hexaploid)||2n=6x=42 Matsuoka, 2011; Dvorak, 2012|
|Triticum turgidum L.||Emmer Wheat, Durum Wheat||Poaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Triticum urartu Thumanjan ex Gandilyan and Aegilops speltoides Tausch||Polyploid (tetraploid)||2n=4x=28 Dvorak et al., 2012; Matsuoka, 2011; Yamane and Kawahara, 2005|
|Vaccinium corymbosum L.||Highbush Blueberry||Ericaceae||Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression||Putative||Vaccinium tenellum Aiton, V. darrowii Camp, (V. virgatum Aiton, V. angustifolium Aiton)||Uncertain||- Vander Kloet, 1980; Bruederle et al., 1994; Lyrene et al., 2003; Boches et al., 2006||Possible hybrid origin during the Plesitocene|
|Vanilla tahitensis J.W. Moore||Tahitian vanilla||Orchidaceae||Allopolyploid origin||Confirmed||Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews and V. odorata C.Presl||Polyploid||Variable, 2n=2x(4x)=32(64) Lubinsky et al., 2008|
|Vitis rotundifolia Michx.||Grape||Vitaceae||Interspecific introgression||Confirmed||ManyVitis spp.||Homoploid||2n=2x=38 Reisch et al., 2012; This et al., 2006|
|Zea mays L.||Maize||Poaeceae||Intraspecific introgression||Confirmed||Wild Zea mays L. (teosinte, =subsp. parviglumis Iltis & Doebley)||Homoploid||- Van Heerwaarden et al., 2011; Hufford et al., 2013|
Sterility in a non-polyploid hybrid is often a result of chromosome number; if parents are of differing chromosome pair number, the offspring will have an odd number of chromosomes, leaving them unable to produce chromosomally balanced gametes. While this is undesirable in a crop such as wheat, where growing a crop which produces no seeds would be pointless, it is an attractive attribute in some fruits. Triploid bananas and watermelons are intentionally bred because they produce no seeds (and are parthenocarpic).
Hybrids are sometimes stronger than either parent variety, a phenomenon most common with plant hybrids, which when present is known as hybrid vigor (heterosis) or heterozygote advantage. A transgressive phenotype is a phenotype displaying more extreme characteristics than either of the parent lines. Plant breeders make use of a number of techniques to produce hybrids, including line breeding and the formation of complex hybrids. An economically important example is hybrid maize (corn), which provides a considerable seed yield advantage over open pollinated varieties. Hybrid seed dominates the commercial maize seed market in the United States, Canada and many other major maize producing countries.
Examples of plant hybrids
The multiplication symbol × (not italicised) indicates a hybrid in the Latin binomial nomenclature. Placed before the binomial it indicates a hybrid between species from different genera (intergeneric hybrid):-
- × Fatshedera lizei, a hybrid between Hedera helix and Fatsia japonica
- × Heucherella, a hybrid genus between Heuchera and Tiarella
- × Philageria veitchii is a hybrid between Lapageria rosea and Philesia magellanica; it is more similar in appearance to the former
- Leyland cypress, [× Cupressocyparis leylandii] hybrid between Monterey cypress and Nootka cypress
- Triticale, [× Triticosecale] a wheat–rye hybrid
- × Urceocharis, a hybrid between Eucharis and Urceolina
Interspecific plant hybrids include:
- Dianthus × allwoodii (Dianthus caryophyllus × Dianthus plumarius)
- Limequat Citrus × floridana, key lime Citrus aurantiifolia and kumquat Citrus japonica hybrid
- Loganberry Rubus × loganobaccus, a hybrid between raspberry Rubus idaeus and blackberry Rubus ursinus
- London plane (Platanus orientalis × Platanus occidentalis), thus forming Platanus × acerifolia
- Magnolia × alba (Magnolia champaca × Magnolia montana)
- Peppermint, a hybrid between spearmint and water mint
- Quercus × warei (Quercus robur × Quercus bicolor) 'Nadler' (marketed in the United States under the trade name Kindred Spirit hybrid oak)
- Tangelo, a hybrid of a Mandarin orange and a pomelo which may have been developed in Asia about 3,500 years ago
- Wheat; most modern and ancient wheat breeds are themselves hybrids. Bread wheat is a hexaploid hybrid of three wild grasses; durum (pasta) wheat is a tetraploid hybrid of two wild grasses
- Grapefruit, hybrid between a pomelo and the Jamaican sweet orange
Some natural hybrids:
- Iris albicans, a sterile hybrid which spreads by rhizome division
- Evening primrose, a flower which was the subject of famous experiments by Hugo de Vries on polyploidy and diploidy
Hybrids in nature
Hybridization between two closely related species is actually a common occurrence in nature but is also being greatly influenced by anthropogenic changes as well. Hybridization is a naturally occurring genetic process where individuals from two genetically distinct populations mate. As stated above, it can occur both intraspecifically, between different distinct populations within the same species, and interspecifically, between two different species. Hybrids can be either sterile/not viable or viable/fertile. This affects the kind of effect that this hybrid will have on its and other populations that it interacts with. Many hybrid zones are known where the ranges of two species meet, and hybrids are continually produced in great numbers. These hybrid zones are useful as biological model systems for studying the mechanisms of speciation (Hybrid speciation). Recently DNA analysis of a bear shot by a hunter in the North West Territories confirmed the existence of naturally-occurring and fertile grizzly–polar bear hybrids. There have been reports of similar supposed hybrids, but this is the first to be confirmed by DNA analysis. In 1943, Clara Helgason described a male bear shot by hunters during her childhood. He was large and off-white with hair all over his paws. The presence of hair on the bottom of the feet suggests it was a natural hybrid of Kodiak and Polar bear.
Changes to the environment caused by humans, such as fragmentation and Introduced species, are becoming more widespread. This increases the challenges in managing certain populations that are experiencing introgression, and is a focus of conservation genetics.
Introduced species and habitat fragmentation
Humans have been introducing species world wide to environments for a long time both directly such as establishing a population to be used as a biological control and indirectly such as accidental escapes of individuals out of agriculture. This causes drastic global effects on various populations with hybridization being one of the reasons introduced species can be so detrimental. When habitats become broken apart, one of two things can occur, genetically speaking. The first is that populations that were once connected can be cut off from one another, preventing their genes from interacting. Occasionally, this will result in a population of one species breeding with a population of another species as a means of surviving such as the case with the red wolves. Their population numbers being so small, they needed another means of survival. Habitat fragmentation also led to the influx of generalist species into areas where they would not have been, leading to competition and in some cases interbreeding/incorporation of a population into another. In this way, habitat fragmentation is essentially an indirect method of introducing species to an area.
The hybridization continuum
There is a kind of continuum with three semi-distinct categories dealing with anthropogenic hybridization: hybridization without Introgression, hybridization with widespread introgression, and essentially a Hybrid swarm. Depending on where a population falls along this continuum, the management plans for that population will change. Hybridization is currently an area of great discussion within Wildlife management and habitat management fields. Global climate change is creating other changes such as difference in population distributions which are indirect causes for an increase in anthropogenic hybridization.
Hybridization can be a less discussed way toward extinction than within detection of where a population lies along the hybrid continuum. The dispute of hybridization is how to manage the resulting hybrids. When a population experiences hybridization with substantial introgression, there still exists parent types of each set of individuals. When a complete hybrid swarm is created, all the individuals are hybrids.
Management of hybrids
Conservationists disagree on when is the proper time to give up on a population that is becoming a hybrid swarm or to try and save the still existing pure individuals. Once it becomes a complete mixture, we should look to conserve those hybrids to avoid their loss. Most leave it as a case-by-case basis, depending on detecting of hybrids within the group. It is nearly impossible to regulate hybridization via policy because hybridization can occur beneficially when it occurs "naturally" and there is the matter of protecting those previously mentioned hybrid swarms because if they are the only remaining evidence of prior species, they need to be conserved as well.
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In some species, hybridisation plays an important role in evolutionary biology. While most hybrids are disadvantaged as a result of genetic incompatibility, the fittest survive, regardless of species boundaries. They may have a beneficial combination of traits allowing them to exploit new habitats or to succeed in a marginal habitat where the two parent species are disadvantaged. This has been seen in experiments on sunflower species. Unlike mutation, which affects only one gene, hybridisation creates multiple variations across genes or gene combinations simultaneously. Successful hybrids could evolve into new species within 50-60 generations. This leads some scientists to speculate that life is a genetic continuum rather than a series of self-contained species.
Where there are two closely related species living in the same area, less than 1 in 1000 individuals are likely to be hybrids because animals rarely choose a mate from a different species (otherwise species boundaries would completely break down). In some closely related species there are recognized "hybrid zones".
Some species of Heliconius butterflies exhibit dramatic geographical polymorphism of their wing patterns, which act as aposematic signals advertising their unpalatability to potential predators. Where different-looking geographical breeds abut, inter-racial hybrids are common, healthy and fertile. Heliconius hybrids can breed with other hybrid individuals and with individuals of either parental group. These hybrid backcrosses are disadvantaged by natural selection because they lack the parental form's warning coloration, and are therefore not avoided by predators.
A similar case in mammals is hybrid White-Tail/Mule Deer. The hybrids don't inherit either parent's escape strategy. White-tail Deer dash while Mule Deer bound. The hybrids are easier prey than the parent species.
In birds, healthy Galapagos Finch hybrids are relatively common, but their beaks are intermediate in shape and less efficient feeding tools than the specialised beaks of the parental species so they lose out in the competition for food. Following a major storm in 1983, the local habitat changed so that new types of plants began to flourish, and in this changed habitat, the hybrids had an advantage over the birds with specialised beaks - demonstrating the role of hybridization in exploiting new ecological niches. If the change in environmental conditions is permanent or is radical enough that the parental species cannot survive, the hybrids become the dominant form. Otherwise, the parental species will re-establish themselves when the environmental change is reversed, and hybrids will remain in the minority.
Natural hybrids may occur when a species is introduced into a new habitat. In Britain, there is hybridisation of native European Red Deer and introduced Chinese Sika Deer. Conservationists want to protect the Red Deer, but the environment favors the Sika Deer genes. There is a similar situation with White-headed Ducks and Ruddy Ducks.
Expression of parental traits in hybrids
When two distinct types of organisms breed with each other, the resulting hybrids typically have intermediate traits (e.g., one parent has red flowers, the other has white, and the hybrid, pink flowers). Commonly, hybrids also combine traits seen only separately in one parent or the other (e.g., a bird hybrid might combine the yellow head of one parent with the orange belly of the other). Most characteristics of the typical hybrid are of one of these two types, and so, in a strict sense, are not really new. However, an intermediate trait does differ from those seen in the parents (e.g., the pink flowers of the intermediate hybrid just mentioned are not seen in either of its parents). Likewise, combined traits are new when viewed as a combination.
In a hybrid, any trait that falls outside the range of parental variation is termed heterotic. Heterotic hybrids do have new traits, that is, they are not intermediate. Positive heterosis produces more robust hybrids, they might be stronger or bigger; while the term negative heterosis refers to weaker or smaller hybrids. Heterosis is common in both animal and plant hybrids. For example, hybrids between a lion and a tigress ("ligers") are much larger than either of the two progenitors, while a tigon (lioness × tiger) is smaller. Also the hybrids between the Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) are larger than either of their parents, as are those produced between the Common Pheasant and hen Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus). Spurs are absent in hybrids of the former type, although present in both parents.
When populations hybridize, often the first generation (F1) hybrids are very uniform. Typically, however, the individual members of subsequent hybrid generations are quite variable. High levels of variability in a natural population, then, are indicative of hybridity. Researchers use this fact to ascertain whether a population is of hybrid origin. Since such variability generally occurs only in later hybrid generations, the existence of variable hybrids is also an indication that the hybrids in question are fertile.
Genetic mixing and extinction
Regionally developed ecotypes can be threatened with extinction when new alleles or genes are introduced that alter that ecotype. This is sometimes called genetic mixing. Hybridization and introgression of new genetic material can lead to the replacement of local genotypes if the hybrids are more fit and have breeding advantages over the indigenous ecotype or species. These hybridization events can result from the introduction of non native genotypes by humans or through habitat modification, bringing previously isolated species into contact. Genetic mixing can be especially detrimental for rare species in isolated habitats, ultimately affecting the population to such a degree that none of the originally genetically distinct population remains.
Effect on biodiversity and food security
In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution's use of conventional hybridization increased yields by breeding "high-yielding varieties". The replacement of locally indigenous breeds, compounded with unintentional cross-pollination and crossbreeding (genetic mixing), has reduced the gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds resulting in the loss of genetic diversity. Since the indigenous breeds are often well-adapted to local extremes in climate and have immunity to local pathogens this can be a significant genetic erosion of the gene pool for future breeding. Therefore, commercial plant geneticists strive to breed "widely adapted" cultivars to counteract this tendency.
A number of conditions exist that limit the success of hybridization, the most obvious is great genetic diversity between most species. But in animals and plants that are more closely related hybridization barriers can include morphological differences, differing times of fertility, mating behaviors and cues, physiological rejection of sperm cells or the developing embryo.
In plants, barriers to hybridization include blooming period differences, different pollinator vectors, inhibition of pollen tube growth, somatoplastic sterility, cytoplasmic-genic male sterility and structural differences of the chromosomes.
Mythical, legendary and religious hybrids
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Ancient folktales often contain mythological creatures, sometimes these are described as hybrids (e.g., Hippogriff as the offspring of a griffin and a horse, and the Minotaur which is the offspring of Pasiphaë and a white bull). More often they are kind of chimera, i.e., a composite of the physical attributes of two or more kinds of animals, mythical beasts, and often humans, with no suggestion that they are the result of interbreeding, e.g., Harpies, mermaids, and centaurs.
In the Bible, the Old Testament contains several passages which talk about a first generation of hybrid giants who were known as the Nephilim. The Book of Genesis (6:4) states that "the sons of God went to the daughters of humans and had children by them". As a result, the offspring was born as hybrid giants who became mighty heroes of old and legendary famous figures of ancient times. In addition, the Book of Numbers (13:33) says that the descendants of Anak came from the Nephilim, whose bodies looked exactly like men, but with an enormous height. According to the apocryphal Book of Enoch the Nephilim were wicked sons of fallen angels who had lusted with attractive women.
- Artificial selection
- Bird hybrids
- Canid hybrid
- Chimera (genetics)
- Chloroplast capture (botany)
- Felid hybrids
- F1 hybrids
- Genetic admixture
- Genetic erosion
- Grex (horticulture)
- Heterosis (hybrid vigor)
- Human-animal hybrid (parahuman)
- Hybrid Lovebird
- Hybrid (mythology)
- Hybrid names (botany)
- Hybrid speciation
- Hybrid swarm
- Hybrid zone
- Interspecific pregnancy
- Intraspecific breeding
- Macropod hybrids
- Selective breeding
- Sheep-goat hybrids
- Species barrier
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- James L. Kugel (1997), The Bible as it was, Harvard University Press, p. 110
- Gregory A. Boyd, God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict, p. 177
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hybridization.|
- Artificial Hybridisation - Artificial Hybridisation in orchids
- Domestic Fowl Hybrids
- Hybrid Mammals
- Hybridisation in animals Evolution Revolution: Two Species Become One, Study Says (nationalgeographic.com)
- Hybrids of wildcats with domestic cats
- Scientists Create Butterfly Hybrid - Creation of new species through hybridization was thought to be common only in plants, and rare in animals.
- What is a human admixed embryo?
- Video of Mirror carp & Gold fish spawning at a fishing venue in France | <urn:uuid:1cef5502-420f-4e5a-89f1-70b0751bf360> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_plant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131295619.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172135-00221-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.773362 | 16,588 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Are you a current or former smoker? The effects of smoking are serious, but it's not too late to heal your body and prevent cancer and heart disease!
You probably know the statistics; smoking is more than just a bad habit. It is a common killer, and the dangers of smoking are real!
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths,1 and it is most often caused by smoking.
Heart disease is another very real danger of smoking. More than 2,600 people die every day from heart disease,2 and researchers have found that smoking dramatically increases your risk for stroke, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and coronary heart disease.
In spite of these risks, some 46 million American men and women smoke!3
But you can build back your health if you are a former (or even current) smoker!
Radical Effects of Smoking
The real danger of smoking is that smoking harms your body every time you light up.
Researchers are not exactly sure how smoking causes so much damage, but they do agree that the free radicals and oxidation produced from smoking lead to disease.
Free radicals are unstable molecules in your body. They are dangerous because they steal molecules from healthy cells, damaging them in a process called oxidation. Everyday life produces free radicals, but extra stress (from smoking, poor eating habits, emotional stress and lack of sleep) increases the production of free radicals at an alarming rate.
Antioxidants are nutrients that fight free radicals and oxidation. They can minimize damage to your body as you quit smoking and help you heal once you've kicked the habit. Unfortunately, smoking dramatically depletes the antioxidants in your body, so it's important to get enough of these potent vitamins and nutrients to counteract free radical damage.
Follow our guidelines to protect and heal your body as you recover from smoking addiction.
To heal your body from the damage related to smoking:4
- Get vitamin E. Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant that can slow the progression of atherosclerosis. Cooked kale is a great source of dietary E.
- Be like Popeye and eat your spinach. Spinach and other dark leafy greens have beta-carotene, an antioxidant that can protect you from cancer.
- Drink antioxidant green tea. Green tea antioxidants, like polyphenols, fight aging and disease. There are many antioxidant-rich foods on the Body Ecology program and green tea antioxidants are just one more way to easily get your dose of good health.
- Take vitamin C. Smokers need two to three times the daily requirement of vitamin C just to maintain normal levels in their bodies.
- Find a B-complex supplement with niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, folic acid, and biotin. These B vitamins are rich in antioxidants that protect your cells. The Body Ecology program is full of foods with B vitamins. Try our Body Ecology grain-like seeds for a healthy dose of calming B vitamins.
- Introduce fermented foods and drinks into your diet. fermented foods, like cultured vegetablesand fermented drinks, like Coco-Biotic are full of vitamins and minearls. They aid digestion, boost immunity AND can help you absorb the nutrients and antioxidants from your diet.
- Try adaptogens, like holy basil and ashwaganda. These herbs have the ability to help your body recover from stress and give you energy. Since smoking often relieves stress emotionally and creates stress in your body, you may find that taking adaptogens helps with emotional AND physical stress relief.
- Cleanse your body of heavy metals. Cigarettes contain all kinds of toxic substances, especially the heavy metal cadmium. Body Ecology's Ocean Plant Extract naturally detoxifies your body from dangerous heavy metals, like cadmium.
- Give yourself a LifeLine. Like the highly recommended Sedona Method (co-created by Hale Dwoskin, who was one of the featured teachers in the wildly popular book The Secret,) The LifeLine Technique™, created by Dr. Darren Weissman, finds and removes the root cause of stress, addictions and symptoms in your body and life by tapping into subconscious suppressed emotions. Once emotions are filed in your subconscious mind, you don't know you have them until you begin to experience stress, pain or addictions.
The LifeLine Technique™ helps you clear the subconscious emotions that keep you stuck in a pattern of addiction.
