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Scientists are prying 8,000 feet beneath the Earth's crust. Their goal: to explore a geological formation that underlies Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York that they believe could be usable as a storage locker for carbon emissions from coal and natural gas plants.
The intended receptacle for the carbon dioxide is the Newark Basin, layers of rock and sand thousands of feet below the Garden State. It was born in the late Triassic period, from 201 million to 251 million years ago, when supercontinent Pangea was still splitting. The Atlantic didn't yet exist, and only a lake separated the Jersey Shore from the coast of Mauritania (now near the Sahara Desert in Africa).
Now federal officials and academics are exploring the Newark Basin with an eye toward the future, to see if it can hold gasses produced through the use of fossil fuels.
The idea is that carbon emissions would be pressurized and piped deep underground, away from the atmosphere, where they would remain indefinitely.
"Here in the metropolitan New York area, in New York, New Jersey, there's a lot of hydrocarbons being burned, a lot of CO2 generated," explained Rutgers professor Dennis Kent. "The idea is to find a place near where the CO2 is generated to find a resting home."
Kent is working with experts from Rutgers, Columbia University, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Sandia Technologies exploring the idea for the National Energy Technology Laboratory.
The team has about $10 million in federal money to spend in its research, as do similar groups of scientists looking at the Black Warrior Basin in Alabama and the Rock Springs Uplift in Wyoming.
"Congress said go out and characterize 10 specific sites, and gather even more specific sites," explained NETL's John Litynski. "These are the first to actually complete their drilling operations."
The first drilling site in this round of funding was off the New York State Thruway just north of the Jersey border, where scientists extracted core samples from around an 8,000-foot section of the Earth's history.
The workers used a tall drill rig suitable for mineral exploration and attracted their fair share of attention from curious passing motorists, Litynski said.
They already had some shallower cores of earth in hand from earlier studies near Princeton and Rutgers in New Brunswick.
Litynski said the government has spent about $1.1 billion since 1997 on the technology known as carbon sequestration, which some experts think is necessary to containing emissions that drive global warming.
"Carbon capture and storage technologies offer the potential for reducing CO2 emissions and, in turn, mitigating global climate change without adversely influencing energy use or hindering economic growth," states a NETL fact sheet.
Some environmentalists disagree with that: Greenpeace International put out a report calling the technology a "dangerous distraction" and questioning its safety and efficacy.
Some New Jersey environmentalists agree.
"Whenever you hide (carbon) in a rock formation, whether it's off the coast or on land, if you have an earthquake or natural pressure from gas in the land trying to rise, there could be a fissure or a crack and it could wind up getting released," said Jeff Tittel, director of the New Jersey Sierra Club. "What's disturbing is the Newark Basin is under one of the more populated areas of the country. If there was a breach, it could be catastrophic; you could be jeopardizing the lives of thousands of people."
The Newark Basin may be one of the first sites to be explored, but it's a relative blank slate compared with the others, since New Jersey hasn't traditionally been drilled much by the oil and gas industry.
No conclusions have been drawn yet, but the work shows promise, according to Paul Olsen, a Columbia professor who works in Palisades, N.Y., at the school's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
"We don't have a lot of data at the moment, because we're still in the process of the analyses," Olsen said. "The assumption was that you'd have extensive sandstones. That is borne out by the new results."
Sandstone is good news because it's a porous type of rock that carbon emissions can be stored in and around: Picture a bucket of golf balls, explained Kent.
"If you had a bunch of golf balls and you look at 'em, there's going to be spaces in between. Many sediment particles are round, they're not square and they can't fit together exactly," Kent said. "That creates space that, in our case, we're looking for so we can push some of the CO2 (emissions in). What you need for carbon sequestration is, you've got to put it somewhere."
But that doesn't mean compressed liquid or gas CO2 will be pumped under the Garden State any time soon, even after $1 billion of federal spending exploring the option of sequestration.
It's likely to be many years before the Newark Basin is pumped full of carbon emissions, if it ever is.
"This is just a first step," Kent said. "Chances are in our lifetimes, it may never be used for this purpose. It's just to get an assessment for the potentials."
Eliot Caroom: (973) 392-7919 or firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:9e797359-1619-4ec4-b499-f4ec4d96cbf3> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.nj.com/business/index.ssf/2012/06/a_carbon_sequestration_graveya.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098849.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00111-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957126 | 1,102 | 3.609375 | 4 |
At DentalHouse, we believe in the importance of taking care of your overall health so that you can smile brightly and with confidence at Christmas and throughout the year. Here are our 5 top tips for keeping your health in check this holiday season: 1. Don’t overindulge (too much) Let’s face it, food plays a [...]
Gum disease is an infection of the tissues surrounding the teeth. Infection leads to a red, swollen and tender area. This area often bleeds when the teeth are brushed or the tender area is touched. How does gum disease come about? Gum disease comes about when large amounts of bacteria branch together to form a [...]
Sugar is the single largest cause of dental caries (or tooth decay as it is more commonly known) The facts: Twenty-three percent of 8-year-olds and 40% of 15-year-olds consume sweet snacks or drinks between normal meals three or more times a day10; half (48%) of all adults snack between meals, most commonly on biscuits and [...]
Gum disease is an infection of the tissues that surround and support your teeth. It is a major cause of tooth loss. Because gum disease (also know was periodontal disease) is usually painless, you may not know you have it. It is caused by plaque, the sticky film of bacteria that is constantly forming on [...]
Your children’s oral health and brushing habits can have a huge impact on their long-term dental health We know that helping your child get into the habit of brushing twice a day for two minutes is not an easy task so we have developed our 5 top tips to make brushing fun for your little [...]
€225 with €50 donation to Alan McGarry Love's charitable efforts in aid of Associação Cultural Somos Crianças Orphanage in Brazil. Offer Valid until 31/7/18 Quote "alanmcgarrylove" to get yours.
DentalHouse would like to thank all Trinity students who took part in our May student promotion.
Team DentalHouse are proud to announce that we have been awarded WhatClinic's 2018 Patient Service Award for great customer service! | <urn:uuid:ed25d0af-3061-4c3c-9884-74dd4fff86a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://dentalhouse.ie/category/general-dentist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823442.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210191406-20181210212906-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.966237 | 450 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Gemini's Public Information Officer Opens the Public Information and Outreach Office
August 3, 1998
"Gemini Observatory Update", to appear in Hilo's Herald Tribune, Friday August 7th.
Archeologists estimate that somewhere between 1500-2000 years ago, the first Polynesians arrived in Hawai'i. Few would argue that the stars were an important guide as these early explorers migrated across the vast Pacific. While the first Hawaiians saw essentially the same sky we see today, our understanding of the universe has changed remarkably since then.
We can only guess what the first Hawaiians thought about the nature of our universe. However, I think it's safe to say that most early Hawaiians knew more naked-eye astronomy than most folks today. As devoted and skilled sky watchers, the Polynesians and Hawaiians were among the most proficient early astronomers on our planet. Today, this legacy of skywatching continues atop Mauna Kea as a revolutionary new observatory called Gemini keeps the spirit of exploration alive and well in Hawai'i.
The Gemini 8-meter Observatory Project is part of an international effort to create two identical large telescopes - one in Hawai'i to study the sky lying over the northern hemisphere, and one in Chile to observe the southern sky. Together, these telescopes will help to propel our understanding of the universe to new heights.
However, lofty goals like these often start from humble beginnings. Currently, the Gemini staff can be found in temporary offices located in downtown Hilo where computer boxes serve as office walls and staff have become very close - literally! A few miles away, local contractors and technicians are scrambling to ready Gemini's new Northern Operations Center at Hilo's University Park. When fully occupied, as many as 70 staff will live and work in Hilo, supporting each of these 100 million-dollar state-of-the-art observatories on each side of the globe. This facility will also serve as the primary observatory headquarters for at least the next 2 years.
Outside the new Hilo headquarters, seven flags display the colors of the partner countries that have contributed to make this project a reality. The United States, through the National Science Foundation, is contributing about 50% of the cost of this project, while the flags of Canada, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Australia also fly high over the new Hilo facility.
Upon entering the new Hilo facility, a large window in the front lobby reveals the brains of Gemini - "mission control" where the telescope atop Mauna Kea (and even the scope in Chile) can be controlled. Director Dr. Matt Mountain maintains that, "Remote observing is the most efficient way to run a large telescope like Gemini. With a minimum staff on the summit and scientific staff in Hilo, people work much smarter and we can make much better use of the facility."
Over 2 miles above Gemini headquarters, the first of the twin telescopes is almost ready to start collecting starlight with its huge mirror. In late June, the 8.1 meter mirror (27 feet across) made its 3 day voyage from Kawaihae Harbor to the Gemini Observatory site. As the biggest single-piece mirror ever transported to the summit, the 28 foot-wide crate required road improvements and even temporary removal of road signs before the mirror could make its way up the Saddle Road to its home on the top of Hawai'i.
Because Gemini uses a relatively thin mirror, it requires a special support structure to adjust for sagging of the mirror due to its own weight (about 25 US Tons). As of this writing, the support structure or "mirror-cell" is awaiting passage through the Panama Canal and should be mated with the mirror in the next few months. Then a thin coat of reflective metal will be applied to the mirror's surface and this collection of glass, metal and electronics will be transformed into one of the world's most powerful telescopes.
Late this year it is anticipated that the Gemini telescope atop Mauna Kea will celebrate "first-light" when the first image taken through a UH camera glows on a computer monitor down in Hilo. Following this event, systems will be further tested and refined, instruments will be added and scientists will start using the telescope to do what Gemini will do best - explore the depths of our universe.
"Once scientific work begins at Gemini in late 1999 we should immediately start to realize some of the scientific goals of the project," said Gemini astronomer Dr. Phil Puxley. These goals include uncovering evidence for new planetary systems beyond our solar system, providing a better understanding of the evolution of stars and galaxies, and even observing the most distant galaxies ever seen to learn how our universe began and might ultimately end.
Finding answers to big questions is what makes us human and undoubtedly what led the first Polynesians to Hawai'i. The staff and scientists of the Gemini project are proud to be part of this exciting Hawaiian heritage of exploration and to be an active part of the Big Island community.
With the establishment of the Gemini Public Information and Outreach Office, local residents, educators and students are invited to contact me if you have questions about our facility, or astronomy in general. I can be reached at 933-7110, or at 974-2510 once we move to our new headquarters by the second week in August. I can also be contacted by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:35e54b9a-231c-4a0b-aad3-21a5f7b83cc7> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.gemini.edu/node/41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661974.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00012-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938549 | 1,115 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Senate Agriculture Committee Chairman Anthony Cannella (R-Ceres) held an informational hearing at the California Science Center in Los Angeles highlighting the multibillion-dollar toll on California’s economy caused by invasive pest infestations and the importance of coordination between rural and urban communities in stopping these pests.
“Experts peg the negative economic impact caused by invasive pests at $3 billion every year, making pest prevention a concern for all California communities – not just those in rural areas,” said Sen. Cannella. “Today’s hearing offered an important opportunity to better understand the harm invasive pests pose to urban landscaping, waterways and public health and to discuss the role urban communities play in pest prevention and control.”
Recently, much of Florida’s citrus crop was destroyed by the Asian citrus psyllid, which spreads Huanglongbing, the most devastating disease of citrus in the world. The pest was first discovered in California in 2008; last year, quarantines were in effect in parts of Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties. In October, officials discovered five live Khapra beetle larvae and two dead adults in shipments stopped at the Los Angeles International Airport and at the Los Angeles-Long Beach port complex, respectively. The Khapra beetle destroys seeds and grains, including rice, which is one of California’s top agricultural commodities.
“In light of our state’s persistent budget crisis, it will be all the more important in the months ahead to leverage local, state and federal partnerships to control these invasive pests, which can wreak havoc on our state’s $37 billion agriculture industry and can contribute to rising food prices,” continued Cannella. “I look forward to working with our agriculture industry, academic research and urban community partners in the months ahead to continue protecting our state from invasive pests.”
Testifying at today’s hearing were California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services Director Dr. Robert Leavitt, United States Department of Agriculture Plant Protection and Quarantine California Plant Health Director Helene Wright, Los Angeles County Agricultural Commissioner Kurt Floren, Lindcove Research and Extension Center Director Dr. Beth Grafton-Cardwell, University of California Cooperative Extension County Director and Environmental Horticulture Advisor Dr. John Kabashima, and Village Nurseries’ Mike Babineau. | <urn:uuid:9645fade-312c-4da4-8184-5c0d6008aeac> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.westernfarmpress.com/government/invasive-pests-inflict-multibillion-dollar-toll-california | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211403.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817010303-20180817030303-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.907672 | 504 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Examples of use
In major keys, major chords are found on the I, IV and V (1st, 4th and 5th) degrees of the scale.
In F major, that means F, Bb and C. These three chords form the basis of a huge number of popular songs.
In a minor key, a major chord is found on the III, V and VI (3rd, 5th and 6th) degrees of the scale.
For example, in Bb minor, there are major chords on Db, Gb and F | <urn:uuid:acea6e6e-8360-4fff-9655-659db55001ee> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/F.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482284.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205213531-20191206001531-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.973524 | 116 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Wellness is a state of complete physical, psychological, and social health. It is defined by the World Health And Wellness Organization as the lack of ailment, infirmity, and also handicap. Nevertheless, different meanings of health exist, including one that concentrates on mental health and wellness. All the same, the World Health and wellness Organization defines health and wellness broadly. For instance, people that remain in health are typically better, have less anxiety, and also live longer than those that are in poor health.
Health and wellness can be impacted by numerous variables, consisting of genetics as well as way of life. For instance, higher socioeconomic standing has been connected to better health, better education and learning, and also far better access to healthcare. On the other hand, reduced socioeconomic status is related to more stress and anxiety, poorer health, and more marital and financial instability. Furthermore, bad wellness is commonly worsened by social variables, such as absence of access to healthy and balanced foods.
In 1948, the Globe Health Organization (WHO) adopted a constitution that recognized health and wellness as a fundamental human right. According to the constitution, everybody deserves to enjoy the highest achievable requirement of health, no matter race, political ideas, or financial status. In addition, many country states have actually recommended the right to health and wellness in their constitutions. Therefore, they are legally called for to shield the right to wellness and also attend to its determinants.
The meaning of wellness is regularly altering, integrating brand-new findings and changing beliefs. Health can impact a person’s emotional health, the method they associate with their peers, and the method they communicate with the environment. It can additionally affect their physical problem and the capacity to perform social activities. In short, it is necessary to identify what type of health is right for each person as well as create methods accordingly.
The plurality of interpretations of wellness shows the multiplicity of contexts that specify it. Among the first contexts in which the idea arises is the house context. Within this context, ideas make good sense mainly within the home, yet also outside the home. It is essential to recognize that conceptualizing is a procedure of building a phenomenon, including its boundary as well as web content. The goal of conceptualizing is to provide it a specific significance and identity. Moreover, most concepts of wellness indicate a social connection between the specific and also culture.
To put it simply, health and wellness is a state of full physical, mental, as well as social wellness. Health and wellness might also be specified as the lack of illness or infirmity. The Globe Health Organization has actually used many different definitions of health and wellness. But the basic meaning of health is that of total physical, mental, as well as social health, as well as is a reflection of an individual’s genetics, physical environment, and also way of life. Yet it is additionally a state of well-being as well as the ability to handle day-to-day jobs and also demands.
However, the definition of healthiness is not simple and relies on a range of aspects. As an example, a private with a weak heart might be not able to carry out well in a literally requiring atmosphere. In contrast, a person with a strong immune system might be able to cope with physical hardships and also conditions. Moreover, a person’s psychological condition may additionally affect their physical weight and basic performance.
While Australians have accessibility to high quality health and wellness information, there are still several elements of the healthcare system that lack adequate details to sustain policymaking. The absence of nationwide information, incomplete and hard to reach data, and also absence of person-centred data are all indicators of data gaps. Additionally, data are not in a meaningful layout, as well as some information might not be representative of one individual.
Health and wellness disparities are one more problem worsened by socioeconomic status as well as race. Indigenous Americans, Hispanics, as well as other ethnic groups, specifically Blacks, have consistently encountered obstacles to healthiness. These spaces can be reduced by boosting possibilities for all. By enhancing accessibility to premium education and learning, better job leads, and also enrichment opportunities, variations in wellness can be closed.
Historically, health and wellness was considered to be a vital factor in human existence. Greek thinkers understood health as the equilibrium as well as unity of the heart and soul. Additionally, they highlighted the relevance of proper diet regimen and exercise for a healthy way of life. Similarly, old Indian and also Chinese medicine integrated comparable concepts. According to the Greek philosopher Pindar, “Health and wellness is a state of convenience and also absence of discomfort.” These ideas of health and wellness have been influential in the history of medication.
Achieving and keeping wellness is an ongoing process. It is shaped by adjustments in understanding as well as healthcare methods, arranged interventions, and personal methods.
Preserving and attaining good health is vital for living life to the greatest. A healthy and balanced way of living aids the body as well as the mind regrow and also stop illness. It also aids extend an individual’s life-span. In other words, wellness is an energetic way of life that advertises wellness and also protects against condition. It is also a matter of maintaining the body’s all-natural metabolic efficiency.
Regardless of the variations in between races and ethnic groups, Americans can gain from boosted health and wellness and well-being. Raising chances for every person can help in reducing gaps in wellness and also enhance health equity. Improved access to education and learning, job opportunity, and enrichment chances for all people can assist to improve the lifestyle and also decrease health and wellness disparities. Nevertheless, boosting health is difficult, and also there are a range of barriers in the method of health.
Accessibility to details concerning health and wellness is vital for the health care system in modern-day society. While wellness information is commonly offered in Australia, there are still information spaces that can limit the efficiency of treatment. There are several reasons for data gaps. For example, in some areas there are no national wellness information at all, or the data is not detailed or meaningful. Furthermore, some data are event-based, as opposed to person-centred. This means it is hard to track the use of multiple services by a bachelor, and it is difficult to establish how that individual uses a number of services at the same time. Article source
Health-related lifestyle has ended up being a significant concern in public health. The Globe Health and wellness Organization defines health and wellness as a person’s complete physical, mental, and also social wellness. In 2005, the that identified the importance of enhancing people’s quality of life. With life expectancy increasing, researchers are looking beyond morbidity and mortality prices to gauge lifestyle. | <urn:uuid:c205290a-8010-4401-a8e3-88e85cc45511> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://thefreebiesworld.com/currently-is-the-time-for-you-to-know-the-truth-about-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710813.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201121601-20221201151601-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.96988 | 1,389 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Bands of strong thunderstorms are wrapping around the center of Tropical Storm Anggrek in the Southern Indian Ocean, according to satellite imagery. NASA's Aqua satellite captured an infrared look at those strong thunderstorms today.
NASA's Aqua satellite passed over Anggrek on Nov. 3 at 07:05 UTC (3:05 a.m. EDT) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard captured an infrared image of the cold thunderstorms within the system. The image showed that strong, high thunderstorm cloud tops tightly circled the storm's center. There was also strong convection (rapidly rising air that forms the thunderstorms the power a tropical cyclone) along the southern edge of the low-level center of circulation.
At 0900 UTC (5 a.m. EDT), Tropical Storm Anggrek's maximum sustained winds were near 50 knots (57 mph) with higher gusts. It was about 140 nautical miles south of the Cocos Islands near 14.6 South and 96.9 East. It was moving southwest near 7 mph and is expected to continue moving in that direction.
Anggrek is in an area of moderate vertical wind shear (winds that can weaken and tear apart a tropical cyclone). By the weekend, Anggrek is forecast to steadily weaken and dissipate as it encounters cooler waters and stronger wind shear. | <urn:uuid:c6560d14-2580-43bd-bdf8-6e3fa2d40a68> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-11/nsfc-tsa110310.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686077.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919235817-20170920015817-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.937424 | 283 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Massachusetts is leading the charge in dual-use solar installations, making it possible to grow some crops and pasture animals while generating clean energy.
By Sarah Shemkus Read full Civil Eats article here
he solar panels in the fields at the University of Massachusetts Crop Research and Education Center don’t look like what most of us have come to expect. Instead of hunkering close to the earth, they’re mounted seven feet off the ground, with ample room for farmers or cows to wander underneath. Panels are separated by two- and three-foot gaps, instead of clustering tightly together. Light streams through these spaces and, underneath, rows of leafy kale and Brussels sprouts replace the typical bare earth or grass.
This unusual arrangement is one of the first examples of a dual-use solar installation—sometimes called agrivoltaics. It’s a photovoltaic array that’s raised far enough off the ground and spaced in such a way that some crops can still grow around and beneath the panels. The goal is to help farmers diversify their income through renewable energy generation, while keeping land in agricultural use and reducing greenhouse gas emissions…. | <urn:uuid:5223bc09-0234-4fcb-a77f-9d9edf240a14> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://elliecohen.org/2019/01/24/agrivoltaics-solar-panels-on-farms-could-be-a-win-win/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740679.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815035250-20200815065250-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.907353 | 243 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Relationships and Resources
An Origin of Man's Needs
A person engages in relationships to meet physical and spiritual needs, as well as to better create an identity for the self. These are also reasons people engage in parasocial relationships. Parasocial relationships are one-sided interpersonal relationships that are made possible by technological mediation. These types of bonds allow for a projection of identity onto partners who are not engaged in the relationship, hence the one-sided nature of these relationships. For most people, such relationships take the form of emotional attachment to celebrities, or even attachment to fictional characters portrayed by celebrities. Advances in technology increasingly create the possibility of parasocial bonds that are not just mediated by technology, as in the case of reading about a celebrity’s personal life, but that exist with the technology itself. This is especially the case with technology that emulates human intelligence or is otherwise personified. However, the meaning must still be created and contextualized by human authors, or as Thomas Streeter wrote, “a new gadget has to be given social meaning.”
Social relationships have historically helped humans survive and thrive as a practical concern by gathering and sharing resources. Just as no person is an island unto him/herself, no person is able to live without some aid from others. Emotions are feedback loops that reinforce this need for both sociability and resources, with negative emotions resulting from not gaining enough external life-giving resources. These resources contribute to human consciousness in a direct way, as long-term memory requires new proteins to expand, but short-term memory does not. If a person were a goldfish with no memory and an eternally-repeating present moment, an extension of the self and abstracted relationships would not be necessary or desired. Implicit memory reinforces skills and reflexes through synaptic consolidation, but explicit memory, which is in charge of human consciousness, aids recollection in humans so that they seek to actively further life and minimize a waste of resources. The potential to understand death as a possible future, or to perceive of a future at all, is what gives humankind the power of imagination.
Extending the Self With Technology
Questions of Authorship
Imagination, coupled with the desire to minimize risk and maximize reward, has encouraged humankind to create technologies that serve to distance itself from life-threatening situations. Technology, then, is an extended body for humankind’s ideas, a safe means of transportation to new intellectual arenas without fear of harm to a corporeal form. But extending the self into forms that are not human bodies and/or creating devices that in some way mimic human traits are both potential ways to create some confusion about the origins of technologically-mediated minds. Is the technology acting on its own agency and sentience? Or does it just serve as a conduit for human sentience? Sometimes, it is clear what the origin of the idea or communication is; when a person answers his/her voicemail, he/she doesn’t think the phone has crafted the message. Quite the opposite, an ingrained technology may be so invisible that a person does not even consciously consider the mediation of the communication. As Marshall McLuhan said, “The content blinds us to the form.” However, an answering machine potentially obscures the origins of a message. If someone doesn’t leave a name and number, the origin of the message may be unknown.
In a similar way, mediated technologies like books or television obscure the original author of the message. In a narrative format, this is done purposely to create a suspension of disbelief in the audience that allows it to relate directly to fictional characters rather than the original author. One of the most enduring examples of narrative transportation into perceiving characters as real are those that appear in religious texts such as the Christian Bible. For many people, this transportation is so complete as to grant agency to characters from these texts, fully believing that the character of God is the actual author of the text. Like the example of the answering machine, the technology of the book obscures the original author, making it unclear if it was God or human.
Bringing the Fire of Choice to Man
In the modern world, consumers understand that all communications ultimately have a human origin, even if technology obscures that origin. As Kevin Kelly writes, advances in technology are the expressions of personal decisions made by humans, with the technology acting on personal agency. This lack of real agency is true for characters in stories as well. All characters are the results of human endeavor. But the potential for creating a sentient technology granted with its own agency is a popular subject for fictional narratives. An example of this is in the viral video/fictional TED talk for the movie Prometheus. In it, technocratic CEO Peter Weyland (actor Guy Pearce) states that “We...can create cybernetic individuals...who will be completely indistinguishable from us. Which leads to an obvious conclusion...We are the gods now.” The character’s assumption is that creating a sentient artificial life would elevate humankind in relation to the new consciousness. But if God or the gods are just characters whose agency is determined by human authors, then becoming God or gods is tantamount to becoming characters who are no longer in control of their own destinies.
However, the more popular notion among humanity for achieving godhood is not a loss of agency, but an acquisition of power. As Henry Miller wrote in The Colossus of Maroussi, “If men cease to believe that they will one day become gods, then they will surely become worms.” Other stories conflate the same point with stark literalness, as when the protagonist Leto Atreides II, in pursuit of power, simultaneously becomes both sandworm and God Emperor in Frank Herbert’s Dune novels. All of these stories have in common a human author’s offered opinion on the meaning of self and identity, and these opinions are fictionally reinforced by the agency granted to the characters espousing “their” viewpoints, not the author’s. The technology of the book or movie creates a gap between the author’s real-world self and his or her ideas, and this gap allows for a self-examination that is only possible through media. The audience considers the author’s voice in constructing the message, but also examines the ideas of the text separate from their origin (this is of course even easier to do if the author’s real identity is obscured or distorted). In this way, assuming abstracted points of view and ideas through mediated sources is an exercise in continually constructing and defining a personality for the self.# This potentially leads to solipsism and the idea that people themselves are not inherently interesting, but relevant only for what ideas those people express.
What Happens When Our Ideas Gain Their Own Skin?
If people are valued because of their ideas and opinions, and not as defined by their corporeal form, then it is not that much of a leap to grant agency to other forms that can prove sentience. Which is where we will continue in the next part of this examination of parasocial relationships. Would you like to know more? | <urn:uuid:a4ff86d5-ca17-4e29-ad89-b3bb99c89fa8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.infobarrel.com/Defining_the_Self_Through_Parasocial_Relationships | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822116.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017144041-20171017164041-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.950283 | 1,461 | 3.25 | 3 |
Bryanston Science Society explores the ocean depths
On 14 November the Science Society welcomed Dr Jon Copley, an Associate Professor in Marine Ecology at Southampton University and also the current British record holder for the individual who has dived deepest under the ocean.
Dr Copley’s talk, the third of this term’s Science Society lectures, was about life at the bottom of the deep oceans, which cover half of the planet but appear very alien to us on the surface. In particular he discussed his discoveries of new species around geothermal vents caused by the separation of tectonic plates. He even brought some preserved examples of crabs and shrimps from these exotic locations and a sample of solidified lava from the seabed that we could pass around and touch.
Expeditions mean living and working on a ship for months at a time and recent exploration has included the East Scotia Ridge near South Georgia. The main tool used is a remotely controlled submarine about the size of a car which can dive to 6,500m. It stays at depth for a long time powered by an umbilical cable and controlled by scientists on board the ship. While exploring the Cayman trench Dr Copley also used a manned submarine. The sub is not connected to the ship and is battery powered, limiting the time it can be used. The pressure inside is kept at 1 atmosphere while the pressure outside is thousands of times greater. The cabin is a perfect sphere of thick titanium to withstand the pressure. Looking through a porthole offers opportunities to explore that are not possible with a remote controlled camera.
During the talk Dr Copley also revealed some of the technical developments made possible by this research including new optical fibres, cancer drugs and low temperature biological washing powders. He finished with a statement that was evidently true from all we had seen and heard, that this research offers the chance to explore the unknown in a way that few scientific fields can. | <urn:uuid:b12ad3cb-5152-4e5f-b4e5-8a0ba61efabd> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.bryanston.co.uk/news/?pid=3&nid=57&storyid=161 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102757.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816231829-20170817011829-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.959926 | 397 | 3.140625 | 3 |
- TO ENJOY NATURE -
Outdoor Education includes educational activities which are based on the use of the natural environment as a privileged pedagogical setting where children can have educational experiences and learn by doing, thus stimulating long-term memory.
Practicing didactics in nature, does not simply mean moving the educational activities outside, but rather contextualizing teaching in a natural environment that becomes a real classroom with enormous educational potential. It means involving children in this “natural classroom” at 360°, so that he or she can experiment, marvel, play, and explore. Children thus are exposed to a natural learning that is not constrained by a rigid educational program. Being in close contact with nature and learning in a natural environment, will also foster the development of new skills, such as motor, creative and interpersonal skills through a sensory and experience-based approach.
We believe that it is necessary for children to live real experiences in nature and establish a functional pedagogical link between nature and learning in order to become conscious and aware adults. Through Environmental Education, children will be educated about sustainability and environmental issues, motivated and encouraged to protect our planet and be more aware of the world around them.
The childhood benefits related to the rediscovered bond with nature, also concern the child’s psycho-physical well-being.
A great number of scientific evidence has demonstrated countless positive implications of this bond with nature. For example, studies from the World Health Organization (WHO) reveal that a natural education reduces the possibility of long-term childhood disorders such as fragility. The WHO explains that children experiencing excessive sedentariness early on, often are subject to negative repercussions in learning and motor advancements.
Outdoor education also has a positive effect on the strengthening of the child’s immune defences and reducing anxiety and stress. As a direct consequence, children are less likely to fall sick, are more relaxed and show less concentration and behavioural problems.
- TO BE CHILDREN -
The natural environment plays an essential role, but it is important to combine this setting with specific educational objectives tailored to children’s age and personality.
In line with the ministerial guidelines on pre-school competences and key guidelines established at the European level, Iaia has four main priorities:
- Identity building: developing self-confidence, acting with awareness, feeling secure in the school context and building a positive self-image.
- Development of autonomy: trusting others, feeling satisfied doing things on one’s own and being able to ask for help. To be open to social relations with teachers and peers, to participate actively, to be able to understand one’s own potential and to express one’s feelings and opinions.
- Development of key competences (motor, cognitive, emotional, linguistic and social): playing, moving, manipulating, snooping, questioning, learning through experience and exploration, listening and understanding narrations, speaking both about factual events and inventing stories in a creative way.
- First experiences of citizenship: discovering and knowing how to live with other people, resolving disagreements that may arise through shared rules, showing interest in considering the point of view of others and understanding gender differences, recognising equal rights for all.
- to choose freely in the future by learning English -
The choice to teach in English at pre-school age will ensure that children attending Iaia have a reliable language base in English. This is fundamental for becoming aware citizens in an increasingly multicultural and multilingual society, as well as preparing students for future school choices.
Furthermore, neurolinguistic studies have shown that the early acquisition of several languages “sculpts” the child’s brain microanatomically, as opposed to the process of learning a second language when an adult.
This early language acquisition, leads to the development of phonological and morphosyntactic skills that will be stored in the implicit (long-term) memory, which is designed for automatic behaviour. As a result, there will be a natural use of the foreign language and a better acquisition of its pronunciation, morphology and syntax.
It has also been shown that learning a second language from an early age improves problem solving skills, encouraging creativity and abstract thinking.
IAIA offers an educational approach inspired by the CLIL method and based on the
T.P.R. -S (Total Physical Response – Storytelling), a teaching method which is particularly effective in the acquisition of new vocabulary. By combining a word with the relevant action, it allows the involvement of the child’s body and senses (visual, auditory and kinesthetic) in language acquisition.
As a result, our educational program has a playful pedagogical formula and is based on gaining experience in English during daily and concrete activities. The program includes hands-on activities, exploration of the natural world, songs, nursery rhymes, narratives, interactive activities and educational materials related to our pedagogical objectives.
The process of learning the foreign language will be supported mainly by the use of body language and facial expressions, allowing children to easily understand a concept before they even know the words, and without the need to translate the words into their mother tongue. It is important that the English language is used as much as possible so that children can learn from listening, emulation of sounds and repetition, which is essential to help understand the language and acquire its rhythm. In this way English is “experienced” in the general educational and emotional context.
The Italian language, instead, will be used in specific educational activities related to learning new and more complex concepts for Italian mother tongue children.
IAIA OUTDOOR EDUCATION
IAIA SRL SB – P.IVA 12306570016 – C.F. 12306570016 | Sede operativa: strada Pino Torinese 61 – 10020 Baldissero T.se (TO) – Sede legale: via Cavour 41 – 10123 TORINO | <urn:uuid:6faf0ceb-9e10-421b-b1b7-17149c66dfe5> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://iaiaedu.com/en/the-method/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103033816.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220624213908-20220625003908-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.94509 | 1,239 | 3.90625 | 4 |
The term FODMAP is an acronym, deriving from “Fermentable, Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides and Polyols“. The restriction of these FODMAPs from the diet has been found to have a beneficial effect for sufferers of irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders.
The low FODMAP diet is a dietary approach used to decrease/minimize symptoms of:
These symptoms are quite common and are present in a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. They are hard to treat and can be very disruptive. These symptoms are often present in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).
The FODMAP Foods
The term FODMAPs is used to describe a collection of short-chain carbohydrates found in many common foods. FODMAPs stands for Fermentable Oligo-, Di- and Mono-saccharides, and Polyols.
Consuming foods high in FODMAPs results in the above symptoms. These food items are poorly absorbed, highly osmotic and rapidly fermented by GI bacteria, leading to increased volume of liquid and gas in the GI tract, which then leads to GI tract distention that causes changes in GI motility, bloating, discomfort and flatulence.
A low FODMAP diet should result in a decrease in digestive symptoms. There is a cumulative effect of these foods on symptoms. In other words, eating foods with varying FODMAP values at the same time will add up, resulting in symptoms that you might not experience if you ate the food in isolation.
Click HERE to view or download a FODMAP Food Chart
F – Fermentable or produce gas
O – (Fructans and Galactans): Fructans are carbohydrates that are completely malabsorbed because the intestine lacks an enzyme to break their fructose-fructose bond. For this reason, fructans can contribute to bloating, gas, and pain. Wheat accounts for the majority of people’s fructan intake. Galactans are carbohydrates that are malabsorbed for the same reason as fructans; the intestine does not have the enzyme needed to break down galactans. Consequently, galactans can contribute to gas and GI distress.
D – (Lactose): Lactose is the carbohydrate found in cows, sheep’s and goat milk. Lactose intolerance is caused by partial or complete lack of the enzyme lactAse which digests lactose. When lactose is not completely digested, it contributes to the abdominal bloating, pain, gas and diarrhea, often occurring 30 minutes to two hours following the consumption of milk and milk containing products.
M – (Fructose): Fructose is a carbohydrate found in fruit, honey, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and agave syrup, but not all fructose containing foods need to be limited on a low FODMAPs diet. Fructose malabsorption is similar to lactose intolerance, in that fructose is not completely digested in the GI tract due to the lack of an enzyme, but unlike lactose intolerance the absorption of fructose is dependent on another carbohydrate, glucose. Therefore, fructose containing foods with a 1:1 ratio of fructose to glucose are generally well tolerated on FODMAPs diet and conversely, foods with excess fructose compared with glucose, such as apples, pears and mangos, will likely trigger abdominal symptoms.
A – and
P – (Polyols): Polyols are also known as sugar alcohols. They are found naturally in some fruits and vegetables and added as sweeteners to sugar-free gums, mints, cough drops and medications. Sugar alcohols have varying effects on the bowel.
Low FODMAP Diet instructions:
To assess your tolerance for these compounds, eliminate foods high in FODMAPs for 6-8 weeks and then gradually reintroduce foods to identify bothersome foods. Reintroduce one food every four days with a 2-week break between bothersome foods. The goal is to identify the threshold at which you are able to consume FODMAP containing foods without causing bothersome GI symptoms.
Foods that are high in FODMAPs may aggravate your GI complaints but they are not causing an allergic reaction or an autoimmune reaction in your body. The foods high in FODMAPs that elicit GI symptoms are causing functional discomfort in your gut that result in gas, bloating, distention etc.
Online Resources for More Information:
Gibson PR, Narrett, JS. Clinimal ramifications of malabsorption of fructose and other short-chain carbohydrates. Practical Gastroenterology, August 2007
Gibson PR, Sheperd SJ. Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach. J of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 25(2010) 252-258
Scarlat, K FODMAPs Basics, Well Balanced. Food. Life. Travel.
Scarlata, K. Successful Low FODMAP living. Today’s Dietitian, March 2012
Scarlata, K The FODMAPs Approach-Minimize Consumption of Fermentable Carbs to Manage Functional Gut Disorder Symptoms. Today’s Dietician, August 2010 | <urn:uuid:a4bf0260-c511-4e83-a71a-487c1e637be4> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.regionalgi.com/patient-care/fodmap-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155924.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919043926-20180919063926-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.91429 | 1,087 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Understanding the MECE Framework
The MECE Framework is a structured way to understand and analyze complex problems. It stands for Mutually Exclusive and Collectively Exhaustive. Its focus is to break down a problem into clear and complete parts. If you know the MECE Framework, you will have a better outlook on how to solve problems.
Stage 1 is to gather all related information and data. This is very important to gain a good understanding of the problem. For example, if it is about online dating, you need to explore the various stages and factors people go through when they do online dating.
Stage 2 is to break down the problem into separate categories. When it comes to online dating, this could mean categorizing the different stages that people go through. These stages can include making a profile, browsing, making contact, and going on dates. By categorizing them separately, you can analyze each part and find any issues or opportunities for improvement.
Stage 3 is to make an exhaustive analysis. For online dating, this means thinking about all possible factors and variables that can affect the process. You should consider individual preferences, messaging strategies, and profile attractiveness. This thorough analysis makes sure you do not miss anything, so you can understand online dating better.
By using the MECE Framework, you can get a structured and complete perspective on the different stages of online dating. This framework allows a systematic analysis that looks at all the factors which can help you succeed in online dating. By following the tips and advices provided by Dating9, you can get the best results out of your dating journey.
The Growing Popularity of Online Dating
With the rise of online dating platforms and the influential role of technology on modern dating, the popularity of online dating is soaring. From the convenience of finding potential partners to the diverse range of options available, this section explores the growing phenomenon of online dating and how it has transformed the way people approach romantic relationships. One of the newest and most innovative approaches to the online dating world is compassionate dating site – an online platform that utilizes psychologically driven algorithms to connect compatible individuals that are looking for meaningful, long–term relationships.
The Rise of Online Dating Platforms
Online dating platforms have shot up in popularity due to the rise of technology in recent years. Smartphones and the Internet have enabled people to connect in ways that were not possible before. This has created a surge in online dating services, catering to various interests and demographics.
- Online dating has become more common and diverse.
- People are taking advantage of the convenience and efficiency of online dating.
- Online services offer a larger selection of partners than traditional methods.
- Technology makes it easier to meet people with similar interests and values.
- Online dating gives people more control over their dating experience.
- The rise of online dating reflects a change in attitudes to digital interactions and relationships.
Furthermore, these services provide features such as messaging, profile creation, and compatibility testing to help users find compatible partners. Technology has also changed how people start relationships. Online dating platforms have become a key feature of modern dating culture, providing opportunities for connection and romance that were once limited by location.
It’s important to remember that online dating is continuously changing and adapting to meet the needs of users. With advances in technology and increased awareness of online safety, these platforms are becoming increasingly popular as they offer people new possibilities for finding love and companionship. A great way to find relationship success is by joining a dating older women dating site.
The Influence of Technology on Dating
Technology has had a major influence on dating lately. Online dating platforms give individuals access to more potential partners than ever before. This has changed the way people meet and form relationships, as tech makes communication much easier. Algorithms also play an essential role in matchmaking, using data and AI to find suitable matches. Tech has been beneficial for marginalized communities, providing a platform to connect with similar backgrounds and experiences.
Dating apps and websites make finding a partner much simpler and more accessible. People can browse profiles and communicate from the comfort of their own home, crossing geographical barriers. Personality tests and matchmaking algorithms help suggest compatible matches.
Tech has completely revolutionized the beginning stages of online dating. Creating an attractive profile with nice photos is crucial to catching the attention of potential partners. Crafting the first message is also a key factor that will make or break the connection. Online messaging tools allow people to take more time constructing their opening lines.
Studies have been conducted to assess the impact of online dating on relationships. Results reveal that technology has changed how people perceive relationships. Online dating has enabled individuals to explore different types of connections, like casual hookups or long-term partnerships.
It’s important to remember that there are certain challenges and setbacks related to online dating. Safety should be taken seriously, so be cautious about sharing personal details and meeting in person. Recognizing red flags is also necessary to avoid dangerous situations.
Lots of success stories have come from the influence of tech on dating. Individuals who may not have even crossed paths in real life can find their soulmate through online platforms. Tech gives people the opportunity to broaden their social circles and find love outside of their immediate environment. These success stories prove the positive effect technology has had on modern dating culture.
The 8 Stages of Online Dating
Embark on an exciting journey through the 8 stages of online dating. Discover the secrets behind choosing the perfect dating app or site, creating an irresistible profile, and mastering the art of the first move. We’ll explore the intricacies of navigating initial conversations, transitioning to in-person meetings, and defining the relationship. Learn how to stay patient, embrace setbacks, and have fun along the way. Plus, unlock essential safety precautions to ensure a secure online dating experience. Get ready to dive into the world of online romance!
Choosing the Right Dating App or Site
Choosing the right dating app or site is essential. Online dating platforms have made it simpler to meet new people. Technology has changed the way we date, giving us plenty of options.
Before deciding what to use, figure out your goal and what you want from a relationship. Different apps and sites provide different preferences. Research the platforms and compare them. Check out user demographics, success rates, and features. Pick a platform that’s right for you.
An intuitive interface can improve the online dating experience. Look for apps and sites that are easy to understand. Safety is important too. Go for platforms with strong security measures such as identity verification and moderation. Check if they offer resources on safe online dating practices.
Reading reviews from other users can help you. Pay attention to feedback on fake profiles, privacy, and user satisfaction. Trust your instincts when choosing. Finding success in online dating starts with the right platform.
Creating an attractive profile is also important. Remember, a picture is worth a thousand swipes. Pick the right dating app or site and create an appealing profile.
Creating an Attractive Profile
Creating an eye-catching profile is essential for online dating. It’s the first impression matches have of you. Experts say taking time to make an interesting profile can boost your chances of finding a compatible date. Here are three steps for making an attractive profile:
|1||Pick photos well: Select high-quality images that show who you are and what you like doing. Use different shots that show different aspects of your life, such as hobbies, activities, and interests. Don’t use group shots or heavily filtered pictures, as these can be misleading when meeting someone in person.|
|2||Write a compelling bio: Keep it short but engaging, giving potential matches a look into your personality and interests. Use your own voice and show off your sense of humor or special traits that make you different from others. Don’t include generic clichés or meaningless statements; instead, highlight what makes you genuinely interesting and date-worthy.|
|3||Highlight compatibility: Clearly say what you want in a partner to attract like-minded people. List specific qualities or values that are important to you in a relationship and explain why they’re meaningful. This helps filter out incompatible matches and boosts the chances of finding a good match.|
By following the above steps, you can create an attractive profile that catches the attention of potential dates. To make the profile even more eye-catching, consider adding personal anecdotes or stories that show who you are. Authenticity is key, so don’t be scared to show the real you.
You can also discuss your aspirations and goals in your profile. This gives potential matches a better understanding of what you’re looking for in a relationship and where you see yourself in the future.
Remember, an attractive profile isn’t just about getting as many matches as possible. It’s about finding the right match for you. Show your true self and let your profile portray your unique qualities. Putting effort into creating an attractive profile increases your chances of finding someone who truly appreciates and resonates with the real you.
Making the First Move: Messaging Tips
Messaging is a must when it comes to online dating. It’s the first move that starts the conversation between two individuals. It needs thoughtful and strategic communication for a successful connection. Here are key tips for sending messages in online dating:
- Start off personalized: Reference something from the person’s profile or show interest in their hobbies or interests. It shows that you have taken the time to read their profile.
- Keep it brief and interesting: Long-winded messages could be off-putting. Aim for an engaging message that captures attention and leaves wanting more.
- Respectful and courteous: Maintain a polite and respectful tone while messaging. Avoid overly forward or inappropriate comments.
- Show your personality: Let your true self shine through your messages. Inject humor, share interesting anecdotes, or showcase your passions.
- Don’t be scared to ask questions: Asking thoughtful questions shows genuine interest. It keeps the conversation going and lets you learn more about each other.