Ocean Plant Extractcan help your body detox from cigarettes. By removing heavy metals, like cadmium in cigarettes, your body will be able to function more effectively, supporting your health and immunity. Try Ocean Plant Extract today!
orporate these healthy habits into your life, you will be able to stop and reverse some of the damage in your body due to smoking.5
You'll also benefit from lowed risk for stroke, heart disease and lung cancer, while building your immune system naturally!
Smoking - Healing the Addiction
Besides giving your body nutritional support, it's important to address the dangers of smoking as the addictive habit it is.
Whether smoking helps you de-stress, focus, enjoy meals or is a nice distraction, your body starts to need the nicotine in cigarettes. Just like alcohol and drugs, smoking has an expansive effect on your body that you begin to crave to help you feel balanced and relaxed.
Consider taking steps to reduce stress and clear emotional patterns that keep you feeling stuck in addiction, like meditation, yoga and The Sedona Method.
As you support your physical and emotional health with the Body Ecology program and healthy lifestyle practices, you will find that your body AND mind will be able to achieve peace and balance without addictive substances.
You CAN heal from the effects of smoking...and create balance in mind and body that feels like true health!
- Martin, Terry, "Cancer Statistics," QuitSmoking.About.com.
- Martin, Terry, "Coronary Heart Disease Statistics," QuitSmoking.About.com.
- Cigarette Smoking Statistics, AmericanHeart.org.
- "Damage Control While Kicking the Habit," MotherNature.com.
- Reduce Your Risk, PSAStroke.org. | <urn:uuid:0908c01d-f5bd-493a-bae4-30354afa26eb> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://bodyecology.com/articles/help_you_body_heal_from_smoking.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510280868.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011800-00155-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917001 | 1,266 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Teachers are sensational, I once would have said, when they totally love their jobs, and strive to help students expand their knowledge in a specific area. I once would have said that teachers are all alike, but now I believe that is a narrow point of view. The teachers I have had and the teachers whom I have encountered guide people differently, serve many different needs, and share knowledge to enhance the students understanding of ideas. Consider these varieties of teachers: 1. Convenience teachers. These are the teachers with whom, if we did not have a problem to a solution, then our paths would have never been crossed. These teachers are the ones that know how to deal with specific complications. Having gone through the same experiences or knowing a good deal about the subject, these teachers give advice on how to go about solving a problem so that the same mistake will not be made again. For example, when we are mentally stressed, psychologists are consulted to help solve the problem.
Also, when students are having trouble with a particular area of study, they request a tutor for help. These teachers are good listeners, but rarely know the entire circumstances as well as the emotions that the student is experiencing at the time of the problem. These students do not give them an explanation to every little detail of their lives, but rather the little information that is necessary to figure out the problem. 2. Special-interest teachers. These teachers give facts to the student in order to show them how to learn the special areas that the student is interested in. For instance, Spanish teachers allow a student to comprehend the Spanish language, enabling the student to convert from English to Spanish.
In Peter Elbow's, Writing for Teachers, he states, "Teachers are one of the trickiest audiences of all, yet they also illustrate the paradox that audiences sometimes help you and sometimes get in your way." A teacher's experience can give a student author valuable insight to the development of his writing, while at the same time offer criticism that may prove beneficial. Unfortunately, the ...
The student has a desire to learn this language; therefore, these teachers can make this possible by teaching them the right techniques. The connection between the teacher and the student is primarily on this particular interest. There is no intimacy involved between them. The teacher simply loves teaching Spanish, and the student wants a better understanding of the language. 3. Impressionable teachers.
We all have had a teacher who has made a major impression on our lives. As we went through the different levels of grade school, we cannot forget about Mrs. Neil, our third grade English teacher, who helped our lives in so many ways. She was the one that helped to relax the tensions that we felt when our parents were divorced and the bullies that were making fun of us at recess. We always remembered her even though our paths have taken separate roads. However, when we needed advice we would consult Mrs.
Neil because she always knew the answers. 4. Amazing teachers. These are the teachers who not only helped out in the area that we were learning, but went further and became our friends. We could tell these teachers the little gossip that went around the playground and whom we liked, knowing that they would never tell a single person our true identity. We could share our emotions with these teachers, whether it was our laughs, cries, or even tears.
These teachers have been through everything with us. If we could not tell our parents about something, these teachers were the first to know and quick to give advice back to us. These amazing teachers ultimately became our true friends. All teachers are important in our lives to help solve problems and better our understanding of a specific area of study. The ones that take their teaching to the full measure become our best teachers, our friends. The best of teachers, I still believe, are those whom interact with the student.
"Teacher--Student Interactions and Race in Integrated Classrooms" Studies have shown in the past that there is racial bias in classrooms. Many say that African American students are treated more poorly than Caucasian American students. Examples include less student-teacher interaction, less praise given and less help being given to African American students. A recent study showed that ...
Amazing teachers have an idea of what is going on in the students life. They can relate their teaching ideas with the occurrences in the students daily life to help the student understand the information better. | <urn:uuid:b862eae2-14b1-4237-93dd-63ccba4caaf8> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://educheer.com/essays/teachers-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104512702.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705022909-20220705052909-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.981577 | 895 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Wait until next year.
That’s what the National Science Foundation (NSF) has told benthic ecologist Stacy Kim, who later this month was expecting to assemble her 13-member research team in Antarctica to study its intricate food web. Although the U.S. Antarctic program that NSF runs is back in business, fears that the 16-day U.S. government shutdown would squeeze out research on the frozen continent have become reality for some scientists.
The bad news for Kim came this past Friday morning, only 24 hours after her program manager and the rest of the NSF staff had returned to work. “He said my project was unsupportable because the resources won’t be available in time,” says Kim, a researcher at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in northern California, a part of the California state universities. “So the project is being delayed until next year.”
Kim has an NSF grant to study how the foraging habits of the continent’s top predators—Adélie penguins and minke and killer whales—affect distribution of their prey, mainly krill and silverfish. The project is based at a field camp set up on the sea ice outside McMurdo Station, the biggest of the three U.S. Antarctic outposts. It includes a remotely operated submersible equipped with environmental sensors as well as divers. This year, her second and final field season of the 4.5-year grant, Kim had also arranged a one-time only collaboration with scientists at nearby Italian, New Zealand, and Australian bases to expand the geographic scope of her project.
The research requires considerable logistical support. Researchers need snowmobiles early in the season to carry ice cores and water samples back to the station. Once the ice becomes too unstable, the ferrying is done by helicopter. Kim doesn’t know why her project was pulled out of the lineup, nor the criteria that NSF is using. But she understands that both NSF and the contractor, Lockheed Martin, are being forced to make some hard choices.
“It’s a tough job to coordinate everything, and I sympathize with what they are going through,” she says. “But the fact that it happened so quickly makes me think that NSF has created some rules that it is applying without actually looking at individual projects.”
Kim said the contractor, based in Denver, asked her the day after NSF announced the stations would be going on caretaker status if it would be possible to scale back her research. The contingency plan she submitted reduced the number of samples to be collected “to the minimum needed to still be able to carry out the work we had promised to do,” she says. “But the international collaborators are only available this year, for one month, so I didn’t want to eliminate them.”
Although NSF has promised her that the project will be supported in the 2014 to '15 season, Kim isn’t sure that she’ll be able to retain her team. “Some of the engineers and technicians will have to go on unemployment, because if they can’t go to Antarctica they can’t work,” she says. “I have two grad students finishing a master’s program, and a 1-year delay will be a big blow to them. My postdoc is in his last year. I’m also concerned about the future of my new Ph.D. student, because delaying her start is not good.”
The rescheduling also creates a logistical nightmare. “Everybody has sublet their places,” Kim explains. “Now that they won’t be going to Antarctica for 3 months, they’re going to have to figure out where to live.”
On Friday, the U.S. Antarctic Program issued a “Dear Colleague” letter to the community on its plans for rebounding from the shutdown. The letter, from Scott Borg, head of the Antarctic Sciences Section, included this description of how projects would be scheduled:
“NSF decisions about priorities for restart are conditioned by factors such as continuity of long-term data sets, time-criticality of observations or studies, impacts on young or early career investigators, and international or interagency partnerships. Our deliberations have been, and will continue to be, informed by input provided by the potentially affected Principal Investigators.”
*Updated, 21 October, 9:40 a.m.: This article was updated to include information on a "Dear Colleague" letter that the U.S. Antarctic Program sent to researchers on Friday, 18 October. | <urn:uuid:23432287-6ed8-4120-8fb2-b4485ba2fd30> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://news.sciencemag.org/environment/2013/10/despite-end-u.s.-shutdown-antarctic-research-projects-still-getting-canceled?mobile_switch=standard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122691893.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124180451-00196-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969552 | 973 | 2.5625 | 3 |
By Roger Annis
Human Rights Watch has issued a disturbing study on the conditions for women and girls in post-earthquake Haiti. The 78-page report titled Nobody Remembers Us looks at the conditions of life for women and girls in Haiti since January 12, 2010. It was published on August 30, 2011. (The full report is available below in pdf.)
In a Los Angles Times article reporting on the study, Terry Wilkinson writes, “Nearly 20 months after Haiti’s devastating earthquake, women and girls have been badly neglected in recovery efforts, subjected to sexual violence and left without access to obstetric care even as they give birth to scores of babies in squalid tent cities, human rights activists say.”
Among the findings of the report are the following:
* At the time of the earthquake, there were app. 63,000 pregnant women and 114,000 lactating mothers among the 3 million people directly affected.
* Half of the women giving birth are doing so without medical assistance, often in unsafe and unsanitary conditions.
* Based on the study’s interviews, many women survivors in the camps are engaging in sex to obtain food or other basic necessities. The study uses the term “survival sex” to describe this reality.
* Teenagers in the survivor camps are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence or to unplanned pregnancy due to the absence of security and the weakening of traditional forms of family and societal protection.
* An October, 2010 study cited in the report found a pregnancy rate of 12 percent in the camps, three times the average urban rate prior to the earthquake. Two thirds of those pregnancies were unplanned and unwanted.
* Many women and girls told Human Rights Watch researchers that there is no family planning information in the camps where they reside.
"It is inconceivable that, 18 months after the quake, with so much money pledged … that women and girls are giving birth in muddy tents," Amanda Klasing, the report's main author and a fellow in the group's women's rights division, told the LA Times in a telephone interview from Port-au-Prince.
The report notes an October, 2010 study that reported only 20 percent of the app. 1,300 camps of displaced persons existing at that time had any sort of health facility on site. Today, the number of camps is 1,000, but medical services in them are equally scarce.
The report explains, “of $5.3 billion pledged by international donors after the quake, $258 million was dedicated to healthcare — of which only $118.4 million has been disbursed.” These figures describe the spending of international governments and UN agencies; figures for NGO’s delivering health care are in a different category of aid funding and are much higher. What the low figures reveal is how little aid funding has been directed to Haiti’s enfeebled public health care system, and how little that system figures into reconstruction planning. An essay in Dr. Paul Farmer’s recently-published Haiti After The Earthquake describes the serious consequences of this for Haiti’s largest public hospital, the General Hospital in Port au Prince.
The Executive Director of Human Rights Watch, Ken Roth, was interviewed on CBC Radio One’s As It Happens on August 30, the day the report was published. It was the lead story that day on AIH.
Unfortunately, the interview focused on one aspect of the Human Rights Watch report, namely, the phenomenon that many women, including pregnant women, are not accessing free medical care potentially available to them because they cannot afford the cost of transportation. The listener is left with impression that if only the transportation issue were solved, the medical crisis could be greatly alleviated. But the HRW report makes clear that medical services overall are seriously lacking in Haiti. Neither Mr. Roth nor the CBC interviewer explained this important nuance. You can listen to the interview here.
The report is sweeping in its scope, notably in touching on the years 2004-2006. This was the two-year period of foreign-appointed governance following the overthrow of elected government in February, 2004 by Haitian paramilitaries enjoying essential backing from the U.S., Canada and Europe. During this time, every national and local institution was weakened or shattered.
The report makes troubling revelations of the consequences for women during this time, including:
* USAID wrote in a 2008 report that the most fundamental determinants of poor health for women in Haiti were “extreme poverty, poor governance, societal collapse , infrastructural insufficiency and food insecurity.” This is, unwittingly, an apt description of the consequences of the 2004 coup.
* During 2005-06, less than 25 percent of births took place in a health facility.
* The maternal death rate during these same two years rose to 630 per 100,000 live births, compared to 523 during the years 1993 to 2000.
* As documented by the 2006 Kolbe/Hudson report, “widespread and systematic rape and other sexual violence against girls” marked the 2004-06 period.
In the interview on As It Happens, Ken Roth said that, “Canada is the foremost donor when it comes to maternal health care (in Haiti).” That is doubtful. The largest providers of medical care for women in Haiti, in association with the Ministry of Public Health, are Partners In Health, the Government of Cuba and Doctors Without Borders.
But Mr. Roth’s assertion is a good occasion for Canadians to inquire of its government: what is it, exactly, that you are doing for maternal health in Haiti? Your brief, one page reference to the subject on CIDA’s website reads like public relations, with no reference to existing programs nor any dollar figures.
On a final note, the interview with Human Rights Watch on As It Happens was a rare story on Haiti on CBC, notwithstanding the wave of studies, news articles and statements by human rights organizations in recent months that are documenting serious concerns about the post-earthquake relief and reconstruction effort in Haiti. See the “Human Rights Reports” page of the website of the Canada Haiti Action Network. The report of the recently-returned Canadian Delegation to Haiti has drawn little interest from the CBC or print media in Canada.
This article was published in the September 21, 2011 edition of the weekly Haiti Liberté. Roger Annis is a coordinator of the Canada Haiti Action Network in Vancouver and can be reached at rogerannis(at)hotmail.com.
Haiti quake creates new crisis among women, girls
Haiti’s tent baby phenomenon comes as ... communities see the avalanche of medical assistance from foreign doctors and nongovernmental organizations disappear.
By Jacqueline Charles, Miami Herald, August 30, 2011
PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti-- Fourteen-day-old Alexandro Joseph has never seen a doctor and 7-month-old Lovemika Belzi has suffered from diarrhea since the day she was born. In the sprawling camps that continue to dot this broken capital after last year’s devastating earthquake, health and human rights officials warn of an another crisis: an explosion of tent babies.
“The camps are not an appropriate place for delivery and not for a newborn,’’ said Olivia Gayraud, health and nutrition manager for Save the Children’s Port-au-Prince field office, which works with pregnant women in five camps. “You have win, rain, mosquitoes and cholera. The conditions of the life of these families with newborns are very difficult. It can be a disaster.’’
Even before Haiti’s killer January 2010 earthquake, more women died before, during and after childbirth — and more babies died before their fifth birthday — than anywhere in the Americas.
Twenty months after the disaster, the crisis has triggered a breakdown of Haiti’s social fabric and made an already vulnerable population of girls and women even more desperate amid a population spike in the tent cities. “There is usually a (pregnancy) peak after carnival,’’ Gayraud said, referring to the pre-Lenten debauchery. “It seems though that we are now always in a peak.’’
Haiti’s tent baby phenomenon comes as the country continues to struggle to rebuild, and as the nearly 600,000 Haitians still living in hundreds of squalid camps in quake-ravaged communities see the avalanche of medical assistance from foreign doctors and nongovernmental organizations disappear.
“We have NGOs telling us, we are packing up and leaving at the end of this month,’’ said Emmanuel Schneider, spokeswoman for the U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, who blames a lack of funding for the departures. “Of the $300 million consolidated appeal the U.N. system is requesting to cover humanitarian needs, only 52 percent has been funded.’’
The lack of funding means less access to prenatal and maternal healthcare in a country that was already struggling to get women to deliver in hospitals instead of at home, said Sylvain Groulx, Haiti’s chief of mission for Doctors Without Borders, which runs a maternity hospital for high-risk pregnancies in Delmas 33.
“Haiti has been suffering in terms of health services for many, many years,’’ he said. “The lack of services has been compounded by the earthquake, especially for people living in Port-au-Prince, Carrefour and Leogane.’’
Population explosions after a disaster are nothing new. But in a country already rattled by a collapsed health system, cholera epidemic and now sordid conditions in congested camps, experts say they are worried about the impact. Adding to the concerns are conditions under which the pregnancies are occurring: insecurity and rapes in the camps despite increased U.N. peacekeeper patrols, lack of education and medical services, and desperation among girls, some as young as 13.
“There is a lot of transactional sex going on as a coping mechanism for young girls to survive poverty, to address some of their needs,’’ said Dr. Henia Dakkak of the United Nations Population Fund, which found that pregnancy in Haiti’s camps after the quake were three times higher than in urban areas. “It’s a concern for all of us." And that includes the camp residents, too.
“A lot of parents have just given up,’’ said Rose Mona St. Fleur, 33, a camp resident and head of a women’s group. St. Fleur said her camp near the international airport doesn’t have a problem with rape but it has seen an “explosion’’ in teenage pregnancy. “After the quake, you see all of the young girls, living by themselves in their own tents, and finding pleasure in the company of young men,’’ she said. “The parents can no longer control them or say anything. As soon as you see a young lady living by herself under a tent, it’s only a matter of time before she ends up with an unplanned pregnancy.’’
On Tuesday, Human Rights Watch will release a 78-page report detailing the vulnerability of girls and women in camps. Interviews showed how gaps in access to available healthcare services are failing to prevent maternal and infant deaths, and how young girls and women are giving birth on mud floors, in alleys and without medical help. The organization is calling on the Haitian government and the international community to do more to protect women and girls.
“Despite gains made due to free healthcare services, the government and international donors have not addressed critical gaps in access to health services or addressed conditions that may give rise to maternal and infant deaths,” said Kenneth Roth, the organization’s executive director.
On the lawn of the prime minister’s quake-ravaged office building, new mother Christa Oviles recalls how she gave birth on the muddy floor after two days of labor. With no doctor or a nurse available in the camp, she relied on friends who willed her to push. She finally delivered Alexandro on Aug. 15. But when she couldn’t deliver the after birth, she was rushed to a hospital across town. These days, the baby spends most of his time inside, Oviles says, his body constantly attacked by mosquitoes.
In the tent, Oviles small bed is in one corner and a charcoal stove a few feet away. Her only other possessions — clothes — are wrapped in sheets against the sides. “This is no place for a baby,’’ she said. | <urn:uuid:1430d43e-47e9-406f-99a7-f3a0045135e2> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.canadahaitiaction.ca/content/human-rights-watch-report-says-world-failing-protect-women-and-girls-haiti | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204969.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326095131-20190326121131-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.957924 | 2,658 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Principality of Liechtenstein is located between Switzerland and Austria in the centre of the Alpine arc. With a total area of only 160 km2, it is the fourth smallest country in Europe. The whole country spans a distance of 24.8 km in length and 12.4 km in width. The altitudinal vegetation zones range from the valley floor at 430 m to the alpine zones at 2599 metres above sea level. Such a steep altitudinal range in such a small country results in a large variety of ecosystems as well as a rich faunal and floral diversity. However, due to population growth and related land use, the country’s biodiversity is under pressure. Within the country we have selected three different ecosystem types to assess in more detail within the AlpES project, in particular with regard to the assessment and mapping of ecosystem services.