These tips help when making the first move in online dating. It sets the foundation for meaningful interactions and increases chances of success. Personalizing messages, keeping them engaging, being courteous, showing personality, and asking questions are key to successful online interactions. They help navigate the initial stages of online dating and create positive experiences.
Now, let’s explore the next stage: Navigating Initial Conversations and Assessing Compatibility. It’s like tightrope walking; it’s a 50-50 chance of finding a compatible partner or becoming awkward.
Navigating Initial Conversations and Assessing Compatibility
Choosing the perfect dating app or site is the first step when it comes to initial conversations. Crafting an attractive profile is important for finding compatible matches and starting engaging conversations. When messaging, use thoughtful and personalized messages to create a positive rapport with potential partners.
It’s essential to ask open-ended questions, actively listen, and show genuine interest in the other person during initial conversations. Taking the next step by arranging face-to-face meetings allows individuals to evaluate if their compatibility goes beyond virtual interactions.
As the conversations progress, one should discuss expectations, boundaries, and what each individual seeks from the relationship. Patience and enjoyment are key during this stage. Staying motivated, having fun, and maintaining an open mindset are key elements to finding a compatible partner. Lastly, safety is key – be aware of precautions and red flags to protect yourself throughout the online dating journey.
Transitioning from Online to Offline: The Importance of In-Person Meetings
Online dating is about transitioning from virtual communication to real-life meetings. This is very important for getting to know someone and creating a real connection. Research shows that successful relationships involve smooth transitions.
You need to choose the right dating app or site. Create an attractive profile and make the first move by sending interesting messages. As conversations progress, assess compatibility. Don’t rely on online communication; plan for in-person meetings.
Real-life dates are where the true essence of the relationship is explored further. Observe body language, tone of voice and chemistry. These elements help to build a genuine connection and understand if there is attraction.
Each stage of online dating contributes to the transition process. Building trust and rapport online lays the foundation for comfortable offline interactions. Take safety precautions during these transitions. Red flags should be observed and boundaries set if necessary.
Transitioning from online dating to real-life is key for creating meaningful connections. Through mindful navigation of the stages before meeting offline, genuine relationships can flourish beyond the digital realm.
Defining the Relationship
During the stage of ‘defining the relationship’, individuals need to communicate openly and honestly. They talk about topics like exclusivity, future plans, and if they are compatible. To do this, people need good communication skills and be open about their feelings and goals.
Experts suggest taking time and being on the same page before going forward. It is important to have clear boundaries, respect each other’s feelings, and be prepared for any outcome.
The process of defining the relationship can be tricky. But it is important for creating a strong foundation in a romantic partnership. Open communication, trust, and a shared vision for the future are essential for having a healthy and successful relationship.
Patience and Enjoyment: Dealing with Setbacks and Having Fun
Patience and enjoyment are key in online dating. Setbacks are common, but just a part of the journey. Embracing them with resilience and a positive mindset helps you learn and understand your preferences.
To enjoy online dating, stay open-minded and curious. Have a sense of humor when setbacks come up. Balance is essential too. Take breaks for self-care and mental well-being.
Effective communication is crucial. Adapt to the personality of your match. Recognize each person’s unique style and use active listening. Highlight similarities and shared interests to build a connection.
The importance of patience and perseverance is shown in Emily’s story. She faced setbacks, no replies, and bad dates. But she kept trying and eventually found Alex. They clicked and have been happily dating since. Patience and perseverance lead to enjoyment and love.
Ensuring Safety: Precautions and Red Flags to Look Out for
When online dating, it’s a must to prioritize safety and be aware of potential red flags. Take precautions and stay alert! It’s important to balance caution with open-mindedness.
To ensure safety, never share too much personal info early on. Keep an eye out for warning signs; inconsistent stories, excessive flattery, or money requests are all red flags.
Meeting in public for the first date is vital. Even better, inform a friend or family member of the meeting. With the right awareness and preparedness, one can navigate online dating with confidence.
Recognizing red flags is essential to maintaining safety and well-being. Educate yourself on common indicators of deception. Establish trust before divulging personal info or meeting in person. Keep skepticism and caution in mind to increase safety while exploring online dating possibilities.
Insights from Dating Experts and Studies
Insights from dating experts and studies reveal eye-opening perspectives on the world of online dating. Discover expert tips for successful online dating, the impact of online dating on love and relationships, how online dating has transformed dating culture, the power of algorithms in matchmaking, and the positive impact of online dating on marginalized communities. Get ready to dive deep into the fascinating realm of online dating with the knowledge and insights shared by experts in the field.
Expert Tips for Successful Online Dating
Online dating can be a great success if you pay attention to the advice of experts. This advice is based on research and the knowledge of experienced professionals. To make your online dating experience successful, remember to:
- Be yourself: Show who you really are in your profile and conversations. This will ensure that you attract people who are compatible with you.
- Choose the right platform: It is important to find a platform that fits your needs. Different sites are designed for different kinds of people.
- Take your time: Building a connection takes time. Don’t rush and get to know someone before meeting them offline.
Experts also suggest other tips for successful online dating. You should understand how technology affects dating, create an attractive profile and use effective messaging strategies. Following these tips will help you find success in online dating.
The Impact of Online Dating on Love and Relationships
Online dating has massively impacted love and relationships. It has altered the way people meet and connect with potential partners, providing a plethora of opportunities. Here are some of its key effects:
- Accessibility: Online dating platforms have made it simpler for individuals to encounter and converse with a larger group of possible partners.
- Social Norms: The expansion of online dating has changed societal opinions on dating and relationships. With more people adopting the online dating lifestyle, there is more approval of meeting partners through digital channels, which has led to a greater variety of relationship dynamics.
- Compatibility: Online dating platforms use complex algorithms that consider factors like interests, values, and objectives to match people based on compatibility. This system has been found to improve the probability of successful and rewarding relationships.
Plus, online dating has also resulted in unforeseen results like blurring the boundaries between online and offline interactions. An essential tip for navigating the internet dating world is to do so with an open outlook. Be willing to try different options and be patient in finding the ideal match. Swipe left for a dinner date, swipe right for a cultural transformation: How online dating has revolutionised the dating landscape.
How Online Dating Has Transformed Dating Culture
Online dating has completely changed the way people date. It has made it more convenient and accessible to explore relationships. Technology has impacted traditional dating methods and replaced them with virtual interactions and matchmaking systems.
There are a few factors that have influenced this shift. Dating apps and websites have widened the pool of possible partners, so people can connect with those they would not have crossed paths with otherwise. Additionally, personality tests and complex algorithms make it easier to match people who are compatible.
Moreover, initial conversations and assessments of compatibility now take place online. This has changed the dynamics of getting to know someone, as people can chat virtually before deciding to meet in person. Safety is still important though, so precautions should be taken and any red flags should be taken seriously.
To sum up, online dating has revolutionized dating culture. It provides people with numerous options and opportunities to find potential partners. Through virtual interactions and advanced algorithms, it has become a powerful tool in forming relationships in the modern world.
The Power of Algorithms in Matchmaking
Algorithms wield tremendous power in matchmaking. Dating sites use them to analyze user data, likes, and actions to present suitable matches. By assessing interests, values, and goals, these algorithms can quickly browse databases of potential partners. The potency of these algorithms lies in their capacity to hasten the matchmaking process and improve the chances of finding a compatible partner.
These matchmaking algorithms are based on extensive research and analysis of prosperous relationships. They look at factors such as personality traits, compatibility indicators, and demographic info to determine possible matches. Through complex calculations and pattern recognition techniques, algorithms can spot similarities between people that could mean compatibility.
Moreover, algorithms learn and adjust as per user feedback and engagements. As users interact with the platform and give feedback on matches, the algorithms refine their matching capability over time. This improves the precision and efficiency of the matchmaking process.
Furthermore, some algorithms also take into account other factors such as geography or mutual connections. By looking at extra variables, algorithms can boost the chances of successful matches by raising the likelihood of real-world connections.
Online dating: Bringing love to the corners, one swipe at a time!
Positive Impact of Online Dating on Marginalized Communities
Online dating brings joy to marginalized communities. It gives them a platform to connect and form meaningful relationships. LGBTQ+ or people from ethnic minority backgrounds can find like-minded people who share their interests. This gives them a sense of belonging and support.
Geographical limits are broken. People from different locations can find each other, increasing the chances of finding a suitable match.
Features on online dating platforms prioritize inclusivity. People can specify their gender identity or sexual orientation, allowing them to express themselves authentically and find compatible matches.
Online dating helps marginalized communities by connecting them with people who understand their experiences. It breaks down geographical barriers and offers inclusive features, making it an empowering tool for those seeking love and companionship.
EliteSingles’ Guide to Online Dating can guide you to success with finding love online. Swiping left and right isn’t enough – a guidebook is essential!
EliteSingles’ Guide to Online Dating Success
In EliteSingles’ Guide to Online Dating Success, we will navigate through the crucial stages of finding love on the internet. From being ready to start dating to maintaining motivation, each sub-section will provide you with invaluable insights and tips for a successful online dating journey. Get prepared to choose the right dating site, create an appealing profile, make a memorable first impression, build trust, and be ready for that exciting first date. Let’s unlock the path to finding meaningful connections through the world of online dating.
Being Ready to Start Dating
Are you ready to date? Several important factors need considering. According to the reference data, one key aspect is picking the right dating platform. With the growth of online dating platforms, it is vital to select one that meets your requirements and goals. Technology has given us a wide range of options. Research and pick the platform carefully – it will enhance your online dating experience.
Creating an attractive profile is another essential step. This involves showing your qualities and interests, to attract potential matches. Putting effort into creating a profile shows commitment which increases your chances of success.
Other details worth considering are personality tests and intelligent matchmaking. This can help you find compatible matches based on shared values, interests and preferences. Utilizing this increases your chances of finding meaningful connections and experiences with online dating.
Don’t miss out on potential connections and experiences. Get started with online dating now. More people are using digital platforms for meeting new people. Don’t let fear or hesitation hold you back – take the plunge!
Choosing the Right Dating Site
When selecting a dating site, consider factors such as:
- Target Audience: Different dating sites appeal to different demographics, like age or religious groups. Knowing the target audience can help you decide which one best fits your needs.
- Features: Assess the features offered by each website and decide which are most necessary for your dating experience. Some may have better matching algorithms or communication tools than others.
- Pricing Options: Compare the pricing plans of various sites and assess how much you’re willing to spend. Some offer free memberships with limited features, while others may require a subscription fee.
Other factors to consider include user reviews and success stories, customer support availability, and security measures.
My friend’s story is a great example of why it’s important to find the right dating site. Initially, she was overwhelmed by the range of options. But after researching and considering her needs, she found a specialized site that connected people with similar hobbies. This allowed her to meet someone who shared her interest in hiking, leading to a meaningful relationship.
Finding love online is like a personality test – the answers are potential soulmates.
Utilizing Personality Tests and Intelligent Matchmaking
Personality tests and intelligent matchmaking are game-changers in online dating. They provide key insights into users’ personalities, so potential partners with compatible traits can be suggested. This personalized approach saves users time and effort by connecting them with matches who meet their specific criteria.
To fully benefit from these technologies, users must engage actively. Answer the questions honestly and thoughtfully during personality assessments. Also, explore suggested matches based on their test results, not just looks.
By embracing personality tests and intelligent matchmaking, individuals increase their chances of finding meaningful connections. It is an efficient way to find compatible partners, fostering the potential for long-lasting relationships.
Creating a great profile is essential. Think of it as a dating resume: instead of listing skills, showcase your best selfies.
Creating an Appealing Profile
For the perfect online dating profile, pick the right pics! Select high-quality and recent snaps for maximum appeal. Make sure to show different parts of your life.
Craft a captivating bio. Give a glimpse of who you are, and what you’re looking for. Use positive words, and show off unique qualities and hobbies.
Showcase your interests! Let potential matches know what you love, and what you value. That will help draw in like-minded folks.
It’s important to keep your profile fresh with new info or experiences. That will make it more engaging for potential matches.
So, chose a great pic. Craft a killer bio. And show off your interests. And don’t forget to keep it up to date. After all, a picture’s worth a thousand swipes!
Selecting the Perfect Profile Photo
Choosing the ideal profile photo is essential for online dating. It’s the initial impression potential matches will have of you. Here are some key factors to consider when selecting the perfect profile photo:
Firstly, showcase your authentic self. Avoid using heavily edited or filtered photos that may distort your genuine image.
Secondly, prioritize high-quality images that are clear and high-resolution. Such photos are more likely to attract attention and create a positive impression. Blurry or low-quality photos can give the wrong impression.
Thirdly, opt for a picture where you appear confident and approachable. Show a natural smile and good posture.
Additionally, display diversity in your profile. Include pictures of yourself engaged in hobbies, spending time with loved ones, etc.
Furthermore, pay attention to the background and surroundings in your photos. A clean and simple background will highlight your best features.
Lastly, seek feedback from friends/family members. They may provide insights on which photos present you in the best light.
By considering these factors, you can select the perfect profile photo. It will catch attention, accurately represent your true self, and increase your chances of making meaningful connections in online dating.
Making a Memorable First Impression: Crafting the First Message
Creating a great initial message is serious business when it comes to online dating. It can determine if a relationship will start, and set the tone for any future conversations. According to experts on “The 8 Stages of Online Dating,” there are tips to help make the first message a success.
Making a good first impression, as per the experts, is all about making the message personal. Don’t just send generic, copy-pasted messages. Instead, mention something from the recipient’s profile or talk about a shared interest. This shows that you’re interested and have made an effort.
Authenticity is essential. Let your personality and writing style show through. According to EliteSingles’ Guide to Online Dating Success, being genuine in the first message creates a stronger bond. Avoid cliches and don’t try too hard to impress. That way, your first message will be memorable.
To sum up, following expert advice, personalizing content, and being authentic will increase your chances of making a good first impression. Crafting the first message is key to making a memorable one, setting the tone for future conversations, and possibly leading to meaningful connections.
Building Trust and Rapport Online
Creating trust and rapport online requires forming a link and giving a sense of reliability and comfort in virtual interactions. This includes building a base of honest communication, truthfulness, and genuineness.
Experts suggest that being true and see-through in online dating profiles is essential. Making an attractive profile that correctly portrays oneself is vital for establishing trust with possible partners. This can be done by displaying one’s hobbies, values, and ambitions.
On top of creating an eye-catching profile, having meaningful conversations is vital too. In the beginning, effective chatting involves active listening, sympathy, and asking insightful questions. This allows individuals to work out if they are compatible and build a stronger connection.
Switching from online to offline interactions is a major step in establishing trust and rapport. Meeting in person gives a chance to confirm the bond formed online. It is important to ensure safety during these meetings by selecting public places and informing family or friends about the plans.
To make sure of trustworthiness online, it is necessary to make the relationship clear. Open communication about desires, limits, and intentions can foster mutual comprehension and generate trust between people.
Finally, building trust and rapport online is reliant on being genuine, good communication, and taking appropriate security precautions throughout the process of online dating. By making these a top priority, people can manage the intricacies of virtual relationships with assurance. A well-prepared first date is like a safety net, just in case your potential match turns out to be a circus act!
Preparing for the First Date: Tips and Suggestions
To ace a first date, pick the right spot, dress to impress, do your research, have interesting activities planned, be on time, and go in with an open mind and positive attitude. These are tips to help, not rules to follow; the aim is to make a connection and have a great time!
Keep the faith, ’cause online dating could lead to something special.
Maintaining Motivation and Openness to New Experiences
In the world of online dating, motivation and openness are essential. By doing this, you boost your chances of finding a meaningful connection. To stay motivated and open, be proactive when initiating conversations, engage with the dating community, and be genuinely interested.
Online dating offers many opportunities. It is now easier and more convenient than ever before. When using these platforms, take steps to make a great profile that shows off your unique qualities.
It is important to keep an open mind when starting conversations and assessing compatibility. Don’t lose enthusiasm when transitioning online interactions to offline meetings. This sets the groundwork for the relationship.
Be patient and enjoy the journey. It is okay to experience setbacks. By staying motivated and optimistic, you can explore new possibilities. Take safety measures to protect yourself. Be aware of red flags and take advantage of safety features provided by the dating app or site. This will help you stay motivated and secure.
Consultation with a Psychologist: The Benefits of Online Dating
Online dating is now popular! Folks need help with it, so they turn to psychologists for guidance. Consulting a psychologist offers many advantages for those looking for love and companionship online. Here’s how:
- Guidance: Psychologists have an understanding of people’s behavior. They offer advice on how to appear in profiles, talk to potential matches, and manage expectations during dating.
- Emotional Support: Online dating can be emotionally draining. Having a psychologist can provide emotional support during the journey.
- Self-Reflection & Growth: People must think about their desires, values, and relationship goals when dating online. With a psychologist, they can gain a deeper understanding of themselves and build self-awareness.
It’s important to find a psychologist specialized in relationships and online dating. Communication with the psychologist is also key for success. Consulting with a psychologist can improve chances of finding meaningful connections and navigating the dating landscape.
Conclusion: The Prospects and Potentials of Online Dating
Online dating is full of possibilities and opportunities for people looking for true connections. Specialists think it helps individuals go through the 8 stages quickly and easily, until they find their perfect match. First, make an eye-catching and genuine profile that shows off your interests and values. This is key to successful online communication.
As you advance, you can talk and exchange with possible matches. That way, you can learn more about each other’s personalities, interests, and aspirations. With the advantage of online platforms, you can easily filter potential matches based on what you like and need.
Meeting in person is part of the online dating experience. This gives you a chance to see if you really are compatible. Professionals emphasize being honest and having realistic expectations during the process. Also, be careful when meeting someone new.
Online dating has more than just finding love. It’s a chance to build connections and expand your social circle. You can meet people with similar interests, make friends, and explore shared passions.
So, online dating has lots of possibilities and potentials for those wanting real relationships. With help from experts and understanding the 8 stages, you can go through it effectively and improve your chances of finding the perfect partner. Online dating doesn’t guarantee success, but it can help you find and engage with others, upping your chances of finding lasting relationships. | <urn:uuid:12fb5cd0-8456-4641-8f9c-679cfba3fc3f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.dating9.com/the-8-stages-of-online-dating-according-to-experts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233509023.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925151539-20230925181539-00653.warc.gz | en | 0.925995 | 6,843 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Study finds that black patients who visit the emergency department with ACS have more symptoms and higher symptom severity than white patients.
Health care disparities are a hot topic. Everyone should be able to access care and reap the benefits of medical advances. Researchers have great interest in how health care delivery and receipt differs by race or ethnicity, sex or gender identity, age, disability, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. In many areas of medicine, overall outcomes have improved, but only for certain groups. In general, patients of lower socioeconomic status or of color have less access to care and less promising outcomes than other groups. Researchers from the University of Illinois at Chicago and Salem Health Systems in Salem, Oregon, looked at potential health disparities for patients being seen for probable acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the emergency department (ED).
Their prospective study
, published in the July issue of Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care
, identified disparities between non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites (n = 663) presenting to 4 EDs with symptoms that suggested ACS. The researchers tracked clinical presentation, treatment, and patient-reported outcome variables at baseline, 1 month, and 6 months in geographically diverse locations.
Treatment (or care) appeared to be similar for patients regardless of race, and more than 80% of the sample was insured; this is an encouraging finding.
Blacks were disadvantaged on all statistically significant measures compared with whites, however. Blacks with confirmed ACS tended to be younger, have lower income, and have less education. They were particularly disadvantaged in terms of preventable and/or modifiable risk factors, reporting more hypertension, diabetes, and tobacco use. At clinical presentation, black patients reported more symptoms and higher symptom severity, and had longer prehospital delays that exceeded the 3 hours recommended for optimal treatment than white patients.
Blacks who reported palpitations, unusual fatigue, and chest pain were more than 3 times as likely as whites to have ACS confirmed. Blacks with ACS also made more outpatient visits for care and had more symptoms 1 month following discharge.
The authors conclude that when patients present with symptoms suggestive of ACS, significant racial disparities remain in clinical presentation and outcomes for blacks. Black patients’ symptoms were different from white patients’ symptoms, indicating that the classic presentation profile may not apply across races. These patients sorely need patient-centered interventions to improve their prognoses. Prevention remains critical. | <urn:uuid:4168cbf0-b294-4da6-9b3c-5a39d098b4d4> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.pharmacytimes.com/resource-centers/ACS/Acute-Coronary-Syndrome-The-Sad-Facts-in-Black-and-White | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982949773.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200909-00074-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954439 | 493 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Space Sand, just like sand from Mars! - Explore the hydrophobic properties of Space Sand!
This sand has been exposed to the vapors of a silicon compound, which changes the composition of the sand and makes it un-bondable with water - hydrophobic!
Try it for yourself - pour it into water and watch in amazement as it never gets wet. Form it into stalagmite figures, shapes and even letters under water! Use a spoon to remove the sand from the water and watch it magically dry as it comes out! There are many creative uses for Space Sand - it has been used to clean oil spills, improve the growth of plants by providing aeration for the roots, and is even being used in experiments covering the Mars exploration.
What fun and interesting experiments can you conduct using Space Sand?
Here's one to get you started, make a Sand Raft!
- Slowly sprinkle your space sand on top of water
- If you leave small amount on the surface of the water, it will float
- As you add more Space Sand, it will sink, penetrating the surface tension of the water. | <urn:uuid:8e6a55de-4f41-48e7-b081-b3317099f6c2> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.arborsci.com/space-sand-1-lb-red | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174215.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00105-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922849 | 233 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Pardon all of my questions below. I'm basically looking to find online resources regarding my inquiry. If you can answer any of them off the bat, that would be awesome!!
It seems that humans and mammals give off certain frequencies from our nervous systems. For example, dogs are able to sense when their master is coming home, even when their distance is close to a mile away. Also, cats are able to sense when a human is about to die. They can feel the frequency the person is giving off, and react differently.
Where can I learn more about this frequency that humans give off?
Has anyone ever done research on this subject?
Is this electromagnetic frequency or something else?
Are there devices that can measure this frequency that the human nervous system gives off?
Are there devices that can generate this frequency that the human nervous system gives off? | <urn:uuid:c4004282-379e-48ca-b036-a00900780141> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/9867/can-someone-provide-resources-on-human-electromagnetic-frequencies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922871.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014522-00217-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960157 | 175 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Bowmar's Adventures in Music Listening, Level 1By Dr. Leon Burton, Dr. Charles Hoffer, and Dr. William Hughes, with contributing editor June Hinckley Student Activity Book Grade: K-2 Item: 00-BMR08201S
|Bowmar's Adventures in Music Listening, Level 1: Big Book||$49.95||View|
|Bowmar's Adventures in Music Listening, Level 1: Coloring Book||$9.95||View|
An integrated elementary listening program for music classes, regular classes, libraries and home use. Includes 32 great musical selections complete with historical information, composer/arranger biographical information, musical features sketches, cross-curricular connections and anticipated outcomes. Meets the National Music Standards. | <urn:uuid:11498025-8b2d-4994-b064-d48c916c20a3> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.alfred.com/bowmars-adventures-in-music-listening-level-1/p/00-BMR08201S/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588244.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027212831-20211028002831-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.766827 | 158 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Gumboro Disease or commonly called Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is an acute highly contagious viral disease of young chickens. The bursa of Fabricius is the primary organ in the development of the immune system of chickens. This rounded sac-like structure is just above the cloaca of chickens. This structure will continually develop until it reaches 4-5 months and then it will start to regress or shrink.
Incidence of IBD is now considered to be very high. Young birds are highly susceptible.... between 3 to 6 weeks of age.
The best time to administer Gumboro vaccine is at 2-3 weeks of age (in high-risk areas) followed at 16-18 weeks of age (as booster shot).
It is important to immunize your Broodstocks to confer parental immunity to their progeny. Such maternal antibodies will protect the chick for 1-3 weeks.
The chicks were not affected...simply because they are still confined in a limited area. Improper handling of the vaccine might have triggered the outbreak.. I hope, the swelling of the face, is just a simple case of Coryza (bacterial) because it can easily be treated with an antibiotic (capsule or injectable), given for 4-5 consecutive days.(mercury drug). What worries me ay yung panlolobo ng katawan because that is another complication. It would be best to instruct your VET to bring the suspected bird to a Diagnostic Lab for proper evaluation. Please request to include Sensitivity Testing.
RULE: Rear your chicks isolated from older birds because mixed rearing multiplies the chances of disease infection. | <urn:uuid:6320c984-c151-4a0f-84d1-3a584e66493a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.sabong.net.ph/forum/showthread.php?19335-TIPS-from-DOC-TJT/page20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246649738.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045729-00107-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93893 | 339 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Persian literature (Persian: ادبیات فارسی, Adabiyât-i fârsi) comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and it is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, the Caucasus, and Turkey, regions of Central Asia (such as Tajikistan) and South Asia where the Persian language has historically been either the native or official language. For instance, Rumi, one of best-loved Persian poets born in Balkh (in what is now the modern-day Afghanistan) or Vakhsh (in what is now the modern-day Tajikistan), wrote in Persian and lived in Konya, then the capital of the Seljuks in Anatolia. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South Asia and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan, the wider Caucasus, Turkey, western parts of Pakistan, India, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia. Not all Persian literature is written in Persian, as some consider works written by ethnic Persians in other languages, such as Greek and Arabic, to be included. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic poets and writers have also used the Persian language in the environment of Persianate cultures.
Described as one of the great literatures of humanity, including Goethe's assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature, Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of Middle Persian and Old Persian, the latter of which date back as far as 522 BCE, the date of the earliest surviving Achaemenid inscription, the Behistun Inscription. The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the Arab conquest of Persia c. 650 CE. After the Abbasids came to power (750 CE), the Iranians became the scribes and bureaucrats of the Arab empire and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties such as the Tahirids and Samanids being based in Khorasan.
Very few literary works of Achaemenid Iran have survived, due partly to the destruction of the library at Persepolis. Most of what remains consists of the royal inscriptions of Achaemenid kings, particularly Darius I (522–486 BC) and his son Xerxes. Many Zoroastrian writings were destroyed in the Islamic conquest of Iran in the 7th century. The Parsis who fled to India, however, took with them some of the books of the Zoroastrian canon, including some of the Avesta and ancient commentaries (Zend) thereof. Some works of Sassanid geography and travel also survived, albeit in Arabic translations.
No single text devoted to literary criticism has survived from Pre-Islamic Iran. However, some essays in Pahlavi, such as "Ayin-e name nebeshtan" (Principles of Writing Book) and "Bab-e edteda’I-ye" (Kalileh o Demneh), have been considered as literary criticism (Zarrinkoub, 1959).
Some researchers have quoted the Sho'ubiyye as asserting that the Pre-Islamic Iranians had books on eloquence, such as 'Karvand'. No trace remains of such books. There are some indications that some among the Persian elite were familiar with Greek rhetoric and literary criticism (Zarrinkoub, 1947).
While initially overshadowed by Arabic during the Umayyad and early Abbasid caliphates, New Persian soon became a literary language again of the Central Asian and West Asian lands. The rebirth of the language in its new form is often accredited to Ferdowsi, Unsuri, Daqiqi, Rudaki, and their generation, as they used Pre-Islamic nationalism as a conduit to revive the language and customs of ancient Iran.
So strong is the Persian inclination to versifying everyday expressions that one can encounter poetry in almost every classical work, whether from Persian literature, science, or metaphysics. In short, the ability to write in verse form was a pre-requisite for any scholar. For example, almost half of Avicenna's medical writings are in verse.
Works of the early era of Persian poetry are characterized by strong court patronage, an extravagance of panegyrics, and what is known as سبک فاخر "exalted in style". The tradition of royal patronage began perhaps under the Sassanid era and carried over through the Abbasid and Samanid courts into every major Iranian dynasty. The Qasida was perhaps the most famous form of panegyric used, though quatrains such as those in Omar Khayyam's Ruba'iyyat are also widely popular.
Khorasani style, whose followers mostly were associated with Greater Khorasan, is characterized by its supercilious diction, dignified tone, and relatively literate language. The chief representatives of this lyricism are Asjadi, Farrukhi Sistani, Unsuri, and Manuchehri. Panegyric masters such as Rudaki were known for their love of nature, their verse abounding with evocative descriptions.
Through these courts and system of patronage emerged the epic style of poetry, with Ferdowsi's Shahnama at the apex. By glorifying the Iranian historical past in heroic and elevated verses, he and other notables such as Daqiqi and Asadi Tusi presented the "Ajam" with a source of pride and inspiration that has helped preserve a sense of identity for the Iranian People over the ages. Ferdowsi set a model to be followed by a host of other poets later on.
The 13th century marks the ascendancy of lyric poetry with the consequent development of the ghazal into a major verse form, as well as the rise of mystical and Sufi poetry. This style is often called Araqi (Iraqi) style, (western provinces of Iran were known as The Persian Iraq (Araq-e-Ajam) and is known by its emotional lyric qualities, rich meters, and the relative simplicity of its language. Emotional romantic poetry was not something new however, as works such as Vis o Ramin by As'ad Gorgani, and Yusof o Zoleikha by Am'aq Bokharai exemplify. Poets such as Sana'i and Attar (who ostensibly have inspired Rumi), Khaqani Shirvani, Anvari, and Nizami, were highly respected ghazal writers. However, the elite of this school are Rumi, Sadi, and Hafiz Shirazi.
Regarding the tradition of Persian love poetry during the Safavid era, Persian historian Ehsan Yarshater notes, "As a rule, the beloved is not a woman, but a young man. In the early centuries of Islam, the raids into Central Asia produced many young slaves. Slaves were also bought or received as gifts. They were made to serve as pages at court or in the households of the affluent, or as soldiers and bodyguards. Young men, slaves or not, also, served wine at banquets and receptions, and the more gifted among them could play music and maintain a cultivated conversation. It was love toward young pages, soldiers, or novices in trades and professions which was the subject of lyrical introductions to panegyrics from the beginning of Persian poetry, and of the ghazal. " During the same Safavid era, many subjects of the Iranian Safavids were patrons of Persian poetry, such as Teimuraz I of Kakheti.
In the didactic genre one can mention Sanai's Hadiqat-ul-Haqiqah (Garden of Truth) as well as Nizami's Makhzan-ul-Asrār (Treasury of Secrets). Some of Attar's works also belong to this genre as do the major works of Rumi, although some tend to classify these in the lyrical type due to their mystical and emotional qualities. In addition, some tend to group Naser Khosrow's works in this style as well; however true gems of this genre are two books by Sadi, a heavyweight of Persian literature, the Bustan and the Gulistan.
After the 15th century, the Indian style of Persian poetry (sometimes also called Isfahani or Safavi styles) took over. This style has its roots in the Timurid era and produced the likes of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, and Bhai Nand Lal Goya.
The most significant prose writings of this era are Nizami Arudhi Samarqandi's "Chahār Maqāleh" as well as Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi's anecdote compendium Jawami ul-Hikayat. Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir's famous work, the Qabus nama (A Mirror for Princes), is a highly esteemed Belles-lettres work of Persian literature. Also highly regarded is Siyasatnama, by Nizam al-Mulk, a famous Persian vizier. Kelileh va Demneh, translated from Indian folk tales, can also be mentioned in this category. It is seen as a collection of adages in Persian literary studies and thus does not convey folkloric notions.
Among the major historical and biographical works in classical Persian, one can mention Abolfazl Beyhaghi's famous Tarikh-i Beyhaqi, Lubab ul-Albab of Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi (which has been regarded as a reliable chronological source by many experts), as well as Ata-Malik Juvayni's famous Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini (which spans the Mongolid and Ilkhanid era of Iran). Attar's Tazkerat-ol-Owliya ("Biographies of the Saints") is also a detailed account of Sufi mystics, which is referenced by many subsequent authors and considered a significant work in mystical hagiography.
The oldest surviving work of Persian literary criticism after the Islamic conquest of Persia is Muqaddame-ye Shahname-ye Abu Mansuri, which was written during the Samanid period. The work deals with the myths and legends of Shahnameh and is considered the oldest surviving example of Persian prose. It also shows an attempt by the authors to evaluate literary works critically.
One Thousand and One Nights (Persian: هزار و یک شب) is a medieval folk tale collection which tells the story of Scheherazade (Persian: شهرزاد Šahrzād), a Sassanid queen who must relate a series of stories to her malevolent husband, King Shahryar (Persian: شهریار Šahryār), to delay her execution. The stories are told over a period of one thousand and one nights, and every night she ends the story with a suspenseful situation, forcing the King to keep her alive for another day. The individual stories were created over several centuries, by many people from a number of different lands.
During the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 8th century, Baghdad had become an important cosmopolitan city. Merchants from Persia, China, India, Africa, and Europe were all found in Baghdad. During this time, many of the stories that were originally folk stories are thought to have been collected orally over many years and later compiled into a single book. The compiler and 9th-century translator into Arabic is reputedly the storyteller Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad el-Gahshigar. The frame story of Shahrzad seems to have been added in the 14th century.
The biggest Persian dictionary is Dehkhoda Dictionary (16 volumes) by Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda. It is the largest comprehensive Persian dictionary ever published, comprising 16 volumes (more than 27000 pages). It is published by the Tehran University Press (UTP) under the supervision of the Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute. It traces the historical development of the Persian language, providing a comprehensive resource to scholars and academic researchers, as well as describing usage in its many variations throughout the world. He names 200 Persian lexicographical works in his dictionary, the earliest, Farhang-i Oim (فرهنگ اویم) and Farhang-i Menakhtay (فرهنگ مناختای), from the late Sassanid era.
Also highly regarded in the contemporary Persian literature lexical corpus are the works of Dr. Mohammad Moin. The first volume of Moin Dictionary was published in 1963.
In 1645, Christian Ravius completed a Persian-Latin dictionary, printed at Leiden. This was followed by J. Richardson's two-volume Oxford edition (1777) and Gladwin-Malda's (1770) Persian-English Dictionaries, Scharif and S. Peters' Persian-Russian Dictionary (1869), and 30 other Persian lexicographical translations through the 1950s.
Currently English-Persian dictionaries of Manouchehr Aryanpour and Soleiman Haim are widely used in Iran.
|* Thousands of friends are far too few, one enemy is too many. *|
هزاران دوست کماند و یک دشمن زیاد
Hezārān dust kam-and, o [va] yek doshman ziād.
|* The wise enemy is better than the ignorant friend. *|
دشمن دانا بهتر از دوست نادان است
Doshman-e dānā behtar az dust-e nādān ast.
|* The wise enemy lifts you up, the ignorant friend casts you down. *|
دشمن دانا بلندت میکند. بر زمینت میزند نادان ِ دوست
Doshman-e dānā bolandat mikonad. Bar zaminat mizanad nādān-e dust.
William Shakespeare referred to Iran as the "land of the Sophy". Some of Persia's best-beloved medieval poets were Sufis, and their poetry was, and is, widely read by Sufis from Morocco to Indonesia. Rumi (Maulānā ), in particular is renowned both as a poet and as the founder of a widespread Sufi order. The themes and styles of this devotional poetry have been widely imitated by many Sufi poets. See also the article on Sufi poetry.
Starting from the early 16th century, Persian traditions had a large impact on Georgian ruling elites, which in turn resulted in Persian influence on Georgian art, architecture and literature. This cultural influence lasted until the arrival of the Russians.
The names of many Šāh-nāma heroes, such as Rostom-i, Thehmine, Sam-i, or Zaal-i, are found in 11th- and 12th-century Georgian literature. They are indirect evidence for an Old Georgian translation of the Šāh-nāma that is no longer extant. ...
The Šāh-nāma was translated, not only to satisfy the literary and aesthetic needs of readers and listeners, but also to inspire the young with the spirit of heroism and Georgian patriotism. Georgian ideology, customs, and worldview often informed these translations because they were oriented toward Georgian poetic culture. Conversely, Georgians consider these translations works of their native literature. Georgian versions of the Šāh-nāma are quite popular, and the stories of Rostam and Sohrāb, or Bījan and Maniža became part of Georgian folklore.
Farmanfarmaian in the Journal of Persianate Studies:
Distinguished scholars of Persian such as Gvakharia and Todua are well aware that the inspiration derived from the Persian classics of the ninth to the twelfth centuries produced a ‘cultural synthesis’ which saw, in the earliest stages of written secular literature in Georgia, the resumption of literary contacts with Iran, “much stronger than before” (Gvakharia, 2001, p. 481). Ferdowsi’s Shahnama was a never-ending source of inspiration, not only for high literature, but for folklore as well. “Almost every page of Georgian literary works and chronicles [...] contains names of Iranian heroes borrowed from the Shahnama” (ibid). Ferdowsi, together with Nezāmi, may have left the most enduring imprint on Georgian literature (...)
Despite that Asia Minor (or Anatolia) had been ruled various times prior to the Middle Ages by various Persian-speaking dynasties originating in Iran, the language lost its traditional foothold there with the demise of the Sassanian Empire. Centuries later however, the practise and usage in the region would be strongly revived. A branch of the Seljuks, the Sultanate of Rum, took Persian language, art and letters to Anatolia. They adopted Persian language as the official language of the empire. The Ottomans, which can "roughly" be seen as their eventual successors, took this tradition over. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire. The educated and noble class of the Ottoman Empire all spoke Persian, such as sultan Selim I, despite being Safavid Iran's archrival and a staunch opposer of Shia Islam. It was a major literary language in the empire. Some of the noted earlier Persian literature works during the Ottoman rule are Idris Bidlisi's Hasht Bihisht, which begun in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the Salim-Namah, a glorification of Selim I. After a period of several centuries, Ottoman Turkish (which was highly Persianised itself) had developed towards a fully accepted language of literature, which was even able to satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation. However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%. The Ottomans produced thousands of Persian literary works throughout their century long lifespan.
With the emergence of the Ghaznavids and their successors such as the Ghurids, Timurids and Mughal Empire, Persian culture and its literature gradually moved into South Asia too. In general, from its earliest days, Persian literature and language was imported into the subcontinent by culturally Persianised Turkic and Afghan dynasties. Persian became the language of the nobility, literary circles, and the royal Mughal courts for hundreds of years. In the early 19th century, Hindustani replaced it.
Under the Moghul Empire of India during the 16th century, the official language of India became Persian. Only in 1832 did the British army force the South Asia to begin conducting business in English. (Clawson, p. 6) Persian poetry in fact flourished in these regions while post-Safavid Iranian literature stagnated. Dehkhoda and other scholars of the 20th century, for example, largely based their works on the detailed lexicography produced in India, using compilations such as Ghazi khan Badr Muhammad Dehlavi's Adat al-Fudhala (اداة الفضلا), Ibrahim Ghavamuddin Farughi's Farhang-i Ibrahimi (فرهنگ ابراهیمی), and particularly Muhammad Padshah's Farhang-i Anandraj (فرهنگ آناندراج).
Persian literature was little known in the West before the 18-19th century. It became much better known following the publication of several translations from the works of late medieval Persian poets, and it inspired works by various Western poets and writers.
Perhaps the most popular Persian poet of the 19th and early 20th centuries was Omar Khayyam (1048–1123), whose Rubaiyat was freely translated by Edward Fitzgerald in 1859. Khayyam is esteemed more as a scientist than a poet in his native Persia, but in Fitzgerald's rendering, he became one of the most quoted poets in English. Khayyam's line, "A loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and thou", is known to many who could not say who wrote it, or where:
گر دست دهد ز مغز گندم نانی
وز می دو منی ز گوسفندی رانی
وانگه من و تو نشسته در ویرانی
عیشی بود آن نه حد هر سلطانی
gar dast dehad ze mağz-e gandom nâni
vaz mey do mani ze gusfandi râni
vânge man o tow nešaste dar virâni
'eyši bud ân na hadd-e har soltâni
Ah, would there were a loaf of bread as fare,
A joint of lamb, a jug of vintage rare,
And you and I in wilderness encamped—
No Sultan's pleasure could with ours compare.
The Persian poet and mystic Rumi (1207–1273) (known as Molana in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan; and as Mevlana in Turkey), has attracted a large following in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Popularizing translations by Coleman Barks have presented Rumi as a New Age sage. There are also a number of more literary translations by scholars such as A. J. Arberry.
The classical poets (Hafiz, Sa'di, Khayyam, Rumi, Nizami and Ferdowsi) are now widely known in English and can be read in various translations. Other works of Persian literature are untranslated and little known.
During the last century, numerous works of classical Persian literature have been translated into Swedish by baron Eric Hermelin. He translated works by, among others, Farid al-Din Attar, Rumi, Ferdowsi, Omar Khayyam, Sa'adi and Sana'i. Influenced by the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg, he was especially attracted to the religious or Sufi aspects of classical Persian poetry. His translations have had a great impact on numerous modern Swedish writers, among them Karl Wennberg, Willy Kyrklund and Gunnar Ekelöf. More recently classical authors such as Hafez, Rumi, Araqi and Nizami Aruzi has been rendered into Swedish by the iranist Ashk Dahlén, who has published several essays on the development of Persian literature. Excerpts from Ferdousi's Shahnama has also been translated into Swedish prose by Namdar Nasser and Anja Malmberg.
During the last century, numerous works of classical Persian literature have been translated into Italian by Alessandro Bausani (Nizami, Rumi, Iqbal, Khayyam), Carlo Saccone ('Attar, Sana'i, Hafiz, Nasir-i Khusraw, Nizami, Ahmad Ghazali, Ansari of Herat), Angelo Piemontese (Amir Khusraw Dihlavi), Pio Filippani-Ronconi (Nasir-i Khusraw, Sa'di), Riccardo Zipoli (Kay Ka'us, Bidil), Maurizio Pistoso (Nizam al-Mulk), Giorgio Vercellin (Nizami 'Aruzi), Giovanni Maria D'Erme ('Ubayd Zakani, Hafiz), Sergio Foti (Suhrawardi, Rumi, Jami), Rita Bargigli (Sa'di, Farrukhi, Manuchehri, 'Unsuri), Nahid Norozi (Sohrab Sepehri, Khwaju of Kerman, Ahmad Shamlu), Faezeh Mardani (Forugh Farrokhzad, Abbas Kiarostami). A complete translation of Firdawsi's Shah-nama was made by Italo Pizzi in the 19th century.
In the 19th century, Persian literature experienced dramatic change and entered a new era. The beginning of this change was exemplified by an incident in the mid-19th century at the court of Nasereddin Shah, when the reform-minded prime minister, Amir Kabir, chastised the poet Habibollah Qa'ani for "lying" in a panegyric qasida written in Kabir's honor. Kabir saw poetry in general and the type of poetry that had developed during the Qajar period as detrimental to "progress" and "modernization" in Iranian society, which he believed was in dire need of change. Such concerns were also expressed by others such as Fath-'Ali Akhundzadeh, Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani, and Mirza Malkom Khan. Khan also addressed a need for a change in Persian poetry in literary terms as well, always linking it to social concerns.
The new Persian literary movement cannot be understood without an understanding of the intellectual movements among Iranian philosophical circles. Given the social and political climate of Persia (Iran) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which led to the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906–1911, the idea that change in poetry was necessary became widespread. Many argued that Persian poetry should reflect the realities of a country in transition. This idea was propagated by notable literary figures such as Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda and Abolqasem Aref, who challenged the traditional system of Persian poetry in terms of introducing new content and experimentation with rhetoric, lexico-semantics, and structure. Dehkhoda, for instance, used a lesser-known traditional form, the mosammat, to elegize the execution of a revolutionary journalist. 'Aref employed the ghazal, "the most central genre within the lyrical tradition" (p. 88), to write his "Payam-e Azadi" (Message of Freedom).
Some researchers argue that the notion of "sociopolitical ramifications of esthaetic changes" led to the idea of poets "as social leaders trying the limits and possibilities of social change".
An important movement in modern Persian literature centered on the question of modernization and Westernization and whether these terms are synonymous when describing the evolution of Iranian society. It can be argued that almost all advocates of modernism in Persian literature, from Akhundzadeh, Kermani, and Malkom Khan to Dehkhoda, Aref, Bahar, and Taqi Rafat, were inspired by developments and changes that had occurred in Western, particularly European, literatures. Such inspirations did not mean blindly copying Western models but, rather, adapting aspects of Western literature and changing them to fit the needs of Iranian culture.
Following the pioneering works of Ahmad Kasravi, Sadeq Hedayat, Moshfeq Kazemi and many others, the Iranian wave of comparative literature and literary criticism reached a symbolic crest with the emergence of Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub, Shahrokh Meskoob, Houshang Golshiri and Ebrahim Golestan.