Ruggeller Riet, which covers an area of ca. 100 ha, is Liechtenstein’s largest Nature Reserve located in the northernmost region of the country. This biodiversity rich habitat is formed by a complex of lowland wet meadows underlain by up to nine metres of peat.
Of the total 160 km2 of the country, 66 km2 (i.e. 41%) are covered in wooded areas, mostly located above 1000 metres above sea level and on slopes (40%). As a result, protection forests play a significant role in mitigating or preventing impacts from e.g. avalanches or erosion. We plan to assess three types of protection forest near Malbun, in the southern part of the country.
The Alpine Rhine, forming 27 km of Liechtenstein’s western border with Switzerland, is the country’s most important river. The Binnenkanal canal, as well as the Spiersbach and Samina rivers transport excess water away from the country. The Binnenkanal forms the largest drainage area with 117 km2. We plan to assess the qualitative and quantitative value of renaturalisation of the Binnenkanal in terms of ecosystem services provided, including flood protection.
Promotional material: Flyer Liechtenstein DE | <urn:uuid:67c3453b-8d97-4177-8d92-6eb62cd88b0b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.alpine-space.org/projects/alpes/en/test-regions/regions/liechtenstein | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662570051.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524075341-20220524105341-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.928829 | 452 | 3.09375 | 3 |
You may have heard of the words “high alkaline” around recent diet fads or specialty drinks and wondered “What does this really mean? “
Let’s start with understanding water pH and acidity.
What is pH?
pH is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. The scale runs from 0 to 14. The lower number on the scale is an indicator of higher acidity. The higher the number on the scale is an indicator it is more basic, or alkaline. Processed foods and products like yogurt, fish and cheese are typically more acidic while vegetables like beets, bell peppers and kale are considered higher in alkaline.
What does pH have to do with water?
Pure water is considered a neutral-located in the middle of the scale, usually with a pH of 7. Unfortunately, not all water is pure and is rarely ever at this actual level. The pH levels of water change because there are many factors which can affect the acidity and alkalinity of water. The first and most prominent is the bedrock and soil composition where the water is located. Depending on the rock type, acidity in the water may be neutralized. However, plant growth and organic material located near the water can increase acidity due to the emission of carbon dioxide when decomposition occurs. Other factors include the dumping of chemicals and acid precipitation.
pH levels in drinking water are monitored closely and are required to be kept in a range of 6.5-8.5 by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). If not regulated carefully, the effects of drinking acidic or alkaline water can be harmful. When water is below a pH level of 7, it has a corrosive quality to it. This means it could contain iron, copper, lead or zinc from plumbing or other metal fixtures and can have a bitter or metallic taste.
How does pH impact our bodies and overall health?
The importance of water pH is to keep your body in balance and to regulate metabolic processes. Being either too alkaline or too acidic can be detrimental to your health. A diet high in acidity can lead to weight gain, slower immune responses and susceptibility to disease. A diet too alkaline can lead to the inability to metabolize key nutrients. Our bodies are constantly working to achieve a balanced pH level. The food we eat, the liquids we drink and even the emotions we feel are all contributing to our bodies pH level.
EarthWater has an average pH level of 9.25 to 10.5 and is one of the highest natural pH waters available on the market. With its 70+ life essential natural trace minerals, EarthWater helps the body hydrate better, absorb nutrients faster and replenish electrolytes well beyond regular water.
Your body will truly thank you for it! Learn more at earthwater.com. We would love to help you get your body back in balance and on the road to better health!
Author: Kim Francis | <urn:uuid:d0a5fc5e-5cdc-4849-af1e-50c25b05adc0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://earthwater.com/blog/2019/2/22/whats-the-deal-with-ph-is-alkaline-water-good-for-me | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202572.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321213516-20190321235516-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.945414 | 615 | 3.25 | 3 |
A rare example of the Rudimentum Novitiorum, a chronicle of the world printed in 1475, containing the first printed maps, has been acquired by the James Ford Bell Trust for the benefit of the James Ford Bell Library at the University of Minnesota.
“The Rudimentum Novitiorum is one of the rarest and most significant pieces we have,” said Dr. Ford W. Bell, trustee and the grandson of James Ford Bell, who was the founder of General Mills. “We are thrilled to have acquired it and are looking forward to sharing it.”
‘Handbook for Beginners’
Written in Latin and roughly translated as “Handbook for Beginners,” the 474-page volume was intended as an encyclopedic collection of human knowledge, incorporating history, geography, and scripture. Its authorship is unknown but it was printed in Lubeck, Germany, then a principal European trading center, shortly after the invention of printing on the Gutenberg press in the 1450s.
“The Rudimentum was intended to educate the novice in the history of the world. Popular education was crucial to the European Renaissance and the success of the Hanseatic League trading countries,” said Daniel Crouch, a London-based rare book expert and renowned map dealer. The recent invention of printing meant that knowledge could now be widely distributed beyond the wealthy and the church nobility.
Book includes 150 pictorial woodcuts
Among the Rudimentum’s thick 18-by-12-inch folio pages and some 150 pictorial woodcuts, the most important are those that contain what are said to be the first printed maps. The maps incorporate Biblical history and mythology, including the Garden of Eden and the Pillars of Hercules, suggesting that they were not intended to be literal, but rather broad teaching aids for new learners.
The first is a map of the world in a circular form, with a hill representing each country. The second is a more familiar-looking map of the Holy Land, which features Jerusalem at its core and the Red Sea to the south.
The rare volume “is exactly what James Ford Bell envisioned for his library, which is showing the growth of human knowledge through trade. There are very few books that do that as well as the Rudimentum,” Crouch said.
“As part of the first information revolution including the first printed history of the world, the Rudimentum is the ‘Wikipedia’ of its time,” Ford Bell and fellow trustee Diane B. Neimann said in a letter to the University of Minnesota’s James Ford Bell Library.
“This recent addition shines a light on the Bell collection, already one of the best in the world, and we are thrilled to make it available as an important resource for scholars and the public alike, ” said Wendy Pradt Lougee, University Librarian, University of Minnesota.
The Rudimentum Novitiorum will be on initial display at the James Ford Bell Library now through January 31, 2016.
About The James Ford Bell Library
The James Ford Bell Library documents the history and impact of international trade prior to ca. 1800 C.E. Its premier collection of rare books, maps, and manuscripts illustrates the ways in which cultural influence expanded worldwide, with a special emphasis on European interactions. Through its collections, and innovative programs, The Bell Library supports scholarship and education at all levels, and enriches our community.
About the James Ford Bell Trust
The James Ford Bell Trust is best known for its strategic acquisitions with the purchase of the second most expensive printed rare map ever sold, Matteo Ricci’s 1602 “Impossible Black Tulip.” It is a massive map showing the world with China at its center and the first in Chinese to show the Americas, and to incorporate both Eastern and Western cartography.
More at http:/jfblassoc.org. | <urn:uuid:3510eb72-30eb-4ce8-983c-821b51cbe3bd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://libnews.umn.edu/2015/12/bell-acquires-rare-book-1475/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00843.warc.gz | en | 0.938849 | 824 | 2.859375 | 3 |
1) What is the number of memory types allocated by JVM?
3. Native Method Stack
4. Program Counter Register
5. Class(Method) Area
2) What is platform?
A system is generally the components or application atmosphere in which a program operates. There are two types of system software-based and hardware-based Java provides software-based system.
3) What gives Java its ‘write once and run anywhere’ nature?
The bytecode Java is collected to be a byte program code which is the advanced language between source program code and device program code. This byte program code is not system particular and hence can be fed to any system.
4) What is JIT compiler?
Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to boost the efficiency. JIT gathers areas of the byte program code that have similar efficiency at once, and hence cuts down the amount of time required for collection. Here the term “compiler” represents an interpretator from the instruction set of a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to the training set of a particular CPU.
5) What is classloader?
The classloader is a subsystem of JVM that is used to fill sessions and connections.There are various kinds of classloaders e.g. Bootstrap classloader, Expansion classloader, Program classloader, Plug-in classloader etc.
JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment and it is one of the procedure of JVM
JVM stands for Java Virtual Machine and the execution of Java byte code which is aided by the abstract machine by providing the runtime environment.
JDK stands for Java Development Kit and it is existing physically and it consists of JRE + development tools.
7) Is next, delete, exit, main or null keyword in Java?
8) Will the String array of Main method is empty or null; if any arguments are not provided on the command line?
It is empty, but not null.
9) What is difference between object oriented development language and object focused development language?
10) What is constructor?
Constructor is just like an approach that is used to initialize situations of a product. It is invoked at the time of object development.
11) Does constructor come back any value?
yes, that is present example (You cannot use return type yet it gives a value).
12) Is constructor inherited?
No, constructor is not inherited
13) Can you make a constructor final?
No, constructor cannot be final
14) What is static variable?
It is used to relate the typical residence of all things (that is not exclusive for each object) e.g. company name of workers,college name of scholars etc.
It gets storage only once in education area at the time of sophistication running.
15) Why main method is static?
As it is not required for the object to instantiate a static method and if it was non static method, object is first created by jvm and then it calls the main function and it will lead to the problem of extra allocation of memory.
16) What is static block?
Static data member is initialized using this.
At the time of classloading it was executed before main method.
17) What is the goal of a default constructor?
The standard constructor provides the standard principles to the things. The Java compiler makes a standard constructor only if there is no constructor in the class
18) Can we perform a system without main() method?
Yes, one of the way is static block | <urn:uuid:7200dee8-5b29-42d8-9a8e-de15087e7a25> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.pitchengine.com/pitches/0b28926c-4bf0-4047-9d57-a8d1d62767b5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156252.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919141825-20180919161825-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.87664 | 736 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The official language of the West African nation of Ghana is English. However, the Ga language is spoken by many of the native peoples of the country. This recording, produced by Ivan Annan in 1964, is an introduction to Ga for English speakers traveling in Ghana and for others who may be interested in learning the language. Sharing languages, Annan hopes, will help promote intercultural understanding and connection. The album’s liner notes include English translations and transliterations.
1964 Record Label
Folkways Records Source Archive
Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
2004 Smithsonian Folkways Recordings / 1964 Folkways Records | <urn:uuid:726b854e-2868-43ba-8a42-8f306c9886be> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.folkways.si.edu/ivan-annan/the-ga-language-introduction-common-expressions-useful-words-and-phrases/language-instruction/track/smithsonian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720737.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00235-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890544 | 128 | 2.765625 | 3 |
New research suggests that women who take hormone replacement therapy in the early stages of menopause may have a reduced risk of heart attack, heart failure or dying.
This apparent benefit comes without a heightened risk of cancer or blood clots, the Danish researchers said. These health risks have long been a concern of menopausal women and their doctors when considering hormone therapy.
The study, published Oct. 9 in the BMJ, even found evidence of a trend toward a lower risk of breast cancer, although this was not statistically significant, said study author Dr. Louise Lind Schierbeck.
However, two doctors not associated with the study said the findings weren't enough to convince them to recommend hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to head off heart problems. But they -- and many doctors -- would prescribe low doses of the therapy for short durations to treat menopausal symptoms such as poor sleep or hot flashes.
The new study comes on the heels of two other studies, one finding that HRT was safe for the heart and the other concluding that it did not worsen memory in younger women taking it.
Women have shied away from hormone therapy since the landmark Women's Health Initiative study found elevated risks of breast cancer, heart disease and other health problems among women taking estrogen plus progestin, a synthetic form of progesterone. That study was halted early because of the results, published in 2002.
For this latest study, about 1,000 women aged 45 to 58 who were recently menopausal or had perimenopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes and irregular periods, were randomly selected to receive either HRT or an inactive placebo.
Participants took the therapy for an average of a decade, at which point they had a 50 percent decreased risk of a cardiovascular event or death, said Schierbeck, who is with Bispebjerg Hospital in Copenhagen. Six years after women had stopped taking HRT, the risk was still reduced 40 percent, she added.
Schierbeck conducted the study while at Hvidovre Hospital, also in Copenhagen. She said that longer follow-up research is needed to verify the breast cancer results.
This study differs from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) in several important ways. The women in this study were much younger than in the WHI (an average age of 50 versus 64) and were given a differently formulated estrogen.
The difference in age and time since menopause were probably the main reasons for the differences in the studies, Schierbeck said.
But one analysis from the WHI, which only looked at women younger than 60, also found a reduction in heart disease and death, albeit one that was not statistically significant.
HRT has been shown to lower cholesterol levels, improve blood vessel function and keep body weight down, all of which might contribute to a reduction in heart disease.
Dr. Suzanne Steinbaum, director of women and heart disease at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, said the new study can offer a "little bit of peace of mind" to women who are "recently postmenopausal who are really symptomatic with mood swings, hot flashes and difficulty sleeping and concentrating."
But, she would not prescribe HRT to prevent heart disease based on these results.
Dr. Mary Ann McLaughlin, director of the cardiac health program at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City, agreed. "I don't think this is enough to change recommendations," she said. | <urn:uuid:5359d591-7fd6-4ae2-8fe4-26f64076b6b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.tristateupdate.com/story/19793045/new-research-suggests-hrt-may-lower-heart-risks-healthday-news | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423269.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720161644-20170720181644-00648.warc.gz | en | 0.972959 | 704 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Counter-Intelligence is the ‘spy vs spy’ discipline dedicated to the identification and restriction of Intelligence operations against you and your organisation.
Counter-Intelligence involves activities conducted to protect against espionage, sabotage, recruitment or assassinations conducted by foreign governments.
It’s aimed at protecting an agency’s intelligence program against an opposition’s Intelligence service.
There are three roles within Counter-Intelligence:
Collective counter-Intelligence – Gaining information about an opponent’s intelligence collection capabilities.
Defensive counter-Intelligence – Thwarting efforts by hostile intelligence services to penetrate the agency or service.
Offensive counter-Intelligence – After identifying an opponent’s efforts, offensive Counter-Intelligence involves trying to manipulate these attacks by either “turning” the opponent’s agents into double agents or feeding them false information to report.
Counter-Intelligence operations will involve deception or misinformation.
The goal is to confuse or mislead, and can involve the recruitment of Intelligence informants in other organisations to identify those who are spying against us.
Operation North Pole
Operation North Pole (Operation Englandspiel) was a counter-Intelligence operation of the German military intelligence during World War II.
German forces captured Allied resistance agents operating in the Netherlands and used the agents’ codes to dupe the Allies into continuing to provide the agents with information and supplies.
50 Allied agents were identified, captured and executed.
Using open-source research, find an example of a counterintelligence operation and provide a quick explanation (and include a link) in the comments below – Help build knowledge and resources. | <urn:uuid:8ea73f9f-481c-48b4-83d1-3f8c9df65b48> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.intelligence101.com/counter-intelligence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038069133.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412175257-20210412205257-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.902856 | 340 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Who named babies in the Bible? In biblical tradition, the task of naming a child generally fell to the mother (Genesis 29:31-30:24; 1 Samuel 1:20) but could be performed by the father (Genesis 16:15; Exodus 2:22) and in exceptional cases by nonparental figures (Exodus 2:10; Ruth 4:17). The last son of Jacob and Rachel received a name from each parent; Jacob altering the name Rachel gave (Genesis 35:18).
Did God ever name babies in the Bible? Naming could be attributed to God originating through a divine birth announcement (Genesis 17:19; Luke 1:13).
- Genesis 17:19, “God said, ‘No, but Sarah your wife shall bear you a son, and you shall call his name Isaac. I will establish my covenant with him as an everlasting covenant for his offspring after him.'”
- Luke 1:13, “But the angel said to him, ‘Do not be afraid, Zechariah, for your prayer has been heard, and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you shall call his name John.'”
Also see Bible verses about new names
When did people name babies in the Bible?
Naming took place near birth in the Old Testament and on the eighth day accompanying circumcision in New Testament narratives (Luke 1:59; Luke 2:21).
- Luke 1:59, “And on the eighth day they came to circumcise the child. And they would have called him Zechariah after his father.”
How were names and character related? The biblical concept of naming was rooted in the ancient world’s understanding that a name expressed essence. To know the name of a person was to know that person’s total character and nature.
Revealing character and destiny, personal names might express hopes for the child’s future. Changing of a name could occur at divine or human initiative, revealing a transformation in character or destiny (Genesis 17:5, Genesis 17:5,17:15; Genesis 32:28; Matthew 16:17-18).
- Genesis 32:28, “Then he said, “Your name shall no longer be called Jacob, but Israel, for you have striven with God and with men, and have prevailed.”
The knowing of a name implied a relationship between parties in which power to do harm or good was in force. That God knew Moses by name occasioned the granting of Moses’s request for divine presence (Exodus 33:12, Exodus 33:12, 33:17). The act of naming implied the power of the namer over the named, evidenced in the naming of the animals in Genesis 2:19-20 or Pharaoh’s renaming Joseph (Genesis 41:45; compare Daniel 1:6-7; 2 Kings 24:17).
The Meaning of Names in the Bible
Proper names consisting of one or more terms consciously chosen by the namer conveyed a readily understandable meaning within the biblical world.
- Reflecting circumstances of birth Rachel called the child of her death, Ben-oni, “son of my sorrow” (Genesis 35:18). Jacob was named “the supplanter” for “he took hold on Esau’s heel” (Genesis 25:26).
- Moses, the “stranger in a strange land,” named his son Gershom (Exodus 2:22).
- Conditions of the times proved imaginative as well: Ichabod, “The glory has departed from Israel,” (NRSV) came about by the ark of the covenant falling into Philistine hands (1 Samuel 4:21-22) and the symbolic names of Isaiah’s sons: Shear-jashub, “a remnant shall return,” (Isaiah 7:3); Maher-Shalal-hash-baz, “swift is the booty, speedy is the prey,” (Isaiah 8:3, NASB).
Personal characteristics, Esau means “hairy”; Careah means “bald,” (Genesis 25:25; 2 Kings 25:23); and the use of animal names in early times, Deborah means “bee”; Jonah means “dove”; Rachel means “ewe,” are attested. Less frequently occurring are names taken from plants: Tamar meaning “palm tree”; Susanna meaning “lily.”
Simple names functioning as epithets, such as Nabal meaning “fool” and Sarah meaning “princess,” gave way to compound names factual or wishful in nature, such as Mattaniah meaning “gift of Yahweh” and Ezekiel meaning “may God strengthen.”
Compound names in the main are theophoric, employing the divine names El and Yah (Elijah, Ishmael, Nathaniel). Titles and kinship terms (Abimelech, melech means “king”; Abigail, Abi means “father”) and foreign names occur: Aramaic, Greek, and Roman (Martha, Salome, Alexandra, John Mark).
The patronymic practice whereby a child received the name of a relative, especially the grandfather (Simon Bar-Jona is “son of Jona”) was common by the Christian era. Geographical identities are attested as well (Goliath of Gath and Jesus of Nazareth).
Kandy Queen-Sutherland, Holman Bible Dictionary
Also see random Bible verses | <urn:uuid:240d2f81-0579-417a-a486-d8f67c78b36a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.bestbiblecommentaries.com/naming-in-the-bible-meaning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662560022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523163515-20220523193515-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.938953 | 1,214 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Childhood & Early Life
Díaz was born on September 15, 1830, in Oaxaca, Mexico.
He was the sixth of the seven children of Maria Petrona Mori Cortés and José de la Cruz Díaz, alias José Faustino Díaz. He had a mixed parentage of Spanish and Mixtec Indian.
He lost his father to cholera when he was 3 years old. He grew up in a religious Catholic family. He attended school until he was 15 and was sent to the ‘Colegio Seminario Conciliar de Oaxaca’ to undergo training to become a priest.
Meanwhile, the U.S. invasion of Mexico in 1846 prompted him to enlist voluntarily in the army.
After the Mexican–American War in 1849, he decided against a religious career and enrolled at the ‘Instituto de Ciencias’ to study law.
He was politically inclined to radical liberals such as Benito Pablo Juarez Garcia and supported the ‘Plan of Ayutla’ to ouster the then-president, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.
Due to his political allegiance, an arrest warrant was issued against him. Following this, he fled and became a member of a group of liberal guerrillas who fought to oust Santa Anna.
After Santa Anna was exiled, he was handed the position of a subprefect, a minor administrative role, of the city of Ixtlan de Juarez, Oaxaca.
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During the Reform War of the late 1850s and the early 1860s, Díaz led the troops of the ‘Liberal’ government as a captain
Throughout the war, he rose to the ranks of lieutenant colonel, colonel, and brigadier general. The war ended with the victory of the liberals over the conservatives.
As a recognition for his exploits in the Battle of Puebla for temporarily holding the French army from advancing to Mexico City, he was promoted to the post of general.
He led the ‘Eastern Command’ of the army from October 1863 until the French imprisoned him in a Puebla prison in February 1865.
However, he escaped and regrouped his army. Following this, he recaptured Puebla in April 1867. In June that year, they took over Mexico City.
During the war, he was offered to switch his allegiance multiple times, but he remained loyal to the liberals.
He played a significant role in the victory over the French and in bringing back peace to Mexico.
Díaz was a strong proponent of the principle of no re-election and was outspoken about his opposition to the presidency of Benito Juarez.
He lost the elections to Benito Juarez in 1870. However, he continued to rebel against the government and made several attempts to overthrow it. Nevertheless, the ‘Plan de la Noria’ against Benito Juarez failed.
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Although the ‘Plan of Tuxtepec’ had initially failed, Díaz successfully overcame the resistance offered by the troops of the former president, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, with the aid of his loyal ally Manuel del Refugio González Flores in 1876.
He appointed himself as the president for a few days and then gave the position up to Juan M Mendez. However, he returned to power after winning the elections in 1877. He continued till 1880.
The U.S. was initially reluctant to recognize Díaz as the president. However, after Díaz paid US$300,000 and contained the attacks of Apache across the borders, his relationship with the U.S. improved and brought in a lot of investments.
This period witnessed a lot of public protests but he handled them deftly.
Due to the policy of no re-election, he abstained from contesting in 1880. His close friend Manuel Gonzalez was elected as the president. It is reported that he was Díaz’s “puppet.”
Winning the elections in 1884, he resumed as the president. He stayed in power until he was compelled to resign in 1911. This span of time was famously dubbed as “Porfiriato.”
During his reign, he was advised by Matias Romero and his father-in-law, Manuel Romero Rubio, who were initially loyal to Juarez and Lerdo, respectively.
The period witnessed marked economic progress. There was a considerable capital inflow from the American and European economies. Mexico became an attractive investment destination, and its currency became stable.
Although he was liberal, he chose not to follow anticlerical policies. However, he did not publicly renounce liberal anti-clericalism. Nevertheless, his relationship with the Church improved. He thus helped it regain its influence and power.
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He kept the military under control by placing people loyal to him in critical positions.
He appeased the opposition into supporting him and suppressed them if they did not.
His allies reaped profits, while his critics and detractors suffered.
The indigenous population lost rights to their lands due to the new laws and the corruption that was rampant during the period. Indians were persecuted, tortured, and sold as slaves. Additionally, the living conditions of the peasants deteriorated.
The death of Matias Romero in 1898 led to marked cracks in his relationship with the U.S.
In 1909, he survived an assassination attempt during the historic meeting between William Taft and himself in El Paso.
During the election of 1910, Díaz won against Francisco Ignacio Madero González. However, the latter claimed that the election was rigged. The citizens were also convinced
Madero, who was imprisoned by Díaz as the elections neared, jumped prison and laid down plans for the revolt, which was called ‘Plan of San Luis Potosí.’ It led to widespread protests, ultimately culminating with the resignation of Díaz and the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. He was exiled to Paris, France.
During his tenure, he had been honored with numerous recognitions from the then-rulers and empires, such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, China’s Qing Dynasty, the Kingdom of Italy, the Empire of Japan, the United Kingdom, France, Sweden, Spain, and Venezuela.
Family & Personal Life
Díaz’s parents operated an inn. His father also worked as a veterinarian and blacksmith for additional income.
Diaz got married to Delfina Ortega Díaz, his first wife, in 1867. She passed away in 1880. They had seven children.
He had a daughter, Amanda Díaz, through a relationship with Rafaels Quinones.
In 1881, he married Carmen Romero Rubio, daughter of Manuel Romero Rubio. The couple did not have any children together.
In 1909, he survived an assassination attempt during his historic meeting with William Taft, the then-president of the U.S., in El Paso.
Díaz died in exile on July 2, 1915, in Paris. | <urn:uuid:b48254a7-10cf-4565-a514-7a3591d0d89d> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/porfirio-daz-37626.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178347293.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224165708-20210224195708-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.985216 | 1,487 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The North Indian version, the bin, is used in classical Hindustani music. Classified as a stick zither, it is about 4 feet (1.2 metres) in length, having a large resonating gourd under each end of its hollow wooden body, 24 high, movable frets, and four metal melody strings and three metal drone strings running along the length of the body. The musician, who plays the instrument in a seated position, holds it across his body at a 45-degree angle with one gourd resting on the left shoulder and the other gourd resting on the right knee or hip. The melody strings are plucked in a downward motion with a plectrum that is worn on the first and second fingers of the right hand, while the little finger of the right hand strums the drone strings in an upward motion. The fingers of the left hand are used to stop the strings. The bin was the dominant stringed instrument of Hindustani music in the 18th century, but in the 19th century its use declined in favour of the sitar, and it has since become nearly obsolete.
The vina of southern Indian Karnatak music is a long-necked lute with a pear-shaped wooden body attached to the neck, rather than the lower gourd found on the bin. Like the bin, it has 24 frets, four metal melody strings, and three metal drone strings. The musician plays the vina while in a seated position, holding the instrument across his lap in a nearly horizontal position, with the instrument’s body resting on the floor or supported by his right thigh and the gourd resting on his left thigh. The strings are plucked in a manner quite similar to that used in playing the bin. Of later origins than the bin, the vina was a favourite chiefly among amateur female vocalists, but it now occupies in Karnatak music the dominant position held by the sitar in Hindustani music. | <urn:uuid:cacd3a37-b87e-45cf-bbae-287ea313e866> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/629307/vina | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447552799.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185912-00080-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960747 | 409 | 3.46875 | 3 |
About India Enterprises Architecture
Millions of people visit government offices daily in order to get various information. This costs the government a heavy amount and a lot of time. To provide information to the entrepreneur quickly, the Electronics and Information Technology of the government of India has introduced India Enterprises Architecture (IndEA).
Under the Digital India Programme, the government has introduced Digitize India Platform to help business owners find their documents.
IndEA is a base that enables the development and application of Enterprise Architecture freely and in parallel by all governments and their agencies across India.
Let’s read about India Enterprise Architecture.
About India Enterprises Architecture
IndEA is a framework that the Government of India forms to make all government services digitally accessible to the citizens.
Aim of the India Enterprises Architecture
- To enable an audit procedure while providing the tools for architecture governance.
- Best practices for explicit and implicit architecture should be recorded and shared.
- Guiding the growth of enterprise architectures.
- To capture the key elements of architecture and the inter-relationships between them.
- Allowing for the adoption of standards founded on consensus.
Need for India Enterprise Architecture
The need for IndEA is felt because the e-governance projects are standalone initiatives and rarely broad. Some reasons why Indian citizen requires IndEA:
- To improve performance, maximise investment returns, and grasp emerging technologies that support businesses.
- It’s a universal framework.
- For a comprehensive architecture that incorporates ministries, states, governmental organizations, etc.
- It will accommodate the greenfield and brownfield e-governance initiatives. The structure consists of 8 reference models- Business Application, Data, Performance, Technology, Security, Integration, and Architecture Governance.
The major principle of IndEA:
- Government priorities for SDGs are aligned with performance measurement systems.
- Mobile channels are compulsory for the delivery of all services, among all delivery channels.
- Data-sharing across the government to prevent the use of duplicative sets of data.
- Application design is open standards-based and independent of technology.
- Integrated Services that cut across agency silos are recognized, framed, and delivered to realise the perception of ONE Government.
- All commonly required Applications are unreal to be built once and deployed across the Whole-of-Government through reuse and sharing.
How is SDG connected with India Enterprise Architecture?
The IndEA and SDG are connected to each other. The other name for SDG is Sustainable Development Growth. The growth of India Enterprise Architecture was a credible effort to anchor it to the UN’s SDGs.
The critical and measurable outcomes for the government are created on the basis of the direction provided by SDGs. This provides a mutual vision which enables consensus among multiple stakeholders.
Future Scope of IndEA
- To enable an audit process.
- To provide leadership in the development of enterprise architecture.
- To capture the important factors of architecture.
Structure of IndEA
It comprises 8 reference models: Business, Security, Application, Data, Technology, Performance, Integration, and Architecture Governance. IndEA was formed on a set of principles that mentors the Architecture growth process.
It is intended for the following groups:
- For all the state and central government ministries. For other government departments, especially those who don’t have an enterprise architecture initiative or are in the growing stage of their enterprise architecture development.
- Government leaders, analysts, chief architects, designers, etc. seek better, quicker and more accessible approaches to the needs of internal as well as external customers.
- Senior government officials who command and guide enterprise architecture initiatives to enhance their understanding and promote active commitment. | <urn:uuid:e5f90641-9da4-4450-b514-3721d9473d14> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.gstsuvidhakendra.org/about-india-enterprises-architecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202232251-20230203022251-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.897388 | 765 | 2.515625 | 3 |
For our playful creations, we built two Minions. One Minion tracks where you are and follows you, keeping a certain distance away. The other Minion is a similar concept to a wind-up car. After pushing a button to start recording its motion, the Minion keeps track of motor rotation so it can play back the movement after the button is pushed again, signaling the end of the recording. Both Minions were built with almost the exact same body structure (same frame and motor location, etc.).
The following Minion uses two ultrasonic sensors to determine distance and a semblance of direction. Using the law of cosines, we can determine if the robot needs to turn one way or the other based on the angles of the triangle that is formed (using the two ultrasonic sensors and the object they are looking at as the vertices of the triangle). It runs continuously, only stopping its motion when it is at the desired distance away from the target, or the stop button on the EV3 is pushed. This is a main shortcoming of the toy, as when children want to stop playing with it, the Minion continues to follow them. The tracking itself is only as good as the ultrasonic sensors, so it does not respond well to quick lateral movements.
The windup car Minion continuously reads the change in motor rotation every fifth of a second, storing the values in an array while it is recording the motion. Through experimentation, we discovered the relationship between the speed value input for the motor and the angular velocity it exhibits. Using this information and the list of motor rotation values, the Minion can play back all of the values that were recorded at almost the same speed they were recorded. The result is a very good replica of the motion that was recorded. A shortcoming of this toy is that the wheels were sliding instead of rotating when many children used the toy. The motion from the sliding wasn't recorded and therefore the Minion did not move as the children expected. Also, in order to make the button easier to see and use, gears and wheels were placed on top of it through a rod, but the gears and wheels slipped down the rod, making it more different to activate the button.
We asked the children multiple questions, and also observed their behaviors while interacting with our toys. We asked all of the children if having the Minion design on the toys made them more fun to play with and if they recognized the character. All of them found the Minion design to be more engaging than no design and all but the youngest recognized the character. The majority of children enjoyed both toys. We asked for each toy on a scale of 1 - 5 how much fun they had and the lowest response was a 3, with most being 4s. We also asked which Minion they found to be more fun/more engaging. The younger children mostly found the follower Minion to be more fun, while the older children, who generally had more success using the windup car Minion, said the opposite. From the sheets of paper that the visitors filled out, most had filled in or circled the fun smiley face.
For behavioral observations, some of the younger children were scared to interact with the follower Minion, and they were more likely to get bored while the windup car Minion was replaying what they recorded. The older children had an easier time understanding that the wheels needed to turn for the windup car Minion to work properly and then enjoyed playing with that Minion a lot. Some children had the follower Minion follow them walking around our area, but many others, sometimes after realizing what the Minion was poor at tracking, had more fun using their hands to "direct" the Minion where to go.
To change our Minions to make them even more enjoyable, we have a few plans.
- Putting a button on the following Minion so that it can start and stop
- Making the button on the windup car Minion easier to use
- Making the maze/roadmap bigger and more interesting
- Try to improve the accuracy of the tracking by the following Minion
- Change Minion design using the hats to look more professional
- Make easier to turn wheels using robotic solution OR explain/demonstrate easier way to make wheels turn when using Minion
We forgot to take videos of the children playing with our Minions, so we took videos of ourselves playing with them. | <urn:uuid:bb2aa1cf-3bbd-4824-b1b2-b0382165bba1> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://dreslab.com/robotics2016/2016/12/07/lucy-kevin-david-ahmeds-minions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141743438.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204193220-20201204223220-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.972217 | 875 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Summary 1.We investigated how dynamics in phytoplankton biomass are driven through light and nutrient limitations in the Mwanza Gulf, Lake Victoria (Tanzania). 2.We measured light attenuation, chlorophyll a and water quality parameters along a phytoplankton biomass gradient in the Mwanza Gulf at six sampling stations in three different seasons from August 2009 to March 2011. 3.We found a higher rate of attenuation of photosynthetic available radiation than in other gulfs of Lake Victoria which could only partially be explained by phytoplankton biomass, measured as chlorophyll a. Suspended particulate detritus strongly affected light attenuation, particularly in shallow water. 4.In shallow water in the southern part of the Mwanza Gulf, nutrients were in excess and phytoplankton biomass was limited by light. In deeper water near the entrance of the gulf, light was not limiting when nitrogen probably was, as indicated by the N:P ratio. 5.Low abundance of N-fixing phytoplankton species suggests that N-fixation was low in shallow water. Phytoplankton biomass was lower in Mwanza Gulf than in northern gulfs of Lake Victoria, but might increase in the future as a result of nutrient enrichment caused by an increase in intensive agriculture and rapid growth of the city of Mwanza. | <urn:uuid:0a32eabb-83cf-4430-a8ac-3f93b2bc1c96> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/en/publications/dynamics-and-limitations-of-phytoplankton-biomass-along-a-gradien | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364932.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302221633-20210303011633-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.946701 | 289 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Presented by the Tasmanian Ceramics Association.
A small ball of clay is opened from the top and gently compressed with the fingers of one hand while being turned by the other. A round symmetrical bowl is created.
Slowly, it is a meditation.
Sometimes two bowls are joined, or the wall is squeezed or fluted, or appendages are attached. The surface is often impressed with shells or other objects to create pattern.
The pinch pot is usually the first thing that the novice or the school child makes with clay. It can be simple and unsophisticated, or in its finished form amazingly beautiful, with the hand of the maker part of its charm.
DEMONSTRATION & WORKSHOP:
Sunday 25 October 2020, 11:00am – 3:00pm
Come and watch members of the Tasmanian Ceramics Association making pinch pots during the TCA Annual Exhibition CONTAINED.
You will also be able to have some clay yourself and make a pinch pot.
This is s FREE EVENT
This event will follow current Covid-19 Restrictions regarding Physical Distancing and attendance numbers. | <urn:uuid:6ee68c20-1546-4e93-9cc4-09900d20275c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.salarts.org.au/event/pinch-pots-tca/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401578485.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927183616-20200927213616-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.957556 | 234 | 2.578125 | 3 |
We present an approach that links time-varying (daily time-step) terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem models at regional scales and apply this model into the future using scenarios of climate and land cover to project changes in ecosystem services. First, we describe an indicator framework that succinctly represents a comprehensive suite of environmental conditions relevant to important ecosystem services. Second, we describe the linkage and validation of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem models to simulate aquatic indicators through the 21st century. We integrated the Photosynthetic Evapotranspiration-Carbon and Nitrogen (PnET-CN) forest ecosystem model (Ollinger et al. 2002, 2008, Aber et al. 2005) and the Framework for the Aquatic Modeling of the Earth System (FrAMES) aquatic ecosystem model (Wollheim et al. 2008a, b, Wisser et al. 2010, Stewart et al. 2011, 2013, Mineau et al. 2015; Zuidema, Wollheim, Mineau, et al., unpublished manuscript). These models integrate the dynamics of terrestrial and aquatic processes and linkages at daily time-steps, making them ideal for studying aquatic ecosystem responses in forest-dominated watersheds. In coordination with a separate effort described elsewhere in this special issue (Mavrommati et al. 2017) to assess the value of ecosystem services provided by the Upper Merrimack River watershed (UMRW) of New Hampshire, we contrast two extremes of projected futures in climate and land-cover change. The outcome suggests that climate change influences most indicators of environmental condition in the UMRW more than changes in land cover, although land cover has important interactive capacity to dampen or exacerbate the effects of the changing supply of ecosystem services in the future.
In its simpler form, this experiment is particularly suited to elementary schools.
1 - Put some beans in a little jar containing some moist cotton wool. Keep the jar closedto maintain the humidity. Every day pull out the cotton and observe the state of the seedsand measure the length of their roots.
2 - Students in junior high schools or high schools can try to evaluate the influence ofparameters such as temperature, light and nutrients on the speed of germination of theseeds. If seeds are placed in gelatin, it is possible to observe the germination withoutextracting them from the jar.
3 - You can also collect seeds of different plants and determine their vitality (percentof seeds which germinate) as a function of time to harvest.
Exploring Seed Germination
Germinating Seeds on Gelatin
The Great Seed Mystery For Kids
The Wonderful World of Seeds
Internet keywords: germination seeds student.
PSI: Grade 8 Science - Photosynthesis Experiment
Another problem of the experiment is the amount of
carbon dioxide in the water, to make the experiment a fair test all
plants must have equal amounts of carbon dioxide and enough for the
whole experiment, a way to do this would be to take equal amounts of
potassium hydrogen carbonate and put it with the elodea.
BENZOIC ACID AND SODIUM BENZOATE - INCHEM
It focuses on the conversion of light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis. It then goes on to show how the chemical energy in plant sugars can be fermented to produce ethanol. Finally, the reasons for using ethanol as a fuel are discussed.In the initial activity, students use paper chromatography to separate plant pigments from leaves. In this module’s second activity the students consider what the source of mass for plants is as they grow. They form hypotheses then design and perform experiments to test their hypotheses. Next the students design an experiment to determine which of three different sugars produces the most fermentation products. | <urn:uuid:23f1e449-49da-408b-9aed-cfad48e3a860> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://reedforiowa.com/photosynthesis-experiment-evaluation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512750.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020121719-20181020143219-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.881927 | 769 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Luring mosquitoes into honey-laden traps could make tracking deadly diseases much easier, say scientists.