Persian literature in Afghanistan has also experienced a dramatic change during the last century. At the beginning of the 20th century, Afghanistan was confronted with economic and social change, which sparked a new approach to literature. In 1911, Mahmud Tarzi, who came back to Afghanistan after years of exile in Turkey and was influential in government circles, started a fortnightly publication named Saraj’ul Akhbar. Saraj was not the first such publication in the country, but in the field of journalism and literature it launched a new period of change and modernization. Saraj not only played an important role in journalism, it also gave new life to literature as a whole and opened the way for poetry to explore new avenues of expression through which personal thoughts took on a more social colour.
In 1930 (1309 AH), after months of cultural stagnation, a group of writers founded the Herat Literary Circle. A year later, another group calling itself the Kabul Literary Circle was founded in the capital. Both groups published regular magazines dedicated to culture and Persian literature. Both, especially the Kabul publication, had little success in becoming venues for modern Persian poetry and writing. In time, the Kabul publication turned into a stronghold for traditional writers and poets, and modernism in Dari literature was pushed to the fringes of social and cultural life.
Three of the most prominent classical poets in Afghanistan at the time were Qari Abdullah, Abdul Haq Betab and Khalil Ullah Khalili. The first two received the honorary title Malek ul Shoara (King of Poets). Khalili, the third and youngest, was drawn toward the Khorasan style of poetry instead of the usual Hendi style. He was also interested in modern poetry and wrote a few poems in a more modern style with new aspects of thought and meaning. In 1318 (AH), after two poems by Nima Youshij titled "Gharab" and "Ghoghnus" were published, Khalili wrote a poem under the name "Sorude Kuhestan" or "The Song of the Mountain" in the same rhyming pattern as Nima and sent it to the Kabul Literary Circle. The traditionalists in Kabul refused to publish it because it was not written in the traditional rhyme. They criticized Khalili for modernizing his style.
Very gradually new styles found their way into literature and literary circles despite the efforts of traditionalists. The first book of new poems was published in the year 1957 (1336 AH), and in 1962 (1341 AH), a collection of modern Persian (Dari) poetry was published in Kabul. The first group to write poems in the new style consisted of Mahmud Farani, Baregh Shafi’i, Solayman Layeq, Sohail, Ayeneh and a few others. Later, Vasef Bakhtari, Asadullah Habib and Latif Nazemi, and others joined the group. Each had his own share in modernizing Persian poetry in Afghanistan. Other notable figures include Leila Sarahat Roshani, Sayed Elan Bahar and Parwin Pazwak. Poets like Mayakovsky, Yase Nien and Lahouti (an Iranian poet living in exile in Russia) exerted a special influence on the Persian poets in Afghanistan. The influence of Iranians (e.g. Farrokhi Yazdi and Ahmad Shamlou) on the newly established Afghan prose and poetry, especially in the second half of the 20th century, must also be taken into consideration.
Prominent writers from Afghanistan like Asef Soltanzadeh, Reza Ebrahimi, Ameneh Mohammadi, and Abbas Jafari grew up in Iran and were influenced by Iranian writers and teachers.
The new poetry in Tajikistan is mostly concerned with the way of life of people and is revolutionary. From the 1950s until the advent of new poetry in France, Asia and Latin America, the impact of the modernization drive was strong. In the 1960s, modern Iranian poetry and that of Mohammad Iqbal Lahouri made a profound impression in Tajik poetry. This period is probably the richest and most prolific period for the development of themes and forms in Persian poetry in Tajikistan. Some Tajik poets were mere imitators, and one can easily see the traits of foreign poets in their work. Only two or three poets were able to digest the foreign poetry and compose original poetry. In Tajikistan, the format and pictorial aspects of short stories and novels were taken from Russian and other European literature. Some of Tajikistan's prominent names in Persian literature are Golrokhsar Safi Eva, Mo'men Ghena'at, Farzaneh Khojandi and Layeq Shir-Ali.
Among the best-known playwrights are:
Well-known novelists include:
Prominent 20th century critics include:
Saeed Nafisi analyzed and edited several critical works. He is well known for his works on Rudaki and Sufi literature. Parviz Natel-Khanlari and Gholamhossein Yousefi, who belong to Nafisi's generation, were also involved in modern literature and critical writings. Natel-Khanlari is distinguished by the simplicity of his style. He did not follow the traditionalists, nor did he advocate the new. Instead, his approach accommodated the entire spectrum of creativity and expression in Persian literature. Another critic, Ahmad Kasravi, an experienced authority on literature, attacked the writers and poets whose works served despotism.
Contemporary Persian literary criticism reached its maturity after Sadeq Hedayat, Ebrahim Golestan, Houshang Golshiri, Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub and Shahrokh Meskoob. Among these figures, Zarrinkoub held academic positions and had a reputation not only among the intelligentsia but also in academia. Besides his significant contribution to the maturity of Persian language and literature, Zarrinkoub boosted comparative literature and Persian literary criticism. Zarrinkoub's Serr e Ney is a critical and comparative analysis of Rumi's Masnavi. In turn, Shahrokh Meskoob worked on Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, using the principles of modern literary criticism.
Mohammad Taghi Bahar's main contribution to this field is his book called Sabk Shenasi (Stylistics). It is a pioneering work on the practice of Persian literary historiography and the emergence and development of Persian literature as a distinct institution in the early part of the 20th century. It contends that the exemplary status of Sabk-shinasi rests on the recognition of its disciplinary or institutional achievements. It further contends that, rather than a text on Persian ‘stylistics’, Sabk-shinasi is a vast history of Persian literary prose, and, as such, is a significant intervention in Persian literary historiography.
Critical analysis of Jami's works has been carried out by Ala Khan Afsahzad. His classic book won the prestigious award of Iran's Year Best book in the year 2000.
Historically, the modern Persian short story has undergone three stages of development: a formative period, a period of consolidation and growth, and a period of diversity.
In this period, the influence of the western literature on the Iranian writers and authors is obvious. The new and modern approaches to writing is introduced and several genres have developed specially in the field of short story. The most popular trends are toward post-modern methods and speculative fiction.
Notable Persian poets, modern and classical, include Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Simin Behbahani, Forough Farrokhzad, Mohammad Zohari, Bijan Jalali, Mina Assadi, Siavash Kasraie, Fereydoon Moshiri, Nader Naderpour, Sohrab Sepehri, Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani, Ahmad Shamlou, Nima Yushij, Houshang Ebtehaj, Mirzadeh Eshghi (classical), Mohammad Taghi Bahar (classical), Aref Ghazvini (classical), Parvin Etesami (classical), and Shahriar (classical).
A few notable classical poets have arisen since the 19th century, among whom Mohammad Taghi Bahar and Parvin Etesami have been most celebrated. Mohammad Taghi Bahar had the title "king of poets" and had a significant role in the emergence and development of Persian literature as a distinct institution in the early part of the 20th century. The theme of his poems was the social and political situation of Iran.
Parvin Etesami may be called the greatest Persian woman poet writing in the classical style. One of her remarkable series, called Mast va Hoshyar (The Drunk and the Sober), won admiration from many of those involved in romantic poetry.
Nima Yushij is considered the father of modern Persian poetry, introducing many techniques and forms to differentiate the modern from the old. Nevertheless, the credit for popularizing this new literary form within a country and culture solidly based on a thousand years of classical poetry goes to his few disciples such as Ahmad Shamlou, who adopted Nima's methods and tried new techniques of modern poetry.
The transformation brought about by Nima Youshij, who freed Persian poetry from the fetters of prosodic measures, was a turning point in a long literary tradition. It broadened the perception and thinking of the poets that came after him. Nima offered a different understanding of the principles of classical poetry. His artistry was not confined to removing the need for a fixed-length hemistich and dispensing with the tradition of rhyming but focused on a broader structure and function based on a contemporary understanding of human and social existence. His aim in renovating poetry was to commit it to a "natural identity" and to achieve a modern discipline in the mind and linguistic performance of the poet.
Nima held that the formal technique dominating classical poetry interfered with its vitality, vigor and progress. Although he accepted some of its aesthetic properties and extended them in his poetry, he never ceased to widen his poetic experience by emphasizing the "natural order" of this art. What Nima Youshij founded in contemporary poetry, his successor Ahmad Shamlou continued.
The Sepid poem (which translates to white poem), which draws its sources from this poet, avoided the compulsory rules which had entered the Nimai’ school of poetry and adopted a freer structure. This allowed a more direct relationship between the poet and his or her emotional roots. In previous poetry, the qualities of the poet’s vision as well as the span of the subject could only be expressed in general terms and were subsumed by the formal limitations imposed on poetic expression.
Nima’s poetry transgressed these limitations. It relied on the natural function inherent within poetry itself to portray the poet’s solidarity with life and the wide world surrounding him or her in specific and unambiguous details and scenes. Sepid poetry continues the poetic vision as Nima expressed it and avoids the contrived rules imposed on its creation. However, its most distinct difference with Nimai’ poetry is to move away from the rhythms it employed. Nima Youshij paid attention to an overall harmonious rhyming and created many experimental examples to achieve this end.
Ahmad Shamlu discovered the inner characteristics of poetry and its manifestation in the literary creations of classical masters as well as the Nimai’ experience. He offered an individual approach. By distancing himself from the obligations imposed by older poetry and some of the limitations that had entered the Nimai’ poem, he recognized the role of prose and music hidden in the language. In the structure of Sepid poetry, in contrast to the prosodic and Nimai’ rules, the poem is written in more "natural" words and incorporates a prose-like process without losing its poetic distinction. Sepid poetry is a developing branch of Nimai’ poetry built upon Nima Youshij's innovations. Nima thought that any change in the construction and the tools of a poet’s expression is conditional on his/her knowledge of the world and a revolutionized outlook. Sepid poetry could not take root outside this teaching and its application.
According to Simin Behbahani, Sepid poetry did not receive general acceptance before Bijan Jalali's works. He is considered the founder of Sepid poetry according to Behbahani. Behbahani herself used the "Char Pareh" style of Nima, and subsequently turned to ghazal, a free-flowing poetry style similar to the Western sonnet. Simin Behbahani contributed to a historic development in the form of the ghazal, as she added theatrical subjects, and daily events and conversations into her poetry. She has expanded the range of traditional Persian verse forms and produced some of the most significant works of Persian literature in the 20th century.
A reluctant follower of Nima Yushij, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales published his Organ (1951) to support contentions against Nima Yushij's groundbreaking endeavors. In Persian poetry, Mehdi Akhavan Sales has established a bridge between the Khorassani and Nima Schools. The critics consider Mehdi Akhavan Sales as one of the best contemporary Persian poets. He is one of the pioneers of free verse (new style poetry) in Persian literature, particularly of modern style epics. It was his ambition, for a long time, to introduce a fresh style to Persian poetry.
Forough Farrokhzad is important in the literary history of Iran for three reasons. First, she was among the first generation to embrace the new style of poetry, pioneered by Nima Yushij during the 1920s, which demanded that poets experiment with rhyme, imagery, and the individual voice. Second, she was the first modern Iranian woman to graphically articulate private sexual landscapes from a woman's perspective. Finally, she transcended her own literary role and experimented with acting, painting, and documentary film-making.
Fereydoon Moshiri is best known as conciliator of classical Persian poetry with the New Poetry initiated by Nima Yooshij. One of the major contributions of Moshiri's poetry, according to some observers, is the broadening of the social and geographical scope of modern Persian literature.
A poet of the last generation before the Islamic Revolution worthy of mention is Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani (M. Sereshk). Though he is from Khorassan and sways between allegiance to Nima Youshij and Akhavan Saless, in his poetry he shows the influences of Hafiz and Mowlavi. He uses simple, lyrical language and is mostly inspired by the political atmosphere. He is the most successful of those poets who in the past four decades have tried hard to find a synthesis between the two models of Ahmad Shamloo and Nima Youshij.
In the twenty-first century, a new generation of Iranian poets continues to work in the New Poetry style and now attracts an international audience thanks to efforts to translate their works. Éditions Bruno Doucey published a selection of forty-eight poems by Garus Abdolmalekian entitled Our Fists under the Table (2012), translated into French by Farideh Rava. Other notable names are poet and publisher Babak Abazari (1984–2015), who died under mysterious circumstances in January 2015, and emerging young poet Milad Khanmirzaei.
(...) Iranian power and cultural influence dominated eastern Georgia until the coming of the Russians
His name is given as Jamāl-al-Din Moḥammad Sidi (or Sayyedi) in the early sources. He lived from 963 AH-999 AH; c. 1556-1590 CE; known by his pen-name Urfi, or Orfi or Urfi Shirazi (Persian: عرفی شیرازی), was a 16th-century Persian poet.He was born in Shiraz and in his youth, he migrated to India and became one of the poets of the court of Akbar the Great. He is one of the most prominent Persian poets of Indian style.Abdul Ali Mustaghni
Abdul Ali Mustaghni (1875-1933) was an Afghan poet. He is one of the most influential poets in modern Persian literature. He was named as the "founder of Pashto modern literature of the country" by President Hamid Karzai.Banu Goshasp
Banu Goshasp (Persian: بانو گشسپ) or Goshasp Banu is an important heroine in Iranian mythology. She is the daughter of Rustam and the wife of the hero Giv. She is mentioned in several Persian epics including the Banu Goshasp Nama.Book of Arda Viraf
The Book of Ardā Wīrāz (Middle Persian Ardā Wīrāz nāmag, ardaː wiːraːz naːmag, sometimes called the "Arda Wiraf") is a Zoroastrian religious text of the Sasanian era written in Middle Persian. It contains about 8,800 words. It describes the dream-journey of a devout Zoroastrian (the Wīrāz of the story) through the next world. The text assumed its definitive form in the 9th-10th centuries after a long series of emendations.Borzu Nama
The Borzu Nama (pronounced as Borzū-Nāma or Borzū-Nāme) (Persian: برزونامه) is a Persian epic poem of about 65,000 couplets recounting the exploits and adventures of the legendary hero Borzu, son of Sohrab and grandson of Rostam.Bundahishn
Bundahishn /bʊndaˈhɪʃn/ Avestan: 𐬠𐬎𐬥 𐬛𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬥𐬍𐬵 Bun-dahišnīh , meaning "Primal Creation", is the name traditionally given to an encyclopediaic collection of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology written in Book Pahlavi. The original name of the work is not known.
Although the Bundahishn draws on the Avesta and develops ideas alluded to in those texts, it is not itself scripture. The content reflects Zoroastrian scripture, which, in turn, reflects both ancient Zoroastrian and pre-Zoroastrian beliefs. In some cases, the text alludes to contingencies of post-7th century Islam in Iran, and in yet other cases, such as the idea that the Moon is farther than the stars, it reiterates scripture even though science had, by then, determined otherwise.Dana-i Menog Khrat
The Dana-i Menog-i khrat, (Persian:دانای مینوی خرد) or 'opinions of the spirit of wisdom', a Middle Persian book which was written about 8th century.
It comprises the replies of that spirit to sixty-two inquiries, or groups of inquiries, made by a certain wise man regarding various subjects connected with the Zoroastrian religion. This treatise contains about 11,000 words, and was long known, like the Shikand-gumanic Vichar (53), only through its Pazand version, prepared by a Persian zoroastrian writer, Neryosang in middle age.
This book is translated to English by West in 1871. followed by a translation of the Pahlavi text in 1885.Fereydun
Fereydun (Persian: فریدون - Feraydūn or Farīdūn; Middle Persian: Frēdōn; Avestan: Θraētaona), also pronounced and spelled Freydun, Faridon and Afridun, is the name of an Iranian mythical king and hero from the kingdom of Varena. He is known as an emblem of victory, justice, and generosity in Persian literature.Indo-Persian culture
Indo-Persian culture refers to those Persian aspects that have been integrated into or absorbed into the cultures of the Indian subcontinent.
Persian influence was first introduced to the Indian subcontinent by Muslim rulers of Turkic and Afghan origin, especially with the Delhi Sultanate from the 13th century, and in the 16th to 19th century by the Mughal Empire. In general, from its earliest days, aspects of the culture and language were brought to the Indian subcontinent by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan rulers, such as Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in the 11th century.
Persian was the official language of the Delhi Sultanate, the Bengal Sultanate, the Bahamani Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature. Many of the Sultans and nobility in the Sultanate period were Persianised Turks from Central Asia who spoke Turkic languages as their mother tongues. The Mughals were also culturally Persianized Central Asians (of Turco-Mongol origin on their paternal side), but spoke Chagatai Turkic as their first language at the beginning, before eventually adopting Persian. Persian became the preferred language of the Muslim elite of north India. Muzaffar Alam, a noted scholar of Mughal and Indo-Persian history, suggests that Persian became the official lingua franca of the empire under Akbar for various political and social factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature. The influence of these languages led to a vernacular called Hindustani that is the ancestor of today's Urdu and Hindi.Iranian studies
Iranian studies (Persian: ايرانشناسی Īrānšenāsī), also referred to as Iranology and Iranistics, is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the study of the history, literature, art and culture of Iranian peoples. It is a part of the wider field of Oriental studies.
Iranian studies is broader than and distinct from Persian studies, which is the study of the modern Persian language and literature specifically. The discipline of Iranian Studies focuses on broad trends in culture, history, language and other aspects of not only Persians, but also a variety of other contemporary and historical Iranian peoples, such as Azeris, Kurds, Lurs, Gilakis, Talysh, Tajiks, Pashtuns, Ossetians, Baluchis, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Parthians, Sogdians, Bactrians, Khwarazmians Mazandaranis, etc.List of Iranian writers
Following is a list of Iranian writers (in alphabetical order) who are notable for their work.List of Persian poets and authors
The list is not comprehensive, but is continuously being expanded and includes Persian writers and poets from Iran, Afghanistan,Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. This list is alphabetized by chronological order. Although a few authors in this list do not have their ethnic origin, nevertheless they have enriched Persian culture and civilization by their remarkable contributions to the rich Persian literature. The modern Persian speaker comprehends the literature of the earliest Persian poets including founder of the Persian poetry and literature Rudaki (approximately 1150 years ago) all the way down to the works of modern Persian poets. Some names that lived during the turn of a century appear twice.Middle Persian literature
Middle Persian literature is the corpus of written works composed in Middle Persian, that is, the Middle Iranian dialect of Persia proper, the region in the south-western corner of the Iranian plateau. Middle Persian was the prestige dialect during the era of Sassanid dynasty.
The rulers of the Sassanid Empire (224–654 CE) were natives of that south-western region, and through their political and cultural influence, Middle Persian became a prestige dialect and thus also came to be used by non-Persian Iranians. Following the Arab conquest of the Sassanian Empire in the 7th century, shortly after which Middle Persian began to evolve into New Persian, Middle Persian continued to be used by the Zoroastrian priesthood for religious and secular compositions. These compositions, in the Aramaic-derived Book Pahlavi script, are traditionally known as "Pahlavi literature". The earliest texts in Zoroastrian Middle Persian were probably written down in late Sassanid times (6th–7th centuries), although they represent the codification of earlier oral tradition. However, most texts, including the zand commentaries and translations of the Zoroastrian canon, date from the 9th to the 11th century, when Middle Persian had long ceased to be a spoken language, so they reflect the state of affairs in living Middle Persian only indirectly. The surviving manuscripts are usually 14th-century copies.Other, less abundantly attested varieties of Middle Persian literature include the 'Manichaean Middle Persian' corpus, used for a sizable amount of Manichaean religious writings, including many theological texts, homilies and hymns (3rd–9th, possibly 13th century). Even less-well attested are the Middle Persian compositions of Nestorian Christians, evidenced in the Pahlavi Psalter (7th century); these were used until the beginning of the second millennium in many places in Central Asia, including Turfan (in present-day China) and even localities in Southern India.Mohammad Moin
Mohammad Moin (Persian: Mohamad Moin, also his surname could be transliterated as Mo'in) (July 12, 1914, Rasht, Iran – July 4, 1971, Tehran, Iran) was a prominent Iranian scholar of Persian literature and Iranian Studies.
Mohamad Moin studied at the Higher Institute of Science in Tehran and obtained his BA in literature and philosophy in 1934. He subsequently went to Belgium and graduated in applied psychology, anthropology and cognitive science under Elmer Knowles. On returning to Iran he carried out his doctoral research under Ebrahim Pourdavoud at the University of Tehran, culminating in a thesis with the title "Mazdayasna and its Influence on Persian Literature" for which he received a PhD with honours in Persian literature and linguistics. He is the first doctoral graduate in Persian literature from the University of Tehran.
He was later appointed full professor at University of Tehran, from which position he was subsequently promoted as Distinguished Professor to the Chair of Literary Criticism and Research in Literary Texts at the same university. He is best known for his famous Mo'in Dictionary as well as his contributions to The Dehkhoda Dictionary, a work he did in collaboration with Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda himself.
Mo'in was President of the literature commission of the International Congress of Iranian Studies and Director of the Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute.
Mohammad Mo'in died in 1971 in Tehran. He is buried in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, Gilan, Iran. His burial chamber was vandalized in 1981 by vigilantes, thought to be due to Mo'in's ties to the political elite of the Pahlavi Era.Nozhat al-Majales
Noz'hat al-Majāles (Persian: نزهة المجالس "Joy of the Gatherings/Assemblies") is an anthology which contains around 4,100 Persian quatrains by some 300 poets of the 5th to 7th centuries AH (11th to 13th centuries AD). The anthology was compiled around the middle of the 7th century AH (13th century) by the Persian poet Jamal al-Din Khalil Shirvani. Jamal al-Din Khalil Shirvani (Persian: جمال خلیل شروانی) compiled his anthology in the name of 'Ala al-Din Shirvanshah Fariborz III (r. 1225-51), son of Goshtasp. The book was dedicated to Fariboz III.Poetry of Afghanistan
Poetry of the modern-day region called Afghanistan has ancient roots, which is mostly written in Dari (Persian) and Pashto. Afghan poetry relates to the culture of Afghanistan.Qaani
Mirza Habibollah Shirazi, known as Qaani (Persian: قاآنی), is one of the most famous poets of the Qajar era. He was born in 1808 in Shiraz, where he attended elementary school. At an early age, Qaani went to Mashhad for further study. He wrote a poem to praise Fath Ali Shah Qajar during the former's visit to Tehran, and called him "Mojtahed of the Poets".
Qaani studied Arab and Persian literature and had great interest in hekmat. He was familiar with French and English, and was knowledgeable in mathematics and rhetoric. In logic he was considered a master.
Qaani's poetry collection consisted of over twenty thousand verses. He wrote a book, Parishaan, in the style of Golestan. Qaani died in Tehran in 1270 AH, and was buried in the shrine of His Highness Abdol Azim. He died in 1854 in Rey.Rudaba
Rūdāba or Roodabeh (Persian: رودابه) is a Persian mythological female figure in Ferdowsi's epic Shahnameh. She is the princess of Kabul, daughter of Mehrab Kaboli and Sindukht, and later she becomes married to Zal, as they become lovers. They had two children, including Rostam, the main hero of the Shahnameh.
Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of Iran, Tajikistan and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. | <urn:uuid:9683ba1f-72bc-48e9-a597-2f8f7056e74d> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://howlingpixel.com/i-en/Persian_literature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256571.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521202736-20190521224736-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.958195 | 12,453 | 3.75 | 4 |
The term enlightenment, in the simplest definition, refers to the act of fully comprehending one’s condition, for the purpose of gaining an understanding of their sense of self. Enlightenment is a difficult concept or term to assign a concrete definition, since it can define virtually most states of being aware of one’s self, across both religious and non-religious practices.
Enlightenment is commonly used in Western cultures in religious contexts. As an example, it accurately translates many Buddhist concepts and terms, such as kensho, botable bodhi and satori. Other terms that relate enlightenment to Asian religions include Kevala Jnana in Jainism and moksha in Hinduism.
In regards to an individual, enlightenment itself can represent the sudden fostering of light in a place where darkness once resonated. It represents the feeling an individual may experience when becoming aware of themselves in a way they haven’t before. To become enlightened implies that one understands the conditioning of their spirit, through the absorption of concepts that penetrate their soul and mind in an evocative manner.
Although it’s not likely that many will achieve total enlightenment throughout their lifetimes, they can alternatively attain a form of enlightenment through seeking knowledge; the act of being open to seeking and absorbing that aforementioned knowledge can help an individual become more aware of themselves, and they’ll eventually take that information and carry it within them for the remainder of their lives.
There are as many ways to achieve enlightenment as there are existing concepts relating to the term. The most common way for many to seek enlightenment involves the art of meditation and yoga. Meditation itself is the act of training the mind to accept or retain a certain state of consciousness that benefits someone’s state of being.
Several forms of meditation exist, such as more strict and controlled practices to casual and easy to adapt versions of the art. Meditation must be practiced regularly, in order to allow one to gain and develop unconscious customary behaviors that may produce positive effects on one’s physical and mental well being. As an example, a person can meditate for at least 15 minutes of their day and immediately see results after a continued regime over a period of a few months.
There isn’t, however, a single and definitive resource to help one achieve total spiritual enlightenment. The path for many to achieve enlightenment depends on their own personal goals and what they hope to realize within themselves, so they can gain a sense of peace they’ve never achieved before. | <urn:uuid:e443f8fe-ae87-4753-bc0e-b58a36aab38f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.handonyoga.com/2012/11/what-is-enlightenment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121305.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00450-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952379 | 511 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Jan 22, 2018
In January 1888, after a disarming warm spell, a violent storm of blinding snow and bitter cold suddenly struck the American Midwest, trapping farmers in fields, travelers on roads, and hundreds of children in schoolhouses with limited fuel. In this week's episode of the Futility Closet podcast we'll describe the Children's Blizzard, one of the most harrowing winter storms in American history.
We'll also play 20 Questions with a computer and puzzle over some vanishing vultures.
In 1835 an assassin shot two good pistols at Andrew Jackson and both misfired.
In 1958 Brooklyn College chemistry professor Homer Jacobson built a self-replicating model train.
Sources for our feature on the Children's Blizzard:
David Laskin, The Children's Blizzard, 2004.
Mitchell Newton-Matza, ed., Disasters and Tragic Events, 2014.
Steven L. Horstmeyer, The Weather Almanac, 2011.
"The Pitiless Blizzard," Aurora Daily Express, Jan. 16, 1888.
"Victims of the Storm," Bridgeport Morning News, Jan. 19, 1888.
"In the Neighborhood," Deseret News, Jan. 24, 1888.
"A Brave Girl," Gettysburg [Pa.] Compiler, Jan. 31, 1888.
Edythe H. Dunn, "Not Even an Act of God," Phi Delta Kappan 30:7 (March 1949), 245-249.
Jill Callison, "The Children's Blizzard," Argus Leader, Dec. 26, 2004.
Maria Houser Conzemius, "That's Why They Call It the Children's Blizzard," Iowa City Press-Citizen, March 13, 2007.
Steve Tracton, "Freak, Deadly Storm: Children's Blizzard of 1888," Washington Post, Jan. 14, 2011.
Jeanie Mebane, "Blizzard!" Cobblestone 33:3 (March 2012).
"One-Room Schoolhouse Lives," Argus Leader, Sept. 4, 2012.
Beccy Tanner, "213 Schoolchildren Perished in the Great Plains Blizzard of 1888," Wichita Eagle, Dec. 31, 2012.
Alyssa Ford, "125 Years Ago, Deadly 'Children's Blizzard' Blasted Minnesota," MinnPost, Jan. 11, 2013.
Tom Lawrence, "Children's Blizzard Struck Great Plains 125 Years Ago," McClatchy-Tribune Business News, Jan. 12, 2013.
Paula Quam, "Warm Weather Like This Week's Preceded 1888 Deadly Blizzard," Saint Paul Pioneer Press, Dec. 19, 2015.
Sean Potter, "Retrospect: January 12, 1888: The Children's Blizzard," Weatherwise (accessed Jan. 6, 2018).
Amber Pariona, "The Ten Deadliest Blizzards In History," World Atlas, April 25, 2017.
"Hitler's Sunken Secret," NOVA, pbs.org.
Karen Schrock, "Twenty Questions, Ten Million Synapses," ScienceLine, July 28, 2006.
"A Heroic Commando, A Deadly Mission to Sabotage Nazi Bomb -- and the Pregnant Widow He Left Behind," Cork Evening Echo Holly Bough, Christmas 2017.
Please consider becoming a patron of Futility Closet -- on our Patreon page you can pledge any amount per episode, and we've set up some rewards to help thank you for your support. You can also make a one-time donation on the Support Us page of the Futility Closet website.
Many thanks to Doug Ross for the music in this episode.
If you have any questions or comments you can reach us at firstname.lastname@example.org. Thanks for listening! | <urn:uuid:9bf87ae0-a8ee-4ea0-a78c-ea74763aab8d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://futilitycloset.libsyn.com/webpage/186-the-childrens-blizzard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703515075.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118154332-20210118184332-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.873503 | 783 | 2.65625 | 3 |
REPORTER Danielle Morris visited Porlock Weir to learn more about a new venture taking place which hopes to bring employment and tourism to the area.
Porlock Futures, a sub-group of the parish council, last month planted oyster bags in the sea and poles ready to farm mussels as part of a two-year trial.
This project is to set up Great Britain’s first community-sustainable shellfish farm producing oysters and mussels.
The trestles you can see here are visible only once a month at low-tide, when it’s a race against time and tide to ensure everything is ship-shape.. Danielle joined the group to check on the first month’s progress.
VOLUNTEERS work hard to make sure everything is ship-shape before the tide comes in.
OYSTERS might be considered a food for fine dining nowadays but back in the 19th Century, the shellfish delicacy was the food of the people.
Right here in West Somerset, oysters saved the people of Porlock from starvation.
“You wouldn’t think it but oysters were actually food eaten by the poor,” Roger Hall tells me.
“It wasn’t until much later on that they were considered a treat.”
Roger is among a handful of members of Porlock Futures, a sub-group of the parish council which was set up to develop ideas to enhance the local economy and employment opportunities. Now it is hoped the ‘food of the poor’ will help keep poverty at bay.
The first of their plans is ‘Porlock Bay Shellfish’ and less than a month ago the first bags of oysters went into the bay.
The trestles, which have been made by Allerford Forge, are only visable once a month for a few hours during low tide.
That means the volunteers have to work quickly to check everything is in order and make any repairs and observations.
I joined the group on the first of their monthly checks to see how it was all going and find out how exactly you farm oysters.
“Not only did the locals enjoy our oysters but they were sent from the railway in Minehead up to London,” Roger explains.
“Porlock oysters attained a national reputation for quality and taste. Brown’s Hotel would only serve our oysters and it would be great if history repeated itself.”
Local legend has it that Porlock’s feasting suddenly came to an end one day when ‘ships from the East’ pillaged the oyster beds in the Bristol Channel in the late 19th Century.
The area in which the two-year trial is taking place is owned by Porlock Manor Estate.
Estate owner Mark Blathwayt has been “extremely helpful and supportive and his knowledge of the coast has been so valuable”, said Roger.
It’s not just oysters which are being farmed either.
As we made our way down to the beach, rope was being tied to long wooden poles, known as Bouchot Poles.
THE Bouchout Poles which will be used to grow mussels.
The rope is used to catch mussel spawn which clings on to it and grows into mussels as the tide comes and goes.
There are already mussels in the area so the group hope their efforts will be successful although if not they will then buy mussel spawn to attach.
On a gloriously sunny and surprisingly warm day, I asked the group if they worried about when the winter weather returns.
Roger had already pointed out where fierce tides earlier this year had “moved the beach back”, almost completely burying a walking sign and tree.
Dave Salter, another member of Porlock Futures, said: “It does worry us and that is something we are going to have to face when the time comes.
“The weather hasn’t been anywhere near as bad as what it was back at the beginning of the year but already some of the bags have been split open, just a tiny amount, and we’ve lost some of the oyster seed.
But it is all part of the learning experience.”
As well as the weather, there is also other sealife to contend with.
Dave adds: “We have to put plastic rings at the bottom to stop crabs climbing up the poles and eating the mussels ... there really is so much to think about here.”
So how exactly are oysters farmed?
Plastic mesh bags are filled with partgrown and seed oysters, then secured to low metal trestles along the beach.
Oysters only grow when they are feeding from nutrients the sea brings in, so the trestles are positioned at a level for which the majority of time they are completely submerged.
Two types of oysters are grown – diploids and triploids.
Diploids are ‘parents’ with two genes and triploids are hybrids with an extra gene making them sterile; therefore the latter don’t spawn and grow all year round whereas the diploids can lose up to 70% of their body weight.
DAVE Salter from Porlock Futures examines an oyster left in one of the bags which had split open, losing nearly all of its contents.
It’s not only Porlock’s past which has encouraged the project either.
Resident Tony Kenyon had the idea to farm oysters back in 2008.
He told me: “Porlock is the perfect place for oysters, not only because of the history but because of the environment.
It fits in well with the landscape and there is more money in oysters, if the plan is successful.
“It is exciting to see people so enthusiastic about the project and that we’ve finally started the work but I won’t be happy until I see results and we have a long wait yet.”
So far 12 Bouchet Poles and eight oyster trestles containing between 17,000 and 20,000 oysters have been installed, and if the trial is successful there are further plans afoot.
Dave Salter added: “Any money we make will go back into the community to set up more projects to help boost tourism and job opportunities.”
The group has already planned its next venture – a micro-brewery with beer called ‘Sea Breeze’.
PHOTOS: Maureen Harvey. | <urn:uuid:ddd0346f-7175-4d7c-b839-07245d9b674b> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.thisisthewestcountry.co.uk/news/11240856.Feature__Porlock_s_pearl_of_a_project/?ref=rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702039825.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195359-00234-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969694 | 1,377 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Empirical SCOTUS: An opinion is worth at least a thousand words (Corrected)
on Apr 3, 2018 at 12:03 pm
Supreme Court opinions come in all different shapes and sizes. Some are short and sweet, and others are dense, long, and hard to follow. Some reasons behind relative opinion length are obvious. Even though the justices tend not to grant cases with facile solutions, certain cases are particularly complex and involve extensive fact patterns. Along with the superficial reasons that define an opinion’s length, other factors lie below the surface. Justices have distinct writing patterns. Some believe in brevity, while others are quite verbose.
Strategically, opinions vary in length depending on the receptivity of other justices. If the chief justice is in the majority, the chief delegates majority opinion authorship to any justice in the majority. If the chief is not in the majority, this delegation is performed by the most senior justice in the majority. Once an opinion has an author, though, that justice must maintain the majority coalition. Depending on the text of the opinion, certain justices may be persuaded to join with the majority, while others might decide that their views more closely align with those in a dissent. Majority opinion lengths vary as authoring justices aim to appease and maintain a majority, yet to not dissuade members of majority from staying on.
Just this term we have seen a variation of over 5,000 words in opinion length between the Supreme Court’s longest majority opinion, Jennings v. Rodriguez, and the shortest opinion, Murphy v. Smith. At 8,824 words, though, Jennings doesn’t hold a candle to last year’s longest signed majority opinion in Cooper v. Harris, which runs to 10,773 words.
The average number of opinion words changes over time as well. This post tracks signed majority opinions written between 1951 and the end of the 2013 term; the average majority-opinion length by term is displayed below along with a trend line and 95-percent confidence interval.
As this graph shows, the mean majority-opinion length steadily increased from under 4,000 words to over 6,000 words across this period.
Building on the importance of the majority coalition, we can also examine opinion length depending on the difference in the size of the Supreme Court’s majority versus the number of dissenting voters.
Perhaps not surprisingly, opinions in the most closely divided cases averaged significantly more words than unanimous opinions. This trend was relatively consistent for the increments in between.
The difference in majority-opinion size is also evident when clustering opinions by certain characteristics. Using the Supreme Court Database, I grouped opinions according to coding by issue. To ensure that the correlations were not based on idiosyncratic instances, I only used issues coded in at least 25 cases. Issues with opinions that averaged at least 5,000 words are displayed below.
Based on the issue coding, the central issue in the longest-average opinions is abortion. Abortion opinions like Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey are long not only in an effort to please a majority coalition, but also to explain the nuances of what makes certain behavior legal and certain behavior illegal. The complexity of abortion law is also evident in the constantly changing state laws (e.g., the recent legislation in Mississippi) that attempt to track the boundaries under the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Constitution.
Cases dealing with facets of the Constitution, such as the establishment clause, also involve contentious areas in which jurisprudence is constantly evolving to the strictures of the law (and its interpretation). Cases dealing with complex issues like mergers also fall toward the top of the word length list. Also, cases with issues like natural resources, which often examine agencies’ interpretations of statutes, lead to lengthy opinions.
Even though the Supreme Court’s examination of agencies’ interpretations often leads to extensive majority opinions, it does not always do so. The following figure looks at the difference in opinion word length depending on the agency whose decision the court ultimately examined.
Because cases that deal with natural resources average such a high word count, it follows that cases initially reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency fall high in this figure. This can be compared with opinions in cases initially reviewed by the Internal Revenue Service, which, although they have been somewhat common before the Supreme Court in certain years, do not tend to be particularly lengthy.
Moving back to the issue of opinion assignment, the assigner may have an influence on opinion length often related to the majority coalition and issue in the case.
For that reason, two associate-justice opinion assigners averaged higher word counts than any chief justice over this period. Justices John Paul Stevens and William Brennan tended to vote alongside the more liberal justices during the years when Warren Burger and William Rehnquist were chief justice. In accordance with the notion that recent opinions tend to be longer than older ones, opinions assigned by Chief Justice John Roberts are the next longest on average.
But perhaps more interesting than looking at majority assigner is the figure displaying the authoring justices’ relative opinion lengths.
Interestingly, Stevens also tops the list that ranks justices by their average opinion length. Stevens, who was also the most common dissenter while on the court, was often the liberal voice on a conservative court. Justice David Souter, another typically liberal justice who sat alongside Stevens, comes next on this list, followed by Justice Harry Blackmun, who authored, among other opinions, the 11,787-word abortion opinion Roe v. Wade. On the other end of the spectrum, justices who sat on the court near the middle of the 20th century dominate the bottom of this figure.
Looking at the justices with a finer-toothed comb, the next figure breaks down average opinion length by justice and by the general case area. This figure only focuses on instances when justices authored at least five majority opinions in a given issue area.
This figure shows, for instance, that Blackmun’s opinions dealing with attorneys averaged over 10,000 words. This set includes Blackmun’s 11,526-word opinion in Bates v. State Bar of Arizona. Conversely, Justice Antonin Scalia’s federal-tax opinions, such as the 2,744-word opinion in Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Bollinger, averaged on the short end of the length spectrum.
One of the more interesting questions that can be answered with this data is which signed opinions were the lengthiest across this period. The following figure has the answer.
Only two signed opinions, those in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission and Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board, were over 40,000 words long. This also shows that opinions closer to 25,000 words were much more common than much longer ones. Two Louisiana-boundary opinions are both in the top 11. Stevens, the justice with the longest opinions on average, has two in this figure, McConnell and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. Interestingly, so do Justices Felix Frankfurter, John Marshall Harlan and Potter Stewart. The only sitting justice with an opinion in this figure is Justice Anthony Kennedy with his opinion in TBS v. Federal Communications Commission.
If the Supreme Court continues to have smaller and smaller caseloads each term, we may continue to see opinion lengths grow. Although the opinions this term have by no means been short (they are 4,876 words long on average), we are fewer than 20 signed opinions deep at this point in the term. The more contentious and lengthy decisions tend to come in the latter part of the term. Last term’s longest opinion, in Cooper v. Harris, was released in May. We may expect to see the average for this term increase by several thousand words, but this will only be possible if the justices write much longer opinions on average for the remainder of the term.
This post was originally published on Empirical SCOTUS.
An earlier version of this post indicated that the word count for Cooper v. Harris was 21,625, not 10,773. | <urn:uuid:1aab011c-c701-4284-9ebc-66d817d9b500> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/04/empirical-scotus-an-opinion-is-worth-at-least-a-thousand-words/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662601401.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526035036-20220526065036-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.953153 | 1,658 | 2.921875 | 3 |
(From page 321-2) What the nutritionists of the 1920s and 1930s didn't then know is that animal foods contain all of the essential amino acids (the basic structural building blocks of proteins), and they do so in the ratios that maximize their utility to humans. They also contain twelve of the thirteen essential vitamins in large quantities. Meat is a particularly concentrated source of vitamins A, E, and the entire complex of B vitamins. Vitamins D and B12 are found only in animal products (although we can usually get sufficient vitamin D from the effect of sunlight on our skin).
The thirteenth vitamin, vitamin C, ascorbic acid, has long been the point of contention. It is contained in animal foods in such small quantities that nutritionists have considered it insufficient and the question is whether this quantity is indeed sufficient for good health. Once James Lind demonstrated that scurvy could be prevented and cured by eating fresh fruits and vegetables, nutritionists assumed that these foods are an absolutely essential dietary source of vitamin C. What had been demonstrated, they will say, is that scurvy is "a dietary deficiency resulting from lack of fresh fruit and vegetables." To be technically accurate, however, Lind and the nutritionists who followed him in the study of scurvy demonstrated only that the disease is a dietary deficiency that can be cured by the addition of fresh fruits and vegetables. As a matter of logic, though, this doesn't necessarily imply that the lack of vitamin C is caused by the lack of fresh fruits and vegetables. Scurvy can be ameliorated by adding these to the diet, but the original lack of vitamin C might be caused by other factors. In fact, given that the Inuit and those Westerners living on the Inuit's vegetable- and fruit-free diet never suffered from scurvy, as Stefansson observed, then other factors must be involved. This suggested another way of defining a balanced diet. It's possible that eating easily digestible carbohydrates and sugars increases our need for vitamins that we would otherwise derive from animal products in sufficient quantities.
Further on page 325:
Nutritionists would establish by the late 1930s that B vitamins are depleted from the body by the consumption of carbohydrates. "There is an increased need for these vitamins when more carbohydrate in the diet is consumed," as Theodore Van Itallie of Columbia University testified to McGovern's Select Committee in 1973. A similar argument can now be made for vitamin C. Type 2 diabetics have roughly 30% lower levels of vitamin C in their circulation than do nondiabetics. Metabolic syndrome is also associated with "significantly" reduced levels of circulating vitamin C, which suggests that vitamin-C deficiency might be another disorder of civilization. One explanation for these observations -- described in 1997 by the nutritionists Julie Will and Tim Byers, of the Centers for Disease Control and the University of Colorado, respectively, as both "biologically plausible and empirically evident" -- is that high blood sugar and/or high levels of insulin work to increase the body's requirements for vitamin C.
Aren't vitamin C levels low in people with MS, too? Much food for thought in Taubes' book! | <urn:uuid:2f754330-dff5-491d-a959-0e63f9694072> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.thisisms.com/forum/diet-f9/topic4781.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500800767.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021320-00417-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955927 | 652 | 3.578125 | 4 |
- Year Created: 2013
- Submitted to ArtBase: Tuesday Apr 30th, 2013
- Original Url: http://jnelemans.com/Eindhoven.html
- jeroennelemans, primary creator
Take full advantage of the ArtBase by Becoming a Member
Early mapmakers frequently used imagery from early works without giving credit to the original cartographers. Eindhoven is made from multiple screenshots using Google Earth of road markers in the city of Eindhoven. These new maps of Eindhoven cannot be separated from the mechanism of its creation, as the map becomes a negative space of the plexiglas, which is removed with a laser cutter, allowing the LED light to be revealed. | <urn:uuid:13b68424-62ea-44b1-b807-a5b16618d825> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://rhizome.org/portfolios/artwork/56551/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988312.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00258-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893548 | 154 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Wikipedia is gearing up for an explosion in digital content with new servers and storage designed to handle larger photo and video uploads.
Video file sizes are quickly reaching the dozens and hundreds of megabytes, and the proliferation of high-megapixel cameras means even small photos can take up a few megabytes, says Brion Vibber, CTO at the Wikimedia Foundation, which operates Wikipedia. Until early 2008, the user-generated encyclopedia's primary media file server had just 2TB of total space, Vibber says.
"For a long time, we just did not have the capacity [to handle very large media files]," he says.
Wikipedia has since scaled up from 2TB to 24TB and now 48TB of storage for its primary medial file server, and recently raised file upload limits from 20MB to 100MB. The amount of storage actually being used is about 5TB but that will grow quickly, Vibber says.
For example, users are uploading public domain classical music, and some recordings can last a half-hour. Documentary films that are out of copyright are also being uploaded, and some users are struggling to keep files under the 100MB limit, according to Vibber.
Vibber's long-term goal is to let users upload feature-length, high-quality videos, but in addition to capacity limits he says there are challenges related to getting files in the appropriate format and the physical movement of large files.
"There's no limit, and there's no practical limit," Vibber says. "The limits will get bigger and bigger to where it will be relatively easy for someone who has a legitimate need to upload a two-hour video of good quality."
Wikipedia's new servers and storage were supplied by Sun which provided donations and special pricing on Sun Fire x4500 and x4150 servers and StorageTek arrays. Wikipedia, which handles more than 10 billion page views a month, also uses Sun's open source MySQL as its primary database software.
Wikimedia operates a primary data center in Tampa, Fla., and caching centers in Amsterdam and South Korea, and has a total of 450 or so commodity servers from a mix of vendors, Vibber says.
The site's technology goals this year and next include improving usability, making it easier to edit articles and upload videos and photos, and integration with media file sites like Flickr, he says.
The donations from Sun came in the midst of a big fundraising push by Wikimedia, which raised more than US$6 million from 125,000 donors, allowing it to fund operations through the end of its fiscal year on June 30. Wikimedia is a nonprofit and the encyclopedia Web site is devoid of advertising, so the site relies on donations, grants and gifts. Wikipedia has a paid staff of 23 employees, about eight of which are in IT. | <urn:uuid:e6b257f9-3dc2-4f8c-8fe1-184ad1b4a5f8> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/273003/wikipedia_gears_up_explosion_digital_media/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863939.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620221657-20180621001657-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.95282 | 578 | 2.59375 | 3 |
REHAB IN MOTION: The impact of bone fractures can be significant
Broken bones, otherwise known as bone fractures, can happen for many different reasons.
Normally, people suffer from a fracture as a result of having performed an activity that subjected the bone to excessive pressure, stress, or a deep impact. For example, a fall, or a car accident, etc. If the impact is great enough, any normal person can fracture a bone. Any fracture caused by excessive impact is known as normal fracture. Fractures that occur because of repeated impacts over a period of time are known as stress fractures.
Certain medical conditions such as osteopenia, osteoporosis, bone marrow cancer, bone cyst, or inherited bone disorders can weaken the bones to such an extent that trivial impacts can also cause the bones to fracture. These fractures are different from normal fractures because the impact involved in causing the fracture can be quite trivial. Even if the impact is not trivial it is certainly less than is necessary to fracture a normal healthy bone. This type of fracture is known as a pathologic fracture. A crack, not only a break, in the bone is also known as a fracture. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body. There are several different ways in which a bone can fracture; for example a clean break to the bone that does not damage surrounding tissue or tear through the skin is known as a closed fracture or a simple fracture. On the other hand, one that damages surrounding skin or tissue is known as a compound fracture or an open fracture. Compound or open fractures are generally more serious than simple fractures, with a much higher risk of infection. Most human bones are surprisingly strong and can generally stand up to fairly strong impacts or forces. However, if that force is too powerful, or there is something wrong with the bone, it can fracture. The precise amount of force that it takes to fracture a bone depends on many different factors such as the type of bone, the direction of the impact, the size of the object that impacts the bone and the speed at which it impacts the bone.
The older we get, the less force our bones can withstand. Approximately 50 per cent of women and about 20 per cent of men have a fracture after they are 50 years old.
Because children’s bones are more elastic, when they do have fractures they tend to be different. Children also have growth plates at the end of their bones - areas of growing bone - which may sometimes be damaged.
With all types of fractures, as soon as a fracture occurs, the body acts to protect the injured area, forming a protective blood clot and callus or fibrous tissue. New “threads” of bone cells start to grow on both sides of the fracture line. These threads grow toward each other until the fracture closes and the callus is absorbed.
Next Week… types of fractures, the healing process, and treatment and rehabilitation after a fracture.
Ben Chatterson is a physiotherapist at Rehabilitation in Motion which has four Island locations including two in Campbell River – Willow Point (250) 923-3773 and Quinsam (across from Save On Foods), (250) 286-9670 – as well as Comox Valley (250) 334-9670 and Port Alberni (250) 723-9675. Ben Chatterson works at the Comox Valley Clinic. Visit www.rehabinmotion.com | <urn:uuid:1c98ad2b-093d-499d-8d65-ae087494e7a5> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.northislandmidweek.com/news/160864055.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653645/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00090-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944458 | 704 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Historical Forum Debate: Did Women Have a Renaissance?
Did European women and men benefit equally from the Renaissance? After reading the “Taking Sides” handout and researching the roles of women in the Medieval versus the Renaissance period, you should be able to argue one side or the other.
Read the “Taking Sides” handout (like below) and divide up based on the issue of whether or not women benefitted equally from the Renaissance. Here are some questions to consider, and be sure you can answer and debate these questions by providing EVIDENCE:
• What was the Renaissance, or what were some of the major ideas of the Renaissance time period?
• Did women receive the same kind of educational benefits as men during the Renaissance?
• Did Renaissance society demonstrate an advancement in socially acceptable roles for women? Did Renaissance society and culture offer greater opportunities for women?
• How did Renaissance society and culture view women’s physical and emotional needs in relation to those of men?
• What are examples of women who experienced advancement in the Renaissance (art, education, politics, religion)?
• How do the roles, opportunities and acceptable norms for women in the Renaissance compare to previous eras (like the Medieval period)?
Women from the Renaisssance to the Enlightenment (focus upon the Renaissance Period)
BOYS -- PRO (Women DID Have a Renaissance)
GIRLS -- CON (Women DID NOT Have a Renaissance) | <urn:uuid:aa507c75-7e57-45ab-a3fd-6488af88a502> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://fairbanksonline.net/western-civilization/Women-in-the-Renaissance.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.909213 | 299 | 3.375 | 3 |
Paint: definition and properties
Normal paint is a rather viscous suspension. The paint is based on linseed oil, oil, latex and emulsion. It also must include film formers on the surface, and pigments. Film-forming substances are the common basis by which after drying on the painted surface is formed from an opaque solid film. Also in the ink composition must be solvent to material purchased form most convenient for application.
There are different types of paints – water-dispersion, silicate, adhesive, art. Their properties usually depend on the film-forming material, which is included in their composition. Typically, they are used to create a protective layer on the surface.
Enamel: definition and properties
Enamel is called a suspension of pigments prepared on the basis of varnish. After drying, the enamel forms an opaque film with a matte or glossy texture. This coating has excellent decorative properties. The protective characteristics of the enamel is much higher than that of oil paints.
In the composition of enamels contains a large amount of film-forming substance and a small percentage of fillers. The process of drying of the surface coated with enamel, usually takes up to six hours. The main feature of enamels you can assume the presence in their composition of finely dispersed pigment. The concentration of this pigment is quite large. That is why the enamel paint is best suited for working with metallics. Unlike oil paints, enamel practically washed out by the solvent. Before use, it is recommended to mix thoroughly to bundle into individual fractions was negligible.
The main differences of paint from enamel
There are several basic differences between paints and enamels. The composition of any paint contains large amounts of fillers, while enamel is mainly composed of substances forming the film.
Unlike paints, enamels often have a sharp, unpleasant smell due to the presence in their composition of varnishes. By the way, modern high quality paint may not have a smell. But enamel is much better protects the surface from UV rays, temperature changes and other environmental influences. | <urn:uuid:c23ca984-47e9-491e-8948-b95db145bf8a> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://eng.kakprosto.ru/how-902008-paint-and-enamel-what-is-the-difference | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703513194.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117205246-20210117235246-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.953949 | 433 | 3.609375 | 4 |
It’s this time of year when I really start to miss the fresh produce from my garden. Winter has just started and it seems like such a long time until my garden will again be flourishing. During these cold winter months it is as important as ever for us to get enough vegetables. Winter squash can be a great vegetable to incorporate into your diet to make sure you are getting necessary nutrients. In fact, it’s called winter squash because it can be harvested in the fall and reserved for use all winter long! It is full of fiber, Vitamin A and C, as well as many antioxidants to keep your body healthy and strong.
Because of it’s thick skin, winter squash doesn’t bruise easily. This is why it doesn’t spoil quickly and lasts such a long time. Fifty degrees is the ideal storage temperature for winter squash. When stored at fifty degrees some varieties of winter squash can last up to 6 months. However, you want to avoid refrigerating it. When stored below 40 degrees, like in the refrigerator, winter squash can cause “chilling injuries” which alter the flavor and texture of the vegetable. If stored at temperatures warmer than 50 degrees, winter squash will usually last for 2-3 months.
It has an especially tough rind. The rind is edible, but most people like to remove it because it is so tough. This squash can be a great substitute for sweet potatoes in many recipes. It’s very versatile and can be roasted, pureed, or used in soups and stews.
When selecting a butternut squash, look at the stem. It should be firmly attached. The squash should feel heavy in your hand. Avoid choosing any squash that have wrinkly skin or cuts in the skin. Although unprepared squash will store for several months, cut up pieces should be stored in the refrigerator and will last for about 5 days.
The same thick skin that keeps butternut squash from spoiling can also make it tough to prepare. An easy way to remove the skin of the butternut squash is to cook it in your microwave for a few minutes before removing the skin. First, poke several holes in the squash with a fork. This allows built up pressure from steam inside the squash to escape so the squash doesn’t explode! Next, slice the top and the bottom of the squash. The top is the end where you can see the stem growing out. The bottom is the opposite end. Now, stick it in the microwave on high for 3-5 minutes. This will soften the skin enough that it becomes easier to peel off with a knife or vegetable peeler. With the skin removed, the squash is now ready for you to prepare however you would like.
Click here to check out these Top 10 Ways to Use Butternut Squash.
Certified Nutrition Education Assistant
Categories: Create Amazing Veggies | <urn:uuid:cb9c1960-2553-46ce-866b-7b5c55ad9995> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://createbetterhealth.org/2014/11/22/cooking-in-season-butternut-squash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155188.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804205700-20210804235700-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.938145 | 596 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Embedded programming has a long history of making devices do what people need. However, it remains largely overshadowed by application programming. When application programmers were embracing relatively high-level object-oriented languages like C++ or Java, or graphical application development environments like MATLAB, embedded programmers were only moving from into C. They were always outnumbered by app programmers. Today, even hobbyists can develop an app using an easy language and share it with the world, while embedded programmers need to have deep knowledge of hardware and firmware, and how to write programs that can execute in often highly resource-constrained environments. With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), the balance can finally shift. Now that many new thermostats, toasters, watches and light bulbs are equipped with processors and connectivity, the market needs more embedded programmers to program these devices and simpler tools to allow these programmers to write code without plunging into the low-level hardware.
What Is Embedded Programming?
Techopedia offers a definition of embedded programming is “a specific type of programming that supports the creation of consumer-facing or business facing devices that don’t operate on traditional operating systems the way that full-scale laptop computers and mobile devices do.” The idea of embedded programming is part of what drives the evolution of digital appliances and equipment in today’s IT markets.
In simpler words, embedded programming is designing and writing programs for small “computers” that are embedded within devices other than traditional PCs, laptops or smartphones. It’s that which enables microcontrollers to awaken previously “dumb” devices—e.g. thermostats, lighting systems, parking meters, etc.—and give them some ability to “reason” about their environment.
Embedded Programming and IoT
From an engineering perspective, the Internet of Things describes a network of embedded, microprocessor-controlled devices, where that network is connected directly or indirectly to the web. The three pillars of IoT are, therefore:
- Embedded programming
- Network technology
- Information technology
IoT is soon to be everywhere. Embedded devices are, therefore, soon to be ubiquitous as well.
Here is a brief glance at some of the ways in which IoT is changing industries:
- Industry — Industrial machinery and control, temperature monitoring and cognitive anomaly detection.
- Healthcare — Blood pressure monitors, heartbeat monitors, fitness trackers, embedded medication delivery.
- Aerospace and Defense — Flight control systems, actuation, air and thermal management, engine power monitoring and control.
- Smart Homes — Home security systems, digital cameras, televisions and kitchen appliances.
Diving Into Embedded Systems
Some say that every complex system in the world can be reduced to two conceptual spheres: software and hardware. An embedded system represents, more or less, the intersection of those spheres: hardware and software.
Exploring Embedded Hardware
A typical embedded development board is divided into five “modules”: the processor, memory, input devices, output devices and bus controllers.
Hardware Components of an Embedded System
Embedded processors can be broken down into two categories: ordinary microprocessors that use separate integrated circuits for memory and peripherals, and microcontrollers that have on-chip peripherals, reducing power consumption, size and cost. Some examples of these include:
- Microcontroller (CPU) — an intelligent device that computes the tasks assigned by the user and is used to build small applications with precise calculations.
- System on Chip (SoC) — comprises a CPU, peripheral devices (timers, counters, etc), Communication interfaces (I²C, SPI, UART), and power management circuits on a single integrated circuit.
- ASIC processor (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) — designed for a specific application by a company or manufacturer.
- DSP processor — removes the noise and improves signal quality in audio and video applications.
Memory is used to store data that’s being used on the device. Some examples of the types of memory used in embedded systems include Non-Volatile RAM (Random Access Memory), Volatile RAM, DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory), etc.
Input devices, such as sensors, switches, photodiode, optocouplers, etc., capture data from the outside world to be processed or exported from the device.
Output devices, including LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) or LED (Light Emitting Diode) displays, seven segment displays, buzzers and relays, respond to input events from outside the microcontroller.
The bus controller is a communication device that transfers data between the components inside an embedded system. The most widely used bus controllers are serial buses (I2C, SPI, SMBus, etc.), RS232, RS485 and Universal Serial Bus (USB).
Exploring Embedded Software
Embedded software, sometimes called firmware, is written for the device drivers, operating system and applications, as well as for error handling and debugging.
Software Components of an Embedded System
A device driver is a piece of embedded code written for a specific piece of hardware.
Operating System (OS) or MicroOS
Embedded systems have a range of operating systems, including RTOS (Real-time Operating Systems), mobile embedded, stand-alone and network embedded systems.
Most of the embedded software is now written in two languages: C and C++. There isn’t much of a difference between C and C++ in terms of syntax. However, C++ has some additional features, like enhanced security and closeness to real-world applications, while C is considered more reliable and has better performance by directly interacting with the hardware.
Key Considerations When Creating an Embedded Product
To develop a viable product you should take the following steps:
Step 1. Learn C or C++
This is where many stop since these languages can be hard to learn. However, if you want to write embedded software, you have to learn C/C++ (and maybe eventually Rust).
Step 2. Learn Some Basic Electronics
At least to the extent that you understand what voltage, current, power, resistance and ohms law are.
Step 3. Get the Basic Equipment
Embedded programmers interact with the physical world, so things like a soldering iron, Digital Multi-Meter (DMM) and a hardware debugger/ JTAG adapter (such as an ST-Link, or OLMEX adapter) or a Logic Analyzer would help.
Step 4. Choose a Microcontroller and Toolchain
To make your program run, you’ll need a microcontroller to actually run it, a compiler that compiles the code for the microcontroller and other tools to load the program onto your hardware. An example of the combination of microcontrollers with a toolchain is the STM32 microcontrollers that are supported by the arm-gcc along with openOCD toolchain.
Step 5. Understand the Datasheets
Before actually sitting down to write the first line of your code, you need to understand the (end user) specifications.
Step 6: Examine the Components
Analyze and pick up the components (software and hardware) required to make the product.
Step 7: Design a Product
Designing is always the most critical phase of any development cycle. The peculiarity of embedded programming is that you have to develop the hardware and software parts individually and then integrate them.
Step 8: Develop a Prototype
A prototype is a sample version created to test the concept that’s developed according to the specifications using the selected hardware and software tool.
Step 9: Test the Application
Now that you have a prototype, it’s possible to run test cases to tease out the potential of the application.
Step 10: Deploy the Application
After testing the application, the result is checked in a real environment to realize the Proof Of Concept – a technique used to validate an idea.
Step 11: Support and Upgrade
If needed, you should be ready to provide support and upgrade the application with new features.
And now you’re ready to start changing the world! | <urn:uuid:50690f82-8e78-4747-bb42-a75a8e44724d> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.iotforall.com/embedded-programming-iot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057329.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922041825-20210922071825-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.896478 | 1,682 | 3.78125 | 4 |
On Monday, the MET Office confirmed the news that 2014 was the hottest year on record in Britain. It was also the warmest year on the world’s oldest temperature record, the Central England Temperature series that has been kept since 1659.
Different agencies compile their data and announce their results at different times, but 19 European countries are expected to call 2014 as the hottest year so far. Elsewhere, new heat records were broken in Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia, while Australia and South Africa experienced notable heat waves.
Globally, the World Meteorological Organisation found 2014 to be the hottest year on record in their preliminary results, and these were confirmed by the Japan Meteorological Association this week. NOAA and others are likely to agree once they’ve finished crunching the numbers.
The five hottest years on record would then look like this:
- a tie between 2013 and 2010
With 2014 quite clearly on top, we can finally bury the idea that global warming stopped in 1998. It was always a spurious argument if you know how to read a trend line, and looking at temperatures by decade made that perfectly clear. The new record should make the reality of warming a whole lot more obvious, though we are an imaginative species, and never more so than when we are deluding ourselves.
The warmest year on record, hot on the heels of the biggest year on year increase in CO2 emissions in 2013, is bad news. But 2015 is a critical year for the climate, and if the new record serves to focus our minds, it might be good news too. | <urn:uuid:a2610a62-1c50-4458-a5b8-0cb2da0d2506> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://makewealthhistory.org/2015/01/07/2014-is-the-hottest-year-on-record/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948575124.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215153355-20171215175355-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.956345 | 321 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Microwave safe plastic- is it really safe?
UPdate Fall 2007
Does this conversation sound familiar?
“ Hey, don’t put that container in the microwave. It’s plastic.
It could leach chemicals into the food.”
“ But its labeled microwave safe it must be ok.”
What does microwave safe really mean? Does it mean safe for people, or safe
It means if you put a “microwave safe” plastic container into the microwave,
it is not going to bubble and melt. It means no one handling the container will
suffer a burn from melting plastic.
But after that, the debate starts.
Frederic vom Sall is a world expert on Bisphenol A (BPA). He has been studying
the chemical for over a decade. "There is no such thing as safe microwaveable
plastic," vom Saal says. "As you heat it, you degrade the chemical bond. You
can't see this happening. You can't taste it, you can't smell it, but you are
getting dosed at a higher and higher amount."
Studies exposing plastic to heat in a microwave caused higher levels of Bisphenol
A to be released into food. The studies also found BPA was released when plastic
containing BPA was exposed to heat from dishwashers and hot food. Some studies
detected leaching even at room temperature. Heavily scratched or worn plastic
releases even higher levels of chemicals.
BPA is classified as “inherently toxic” in Canada’s chemical management program.
It is one of the first 200 chemicals up for review. Many scientists and environmentalists
consider BPA one of the major chemical time bombs of our era, comparable to now
banned chemicals such as DDT and PCBs.
"This chemical acts like the estrogen in birth control pills," says vom Saal. "As
an adult man or woman, you are putting a sex hormone into your body that's going
to alter your reproductive system. You decrease fertility. You cause sperm abnormalities." Evidence
is showing that, unlike most chemicals, small exposures of BPA may be more harmful
than larger ones. Because the effects of BPA are long-term and may not show up
for years, it is a very difficult chemical to study. Dr. Helen Binns, a Chicago
pediatrician and member of the American Academy of Pediatrics environmental health
committee believes in precaution. She notes that while new products may make
life easier, "We always need to approach their use with caution. Where clear,
better alternatives exist, we need to choose the alternatives."
"We need more data,” Binns says. “The hard thing is, sometimes the data come
too late. "The PCBs are out there. The DDT is out there.”
The watchdog organization, Environmental Defense Canada thinks that BPA is so
dangerous that it has urged the federal government to ban BPA immediately rather
than waiting for completion of the assessment. It's a logical step, says Rick
Smith of Environmental Defense, considering there are alternatives to the chemical.
Health Canada’s website doesn’t reflect the conflicting evidence about the safety
of microwaving plastic. Health Canada says only that “microwave safe” plastic
is indeed safe. Although officially, government policy is to follow a precautionary
approach, information from Health Canada does not reflect the state of the science.
Other types of plastic, such as plastic bags, yogourt or margarine containers,
foam trays and plastic wraps are a definite no for microwave use. There is widespread
agreement, from Health Canada, the US Environmental Protection Agency and other
experts, that plastics which are not approved for microwave use may leach hazardous
chemicals into foods.
BPA is a major ingredient in polycarbonate plastics, normally labeled with recycling
number 7. While polypropylene and polyethylene plastics, marked with product
codes 1, 2 and 5, appear safer, vom Saal says they may still contain BPA, because
polycarbonate is often combined with other plastics, although it may not be listed
on the label.
If you are going to microwave, it’s easy to find alternatives to plastic. Glass
jars or covered dishes are excellent for food storage and can be used to reheat
food in the microwave. Ordinary dishes can be used safely in the microwave too,
as long as they are not plastic. As for cooking a chicken or roast, nothing tastes
as good as oven roasting.
Plastic linked to birth defects | <urn:uuid:de6344e1-a94e-436f-ba2d-8194c1c1bbe8> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.environmentalhealth.ca/fall07microwave.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276543.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00201-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936517 | 988 | 2.765625 | 3 |
South Dakota Standards 2nd Grade Science Activities
Printable Second Grade Science Worksheets and Study Guides.
Living and Nonliving Kindergarten Science Living and Nonliving Kindergarten Science Beginning and Ending Sounds Kindergarten English Language Arts Ordinals Second Grade Math Ordering Decimals Fifth Grade Math Likes and Dislikes Kindergarten Social Studies Past or Present First Grade Social Studies Did you know... 2nd GradeWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 1Energy needsWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Fossils and dinosaursWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 1Land HabitatsWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 1Math in Science - 2nd grade levelWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Moon, star and planetsWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 2Reptiles, amphibians and fishWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 1Science in our worldWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 1Water HabitatsWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 1What is science?Worksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 1
SD.2.E. Earth/Space Science: Students will analyze the composition, formative processes, and history of the universe, solar system, and Earth.
2.E.1. Analyze the various structures and processes of the Earth system.
2.E.1.1. Students are able to describe types and patterns of weather during different seasons.
2.E.1.4. Students are able to recognize and distinguish between forms of water in the Earth system.
SD.2.L. Life Science: Students will describe structures and attributes of living things, processes of life, and interaction with each other and the environment.
2.L.1. Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things.
2.L.1.2. Students are able to classify people and animals according to similarities and differences.
2.L.2. Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change.
2.L.2.2. Students are able to compare life cycles of various living things.
2.L.3. Analyze how organisms are linked to one another and the environment.
2.L.3.1. Students are able to describe ways that plants and animals depend on each other.
2.L.3.3. Students are able to recognize what it means for a species to be extinct or endangered.
SD.2.N. Nature of Science: Students will explore, evaluate, and communicate personal and scientific investigations to understand the nature of science.
2.N.2. Apply the skills necessary to conduct scientific investigations.
2.N.2.1. Use scientific thinking skills of observing, communicating, classifying, and comparing.
2.N.2.3. Recognize importance of safety procedures and equipment.
SD.2.P. Physical Science: Students will use appropriate scientific models to describe and quantify the nature and interactions of matter and energy.
2.P.1. Describe structures and properties of, and changes in, matter.
2.P.1.1. Students are able to classify solids in terms of the materials they are made of and their physical properties.
2.P.1.2. Students are able to describe visually observable properties of liquids and classify liquids by their physical properties.
2.P.1.3. Students are able to identify mixtures of solid substances and ways to separate them.
2.P.2. Analyze forces, their forms, and their effects on motions.
2.P.2.1. Students are able to demonstrate how moving objects exhibit different types of motion.
2.P.2.2. Students are able to predict the effects of magnets on other magnets and other objects.
2.P.3. Analyze interactions of energy and matter.
2.P.3.1. Students are able to compare sounds in terms of high pitch, low pitch, loud and soft (volume).
2.P.3.3. Demonstrate how light can pass through some objects and not others.
SD.2.S. Science, Technology, Environment, and Society: Students will identify and evaluate the relationships and ethical implications of science upon technology, environment, and society.
2.S.1. Analyze various implications/effects of scientific advancement within the environment and society.
2.S.1.2. Recognize ways to recycle, reuse, renew, and reduce.
NewPath Learning resources are fully aligned to US Education Standards. Select a standard below to view correlations to your selected resource: | <urn:uuid:a638d088-9857-4636-a81f-d3b368037fba> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://newpathworksheets.com/science/grade-2/south-dakota-standards | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578655155.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424174425-20190424200425-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.86705 | 1,008 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Columbus Day is a school holiday but my kids only learned about why they [really] get the day off when they were in preschool. Why don’t they learn more in elementary school? Perhaps it’s because of the controversy over his “feat.”
There are three main sources of controversy involving Columbus’s interactions with the indigenous people he labeled “Indians”: the use of violence and slavery, the forced conversion of native peoples to Christianity, and the introduction of a host of new diseases that would have dramatic long-term effects on native people in the Americas.
Historians have uncovered extensive evidence of the damage wreaked by Columbus and his teams, leading to an outcry over emphasis placed upon studying and celebrating him in schools and public celebrations.
Still, it’s an official holiday. The landing, which occurred on October 12, 1492, is celebrated as Columbus Day. Do you think Columbus Day should be a national holiday in the United States?
He missed the mark but hit it just the same.
This video from The History Channel explains Christopher Columbus’ accomplishments. | <urn:uuid:a9b73973-b80d-4605-acef-cb097a162e45> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.pragmaticmom.com/tag/columbus-day-controvery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817523.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225225657-20180226005657-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.970356 | 230 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Owl Woman (Cheyenne name: Mis-stan-stur) (died 1847), was a Cheyenne princess. She married an Anglo American trader named William Bent, with whom she had four children. She was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame for her role in managing relations between Native American tribes and the Anglo American men. She was a daughter of White Thunder,[nb 1] a well-respected medicine man of the Cheyenne tribe.
- 1 Background
- 2 Biography
- 3 Death and posthumous recognition
- 4 See also
- 5 References
Native American tribes of the central plains
In the 1820s, the central plains area in which several Native American tribes lived had been subject to political and economic turmoil resulting from the Mexican War of Independence. The Arkansas River delineated the border, with Mexico to the south and the United States northwards. There were many opportunities for trade alliances, in part to replace those that had involved the now-deposed Spanish governors, and there was also encroachment on the area by the United States as that nation pursued its policy of manifest destiny.
The area was also subject to turmoil as Native American plains tribes of the central and southern plains sought to define or redefine their territory. Tribes moved to new lands within the plains for various reasons: they may have been displaced in their previous land, had internal disputes that caused them to relocate, sought better hunting or gathering grounds, or sought land that was most conducive to their way of life. The Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne and Arapahoe were among the disputing tribes. The Cheyenne likely moved into the plains in the 17th and 18th century from Minnesota and by the mid-1800s lived with the Arapaho north of the Arkansas River in land near Bent's Fort in Colorado.
Like other Native American tribes, the Comanche came to the grasslands of southern plains for a better life which put them at odds with other tribes. In an agreement reached with the Cheyenne, "The Great Peace of 1840", they agreed to stay south of the Arkansas River and the Cheyenne and Arapaho above it.
The Comanche invasion of the southern plains was, quite simply, the longest and bloodiest conquering campaign the American West had witnessed - or would witness until the encroachment of the United States a century and a half later.
William Bent and the Santa Fe trail
William Bent, a white trader from St Louis, came to the Arkansas River region towards the end of the 1820s. By around 1832, although possibly as late as 1834, a permanent trading post called Bent's Fort, which was a substantial adobe construction capable of accommodating 200 people, had been built on the northern "Mountain Route" of the Santa Fe Trail and was open for business. The location of this building was determined after discussions with the Cheyenne and was not far from La Junta, near to land occupied by the Cheyenne and Arapahoe tribes. It became an important center of trade, principally in buffalo robes but also in numerous other goods, including horses and mules. The fort was operated in partnership with his brother, Charles, and Ceran St Vrain, a fur trader who had already established significant trading contacts in New Mexico.[nb 2] Sometimes referred to as Fort William, it was in "the perfect place at the perfect time" for someone looking to make money from trading and, for example, a gallon of brandy bought in St Louis for US$2 could be sold at the fort for US$25.
Hyde has dated the moment that White Thunder realized a common interest with Bent. In November 1833 they talked together as a meteor shower lit up the sky over the plains. Many Cheyenne who were gathered with them believed that this celestial event was a signal of the end of the world and it was subsequently referred to as "the Night the Stars Fell". White Thunder saw it as a new beginning and sought both a truce with the Pawnees and the return of the Sacred Arrows of the Cheyenne which had been captured by the Pawnee during a battle. Partially successful, he returned from his solo, unarmed visit to the Pawnee village with two of the arrows and an agreement for peace. He also realized that a formal marital alliance with Bent, and in particular the children that would result from such a relationship, would represent another element of the new beginning, of peace for the Cheyenne and indeed the region.
Bent had already learned the language of the Cheyenne and he was known as Little White Man by the native tribes. He and his brothers had been given native names upon their first meeting with Cheyenne in the area, which had been a convivial occasion during which their respect for the Cheyenne protocols had set a firm base for their future development of the fort and trading.
Life at Bent Fort and the Cheyenne village
The fort and the area immediately outside it was a multi-cultural, multilingual center with permanent inhabitants from many nations and also visitors, including the temporary camps of native tribes such as the Sioux, Apache and Kiowa, as well as Comanche and Cheyenne. It was the hub of a trading area that encompassed a 500 mile radius and was visited each year by hundreds of wagons traveling the Santa Fe trail. Hyde writes in Empires, Nations and Families that "Bent's Fort was the one spot on the Santa Fe trail where exchanges with Indians were welcomed and encouraged, and the effects of those conversations on both sides were far-reaching ... archeological evidence tells us that people sat in the courtyard together and smoked—a lot".[nb 3] Bent managed trade to and from the fort: he provided a safe zone in the area and a supply of goods for its store, as well as facilitating the movement of buffalo robes back to St. Louis for sale.
Sitting on the Santa Fe trail, Bent's Fort was a resting stop for travelers, some staying as much as three weeks. From fall through spring the fort was busy with people wishing to trade and travelers to rest and restock their supplies. Visitors and employees included: Mexicans, Native Americans, and European travelers and trappers. There were also three African American slaves owned by the Bents. Up to 100 employees needed to support the fort and trade included: clerks, guards, traders, teamsters, trappers, a tailor, blacksmith, carpenter and herders. Caravans took goods to trade with regional Native American tribes.
The fort was usually relatively empty during the summer months and during that period Bent would often be riding the six-month journey on the 500 miles (800 km) long trail to and from Westport, Missouri in order to trade the goods gathered over the previous winter and replenish the stocks of the fort for the forthcoming hunting season. While Bent and the trains were away the fort managed with a skeleton crew of herders, clerks, traders and laborers for Native Americans and travelers.
William and Charles owned African slaves Andrew and Dick Green and brought them from Missouri to assist in the running of the fort. Dick Green's wife, Charlotte, a negro cook who described herself as the only female American woman[nb 4] to George Ruxton at the time of his visit in 1848 as "de only lady in de whole damn Injun country". She was notorious for her cooking among fur traders and travelers. One person called her a "culinary divinity". Bent's Fort held dances regularly; Charlotte was described by Colonel Henry Inman as "the center of attention, the belle of the evening. She knew her worth and danced accordingly." Dick was released from slavery by George and William Bent after his heroic efforts in a battle in 1847 at Taos after the death of Charles Bent. Dick, who has been stationed with Charles Bent in Santa Fe, made his way north with American soldiers to Bent's Taos home. He bravely led a skirmish against a group of Taos Pueblo and other people. Dick was severely wounded but survived a trip back to Bent's fort. Charlotte, who Simmons claims was also Charles and William's slave, left the fort with her husband.
Bent's Fort role in negotiating tribal relationships
In the period immediately prior to the marriage of Owl Woman to Bent both the Cheyenne and the Arapahoe had become eager to work with the incoming trade caravans, and notably those associated with Bent. Unlike many other tribes in the area, they saw these caravans as an opportunity for enrichment rather than as a threat. The Cheyenne in particular had reason to favor Bent because he had on one occasion intervened to protect them against Comanche raiders. However, the disparity in how the long-settled and the recently-settled tribes viewed the influx of new traders exacerbated inter-tribal rivalries and resulted in White Thunder making a decision that was calamitous for both his tribe and his reputation. In 1833 he led the Cheyenne into a fight with the Pawnees, the outcome of which was not merely a considerable loss of life but also the loss of the four arrows. This symbolic capture by the Pawnees represented a huge loss of respect and status for White Thunder and his tribe.
Bent had been doing much to negotiate a resolution to the inter-tribal disputes, as well as raids on settlers and traders. An uneasy truce had developed which, in its turn, had enhanced his own status and trading position. Anne Hyde has described the overall situation that came to exist in the area as being similar to that prevailing in northern California, a "negotiated community ... Only constant renegotiation and the conscious creation of community through family ties, diplomacy, warfare, and dinner made it operate in a surprisingly stable way."
The trading environment improved after 1840, when Bent's Fort became the site of a truce between the Comanche, Apache and Kiowa tribes on the one hand and the Cheyenne and Arapahoe on the other, creating what Hyde describes as "network of enormous significance." The Comanche, in particular, had for many years protected their territory to the south of the Arkansas River against almost all who attempted to move into it. They had built up their power with a deep knowledge of their territory, shrewd trading arrangements, and their willingness to indulge in raids against those who threatened or breached those arrangements. Indeed, their grip on the territory to the south of the river was one of the reasons why Bent's Fort had been constructed on the opposite side. Although they had continued to assert their power after Mexican independence, the influx of displaced tribes from elsewhere, the westward push of white settlers and the development of the Santa Fe Trail meant that there were many bloody battles and much loss of life. These culminated in a Comanche raid on the fort and its surroundings in 1839 and a retaliatory raid by the Cheyenne. Realizing that long-term peace was preferable to reciprocating attacks, this was agreed and the formalization of the arrangement at the fort over several weeks during the summer of 1840 saw Bent playing a central role as host to the various camps and their celebrations. Hyde has said that
For William Bent, Owl Woman, and their families and business associates, the Arkansas River as border between Mexico and the United States was an abstraction. However, the Arkansas River as border between the Comanches and the Cheyennes mattered deeply, as did the river as wintering ground for people and for bison. Bent's Fort and its vacinidad created an oasis where business could be conducted and lives led, regardless of imperial borders.
George Ruxton subsequently observed, in 1848, how the council room at the fort was used, "Chiefs of the Shain, Kioway and Araphó sit in solemn conclave with the head traders, and smoke the "calumet" over their real and imaginary grievances."
Owl Woman, whose date of birth is unrecorded, was the oldest daughter of White Thunder and Tail Woman. She had at least two younger sisters, Yellow Woman and Island. Her father was an influential Cheyenne leader who acted as the tribe's "Keeper of the Arrows," four arrows thought to have a sacred or medicinal role. The prestige of his position as a spiritual leader or medicine man was reflected on to his daughters.
It was not uncommon at this time for white men living in the area, usually working as traders or trappers, to take a Native American wife. Often these relationships lasted only until the men left the frontier territory but while they existed they were of mutual benefit. Bent and Owl Woman's relationship, however, was a partnership that ultimately "resulted in children, wealth and power." From Bent's point of view, marriage to a Cheyenne would not merely provide him with female companionship and a social escort for functions held at the fort but, perhaps more importantly, reinforce an alliance with the tribe that would be a useful adjunct to his burgeoning trading activities. From the perspective of White Thunder, it would bolster his tribe's already friendly relationship with Bent and thus provide protection for them, and on a more personal level it would re-establish some of his prestige within the tribe itself.
To observe the formal rituals of the Cheyenne, he obtained consent from White Thunder to court Owl Woman. So much as talking to a Cheyenne girl was considered to be courtship by the tribe and, as such, it was necessary to obtain the permission first in order not to cause offence. There were other pre-courtship rituals, such as an exchange of ponies between the two men, and during the courtship itself Bent and Owl Woman were always chaperoned by Yellow Woman, in accordance with the Cheyenne belief in remaining celibate until marriage. To signal Bent's request to marry Owl Woman, he arrived at White Thunder's camp with horses and gifts and smoked a peace pipe of tobacco with Owl Woman's father in a ritualistic ceremony. Although Owl Woman wanted to marry Bent, the decision for the couple to marry was made by White Thunder by joining William Bent's hands with Owl Woman's hands. This signified both the acceptance of Owl Woman as William Bent's wife, but also an agreement for William Bent to also accept Owl Woman's sister Yellow Woman.[nb 5]
The couple married in a Cheyenne ceremony in 1835, per Britney Nelson of the Colorado Historical Society, or as others claim by 1837. As a part of the ritual, Owl Woman was carried into a lodge which was constructed for them in the Cheyenne village near the fort, while Bent dispensed largesse in the form of numerous gifts. Bent later became a "Cheyenne sub-chief", having attained tribal membership with his marriage to Owl Woman.[nb 6]
- Bent's Fort and the Cheyenne village
The couple each spent time at their partner's residence: the lodge created for Owl Woman and Bent's quarters within the fort, which were furnished according to their backgrounds. Owl Woman did not prefer to stay the fort, where her room was dark and near the loud, smoky blacksmith shop. The horses and pack animals were also loud and smelly. On the other hand, her lodge was quiet and lit through the parchment-like paper of the roof. Horses grazed on the hills. In the lodge built for Owl Woman and Bent, a shrine-like area held sacred and religious items. Supplies were stowed away, including cooking utensils, food, clothing, bedding, riding gear and weapons.
By the 1840s two of Owl Woman's younger sisters, Island and Yellow Woman, joined them, in accordance with tribal custom for successful men. In 1845 Yellow Woman bore William a boy named Charley, or Pe-ki-ree meaning White Hat in Cheyenne.
In April Bent left the fort for the six-month supply train journey to Missouri. During the summer months his family went back and forth between the fort and the nearby Cheyenne village and were in the fort by autumn.
- Big Timbers
Seasonally the Cheyenne moved 30 miles (48 km) down the Arkansas River to Big Timbers.[nb 7] Alongside the Arkansas River for 40 miles (64 km) Big Timbers was a prime location for hunting buffalo, a major source of food for the Cheyenne. The tribe also lived on roots and berries. Big Timbers was their desired camp site in the winter.
According to Hyde, Owl Woman and her children traveled with her tribe to Big Timbers during the winter months and were at the fort itself during the summer. During the Cheyenne's winter visit to Big Timbers, Bent accompanied his family with goods for trading. At Big Timbers, Bent lived according to Cheyenne custom when he lived with them in a more casual, unstructured way of life. While Bent's Fort life was somewhat structured with William having a leadership role.
Such was the rhythm of village life. Always movement — sometimes to Big Timbers close to the buffalo herds, sometimes to the fort, but always someplace where grass was thick, wood plentiful, and water fresh and sweet.
Owl Woman's role at the fort
Within a short time after the marriage the couple were, according to Hyde, "the central business and social leaders of the region.", having combined their familial and trading connections with the various tribes, the traders and the authorities of both New Mexico and the US Army to considerable effect. They were both active peacemakers among the natives, explorers and settlers who visited the fort: Mexican traders, American explorers, African slaves, hunters and trappers and members of many area Native American tribes.
Owl Woman worked in the fort and often managed the supply trains. Her position enabled her to deter predatory tribes who might have designs on the trade caravans, this [reputedly] being achieved by her flashing a signal using a mirror.
In the evening I got a fine sketch of 'Mis-stan-stur,' (Owl Woman), a Cheyenne squaw, who although she has been married several years and has two children, yet shows signs of having been a remarkably handsome woman. Having a white man for her husband, she has not been obliged to work, therefore her hands are in all their native beauty, small, delicately formed, and with tapering fingers; her wavy hair, unlike the Indians generally, was fine and of silken soften. She put on her handsomest dress in order to sit for me. Her cape and under garment were bordered with bands of beads, and her beautiful leggins, which extended only to the knee, were so nicely joined with the moccasin that the connection could not be perceived, and looked as neat as the stockings of our eastern belles, and the modest attitude in which she sits is characteristic, but will be best conceived by the sketch.
- Mary, named for Bent's favorite sister, was born January 22, 1838. Her Cheyenne name was Ho-ka.
- Robert, named for Bent's youngest brother, was born about 1840 - 1841. His Cheyenne name was Octavi-wee-his.
- George, was born July 7, 1843, named after Bent's brother. George was also named Ho-my-ike.
- Julia or Um-ah was born in 1847 and her English name was that of Bent's oldest sister.
Life at the fort, called the "mud castle of the plains", reflected the heritage of both parents. The children's clothes included linen shirts and soft-leather moccasins. There they ate on fine china and, according to Cheyenne custom, slept on the ground in soft hides. The furnishings and household goods included items from America, Mexico and international locations. Children enjoyed pumpkin pie and pancakes made by the Charlotte, a slave in service to the Bents. Chipita, the French-Mexican wife to a Bent worker, made taffy for the children; She performed housekeeping and laundry services at the fort.
Owl Woman's mother taught the children to be respectful and courteous of their elders. Discipline was given through stern glances and waving fingers by his mother and his aunts. In their multi-cultural environment, the children learned to speak many languages; George learned how to speak Cheyenne, English, Spanish, Comanche, Kiowa and Arapaho. The boys learned to ride horses bareback, control the horses actions through softly worded commands, hunt and to be warriors. The girls learned how to perform chores, like gathering wood, fetching water, and picking berries. Girls were also taught to be gracious, generous hosts. George Bent recalled of his childhood at the fort:
Something was always going on, and we children had no lack of amusements. In the fall and winter there was always a large camp of Indians just outside the fort — Cheyenne and Arapahos, and sometimes Sioux, Kiowas, Comanches, and Prairie Apaches.
Life for the Bent family changed dramatically over six years after Owl Woman's death. In 1849 a cholera epidemic swept through the Cheyenne tribe killing up to half of the people, including the children's grandmother, Tail Woman. Demand in fur declined, with a resulting drop in William Bent's business at the fort. In 1853 Bent established a stone fort in the Big Timbers area.
From 1854, subsequent to the death of Owl Woman, George was sent away to be educated at a school run by an Episcopalian in Westport, Missouri, causing him to be separated from his family for much of the time.
Death and posthumous recognition
The death of Owl Woman during the birth of Julia in 1847 was not witnessed by Bent as he was away at that time.[nb 8] Bent mourned deeply for Owl Woman. Her sister Island took responsibility for raising Bent and Owl Woman's children.
Owl Woman, described as "a most estimable good woman of much influence in the tribe", had worked to manage and improve relations between Native American tribes and the white man during her life. Hyde notes that
Bent and his allies figured out a middle position between the powerful Comanches and the expanding American systems. William and Charles Bent, White Thunder, and Owl Woman created a place and a moment that used the trading systems of the Native people and the roads, wagons, and goods made by Europeans to link two very different worlds. They envisioned ... a new world that would provide sustenance and honor for their children.
Their vision did not last, being overtaken by wider events as the years passed by, but the contribution of Owl Woman was recognized posthumously. She was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 1985.
- White Thunder's name can also be translated as Gray Thunder and Painted Thunder.
- Varnell states that another brother, George, was also a partner at some point.
- Archeological surveys have recovered 1526 pipes in the courtyard of the fort alone.
- Although Simmons provides the "Green" surname for the men, there is conjecture as to whether this was in fact their surname.
- The arrangement for Yellow Woman to accompany her sister Owl Woman into the marriage with Bent was a custom to share the work of managing a family, processing buffalo hides, meal preparation and possibly other wifely duties.
- Varnell believes that Bent "gradually accepted ... Yellow Woman as his wife" who gave birth to Bent's son named Charles in 1845. Dexter stated that: Bent "welcomed her as an honored member of the family, promising to always provide for her, but making it clear he would only have one wife, and that was Owl Woman." She states that Bent took Yellow Woman as his wife after Owl Woman's death. Grinnell similarly believes that this marriage was after the death. Hyde believes that Bent married another sister of Owl Woman, Island.
- Big Timbers later became the site of Bent's New Fort, built to replace the original after it was destroyed in mysterious circumstances in 1849 around the time of the Oklahoma cholera epidemic.
- Two of his brothers, Charles and Robert, also died in 1847.
- Varnell, p. 7.
- Grinnell (1923) p. 19.
- Dexter (2008) p. 4.
- Hyde (2011), pp. 156-159.
- Marker, p. 43.
- Hyde (2011), pp. 155, 162-163.
- Hämäläinen, pp. 18, 164-165.
- Varnell, p. 8.