Australian researchers writing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today (7 June) report on a simple method to obtain viruses from mosquitoes' saliva left behind when they feed on sugar.
Surveillance of viruses spread mainly by blood-sucking insects (arboviruses) — such as dengue, West Nile and chikungunya — is vital for making public health decisions about outbreaks. But detecting the viruses in their human or animal reservoirs and mosquito carriers is laborious, time-consuming and expensive.
The researchers put honey-soaked filter paper cards in traps. The RNA — a form of genetic material related to DNA — was extracted and identified using a process called RT-PCR, which transcribes the RNA into its DNA equivalent and amplifies it.
The method was comparable with laborious mosquito-processing methods and better than conventional techniques at picking up arboviruses in wild mosquito populations.
Andrew van den Hurk, a researcher in the Department of Virology at the Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, and co-author of the paper, told SciDev.Net the technique could be used for any virus and that it could be easier and cheaper for virus surveillance in developing countries, most of which have PCR facilities.
"Instead of processing thousands of mosquitoes and running hundreds of PCR tests, you could process just 4-6 of these cards."
And because the cards deactivate the virus, rendering it non-infectious, countries without PCR facilities could courier the cards to other countries for analysis.
Less labour means the test is faster, so the system would be a useful early warning system for either newly emerging or re-emerging viruses, said van den Hurk. "Take Rift Valley Fever surveillance in Africa. That's a virus where you don't see much activity but then, after flooding rain, you'll get outbreaks. It could be used for early warning detection."
Duane Gubler, director of the Asian Pacific Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, said that the method "could be a great asset to enhance surveillance" of diseases that have animal hosts and are often detected by testing 'sentinel animals' for infection.
"The only question is how many PCR tests would have to be done. For human diseases, I still think it is more cost effective to monitor the human population" he said. | <urn:uuid:8970b238-cfec-4053-b33e-fcacf4bc4d85> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.scidev.net/global/health/news/scientists-find-sweet-solution-for-disease-surveillance-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187792.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00356-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948706 | 502 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Myotherapy?
Myotherapy is a non-invasive therapeutic technique used to relieve muscular pain. It works by eliminating trigger points. [See Tabers Medical Dictionary definition]
What is a trigger point?
A trigger point is an irritable spot in the muscle. They get into a muscle when the muscle is injured, or insulted.
What causes trigger points in muscles?
Injury from accidents will put down trigger points. Repetitive motion such as from sports and occupations can "insult" the muscle and also lay down trigger points. Disease processes and even birth can lay down trigger points. And, once they are in the muscle they are likely to remain.
What happens to the muscle once affected by trigger points?
Trigger points in a muscle can create all kinds of problems. They can be quiet for long periods of time looking for an excuse to go into spasm. That "excuse" is physical and/or emotional stress, and is often accompanied by a precipitating factor (such as a sneeze, or reaching for something).
Why use Myotherapy to treat trigger points in muscles?
There are a variety of ways to relieve the pain of muscle spasm. Whether it be massage, or pain-killers (which hides the pain), the muscle eventually lets go and the sufferer supposes the problem solved. The trigger points are still there however, and simply await another excuse to go into spasm.
How do trigger points affect health?
Long term results of trigger point involvement are shortened, knotted muscles, which in time pull on neighboring muscles and cause large areas of involvement. Shortened knotted muscles can reek havoc with the body, not only in the form of pain, but also, fatigue, limited range of motion, pinched nerves, decreased circulation, and many other discomforts.
How does Myotherapy help?
Myotherapy works by eliminating trigger points. Trigger points are located by applying gentle pressure to the muscle and finding spots of extreme tenderness. Pressure is then held on the muscle for 5-7 seconds. The amount of pressure used is determined by the person receiving treatment. Applying pressure to the trigger points hurts! But the resulting relief is worth the momentary discomfort.
Is treatment the same for everyone?
Every person is different, every area on the person can feel different, and every trigger point can have varying levels of severity. Therefore, the amount of pressure used will vary from person to person, area to area and often trigger point by trigger point.
How do you know what areas to cover with Myotherapy?
There are basic patterns to be followed, which are covered in Bonnie Prudden's books. "Pain Erasure the Bonnie Prudden Way," and more books are listed in Resources.
Why is a grid inadequate for all trigger point therapy?
Along with learning the specific lines there are several things to consider when performing Myotherapy on someone. Each person's unique history directs where muscle work is needed. A person with shoulder pain who has been a typist for over 20 years will have a different pattern of pain than the person with shoulder pain who has been lifting 5 gallon water jugs over their shoulder for that same twenty years.
Why is an interview including detailed history a part of Myotherapy?
The history of a person's pain will help direct the work. Pain in a back twisted in a fall will need different areas covered than a person who started with a sprained ankle. The ankle pain may have referred to the knee, then the hip and resulted several years later in back pain. This reveals that muscles communicate! Muscles surrounding the area of pain and/or initial injury need attention or pain is likely to return.
I'm out of shape. Will I be able to do the exercises?
The exercises are gentle range of motion movements. They are safe, easy to do, and are to be done without causing pain.
How long must I continue the exercises?
Once a muscle is free from pain, the exercises should be continued with some strengthening exercises as a preventative tool against future problems.
What should a person wear to a Myotherapy session?
Loose comfortable clothing. A Myotherapist is trained to be able to feel the muscles and to work through clothing. However, heavy thick clothing such as jeans, Khakis, etc. is not advised, nor are nylons. Appropriate clothing such as gym shorts, t-shirts, leggings, etc. are preferable. | <urn:uuid:1cebaa87-b20c-4bed-8d69-df0fd7f66c87> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.myotherapy.org/faqs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202114856-20211202144856-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.957617 | 926 | 2.859375 | 3 |
New Paper Digs into Process Costs of SOIL’s Regenerative Sanitation Service
Photo: Tony Marcelli
Urban sanitation interventions have historically focused on sewers or onsite sanitation options, such as pit latrines and septic tanks, but as cities are expanding at staggering rates, it’s increasingly clear that these traditional technologies are infeasible and unsafe in most urban environments. What’s also clear is that sustainability in our rapidly urbanizing world will require no less than a complete reconstruction of our cities. Instead of relying on systems that cause planetary harm, we’ll need to create ecologically regenerative infrastructure that provides needed services to urban residents while restoring a city’s ecological integrity.
SOIL’s container-based sanitation (CBS) solution has been gaining global traction as an effective, affordable, and regenerative alternative. In order to support global replication of this innovative solution to both the ecological and urban sanitation crisis, SOIL is working to make our service the best it can possibly be and make it as cost-effective as possible. So, that’s just what SOIL did, alongside Claire Remington of the University of Victoria (who also happens to be our dear friend and SOIL’s former EkoLakay Advisor!). Our goal? To develop a baseline estimate of the monthly direct operating costs of SOIL’s sanitation service per household, identify opportunities to optimize operations, and improve our operational team’s management of the service.
What’s Involved in Operating a Safe Sanitation Service?
What are the costs involved in operating SOIL’s sanitation and waste treatment services? First, it’s the containment and collection of waste itself, but it’s also the transportation of that waste to SOIL’s composting sites and then the treatment and transformation of waste into agricultural grade compost. In order to get a complete and accurate look at our expenses from the bottom up, we got into the nitty gritty throughout the research. How long does it take to empty each container? How many miles does the SOIL Poopmobile need to travel to bring waste containers from the communities served to the waste treatment site?
What We Learned
SOIL crunched the numbers for each of these steps and broke down what it then costs for every household to have an EkoLakay toilet in their home. SOIL’s final process cost analysis gave an estimate of $14.92 per household per month for providing full cycle sanitation service from the toilet through to waste treatment and reuse. The results also showed that around 30% of these operational costs are covered with operating revenue, which comes in the form of EkoLakay’s monthly service fee and compost sales.
A Bridge to Long-Term Financing: SOIL Donor Support
At the moment, the remaining cost of the service not covered by earned revenue is being covered by foundations and individual donors. In the figure above, the green box of $8.00 per household per month labelled Contributions is how much our monthly recurring donors, the SOIL Cultivators, are currently covering to make sure we keep the service operating. To fully offset losses, at our current scale, we need to raise an additional $2.46 in monthly donations per household for each of the 1,000 households on the service. You can learn more about the impact of monthly giving and sign up for a monthly donation to support SOIL’s service at www.oursoil.org/Cultivators.
On the Need for Public Sector Financing
We’re aiming to create a climate-smart, ecological sanitation system that’s more cost-effective than alternative approaches and sets a standard for how to provide dignified, affordable sanitation services to the 700 million urban residents globally who currently lack access to sanitation. While SOIL is starting to use findings from the process cost analysis to identify productive areas for further cost reduction, we’re already pretty pleased that the direct operating costs of our service are so low and that we’re recovering 30% of our costs through earned income.
Not enough research has been done yet on the cost effectiveness of alternative approaches such as sewers or septic systems but preliminary research shows that traditional sanitation technologies are much more expensive. An often-cited paper from Senegal found that the annual capital and operating cost of sewers was approximately $25 per household per month*, with only 4% cost recovery. While sewers don’t even exist as an option in Haiti yet, we already know they’d be extremely expensive to install, operate, and maintain, as they depend on the availability of steady water and energy supplies, they are politically untenable to install in informal settlements with questioned land tenure, and they present few opportunities for resource recovery.
Where full cycle municipal-level sanitation services do exist around the world, the services are heavily subsidized by public funds. In recent decades, there’s been a strong emphasis on increasing cost recovery rates for water and sanitation services through user fees, but SOIL believes that it’s unrealistic and unethical to expect families living in extreme poverty to bear the full cost of these services, while those living in higher income countries have services that are invariably supported by public funding. This pressure to develop sanitation solutions based on user fees for the world’s most vulnerable populations can put an undue burden on providers to raise fees to the point where the poorest households are priced out, or to cut costs through reduced service quality. So, while we know this research is critical for SOIL as we work to identify ways to increase EkoLakay’s efficiency, we know that user fees alone will not be able to cover the full expense of the service if we remain dedicated to ensuring that our services are accessible to all in Haiti.
We’re therefore incredibly grateful to our donors and supporters for helping finance our service and R&D like this study as we work to scale our solution, further reduce costs, and put in place blended-revenue financing in partnership with the Haitian government and multi-lateral financial institutions.
Creating a Methodology to Facilitate Comparative Cost Analyses across the Sanitation Sector
Beyond supporting the development of EkoLakay’s business model, the baseline cost estimate that we produced through this research provides a point of comparison with other sanitation models across the globe. From this research, other groups have already begun to use the methodology SOIL developed to analyze the costs of providing sanitation services and to productively share and evaluate innovations across implementers.
Ready, Set, Grow!
Though this paper is just getting published now, SOIL actually wrapped up this research at the end of last year, which means that we’ve already been operationalizing many of the lessons learned. SOIL has used the cost estimates to to identify productive areas for cost reduction and further innovation, like finding cheaper sources for gloves, which we learned are a big driver of costs! We’re also now working with DataKind, in a partnership facilitated by the 11th Hour Project, to improve our logistics, another expense that SOIL is confident we can reduce over time.
Stay tuned to learn more about the work SOIL is doing to support the global effort to research the cost-effectiveness of sanitation option and to improve our own direct service provision in Haiti. And if you’d like to learn more: read the full report here.
SOIL is a non-profit research and development organization pioneering affordable and sustainable environmental solutions to the global sanitation crisis in Haiti. To read more of our research, visit this page and join us in this critical work by making a sustaining donation today.
*$54.64 per user per year, assuming an average household size of 5.5.
Want to keep reading? Check out these other recent posts on the SOIL blog
We revamped SOIL’s email list to ensure we’re compliant with new data laws and that everybody on SOIL’s mailing list wants to receive our monthly updates. If you had been receiving them before but haven’t re-joined or you are interested in signing up, do so today! | <urn:uuid:4df7ee6d-fa92-4fd0-a9f7-389174520714> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.oursoil.org/process-costs-paper-1807/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000164.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626033520-20190626055520-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.942507 | 1,692 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A comprehensive database of Tennessee native plants
Virgin’s Bower, Traveller’s Joy, Old Man’s Beard
Sun to shade; moderately wet to medium moisture level; prefers rich soil but will grow on coarse sands and gravels to fine silt loams, heavy silts, silty clay loams, stiff clays and peats; prefers slightly acid to neutral pH but tolerates alkaline pH.
12-20 feet height; blooms mid-summer into fall; small, fragrant, showy white flowers in many clusters.
Growth Rate: Very fast, up to 20 feet in a year.
Maintenance: Occasional disease problems including powdery mildew and leaf blight. Infrequent insect problems. To encourage bushiness, prune stems in the spring to within a few feet of the ground. Needs an adequate supply of nutrients during the growing season to support the rush of growth.
Propagation: Seed germination code C(30), M
Native Region: Statewide
Handsome vine for native situations. Easy to grow. A long, silvery, feathery plume attaches to each seed, and the decorative appearance inspired the name Old Man’s Beard. Leafstalks twine around anything they touch. With support, it will climb rapidly to 20 feet. Without support, it will sprawl along the ground as a dense, tangled groundcover. Native to low, moist woods; thickets; and stream banks. Can spread somewhat aggressively by self-seeding and suckering. Leaves are poisonous to humans. Attracts hummingbirds and bees. | <urn:uuid:a0b2a4c4-ec62-4070-9b20-48f9bf0608ec> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://tynnativeplants.wordpress.com/vines/scientific-name/virgins-bower-travellers-joy-old-mans-beard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655899209.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709065456-20200709095456-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.900725 | 336 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Using Technology in Improving Student Listening Ability
1) How is technology useful to teach listening?
a. Technology is useful to teach listening because each type of technology provides opportunities for students to explore their ranges of listening strategies. And it allows for more emphasis on certain aspects, such as cross-cultural, interactional, critical, and contextual dimensions of listening, to be developed. Technology also makes learning process of listening more entertaining.
( Source: Second Language Listening : Theory and Practice. John Flowerdew Page:182)
b. Using media, for example radio, could be an effective way to develop students’ listening skills and build up student confidence in listening since they did not have sufficient access to native speakers.
(Source: Taken from Forum Magazine in Listening volume 35 number 2, April 1997 Pages 47-48 Article: Using VOA News item by Ho Xiooqiong)
2) What kinds of media that we can use to improve listening skill?
There are various kinds of media that we can use to teach listening. They are:
Listening to the radio is one of the most accessible ways a learner has of developing listening skills. Listening to the radio is not an activity that is often used in class time. Perhaps, this is because radio, listening can be done only in real time and the scheduling of language classes to catch particular radio program is difficult.
Audio cassette players are the simplest and cheapest way to provide listening practise opportunities for students in classroom. Because nearly all general courses books these days have accompanying audio cassettes, a cassette players has become an essential tool in the language classroom.
The use of video to help develop listening skill has received much attention since it began to appear regularly in language classes in the mid 1970s. The obvious contextualization of language provided by video, made it a popular medium in non-English-speaking contries.
d. Computer-Assisted Language Learning
Since the 1960s, computers have been used in language education. During this forty-year period, the use computers could be divided into three main stages : behaviorist computer-assisted language learning ( CALL); communicative CALL; and integrative CALL (Warschaver and Healey 1998). Each of these stages corressponds to the available tehnological and the prevailing pedagogical theories.
(Source : Second Language Listening : Theory and Practise. John Flowerdew. Pages 165-178)
3) What part of listening ability we can develop by using technology?
1. a. Hearing the sounds
By using technology, for example radio, we would have an access to know how native speakers pronounced their words. Therefore, it would help us to be able to distinguish between two similar words, like, think and thing,etc.
b. Understanding intonation and stress
The English system of stress, intonation and rhythm, though perhaps less obvious difficult than problems of the actual sounds, can interfere with the foreign learners proper understanding of spoken English.
If the listener can make a guess as to the sort of thing that is going to be said next, we will be much more likely to perceive it and understand it well. We may even be enabled to do without altogether
d. Understanding colloquial vocabulary
Much of the vocabulary used in colloquial speech may already be known to the foreign learner; but this does not mean that we are familiar with it. Therefore, technology help us to be more familiar with vocabulary in colloquial speech, for example by using video.
e. Understanding different accents
We can differentiate various accents spoken by native speakers, for example by watching movie. Movie provides different people for different accents.
2. By using media ( in this case VCR or Video Cassette Recorder ) students learn to listen and grasp meaning from English spoken at a normal or near-normal speed ; they also are introduced to a variety of different accents, speech patterns and voice types.]
(source: Taken from Forum Magazine volume XXIV number 2, April 1986, Pages 24-34; Article: The VCR in the EFL Classroom, written by Donald’ E Hall)
3. By listening to the radio especially news broadcast, the students could enrich their vocabulary. For example they could get:
a. Common vocabulary
In news broadcasts, there are certain words that are frequently used. In VOA special English for instance about 1500 words are often repeated in several broad categories such as polities, economy, science in technology, military matters.
b. Proper names
(source: Taken from Forum Magazine volume XXIV number 2, April 1997 Pages 47-48, Article: Using VOA News Items, Written by Hu Xioaqiong) | <urn:uuid:1db1bee1-ee07-4c83-b305-6f662615b6d3> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://merycris.wordpress.com/2009/12/30/using-technology-in-improving-student-listening-ability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111324.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00118-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931236 | 973 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The History of Ironman
The IRONMAN TRIATHLON was the first major competition of its kind. The first IRONMAN TRIATHLON was held in 1978 Honolulu, Hawaii until 1980. In 1981, the competition was moved to the less urbanized Big Island by Valerie Silk. The following year, Silk moved the race date from February to October. There were two IRONMAN TRIATHLON events in 1982 as a result of the change.
The idea for the original IRONMAN TRIATHLON arose during the awards ceremony for the 1977 Oahu Perimeter Relay (a running race for 5-person teams). Among the participants were numerous representatives of both the Mid-Pacific Road Runners and the Waikiki Swim Club, whose members had long been debating which athletes were more fit, runners or swimmers.
On this occasion, U.S. Navy Commander John Collins pointed out that a recent article in Sports Illustrated magazine had declared that Eddy Merckx, the great Belgian cyclist, had the highest recorded “oxygen uptake” of any athlete ever measured, so perhaps cyclists were more fit than anyone. Cdr. Collins and his wife, Judy, had taken part in the triathlons staged in 1974 and 1975 by the San Diego Track Club in and around Mission Bay, California, as well as the Optimist Sports Fiesta Triathlon in Coronado, California, in 1975. A number of the other military athletes in attendance were also familiar with the San Diego races, so they understood the concept when Cdr. Collins suggested that the debate should be settled through a race combining the three existing long-distance competitions already on the island: the Waikiki Roughwater Swim (2.4 mi./3.85 km), the Around-Oahu Bike Race (115 miles; originally a two-day event) and the Honolulu Marathon (26.2 mi./42.195 km).