- Hyde (2011), p. 147.
- Hyde (2011), p. 160.
- Halaas, Masich, p. 12.
- Hyde (2011), p. 155
- Grinnell (1923) p. 33
- Halaas, Masich, p. 24.
- Halaas, Masich, pp. 23, 55.
- National Park Service, p. 4.
- Varnell, p. 9.
- Hyde (2011), p. 161.
- Hyde (2011), pp. 163-164.
- Halaas, Masich, p. 23.
- Hyde (2011), p. 165.
- Halaas, Masich, p. 27.
- Grinnell (1913), pp. 170-172, 178, 184.
- Grinnell (1923), p. 24.
- Grinnell (1923) pp. 24-27.
- Grinnell (1913), p. 177.
- Simmons, pp. 51-52.
- Ruxton, p. 440
- Lavender, p. 171, 313, 319
- Hyde (2011), p. 163.
- Hyde (2011), p. 199.
- Hyde (2011), p. 355.
- Hyde (2011), pp. 168-169
- Grinnell, pp. 41-44.
- Hyde (2011), p. 219.
- Halaas, Masich, p.39.
- Halaas, Masich, p. 290.
- Halaas, Masich, pp. 14, 23, 290.
- Dexter, pp. 4-10.
- Deverell, p. 313.
- Halaas, Masich, pp. 23-25.
- Dexter, pp. 11-15.
- Dexter, p. 14.
- Hyde (2011), p. 164.
- Halaas, Masich, p. 13, 26.
- Hyde (2011), pp. 164-165.
- Hoig, p. 15.
- Varnell, p. 10.
- Dexter, pp. 17, 57.
- Grinnell (1923), p. 20
- Hyde (2011), p. 151.
- Halaas, Masich, pp. 26-27.
- Lavender, p. 323.
- Grinnell (1923), p. 25.
- Grinnell (1923), p. 20.
- Lavender, p. 254.
- Halaas, Masich, pp. 11, 42, 60.
- Halass, Masich, p. 42.
- Halass, Masich, pp. 59-60.
- Halaas, Masich, p. 62.
- Hyde, p. 162.
- Bataille, Lisa, p. 230.
- "Mis-stan-stur - Ghost-Owl Woman". US Geological Survey. 3 August 2006. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
- Varnell, pp. 9-10.
- Deverell, pp. 314, 313.
- Halaas, Masich, p. 45.
- Halaas, Masich, pp. 39-40.
- Halaas, Masich, p. 42.
- Grinnell (1923), p. 20-21.
- Grinnell (1913), pp. 156-157.
- Hyde (2011), pp. 151-152.
- Grinnell (1913), p. 139.
- Hyde (2011), pp. 169-170
- Owl Woman, Colorado Women's Hall of Fame.
- Bataille, G.; Lisa, Laurie. (2001) . Native American Women: a Biographical Dictionary. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93020-0.
- Owl Woman. Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. May 1, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
- Deverell, William Francis. (2004). A Companion to the American West. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-21357-0.
- Dexter, Sandy. (2008) Owl Woman: Her life with William Bent. Wolf River Productions. ISBN 978-0-615-20957-9
- Grinnell, George Bird (1913). Beyond the old frontier. Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- Grinnell, George Bird (1923). Bent's Old Fort And Its Builders (Kansas State Historical Collections, vol. 15). Kansas Historical Society.
- Halaas, David Fridtjof; Masich, Andrew Edward (2004). Halfbreed: the remarkable true story of George Bent. De Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81320-3.
- Hämäläinen, Pekka. (2008). The Comanche Empire. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12654-9.
- Hoig, Stan (1961). The Sand Creek Massacre. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-8061-1147-X.
- Hyde, Anne F. (2004). Transients and Stickers: The Problem of Community in the Wild West in A companion to the American West (Edited: Deverell, William Francis). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-21357-4.
- Hyde, Anne F. (2011). Empires, Nations, and Families: A History of the North American West, 1800-1860. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2405-6.
- Lavender, David. (1972) . Bent's Fort. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press and Bison Books. ISBN 0-8032-5753-8.
- Marker, Sherry (2003), Plains Indian Wars, Facts On File, ISBN 0-8160-4931-9
- Bent’s Old Fort National Historic Site - A Self-Guiding Tour, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Summer 2002. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- Ruxton, George Frederick (October 1848), Life in the "Far West", Part V. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, volume 64, issue CCCXCVI. Retrieved July 3, 2011
- Nelson, Brittney. Owl Woman: Bridging Two Cultures. Colorado Historical Society. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
- Simmons, Marc. (2005). New Mexico Mavericks: Stories from a Fabled Past. Santa Fe: Sunstone Press. ISBN 0-86534-500-7.
- Varnell, Jeanne (1999). Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. Boulder: Johnson Press. ISBN 1-55566-214-5. | <urn:uuid:1cb6d745-657f-499f-bda0-0fa5303c3e32> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_Woman | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191986.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00399-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964065 | 6,583 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The History of Brazil
by Jun Kuzuya
(Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan)
The national flag of Brazil
In the last class, as Gary told us, Brazil is the only country in South America where people speak Portuguese. And then, I wondered about why Brazilians speak Portuguese. So I examined about Brazilian history.
The answer is very simple. Because Brazil was a nation under the direct control of Portugal. 500 years ago, Brazil was discovered by the Portuguese. And then, Brazil was controlled by Portugal for 300 years. In the 16th century, it was named "Brazil" which means "red tree" in Portuguese. In 1822 Brazil became independent from Portugal. Probably, this factor became the reason why Brazilians spoke Portuguese, I think.
And in 1889, Brazil became a republic. We can find that this is a very important point for Brazilians. The reason is in the national flag of Brazil. Please look at the blue circle in the flag. There are 27 stars in the circle; this circle represents the night sky (in Rio de Janeiro) of the day when Brazil became a republic.
By the way, the words found at the center position represent the nation's motto: "Order and Development." So, many factors have affected the present-day Brazil!!
Now, Brazil is a very famous country all over the world. But through this research I could understand the origin of Brazil. And I want to go there someday to experience Brazilian culture!!
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Scientists in Texas are reporting development of a first-of-its-kind cloth that releases nitric oxide gas an advance toward making therapeutic socks for people with diabetes and a wrap to help preserve organs harvested for transplantation. The study is in ACS' Chemistry of Materials, a bi-weekly journal.
Kenneth Balkus and Harvey Liu note in the new study that nitric oxide (NO) helps increase blood flow and regulates a range of other body functions. Scientists have tried for years to find practical ways to store and deliver NO for use in medicine. However, they have had difficulty finding a suitable material that allows controlled delivery of NO. Recent studies suggested that zeolites could work. These porous materials soak up and store large amounts of gases like NO.
The scientists describe development of a new bandage composed of nitric oxide-absorbing zeolites embedded in a special water-repellant polymer. In experiments with laboratory rats, the bandage slowly released nitric oxide and increased blood flow. "The bandage could be used to wrap a donor organ ensuring intimate contact and direct delivery of nitric oxide," the report states. "Additionally, these interwoven fabrics could also find applications in smart textiles such as NO-releasing socks for diabetic patients, who have been shown to produce less nitric oxide than healthy patients."
|Contact: Michael Bernstein|
American Chemical Society | <urn:uuid:1553f86f-8fb7-4b2f-9ce6-ffea58928eb9> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Nitric-oxide-releasing-wrap-for-donor-organs-and-cloth-for-therapeutic-socks-11340-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164858282/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134738-00020-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923973 | 283 | 3.296875 | 3 |
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The word culture comes from the Latin root colere, to inhabit, cultivate, or honor. In general it refers to human activity; different definitions of culture reflect different theories for understanding, or criteria for valuing, human activity. In 1952 Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of over 200 different definitions of culture in their book, Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.
The popular use of the word culture in many Western societies reflects the fact that these societies are stratified. Many use the word culture to refer to elite consumption goods and activities such as fine cuisine, art, and music. Some label this as "high" culture to distinguish it from "low" culture, meaning non-elite consumption goods and activities.
18th and early 19th century scholars, and many people today, often identified culture with "civilization" and opposed both to "nature." Thus, people lacking elements of "high culture" were often considered to be more "natural," and elements of high culture were often criticized, or defended, for repressing human nature.
By the late nineteenth century, anthropologists argued for a broader definition of culture that they could apply to a wide variety of societies, they began to argue that culture is human nature, and is rooted in the universal human capacity to classify experiences, and encode and communicate them symbolically. Consequently, people living apart from one another develop unique cultures, but elements of different cultures can easily spread from one group of people to another. Anthropologists have thus had to develop methodologically and theoretically useful definitions of the word. Technically, anthropologists distinguish between material culture and symbolic culture, not only because each reflects different kinds of human activity but because they consitute different kinds of data that require different methodologies. As a rule, archeologists focus on material culture, and cultural anthropologists focus on symbolic culture, although ultimately both groups are interested in the relationship between these two dimensions. Moreover, anthropologists understand "culture" to refer not only to consumption goods, but to the general processes by which such goods are produced and given meaning, and the social relationships and practices in which such objects and processes are embedded.
In the early twentieth century anthropologists understood culture to refer not to a set of discrete products or activities (whether material or symbolic) but rather to underlying patterns of products and activities. Moreover, they assumed that such patterns were clearly bounded (thus, some people confuse "culture" for the society that has a particular culture). In smaller societies in which people were divided by age, gender, household, and descent group, anthropologists believed that people more or less shared the same set of values and conventions. In larger societies in which people were further divided by region, race or ethnicity, and class, they believed that members of the same society often had highly contrasting values and conventions. They thus used the term subculture to identify the cultures of parts of larger societies. Since subcultures reflect the position of a segment of society vis a vis other segments and the society as a whole, they often reveal processes of domination and resistance.
Cultural studies developed in the late 20th century, in part through the reintroduction of Marxist thought in sociology, and in part through the articulation of sociology and other academic disciplines such as literary criticism, in order to focus on the analysis of subcultures in capitalist societies. Following the non-anthropological tradition, cultural studies generally focus on the study of consumption goods (such as fashion, art, and literature). Because the 18th and 19th century distinction between "high" and "low" culture is not appropriate to the mass-produced and mass-marketed consumption goods with which cultural studies is concerned, these scholars refer instead to popular culture.
Today some anthropologists have joined the project of cultural studies. Most, however, reject the identification of culture with consumption goods. Furthermore, many now reject the notion of culture as bounded, and consequently reject the notion of subculture. Instead, they see culture as a complex web of shifting patterns that link people in different locales, and link social formations of different scales.
|copyright © 2004 FactsAbout.com| | <urn:uuid:189cf157-66ca-481e-b271-e4647800d0fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://factsabout.com/c/cu/culture_1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806309.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121002016-20171121022016-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.966966 | 855 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery
is a United States National Cemetery
in the city of San Antonio
in Bexar County, Texas
. It encompasses , and as of the end of 2008, had 120,982 interments.
Although the Army post in the area was established in 1875, and construction of Fort Sam Houston
was constructed the following year no burials were made in the area that is currently the cemetery until 1926. In 1931 an additional were added, and it was considered to be an addition to San Antonio National Cemetery
. In 1937, it was made a National Cemetery in its own right and renamed to Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery. In 1947 several other Forts in Texas
, including Fort McIntosh
, were closed and their cemetery interments were transferred to Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery.
Interred at the Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery are 140 axis prisoners of war
(POWs) from World War II
who Died in captivity. 133 are German, 4 are Italian, and 3 are Japanese. After the end of hostilities most POWs who died in captivity were returned to their respective countries, these 140 were disinterred from various Texas prisoner of war camps
and reburied at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery. Of these POW's who are buried at Fort Sam Houston, one is Hugo Krauss who was murdered by fellow Nazi POW's in Camp Hearne in 1943. When originally interred these graves were isolated from the American graves. There are two graves that have been erroneously documented as...... | <urn:uuid:adc5f3a1-537d-46a5-8738-e8f4bf4f2238> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://pages.rediff.com/fort-sam-houston-national-cemetery/1153268 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825264.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022132026-20171022152026-00786.warc.gz | en | 0.987796 | 312 | 2.703125 | 3 |
How to help your child switch from primary to high school
The step up from primary to secondary school can be exciting – or terrifying – for children and parents alike. A psychologist tells how to make it a smooth transition.
Children go through many leaps throughout childhood, but one of the most significant is the jump from primary to secondary school.
It can be a time of much uncertainty, but child psychologist Jaimie Bloch says there are plenty of positives to focus on and tips to make the transition smoother.
And communication and preparation are key.
An emotional minefield
“Parents need to be openly communicating with their children and bringing things to their child’s awareness,” Jaimie says.
“Children go through different emotions, worries and challenges internally they might not have the words to express, so it’s important parents bring them into the fold.”
She says in addition to emotional concerns, it is also a time for huge physical leaps.
“Emotions are heightened with puberty,” Jaimie says.
“They go back to very egocentric thinking, like being two-year-olds again.
“Parents need to know what they’re spitting out isn’t about you, it’s about them.”
Practical differences between primary and high schools
High school can come as a shock to the system – for kids and parents.
There are more subjects with more teachers, increased homework expectations, more challenging work, demands of getting to different classrooms on time, and even carrying their own laptops or books between classes.
Making sure children are familiar with their new surroundings is crucial, Jaimie says.
“Being able to orientate to a new campus and an idea of multiple teachers can be quite overwhelming as well as the expectation of workloads, exams and stress.”
- Bags packed: 7 ways to get your child ready for school camp
Getting to school
If starting to use public transport to get to school, it may be the first time your child has had to use a ticketing system on their own.
Others will have to learn how to change trains or trams and walking to their school without mum or dad’s direction.
Jaimie says there is often less “hand-holding” when children travel to secondary school.
“Do the trips with your child then teach them to do it themselves,” she says.
“Talk about things involved. Do they have a ticket with money on it, how to put money on it, what are the routes?”
Back to being the ‘little kids’ of school
Going from being the “big kids” of the school to the “small fish in the pond” can also be a tricky situation for children to navigate.
There is comfort in having got to know primary school friends over time and the confidence that comes with being in the oldest year level on campus.
This can take a hit if jumping to a whole new school, being the youngest once more and especially if having to make all new friends from scratch again.
“Talk to kids about how they’re feeling about this and acknowledge it,” Jamie says.
- Childhood anxiety: Why are kids getting so anxious?
The positives of starting high school
While many of the aspects of leaving primary school can seem challenging, parents should try to make it fun and exciting, Jaimie says.
“Highlight what new opportunities there are,” he says.
“It’s a time where children can specialise and pick things they enjoy doing. It’s a time of identity formation.”
Navigating new friendships
Having at least one friend from primary school starting at the same high school inevitably makes those early days less daunting.
But not all children have this luxury, with some thrown in the deep end and forced to make new connections.
Jaimie says while making new friends can be daunting, it can also be exciting.
“Find out if there is a buddy system and encourage the child to be involved,” he says.
“Remind them just because they’re at a new school, it doesn’t mean they can’t still be friends with old friends.”
Lap up the last summer
Jaimie says it is important parents ensure children have a fun summer before school starts.
It is important, too, to stay in touch with primary school friends over these school holidays before high school begins.
“It’s such a beautiful time for identity and change,” she says.
“Spend time with friends, and get plenty of physical activity and sleep. Show you’re excited for your child to become a young adult.”
Written by Sally Heppleston. | <urn:uuid:40afaaa1-f479-446a-a634-8135a92d1910> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.houseofwellness.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/help-child-switch-from-primary-to-high-school | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103033816.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220624213908-20220625003908-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.958613 | 1,022 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Measuring the impact of our operations
What is Noise and why is it important?
Sound is what we hear, but noise is defined as unwanted sound that might disturb the peace of people who are in the vicinity. The difference often depends upon the listener and the circumstance, as well as the sound’s frequency and whether the sound is continuous or intermittent.
Sound is typically measured by its ‘sound pressure’, commonly measured in decibels. In a typical community, noise starts to cause annoyance when the sound level outside their home measures around 55 decibels.
The most common effect of community noise is annoyance. However, excessive noise may also impact the ability to have an ordinary conversation, enjoy some leisure activities, or get a good night’s sleep.
How is Noise measured?
PRPA measures sound through the use of sensitive monitoring equipment that measures decibels and enables audio recordings of the surrounding area. The data readings are continuous and constantly measured (i.e. real-time), and the data is transmitted directly to PRPA. The audio recordings allow for the identification the many noise sources that are not terminal related (e.g.) trains and railyard, overhead float planes, passing vehicles, birds & wildlife, etc.) Given the subjective nature of its impact as an annoyance or nuisance, neighbourhood feedback is a very important monitoring supplement to this equipment
How much Noise is acceptable?
Given the vague nature of defining noise, its specific regulation is generally limited to consumer products and occupational standards in Canada. PRPA has adopted 55 decibels as a baseline towards which to manage noise related to terminal activities and their impact on residential areas. | <urn:uuid:2aacd258-3aed-46cf-a0d9-f3c54520b183> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.rupertport.com/port-authority/sustainability/noise-monitoring | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806939.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123195711-20171123215711-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.954909 | 340 | 3.625 | 4 |
Monday, February 25, 2013
G28: 243393920 Beauchamp-Braose
~1110, William born in England, s/o 79959090. Walter de Beauchamp & 79959091. Emmeline d’Abitot.
~1120, Maud de Braose, d/o 159916036. Philip de Breuse & 159916037. Aenor de Totenies.
1131, Walter’s son William de Beauchamp confirmed in his father’s lands [Elmley castle, Gloucester], and office of Dispenser. (S) Colonial England, Holt, 1997, P134.
12/22/1135, Stephen crowned king of England; ursuping Empress Matilda, d/o King Henry I; and starting a civil war.
1138, William’s brother Walter joined the entourage of Waleran, count of Meulan, and King Stephen’s Lieutenant in Normandy.
1139, Waleran, count of Meulan, created earl of Worcester by King Stephen. [William had his own claims to the castle and shrievalty of Worcester.]
9/1139, King Henry’s daughter Empress Matilda invaded England.
10/1139, King Stephen, at Worcester, conferred on William de Beauchamp the shrievalty of Worcester, and fief of Gloucester, forfeited by Milo, constable of Gloucester, owing to his revolt. (S) A Cotteswold Shrine, Baddeley, 1908, P10.
11/1139, William de Beauchamp defended Worcester castle against the forces of Empress Matilda.
1139-40, William de Beauchamp changed allegiance to Empress Matilda.
2/2/1141, King Stephen captured at the battle of Lincoln. [Waleran de Beaumont’s capture, who had escaped, likely a result of the defection of William de Beauchamp, sheriff of Worcester.]
4/7/1141 at Winchester, Empress Matilda acknowledged as “Lady of England and Normandy” by Bishop Henry.
1141 at Oxford, Empress Matildis by letters patent restored to William de Beauchamp the castle and honour of Tamworth, to hold as freely as Robert le Despenser, brother of Urso d’Abetot enjoyed. (S) Magni Rotuli Scaccarii Normanniae, Stapleton, P99. [William grandson of Urso.]
7/30/1141, Empress Matilda granted William de Beauchamp the office of sheriff of Worcester. “Also I give and concede to him the lands and inheritance of his close relatives who have been against me in my war and are not able to come to terms with me, unless another of his closer relatives shall have served with me in the war.”
9/14/1141, Empress Matilda’s forces defeated at the battle of Winchester; her brother Robert, earl of Gloucester, captured.
11/1/1141, King Stephen exchanged by Empress Matilda for Robert, earl of Gloucester.
12/25/1141, Stephen again crowned King, and held a Christmas court. [The civil war would continue for 12 more years.]
1145, Waleran, count of Meulan, wrote to William de Beauchamp, sheriff of Worcester, telling him of his imminent departure on crusade. Waleran appointed William to the lordship of Worcester. (S) War and Chivalry, Strickland, 1996, P287.
7/3/1147, A letter of Pope Eugenious to 4 English prelates naming John the Marshall, with William Martel, Hugh de Bolbec and William de Beauchamp as being accused of plundering the lands of Abingdon and of exacting forced labor for castle-building. (S) War and Chivalry, Strickland, 1996, P86. [‘… Willelmus Martel, Hugo de Bolebec, Willelmus de Bellocampo, Johannes Marescallus …’ (S) Geoffrey de Mandeville, Round, 1892, P416.]
Bef. 1148, William de Bello Campo quitclaimed to the prior and monks of the Church of St. Mary Worcester the forestage of Tibritune. (S) Historia Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey Monmouth, P82.
4/13/1149 at the castle of Devizes, ‘Henry, son of the Duke of Normandy and Earl of Anjou. … Know that I have restored to the church of Sarum … in the presence of Roger Earl of Bedford, Patrick Earl of Sarum, John Fitz-Gilbert, …, W’m de Bello Campo, Elias Giffard, Roger de Berkley, John de Saint John, Hubert de Valibus, Thomas Basset, … (S) Journal of the British Arch. Assoc., V40, 1884, P146.
1149-54, William de Andeville, a monk of Christ Chruch, Canterbury, excommunicated William de Beauchamp for breaking down the walls of the cemetery and robbing the church. (S) History of Evesham, May, 1834, P59. [William de Andeville had attacked William’s castle of Bengeworth.]
6-7/1150, King Stephen, in an attempt to reduce the influence of Waleran, count of Meulan and earl of Worcester [who was in residence in Normandy], attacked the city of Worcester garrisoned by William de Beauchamp. King Stephen’s forces ravaged the country side, but were not able to take William and his forces in the castle.
6-8/1151, King Stephen again besieged Worcester, now supported by William de Beauchamp. Robert, earl of Leicester [brother of Waleran], captured William and “kept him in close confinement.” (S) FMG. [Roger, earl of Hereford, was instrumental in William’s release.]
1/1153, Duke Henry [s/o Empress Matilda] landed in England with 140 knights and 3,000 infantry in 36 ships.
1153, King Stephen took the castle of Tamworth from William de Beauchamp and restored it to Robert Marmion.
12/19/1154, Henry II [s/o Empress Matilda] succeeded King Stephen of England.
By 1155, William replaced by William Comin as sheriff of Worcester. (S) Proceedings – Battle Conference, 1991, P97.
5/1155, William de Beauchamp with King Henry II as the siege of Bridgnorth during the rebellion of Hugh de Mortimer.
8/1155 at Worcester, William de Beauchamp witnessed a royal charter to the Norman abbey of St. Martin at Troarn, Bayeux, France.
11/1255, Staffordshire. William de Beauchamp, fermor of Trentham, has paid £15 to Geoffry Monk in the Camera Curiae.
1/1156 at Dover, William de Beauchamp witnessed a royal charter to Christ Church, Canterbury.
1156, William de Beauchamp, farmer of the royal manor of Bisley.
1156-1163, William de Beauchamp high sheriff of Gloucester. (S) History of Gloucester, Atkyns, 1803, P61.
1157, William the sheriff of Warwickshire and Gloucester.
1157, ‘Wills de Bello Capo’ at Trentham in Staffordshire with revenue of £30. (S) FMG.
1157, William de Beauchamp with King Henry at Worcester. (S) Antiquities of Shropshire, V2, Eyton, 1855, P64.
4/1158, William de Beauchamp and Manasser Biset with the King at Worcester. (S) Antiquities of Shropshire, V2, Eyton, P64.
1158, William de Beauchamp, farmer of the royal manor of Bisley, assumed the shievalty and accounted for the old farm pro Walter of Hereford. (S) Accession of Henry II, Amt, 1993, P43.
1159, William de Beauchamp accounts for the Fermorship of Trentham. (S) Collections – Staffordshire, V1, 1880, P27.
1159, William de Beauchamp accounted for the farms of Robert fitz Hugh in Warwickshire. (S) Restoration and Reform, White, 2000, P138.
By 9/1160, William de Beauchamp rendered accounts to king Henry II for sums expended upon the armour of the king of the islands, in Worcestershire; and in Gloucestershire, for his allowance. (S) Lords of the Centrial Marches, Holden, 2008, P152. [Sheriff also of the county of Hereford.]
By 1162, ‘Henry King of England … to his Sheriff and Minister of Salopescire … that ye cause a recognition to be made … let William de Beauchamp see the doing thereof. – Witness: Mannasser Biset, Dapifer. (S) Antiquities of Shropshire, V2, Eyton, 1855, P64.
6/1164, Worcestershire. Pro vino Regis … Idem Vicecomes (Willelmus de Bellocampo) reddit compotum de verteri firma de Gloucestria.
9/1164, William de Beauchamp, sheriff of Worcestershire, accepting the ferm of Trentham of £30. (S) Collections – Staffordshire, V1, 1880, P38.
6/1165, Worcestershire. William de Beauchamp, the Sheriff, charges – In liverae obsidum remanentium £13 10s 8d. …
1165, Herefordshire. Sheriff William de Beauchamp charges – Et Radulfo de Grosmund £8 5s 6d ad liveracionem Servientum de Grosmund …
3/1166, King Henry left England from Southampton. The defence of the country was left to sheriffs Geoffrey de Vere and William de Beauchamp, assissted by Richard de Luci and the Earl of Arundel. (S) Red Book of the Exchequer, Pt2, Hall, 1896, P-CXCIX.
1166, William de Beauchamp of Worcestershire an exception to under-reporting of knights [reporting 7] in servitude in the inquest of that year. (S) Feudal England, Round, 1895, P243.
1167, By writ of Richard de Luci, William de Bello Campo rendered £4 3s 8d for privisions for the castle of Chirk.
1169, William, sheriff of Worcester.
1170, William died; buried at Worcester. (S) Annales Monastici, V4, 1869, P65. [Hugh Poer replaced his as sheriff of Worcester.]
(S) Court, Household and Itinerary of King Henry II, Eyton, 1878. (S) King Stephen, King, 2010.
Child of William and Maud:
- G28: 243394000 ApGruffydd-Gwynedd
- G28: 243393928 Mauduit-Senlis
- G28: 243393932 Newburg-Warren
- G28: 243393920 Beauchamp-Braose
- G28: 243383552 Berners-Barrow
- G28: 243382850 Duston-Erdington
- G28: 243382848 Grey
- G28: 243382624 Stafford-Corbet
- G28: 243382596 FitzJohn-Dunbar
- G28: 243382594 FitzRanulph-Percy
- G28: 243382592 Neville
- G28: 243382542 Gant
- G28: 243382540 Peter de Mauley
- G28: 243382536 Multon
- G28: 243382318 Auberville
- G28: 243382312 Leyburn-Turnham
- G28: 243382304 Say
- G28: 243382144 William Bardolf
- G28: 243381890 Beke-Grey
- G28: 243381888 Wileby
- G28: 243380824 Burgh-Lacy
- G28: 243378816 Lovel-Basset-Talbot
- G28: 243378400 Talbot-apRhys
- G28: 243377248 Pateshull
- G28: 243376346 Longespee-Ridelisford
- G28: 243376344 Zouche-Quincy
- G28: 243376322 Fortibus-Ferrers
- G28: 243369104 Cobham-FitzBenedict
- G28: 243368000 Esturmy
- G28: 243367952 Beauchamp-Mohun
- G28: 189135170 Camville-Basset
- G28: 189134934 Tracy-Brewes
- G28: 189127984 Pecche-Peverel
- G28: 189127106 Birkin
- G28: 189125342 Dreux-St.Valery
- G28: 189125340 Burgundy-Vergy
- G28: 189125124 d'Aubigny-Louvain
- G28: 189125120 Mowbray-Gaunt
- ▼ February (38)
- ► 2012 (418)
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- ► 2010 (1664) | <urn:uuid:411e7ce0-e5a1-490f-87a0-6ef11ab31f85> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.teachergenealogist007.com/2013/02/g28-243393920-beauchamp-braose.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123172.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00323-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.803559 | 3,008 | 2.5625 | 3 |
History Of Elvis The American Icon History Essay
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays.
America has thousands of idols that have influenced and shaped society to what it is today. Between the late nineteenth century and the 1970s, America began to develop into one nation with the influence of many people throughout the years. One man that had a large influence on the American society during his time was Elvis Presley, otherwise known as "The King." Presley was a man that had many affects on the people and he also played his part during politics. Elvis Presley influenced millions of people across America during his life and transformed music by his unique style of rock. His influence shaped America politically, culturally, and gave a new idea to the overall history of the United States, especially at his prime during the fifties and sixties.
Elvis Presley was born on January 8, 1935 to Vernon Presley and Gladys Smith in Mississippi. Presley's career began when he was in the fifth grade, singing at a talent show. "He climbed onto the stage and sang 'Old Sheep,' a tearjerker about a boy and his dog. In this, his first public performance, he placed fifth." From then on Presley knew he had a feel for music. His parents ended up buying him a guitar shortly after the talent show. The Presley family was church family, which is another reason Elvis began to have the music spirit, but instead of singing the hymns that were going on in church, Elvis would listen to the people sing and get a feel of how to play his guitar to the music. As Elvis grew older, the love for music began to grow. He really wanted to become a singer. In 1953, Elvis walked into Sun Records, owned by Sam Phillips, with four dollars, a guitar, and a few songs of his own. After recording his song, Elvis was called back to the studio ten months later and from then on the "King" was born. Presley's fame continued throughout his life and he inspired millions of people in the United States until the day he died.
Surprisingly, Elvis was involved with politics at some point in his life. Although Elvis was barely a little boy when World War II began, he was drafted into the military during his younger years. Elvis was in his singing career at the time of entering the military, so by him entering the draft definitely had an effect on his fans. Elvis was not fazed by the fact of going into the army. No matter what, he still wanted to go. "I'll do whatever they tell me," he said, "and I won't be asking no special favors." This quote gives an idea about how Elvis cared for his country and was willing to sacrifice himself in order to protect America by joining the military. Music was not the only thing that mattered in his eyes. By being drafted into the military, Presley not only served his country, but he also earned American's respect across the country. He served two years in the military and was sent home in March of 1960 to continue his career and inspiring Americans.
At one point in his life, Presley was able to meet the President of the United States, Richard M. Nixon. The meeting took place in on December 21, 1970. Not only did Elvis hand write a letter to the President, but he also wanted to serve as an agent for the President, which was very ironic. In his letter, he explains, "Sir [meaning President Nixon], I can and I will be of any service that I can to help the country out… I can and will do you good if I were made a Federal Agent at large, and I will help by doing it my way through my communication with people of all ages." The funny thing about this letter was that it was written on a napkin from an airplane, but Elvis ended up getting a response from President Nixon himself and was invited to visit him in the White House. Elvis was credited by President Nixon, in which he made him an honorary undercover officer for the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs at the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Elvis wanted to help the American society in the fight against drugs during his time, which is significant to his impact on America. It shows that not only did Elvis care about his fans and music, but he also wanted to help with social issues in the society and he did so by writing a letter to President Nixon.
Besides politics, "The King" also had a majority of his impact involve around society as a whole when it comes to his music. Presley invented a new style of rock and roll at his prime, attracting millions of people, young and old. Most of his music inspired many young teens growing up in America in the fifties and sixties. From "Jailhouse Rock" to the "Heartbreak Hotel," Elvis introduced a brand new style of rock, allowing teens to have a new style. He inspired many kids and teens during his time to consider becoming singers themselves. If Elvis can do it, why could not they? In America, kids began to show off their talents, they began to grab their instruments, and started doing their thing in living rooms, basements, or anywhere they could start. The fact that Presley's influence attracted the youth population into becoming artists of their own is why "The King" was known as the "The King." Not only did he just revolutionize the rock and roll culture, but he shaped the style to what it became years later, after he began his career. Obviously, Elvis influenced many to live their dream and begin to start their own music, just like he did as a young boy. Besides Presley's hits, seventy to eighty percent of songs were by new artists that were never heard of before. Seventy to eighty percent of songs shows the rise of new artists beginning to form as Elvis began to show the American Dream to young men and women.
During his time, Elvis Presley was a perfect example of living the American Dream. Growing up in a small town in Tennessee, he grew up into living a life with money, cars, girls, and the love from fans and the love of music. Presley had an overall impact on the society of America. He shaped rock to what it is today. He was a social idol throughout his life, especially during the fifties and sixties where he was at his prime. Elvis had fluid hips and a sneer that propelled him to success and being the most influential man in rock and roll. Teenagers wanted values of their own. Presley's music was one of a kind. Elvis created the song "Jailhouse Rock," which was released in 1957 by Sun Records. We all know beginning with the guitar solo strumming the main beat, "Dunn Dunn…" This song became a classic hit in the late 1950s and it obviously had a kick that made everyone want to get up on their feet and dance. This was his new style, which created a style for teenagers. "Let's rock, everybody, let's rock. Everybody in the whole cell block, was dancin' to the jailhouse rock." Of course, this song was a part of the movie Jailhouse Rock in 1957 starring Elvis, but, as said before, teens wanted something to dance to and Elvis gave them that with this song, along with many other hits. A softer side of Elvis is shown by his 1961 hit "Can't Help Falling in Love," produced by RCA Records. This song, obviously about love, was another one of Elvis's classics.
Elvis helped teenagers develop a culture of their own. Teenagers of this time could be also considered the "baby boomers." The baby boom occurred after World War II, when soldiers returned home to their wives and girlfriends. At this time the baby rate began to incline, thus this was the baby boom era. Elvis came to be known in the fifties, which most of the babies from post-World War II, were at the early stages of their teen years. During the 1950s and 60s, teenagers wanted their own style of music, not the type that their parents would listen to; Jazz, Blues. It was the 1950s and the Jazz Age was in the twenties. Elvis had his own style, from the way he dressed, to his flashy hairstyle, to his unique voice in every song he created; Elvis was a social idol for teenagers. They wanted music to dance to and Elvis gave teenagers the music they wanted to hear. Elvis did this in his own unique way and he did not even know it.
Elvis was an inspiration for all, and is still an inspiration thirty three years later after his death in 1977. He was an idol for many through his music and his overall character. He shaped American society politically, as seen by being part of the military and wanting to be a Federal Agent against drugs, and socially by giving the American teen culture a new style to participate in.
Cite This Essay
To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: | <urn:uuid:86df111c-b2f3-4684-854b-5b8e7d2b98bd> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/history-of-elvis-the-american-icon-history-essay.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221214691.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819031801-20180819051801-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.993533 | 1,931 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Praca projektowa w dydaktyce języków obcych – alternatywa czy codzienność?
Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM
The aim of the article is to discuss the role of project work in teaching foreign languages in Polish junior secondary schools. Project work is presented as a technique successfully activating and motivating learners, allowing educators to implement the principles of the constructivist approach. The author presents reports on two studies that explored how this way of teaching is applied in Polish junior secondary education. The results of the studies confi rm the eff ectiveness of project work in teaching English as a foreign language and underline the need for creating better school conditions to use this valuable technique. The author of the paper hopes that the text will encourage teachers to treat this technique as a regular class activity, not only as an interesting didactic experiment.
Artykuł recenzowany / peer-reviewed article
project work, DiAMENT project, teaching foreign languages, junior secondary school, autonomy, constructivist didactics
Państwo i Społeczeństwo 2016 (XVI), nr 2, s. 75-84. | <urn:uuid:64e940df-319d-4710-9207-204cfd0fc64d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://repozytorium.ka.edu.pl/items/61095228-3d81-4bdb-8494-137e49e9739f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474541.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224144416-20240224174416-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.655819 | 256 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Do you just assume that your child is aware of what your family values are? Do just assume that the know not to drink, smoke, do drugs, have promiscuous and unprotected sex, drink and drive and more? It is never safe to assume that your teen knows what family values are unless you clearly state them. If you have a parent/child contract you can create a situation in which you can open the conversations with your teen that are sometimes daunting.
By writing out specifically what your family values are you allow your teen to not only hear your words but read them as well. Keep in mind that some people are auditory learners and others aren’t so sometimes words just go in one ear and out the other. The great thing about parent contracts is that both the parents and the teen sign them and state that they understand things perfectly and know what to accept.
Clarifying your family values is the foundation for all of your other parent/teen contracts. Once you establish a clear set of family values and an understanding of those you are then in a position to build upon this foundation with rules and clear consequences in other parent contracts.
When teens do not know what you expect of them they don’t know what direction to go in and that is when things get scary. Teens without direction from their parents will turn to peer pressure and the influence of friends. You cannot just say that they should learn by example because that isn’t enough. Today’s teens have a lot of pressure on them. They have a lot of images and ideas coming at them from the media as well and you need to be the loudest voice in their world. You need to be the clear voice of reason and unconditional love. | <urn:uuid:61121336-9772-451c-ae80-746d042b73b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.parentcontracts.com/article/family-values/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400227524.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925150904-20200925180904-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.968377 | 351 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Given the amount of time some of us spend online, on social media and on messaging apps, the idea that technology can offer a source of comfort may seem obvious. The reverse might also be a no-brainer — that without technology, some people may feel isolated.
But what happens when you apply these understandings to the various circumstances surrounding human trafficking?
The lack of research on the relationship between technology and labor trafficking in particular pushed researchers at the Center for Communication Leadership & Policy at the University of Southern California’s Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism to examine this issue. The findings, recently released in a new report, have found that migrant workers — anyone who might leave their families and homes for an extended period of time for work — are more vulnerable to human trafficking, forced labor and exploitation when they are isolated from technology and social networks.
FOCUSING ON THE PHILIPPINES
“There have been some studies on sex trafficking and technology, but almost nothing has been written on these issues as pertained to labor trafficking,” said Mark Latonero, the principal author of the study. And before the study began, much of the understanding on technology and labor trafficking came from different perceptions and narratives the researchers had been familiar with — but nothing with which they had concrete evidence to substantiate these claims.
“I’d heard many stories of cell phones being taken away form migrants, or them being disconnected from the Internet,” he told PBS MediaShift. “But in order to truly understand, we needed to understand what the migration process was like from a certain country’s perspective.”
The decision to focus on the Philippines came from the fact that it’s a huge source country for labor, with tens of millions of Filipinos traveling every year for work. According to the World Bank, the country received $25 billion in remittances in 2013.
The Philippines also had a key quality essential for the study — like other countries in southeast and east Asia, it’s extremely technologically saturated, and many Filipinos love to be on social media.
The report begins with this brief case study that encapsulates many of the concerns:
While interviewing survivors of labor trafficking for this report, researchers heard from a young woman in the Philippines who applied for domestic work in the Middle East. She recounted the way her friend, already working abroad, had called and sent texts of encouragement and eventually put her in touch with a recruiter. She was promised that her documents would be arranged with an employer before her flight to begin work. Upon her departure, the recruiter said that plans had changed. She was told her work papers and airline ticket would be issued in Malaysia. The woman was put on a boat and spent over a week crossing the Sulu Sea from one island to another. She was isolated. Her only means of communication was her mobile phone. Not wanting to worry her family (they had high hopes for her employment), she communicated only with her friend, asking for advice and reassurance. Even if she had been able to access the Internet, it is unclear whether she possessed the skills or knowledge to search for the appropriate online resources. Once in Malaysia, she was put into a van with others. While traveling to an unknown destination they were apprehended by police. Interrogated and imprisoned, the young woman managed to sneak her phone into jail and made one last call. Finally, the friend passed along word of her plight and the Philippine government intervened. After a month in prison she was repatriated and is currently in a rehabilitation shelter in Manila.
HORIZONTAL NETWORKS AND LIVING ONLINE
Because so many of our interactions are shifting online, the space for horizontal networks — communications with different people along the same medium — to organically manifest is much easier now, Latonero said. People are keeping in touch with their friends, families and peers on social platforms like Facebook and Twitter. But these same communications could also take place with illegal recruiters or others with the potential to exploit workers — with the target person not even realizing the vulnerability.
“Technology can play an important role in both perpetuating and addressing labor trafficking,” said Ed Marcum, vice president of investments at Humanity United, a U.S.-based foundation. “Yet, little evidence-based research has been done on the relationship between the two.”
Navigating the full range of human behavior that appears online presents opportunities for both public and private sectors to help in the fight against labor trafficking, the researchers argue. By advocating for and ensuring that workers have free access to various technologies and social networks, researchers can also monitor something that might not ordinarily happen in the public eye.
“When something is online, we can actually see it. It’s visible,” Latonero told PBS MediaShift. “People are commenting on Facebook and message boards, and it’s giving us a sense of how someone is living abroad.”
With the evidence gathered from the report, the hope is to inform policy makers, Facebook, Google and other stakeholders to do something, Latonero said.
An example? “When the Philippines does a memo of understanding with Saudi Arabia [a top destination labor country], they ensure or specify that cell phones must not be taken away,” he said.
For more information on the report, check out the video below.
This piece originally published on March 17, 2015, on PBS MediaShift. | <urn:uuid:d04c3775-bf00-4198-86c0-7175ee41558c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://sonipaul.me/2015/03/17/usc-study-isolation-from-tech-increases-vulnerability-to-labor-trafficking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370525223.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404200523-20200404230523-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.965873 | 1,127 | 2.8125 | 3 |
“Frankly, I think that it is downright immoral to trick children into learning and doing math when they think they are just playing an innocent game. To make the situation worse (as if anything can be worse than lying to children), the deception does not achieve any purpose, since cooperative learners who know what they are doing will learn far better than children who go mindlessly through the motions of learning. I can imagine no better example to support this than observing how much more children learn in mastering a tough game than in the same amount of time in math class.”
Papert, S. (1998) Does Easy Do It? Children, Games, and Learning. From the June 1998 issue of Game Developer magazine, “Soapbox” section, page 88. Also included is a letter in response to Papert’s article and Papert’s response to that letter, both of which appeared in the September 1998 issue of the magazine. | <urn:uuid:8a35af97-4074-4b08-8b61-57a8b9eca4f4> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://dailypapert.com/october-19-2011/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038057142.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410134715-20210410164715-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.971422 | 197 | 2.734375 | 3 |
EVER CHANGING WORKING WOMAN|
Sphere of Life|
Jonathan C. Pape|
[This essay details the history of working women in American history. From colonial times through today's business woman. Goes over the challenges and breakthroughs in roughly each era with references.]|
It was not long ago when women were looked upon as slaves to the hard- working man. In today's society women now are more respected and are acceptable for many jobs equivalent to men. Yet, long before our time during the creation of this great nation, women were second class citizens, thought to only hold reign over a household not a workplace. During World War II, women were given an opportunity to prove their worth out of necessity for workers, then expected to return to the household chores and structure, this taste of freedom sparked their own revolution of equality in this ever changing new nation of America. Women then took their stand and many acts were passed in their favor. In this essay I shall be discussing the many different requirements women went through from colonial times, during World War II and through to today.
The ships that brought over the very first settlers of Jamestown and Plymouth also brought a surplus of social ideology. Women’s place was submissive and obedient. “Tradition provided her with secondary status in the family, where she served her husband, cared for her children, and worked in the household.” (Woloch, p. 16)
The seventeenth-century housewife, in her confined living space, was expected to commit to “housewifery” as the only job she was capable of in her daily life. This meant the lifelong production of food, clothing, and household items; the newer the region, the more rugged the job. It was shocking for Mary Rowlandson, while in captivity, to witness Native American women in charge of the business of trading as well as farming and housing demands.
For most of the eighteenth century, women lagged behind, locked in a traditional mold. “Whatever her locale or station in society, the contours of a women’s life were defined by her dependent role in the family.” (Woloch, p. 66) One promising movement for women in the workplace came about when the Ladies Magazine was created in 1828. Edited by woman, this magazine pushed for a new generation of independent women to stand up for their rights in family and public circles. Many upper class women began social clubs to help out those in need. This was one of the first time in history that women could flex their intellectual muscles in the world and a huge stepping stone into the workforce.
When Alexander Hamilton wrote his Report on Manufacturers in 1791, seeking ways to develop industry in the United States, he identified women and children as a source of cheap labor. Later, in the 1820s, the textile mills of New England, most notably those in Lowell, Massachusetts, hired young women from the surrounding farms as workers, viewing them as more tractable than men and more willing to earn less, since presumably they would stop working once they married.
To make matters worse for female laborers, workingmen often saw them as threats to their status, especially as new machines permitted less skilled operatives to perform tasks formerly assigned to craftsmen. Thus, it is not surprising that as men attempted to unionize in order to combat declining pay and status, their leaders often ignored female workers. Women, however, were eager to assume roles in the fledgling labor movement. As early as the 1820s, female workers in Lowell engaged in "turnouts" or work stoppages when employers sought to cut workers' paychecks.
In 1844, women from the mills formed themselves into the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association (LFLRA). At a time when females seldom spoke in public, the women of Lowell, led by the intrepid Sarah Bagley, testified fearlessly before the Massachusetts legislature that... | <urn:uuid:896b7c6c-fb76-415c-aeda-f2ea6f4f54ec> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/History-Of-The-American-Working-Woman-695854.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00229-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980334 | 810 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The prevailing Zimbabwean power cuts coupled with LP gas shortages have become a thorn in the flesh of many locals as this has left them with no option but to turn to some unfriendly sources of power for domestic purposes. Evasion to the plight has resulted in adoption of optional cooking methods thus Paraffin.
Not all of the optional energy sources are environmentally friendly until the emergence of the heat insulating cooking bag—Temp-Bag landed to the rescue.
By Stephen Denga
It looks more of an ordinary bag though its use is remarkable and in turn saves energy.
The Temp-Bag is designed to take over cooking of the partially cooked food until it is ready using the trapped heat. Users cook their food for a few minutes and then place the pot in the bag locking it tightly for it to work its magic.
Cooking time varies from the type of dish one is cooking.
Auxilia Chinavamwe a mother of two appreciated the technology adding that it lessens her electricity bill and the food is naturally cooked.
“The Temp-Bag is a life saver it relieves me from power cuts and the rising price of gas, it cooks my food naturally with the steam locked inside leaving it tasting good and am not afraid of burning my dish even the pots are easy to clean,” she said.
Scientifically food cooked with more liquid (the traditional cooking method of boiling) loses original taste and nutrients compared to slowly cooked food with less liquid which maintains the nutrients in the food.
Apart from heating it can be used as a food warmer or cooler bag and can keep a low ice cold temperature for at least three days.
As many would wonder what is under the cloth that makes it unique, there is nothing much to it than insulation and locking pressure.
Inside the walls of the cloth are blocks of Styrofoam which locks inside the heat if one is using the bag for cooking and the cold if its ice.
Styrofoam is a trademarked brand of closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam currently made for thermal insulation and craft applications.
Examples of craft applications of Styrofoam are food containers and cups take-aways use to serve food as well as protecting fragile goods in transportation.
The substance contains 98% of air making it buoyant and resists moisture creating an insulator that traps cold and heat.
This product can not only relieve individuals but the nation as a whole by minimizing electricity consumption cutting down hours of load shedding.
Apparently the bags are not yet readily available in shops and are distributed through network marketing. | <urn:uuid:4a10fbcd-aaa2-4e89-95a6-28d0fa94e737> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.technomag.co.zw/2015/08/17/save-energy-cook-in-a-bag/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524290.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715235156-20190716021156-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.956859 | 531 | 2.5625 | 3 |
DeKalb, IL (PRWEB) July 16, 2012
The newly built Simulation Lab at Kishwaukee Community Hospital welcomes nurses and doctors to train in a realistic setting. Simulation labs are not a new concept, commonly found in nursing and medical schools, but are in only a few hospitals.
Pamela Duffy, vice president of Patient Care Services, said it is unusual for hospitals the size of Kish to provide such a high level of clinical training.
“Our administration, along with the KishHealth System Board, felt it was important to create such a technologically advanced setting within the hospital as an extension of our commitment to quality patient care at the bedside,” Duffy said.
Clinical professionals from both Kish and Valley West Community Hospitals and other health system facilities will use the lab. The lab also can be used to train emergency medical services and nursing home personnel, and to expose high school students to careers in healthcare, Duffy said.
DurRay Sanchez-Torres, KishHealth System’s clinical development coordinator for Simulation Training, said, “Nowadays, patients are sicker when they are admitted to the hospital. It is important that we are proactive rather than reactive when it comes to being ready for these patients.”
The Simulation Lab allows providers to practice problem solving in a real-time and safe environment. They can hone skills and improve reaction times working as a team with other healthcare providers.
The lab is outfitted with a computer control room and a mock patient room that houses iStan, a wireless simulated patient equipped with fully operational functions including bleeding, tears, and other fluids. iStan also has realistic physiology and responses including EKG rhythms. Healthcare providers are able to run scenarios, making decisions in real time, communicating with and treating iStan as an actual patient. Medications are given through IVs, oxygen is delivered through the nose and mouth, and catheters are inserted, creating a training environment like no other, as iStan speaks and reacts as a human being would to whatever stimulus is presented.
The lab also has a high fidelity computer-controlled adolescent-sized manikin that can be used to simulate unique aspects of caring for a child. In addition, a non-computerized premature newborn manikin and incubator allows skill enhancement for handling higher risk babies.
“This is not the Annie manikin that was used in traditional CPR classes, but rather a high tech human simulator that physiologically changes according to the caregiver’s response and is the modern way of teaching in today’s fast changing environment,” said Sanchez-Torres. “The reality is exposure to high risk, low volume scenarios that cannot be met safely in a yearly skills lab or during an orientation process. Without frequent exposure to these types of scenarios in a timely manner, patient safety is at risk.”
Sanchez-Torres added, “Gone are the days of teaching task-oriented nursing in skills labs. Theory and hands-on development must be taught in conjunction with skills for bedside caregivers to become proficient and motivated towards clinical excellence. These high fidelity simulators bring systematic education and theory to life.”
Funds for the Simulation Lab and iStan units were raised by donations to KishHealth Foundation. “We are very grateful for donor support of continuing clinical education,” Duffy said. For more information about KishHealth System, visit http://www.kishhealth.org. | <urn:uuid:6e7e29da-4d04-48e5-842f-ee6ea6f64163> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/7/prweb9700097.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644060103.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025420-00196-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949982 | 718 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Happy, Healthy Me
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Students become taste testers and experience an alphabet of nutritious snacks. They also discover more about their muscles and bones and the importance of exercise.
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Pediatric Hepatitis A
When Your Child Has Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Infection
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Many things can cause it. One of the causes is infection with a virus called the hepatitis A virus (HAV). This virus can spread through food or water. It can also spread directly from person to person. This could happen if someone does not wash his or her hands after coming in contact with infected stool. (For example, after using the bathroom or changing a dirty diaper.) HAV often spreads in daycare settings, restaurants, and places with poor sewage treatment. In most cases, the virus doesn't make children very sick. It may cause flulike symptoms. But it likely won't cause long-term problems.
What Are the Symptoms of Hepatitis A Infection?
Symptoms usually appear about 2 to 6 weeks after exposure to the virus. Symptoms are often mild in children. They include:
- Pain in the upper right abdomen (where the liver is)
- Tiredness and weakness
- Sore muscles and joints
- Upset stomach, vomiting, or diarrhea
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, dark urine, or light-colored stools)
- Itchy skin
- Low-grade fever
How is Hepatitis A Diagnosed?
The doctor asks questions to determine when the child may have been exposed to HAV. The child's blood is tested for HAV. Other tests may be done to see how healthy the liver is and to look for signs of damage.
How is Hepatitis A Treated?
There is no cure for hepatitis A. The virus will run its course. Treatment focuses on making the child comfortable and treating symptoms (the same way you would treat flu symptoms). These include:
- Giving the child plenty of fluids to help prevent dehydration. Good choices are water, a child's electrolyte solution, juice, and broth.
- Making sure the child gets plenty of rest.
- Checking with the child's doctor before using any over-the-counter medications. The liver processes all medications. A child with hepatitis A may not be able to take certain medications.
To Prevent Hepatitis A from Spreading
A child with hepatitis A can spread the virus to others, even before symptoms appear. He or she can continue to spread the virus for a few days after symptoms start. Here are some precautions you can take to prevent HAV from spreading:
- Adults and children should wash hands often, and always after using the bathroom or changing diapers and before preparing food and eating. To wash your hands or your child's hands, work up a good lather with soap and warm water. Scrub for at least 10-15 seconds, then rinse.
- Keep a sick child home from school or daycare until symptoms are gone.
Have your child and others in the household vaccinated against viral hepatitis. The hepatitis A vaccine is safe for any adult or child over age 1. Once a child has hepatitis A, he can't get it again. But he could get another type of hepatitis. And getting vaccinated soon after exposure to HAV could prevent illness. Members of the household should be vaccinated against hepatitis A and B (another type of hepatitis virus), if they haven't been already.
What are the Long-Term Concerns?
In rare cases, hepatitis A can lead to a serious infection and liver failure. If a child has another liver problem, hepatitis A could make it worse. In most cases, though, hepatitis A does not cause any lasting problems in children.
When to Call the Doctor
If your child has been diagnosed with hepatitis A, the following can be signs of a more serious problem. Call the doctor if the child:
- Has signs of dehydration: decreased urination; very dark urine; dry mouth; refusal to drink fluids; no tears when crying
- Is extremely irritable or drowsy
- Loses consciousness
- Has swelling in the hands, arms, feet, ankles, abdomen, or face
- Bleeds from the nose, mouth, or rectum, or has bloody stools
- Bruises more easily than normal
Date Last Reviewed: 6/15/2006
Date Last Modified: 6/15/2006 | <urn:uuid:9060f75e-db9d-412b-964f-37f6dccb1402> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.swedish.org/services/pediatric-specialty-care/our-services/pediatric-gastroenterology/conditions-we-treat/liver-conditions/hepatitis-a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202484.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321030925-20190321052925-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.924457 | 892 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Comparative study of the conservation policies or practices in different places is certainly a useful means of achieving a better approach to the conservation of the built cultural heritage in urban areas. In spite of the abundant literature in this field, it appears that the cultural dimensions of the issues have always been neglected. With this background, the origins of this study lie in two sets of ideas. First, protection of built heritage is a people-centred exercise so it is largely influenced by the culture of the community. Second, the effort to transfer heritage protection ideologies from the West to the East (or vice versa) may be in vain because of the pre-existing perspectives of people or the cultural impasse. A comparative study of the policies for the protection of the built heritage in Hong Kong and Queensland was thus conducted. The two centres selected for study are a representative sample because they experienced colonial regime by the same sovereignty while they are dominated respectively by Eastern and Western cultures.
It is found that the Chinese approach to conservation is building-centric whereas it is setting-centric for the Western one. This difference can be attributed to the divergent cultural beliefs in the East and West. The Eastern wisdoms rooted in Confucianism and Taoism advocate a self-to-the-state model for heritage protection. Therefore, declaration of buildings as monuments is always done on a building-by-building basis and there is a lack of area conservation provision in heritage protection laws in Hong Kong. Contrary to this approach, and in addition to the listing of individual properties, designation of conservation areas or districts is accorded legal backup in Queensland with a view to conserving both building and the substance (i.e. the setting) in a more macroscopic manner. In addition, as prescribed by the traditional Chinese wisdoms, harmony in personal relationships is emphasized so the Hong Kong government tends to engage in lengthy negotiations with the property owners in cases of disagreement rather than to resort to the court, even though this option is reserved in the legislation.
Based on these findings, we contend that community education is the vital prerequisite for the integration and assimilation of conservation ideologies from places with different cultural backgrounds. In the case of Hong Kong, the success in applying conservation policies imported from Western countries rests on the sense of ownership of the culture in the community. Only by making people appreciate that conservation is a household affair, concrete support can be obtained from the public to drive an effective conservation campaign. The same principle for conservation ideology exchange can apply to other parts of the world.
© Copyright Lynne Armitage & Yung Yau, 2006 | <urn:uuid:49adee58-fc6f-4ea5-b3ec-2c3cb8a7c3c2> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://works.bepress.com/lynne_armitage/5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701149377.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193909-00183-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944064 | 525 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Home 3D printers – particularly FDM, Makerbot-like devices – are still in their infancy and, as such, are untested when it comes to safety. That’s why some researchers at the Built Environment Research Group at the Illinois Institute of Technology decided to test a popular model for ultrafine particle emissions, a measure of how much junk these things emit while in use.
The result? PLA, a starch-based material, emitted 20 billion particles per minute while ABS, a plastic, emitted 200 billion. This is similar in scale to using a gas stove, lighting a cigarette, or burning a scented candle. In short, it’s a significant bit of potential pollution in an unfiltered environment but it’s nothing we don’t do to ourselves on a daily basis already.
The study didn’t take into account what materials were being expelled, which makes it a bit more troubling. For example, according to PhysOrg, ABS is known to be toxic in lab rats but PLA, oddly enough, is used in nanotechnology for the delivery of medicines.
What’s the takeaway? Ventilate your 3D printer.
Because most of these devices are currently sold as standalone devices without any exhaust ventilation or filtration accessories, results herein suggest caution should be used when operating in inadequately ventilated or unfiltered indoor environments. Additionally, these results suggest that more controlled experiments should be conducted to more fundamentally evaluate particle emissions from a wider arrange of desktop 3D printers.
Obviously these devices are designed for home and office use and probably will never end up under a lab-grade ventilation hood. However, given the various processes used to make 3D objects, it’s important that this research is done to reduce the effects of UFPs on children who may be using these in schools as well as the teachers, designers, and makers who use them on a daily basis.
You can read the entire paper here or just turn on a fan.
Bored of quantifying your self already? Why not quantify your pet instead? FitBark is a Fitbit style health tracker for your under-walked canine companion. We’ve covered this (frankly) barking mad gizmo before, back in May, when its creators were exhibiting at Hardware Alley at TechCrunch Disrupt NY but they’ve now taken to Kickstarter to raise funds to get the device out in the wild. Again.
It’s actually FitBark’s second attempt at Kickstarting the gizmo. As Gigaom points out, its creators pulled an earlier attempt at crowdfunding the device in order to rethink the business model, scrapping the monthly subscription fee and opting for a fixed price-tag of $69 via Kickstarter or $99 for general retail.
FitBark are after $35,000 to cover manufacturing costs this time around, and are more than half-way to achieving the target with 32 days left to run on the campaign – so crazy or otherwise, this is one hardware startup that’s pretty much a dead cert for its first manufacturing run-around-the-park at least.
Now I say barking mad but that’s mostly tongue-in-cheek, being as FitBark is not the only health tracker angling for pet owners’ cash. Whistle, a startup backed by $6 million in Series A funding, launched a $99 wearable activity tracker for dogs only last month. There’s also Tagg, which combines activity and location tracking by including GPS in its device. So underestimate the pet-owning dollar at your peril.
So what does FitBark actually do? Attach it to your dog’s collar and it tracks daily’s activity levels, sending the data back to FitBack’s servers when your smartphone is in range, or throughout the day if you purchase a dedicated FitBark base station (and keep you pet penned up at home while you’re out). The latter scenario would allow owners to keep remote tabs on their pet’s activity levels when they’re not at home, but unless you own a mansion (or employ a dog walker) your dog isn’t going to be able to do a whole lot of running around without you. FitBark then crunches all the activity data, offering customisable daily activity goals, and delivering the results back to you via an app. So far, so kinda sane.
At its more barking mad fringe, the FitBark also lets pet owners compare – well, they say “unify” – their own fitness with their dog’s fitness/activity. So yeah, boasting that you are fitter than Fido is apparently a thing now…
FitBark is also the first platform that leverages existing APIs of human fitness trackers to bring you a unified view of your fitness level and that of your dog. From the outset, FitBark will seamlessly receive input from your Nike Fuelband, Fitbit, Withings Pulse, or Bodymedia Fit. We’ll look to expand the list as we learn about new open APIs or partnership opportunities. If you’re not only a devoted dog parent but are also serious about tracking your own fitness, you’ll love this.
If you want a rangefinder-style camera with classic styling and relative affordability, Fujifilm’s X100, and its successor, the X100S are some of the very few options out there. But the X100 had quirks around autofocus that made a niche camera even more specialized. The X100S zaps some of those issues, resulting in a camera that, while still quirky, is much more lovably so, for amateurs and enthusiasts alike.
- 16.3 megapixels, APS-C sensor
- Fixed, F2 maximum aperture 23mm (35mm equivalent) lens
- ISO 200 -6400 (100 to 25600 extended)
- 6.0 FPS burst mode shooting
- 1080p video recording
- Hybrid electronic view finder
- MSRP: $1,299.95
- Product info page
The X100S retains almost exactly the same classic styling as its predecessor, which features a leatherette body with metal accents, and it looks excellent. This is a camera that you’re actually proud to wear around your neck, even if it does make you look slightly like a tourist, and one that resembles the Leicas that cost oodles more money.
The X100S might be a little bulky for a camera with a fixed lens that isn’t a DSLR, but it’s actually a good size. It won’t quite fit in a pocket as a result, but it gives photographers plenty to hold onto, and offers up lots of space for its ample buttons and physical controls without resulting in a cramped feeling. Plus the thing oozes quality; it’s a $1,300 camera, but it feels even more solid and well-designed than its tidy price tag would let on, and it’s durable to boot – I’ve carted it literally around the world with minimal protection and it’s as good as new.
Functionally, the control layout is the real star of the X100S. A physical dial for exposure compensation and for shutter speed, as well as an aperture ring on the lens and quick access to ISO settings programmable via the Fn button on the top of the camera make this a manual photographer’s dream – and possible an automatic photographer’s overburdened mess. But that’s part of the quirk, and the real appeal of this unique camera.
The X100S offers a lot in the way of features, including the excellent hybrid viewfinder that can switch instantly between optical and electronic modes thanks to a lever on the front of the camera within easy reach from shooting position. It’s the best of old and new, giving you a chance to frame with true fidelity optical quality and also with a preview akin to the one you’d see on the back of the camera via the LCD screen. You can preview exposure that way, and white balance as well as depth of field. The EVF also offers 100 percent coverage of the image, meaning what you see is what you get in the resulting photo.
Manual focusing also gets a big improvement with the X100S, which is great because focus-by-wire is traditionally a big weakness on non DSLR advanced cameras. It uses a new Digital Split Image method that works with phase detection to adjust focus with a high degree of accuracy, and it works remarkably well. To my eye, which is generally very bad at achieving consistently reliable level of focus accuracy on full manual lenses with my DSLR, the split image trick (along with the inclusion of existing focus peaking tech) works amazingly well.
The X100S is a much better camera in all respects than its predecessor, the X100, and that was a very good camera. Its “Intelligent Hybrid Auto Focus” that switches between phase and contract AF automatically to lock as quickly as possible works very well, though it does struggle somewhat in darker settings and at closer ranges still. It’s heaps and bounds better than the original, however, and makes this camera a great one for street shooting; a task which, to my mind, it seems almost perfectly designed for.
Combining a camera that looks suitably touristy, with a short, compact lens and a 35mm equivalent focal lens, with great low-light shooting capabilities and fast autofocus makes for a great street camera, so if that’s what you’re after I can’t recommend this enough. It performed less well as an indoor candid shooter, owing to some leftover weakness at achieving focus lock close up, but it’s still good at that job too. In general, the X100S is a great camera for shooting human subjects, in my opinion, thanks to its signature visual style that seems to compliment skin especially well.
The X100S is a photographer’s everyday camera. It might frustrate newcomers, unless they’re patient and willing to learn, but it’s a joy to use if you have any kind of familiarity with manual settings, and the fixed focal length is a creative constraint that produces some amazing results. This isn’t the camera for everybody, but it’s a more broadly appealing shooter than the X100 ever was, and it’s also even a steal at $1,300 – if, that is, you have that kind of disposable income to spend on photography tools. Know that if you do spend the cash, this is definitely a camera that will stay in your bag and/or around your neck for a long time to come, and a worthy upgrade for X100 fans, too.
Smartphone companies have it pretty rough – they’ve got to sink millions into research and development every year, all in the hope of making their next shiny touchscreen gewgaw the fastest, slimmest, smartest, prettiest one ever. And every year we eat it all up, and take what we’re given.
But Canonical, the folks behind the incredibly popular Ubuntu Linux distro, isn’t your average phone smartphone company. It doesn’t have a huge production budget like Samsung or Apple, so it decided to crowdfund the creation of its first phone. Turns out that’s not the only thing they’re doing differently – Canonical founder Mark Shuttleworth is currently fielding questions on Reddit, and he’s expressed interest in having backers of this current project getting some sort of say over what goes in future models.
And thus, Mark may have just come up with the coolest backer perk ever. Quoth Shuttleworth:
“This first version of the Edge is to prove the concept of crowdsourcing ideas for innovation, backed by crowdfunding. If it gets greenlighted, then I think we’ll have an annual process by which the previous generation backers get to vote on the spec for the next generation of Edge.”
In case you haven’t been following the story, the Edge is an awfully handsome concept for a phone that will run Ubuntu and Android and sport a sapphire glass-covered 4.5-inch 1280 720 display, along with the “fastest available” multi-core mobile processor, 4GB of RAM and 128GB of storage. The internet being what it is, Redditors couldn’t help but throw out bits of hardware for Shuttleworth and the Edge team to consider for the current model anyway. IR blaster? A “cool idea,” he says. Wireless charging? Probably not going to happen.
Shuttleworth was pretty forthcoming when it came to lingering questions about the Edge’s design and proposed rollout. As it happens, the team is still having trouble figuring out what sort of speaker system to throw into the thing (my two cents: the closer to HTC’s Boomsound setup the better), but it Canonical has asked potential carrier partners to agree to take note of a set of conditions that should minimize bloatware if the Edge is ever picked up and sold with long-term contracts.
Now this all hinges on the notion that Canonical was right in thinking that enough people would believe in a company that has never made a smartphone before to basically pre-order one for (at least) $675. In a way, this is a perfect move – if the project hits critical mass, everyone gets a phone. If it doesn’t, well, no harm no foul. The crowdfunding movement has given a software company a shot at really making a mark in an industry dominated by giants, some of which are already feeling the pinch because their pricey flagship devices perhaps aren’t selling in the astronomical numbers they were hoping for.
And so far, things appear to be going rather well. Canonical’s Indiegogo campaign only went live three days ago and Ubuntu fans have already chipped in just a hair under $6 million. Of course, there’s no guarantee that sort of traction will continue for any serious length of time – the company has already had to add some less expensive device pricing tiers to keep the campaign from flaming out too soon, and it’s still got a ways to go before it hits the $32 million goal.
(Oh, and in case you were wondering, Shuttleworth seems to be tackling nearly every question being thrown at him – no Rampart shenanigans here.)
There are some 90 million homes in the U.S. without any security system whatsoever. Many of them are renters who don’t want to invest heavily in a place they don’t own, among hundreds of thousands of home owners who are simply priced out. There has never been a convenient, all-in-one system that could offer home security at an affordable rate, much less one you could pick up at the local Best Buy.
But that all changes with Canary, the latest crowd-funding sensation to hit Indiegogo. We caught up with NYC-based founder Adam Sager to discuss the project.
Canary is a little console, slightly smaller than the size of a paper towel roll, that’s packed with a host of sensors, a mic, and an HD camera.
For $200 down, this little guy will connect to the Wifi, sync with your phone, and constantly watch your home. I say watch, and not monitor, because Canary can only see as far as its sensors will allow, whereas most home security systems are wired in to monitor every crack and crevice of a home. Canary can only hear as far as the mic allows, or the camera sees, or the sensors can sense.
However, Sager believes that when you place the Canary in the central part of your home, near the front door perhaps or watching over the living room, that a real threat, like a burglar, will likely set off the Canary no matter where it enters from.
Plus, if you have a larger space or want added security, you can always link more than one Canary (up to four, Sager tells me).
Canary’s sensors include night vision, motion detection, temperature, air quality and humidity, along with a live feed to the HD camera at any given time. The phone will instantly alert the user whenever the home experiences a random change, like a temperature fluctuation or sudden movement.
But Canary is also smart enough to learn your home, sensing the difference between a burglary and a pet. It even understands when regularly scheduled events occur, like the arrival of a nanny or a dog walker at the same time each day, so that you don’t have a panic attack each time Rover needs to take a wizz.
Canary’s distribution model is different from any other home security system in that you will eventually be able to go pick one up at a local electronics store on the cheap. This has never really been available before, and the potential market is huge with 90 million homes completely unprotected and priced out of the alternatives.
Sager admits that margins on the hardware itself won’t be that high, but the plan is to offer value-added services like monitoring (delivered by a TBD third-party) for $10/month.
Canary has been on Indiegogo for four days, and has blown far beyond its $100k goal to be at $550k at the time of writing. It only took a few hours to reach $100k, according to Sager.
If you’d like to back the project, head on over to the Canary website or check out the Indiegogo campaign. | <urn:uuid:0c129302-01ae-4ad9-9473-821bc6708f16> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://newiphoneblogs.wordpress.com/tag/gadgets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292734.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00002-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950141 | 3,700 | 2.875 | 3 |
How Irish People Are Making an Impact Around the World
One of the things that really sparks our national pride is seeing how Irish people are making a difference all around the world.
This work takes diverse and innovative forms and has an impact on many levels. Irish people are working to help alleviate hunger and help with humanitarian crises in some of the world's poorest countries. Read on to find out how.
Coming from a tiny island, Irish people have had a huge impact when it comes to global issues. We respond with compassion and our people work at the frontline of humanitarian disasters. We are proud of and grateful to our defence troops, who serve as global peacekeepers for the UN.
We may be a small nation, but we are prepared to make a large contribution when needed. Here are some examples of how Irish people make a difference.
The Impact of Our Role in the UN
Our active participation in the UN enables us to have an impact globally. Our election to the Human Rights Council of the UN for the period 2013-2015 provided us with a prominent platform for human rights advocacy. We played a central role in the process to agree the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, which addressed the many causes of poverty, injustice, and damage to our planet.
We’re Peacekeepers and Peacemakers
Since 1958, our Defence Forces have had a continuous presence in peace support operations, mainly in the Middle East. Our defence personnel have served in countries all over the world, including Central America, Russia, the former Yugoslavia, Cambodia, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Namibia, Western Sahara, Liberia and East Timor.
In September 1993, the Irish Government restated the roles of the Defence Forces and defined one of them as being: "To participate in United Nations missions in the cause of international peace." The high standing of the Irish Defence Forces within UN Peacekeeping is reflected in the senior positions that have been held by Irish military personnel in the past.
Helping Others to Help Themselves
Many of our citizens are currently volunteering overseas to help those for whom poverty is a daily reality. Volunteering contributes in a very tangible way to a fairer and more equal world, and it helps to empower people in poor countries to build futures for themselves.
Visit Irish Aid to find out more about what volunteering involves and examine some case studies of the programmes that have been implemented.
Recognising our Citizens’ Achievements Abroad
The work done abroad on our behalf is recognised through The Presidential Distinguished Service Award for the Irish Abroad. This award is presented every year to those who live outside Ireland. It recognises service given either to the country or to Irish communities abroad. Whether they’re Irish citizens, entitled to Irish citizenship, or from an Irish background - the hard work, energy and dedication of nominees are deserving of our thanks and respect.
The categories under which individuals can be nominated include arts, culture and sport, business and education, charitable works, Irish community support, peace, reconciliation and development, and science, technology and innovation. Check out the stories of some previous winners on YouTube.
Funding Projects That Support Global Irish Communities
The Emigrant Support Programme aims to fund projects that will have a clear impact on supporting and building global Irish communities. The Irish Abroad Unit in the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade manages and coordinates the programme, in partnership with Ireland’s embassies and consulates abroad. Keep up to date with news of the global Irish community on Twitter. | <urn:uuid:751ae82c-cceb-4a75-986d-07a4b41441f8> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.ireland.ie/en/stories/how-irish-people-are-making-impact-around-world | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509170.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015100606-20181015122106-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.942921 | 715 | 2.8125 | 3 |
|General Information||HW Assignments||Links|
Modular forms are complex functions that have a great deal of symmetry. They are deeply connected to some of the most exciting current problems in number theory, and their study draws ideas from complex analysis, algebra and number theory. Their most famous application to date is to the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. We will start with the basic theory and examples, and then look at applications to various areas of number theory. Possible topics include properties of the partition function, the congruent number problem and elliptic curves.
Last updated June 24, 2010 10:49:47 EDT | <urn:uuid:e3f3c5da-00da-4c11-be32-ca99ed9e58a6> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://math.dartmouth.edu/archive/m105s08/public_html/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583857913.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122140606-20190122162606-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.935407 | 130 | 2.953125 | 3 |
ESA's new SOHO science archive now online
23 November 2009Access to data from the ESA-NASA SOHO mission has just become easier with the launch of a new SOHO science archive with enhanced capabilities for searching and visualising the vast SOHO data archive. This is the first in a new generation of science archives under development at ESA's European Space Astronomy Centre.
Since operations began in 1995 the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) has been transmitting data from its twelve scientific instruments back to Earth at a rate of 1 Gigabyte per day. Analysis of this data has resulted in ground-breaking scientific results which have included the first images of a star's convection zone and the structure of sunspots below the photosphere; the most precise measurements of the temperature structure, interior rotation, and gas flow in the solar interior; the discovery of new dynamic phenomena such as coronal waves and solar tornadoes, and the discovery of more than 1600 comets.
|Screenshot of the SOHO science archive interface. Credit: ESA|
The recently launched ESA SOHO Science Archive allows for seamless access to the complete archive of science data sets from the 12 instruments as soon as the data are processed. A Graphical User Interface, based on state-of-the-art technology, provides both the expert and layman with access to a wide variety of data including helioseismic measurements of the centre of the Sun, full-disc images of the solar atmosphere in different wavelengths, and measurements of the solar wind filling the interplanetary media. The ability to generate on-the-fly sequences of images facilitates viewing in minutes processes that take days or months in real time. This type of tool has contributed to discoveries of new solar phenomena, such as the aforementioned coronal waves, solar tornadoes, and even new comets.
Innovation and interoperability are key to the new archive
One of the challenges in developing the new archive was to find a way to provide a quick response to queries of a complex database of more than 2 million solar observations. The complex relations between the data fields resulted in slow responses when using traditional database searches. This was overcome by applying the Dijkstra graph theory search algorithm to database searches. By generating table joins "on-the-fly", database searches are improved resulting in better response times when compared to the traditional approach. A simple query of all observations within the SOHO science archive, for instance, takes less than a second to return results, a response that could not be achieved using the traditional methods.
Enhanced functionality in the archive is provided by the 'Time Animator', a platform-independent tool that instantly generates video sequences of the Sun. Several imaging instruments can be selected at one time to create parallel video sequences.
The new archive has been developed in compliance with protocols defined by the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA). In addition, scientific requirements from the community have been gathered by the Archive Scientists and converted into functionalities within the archives. These two factors along with the ability to interface with standard analysis tools that are also VO compliant renders this archive an essential tool in solar research.
Preserving the legacy of the ESA science missions
The SOHO science archive is the first in a series of new generation scientific archives being developed and implemented by the Science Archives and Virtual Observatory Team at the European Space Astronomy Centre in Spain. These archives will contribute to preserving the legacy of ESA's science missions by conserving and providing access to data from all of these missions.
For further details about the ESA SOHO Science Archive please contact:
Pedro Osuna, Science Archives and VO Team Leader
Luis Sánchez, SOHO Archive Scientist
Christophe Arviset, Head of the Science Archives and Computer Support Engineering Unit
Bernhard Fleck, ESA SOHO Project Scientist | <urn:uuid:6db435a1-e041-460d-a16a-882aebe11adc> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://sci.esa.int/web/soho/-/45900-esa-s-new-soho-science-archive-now-online | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154302.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802012641-20210802042641-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.887782 | 791 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Feeding on Healthy and some amount of activity is absolutely necessary for good improvement and overall well-being of children. If good habits are inculcated in early development years, children will always be fit and disease zero cost and also grow up when healthy adults. These days, numerous children don’t receive correct nutrition and exercise and for that reason are suffering from a number of problems.
Apart from Poor absorption of healthy, wholesome food and inadequate physical activity, TELEVISION SET viewing for long hours as well leads to obesity amongst kids as it replaces physical activity. Observing TV increases snacking habit and also reduces resting metabolism.
Daily exercise helps children build strong muscles and bones and also limits body fat consequently reducing chances of obesity as well diseases like diabetes. Today, Children don’t do any physical exercise or thus producing them prone to diseases. The following phenomenon is more prevalent in metros and other tier 1 cities of the country.
Children often act like their parents and good friends. It is the responsibility of father and mother to explain to children features of eating fruits and vegetables and cereals and at the same time what are the ill-effects of eating burgers, chips and colas, sugar sweets every day.
Although no one can entirely stop kids from needing these food items but little by little intake of these junk food elements can be controlled. Moreover father and mother should lead by model and should avoid these things themselves. Having meals together over the dining table along with family and never in-front of TV would certainly promote healthy habits with children.
Above listed observations are not uncommon but we always don’t do anything to evolve our habits or habits of our children. Question who arises is how can we change the habits of the children or how can we develop good eating habits among children.
Children should be prompted not to be fussy with certain food items. Outdoor activities in evening for kids should be encouraged and Viewing TV should be limited to be able to ensure kids enjoy a match of cricket / football / hockey etc on the nearby park and not that X-BOX or PlayStation match.
School administration should also have active interest in promoting exercise at all levels in the class. These influences can keep going a lifetime and help infants lead better life together as a child as well as person of legal age. These healthy adults can for a healthy and disease free Society in long run.
Healthy eating also cuts down on risk for cavities, malnutrition, anemia, eating disorders and obesity. If nourishing, children would also complete better academically and are more likely to cope up with stress in a better manner.
Being overweight – can lead to various communal and psychological problems. Violence and teasing from friends can be particularly damaging meant for children. “We have had an incident wherein a young child called ” up ” and said that I was extremely fat and as a result of obesity I can’t hug my dad and require help although going to toilet. In this particular case child clearly demonstrated to symptoms of depression, poor self-esteem and anxiety” adds Dr Kirti Soota, Home Physician.
Inside the very first place they don’t take in right quantity and at times when they do top quality is not right. i. e. they don’t eat right food items. Chips and colas have taken over their lunch and dinner menu. Children desire a wide variety of nutrients for their daily growth and development and to protect them from several illnesses. | <urn:uuid:70cf59bf-fcc5-4ad3-8c67-2b71eabc9fb5> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://ortopediaalema.com.br/garden-storage-shed-your-weight-producing-your/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668716.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191116005339-20191116033339-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.958797 | 714 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Venturing into space might be a bold adventure, but it may not be good for your immune system.
Now a study by researchers at the University of California, Davis, published Jan. 24 in the journal PLOS ONE, shows how growing up on the space shuttle weakened a key arm of the immune system in Drosophila flies.
It’s well established that spaceflight affects immune responses, said Deborah Kimbrell, a researcher in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology in the UC Davis College of Biological Sciences, who led the study. Drosophila share many fundamentals of the immune system with mammals such as mice and humans. With funding from NASA, Kimbrell and colleagues initiated the first study of Drosophila immunity and gravity, using first hypergravity (increased gravity), and then microgravity, the decreased gravity of spaceflight.
The flies were sent into space as eggs on a 12-day mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery. The flies take about 10 days to develop into adults. After they returned to Earth, Kimbrell and colleagues tested their responses to two different infections: a fungus, which flies fight off through a pathway mediated by the Toll receptor, and a bacterial infection that flies resist through a gene called Imd (“immune deficiency”).
Both the Toll and Imd pathways have counterparts in humans and other mammals: The 2011 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine was awarded for discovery of Toll receptor activation of innate immunity in flies and mammals.
While the response through the Imd pathway was robust, the Toll pathway was “non-functional” in space-raised flies, Kimbrell said.
In Earth-based experiments, the researchers found that when flies were tested in a centrifuge under hypergravity conditions, their resistance to the fungus was improved, suggesting that their Toll pathway was boosted. However, for the mutant yuri gagarin, which lacks normal responses to gravitational fields, resistance was the same at normal and hypergravity, further demonstrating a link between gravity and the immune response.
Future spacecraft designed for long missions could already include centrifuges that crew could use to keep up bone and muscle mass: it turns out that this might also have a beneficial effect on astronauts’ immune systems, Kimbrell said.
How does microgravity affect the immune system? Kimbrell said they have two hypotheses in mind, which are testable both in humans and flies.
Firstly, the space flies also showed high expression of genes for heat-shock proteins, which are produced in response to physiological stress. Heat shock proteins bind directly with mammalian Toll receptors, Kimbrell said, and may also moderate Toll activation in Drosophila. Another possibility is that microgravity interferes with the behavior of proteins outside the cell — an area that is more important for Toll than for Imd signaling, she said.
The team hopes to carry out future research with flies on the International Space Station. | <urn:uuid:a04a8034-e9d0-4853-91b8-dc5a18d9cd12> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://scienceblog.com/69847/space-raised-flies-show-weakened-immunity-to-fungus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447020.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00228-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956646 | 603 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The recent model years of many new cars have featured a range of new technologies. Whether you have been shopping around for a new or used vehicle, a continuously variable transmission, or CVT, is one of these. It is a type of automatic transmission that can improve fuel economy. A CVT works differently than a standard transmission, and there are several pros and cons to consider. Continue reading to learn how the system works and what advantages and disadvantages it has to offer.
How Does a Continuously Variable Transmission Work?
An automobile’s transmission system transfers power from the engine to the wheels. It provides different gears to drive in; the typical car had just three or four gears in the past. Nowadays, it’s not uncommon to come across eight-, nine-, or 10-speed transmissions, to better optimize engine operation under different conditions. For example, higher gears can be used to improve efficiency, while lower gears can provide better acceleration.
The difference between standard and CVT cars is that rather than stepping between low and high speeds, the transitions among a practically infinite number of gear ratios lets the engine run in an optimal power range. Variable-width pulleys make this possible; one pulley is connected to the engine and another links to the wheels. Both are connected by a flexible belt, allowing the system to adjust to any gear ratio very quickly. According to the EPA, a CVT transmission can yield a nearly 6% improvement in fuel economy.
Modern CVT’s offer adaptability, but the idea goes back to the 16th century with a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci. An early CVT was included on the first automobile, produced by Karl Benz, in 1886. While the idea didn’t catch on, the CVT transmission came back in the late 1980s and was adopted by various automakers through the 1990s. It has grown in popularity with improvements such as stronger, more advanced belts, hydraulic systems, sensors, and microprocessors. There are also fewer moving parts than traditional automatic transmissions.
What Are the Pros of a CVT?
- More power out of a smaller engine, for a steadier, more responsive acceleration.
- Less effort to drive uphill on a variety of grades.
- Adaptability to a wide range of road conditions.
- Is lightweight, making it suitable for hybrid vehicles and improving fuel economy.
What Are the Cons of a CVT?
- No fixed gears, removing shift points and creating a disconnect between the accelerator pedal and the engine’s RPM.
- A CVT transmission produces less torque than a standard automatic transmission.
- A loud droning sound can occur while the vehicle is accelerating.
- Slipping, jerking, shuddering, and overheating are common problems. Sudden loss of acceleration is possible; repair and replacement costs are high.
Contact Hawthorne Auto Square
Our Hawthorne car dealership remains open during the coronavirus pandemic. We have enhanced our sanitizing procedures and are practicing social distancing to protect our clients and staff. Thanks to a large inventory of pre-owned cars, we can find a used vehicle that fits your needs and budget and have many popular and luxury models. Hawthorne Auto Square is the premier buy here pay here used car dealer in the area, serving customers in and around Los Angeles. Contact us at 866-707-7664 to learn more about available cars, pricing, and financing. | <urn:uuid:d781afd6-6049-46b8-82be-cb704435f814> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://hawthorneautosquare.com/what-is-a-continuously-variable-transmission/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022111909-20201022141909-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.946318 | 705 | 3.375 | 3 |
Anthropologist completes study of prehistoric site
When anthropologist Brad Logan visited a Leavenworth County farm field last June, he had little hope he'd be fortunate enough to unearth an 800-year-old structure.
But luck and much more were on his side.
"It's almost exclusively due to landowner and tenant cooperation and volunteers, particularly volunteers from the Kansas Anthropological Association," Logan said.
In June, flooding had uncovered a significant anthropological find: the charred walls of a dwelling that dates back to 1000 to 1400 and that had been inhabited by Indians from the Steed-Kisker phase. Along with the walls, 50volunteers who worked in July and again in October were able to uncover pottery and tools. The wood and grass home apparently had burned after it had been abandoned.
"It's just really rich in artifacts," said Logan, a University of Kansas anthropologist. "It's probably one of the most exciting sites I've ever dug."
A Tonganoxie area man Scott DeMaranville actually made the discovery on June 13. He, in turn, called Logan, who called on numerous volunteers. Troops of volunteers worked for more than two weeks in July and on three weekends in October.
"We dug up the rest of the house," Logan said recently. "That was beyond my expectations."
A central hearth was part of the discovery, along with four main support post holes and a three-foot-deep cache used to store food for winter months. The only portion of the house remaining for excavation is an entryway that extends south from the 530-square-foot home.
Inside the four walls, a wide variety of tools and pottery were discovered, some made from stone that could have come from as far away as Ohio. Stone also came from the Flint Hills, Logan said.
The anthropologist still is awaiting results of tests to determine the age of the burned wood, as well as the species of the timbers.
"I'm certain it will fall between AD 1000 and 1300 or 1400," Logan said.
Although he's not certain about the age of the structure, he does know some facts about the people who lived there.
"These people preferred deer and more woodland kinds of animals," he said, so it was somewhat surprising to find part of a bison bone in the home, although bison were plentiful in this area. The bone likely was used as a paddle to shape pottery. Logan's volunteers kept meticulous records of where artifacts were discovered in the home.
"That's one of the things about mapping this stuff we can see how this debris gets kicked around in the house," Logan said.
The anthropologist could spend hundreds and hundreds of more hours working in his KU office, trying to piece together small pieces of artifacts. Some pottery pieces already have been glued together. But the process is painstakingly slow much like trying to complete several highly complicated jigsaw puzzles, with no certainty all the pieces were in the box.
While there's still work that could be done at the site, and around the site, Logan isn't certain he will go back. Part of the reason for his uncertainty is the home is in a corn field, and it will be replanted at some point. And Logan has many, many hours of work to complete again, with the help of volunteers at KU.
He's pleased, however, that the site was excavated, particularly because the home and artifacts were only about nine inches below the surface.
"That's why it was so critical to get this house," the anthropologist said. "That's within the plow zone. All of it would have been churned up. We were able to get the house at just the right time." | <urn:uuid:cbbf87be-8ad2-43c2-955e-53d11b08825b> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.tonganoxiemirror.com/news/2001/nov/28/anthropologist_completes_study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737913039.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221833-00081-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988598 | 775 | 3.125 | 3 |
Watch A Pack Of Extremely Rare Black Wolves In Minnesota
A pack of almost all Black wolves were caught on camera walking on a trail in Minnesota, which happens to be an extremely rare occurrence.
According to the International Wolf Center, Minnesota's percentage of black wolves is currently estimated at 1.5 to 2 percent. Also according to the center, wolves with black fur have always been a rare occurrence in northeastern Minnesota. during the late 1960s, Dr. L. David Mech found that 3.6 percent of the wolves he observed were black. However, in places like Yellowstone National Park, about half the wolf population is black.
Voyageurs Wolf Project shared the video on their YouTube page. In the video description, they also quoted the estimated percentage of black wolves in Minnesota and went on to say "Of course, this is not to say it does not happen, but rather that it is definitely not the norm."
According to Minnesota's DNR, There are about 2,699 wolves in Minnesota as of 2019. That's way up from 1,235 way back in 1979. Wolf packs generally consist of a mated pair and their offspring and a wolf pack territory averages about 50-60 square miles.
Check out the video below of the beautiful rare occurrence. For all the Harry Potter fans out there, no this is not Padfoot (Sirius Black) and his family.
7 Things To Have In Your Outdoor Survival Kit
Best Minnesota State Parks To Avoid Big Crowds | <urn:uuid:9586e662-71c9-4f70-b8bc-4691a36647ae> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://kdhlradio.com/watch-a-pack-of-rare-black-wolves-in-minnesota/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648000.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601175345-20230601205345-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.953053 | 302 | 3.1875 | 3 |
By Cheryl Patel | Blogger | SQ Online (2014-15)
I had been wading through the surf on the beach at the Scripps Coastal Reserve in La Jolla, California for almost half an hour when I found a cluster of sea stars in a tide pool. Large, smooth rocks slick with algae and sea spray created crevices where water pooled during low tide. I crept as close as I could and slowly dipped a hand into the water, which had been warmed by the day’s sun. The purple sea star was rough all over with tiny white dots, and it was not squishy like most people would imagine; it almost felt like the sea star was wearing a shell.
It turns out that many sea stars along the West Coast of North America do not look or feel like the ones I found in that tide pool. Instead, their hard protective exteriors are being replaced with white, decaying tissue that slowly encroaches across the sea stars’ entire bodies until all the tissue begins to disintegrate and become a white clump of mush. This gruesome death is caused by a disease called sea star wasting syndrome. It has recently been found that a densovirus is the driving cause of this disease. I had the chance to see some sea stars in various stages of the disease when I visited the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, where I spoke to professor and researcher Dr. Ron Burton. He told me that this virus has been found in sea star tissue collected back in 1942. Dr. Burton, who was referencing the recently published paper about sea star wasting syndrome, also explained that this virus has been present in the oceans and sea stars for a long time, but now something has caused it to trigger fatal symptoms in sea stars. Scientists are still trying to figure out what that might be.