It is worth noting that no one present had ever done the bike race; Cdr. Collins calculated that, by shaving 3 miles off the course and riding counter-clockwise around the island, the bike leg could start at the finish of the Waikiki Rough Water and end at the Aloha Tower, the traditional start of the Honolulu Marathon. Prior to racing, each athlete received three sheets of paper listing a few rules and a course description. Handwritten on the last page was this exhortation: “SWIM 2.4 MILES! BIKE 112 MILES! RUN 26.2 MILES! BRAG FOR THE REST OF YOUR LIFE”, now a registered trademark.
With a nod to a local runner who was notorious for his demanding workouts, Collins said, “Whoever finishes first, we’ll call him the Iron Man.” Of the fifteen men to start off the in early morning on February 18th, 1978, twelve completed the race and the world’s first IRONMAN, Gordon Haller, completed in 11 hours, 46 minutes, and 58 seconds.
With no further marketing efforts, the race gathered as many as 50 athletes the following year. The race, however, was postponed a day because of bad weather conditions and only fifteen competitors started off the race Sunday morning. San Diego’s Tom Warren, age 35, won in 11 hours, 15 minutes, and 56 seconds. Lyn Lemaire, a championship cyclist from Boston, placed sixth overall and became the first “IRONWOMAN.”
Collins planned on changing the race into a relay event to draw more participants, but Sports Illustrated’s journalist Barry McDermott, in the area to cover a golf tournament, discovered the race and wrote a ten page account of it. During the following year, hundreds of curious participants contacted Collins.
Today, the IRONMAN format remains unchanged, and the Hawaiian IRONMAN is still regarded as the most honored and prestigious triathlon event to win worldwide. For the 25th anniversary on October 18, 2003, nearly 1500 athletes were enlisted, most of which had to go through qualification competitions (although some were admitted through the lottery).
The IRONMAN TRIATHLON is a grueling event that pushes its participants to the limits of endurance. Some, however, find the prescribed distances fall short of these limits. Hence, events such as the double iron triathlon have come about. More extreme formats have evolved; there are in fact triple, quadruple, quintuple, deca, and 15× events that are multiples of the original IRONMAN distance triathlon. | <urn:uuid:b6bd6f1e-5b7e-4746-b82c-32e3d003233a> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://triteamz.com/im-mont-tremblant-cheer-guide/history-ironman/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737050.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807000315-20200807030315-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.969156 | 936 | 2.625 | 3 |
Sir William Thomson, also called Lord Kelvin, was a well-known mathematician and engineer. His work on mathematical analysis of electricity is one of his finest works. Besides, his important role in introducing a law on heat and temperature is valid in physics to this date. Moreover, he is also known as a telegraph engineer. And his expertise in the field of safety at sea also left an impact. Moreover, he was also awarded the Smith Prize due to his notable work in physics and mathematics.
Biography – Lifespan
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) was born in June 1824 at Belfast, Ireland. He was the Scottish-Irish Physicist. He was the son of James Thomson who used to teach both mathematics and engineering at the Royal Belfast Academic Institution. William Thomson got early training from his father.
He spent most of his early life in Germany and Netherland, where he learned many languages. He got his early education at the University of Glasgow. After receiving his early education, he went to Cambridge in 1841. He was very much interested in mathematical and scientific methods of France, so he traveled to Paris.
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) was excellent research and has published over 650 papers in his lifetime. The papers were mostly related to thermodynamics, geophysics, and telegraphy. Because of his high potential, he introduced around 70 new inventions in various fields. Also, he earned the honor of the youngest Chair of natural philosophy at the age of 22 at the University of Glasgow. Moreover, Thomson Williamson (Lord Kelvin) was a strong believer in Christianity in his entire life. At last, he died due to heart disease, on 17th December 1907, at the age of 83 years, near Largs in Scotland.
Contribution and Discoveries
William Thomson’s valuable contribution to the field of Physics and Mathematics are well known. His work has been acknowledged and greatly accepted throughout the history of mankind. There are few of his valuable contributions and discoveries which are given below.
- William Thomson was the one who introduced the updated, modern, and creative style in teaching while training at the University of Glasgow. In his teaching work, laboratory work was also included in which a unique method was adapted by him to make others learn easily.
- William Thomson also found the absolute value of the temperature below which the temperature can’t drop. He called the lowest point of temperature as absolute zero which is at -273.15°C. Also, his lowest point of temperature was later started to measure with a new temperature scale called “Kelvin” in his honor. For your information, -273.15 °C temperature is equal to 0 K (Kelvin).
- William Thomson also took part in the making of telegraphic and navigational instruments.
- He is also credited for a very famous book, Treatise on Natural Philosophy, which wrote along with his fellow Peter Guthrie.
- William Thomson was elected as the President of the Royal Society after having served a long time as a fellow of the Royal Society.
- He also won Copley Medal in 1883 from the Royal Society for his extraordinary achievements in science.
- William Thomson’s papers were considered as ideal texts by many scientists. | <urn:uuid:584a9643-650b-4aa3-9a37-69192e4997ae> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://science4fun.info/william-thomson-lord-kelvin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153223.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727072531-20210727102531-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.990569 | 665 | 3.5625 | 4 |
In the Quran, Surah Ikhlas is the 112th chapter and one of Islam’s most significant surahs. It is a short but powerful chapter that contains the essence of the message of the Quran. Surah Ikhlas is a short surah that consists of only four verses and its a Makki surah in qurna. It is also known as Surah Tawheed, which means the chapter of the Oneness of Allah. The word ‘Ikhlas’ means sincerity or purity of intention, and the Surah is named after this concept. In this Surah, Allah Almighty declares His oneness and absolute unity, making it clear that there is no God but Allah. This article will explore what Surah Ikhlas is, why Allah sent it, and its importance in Islam.
In English translation
“Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him.”
Why was the Surah Al-Ikhlas or Tauhid revealed?
Allah sent Surah Ikhlas to clarify the concept of Tawheed or the Oneness of Allah. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) recited this Surah frequently during his daily prayers, and encouraged his followers to do the same. The Surah emphasizes the idea that there is only one God and that He is the Creator and Sustainer of the universe. It is an essential part of Islamic theology, and Muslims recite it regularly to reinforce their belief in the Oneness of Allah.
Importance of Surah Ikhlas in Islam
Surah Ikhlas is a powerful surah that has numerous benefits for Muslims. Their are lots of benefits of Surah Ikhlas, some of the reasons why this Surah is so significant are as follows:
1. Reinforces the Belief in the Oneness of Allah
The Surah clarifies that only one God exists, and He is Eternal and Absolute. It emphasizes the concept of Tawheed and reinforces the belief in the Oneness of Allah. Muslims believe this belief is the foundation of their faith, and Surah Ikhlas is a powerful reminder.
2. The Best of Surahs
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said that Surah Ikhlas is equivalent to one-third of the Quran. It is also known as ‘Al-Ikhlas al-Khafif,’ a lightweight Ikhlas. Despite being a short surah, it contains a concise yet comprehensive message of great importance in Islam.
3. Protection from Evil
Muslims believe that reciting Surah Ikhlas protects them from evil and harm. It is said that reciting this Surah three times in the morning and evening protects from all sorts of calamities, including illnesses, black magic, and evil spirits.
4. Rewards in the Hereafter
The Surah also carries immense rewards for Muslims in the Hereafter. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said that whoever recites Surah Ikhlas ten times, Allah will build a palace for him in Paradise.
5. Ease of Recitation
Surah Ikhlas is a short surah that is easy to memorize and recite. It is often one of the first surahs that Muslims learn when they memorize the Quran. Its simplicity and beauty make it a favorite among Muslims worldwide.
Surah Ikhlas is a short but powerful surah that contains the essence of the message of the Quran. It emphasizes the concept of Tawheed or the Oneness of Allah and reinforces the belief in the One God. It is an essential part of the Islamic | <urn:uuid:87dcc506-3bc2-4aca-9397-de9e3d7cfc5a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ilmibook.com/why-did-allah-send-or-revealed-surah-ikhlas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.930593 | 773 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Six lessons from the BP oil spill
What the tragedy of the BP oil spill has taught us about regulations, technology, and how our energy diet must change.
(Page 9 of 10)
One step would be a bigger push on energy efficiency. The US could cut growth in electric consumption by 30 percent, says James Sweeney, director of the Precourt Energy Efficiency Center at Stanford University in California. To get the equivalent power would require quadrupling America's nuclear capacity or scaling up wind and solar energy to 40 to 50 times its present size. "If we think all the solutions are just technological, we're not going to focus on a group of nontech solutions that will allow us to have more effect," he says.Skip to next paragraph
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What's striking, though, is how eager policymakers are to enact some of those steps and fearful to undertake others. On the production side, the Obama administration has moved aggressively to revamp the MMS (now renamed the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement), appointing a former prosecutor to head up the agency and promising to hire more oil rig inspectors.
Another item in Democrats' cross hairs: a $75 million cap on oil companies' liability, beyond cleanup costs, passed in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez disaster. Democratic lawmakers and the White House want to raise the cap substantially or eliminate it altogether so that oil companies no longer have an incentive to take risky actions in the belief that their liabilities would be limited.
It's too early to tell if the BP spill will spark a reevaluation of the risks of deep-water drilling versus drilling in shallow water or on land. Much depends on whether the investigations under way determine that deep-water safeguards are adequate and that BP was negligent or that drilling that far down pushes technology too far.
While policymakers are taking action that affects production, they've been more timid about consumption. One reason is that the risks of offshore drilling and other forms of energy production are so much more visible than the risks of continued high consumption – reliance on foreign sources, greenhouse-gas emissions, and so on.
"A picture is worth a thousand words and the images [from the Gulf] bring home in a very accessible way how the oil spill has affected people's lives," says Michael Greenstone, professor of environmental economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. "The difference with climate change is that the changes occur very slowly and in a subtle way that will not appear on your TV set next month." | <urn:uuid:7e3061b1-66d5-4b4f-94e8-b61211c973a5> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2010/0710/Six-lessons-from-the-BP-oil-spill/(page)/9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054548/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00012-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949565 | 510 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Posts for tag: oral hygiene
While tooth decay seems to get most of the “media attention,” there’s another oral infection just as common and destructive: periodontal (gum) disease. In fact, nearly half of adults over 30 have some form of it.
And like tooth decay, it begins with bacteria: while most are benign or even beneficial, a few strains of these micro-organisms can cause gum disease. They thrive and multiply in a thin, sticky film of food particles on tooth surfaces called plaque. Though not always apparent early on, you may notice symptoms like swollen, reddened or bleeding gums.
The real threat, though, is that untreated gum disease will advance deeper below the gum line, infecting the connective gum tissues, tooth roots and supporting bone. If it’s not stopped, affected teeth can lose support from these structures and become loose or out of position. Ultimately, you could lose them.
We can stop this disease by removing accumulated plaque and calculus (calcified plaque, also known as tartar) from the teeth, which continues to feed the infection. To reach plaque deposits deep below the gum line, we may need to surgically access them through the gums. Even without surgery, it may still take several cleaning sessions to remove all of the plaque and calculus found.
These treatments are effective for stopping gum disease and allowing the gums to heal. But there’s a better way: preventing gum disease before it begins through daily oral hygiene. In most cases, plaque builds up due to a lack of brushing and flossing. It takes only a few days without practicing these important hygiene tasks for early gingivitis to set in.
You should also visit the dentist at least twice a year for professional cleanings and checkups. A dental cleaning removes plaque and calculus from difficult to reach places. Your dentist also uses the visit to evaluate how well you’re doing with your hygiene efforts, and offer advice on how you can improve.
Like tooth decay, gum disease can rob you of your dental health. But it can be stopped—both you and your dentist can keep this infection from ruining your smile.
Dental cleanings are an important part of regular dental office visits. Performed by a dental hygienist or dentist, cleanings serve two purposes: to remove bacterial plaque and calculus (hardened deposits of plaque) from tooth surfaces missed during daily brushing and flossing; and to remove stains that can dull your smile.
There are different degrees of cleaning, including root planing that removes plaque and calculus deep below the gum line, usually for patients affected by periodontal (gum) disease. For patients in good oral health, the basic cleaning approach is known as prophylaxis, a term derived from the Greek for guarding or preventing beforehand. The techniques used in a prophylaxis remove both “coronal” (tooth surfaces visible above the gum line) plaque and staining, providing both therapeutic and cosmetic benefits.
A typical prophylaxis includes a procedure known as scaling. Hygienists use special instruments known as scalers to remove plaque and calculus by hand, or an ultrasonic device that vibrates plaque loose and is flushed away with water. The procedure removes that rough coating you often feel as you rub your tongue against your teeth, leaving the tooth surfaces feeling smooth.
Tooth polishing is a subsequent procedure to scaling that also removes plaque and surface stains. Polishing is carried out with a motorized instrument with a rubber cup in which a polishing (or “prophy”) paste is contained. The hygienist moves the rapidly rotating cup filled with the paste over the tooth surface to remove plaque and stains. The end result is a highly smooth surface and a much shinier appearance.
People with dental insurance plans are often concerned tooth polishing may be viewed strictly as a cosmetic procedure, and thus not fully qualify for benefits. This should not be the case if coded properly: tooth polishing is part of the overall prophylaxis to remove plaque and staining. The primary purpose is therapeutic and preventive; the cosmetic effect is a by-product. Most dental plans will cover one or two prophylaxes (scaling and tooth polishing) a year, but there are variations so individuals should check their plans.
If you would like more information on dental cleaning, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Tooth Polishing.”
For most of us, brushing and flossing is a routine part of daily life. But has it become such a routine that you may not be getting the most out of your daily regimen?
First, let's be clear about what you're trying to accomplish with these two important hygiene tasks, which is to remove as much accumulated dental plaque as possible. This thin film of bacteria and food particles is the primary cause for both tooth decay and periodontal (gum) disease.
So how can you tell if you're effectively cleaning dental plaque from your teeth? Here are 4 ways to check your brushing and flossing skills.
The tongue test. Move your tongue across the surface of your teeth, especially at the gum line, immediately after brushing and flossing. "Plaque-free" teeth will feel smooth and slick. If you feel any grittiness, though, you may be missing some plaque.
Floss check. For a similar effect after your daily hygiene take a fresh piece of floss and run it up and down your teeth. If the teeth are clean and you are using un-waxed floss, the floss should "squeak" as you move it up and down.
Disclosing agents. You can also occasionally use a plaque disclosing agent. This product contains a solution you apply to your teeth after brushing and flossing that will dye any leftover plaque a specific color. Disclosing agents are handy for uncovering specific areas that require more of your future hygiene attention. And don't worry—the dye is temporary and will fade quickly.
Dental visits. For the ultimate test, visit your dentist at least twice a year. Not only can dental cleanings remove hard to reach plaque and calculus (hardened tartar), but your dentist or hygienist can evaluate how well you've been doing. Consider it your "final exam" for oral hygiene!
Be sure to also ask your dental provider for tips and training in better brushing and flossing. Becoming more effective at these critical tasks helps ensure you're keeping your teeth and gums free of disease.
If you would like more information on best oral hygiene practices, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Daily Oral Hygiene: Easy Habits for Maintaining Oral Health.”
Everyone knows that in the game of football, quarterbacks are looked up to as team leaders. That's why we're so pleased to see some NFL QB's setting great examples of… wait for it… excellent oral hygiene.
First, at the 2016 season opener against the Broncos, Cam Newton of the Carolina Panthers was spotted on the bench; in his hands was a strand of dental floss. In between plays, the 2105 MVP was observed giving his hard-to-reach tooth surfaces a good cleaning with the floss.
Later, Buffalo Bills QB Tyrod Taylor was seen on the sideline of a game against the 49ers — with a bottle of mouthwash. Taylor took a swig, swished it around his mouth for a minute, and spit it out. Was he trying to make his breath fresher in the huddle when he called out plays?
Maybe… but in fact, a good mouthrinse can be much more than a short-lived breath freshener.
Cosmetic rinses can leave your breath with a minty taste or pleasant smell — but the sensation is only temporary. And while there's nothing wrong with having good-smelling breath, using a cosmetic mouthwash doesn't improve your oral hygiene — in fact, it can actually mask odors that may indicate a problem, such as tooth decay or gum disease.
Using a therapeutic mouthrinse, however, can actually enhance your oral health. Many commonly available therapeutic rinses contain anti-cariogenic (cavity-fighting) ingredients, such as fluoride; these can help prevent tooth decay and cavity formation by strengthening tooth enamel. Others contain antibacterial ingredients; these can help control the harmful oral bacteria found in plaque — the sticky film that can build up on your teeth in between cleanings. Some antibacterial mouthrinses are available over-the-counter, while others are prescription-only. When used along with brushing and flossing, they can reduce gum disease (gingivitis) and promote good oral health.
So why did Taylor rinse? His coach Rex Ryan later explained that he was cleaning out his mouth after a hard hit, which may have caused some bleeding. Ryan also noted, “He [Taylor] does have the best smelling breath in the league for any quarterback.” The coach didn't explain how he knows that — but never mind. The takeaway is that a cosmetic rinse may be OK for a quick fix — but when it comes to good oral hygiene, using a therapeutic mouthrinse as a part of your daily routine (along with flossing and brushing) can really step up your game.
Starting college is one of life’s biggest transition moments, the first time many young people can truly say they’re on their own. Their freshman year can be both exhilarating and frightening.
The reason for this seeming dichotomy is that both exciting opportunities and harmful pitfalls abound in college life. One such pitfall that’s often overlooked involves dental health: it’s all too easy to neglect good habits and adopt bad ones. But while it may not seem as harmful as other dangers, inattention to your dental health could create consequences that plague you long after graduation.
But being diligent about dental care can help you avoid serious problems now and in the future. At the top of the list: brush and floss your teeth daily and continue seeing a dentist at least twice a year. Hopefully, your parents or guardians have trained you in these vital habits—and they’re definitely habits you should continue for the rest of your life.
Close in importance to good oral hygiene is a healthy diet. Besides eating primarily “natural” food—fresh fruits and vegetables and less-processed foods—you should also set limits on your sugar consumption. This carbohydrate is a primary food for disease-causing bacteria, so limiting as much as possible the sugar you eat to just meal times will lower your risk for tooth decay.
Another area in which you should tread wisely is alcohol consumption. Besides the obvious consequences of alcohol abuse, immoderate drinking can also cause dental problems. Alcohol (and smoking) tends to dry out the mouth, which can increase the levels of oral bacteria and in turn increase your risk of both tooth decay and periodontal (gum) disease.
Finally, avoid getting piercings involving the lips, mouth or tongue even if it’s the thing to do. Piercing hardware can chip teeth and contribute to the shrinking back of the gums (recession). And be sure you practice safe sex: unprotected sexual activity could expose you to viral infections that cause oral problems including cancer.
Your college years should be an exciting and memorable experience. By practicing these and other common sense dental habits, you’ll be sure to remember these years fondly.