Six small cubical tanks sat against the wall of his lab, each containing a sea star that was in a different stage of the disease. One had patches of white slime on its skin, while another was barely recognizable as a sea star anymore — it was all white and falling apart like soggy bread. In two of the tanks, the stars were missing some of their legs, with white goopy wounds on the body where the limbs used to be. Dr. Burton explained that the virus has also been discovered in echinoderms other than sea stars, such as sea urchins but the spiny ball-like creatures have not been experiencing disease symptoms or mass mortality like the sea stars have. This could mean that sea urchins act as reservoirs for the virus, potentially infecting sea stars for many years to come.
I wasn’t allowed to touch the wasting sea stars, but simply seeing the stark difference between the disintegrating individuals and any healthy counterpart was enough to send pulses of anxiety through my body. Sea stars are a keystone predator in many habitats (especially intertidal ecosystems), meaning their presence provides balance between the rest of the species living in that habitat. Dr. Burton’s example for me was if all the sea stars in an area were removed, snails (which sea stars normally eat) would thrive and eat up all the algae, and if there were no photosynthesizing plants in the water, there would be less oxygen available. Essentially, it would be like a domino effect where every fallen tile tilts the scales further from the natural balance. Therefore losing sea star populations along an entire coastline could lead to trouble further down local food webs. | <urn:uuid:436dcd54-efd8-4d2b-b642-e80c13e523b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://sqonline.ucsd.edu/2015/01/stars-wasting-away/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809392.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125032456-20171125052456-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.977497 | 714 | 3.265625 | 3 |
What you’ll learn to do: identify and describe the parts of the brain
In this section, you’ll learn about the specific parts of the brain and their roles and functions. While this is not an anatomy class, you’ll see how important it is to understand the parts of the brain and what they do so that we can understand mental processes and behavior.
Watch this CrashCourse Psychology video for an overview on the brain and the interesting topics we’ll cover:
- Explain the relationship between the two hemispheres of the brain
- Identify the location and function of the lobes of the brain
- Identify and describe the role of the parts of the limbic system, the midbrain, and hindbrain
- Describe the types of techniques available to clinicians and researchers to image or scan the brain | <urn:uuid:5fcb1b14-2419-45ed-9d18-f0ed328489b1> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-psychology/chapter/outcome-parts-of-the-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988753.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506083716-20210506113716-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.880905 | 173 | 4.125 | 4 |
A lookup protocol: How to locate the node that stores a data item in a dynamic P2P system with frequent node arrivals and departures? In other words, given a key, it maps the key onto a node.
IPaddress Lookup(key) service, no data storage.
Distributed Hash Table (DHT)
Consistent Hashing: Key ID and Node ID are in the same ID space with SHA-1. A key is stored at is successor (node with next higher ID). For each node ...
Each node picks a random ID in a circular numeric space, and supervises a region of ID space immediately following its ID. The data shall be stored in its successor.
Lookup(my-id, key-id) n = my sucessor if my-id < n < key-id call Lookup(id) on node n // next hop else return my successor // done
Finger i points to successor of n+2^i.
Lookup(my-id, key) look in local finger table for highest node m s.t. my-id < n < key-id if n exists call Lookup(id) on node n // next hop else return my successor // done
How to join a new node? For example, join N36 (Node 36) between N25 and N40.
How to deal with failure (a node doesn't know correct successor)?
Lookup(my-id, key-id) look in local finger table and sucessor-list for highest node n s.t. my-id < n < key-id if n exists call Lookup(id) on node n // next hop if call failed remove n from finger table return Lookup(my-id, key-id) else return my sucessor // done
Chord uses consistent hashing, distributed hash tables, and novel finger tables to provide lookup services for P2P systems. Each node maintains only O(logN) other nodes. The arrivals and departures acquire only O(log^2 N) messages. The successor list can deal with failure effectively. Chord is simple, scalable, and efficient. | <urn:uuid:e6defbab-90c7-4ccc-9528-1c32912a704f> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://puncsky.com/blog/2012/12/06/chord | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867579.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625072642-20180625092642-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.730772 | 449 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Fiber is an essential aspect of a healthy diet and lifestyle. Getting plenty of fiber in your diet, along with drinking lots of water, will keep you regular, which in turn helps to cleanse your color and keep your digestive system in top working order. Eat plenty of high fiber foods to stay regular and healthy.
As the saying goes, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” Eating an apple each day will provide many health benefits, including contributing to your fiber intake. A medium-sized apple contains about 17% of the daily recommended value, with less than a hundred calories. In addition, an apple’s high water content helps the fiber do its job of keeping you regular. It’s best not to peel an apple before eating it, since most of the fiber is in the skin.
Serving Size (1 medium apple), 4.4 grams of fiber (17% DV), 95 calories.
Most people equate grains, fruits, and vegetables with a high-fiber diet, but walnuts are a fiber-rich food that often gets overlooked. Just a handful of walnuts, or 1/4 cup, contains about 2 grams of fiber. Crack your own walnuts with a nut cracker, or pick a bag up from the grocery store for a great snack on the go. Walnuts also make a tasty and healthy addition to salads and desserts.
Serving Size (1/4 cup), 2 grams of fiber (8% DV), 190 calories.
Sweet Corn (Yellow)
Sweet corn is a staple at summer barbecues, and it should also be a staple in a high fiber diet. A 6-inch ear of corn on the cob provides the body with about 1.5 grams of fiber. If you like convenience, a 12 oz. can of corn has over twice that amount. Eat corn the old-fashioned way—as a side dish—or add it to soups, salads, and chili to enjoy it more often.
Serving Size (12 oz.), 4 grams of fiber (16% DV), 171 calories.
Enjoy a serving of oatmeal for breakfast every day and you’ll be doing your body a huge favor. Because of its high soluble fiber content, oatmeal is one of the best foods for lowering cholesterol. It’s also a great way to kick-start your system in the morning, helping your body stay regular throughout the day. Though you can enjoy oatmeal on its own, many people add their favorite berries into the mix in order to sweeten it up and add even more fiber to their morning meal.
Serving Size (1 cup), 4 grams of fiber (16% DV), 166 calories.
Most people know that beans such as lentils are an essential part of a high fiber diet that keeps the body regular. But did you know that lentils are also high in protein, folate, vitamins, and iron? It’s easy to add lentils into your diet by cooking them with rice, adding them to soups and sauces, or seasoning them with herbs and spices for a tasty side dish. Add just a cup of lentils to your diet each day for a whopping 63% of your recommended daily fiber.
Serving Size (1 cup, cooked),15.6 grams of fiber (63% DV), 230 calories.
Don’t let this exotic vegetable intimidate you. Artichokes are easy to prepare, and their unique flavor and high fiber content make them even more enjoyable. A medium artichoke provides almost half the daily recommended amount of fiber, along with other nutrients and minerals. Artichokes also have a higher water content than traditional sources of fiber such as breads and pasta, so they’re a great addition to a balanced high fiber diet.
Serving Size (1 medium artichoke),10.3 grams of fiber (41% DV), 64 calories.
Broccoli is a tasty green veggie that is high in fiber and other nutrients. One cup of chopped raw broccoli provides just over two grams of fiber. Steamed or cooked broccoli has slightly less, but it makes an easy and tasty side dish to pair with chicken, fish, or beef entrees. Raw broccoli makes a great midday snack, either by itself or over a salad, so enjoy it often as part of a healthy, fiber rich diet.
Serving Size (1 cup, raw),2.3 grams of fiber (9% DV), 25 calories.
Shredded Wheat Cereal
Shredded Wheat Cereal and others like it are a great way to start a healthy day if you’re trying to get enough fiber in your diet. Shredded Wheat will give you an early energy boost and keep you feeling full well into the morning. And with a one-cup serving providing you with up to 36% of your fiber for the day, plus the health benefits of the milk you consume with it, you’d be hard-pressed to find a healthier way to start your day.
Serving Size (1 cup), 9 grams of fiber (36% DV), 200 calories.
Brussels sprouts are packed as full of fiber as they are with flavor. Many people who haven’t tried Brussels sprouts since childhood might need to get used to the taste, but fortunately, there are plenty of ways to prepare these cruciferous treats so they can appeal to any palate. A cup of cooked Brussels sprouts provides about a quarter of your recommended fiber for the day, so adding a few servings to your diet each week makes a big difference.
Serving Size (1 cup, cooked), 6.4 grams of fiber (25% DV), 65 calories.
A staple in the Mediterranean diet, bulgur is a good source of both protein and fiber. Try adding a little cinnamon and honey to cooked bulgur instead of eating sugary cereals or pastries for breakfast. It also makes a subtly flavorful addition to salads, soups, and rice dishes. The fiber in bulgur (over eight grams in a one-cup serving) helps to maintain the health of your colon by keeping you regular.
Serving Size (1 cup, cooked), 8.2 grams of fiber (33% DV), 151 calories.
Brown rice is highly rich in insoluble fiber, making it an excellent food to add to a healthy, fiber rich diet. The insoluble fiber in rice helps relieve constipation and helps keep you regular. Add a serving to your diet once a day or a few times a week to keep your body functioning in tip-top shape. Each one-cup serving contains about 3.5 grams of fiber, or about 14% of the recommended daily value. Brown rice provides many health benefits, and it’s easy on your wallet, too.
Serving Size (1 cup, cooked), 3.5 grams of fiber (14% DV), 218 calories.
If you’re wondering how to get more fiber in order to keep your system regular, navy beans are arguably the best thing you can add to your pantry and your diet. A one-cup serving of cooked mature navy beans contains 19.1 grams of fiber. That’s over three-quarters of the recommended daily value. It’s easy to consume one cup a day if you add beans to rice, soups, and dips, or season them with olive oil and spices for a flavorful and virtually fat-free side dish.
Serving Size (1 cup, cooked), 19.1 grams of fiber (76% DV), 255 calories.
Like most legumes, garbanzo beans are known for their high fiber content. In addition to leaving you feeling you full for longer, a half-cup serving of garbanzo beans stocks your body with about 3 grams of fiber, or around 12% the recommended value. Many people enjoy eating beans daily, but several servings a week (as part of a healthy, fiber rich diet) can help keep you regular and will contribute to the health of your colon and digestive system.
Serving Size (1/2 cup cooked), 3 grams of fiber (12% DV), 110 calories.
Whole Wheat Spaghetti
If you love to eat white pasta, consider switching to whole wheat pasta for its numerous health benefits. White pasta is processed, which means it contains simple sugars and none of its natural fibers. Whole wheat pasta, on the other hand, is unprocessed and is a viable source of fiber. A cup of cooked whole wheat spaghetti for dinner may help you reach your fiber quota for the day; it brings over 6 grams to the table.
Serving Size (1 cup cooked), 6.3 grams of fiber (25% DV), 174 calories.
Figs aren’t always the first things that come to mind when someone mentions fruit. But if you get to know figs a little better, you’ll find that they’re not only tasty, but they’re rich in fiber, too. Eating dried figs in moderation can prevent constipation and keep you regular. Dried figs make a great, quick snack when you’re on the go, and you can incorporate them into cookies and cakes for a sweet treat with a healthy side.
Serving Size (1 large), 1.9 grams of fiber (7% DV), 47 calories.
Prunes contain about 3.6 grams of dietary fiber per serving—about 14% of the recommended amount for the day. Adding prunes—and therefore fiber—to your diet can help relieve constipation and the uncomfortable symptoms that come with it, such as bloating, cramps, and loss of appetite. Because these fruits are so filled with fiber, it’s a good idea to drink some water with each serving. Plenty of water is essential in helping dietary fiber do its job.
Serving Size (6 dried), 3.6 grams of fiber (14% DV), 47 calories.
Asian pears, also called apple pears, are full of nutrients. In the fiber department, Asian pears provide soluble and insoluble fiber, both of which your body needs. Many people eat these fruits in salads, with cheeses and spreads, or sliced like an apple. However you choose to enjoy them, your body will benefit from over 4 grams of fiber, or about 18% of the recommended amount for the day.
Serving Size (1 Asian pear), 4.4 grams of fiber (18% DV), 51 calories.
Almonds are an obvious choice for a high fiber diet that will help keep you regular. They make a delicious snack that’s as easy as it is healthy. And with many other health benefits, you’ll find that consistently adding a serving of almonds to your day leaves your body looking and feeling better all around. In addition to providing 3.5 grams of fiber, a one-ounce serving of almonds helps promote weight loss, heart health, and bone strength.
Serving Size (1 ounce), 3.5 grams of fiber (14% DV), 163 calories.
Whole Wheat Bread
Bread is an important part of a balanced diet, and whole wheat bread, in particular, is high in fiber. When consuming toast, a sandwich, or another snack or meal that includes whole wheat bread, be sure to drink plenty of liquids (preferably water) along with it. Lots of water is essential in a fiber rich diet, as it helps the fiber do its job in cleansing the colon and keeping you regular.
Serving Size (1 slice),1.9 grams of fiber (8% DV), 69 calories.
Spinach is one of those super foods with seemingly countless health benefits. Raw spinach leaves are loaded with calcium, iron, vitamin C, antioxidants and more. It also contains fiber, which means it’s a natural cleanser for the colon, and it works to keep you regular. It’s easy to consume lots of spinach, as it’s one of the most versatile foods imaginable. Dress it up in a salad or add it to sandwiches, soups, pasta, sauce, and much more.
Serving Size (1 cup raw), 0.7 grams of fiber (3% DV), 7 calories.
If you’ve ever eaten beets, did you know that you can also eat the leaves at the top of the beet? Beet greens are loaded with vitamins C and A, folate, and fiber. They’re also packed with a rich, unique flavor, and pairing them with savory spices such as garlic, onions, pepper, or olive oil can help make them a tasty complement to many entrees. Toss them in a green salad with other vegetables for a fiber rich meal you’ll love.
Serving Size (1 cup raw), 1.4 grams of fiber (6% DV), 8 calories.
Eating carrots regularly can reduce cholesterol, regulate blood sugar, and improve eye health. Also, because of the rich supply of fiber, carrots can help prevent digestive disorders and gastric ulcers. Fiber is an essential part of a healthy diet, and eating just one medium-sized carrot accounts for about 7% of the recommended value for the day.
Serving Size (1 medium carrot), 1.7 grams of fiber (7% DV), 25 calories.
Raspberries are a wonderfully nutritious food that is both low in calories and high in vital nutrients, especially fiber. Enjoy these sweet berries in moderation as part of a high fiber diet; a one-cup serving provides for about 32% of your daily recommended fiber needs. To get your one-cup serving each day, enjoy a handful of raspberries with your oatmeal or yogurt at breakfast, over a salad at lunch, and as a sweet treat after dinner.
Serving Size (1 cup), 8 grams of fiber (32% DV), 64 calories.
Getting lots of fiber in your diet, along with plenty of water, has many health benefits, including keeping you regular and curbing hunger for longer. A high fiber diet also reduces the risk of heart disease, obesity, and diabetes, so add lots of healthy, high fiber foods to your plate each day to enjoy a healthier mind and body.
Make sure you like Bembu on Facebook to be updated everytime we post new tips on ways to live & eat healthier.
P.S. Take a look at the 5 veggies that boost female metabolism and burn off lower belly fat.
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Bembu.com is committed to providing information on natural and alternative health, but is not written by health care professionals. All material provided at Bembu.com is for informational purposes only, and is not to be taken as medical advice or recommendation. Any health concern or condition should be addressed by a doctor or other appropriate health care professional. The information and opinions found on this website are written based on the best data available at the time of writing, and are believed to be accurate according to the best discernment of the authors. Those who do not seek council from the appropriate health care authority assume the liability of any injury which may occur. Additionally, the opinions expressed at Bembu.com do not represent the views of each and every author or contributor to Bembu.com. The publisher of this site is not responsible for any errors or omissions in any content herein.
Links on this website may lead you to a product or service that provides an affiliate commission to the owners of this site should you make a purchase. In no way does any affiliate relationship ever factor into a recommendation, or alter the integrity of the information we provide. | <urn:uuid:dc93626e-0e47-42cf-afeb-02d90b8f1e5c> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://bembu.com/high-fiber-foods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510258086.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011738-00093-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935616 | 3,242 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Endanger is defined as to expose someone to danger.
When you drive 100 miles per hour on a windy road with your friend in the car, this is an example of when you endanger your friend.
- to expose to danger, harm, or loss; imperil
- to threaten with extinction
transitive verben·dan·gered, en·dan·ger·ing, en·dan·gers
- To expose to harm or danger; imperil.
- To threaten with extinction. | <urn:uuid:b9191445-8d40-4191-9a05-092181fc1a6d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.yourdictionary.com/endanger | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109525.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821191703-20170821211703-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.750599 | 104 | 2.984375 | 3 |
There’s an old saying that nothing breeds success like success. But that can be taken too far. Tim Hartz, a University of California (UC) Cooperative Extension specialist, says that growers can become too complacent. For example, Hartz, who works in the Department of Vegetable Crops at UC-Davis, says many of the state’s strawberry growers put down a standard NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium) fertilizer without giving it too much thought.
“A lot of guys say ‘That’s what my dad used, and it worked great.’ Fine, all I’m saying is think it through, do the testing, and determine what you really need,” he says. “Have a soil test done and think about what that site requires, not what you’ve done historically.”
Hartz makes the recommendation based on a series of nutrient trials conducted in 2010 in the heavy strawberry production areas of the state’s central coast. A team of researchers surveyed 26 fields in the Watsonville-Salinas and Santa Maria areas to revise tissue sampling nutrient standards on the Albion strawberry variety. In addition, they monitored the irrigation and fertility practices in 14 additional fields in the Watsonville-Salinas area. The results were clear. Many growers were wasting too much preplant fertilizer.
“If you’re using a preplant, the minute you put it down in the moist bed it will start to release, but it’s not being used,” he says. “We’re seeing too much fertilizer being released when the crop can’t use it, especially like last year when we had a wet winter. The crop uptake doesn’t start in earnest until February or March, but you applied it several months earlier.”
Times Have Changed
Some factors have changed since today’s growers’ dads were in charge, says Hartz. For example, it used to be that everyone fumigated with methyl bromide, and you didn’t have to build your beds so early. In addition, he speculates that older fertilizers may have been developed in warmer areas such as southern California, where fruit is present in January. In those warmer climates, you want the nutrients available in January.
What growers need to keep in mind is that strawberries are incredibly predictable when it comes to nutrient uptake. They take up 1 pound of N per day, per acre when they begin to really get going, which is in later February or early March in the coastal areas of central California. The researchers ran those calculations in eight or nine fields, and that number stayed amazingly consistent, ranging from a low of 0.9 pounds per acre per day to a high of 1.2.
Growers should adjust their fertilizer amounts and times accordingly. If well water is high in nitrates, adjust for that. Or if the soil is rich in organic matter, account for that. Just make sure there is a minimum of 1 pound per acre per day available. “There shouldn’t be a need for large dollops of fertilizer because that need is relatively modest and quite consistent,” says Hartz.
It’s a far cry from vegetable crops such as lettuce. When lettuce first starts getting going, it needs almost no N. But then it hits a certain point, and for a month it will take up 3 to 4 pounds per acre per day. “The berry is more like the tortoise,” says Hartz, “the vegetable is more like the hare.” | <urn:uuid:7cd87988-076d-446f-acb7-6e90400f6e68> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.growingproduce.com/uncategorized/nsynchronicity-pays/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612036.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529072631-20170529092631-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.958751 | 754 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Listen to this episode of the Focus with Marlene Podcast:
Get caught up with all episodes in the Developing a New Focus series.
How do you see the world?
How does your perception differ from others you know, including your family?
Why does it matter?
Those differences become obvious as we talk, act, and live our lives. It also influences the observations we make and the insights we get, and how we use them.
Perceptions are the personal assessments we make about the world, and they begin to form early in life, becoming more specific as we age. They influence all our relationships and how we communicate and interact with others.
We are often unaware of the perceptions we have created and how they might be working against us, sabotaging our relationships, aspirations, and goals and the ability to see things in a more positive way.
We are a combination of many things: DNA, personality, childhood experiences and the fundamental beliefs we put in place while growing up.
We form perceptions of who we think we are based on how we interpret those experiences.
Think about two kids growing up in the same household. Each can have very different perceptions of what their family is like. Simply put, it is the ability to determine life through our senses, awareness, and comprehension.
Attitudes, motivations, and expectations are also affected by perceptions. How we perceive the world shapes and forms these attitudes and mindsets, as well as the view we have of ourselves. It is affected by our personality, what interests us, and past experiences.
Remember that our perceptions are not reality.
Perceptions will influence the observations we make on a day-to-day basis. I live in the Pacific Northwest, where there are many days of gray skies. I like blue skies and sunshine. But looking at it from a different perspective, I am reminded that those gray skies and the rain that follows give us the beautiful green that I enjoy year-round.
So, I have a choice. When it is gray outdoors, I can allow myself to get into a funk or I can create comforting spaces inside my home that reflect light and color.
I may turn on a light or two.
In the spring when the gray skies seem endless, I focus on the exploding color of spring: tulips, daffodils, and flowering trees.
With thoughts and attitude challenged, I focus on what I want to accomplish, and my day is transformed.
I can do the same when challenged by negative situations.
I can choose to look at my problems in a more productive way. For example, I can choose to look beyond my first instinct to treat the grouchy neighbor in kind and instead offer him grace.
I can make a conscious choice to pray for that person I really don’t like. After all, God loves me even when I am at my worst. Maybe that difficult person needs to know and feel God’s grace as well. I find ways to set my boundaries while extending grace.
Perceptions and how we make sense of the world enable us to survive.
Without the ability to perceive, we wouldn’t recognize danger, and learn how to react to it or protect ourselves. For example, you might love dogs but when you come up to one that growls at you, you stand back even if you want to pet it because that growl is a warning they might bite.
Children growing up in an emotionally dysfunctional home learn that when their parent is scowling, it is a warning sign to not antagonize.
Perceptions we put in place can keep us alive.
However, when we perceive danger or caution in everything, we can become super-vigilant, depressed, and eventually worn out. We judge people adversely and we consider all situations as unfair. We develop biases and prejudices and we stereotype everything in a negative way. Anxiety replaces laughter or happiness. We no longer can make accurate assessments and we no longer experience joy.
So, in many ways, perception becomes the lens through which we view our reality, and it influences everything, from how we process to how we interpret things. The perceptions we put in place determine how we make assessments and then choose the best way to act.
Every day will present challenges that trigger an immediate response. If we develop the habit of responding without thinking, we can spend a lifetime feeling angry, resentful, and sometimes bitter. If we stop and consider, we can change or alter that first response to one that is both protective and accommodating or helpful.
When life seems like one problem after another, we will get depressed and strike out, or build resentments and blame others for all our difficulties and distress. Sometimes we just condemn ourselves.
However, remaining in that mindset takes away our personal power to find the solutions we need and will keep us locked in a never-ending cycle of bitterness and resentment.
Similar to changing a habit, we can alter our perceptions and replace illogical ones with logical ones.
We can learn to change our perspective and focus.
When we do, we see the wounds and pain that cause people to strike out; we see the losses that have colored their internal skies not only gray, but black; and we can appreciate the loving traits of friends and family and the people we work with.
And perhaps, when I am able to change my perspective, in the process others might view life differently. | <urn:uuid:9f3ef353-c187-460e-8c86-cb8dd81753ff> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://focuswithmarlene.com/how-our-perceptions-of-the-world-work-for-or-against-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476464.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304165127-20240304195127-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.953287 | 1,110 | 2.796875 | 3 |
News around the harmful effects of e-cigarettes and “vaping” is growing. In addition to damaging the lungs and heart, electronic cigarette smoking has also been found to increase the risk of dental cavities. The side effects of e-cigarette liquid now include damaging the teeth, much like sticky candies and sodas do.
Kids Are at Risk
If you’ve ever witnessed someone exhaling an e-cigarette puff, you’ve likely noticed how different it smells than a regular cigarette. When smoking e-cigarettes, the user can pick from over 10,000 flavors available on the market. These include gummy bear, cotton candy, and peach iced tea and are commonly known as “e-liquid,” which is vaporized and inhaled. When the ADA looked at more than 400 available e-liquid brands, they saw that “84 percent offered fruit flavors and 80 percent offered candy and dessert flavors.”
What was initially intended to assist older people in quitting smoking is now attracting a growing number of teens who were not smoking before. “More than 20 percent of high school students report using e-cigarettes on a regular basis.” This is almost twice what was reported in 2017. E-cigarettes are the most used tobacco product for middle school- and high-school kids in the US. Social media campaigns, product placement, and sweet candy flavors are a few of the ways kids are being introduced to e-cigarettes.
Children are already at a higher risk of developing cavities. The FDA Commissioner stated that “[youth e-cigarette prevention] may be the most important thing I can accomplish in my role as the agency’s Commissioner.” Discussing the risks of smoking and the harmful effects of e-cigarettes with your teen or young adult can make a difference. This pamphlet from the FDA will help you prepare before discussing e-cigarettes with your kid.
Side Effects of E-Cigarette Liquid
Researchers found 2 reasons for their cavity-causing nature. According to the lead on the study, Jeffrey Kim, D.D.S., Ph.D., the “viscosity,” or gumminess, of the e-liquid, and the chemicals that make up the flavor both can cause cavities. It seems only natural that inhaling flavors like cotton candy and gummy bear would impact your teeth just like eating them would. But, e-cigarettes come with a host of other problems that sweets don’t.
More Harmful Effects of E-Cigarettes
The ADA states that “e-cigarettes [impact] on human health goes beyond respiratory and cardiac systems and may have significant implications on oral health.” Researchers found that the aerosol in e-liquid increased bacteria on the enamel by 4 times!
There are negative repercussions that go beyond the teeth. Multiple reports have come out about the risk of e-cigarettes exploding. One 18-year-old male was using his e-cigarette before giving a presentation when it exploded. He was left with burns in the mouth and the stomach, and lacerations in the mouth from the device.
Another individual, a 23-year old male, experienced injuries and burns on his face, hand, and chest after his e-cigarette exploded. A scan of his oral cavity revealed “fractures of his hard palate and nasal septum, and dislocation of the adjacent teeth.” The soft palate and front teeth receive extensive damage when an explosion like this occurs. Due to their unregulated nature, researchers don’t consider them a safe alternative to cigarette smoking.
How to Quit
In 2016, the US Surgeon General “declared use of e-cigarettes by young people a ‘major public health concern.” With awareness around the harmful effects of e-cigarettes increasing, more resources are available to help those affected. If you’re a concerned adult looking to improve the health of your family, community, or self when it comes to e-cigarettes, review this free, easy-to-read, illustrated booklet from the Surgeon General’s office.
If you or someone you love needs more resources on how to quit smoking, check out Tips From Former Smokers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As their use becomes more widespread, stories multiply around how unsafe e-cigarettes are. Stop a bad habit in its tracks and spread your awareness about the harmful effects of e-cigarettes and the damaging side effects of e-cigarette liquid. | <urn:uuid:222f41c6-d80e-4e27-b87a-ed076f5359d1> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.hawaiidentalserviceblog.com/2019/02/harmful-effects-of-e-cigarettes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986675316.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017122657-20191017150157-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.948424 | 934 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In making his comparison between the current non-religionists and the Puritans, Card focuses on his perception of the zeal of the Puritans in imposing their religious views on others, claiming that the non-religionist act in the same manner. Unfortunately, this shallow analogy is not supported by any competent historical analysis. Puritans were deeply religious and in America has a highly organized church structure that persists in many ways today. The Puritans were Calvinists at heart, and people of deep personal piety. Their Puritan ideas can be summarized in five words; depravity, covenant, election, grace and love. (See Fischer, David Hackett. Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Page 23).
Without going into a long discussion of Calvinist theology and religious tenants, it is a disservice to the religiously motivated immigrants to America to compare them to those who profess no religion today.
Now, what of the those professing no religion today? Are they content to sit idly by and ignore those who profess a religion? In this regard I must agree with Card, they do exhibit the same zeal in their non-religion. It is not a coincidence that the area of the country reported as being the most non-religious, is also the area where those persecuting religion also live. Vermont is named as most non-religious state in the U.S. It is also a focus for the anti-marriage and anti-religious so-called Gay Rights movement. Card's description of them is appropriate:
They bristle at the slightest sign of Christians laying hold on the machinery of the state -- while having no compunction about using the power of the state to establish their own dogmas in the schools and in the courts.Although the tactics of the non-religionists is similar to that of any oligarchy, it is unfair to compare them to the pious Puritans and their strong beliefs. The immorality of the non-religionist should not be compared to the morality of the Puritans.
Believing in no god, they have no law to check them; whatever they think to do, they will try to do, and their fury when they are resisted knows no restraint. | <urn:uuid:05429462-8501-4e3b-ae85-4758729b81a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://commentsonthecontemporary.blogspot.com/2009/03/comments-on-idea-new-puritanism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948532873.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214000736-20171214020736-00727.warc.gz | en | 0.969429 | 461 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Plastic waste that would otherwise pollute the environment can now be reused as a valuable raw material through a 25-minute chemical recycling process. igus, the Germany-based motion plastics specialist, is helping to support the initiative by increasing its investment in Mura Technology to approximately €5 million.
The investment by igus, which runs its North American operations out of Providence, R.I., amounts to nearly $6 million U.S. dollars. Mura Technology is a pioneer in Hydrothermal Plastic Recycling Solution and is constructing its first recycling plant in the United Kingdom. KBR, another major industrial company, partnered with Mura Technology in January.
Recycling plastic is one of the most pressing challenges of our time. Eight million tonnes of plastic enters the world’s oceans every year. Much of the plastic is incinerated, and only 14% is recycled. This results in an economic loss of $80 billion per year.
At the same time, new plastic is continuously being produced from petroleum, which is associated with high CO2 emissions. This use already accounts for 6% of global oil production, which is expected to increase to 20 percent by 2050. With the “Hydrothermal Plastic Recycling Solution” (HydroPRS for short) a groundbreaking new technology is waiting in the wings that will enable an entry into a sustainable circular economy for plastics.
HydroPRS has the potential to recycle all types of plastic and prevent plastic from being burned or landfilled and polluting the environment. It is estimated that each tonne of plastic processed via advanced recycling could save 1.5 tonnes of CO2 compared to incineration.
To convert plastic waste into valuable chemicals and oil, HydroPRS utilizes the Catalytic Hydrothermal Reactor technology (Cat-HTR) developed by Licella Holdings Limited using water, heat, and pressure. This method is particularly interesting where mechanical recycling has not been successful so far, for example, with mixed and contaminated plastics.
Valuable resource instead of harmful waste
The potential for recycling plastic has captured the attention of igus, which last year invested in a company that plans to commission the first commercial HydroPRS plant in 2022. Now igus has increased its investment in Mura Technology to a total of €5 million.
“We know about the great possibilities that plastic has. Our tribo-polymers are used millions of times in moving applications all over the world, where they reduce weight, maintenance, and lubrication,” says Frank Blase, Managing Director of igus.
“We’re helping to make plastic a material that does not harm our world but helps through almost 100% recycling.”
Mechanical recycling is an important step in this direction. For example, igus has been regranulating 99% of the plastic waste generated in production for over 50 years. At the end of 2019, igus initiated the change program in which it takes back energy chains at the end of a machine’s life, irrespective of the manufacturer, pays a voucher, regranulates the plastic, and then processes it again. “In the future, chemical recycling will be able to play out its advantages where classic recycling cannot get anywhere. That is why we are supporting Mura in this start-up phase to help this groundbreaking technology achieve a breakthrough worldwide,’’ Blase said.
Global success through investment and cooperation
Mura Technology has succeeded in appointing KBR as an exclusive license partner for further expansion. KBR, with its 28,0000 employees, is active in more than 80 countries as a planner, plant builder, and operator of refineries and chemical plants.
“We knew that as a start-up company we had developed a highly innovative and promising technology,” Oliver Borek, Managing Director Europe at Mura Technology, points out. “However, it was also clear to us that we would never be able to roll it out on a large scale under our own steam. Thanks to igus’ investment in this crucial phase, as well as the establishment and expansion of further partnerships, we now have this opportunity.”
Construction of the first HydroPRS plant by Mura at the UK’s Wilton International industrial site has now started and is expected to be operational in the second half of 2022. A total of four Catalytic Hydrothermal Reactors will be built to process over 80,000 tonnes of plastic waste annually. In addition, further plants are planned in Germany, the USA, and Asia. | <urn:uuid:10adf26a-8e0c-41c4-b887-dec2c2a27543> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.bearingtips.com/igus-investment-paves-the-way-for-innovative-plastics-recycling-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943747.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321225117-20230322015117-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.947413 | 956 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Relationship between Circumference and Area
Date: 11/08/2007 at 09:41:13 From: Channel Subject: shortcut between area and circumference and back Hello, My daughter (grade 6) asked me to find a shortcut for converting from Area to Circumference and back. It seems to me that if you have a round ordinary circle and know the area then radius is a component of that number. I know just enough to be dangerous and she was curious (hooray) so we set about it. Most confusing is that it seems intuitive that there should be a relationship between the two that could be easily defined in an elegant equation without resorting to radius. Also frustrating, I'm questioning my math; algebra, order of operations, canceling terms and such. We calculated circumference and area from 1 - 20 in a spreadsheet to test our theories against. I looked for patterns and found that: Circumference increases at a rate of 6.28 per unit of radius. Area increases at an increasing rate of which 6.28 is a component. I found that A=1/2C*R and C=A/r*2 (not helpful because one needs the radius to solve. My daughter went this way: A = Pi * r * r C = 2 * Pi * r so A/r = Pi * r C/2 = Pi * r so A/r = C/2 Also not helpful because radius is required. I realized that there's an extra squared in the Area formula that we don't use for calculation only for presentation so I thought that might be my problem. The result of A = Pi r r is a number like 3.14 if the radius is 1. However, my answer to the area question for this circle has to be 3.14 cm^2 ... Still haven't figured out how this fits in.
Date: 11/08/2007 at 09:59:43 From: Doctor Ian Subject: Re: shortcut between area and circumference and back Hi Channel, >My daughter (grade 6) asked me to find a shortcut for converting >from Area to Circumference and back. Nice! She's thinking like a mathematician. Why keep solving special cases of the same problem over and over, if you can just solve the general case one time and be done with it? >It seems to me that if you have a round ordinary circle and know the >area then radius is a component of that number. I know just enough >to be dangerous and she was curious (hooray) so we set about it. Good for you. In the long run, she'll probably learn more from your willingness to jump in and play around and look for the answer, than from actually finding the answer itself. It's that kind of playing around that kids are supposed to be learning in their math classes, but it hardly ever works out that way. >Most confusing is that it seems intuitive that there should be a >relationship between the two that could be easily defined in an >elegant equation without resorting to radius. That's a good intuition. >We calculated circumference and area from 1 - 20 in a spreadsheet >to test our theories against. I looked for patterns and found that: >Circumference increases at a rate of 6.28 per unit of radius. And 6.28 is about twice pi. Interesting. >Area increases at an increasing rate of which 6.28 is a component. Again, interesting. >I found that A=1/2C*R and C=A/r*2 (not helpful because one needs the >radius to solve. It might be more helpful than you think. But let's set that aside for now. >My daughter went this way: > >A = Pi * r * r >C = 2 * Pi * r >so >A/r = Pi * r >C/2 = Pi * r >so >A/r = C/2 > >Also not helpful because radius is required. Again, it might be more helpful than you think. Let's go back to where your daughter started: A = pi * r * r C = 2 * pi * r But before we start pushing symbols around, let's think about what we'd like to end up with. We want a formula where we can input an area and get a circumference, or input a circumference and get an area, right? That is, we want an equation that contains ONLY an area and a circumference, with no mention of the radius. Suppose, then, that we solve the first equation FOR the radius: A = pi * r^2 A/pi = r^2 sqrt(A/pi) = r And suppose we solve the second equation, also FOR the radius: C = 2 * pi * r C/(2*pi) = r Now we have two expressions equal to r, neither of which involves r itself. Which is almost what we want. To get what we DO want, we just set those expressions equal to each other: r = r C/(2*pi) = sqrt(A/pi) And this is what we were looking for: an equation that relates A and C directly, with no mention of r. Of course, it's kind of ugly, with that square root in there. So we can square both sides, to get C^2 A ------ = -- 4*pi^2 pi which looks a little better. If we cross-multiply, we get C^2 * pi = 4 * A * pi * pi and since multiplying by pi on both sides doesn't accomplish anything, we can cancel that: C^2 = 4 * A * pi This makes sense, that C would have to be squared, since C is going to have units of length, while A will have units of area, or length^2. Of course, we'll want to check it, with some simple cases, to make sure we haven't made some careless error. If a circle has a radius of 1, it has an area of A = pi * 1^2 = pi and a circumference of C = 2 * pi * 1 = 2*pi So let's substitute those into our equation: C^2 = 4 * A * pi (2*pi)^2 = 4 * pi * pi 4 * pi^2 = 4 * pi^2 So that works, at least for one case. I'll leave it to you to try some others. Note that this doesn't PROVE anything! We might just get lucky (or unlucky!) in choosing just some cases that happen to work. But it's a good way to get some confidence that we're right. All of which is to say, you were really on the right track, but just missing the insight that the way to 'get rid' of r was to solve for it! Does this help? - Doctor Ian, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
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© 1994-2015 The Math Forum | <urn:uuid:135cb1a1-ed23-43f5-9664-5d17ca05695f> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/71678.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929096.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00005-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960029 | 1,450 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Hungary is one of the oldest countries in Europe, with a proud culture and many interesting things to do and Landmarks. A good portion of the most famous landmarks in Hungary are monuments built in a baroque style typical of the imperial and prosperous Hapsburg era. Many of them are in Budapest, the capital and the biggest city of Hungary.
Naturally, many travelers focus on Budapest, a fascinating city with iconic landmarks and some wonderful things to do. However, in this post, we will also explore some of the most famous monuments outside Budapest and natural landmarks like the Danube river that crosses the whole country.
To compose a thorough list of iconic Hungarian Landmarks and provide the most complete and informative article, we have invited some fellow bloggers to pitch in with their favorite Landmarks in Hungary.
famous landmarks in Hungary – Budapest
The Hungarian Parliament is possibly the most famous Landmark in Hungary, the most photographed, and the most impressive to look at. Located on the Pest side of the city, on the eastern bank of the Danube, it was designed by Hungarian architect Imre Steindl in neo-Gothic style and opened in 1902.
Since its construction, the Parliament is the biggest building in Hungary and even today is one of the world’s biggest legislative buildings. It is 268 meters long, 123 meters wide, and has a maximum height of 96 meters, making it also one of the highest in Budapest. It has a symmetrical main façade overlooking the Danube and a central dome. Besides the size, it’s also full of details like the coat of arms above the windows and the dozens of statues of famous Hungarians.
The interior is also awe-inspiring, with 10 courtyards, 27 gates, 29 staircases, and almost 700 rooms. The famous part is probably the hendecagonal central hall with the Lower and Upper houses’ huge chambers adjoining it. The holy crown of Hungary on display in the central hall is the final attraction of the parliament. It’s possible to have guided tours to the Parliament to learn more about these and other features.
Located on castle hill on the Buda side of the Danube, the Buda Castle is the old historical palace complex of the Hungarian kings in Budapest. Initially completed in 1265, the castle was built to protect Budapest from the Mongols and Tartars. In the 18th century, the extensive Neo-Baroque palace was built to house the Royal family. During WWII, it was heavily destroyed, but it was rebuilt to today’s shape after the war, housing now the Hungarian National Gallery and the History Museum.
This historic Hungarian landmark is part of the Budapest World Heritage site since 1987, and it’s one of Budapest’s most striking views. The location and size make it highly visible from almost anywhere on Pest’s side. Don’t miss the wonderful Mace tower, built in the 13th century and home to some important conflict during the centuries.
Also located on Castle Hill and next to Mattias Church, you’ll find the Fisherman’s Bastion, one of the best-known landmarks in Budapest. Built from 1895 to 1902 to the 1000th anniversary of Hungary, it may look like a defensive building, but it was designed to be a lovely panoramic terrace, offering some of the best views in Budapest. And all we can say is that it worked!
The Fisherman’s Bastion is also a very symbolic landmark. It was built using Neo-Romanesque and Gothic architectural details to take us to early medieval times (when Hungary was founded) and enhance Matthias Church’s beauty. The seven turrets may look like a Disney palace, but they symbolize the 7 chieftains of the 7 tribes who founded Hungary in 895.
Fisherman’s bastion’s lower terraces are free to visit and open 24/7, while the upper terrace and tower can only be visited after purchasing a ticket. It may be a purely decorative monument with whitish walls, lots of windows, arches, arcades, and benches, but it’s surely one of the most captivating and romantic sites in Europe.
Szechenyi Bridge, Budapest
By Noel Morata from Travel Photo Discovery
One of the most noticeable landmarks you’ll see right away in Budapest is the famous Szechenyi Bridge that crosses the Buda (eastern side) to the Pest (western side) over the Danube River. Built in 1894, the Chain Bridge in Hungary’s capital city was the first permanent bridge to cross the Danube River in all of Hungary.
This famous landmark is situated over significant areas of the Danube. On Buda at the entrance of the Castle Hill area, funicular and Buda Castle, and on the Pest side with Szechenyi square, the Gresham Palace, and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. There are nice walkways on both sides of the river banks with views looking up to Buda Castle from the Pest side and views back to the Pest, better seen from above at Buda Castle and the Fisherman’s Bastion.
More commonly known as “the Chain Bridge,” it was one of the modern engineering marvels of its time with beautiful ornamentations made with cast iron. There are walkways located on the bridge, and it is also lit up at night time, which can be beautifully captured from both sides of the river and a nice walk to do in the evenings. Check out my post on visiting the Chain Bridge and taking the best places to photograph Budapest for more inspiration to visiting this fabulous city.
Heroes’ Square, Budapest
By Tegan and Alex from Why Not Walk Travel Guides
Heroes’ Square, or Hősök Tere in Hungarian, is one of Budapest’s most iconic squares. It features statues of the Seven Chieftains of the Magyars or the heads of the seven Hungarian tribes that arrived in today’s Hungary at the end of the 9th century.
Construction on the square began in 1896 to commemorate the thousandth anniversary of the Magyars’ arrival, with statues and improvements added over the course of the next 50 years. There are also other statues of leaders important to Hungarian history, as well as the Memorial Stone and Millennium Monument. Many of the statues were carved by sculptor Zala György. Today, Heroes’ Square is a UNESCO World Heritage site and an important place to visit to get a feel for Hungarian history, from the Magyars to the years of Communist rule.
Heroes’ Square is a short walk from the popular Széchenyi thermal bath complex, as well as the Museum of Fine Arts, which is located in the square itself and is very conveniently located near the major artery of Andrássy Avenue.
Memento Park, Budapest
By Sam from My Flying Leap
For something a bit off the typical tourist path that feels slightly quirky given shifts in the political climate, check out Memento Park in Budapest. It’s an open-air museum filled with 42 statues and plaques from Hungary’s Communist period at the height of the Cold War.
It’s a bit outside of the city center, but a bus and a shuttle will take you directly to it, or you can take a taxi. It’s worth the trip to wander the paths of this park, walking through history as seen in these boldly dramatic statues.
The statues were all moved from Budapest after the fall of Communism to this park. It opened in 1993, the second anniversary of the Soviet withdrawal from Hungary, to encourage people to think freely about dictatorship and democracy. It’s hard not to when surrounded by historical figures like Lenin, Marx, and Engels.
Witness Square is the one section viewable without paying the entrance fee. It has a statue called Stalin’s Boots, made after the original statue of Stalin was pulled down from its pedestal during the Hungarian Revolution.
There are also statues representing the Hungarian working class, evocative of the drama of the times. It’s a nice, small park to walk through to get an interesting history lesson about a time you may not know much about. Celebrate the end of the Soviet occupation along with the Hungarian people while you wander through this time in history.
Dohany Synagogue, Budapest
By Or from My Path in the World
One of the most amazing landmarks in Hungary and a must-have on your Budapest itinerary, the Dohány Street Synagogue (also known as the Great Synagogue) is the largest synagogue in Europe (and the second-largest in the world). Hungary was home to a thriving Jewish community for many years, and even today, the third-largest Jewish community in Europe lives in Hungary.