If you would like more information on dental care during college, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “10 Health Tips for College Students.” | <urn:uuid:c7823767-29d2-4ac8-ba4e-bfe4dd643b57> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.todaysdentistrychicago.com/blog/tag/oral+hygiene.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506580.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402014600-20200402044600-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.953771 | 2,482 | 2.875 | 3 |
Gen Y have been called the first generation of “digital natives,” those who never knew a world without the internet. What’s the result of this early exposure to all things digital? The standard answer is that having tens of thousands of hours of practice processing information on screen, they are particularly adept at sorting, prioritizing and consuming digital information.
Multitasking may trip up those who once knew a different way of interacting with information, but Gen Y's brains have adapted to the constant wash of information and intuitively pick up the tools to handle and organize it, or so the thinking goes. But is this true?
Librarians to the Rescue
To find out whether the stereotypical understanding of Gen Y's information consumption habits is, in fact, true, a consortium of librarians at Illinois colleges conducted an in-depth, two-year, ethnographic study of students' research habits. What the project uncovered will shock some boosters of digital natives' abilities. Inside Higher Ed reports:
The most alarming finding in the ERIAL studies was perhaps the most predictable: when it comes to finding and evaluating sources in the Internet age, students are downright lousy.
Only seven out of 30 students whom anthropologists observed at Illinois Wesleyan “conducted what a librarian might consider a reasonably well-executed search,” wrote Duke and Andrew Asher, an anthropologist at Bucknell University, whom the Illinois consortium called in to lead the project.
Throughout the interviews, students mentioned Google 115 times — more than twice as many times as any other database. The prevalence of Google in student research is well-documented, but the Illinois researchers found something they did not expect: students were not very good at using Google. They were basically clueless about the logic underlying how the search engine organizes and displays its results. Consequently, the students did not know how to build a search that would return good sources.
Know the Language, Not the Grammar
How is it possible that young people who have lived with and used this technology all their lives are so poor at making the most of the tools? The researchers offer acquisition of our native language as an analogy. We learn our parents' language naturally, but as any English teacher can tell you that doesn’t necessarily translate into an understanding of the underlying rules at work or the ability use that language in an effective, error-free manner.
Or as Inside Higher Ed puts it: “Today’s college students might have grown up with the language of the information age, but they do not necessarily know the grammar.” Asher even claims the research 'exploded this myth of the 'digital native.'”
Don’t Take Competency for Granted
What’s the take away for trainers? You’re not in the business of instructing students on how to write great research papers, but these studies may be useful for those tasked with getting the skills of employees up to scratch.
One lesson could be take nothing for granted. Just because an employee is a member of Gen Y with a Gmail address, a Twitter handle and lightning-fast texting fingers doesn’t mean he or she will have the skills to find, manage and evaluate information from online sources or databases.
Also, take young people's self-evaluations with a grain of salt. They often don’t know how bad they are at things they’ve been doing all their lives. “Students were just as unaware of the extent of their own information illiteracy as everyone else,” concluded the researchers in another complementary study. They are also unlikely to ask for help, so trainers (and librarians) may need to offer their services rather than wait to be asked.
London-based blogger Jessica Stillman covers generational issues and trends in the workforce for BNET.com. | <urn:uuid:14be1a33-6a9b-46b8-84e7-23024d2d6c56> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://learn.trakstar.com/blog/digital-natives-actually-stink-at-search-says-research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335355.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929131813-20220929161813-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.955103 | 790 | 3.3125 | 3 |
If you spent a couple of days in Bermuda—with its stunning pink sand beaches, beautiful sunsets and the northern-most coral reef system in the world—you would be forgiven for not noticing that Bermuda is at the epicentre of ocean risk. In May the island hosted the first ever Ocean Risk Summit—sponsored by global insurance firm XL Catlin along with other partners—which looked at the key challenges and risks posed by ocean change and identified opportunities for innovative approaches to building resilience and mitigating its effects through applied solutions.
The ocean has its own dedicated Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) as part of the 17 SDGs: with SDG14 UN member states have pledged to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”. However, ocean risk has, until now, been a neglected topic. This is surprising given the importance of the ocean for people and planet. If the ocean was an economy it would be the seventh-largest economy by GDP in the world—and would thus sit at the G7 table. And thanks to Canada (which holds the current G7 presidency) it now is! Canada’s minister of fisheries and oceans said that Canada would be putting the ocean on the G7 agenda this year to deepen international co-operation for ocean resilience. The ocean absorbs 93% of additional energy from heat on Earth, so it's highly surprising that there is ten times as much literature on the impacts of land-based climate change than on ocean impacts.
The first-ever Ocean Risk Summit, sponsored by XL Catlin and several other partners, was held at the Fairmont Southampton in Bermuda
What is ocean risk?
The summit focused on risks from ocean change, such as extreme weather, changing ocean temperatures and warming. The year 2017 marked the worst ever year on record in terms of economic losses from weather and climate-related events, at US$320bn. However, participants in the summit were keen to point out that traditional risks, such as commercial ones like loss of cargo, are well known, while it was crucial to address emerging ones such as ocean acidification, ocean hypoxia and marine pollution, which will have major impacts on future life on Earth.
But the traditional risks are rising higher up on the agenda too—and they are already threatening the very existence of small island nations. Bermuda's minister of home affairs highlighted the need to mitigate ocean risks around food security and extreme weather events faced by small island nations. Meanwhile, the permanent representative of Nauru to the UN pointed out that her island is “99.99% ocean” and therefore a case study for the importance of ocean risk. The risk of extreme weather events such as severe cyclones and coral bleaching caused by climate change threatens the collapse of the island’s food security and infrastructure.
The impact of recent hurricanes on the British Virgin Islands is also a microcosm of ocean risk: the island's deputy premier said that the economic damage caused by the hurricanes has been more than 3.5 times the size of the island’s whole economy. All major industries (tourism, fishing, shipping) were devastated.
But the ocean does not only harbour a multitude of risks, it also provides a sea of opportunity. The full potential of the ocean to support sustainable growth hasn't been tapped yet. HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco declared that the “seas contain the seeds of new growth”. This blue growth would harness the potential of renewable energy, sustainable fishing, innovation and other sources.
José Maria Figueres, former president of Costa Rica and founder, Ocean Unite, opening the first-ever Ocean Risk Summit in Bermuda, held at the Fairmont Southampton
How to address ocean risks
The UN envoy for oceans suggested that the five key areas for progress needed are:
- ending harmful fishing subsidies;
- ending consumption of illegally caught fish;
- expanding marine protected areas (MPAs);
- boosting environmentally conscious coastal tourism; and
- advancing ocean exploration.
In terms of MPAs, Sir Richard Branson—who joined the summit via Skype—underlined that creating marine reserves worked and benefited the fisheries sector in the long term. He praised the leadership on climate change and oceans in places like California. And he emphasised that business can play a major role in ocean sustainability, as governments can be slow to act.
As far as ocean exploration is concerned, there is still a lot of catching-up to do. Around 95% of our oceans remain unknown. In order to understand ocean risks, we need to advance science. It is crucial to map the ocean, and measure temperatures and emissions. But delegates heard that we need better maps of the ocean floor, to understand better the microbiological components in the ocean, and discover and classify new species. Hence, ocean exploration is crucial, as it enables knowledge-based governance and ultimately reduces risk, using advanced technology such as robots, autonomous vehicles, powerful computing and remote sensing.
The summit also heard that there’s a lack of data sharing in the ocean community. Given rapid ocean deterioration there’s a need to share data, which would open many opportunities for better data aggregation, understanding ocean risk and reversing ocean decline.
Technology has a key role to play in tackling ocean risks. Bermuda's minister of home affairs stressed the importance of science, innovation and collaboration to address risks. Bermuda is at the forefront of scientific progress on measuring ocean conditions. For example, ocean gliders measure conditions such as heat in 1,000 metres depth within three hours, eight times a day. This is crucial to measure warming and hurricane risk.
Florida is another case study of rising ocean risks. It faces multiple risks from hurricanes, tropical storms, tropical depressions and saltwater intrusion. Many promising city initiatives have been introduced throughout the state in order to boost resilience, including retrofitting, sustainable design, seawall projects and regional co-operation on flood mitigation.
HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco speaking about blue growth
Important role for financial sector
Finance and investment have a crucial role to play in addressing ocean risks. Principles for sustainable investment in the Blue Economy were adopted at The Economist's World Ocean Summit in March. This was a milestone in the transition from compliance to real impact, with the aim of having the 14 principles adopted broadly by the finance sector. Interesting initiatives to finance ocean risk solutions in the Caribbean were discussed at the Ocean Risk Summit too, for example, the Sustainable Oceans Fund; the Inter-American Development Bank's initiatives to mobilise green bonds and blue bonds, contingent loans and guarantees; the Caribbean Climate-Smart Accelerator; and KfW climate risk insurance.
Banks are increasingly interested in climate-resilient sustainable business, aiming at responsible growth. However, banks still focus on credit, political and reputational risks; they are not yet wired to think about "ocean risk" in a holistic way, noted representatives from the industry at the event.
The summit highlighted that insurance may have an important role to play in addressing ocean risk by helping to understand risks and economic costs, which in turn can help to start the process of modelling change, mitigating damage and building programmes for resilience. However, delegates also underlined that insurance should not be a substitute for investment in risk reduction and prevention measures. Delegates discussed how insurance could help to draw attention not just to long-term risks but also to short-term risks of ocean decline. It can also provide an organising framework for natural capital and help to build deeper relationships beyond financial transactions. Ocean risks are increasing, seen, for example, in the rising strength of hurricanes globally. To really account for ocean risk, insurance premiums therefore have to reflect future risk, not past risk. This would also help with more accurate carbon pricing.
Delegates also heard that the present risk assessment systems used in the insurance sector and by credit rating agencies incorporate climate-change risks (short-term shocks and long-term trends), but ocean risk goes well beyond climate risk. So the question was posed whether there was a need for a new risk assessment structure to really account for ocean risk.
The calm before the storm? The view from XL Catlin’s offices in Bermuda
A rising need to address marine pollution and health concerns
In terms of tackling marine pollution, three key focus areas were identified at the summit. First, the immediate focus should be on investing in better waste management, including the “5 Cs”: collect; capture; contain; keeping in mind context and culture. Second, there's a need to change upstream factors in the medium to long term, especially new materials, product design and systemic change (decoupling waste generation from economic growth). And finally, successful case studies should be taken to scale (if suitable in the local context and culture). Notable examples of good practice include the Indonesia National Plan of Action on marine plastic debris management, the Indonesia Waste Platform gringgo/CashforTrash, plastic bag policies (for example, Israel's law on plastic bag distribution) and new packaging solutions such as PepsiCo's biodegradable packaging.
Ocean elder HM Queen Noor of Jordan highlighted the human toll from ocean degradation linked to issues such as microplastics entering our food chains, pathogenic bacteria from contaminated water and seafood, and the spread of infectious diseases (such as cholera). However, analysing links between climate change, oceans and human health remains tricky. Climate signals (such as sea surface temperature, sea level rise, coral bleaching and so on) have been linked to health signals (bacteria, infections, nutrition, for example), but the summit heard that there is a need to produce more evidence. It is therefore important to look at hazard exposure and vulnerability.
Ocean elder HM Queen Noor of Jordan speaking about human health and ocean risk
An ambitious Ocean Risk Index
In order to capture the complexity of ocean risk and create a meaningful tool for positive policy change for policymakers and other stakeholders, we have been tasked to assess the global state of ocean deterioration and its impact on human activity. Commissioned by XL Catlin, the first phase is focused on developing a framework (i.e., the value, principles, attributes and major components) to assess ocean risk. An international expert group, which gathered in Bermuda around the Ocean Risk Summit, informed the process. This index can be a great catalyst for positive change, and the ocean community expressed support for this undertaking at the summit. The Economist Group's World Ocean Initiative, with support from XL Catlin, is keen to build on recent progress in tackling ocean risk.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited (EIU) or any other member of The Economist Group. The Economist Group (including the EIU) cannot accept any responsibility or liability for reliance by any person on this article or any of the information, opinions or conclusions set out in the article. | <urn:uuid:88e54b4a-ecbb-49ab-b0fe-e6273ac20e10> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://eiuperspectives.economist.com/sustainability/emergence-ocean-risk-and-how-tackle-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150134.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724063259-20210724093259-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.946355 | 2,248 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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hey i took Music as a GCSE and im ok at performing but when it comes to revising and remembering everything for each are of study i struggle. im never able to remember every, so i was just wondering if anyone has a particular method that they are using that could help me.
if you could it would be truely amazing, seen as help at school is shocking
I'm doing music too, and I find it helpful to listen the set works whilst im revising about them because i can relate what I'm learning to the actual piece. Also, focus on 1 set work at a time - if you try and look at them all at once then you'll get all the facts muddled up.... Pneumonics also help (e.g. Amazing Emily Goes Dancing to remember the chord sequence for Moby)
If you're on Edexcel then there's an amazing revision book: http://www.google.co.uk/products/catalog?q=edexcel+music+revision+gcse&hl=en&prmd=imvns&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&wrapid=tlif133528859188610&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=shop&cid=12992245314302502373&sa=X&ei=NeOWT9rUM8Ww0QWs_oSMDg&ved=0CFwQ8wIwAQ#
Good luck <3
OMG thank you so much! i think this could really work cheers *** good luck to you aswell! *** | <urn:uuid:aafb3914-9d85-461c-b613-c8d846d808d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://getrevising.co.uk/forums/topics/help_revision_tips_for_music_gcse_3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370511408.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410173109-20200410203609-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.920951 | 370 | 3 | 3 |
History of Laboratory, Scientific and Healthcare Informatics
The emergence of microchips, ever-increasing Read Only Memory (RAM) and other technological advances led to the digital revolution that now sees every aspect of both private and business life permeated with informatics, from smart phones to corporate ERP systems.
For the science, health and laboratory industry, this has meant the ability to deal with much larger caches of data, both storage-wise and analytically, with much more accuracy (including elimination of transcription errors), and at a much faster rate than previously possible. It has also led to devices and instruments for diagnosis, research and analysis that were not possible before computing technology advances.In themselves, these innovations were game changers - some individually, but all cumulatively. The next major game changer, which actually developed concurrently with continual advancement in computing speed and power, was of course the introduction of LANs (Local Area Networks) and ultimately the Internet. Finally, individual computers could be linked - with each other and with other devices, databases and applications outside of themselves. Server-client models became the norm in many scientific, medical and business environments. Inevitably "Cloud Computing" evolved and the burden of processing was shared among any number of virtual servers, with load balancing, automatic backups, redundancy and multi-layer security providing seamless, highly reliable and secure "heavy lifting" processing for large numbers of users simultaneously. This in turn leads to one current Driving Force of Change in the laboratory, scientific and medical community, which is called variously "Networked Science", "Science as a Social Activity", or Open Science.
- Fernando, A. (27 September, 2011). "The BIG Impact: How Cloud Computing is Changing the Face of Small Business". 15 Intriguing Facts About the History of Informatics. Master in Health Informatics.com. https://mastersinhealthinformatics.com/2011/15-intriguing-facts-about-the-history-of-informatics. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
- Collen, M.F., MD (Mar/Apr, 1994). "The Origins of Informatics". The Practice of Informatics. Journal of the American Medical lnformatics Association Volume 1, Number 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC116189/pdf/0010091.pdf. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- Arrigan, D.W.M. (2016). "Electrochemical Strategies in Detection Science (pg 2)". Electrochemical Strategies in Detection Science. Royal Society of Chemistry. https://books.google.com/books?id=z0G5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=technology+that+made+analytical+instruments+possible&source=bl&ots=B1rMG2xCno&sig=uAEITHP8j98F6vgKn0X_exVrVyU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid6LCC7-nPAhVGjz4KHU_KC8wQ6AEIRTAH#v=onepage&q=technology%20that%20made%20analytical%20instruments%20possible&f=false. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- Tom Gluodenis, Bruce Quimby, Fiona Couper, Jerry Zweigenbaum, Lawrence Neufeld, Lucas Zarwell, Mark Jensen, Matthew Klee (1 April, 2005). "Forensic Applications of New Analytical Technologies". Forensic Applications of New Analytical Technologies. Forensic Magazine.
- Meadway, J. (2016). "How the internet has changed scientific interchanges". How the internet has changed scientific interchanges. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/bls/miscellaneous/How%20the%20internet%20has%20changed%20scientific%20interchanges%20web.pdf. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- Dumon, O. (5 March, 2013). "How the Internet Changed Science Research and Academic Publishing, Creating the New Research Economy". The Blog. The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/olivier-dumon/how-the-internet-changed_b_2405006.html. Retrieved 20 October 2016. | <urn:uuid:43b7ab8f-4839-45ab-8852-bdb423383906> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.lablynxpress.com/index.php?title=History_of_Laboratory,_Scientific_and_Healthcare_Informatics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362969.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204094103-20211204124103-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.86385 | 965 | 3 | 3 |
This post continues from Part 6: Remote Access
This is another one of those things that isn't strictly necessary, but has some minor benefits and sets you up to do other cool things. A proxy is sort of like a relay. A client sends a request to the proxy, the proxy relays that request to the server hosting the content, and then the proxy sends the response back to the client. Since it sits in the middle of the client and the server the proxy can log and manipulate the traffic going through it. It's not even necessary for the client to know the traffic is going through a proxy, a setup known as transparent proxying. As long as you control the network traffic you can route the traffic to a transparent proxy.
One of the most widely used proxies out there is called Squid. Chances are every public network you've ever connected to, including your own ISP's, has a Squid box running on it somewhere. And there's good reason. Squid is what's known as a caching web proxy. This means it keeps a copy of the things that get proxied through it. If another request is made for the same content it can return the copy it already has stored. By avoiding making identical requests over and over the proxy can make requests faster and save a ton of bandwidth.
Squid is capable of proxying pretty much any type of network traffic, but it's most commonly used as an HTTP proxy. With the web moving to HTTPS, its effectiveness is declining but it still serves its purpose. It's not that it can't proxy HTTPS, but it would need to forge certificates which would cause scary security warnings to users and effectively break web security. Nevertheless, there's still a fair bit of HTTP traffic around so let's set up a Squid proxy to cache some of it.
Squid Installation and Configuration
First up, install Squid:
$> sudo apt-get install squid
Next you'll need to edit a few options in its configuration file. Be warned, the configuration file is a 5000+ line behemoth. You don't need to touch 99% of it. Just search over the file and find the lines you need to change.
/etc/squid/squid.conf and set the port the proxy will run on using the
http_port 3129 http_port 3128 intercept
This puts a regular HTTP proxy on port 3129 as well as enables a transparent (intercepting) proxy on port 3128. The next step is to configure which IP ranges are allowed to access the proxy. Create a network with an
acl lan src 192.168.0.0/24
And then grant access to that network:
http_access allow lan
Also make sure there is a deny rule to deny access from all other networks
http_access deny all
To allow outgoing proxy traffic to port 80 (HTTP) make sure port 80 is in the
Safe_ports ACL with a line like:
acl Safe_ports port 80
And then disable traffic on all non-safe ports:
http_access deny !Safe_ports
Lastly, you'll should create a disk cache for Squid to use. By default it will cache to memory, but if you want better cache hit rates you'll need to start caching things to disk. Add a line like:
cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 1024 16 256
This creates a disk cache at
/var/spool/squid with a maximum size of 1GB (1024 is the size of the cache in MB). You can adjust it to be larger or smaller to trade off hit rate for disk space.
Restart Squid for the new settings to take effect:
$> sudo systemctl restart squid
Routing Traffic to Squid
Squid should be ready to go now, but it's not actually receiving any traffic. We need to redirect normal web traffic to the proxy port for it to get run through Squid. This can be done with a
iptables destination NAT rule:
$> sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i enx0050b617c34f \ -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.0.1:3128
This rule matches HTTP traffic (
-p tcp -m tcp --dport 80) coming from the LAN interface (
-i enx0050b617c34f) and applies a destination NAT (
DNAT) rule. That rule modifies the destination IP address and port before sending the packet through the routing pipeline (since it's in the
PREROUTING chain). In this case we're re-routing the packet to the Squid host and port.
Squid should now be automagically proxying and caching HTTP traffic from your LAN. You can test by making a request and looking for the HTTP headers Squid appends to the response:
$> curl -I http://neverssl.com HTTP/1.1 200 OK ... X-Cache: MISS from localhost.localdomain X-Cache-Lookup: MISS from localhost.localdomain:3129 Via: 1.1 localhost.localdomain (squid/3.5.12) ...
If the request went through Squid you should see some
X-Cache headers. In this particular example you can see the request was proxied but it could not be served from cache (it was a cache "miss"). Once you have traffic flowing through Squid there are a bunch more things you could try. You can mess with headers, modify content, and generally wreak havoc on your network's traffic. Have fun.
For the last post of this series we'll look at adding monitoring and visualization to your router. See you next week. | <urn:uuid:68862234-9e93-4ee8-8e14-e17f28fbfc73> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://killtacknine.com/building-an-ubuntu-16-04-router-part-7-proxies-and-caching/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948551501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215001700-20171215021700-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.911981 | 1,203 | 2.921875 | 3 |
When it comes to caring for healthy newborns and babies, most parents worry about things like sleeping, naptime, feeding schedules and who’s on diaper duty. But new parents quickly discover that their baby’s tummy health has a huge impact on all of the above, because when your baby’s belly woes are making them fussy and uncomfortable everyone feels sad.
Wondering why babies have tummy troubles? Let’s take a look at the ABCs of how your baby digests food.
Did you know it takes about a year for your baby’s digestive system to mature? Certain enzymes and bacteria they need to break down and digest things like protein, fats, sugars and lactose aren’t fully functioning right from the beginning. That means a perfectly healthy, happy and thriving baby can still struggle with common tummy ailments like gas, spit-up, constipation and reflux.
In fact, many newborns under 3 months old have a digestive disorder called GERD (gastroesophageal reflux). When this type of reflux occurs, your baby’s belly contents move backwards up through the esophagus, which causes discomfort, even if you don’t see spit-up or vomit. This can happen during a meal or right after one. Sometimes babies with GERD do have problems with gas, constipation, diarrhea and spitting up, so the symptoms are more obvious.
Discover good microbes and how they develop in your baby's tummy to aid in digestion & tummy health.
Did you know breast milk contains nutrients that regulate your baby’s digestive system? While your baby’s tummy continues to develop, breast milk and formula are great sources of nutrition. Human milk contains lipase, which is an enzyme that breaks down fats. The proteins in breast milk are easily digestible too. Both breast milk and many formulas also contain prebiotics and probiotics that are natural “friends” to the healthy bacteria in your baby’s tummy.
Now that you know your little one’s digestive system is still taking shape, it’s easier to understand why we need to wait on introducing solid foods. If baby starts eating them too early, she won’t be able to properly digest them. The benchmark most pediatricians and parents follow is from the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends waiting until your baby is between 4 and 6 months to introduce solid foods.
Did you know there are certain foods to avoid in case your baby has food allergies?
How do you know when your baby is ready for solid foods? If your baby can sit up and support herself without assistance and she seems interested in food, she’s probably ready. “Solid” food doesn’t refer to things like steak and hotdogs – at least not yet! The first solid foods are baby-friendly like infant cereal, baby food, pureed food and finger foods (which may be crunchy, but dissolve quickly.) Adding infant cereal to baby’s diet is typically the first step since it’s an easily digestible food and it contains fiber to keep food moving through your baby’s digestive tract.
And don’t be disappointed if your baby doesn’t like cereal the first time she tries it. It took us a couple of days of offering it to my son, but when he decided he liked it, boy did he like it! It was a fun and exciting new step in his development when he could sit in his high chair and interact with me during meals. His high chair became a new happy place for smiles, giggles and nourishment.
Wondering how a toothless baby eats and digests foods? Well, that cute gummy smile is capable of mashing soft solid foods. While she chomps and chews on food with her gums, enzymes in her saliva are breaking down food. As long as the food is soft and appropriate for her age, she can digest it just fine, even without pearly whites! | <urn:uuid:6a8d29c8-c87d-4af8-bd50-b7c400079695> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.littleremedies.com/blog/2015/07/22/understanding-your-babys-digestion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542288.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00389-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960442 | 840 | 3.0625 | 3 |
So many things in our culture are taken for granted. We never stop to think of how it all started and developed. When you pour the milk over your cereal, do you think of where it came from and who started it all? What is the beginning of dairy farming in America?
It all started in Europe. Most of what was present in the early years of America can thank European influence. The settlers brought over chickens, pigs, goats, and cows. The ones that were the most prepared were the ones who knew they had no idea what was before them. They would need something they were familiar with to survive.
The use of goats and cows to obtain milk was nothing new. People around the world were doing that for centuries. As the Europeans moved toward the New World, they brought the ability to survive. This included the cows that would provide meat and milk.
Participating in establishing new country
Without the cows that came over the New World, many settlers would not have survived. Having at least one milk cow, a family could survive bad crops and bad hunting results. Milk could give sustenance.
It didn’t take long for some farmers to see potential in having more than one or two cows to provide for the family. They could begin supplying to those who could not own a cow of their own as the town grew and the space for farm animals became limited. Farmers began to create a market for milk.
They began to expand their number of cattle and became a much needed resource for the towns and cities that began to grow in the colonies. Staying close to town, milk could be delivered fresh to families and companies. The need began to grow as the population grew. Farmers who just had a few extra milk cows now were looking at having dozens to meet the need.
The growth of the dairy farmer was increasing in speed and went full throttle as inventions to help ease the burden of milking and speed up the process became available. More and more dairy farms sprung up and spread westward with the growth of the nation. It was no longer just something for families. It had become an industry that is still heavily relied on today.
The number of dairy farmers with less than 100 cows is growing. Many families are looking to have fresh milk at home to save money and for health issues.
The role of dairy farmer cannot be disputed. It played a vital in the foundation of America and continues to be important. | <urn:uuid:c65adac9-e90c-4d52-b8ed-244c091e5edc> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://ovalpike.com/the-beginning-of-dairy-farming-in-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651820.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325044627-20180325064627-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.990524 | 494 | 3.140625 | 3 |
First minister Nicola Sturgeon has revealed plans to provide a “baby box” to all newborns, containing bedding, clothes, a sleeping mat and books.The idea comes from Finland, where the boxes – which double as basic cots – have been credited with lowering infant mortality. In recent years, the Scottish government has focused on tackling educational inequality in the early years. By some measures, the most deprived children can be more than a year behind their peers when they start primary school.
Walking to primary school is more hazardous in poorer parts of Scotland, research from the University of Glasgow has found. However, children in these areas are more likely to walk to school, says researcher Laura MacDonald. It is therefore “essential that these areas are pedestrian-friendly and provide a safe and pleasant environment for walking”, she adds. Her research focused on the areas of Edinburgh, Glasgow, North Lanarkshire and South Lanarkshire.
Environmental charity Keep Scotland Beautiful is calling for primary schools to take part in a national “spring clean” of litter-strewn areas. Last year, volunteers helped to remove more than 400 tons of waste from towns, cities and the countryside – the equivalent weight of 36 double-decker buses. Schools at all levels are seen as a crucial part of the effort, which has so far recruited more than 15,000 volunteers. For more details, visit bit.ly/SpringCleanScot
With elections looming on May 5, the Scottish Parliament is highlighting resources that show schools how to help pupils understand the political process. As well as factsheets about how politicians come to be elected, there is also information on results from previous Holyrood elections and tools to help staff run mock elections (bit.ly/ScotElections). One activity, aimed at P4-S3, allows a class to take part in an election and explore concepts of representation and participation. | <urn:uuid:52a7906e-f889-464d-92f9-43a44c5f4b14> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.tes.com/news/tes-magazine/tes-magazine/a-week-42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948579567.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215211734-20171215233734-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.960577 | 388 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Only deals with gasoline 4-stroke internal combustion engines, it is only logical that some information is included on the fuel that powers these engines. Gasoline is widely used today as the predominant fuel in the United States for automobile engines.
It is rather interesting to note that in the United States, more than 50 percent of the gasoline used annually is consumed on short trips according to Richard Stone. This is most likely due to the fact that many of the short trips do not involve freeways but rather stop-and-go traffic.
As such, the fuel consumption associated with gasoline engines is increases with the number of short trips taken by Americans annually. Much of this information was referenced from books by Arcoumanis and Ferguson .
Properties of Gasoline
At each gas station pump, the octane rating of the gasoline blend is displayed. The octane rating is simply a relative scale on which the fuel’s resistance to knock is 99 determined. Note that knock associated with pre-ignition was discussed in the Turbocharging chapter of this book. For this discussion, it will be assumed the reader has already studied that particular.
A Depth Look into Octane Ratings
The octane rating is developed on a scale that ranges from 0 to 100. The 0 value is associated with the knock resistance of heptane and the 100 value is associated with iso-octane. The low knock resistance of n-heptane and the high resistance of iso-octane make them appropriate fuels to set the scaling of octane ratings.
It is important to note that some fuels have an octane rating greater than 100. For instance, some leaded racing fuels have octane ratings above 120. These fuels are used in applications where combustion pressure is very high and the engine is highly prone to knock. Applications such as these include high-boost superchargers and turbocharged engines, and engines that make the use of large amounts of nitrous oxide.
Note that an octane rating of 80 indicates a fuel that is equivalent to a mixture of 20 percent n-heptane and 80 percent iso-octane. Another way of quantifying the resistance to knock is the motor octane rating of gasoline.
The motor octane involves a fairly strenuous test and usually carries with it more significance than the octane rating found at the pump at a gas station, especially in performance applications where the test conditions are very severe. Compared to the research octane number (the octane number shown at the pump), the motor octane number has harsher test conditions.
While both tests involve a variable compression ratio engine, the motor octane test involves conditions at high temperatures (the incoming mixture temperature is about 300 degrees farenheit), higher engine speeds (about 300 rpm higher), increased spark advance (from 14-26 degrees for motor octane, compared to 13 degrees for the research test).
Case Study: The Effect of Fuel Octane on a Nitrous Oxide Assisted GM LS1 Engine
One specific instance where a very high octane fuel was used is in the author’s 2002 Pontiac Trans Am street/drag car. This particular car involves an untouched, stock short block (stock crankshaft, connecting rods, cast pistons, and rings) with a high-performance camshaft and a set of ported and milled cylinder heads which bump the static compression ratio to around.
The engine relies on a rather radical and somewhat unconventional nitrous oxide system that utilizes its own low-pressure fuel source to increase the tuning parameters available. The nitrous oxide system raises power output at the rear wheels from 390 hp to 653 hp. The cast pistons in the engine are prone to failure from detonation, so a close watch is kept on the amount of knock produced during the intervals in which the nitrous system is activated.
When a fuel with an octane rating of 100 was utilized in both the nitrous stand-alone fuel system and the car’s engine fuel system, some knock was detected in the form of timing retard controlled by the engine’s management system.
Since the total timing at the wide-open throttle was only set at 19 degrees, it was determined that in order to keep power levels at their current levels it would be necessary to find a fuel more suitable to the engine parameters and characteristics. | <urn:uuid:e28c0e16-d101-4db2-95eb-28157996e22f> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://magazineplush.com/automobile-combustion-gasoline-overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335396.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929225326-20220930015326-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.946137 | 891 | 3 | 3 |
Western Imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958
The term 'Fertile Crescent' is commonly used as shorthand for the group of territories extending around the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Here it is assumed to consist of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Palestine. Much has been written on the history of these countries which were taken from the Ottoman empire after 1918 and became Mandates under the League of Nations. For the most part the histories of these countries have been handled either individually or as part of the history of Britain or France. In the first instance the emphasis has normally been on the development of nationalism and local resistance to alien control in a particular territory, leading to the modern successor state. In the second most studies have concentrated separately on how either France or Britain handled the great problems they inherited, seldom comparing their strategies. The aim of this book is to see the region as a whole and from both the European and indigenous points of view. The central argument is that the mandate system failed in its stated purpose of establishing stable democratic states out of what had been provinces or parts of provinces within the Ottoman empire. Rather it generated basically unstable polities and, in the special case of Palestine, one totally unresolved, and possibly unsolvable, conflict. The result was to leave the Middle East as perhaps the most volatile part of the world in the later twentieth century and beyond. The main purpose of the book is to examine why this was so.
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British Military Intervention and the Struggle for Jordan: King Hussein ...
No preview available - 2009 | <urn:uuid:6a55437a-881d-46df-83f0-94eae4514bb8> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVC_MTLmF2EC | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006885.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00049-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955821 | 333 | 3 | 3 |
Sortir belong to the 3rd
group. Sortir is a very common french verb.
Sortir is conjugated the same way that verbs that end in : -tir
Sortir is conjugated with the two auxiliaries être
Sortir verb is
direct transitive, intransitive.
French verb sortir can be conjugated in the reflexive form: Se sortir
verb is a direct transitive verb, so passive voice can be used.
Attention: passive voice can only be used when sortir verb is conjugated with auxiliary avoir. | <urn:uuid:0d8ce2d8-e7a1-48c8-8325-f1870794b8ab> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.frenchconjugation.com/sortir.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946077.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423144933-20180423164933-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.76912 | 126 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Drone spraying is gaining ground over traditional sprays techniques. At the same time it requires to work with very concentrate tank mixes and the propeller system generates higher drift than tractors or backpack sprayers. Our R&D has developed many products to overcome these difficulties
Drones aren’t a new technology. But thanks to investment and a relaxed regulatory environment, their time may have arrived: The value of drone-powered solutions in all applicable industries could be more than $127 billion, according to reports. And one of the most promising areas is agriculture, where drones have the potential to address major challenges (e.g., shortage of labor, tough terrain, etc.)
Drone technology is giving agriculture a high-tech makeover. Here are some ways drones will be used throughout the crop cycle:
- Soil and field analysis: By producing precise 3-D maps for early soil analysis, drones can play a role in planning seed planting and gathering data for managing irrigation and nitrogen levels.
- Crop spraying: Drones can scan the ground, spraying in real time for even coverage. The result: aerial spraying is five times faster with drones than traditional backpack sprayers.
- Crop monitoring: Inefficient crop monitoring is a huge obstacle. With drones, time-series animations can show the development of a crop and reveal production inefficiencies, enabling better management.
So while more and more drones are being deployed in some countries, much of the spraying has come with unintended consequences. The reason is simple: Drone manufacturers and drone operators in general lack agronomic expertise. For example, many drones come out of the factory with the wrong nozzle type to spray. Thus, in many cases operator exposure to chemicals is still there, and drift to neighboring fields is also a big issue. A lot of product is wasted into thin air not hitting its intended target.
Our Agro R&D Team has developed many products to overcome these difficulties
Register to access technological insights and resources about adjuvants and co-formulants created by Lamberti. | <urn:uuid:adf48d87-cdc7-4902-8d51-b5cc30a3610d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://agriculture.lamberti.com/applied-science/Drone-Spraying.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103642979.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629180939-20220629210939-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.93967 | 432 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Interesting Ideas For Writing A Research Paper About Endangered Species
Research papers can be written on any subject that the teacher chooses, and when you are given the title, the best thing that you will need to do is to take your time and research into it so that you have a better chance of presenting a strong paper. A discussion on endangered species is a very good way for you to present a strong argument while at the same time proposing alternative means of making sure that the endangered species can be taken care of.
What you must realize about papers like these is that they are not necessarily aimed at getting you to write about the environment in a way you have never done before. You are supposed to be looking at the ecosystem from a conservative point of view. The following are some of the ideas that you can think about when you are working on this particular paper:
- Discuss the term endangered species, giving a clear definition and description of terms. Explain how species come to be endangered and if any, discuss any possible alternatives that we have with respect to this problem.
- Discuss the details of the Endangered Species Act of 1973
- Explain how climate change has contributed to the endangered species debacle
- Discuss how human beings and their activities contribute to the challenges that are currently faced by endangered species
- Discuss some of the prominent legislation that have been passed in the 20th century beside the Endangered Species Act of 1973, with respect to environmental awareness on the endangered species
- Discuss some of the activities that we can take as individuals to make sure that we protect the endangered species from extinction
- Going by the current rate of misuse of the animals, what are some of the animal species that are on the brink of extinction?
- Discuss how activities like poaching have led to the continued demise of wild animals from their natural habitat.
- Illegal activities such as poaching has always been linked to things like drug trafficking and most recently terrorism. Discuss the correlation between these vices.
- From a scientific point of view, discuss how cloning would help to restore the balance in the ecosystem. Is it a viable option?
- Discuss extinction and some of the natural causes of extinction
- Discuss CITES with respect to endangered species
- Are endangered species worth the trouble we go through to protect them? Discuss.
professional secrets for writing a strong term paper | <urn:uuid:b8c95a1c-ff7c-45a0-822b-10b7606a474f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://arituckerwrites.com/how-to-write-a-research-paper-about-endangered-species | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805242.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119004302-20171119024302-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.938006 | 474 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Fred Wiseman took off on February 17, 1911 with a handful of mail, flying from Petaluma to Santa Rosa, California. He flew about 100 feet off the ground at a maximum speed of 70 mph. He carried letters from Petaluma’s mayor and town leaders and copies of the local newspaper. Forced down by engine trouble, Wiseman resumed his flight the next morning, using a tarp as a runway. Over a farmhouse, he tossed a newspaper to a woman working in her yard. Near Santa Rosa, a wire caught in the propeller. Wiseman was down again. Nevertheless, he stepped out to a growing, cheering crowd who picked up the pilot and his mail and drove them into town.
(On loan from the National Air and Space Museum.)
Narrator: The era of airmail began in Petaluma, California in 1911.
An intrepid aviator named Fred wiseman took two days to fly a handful have mail from Petaluma to Santa Rosa, California.
His plane never flew faster than 70 miles per hour nor higher than a hundred feet off the ground.
Wiseman carried letters for town leaders, groceries, and copies of the local newspaper.
Passing over a woman's farmhouse, he tossed a newspaper down to her.
History doesn't know your name, but she was the first person to receive US airmail. | <urn:uuid:683a367f-bf2b-4ba7-8431-e1373ca53022> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://postalmuseum.si.edu/museum-highlight/the-wiseman-cooke-airplane | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949331.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330132508-20230330162508-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.969973 | 287 | 3.515625 | 4 |
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