Built in the middle of the 19th century in the heart of Budapest’s Jewish Quarter by the Austrian architect Ludwig Förster, it certainly doesn’t have a classic synagogue look. Its exteriors are inspired by Moorish architecture, and the interior layout resembles a church or a cathedral more than a synagogue (it is also the only one with pipe organs). It was damaged in World War II by German aerial bombing and Budapest’s Siege, but it was renovated in the ’90s.
To learn more about this incredible landmark, you can book a Jewish heritage walking tour or purchase a ticket to tour the synagogue independently. You get access to the entire complex on your visit, including the Heroes’ Temple, the cemetery (it is the only synagogue with a cemetery), the Raoul Wallenberg Holocaust Memorial, and the Jewish Museum.
Mattias Church, Budapeste
By Alice from Adventures of Alice
One of the most beautiful countries in Europe, Hungary has risen to fame as the perfect location for a weekend break in Europe. Packed with history, stunning buildings, and beautiful landmarks, a trip to Hungary will definitely not disappoint you. But one of the absolute must-visit landmarks in Hungary is Mattias Church, in Buda.
Mattias Church was actually my favorite location in the city and definitely not something you’d want to miss if you’re visiting Budapest. One of the capital’s most photographed spots, the church’s colorful, mosaiced roof tiles are what makes it stand out the most.
Although Hungary is generally considered somewhere to visit if you’re traveling Europe on a budget, the church is actually one of the more expensive things to do in the city. The entrance fee is 1,600 HUF. Plus, unless you get there early, it will likely be pretty busy around the church as it’s a popular location with tourists. However, it’s well worth it!
The interior is insanely beautiful and detailed with ornate decorations, and there’s also a small museum inside, which is included in the entry fee. It’s also worth noting that the church is right next to the above-mentioned Fisherman’s Bastion, from which you can capture some of the best photographs of the city and across the Danube River.
St. Stephen’s Basilica, Budapest
By Antoine and Marielle from Offbeat Escapades
St. Stephen’s Basilica is the largest church in Budapest and the third largest in all of Hungary. It is located at the heart of Pest, only a few minutes walk away from the Parliament. If you are coming from elsewhere in Budapest, you can reach it by public transportation by taking the line M3 train and getting off at Arany Janos station.
It is completely free to enter the Basilica, which makes it one of the best things to do in Budapest on a budget. There is also a cupola at the top of the Church where you can take in the whole city’s view for a small fee.
The site of the Basilica used to be a theater in the 18th century until the citizens petitioned to build a Church in honor of St. Stephen, the first king of Hungary. Currently, it still houses his mummified right hand, the Szent Jobb (Holy Right Hand).
Today, St. Stephen’s Basilica stands as one of the most significant human-made landmarks in Hungary. The church features neoclassical architecture at its exterior, while the interiors hold 50 different types of marbles created by various sculptors. The interior’s decoration is a sight to behold with the array of marble columns and the intricate floor designs. Natural light fills the Church’s domes with the windows etched in art and the ceilings adorned with golden leaves.
Szechenyi Thermal Baths, Budapest
The Szechenyi Thermal baths are the most famous in Budapest and are the largest medicine baths in Europe. The famous pictures of people playing chess inside a hot thermal pool are taken in these thermal baths.
The complex has 18 pools, 15 indoor and 3 outdoor, several saunas and steam baths. The temperature of the indoor pools varies between 18 to 38 °C. The water is supplied by two thermal springs that contain several minerals that have beneficial health properties. They are frequently used for their therapeutic benefits.
The Szechenyi Thermal baths are easily reachable and are within walking distance from the heroes square and Vajdahunyad Castle. We highly recommend spending an afternoon just relaxing in the hot thermal baths. They are delightful in winter, as the outdoor pools are hot while the atmosphere temperature is below 0º degrees, you feel so cozy inside the water.
Be aware that they can be quite crowded in Summer so you should book in advance a skip the line ticket.
Gellert baths, Budapest
The Gellért Thermal Baths are the most beautiful thermal baths in Budapest. The bath complex was built in 1918 in the elegant Art Nouveau style. All the different thermal baths are decorated with stunning mosaic tiles. It has an impressive entrance hall with a gallery and a spectacular glass roof.
The complex includes several thermal baths with different temperatures, saunas, plunge pools, an effervescent swimming pool, and an open-air swimming pool that creates artificial waves every 30 min in Summer. The water of the thermal baths is supplied by the Gellért hill’s mineral hot springs. And contain several minerals that have medical indications. Plus the thermal bath, the Gellert bath also provides a wide range of health treatments, like massages.
The Gellért thermal baths are located on the Buda side and reachable by metro or tram. During Summer, they can be overcrowded, so we recommend buying your ticket in advance a skip-the-line-thicket or going to the thermal baths in the offseason.
Hungary landmarks – Other Locations
Votive Church in Szeged
By Marie Moncrieff from A Life Without Borders
Szeged, Hungary’s third-largest city, is located on Hungary’s southern border, just under two hours’ drive from Budapest. A popular weekend destination, Szeged straddles the pretty Tisza River, boasting opulent Art Nouveau buildings and lovely parks and squares.
However, of all the things to do in Szeged, it’s the Votive Church, the city’s most iconic landmark and popular tourist attraction. Dominating the skyline, the Votive Church features twin spires reaching an impressive 91 meters. Also known as the Szeged Cathedral, the church is the fourth largest in Hungary and features a mix of Roman, Gothic, and eastern Byzantine styles.
Designed by Frederick Schulek, the construction of the Votive Church began in 1913 but was not completed until 1930 due to the outbreak of World War I.
The church sits in the impressive Dom Square and contains five huge bells and one of the largest organs in Europe. It is, however, most famous for its intricate, colorful frescos, the most distinctive being the “Madonna in Fur of Szeged,” featuring the Madonna wearing traditional Hungarian folk clothing.
Szeged can be reached by train from Budapest’s Nyugati Station, which takes around two and a half hours, or is an easy one and a half hours’ drive from the capital.
By Krisztina Harsanyi from She Wanders Abroad
When people are thinking about visiting Hungary, they almost always only think about Budapest. However, if you have more than 2 days in Budapest, it’s worth exploring some other parts of the country as well. For instance, you can easily visit Lillafüred, one of Hungary’s most beautiful landmarks, as a day trip from Budapest!
Chances are high that you haven’t even heard about Lillafüred before reading this article, as it is kind of a hidden gem only locals know about. Located in the Bükk mountains, Lillafüred is a part of Miskolc, the 4th biggest city in Hungary. You can easily get there by car or by train within 2-3 hours from Budapest.
Once you get to Miskolc, you can either use public transportation to reach Lillafüred, or if you’re looking for a more fun way to get there, hop on the Lillafüred Forest Train! One of the biggest draws of Lillafüred is Lake Hámori, a beautiful lake surrounded by the forest. The lake is easy to walk around, and if weather permits, you can also rent a wooden boat to see Lillafüred from the water.
Right by the lake, you find a beautiful, eclectic-style castle that now operates as a hotel, so if you want to stick around, you can book a room there. When in Lillafüred, you can’t miss the hanging gardens with the majestic waterfall, and you can also find some caves nearby if you’re feeling adventurous.
Sopron Firewatch Tower (Tűztorony)
By Monique from Trip Anthropologist
Sopron is very close to the Austrian border and is a popular day trip from Vienna, only 75 kilometers away. Budapest is a bit further, lying 200 kilometers to the east.
A Sopron travel guide always begins with the ancient Roman city of Scarbantia that lies below modern Sopron. Some of its walls and the Forum have been excavated in the center of town. But it is only one part of the Old Town, which is also known for its large number of Baroque and medieval buildings and wealthy houses.
Easily the most impressive of these, and the city’s main landmark, is the Firewatch Tower or Tűztorony. As the name suggests, watchmen climbed up the stairs to the balcony (the Tower is 58 meters high), so they could scan the surrounding forests for fires but also possible invasions.
Because the Firewatch Tower is in the heart of the Old Town, it has become a place of focus for important cultural festivals. The watchmen of the Tower were also singers and performed from the Tower balcony for town weddings. Today it is the center of light displays during annual celebrations.
Like everything in Sopron, there are Roman foundations below the Tower and incorporates several architectural styles. There is a baroque crest on top of the Tower that was installed in 1676.
By John from CarpeDiemEire
The Sódomb (which translates in English as Salt Hill) is a unique feature within Hungary. In fact, only two similar features exist in the world, at Yellowstone National Park and Pamukkale in Turkey.
The salt hill was formed naturally by a thermal spring that produces water between 65 and 68 degrees Celsius. As the thermal spring dripped down the countryside, it formed a travertine crust that continually grew. There are now a series of stunning terraces covering the landscape and some limestone curtains that look like small icebergs.
The Salaris Resort Spa Hotel utilizes the waters to create the perfect naturally heated pool at the foot of the terraces. It’s the only opportunity to sample those waters, though, as the terraces are closed off, but there is a walkway from which to sample their beauty, which is perhaps for the best considering the temperature of the water! It also protects the terraces from damage and preserves them for future generations.
Egerszalok is only 5 kilometers away from the city of Eger and is the perfect day trip from what is possibly Hungary’s most beautiful city.
The Danube River
By Iris Veldwijk from Mind of a Hitchhiker
One of the most international rivers in the world also flows through Hungary. In the olden days, the Danube marked the outer border of the Roman Empire. Today, the Danube (Hungarian: Duna) forms the border with Slovakia in the northwest at a quiet floodplain area rich in birds.
Next, the river meanders eastward, carrying cargo and cruise ships and a few Danube paddlers to the city of Esztergom with its stunning basilica and Visegrád with its imposing citadel – both tentative UNESCO sites. From then on, the Danube turns south into Hungary’s interior, where the river forks to make the river island Szentendre, where Budapest relaxes on the weekends.
This magnificent river’s most famous and accessible stretch flows through Hungary’s capital in its famous parliament building. One of the best places to enjoy the river is the calm and hip Margaret Island.
After several famous bridges, the Danube leaves Budapest southward to Hungary’s plains and industrial hubs, such as the steelworks of Dunaújváros and the nuclear power plant of Paks. In between, there are smaller farming and fishing towns where you can try halászlé—a fish soup that’s one of Europe’s spiciest native dishes. Beyond Mohács, the Danube leaves for Croatia and Serbia at the Duna-Dráva National Park.
The Danube River is the most defining natural landmark in Hungary, and it can be reached from almost anywhere in Hungary. Though the country is landlocked, this river serves and supports Hungary’s wildlife, food supply, culture, and the economy as an international waterway to the Black Sea.
By Džangir Kolar from Dr Jam Travels
Lake Balaton is located 80 kilometers southwest of the capital city – Budapest. It is the biggest lake in central Europe, with 104 kilometers in length and almost 600 square kilometers of surface. The lake bottom is sandy and making its water opaque.
The lake is all that remained from the Pannonian sea that changed into plains in the Tertiary period. While the country doesn’t have access to the sea, it is also known as the Hungarian sea. So it is a trendy place for summer holidays among locals. Besides swimming, other popular activities are sailing on a boat, rent a SUP or cycling.
You can find many different accommodations on the long coast, but camping beside a lake in one of many camps can add to the experience. The biggest town on the lake is Keszthely (Castle) on the west tip of the lake. The main attraction to visit here is the baroque Festetics Palace, built in the same place as the castle that gave name to this town. On the north shore, Balatonfüred is a place worth visiting with many spas. Wherever you stop, you can enjoy tasty and spicy local cuisine and good wine.
Hortobágy National Park
By Diana Lesko from The Globetrotting Detective
Hortobágy National Park, also known as the Hungarian Puszta, is Hungary’s largest and oldest National Park. It’s basically a vast steppe. Hortobágy is an important Hungarian heritage with rich folklore and cultural history and was announced a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999.
It’s situated in the Eastern part of Hungary, about 40 km from Debrecen. The best way to get here is from Debrecen, Hungary’s second-biggest city. From Debrecen, you can get there quickly with a local bus in less than an hour. However, the best way is to join a tour from Debrecen.
If you go there, you can experience traditional pastoral life. To explore this vast sheer, you will be shown around on a horse wagon. You can meet traditional Hungarian horse riders and Hungarian cowboys who will entertain you with a spectacular horse riding show during the tour.
Part of the journey is visiting traditional Hungarian animals such as the grey cows, Racka sheep, water buffalos, and the Mangalitza pigs. You can see how they are kept for centuries. Moreover, you can witness how the shepherds lead their wagon with six oxen.
The most iconic man-made structure on this grassland is the Nine-Hold Bridge and the T-Shaped sweep wells next to the shepherd museum.
You should close your day by feasting on a traditional Hungarian meal, such as Gulyas, in a csárda, a traditional Hungarian countryside restaurant. And don’t forget to start your meal with a delicious traditional Hungarian fruit spirit, pálinka, just like Hungarians do.
Pin it for later | <urn:uuid:0db1c477-ad60-43e2-826c-875a97abf853> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.traveldrafts.com/famous-landmarks-in-hungary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060538.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928062408-20210928092408-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.948239 | 5,330 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Hot Graphite Shines New Light on Laser-driven Fusion
COVENTRY and OXFORD, England, Dec. 14, 2012 — A new strongly heated graphite experiment has left an international team of researchers with some unexpected results that may shine new light on giant planets, white dwarfs and laser-driven fusion.
In an attempt to learn more about how energy is shared between the different species of matter — especially how it is transferred from strongly heated electrons to the heavy ionic cores of atoms that have been left to cool — scientists from the University of Warwick and Oxford University were left with some puzzling new results. The findings could lead to a revised understanding of the life cycle of giant planets and stars.
The difference in temperatures between the hot electrons and cooler ions should level out quickly as the electrons interact with the ions; the time it takes to reach a common temperature is a good measure of the interaction strength between the two. This interaction also defines, for instance, how heat or radiation is transported from the inside of a planet or star to its surface and, thus, planetary and stellar evolution. The process is also essential for nuclear fusion where the electrons are heated by fusion products, but the ions need to be hot for more fusion to occur.
Previous experiments using direct laser heating have been plagued by uncertainties in target preparation and heating processes that complicate observations and analysis. In addition, theoretical models struggled to explain the long temperature equilibration time found experimentally.
Graphite experiments conducted by researchers from the University of Warwick and Oxford University suggest that white dwarfs may fade faster than we thought. Courtesy of Mark Garlick space-art.co.uk, University of Warwick.
To resolve this difference, the Warwick and Oxford team devised a more precise experiment that employed intense proton beams created via a novel laser-driven acceleration scheme, rather than direct heating by a laser. Heating by the protons resulted in better-defined conditions because the protons heat only the electrons but for the entire sample.
As a result, the researchers obtained a clean sample with electrons at 17,000 K while the ions remained at about 300 K (around room temperature). Rather than eliminating the gap between the model and the observed results, the scientists discovered that this method significantly increased the difference.
The more precise experiment showed that the equilibration of the temperatures for hot electrons and cool ions was actually three times slower than previous measurements and more than 10 times slower than the mathematical model predicted.
“I think the results [will] send theoreticians back to the drawing board when modeling the interactions between particles in dense matter,” said Dr. Gianluca Gregori of Oxford University. “The wide range of implications and the huge range in temperature, where these issues were found, make the results so important.”
The same process also governs many other material properties, with wide implications from material processing to inertial confinement fusion to understanding astrophysical objects.
“This is an intriguing result which will require us to look again at the plasma physics models, but it will also have significant implications for researchers studying planets and white dwarf stars,” said Dr. Dirk Gericke of the University of Warwick. “My laser-fusion colleagues who depend on their lasers delivering a lot of energy simultaneously to both ions and electrons will certainly be interested in our findings as well.”
The findings were reported in Scientific Reports
For more information, visit: www2.warwick.ac.uk | <urn:uuid:c0416049-e2be-4d98-89f2-50565b4a589c> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=52578 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302428.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00274-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93244 | 713 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Scientists in the US and Canada have collaborated to identify a cellular process that seeks out and fights herpes virus- Type 1 herpes simplex (HSV-1).
The finding has uncovered a new way for our immune system to combat the elusive virus, which causes cold sores.
"Once human cells are infected with Type 1 herpes simplex, the virus comes back because it hides and blocks protection from our immune system. For the first time, our research team has identified a combative cellular mechanism in this game of hide-and-seek," Nature quoted Luc English, the study's lead author and a doctoral student at the Universiti de Montrial's Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, as saying.
He added: "We've found that the nuclear membrane of an infected cell can unmask Type 1 herpes simplex and stimulate the immune system to disintegrate the virus.
The discovery was made while the scientists were conducting various tests in HSV-1 infected mice cells.
They replicated environments when Type 1 herpes simplex thrives, namely periods of low-grade fever between 38.5 to 39 degrees, and found that herpes-fighting mechanisms were unleashed.
Now, the researchers are planning to study how activation of the herpes-combating cellular process could be applied to other illnesses.
And the results could speed up the development of therapies to prevent other immune-evading bacteria, parasites and viruses.
"Our goal is to further study the molecules implicated in this mechanism to eventually develop therapies against diseases such as HIV or even cancer," said English.
Dr. Michel Desjardins, senior author and a professor in the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology at the Universiti de Montreal has said that one can imagine treatment options in a decade.
The study is published in the advance online edition of Nature Immunology. | <urn:uuid:97222490-bbc8-4387-b332-5fae6cfbb325> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.medindia.net/news/Scientists-Uncover-New-Way-For-Our-Immune-System-To-Combat-Elusive-Virus-49083-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948568283.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215095015-20171215115015-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.94773 | 373 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Skin Burns & Injuries
our areas of focus
What are Skin Burns and Injuries?
Skin burns and injuries damage the important protective layers of the skin and can result in complications like infection or damage to underlying tissues. Although pain might be your first concern, there can also be factors to keep in mind like recovery, scarring, and timeframe. For particularly large or severe injuries or burns, your quality of life can be greatly impacted, meaning you are unable to remain active and comfortable in your lifestyle. Stem cells are one option in effectively rejuvenating tissues and cells affected by burns and injuries.
What Causes Skin Burns and Injuries?
The skin is your body’s protective layer against outside materials and harmful substances. However, your skin can easily be compromised by everyday accidents. More severe cases can be the result of cuts, burns, and injuries that require medical attention. Each person’s circumstances are different, so we begin treatment with a full understanding of your burn or injury, your preferences, and your cosmetic goals for recovery.
What are Common Skin Injuries and Conditions?
Traumatic injuries are sudden, severe, and can be life-threatening. They’re usually the result of blunt force, skin penetration, or burns, and can occur because of everyday activities like driving or playing sports. They can also occur because of anomalies like natural disasters and freak accidents. In the event of a traumatic injury, you’ll need immediate medical attention at an emergency hospital center. Some types of traumatic injuries can leave behind permanent symptoms or conditions, while others require only a slow and steady recovery.
Scars form because of your body’s natural healing process after the skin is broken or compromised. When the dermis, or deep layer of your skin, is broken, the body creates new collagen fibers to mend the break and keep the underlying tissues protected. Once the wound or incision heals, the collagen fibers remain and give the affected skin a different appearance from the rest of the skin. Scars can sometimes be made worse by a lack of moisture or too much collagen production (in the case of hypertrophic or keloid scars). Some at-home products can be effective at reducing scarring if used during the healing phase, but it can be difficult to reduce the appearance of existing scars without cosmetic treatments.
2nd & 3rd Degree burns
Chances are, you’ve experienced a mild burn at least once in your life. These are considered 1st degree burns and are perfectly manageable at home. However, 2nd and 3rd degree burns are less common and can be more dangerous. In a 1st degree burn, only the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) is affected. In 2nd degree burns, the epidermis and dermis (lower layer of the skin) are affected. 3rd degree burns are extremely severe and can affect even the tissues underlying the skin. 2nd and 3rd degree burns require extensive medical attention and can be life-threatening if not properly treated— sometimes with the use of skin grafts. They can also require a lot of time to heal and recover.
Learn More About How Stem Cells Can Help
Skin burns and injuries can be traumatic, painful, and require a long and careful recovery. This can take a toll on your lifestyle, your health, and your wellbeing, and it can feel like your only options are waiting for your body to heal. Stem cells that are gathered from fatty tissue can help jumpstart your body’s regenerative processes, helping to restore tissues and cells affected by burns or injuries. Learn more about stem cells derived from adipose.
Schedule a Consultation
At Axis Stem Cell Institute, we understand that burns and injuries can greatly affect your lifestyle, preventing you from living your best life. Sometimes, the scars that are left behind aren’t just physical, either. We advocate for comprehensive, compassionate care to guide you through the recovery process with the best in stem cell treatments and scientific advancements so you can get back to your healthy lifestyle. It can feel like there are few options besides waiting when it comes to recovery from a burn or injury, so we’ll discuss your best options with stem cell and platelet-rich plasma treatments to restore your body.
Stem cells are a new and effective treatment option in regenerative medicine. Your first step in a regenerative treatment plan is speaking with our stem cell experts. To begin discussing your treatment options with stem cells, contact our Kirkland office by calling 206.415.2947 or filling out our online form. Our expert patient coordinators can assist you through the booking process.
Are you in pain?
Make the decision to take away your pain today!
Not ready for an appointment? ask us below! | <urn:uuid:d828ee21-998c-4c05-9b44-6a6cd0e1c253> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.axisstemcell.com/what-we-treat/skin-burns-injuries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.928681 | 978 | 2.75 | 3 |
Find the Letter W: Whether the Weather
Is the weather cold? Hot? Fine? Not? Maybe! But no matter what, it's perfect weather for counting the W's in the "Whether the Weather" tongue-twisting poem! Kids circle each W in the rhyme. This worksheet offers practice recognizing and naming capital and lowercase letters of the alphabet and exposes kids to nursery rhymes and poetry. Kids completing this worksheet also practice counting. | <urn:uuid:58943c29-0c8c-4b91-93f4-5bb548203017> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.education.com/worksheet/article/find-letter-w-nursery-rhyme-kindergarten/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648438.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00225-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897157 | 93 | 3.890625 | 4 |
God is in all men, but all men are not in God; that is why we suffer.
Ramakrishna was born in 1836 in a region known today as West Bengal, India. At that time, or very shortly afterwards, he was named Gadhadhar Chatterjee. Even as a very young boy, he was keen on all things spiritual. When he was old enough to serve as a temple priest, Ramakrishna1, as he was then known, became well known as someone with a profound spiritual awareness who would fall into trances and experience directly something of the true nature of reality denied to lesser beings. Through his tireless devotion and meditation, he gained a personal experience of the creative energy of the universe. In other words, he saw God.
As word of Ramakrishna's attainment began to spread, people of all religious backgrounds travelled to see him. Perhaps unexpectedly, the effect Ramakrishna had on his visitors was to confirm the essential truth of their own spiritual traditions and strengthen their faith rather than undermine it. Ramakrishna saw in all religions a fundamental human yearning for spiritual truth, and understood the efficacy of any genuine religious devotion. He saw the diversity of religion, like the diversity of humanity, as its real strength; the differences provide us with a choice of methods for achieving what must ultimately be seen as a common goal.
If you desire to be pure, have firm faith and slowly go on with your devotional practices without wasting your energy in useless scriptural discussions and arguments. Your little brain will otherwise be muddled.
Ramakrishna was given the responsibility as a young man for making daily offerings to the Hindu goddess Kali, the Divine Mother, at a temple at Dakshineswar, near Calcutta. This involved saying prayers and placing food before a stone statue of the goddess. His devotion to this ritual was so deep that, eventually, his relationship to the statue changed and became as personal as if he were actually attending to the needs of a living human being such as his own mother.
In deep meditation Ramakrishna perceived the goddess as actually inhabiting the stone statue. After a while, however, Ramakrishna saw that the stone image of Kali really was the goddess herself. Then, Ramakrishna was able to experience the goddess in ordinary waking consciousness, outside the deep meditative state, moving about the temple and gazing at the Ganges as it flowed towards the city of Calcutta and the Bay of Bengal.
As his perception of the Divine Mother became even more profound, Ramakrishna saw her presence in all living things: giving food to a stray cat was essentially the same act of devotion as making food offerings to the statue of the goddess had been.
Many are the names of God and infinite the forms through which He may be approached.
Ramakrishna extended his direct experience of the manifestations of God to other members of the Hindu pantheon, including Rama and Krishna. But the scope of his spirituality was to extend still further. He had heard about the life of Jesus Christ and had been deeply moved by stories in the Bible, which spoke of love and compassion. After meditating deeply for several days, Ramakrishna had a vision of Jesus Christ, whom he recognised as yet another manifestation of God.
Ramakrishna's vision of the universe reconciled the great and the holy of all traditions. In his view, all who are revered by the world's religions represent different views of the same god. How fitting, then, that those who knew Ramakrishna came to revere him as being among that select company.
A man is truly free, even here in this embodied state, if he knows that God is the true agent and he by himself is powerless to do anything.
Ramakrishna did not personally start the Ramakrishna Order. He believed that it was wrong to deliberately attract followers since individuals must find their own path. Nevertheless, a group of particularly devout disciples attempted to incorporate Ramakrishna's spiritual practice in their own lives in a form that they called Vedanta.
Simply put, Vedanta is based on the ancient Hindu Veda texts, which state that God (Brahman) is present in all living things, and that, to find God, we must seek out the divine essence inherent in our own nature. All religions are equally valid inasmuch as they help individuals to find their own divinity, regardless of the differences in practice which lead to that ultimate realisation.
In the Vedanta cosmos, God is the ultimate reality, existing without name or form, the reason for the existence of everything and the cause of a divine orderliness in which everything has a place and nothing happens by accident. All beings are reborn in a timeless cycle of death and reincarnation, which ends when we finally achieve a realisation of our own inherent divinity. Human life is especially precious, therefore, because human beings are equipped (allegedly) with a cognitive ability superior to that of other animals with which to improve their level of existence.
Key to achieving ultimate realisation is individual effort; each person must make the necessary effort to improve. Religion that merely preaches to people who are unwilling to better themselves is about as useful as giving encyclopedias to a bunch of monkeys: the information may be there; but, at the end of the day, the monkeys are still just monkeys...though the encyclopedias may end up being something less than encyclopedias.
In 1893, Ramakrishna's closest disciple, Swami Vivekananda, brought the new Vedanta religion to America at the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago, Illinois. At the end of the Parliament, Swami Vivekananda was invited to remain in the USA and give lectures around the country, which he did for three years.
The worldwide Ramakrishna movement began in 1897, and has grown in popularity since then. Now there are 125 Ramakrishna Order Societies around the world, including 13 in the USA.
Good and evil cannot bind him who has realised the oneness of Nature and his own self with Brahman.
India is a land rich in spirituality and seemingly replete with saints and spiritual masters. For many people living in Western countries, perhaps their first hint of Indian spirituality is linked to the 1960s counterculture, The Beatles, their association with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and the popularity of The Transcendental Meditation Movement. The tradition of Western civilisation looking east, however, has much deeper roots. Some say, for example, that Jesus Christ travelled to India, and that much of what he had to say was influenced by the Hindu world view. In any event, the wealth of Indian wisdom is a vast resource, which Westerners have tapped with varying degrees of skill and sensitivity for a very long time.
Truly, there is nothing new under the sun and what was old is once again new. At the turn of the Millennium, a new hunger for exotic spirituality has entered the mainstream of popular culture in the form of the New Age movement. In addition, many Westerners, particularly celebrities, have once again focussed on the traditions of India, Tibet and the esoteric mysticism of the Middle East to satisfy what they perceive to be a need created by deficiencies in their own spiritual traditions.
A part of the cause for this spiritual yearning is no doubt the sense of alienation produced by the complexity of our modern lives. On the other hand, the basic humanity expressed in the messages of men like Sri Ramakrishna and His Holiness the Dalai Lama gives many of us hope and our lives new meaning.
Sri Ramakrishna was born in a poor Indian village and lived a modest, pious life. Although he is revered as an avatar2, he is still recognisably an ordinary human being on an earnest quest for truth. His message, although fundamentally profound, is still an appealingly simple one:
God is within all of us, waiting to be found.
Sri Ramakrishna left his body in 1886, after a human life of 50 years. | <urn:uuid:3c564292-81dc-4ae9-9125-2e6939cf2f7e> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.h2g2.com/approved_entry/A8623460 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115857200.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161057-00090-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978789 | 1,672 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Three and a half years ago I signed up my children with something called PJ Library, a non-profit that sends a free Jewish content book every month. Since then we received two books based on the same traditional song, Simms Taback’s Joseph Had a Little Overcoat (1999) and Phoebe Gilman’s Something from Nothing (2008). It’s a charming story in which the protagonist starts of with a large item, like an overcoat or a blanket, and when the item gets tarnished, he remakes it into a smaller one, like a vest, then a tie, then a handkerchief, etc until all that’s left is a button. And then the button gets lost. To deal with the loss of his beloved possession, the protagonist decides to make something out of nothing and writes a story about it.
Both illustrators set the story in late 19th century Eastern Europe and the art is terrific. Taback’s pictures are bright and fantastical, and Gilman’s are realist, with much detail to talk about. Both books have a distinct Yiddish sensibility, and it’s tempting to claim that Something from Nothing is a Jewish folktale. I don’t know for a fact that the narrative is exclusively Jewish, that other peoples, like Ukrainians or, say, Berbers don’t tell it as well, as is usually the case with folklore. Because I can’t assume that the story is Jewish and only Jewish, this post is going to be about the way Jewish people in America today think of the Jewish tradition based on what they make out of the story.
Both books arrived with PJ Library’s suggestions of how to discuss it with kids. Per publisher, the books carry an environmentalist message, and teach kids to conserve and recycle:
Go through your children’s wardrobe together. Select clothing that no longer fits or is too “old and
worn” to be serviceable. How can those items still be of use? Perhaps the fabric can be cut and
sewn into clothing for a favorite stuffed animal or made into a patch for a pair of jeans. If the
clothing is outgrown but still in good condition, consider donating it – you’ll be practicing bal
A core Jewish value is that of bal tashchit, an injunction against needless destruction or wastefulness
and a commandment to preserve our Earth. Judaism is an ancient religion, but laws guiding us to
live in an environmentally responsible way are perhaps more significant today than ever before. The
Talmud (a collection of rabbinic thought and laws) teaches: “Whoever destroys anything that could
be useful to others breaks the law of bal tashchit” (Kadoshim 32a). When Taback wrote: “(and there’s a
moral, too!)” on the title page, he referred to this teaching.
I’m for reducing waste and preserving the Earth. I was raised in a household where everything was reused, and it really pains me to throw away an old item. I’m not a rabbi, but I know a thing or two about scarcity. There is plenty of conservation going on in Something from Nothing, but the society that told the tale had no concept of recycling. Shtetl thriftiness was not driven by concerns for allegedly overflowing landfills. Most importantly, an environmentalist explanation fails to account for the pivotal moment of the narrative when Joseph runs out of matter to reuse and writes a story. By the way, in doing so he uses new resources: paper, ink and a writing pen. If abstaining from consumption is so supremely important, why bother inventing writing? Tisk-tisk-tisk! The people of the Book should have stuck to oral tradition!
Something from Nothing is a story about impoverished people who used resources wisely (and with the notable exception of aluminum, recycling is not a wise use of resources). It’s a story about people pulling themselves up by their bootstraps, and about overcoming adversity. But most importantly, Something from Nothing is a story about moving from mere physical sustenance to the spiritual world. It’s about overcoming adversity, but it’s also about the creative impulse. It’s a story of the creation of modern Israel, too: Jews coming out of Pale of Settlement building a thriving country in a desert. That’s something from nothing. And, I think, all Americans, not just Jewish Americans can relate to the resourcefulness, innovation and individualism displayed by the characters.
Unfortunately, Western Civilization in general and Jewish Americans in particular became too engrossed in waste. In our quest to “reduce, reuse, recycle” we became obsessed with making something from something — if we can’t help not making anything at all. Something from Nothing teaches us that there are limits to the 3Rs, like there are limitations to the material world in general. The greatness of our civilization originates in inspired individuals who create new things and ideas.
So happy 63rd Israel! Israel Independence day is celebrated today this year.
I was going to make a post commemorating the Allied victory in World War Two 66 years ago. V.E. day is May 8 in the former Western Block, and May 9 in Russia. I was going to share some family history, but we had computer issues, plus it was Mother’s Day. So that post will have to wait a year. Anyhow, happy V.E. day! | <urn:uuid:c45c8f79-78cb-4608-89ce-2b12e64d56ba> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://edgeofthesandbox.wordpress.com/2011/05/09/israel-independence-day-special-something-from-nothing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543577.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00115-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950549 | 1,162 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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1. Who is narrating? Discuss the use of the first person plural -- is it effective? How does it alter your view of these friendships?
2. Who are "Our Kind"? What kind of women are they? How does the narration, language and style reflect or enhance the story and the characters? Share an example that you find particularly effective.
3. In "The Intervention," what does it mean when the narrator says, "we've seen a lot, it's true, but know so little. How were we to learn? Years ago we were led down the primrose lane, then abandoned somewhere near the carp pond"? What is the significance of the intervention? At the chapter's end, why does the narrator say, "We must save Him, quick. But first, no. We must save ourselves"?
4. What is your response to Esther, in "Esther's Walter"? Do the women really "love" her? Share your reactions to the group's discussions while at Esther's. How do their actions speak louder than words? Why is Walter's portrait important, and what does it represent? Discuss Esther's "surprise." Compare what happened at the intervention and at Esther's and discuss what these events tell you about the group.
5. Describe Bambi in "Bambi Breaks for Freedom." What does Remington Jackson represent? What does her desire to see him represent?
6. To what does "Screw Martha" refer? What is symbolic about the perception of, and what is to be done to, the geese at the country club? Consider the paragraph near the end of "Screw Martha" that reads, "She tilts the hard hat to show us the egg...dead." How is the information in the passage imparted? Is the narrator reliable here? Why? Why does the narrator wish "Barbara silent a bit longer," to "return...to our green oasis, to the girls in their snowsuits...."?
7. What is the significance of the group gathering at the summer solstice in "Come As You Were"? What does this chapter title mean? After the sentence, "I hid in the armoire and wept, Gay begins", there is a long parenthetical statement: "(What she needs is friends,...lover.)." What is its significance? What affect does this have on your understanding of the story, and the women in it?
8. In "Sick Chicks," focus on the paragraphs beginning, "The group has not entirely assembled..." to "...the butter tong." Consider the way the author describes the women entering the room, and the room itself. What, if any, is the symbolism here? What makes Mrs. Dalloway particularly good for the book discussion group at the hospice? What is Viv's role in the discussion? Why is this scene set at a hospice?
9. Who are the "warriors" in the chapter with that title? Why is Louise considered, "not of our set"? Do you think it's odd that the group admits "we never knew a thing about Louise Cooper, or for that matter, any of our pasts? We look ahead and speak of present things...". Does this fit with what you know of the characters? What, if anything, is significant about Louise's mask, her being photographed like a Madonna and then her water breaking?
10. In "Back When They Were Children," what do the words lost halcyon days represent to these women? Why are the words italicized? Are the mothers very involved in their children's lives? In one another's lives? To what does the chapter's last line refer -- "We've been told the dance will begin"?
11. In "The Hounds, Again," the geese are mentioned again -- "it is only a matter of time before the geese lose their fight." What is really being discussed? To what does the chapter's title refer? Who is the narrator talking about when she says, "it's Him we are remembering, Him we will return to"? Look at the paragraph, "But now He does not look at her,...His slipping tongue." Discuss what is going on and how Walbert captures this all-to-common event in a woman's life, and whether or not she does so successfully.
12. In "The Beginning of the End," Professor Dipple tells Viv: "You might very well read a book from time to time....It will fade into fuzzy thinking." What is she saying? What is Viv's response? What is Viv recognizing here, at this turning point in her life? Why does Viv think, "What possibly else" would she do but get married? What does it mean when the narrator says, "The few times we speak of true things it is almost unbearable"? What "true things" are unbearable?
13. Discuss the book's last line -- why does Viv say this moment is "the beginning of the end"?
14. Looking at the book's structure, do the chapters work well independently? How are they tied together? Could you change their order and still make the book work?
15. What time and place does Our Kind
concern itself with? How does Walbert signpost the era (pop culture references, political references, hair styles, etc)? Discuss the cultural and generational limbo they find themselves in. Are these women angry about the course of their lives? If not angry, then what do they feel? | <urn:uuid:13652c11-5742-4a1f-bd94-da9b2f8db456> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.simonandschuster.biz/books/Our-Kind/Kate-Walbert/9780743245609 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655921988.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711032932-20200711062932-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.963561 | 1,161 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5160
The Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF) was used to simulate the concentrations and loads of fecal coliform and nitrate for streams in the Mad River Basin in west–central Ohio during the period 1999 through 2003. The Mad River Basin was divided into subbasins that were defined either by the 14–digit Hydrologic Unit (HU) boundaries or by streamflow–gaging–station locations used in the model. Model calibration and simulation processes required the formation of nine meteorologic zones to input meteorologic time–series data and water–quality data.
Sources of fecal coliform and nitrate from wastewater–treatment discharges and combined sewer overflow discharges (CSOs) within the City of Springfield were point sources simulated in the model. Failing septic systems and cattle with direct access to streams were nonpoint sources included in the study but treated in the model as point sources. Other nonpoint sources were addressed by adjusting interflow and ground–water concentrations in the subsurface and maximum storage capacities and accumulation rates of the simulated constituents on the land surface for each meteorologic zone. Simulation results from the calibrated model show that several HUs exceeded the water–quality standard of 1,000 colony–forming units per 100 mL for fecal coliform based on the maximum 30–day geometric mean. Most HUs with high fecal coliform counts were within or downstream from the City of Springfield. No water–quality standard has been set for instream nitrate concentrations; however, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA) considered a concentration of 5 mg/L or greater to be of concern. Simulation results indicate that several HUs in the agricultural areas of the basin exceeded this level.
The calibrated model was modified to create scenarios that simulated loads of fecal coliform and nitrate that were either reduced or eliminated from selected sources. The revised models included the elimination of failing septic systems, elimination of direct access of cattle to streams, decrease in fecal coliform loads from the CSOs and selected wastewater–treatment facilities, and decrease in nitrate loads from land surfaces. The fecal coliform source–reduction model decreased the fecal coliform concentrations below a target concentration of 1,000 colonies per 100 milliliters for all HU outlets and decreased the load at the mouth of the Mad River by 73 percent. The nitrate source–reduction model decreased some HU mean concentrations to 5 milligrams per liter or less and decreased the load at the mouth of the Mad River by 52 percent. Other reduction scenarios may be run by Ohio EPA with the intent of identifying a management strategy that will attain a target concentration for the Mad River Basin.
This report is contained in the following file:
The PDF file is readable with Adobe Acrobat Reader. The reader is available for free download from Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Purpose and Scope
Physical and Hydrologic Setting
Simulation of Streamflow and Water Quality
Description of Model
City of Springfield Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs)
Cattle in Streams
Failed Septic Systems
Commercial–Fertilizer and Manure Applications
Observed Water–Quality Data
Simulated Loads and Concentrations
Result of Load–Reduction Simulations
Seasonal and Streamflow Variability
Margin of Safety
Summary and Conclusions
Appendix 1. Percentage of each 14 digit unit with a given land–cover classification
Appendix 2. Values of selected parameters used in calibrated model to simulate streamflow
Appendix 3. Parameter values used in calibrated model to simulate fecal coliform concentrations
Appendix 4. Parameter values used in calibrated model to simulate nitrate concentrations
For more information about the USGS and its products:
World Wide Web: www.usgs.gov
Send questions or comments about this report to the author, David C. Reutter, at email@example.com, 641-430-7732.
For more information about USGS activities in Ohio, visit the USGS Ohio Water Science Center home page. | <urn:uuid:679561c6-c572-4cfa-abb4-b85a2afdf58e> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5160/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948589177.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216201436-20171216223436-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.869481 | 845 | 2.78125 | 3 |
With the burdens of work, commuting, and school activities, it can be difficult to find time to sit down to enjoy a meal as a family. Yet, there can be very positive outcomes from making the effort to do so. Here are just a few examples:
- Families who eat together tend to include a greater variety of foods, emphasize more fruits and vegetables, and consume more nutritious diets overall, which result in lower obesity rates and decreasing risk for long-term chronic diseases.
- Shared mealtimes facilitate communication between family members. Studies show that meal conversations can be a “more potent vocabulary booster” (1) than reading, and the shared stories can help children become more resilient to life’s challenges.
- Children do better in school when they have regular mealtimes with their family. In fact, studies have shown that students who come from families that have consistent mealtimes tend to achieve greater academic success, show improvements in test scores, and earn higher grades.
- Students have fewer behavioral problems when they eat meals with their families. Studies have shown that teens who rarely eat meals with their families are 3-1/2 times more like to abuse prescription and illegal drugs, while girls whose families eat together are 50% less likely to develop unhealthy eating habits and eating disorders.
Here are some tips for squeezing family meals into your schedule. And remember, family can be defined however you want. Family may include vistors, co-workers, roommates or anyone else you share a meal with.
- Try adding one more meal time to what you’re already doing. This could be starting with one meal per week or increasing from 3 to 4 times per week.
- Remember that dinner isn’t the only meal of the day– breakfast and lunch count too. Consider making Saturday morning breakfast or Sunday lunch one of your priority meals for the week.
- Include all family members in the planning. Build meals around favorite foods and assign each person the responsibility of preparing or serving one item at each meal.
- Use the meal preparation as quality family time. Consider making meals ahead of time so they’re ready to go on busy weeknights and include everyone in the process, from food purchasing to preparation to meal set up and clean up.
- Make a point of turning off electronic devices. No cell phone calls, texting, or TV during mealtimes.
- Healthy meals do not have to be complicated and time consuming. Leftovers and sandwiches can be healthy too!
- Set the right mood. Make mealtimes special by using cloth napkins, lighting candles, or serving on special plates.
- Encourage conversation and be sure to give everyone a chance to talk. Ask each person to discuss his/her day, share the “high” and “low” points of the day, or come up with an icebreaker-type question to get the conversation rolling.
Eating together does not have to be limited to the dining room table. When you can, take a break with co-workers by heading to the Plaza Café or going outside on nice days for lunch. You may find that some of the benefits listed above apply to you, even as an adult in the workplace.
- The Family Dinner Project:
- Do Family Meals Really Make a Difference?
- Do Family dinners help students get into college?
- Family Meals Spells S-U-C-C-E-S-S!
- Eat Better, Eat Together Month/
Alysun Deckert, MS, RD, CD, MHA has worked as a clinical dietitian a the University of Washington Medical Center for over 20 years. She is currently transitioning to full-time management but has spent most of her clinical career counselling new organ transplant recipients on the importance of diet and exercise after their surgeries. She has been a competitive marathon runner and has used her experience to found UWMC Team Transplant, a group of organ recipients, living donors, their friends, family, and caregivers, and UWMC employees who train together for local half marathons as a way to promote the benefits of fitness and organ donation awareness.
This post was originally published in the RD Blog. You can visit the RD Blog and see its archives if you have a UW Medicine ID. | <urn:uuid:ef2e6be2-e3a9-4eed-bf18-57df88509620> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://thewholeu.uw.edu/2014/11/25/eating-together/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057416.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923013955-20210923043955-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.953896 | 884 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Speech & Language Evaluation & Therapy
Articulation- how your child produces specific speech sounds using their mouth, lips, and tongue
Expressive Language- how your child verbally expresses their wants and needs.
Receptive Language- how your child understands what is being said to them.
If you are concerned about your child’s speech and language skills or feel they could benefit from a comprehensive speech-language evaluation and possibly therapy, contact us to set up an evaluation and discuss therapy options.
*Ideas to support communication at home
Understand and learn how to engage and play with your child to increase communication and social interaction.
Learn approaches to help your child communicate and interact during everyday routines and activities.
If you are looking for new ways to communicate and play with your child at home, contact us to discuss ideas and hold a coaching session. | <urn:uuid:5abd85b1-a8bb-439f-be8c-8e0cc49fd51c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ignite-therapy.com/services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510368.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928063033-20230928093033-00641.warc.gz | en | 0.928878 | 183 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In the world of video games, various elements come together to create captivating experiences for players. One such aspect that plays a crucial role in creating immersive sci-fi game aesthetics is industrial design. Industrial design encompasses the creation of objects, spaces, and environments that are aesthetically pleasing, functional, and efficient. When applied to sci-fi game settings, industrial design brings forth a sense of realism and futuristic appeal, thereby enhancing the overall gaming experience.
I. The Importance of Game Aesthetics
A. Immersion and Engagement
In the realm of gaming, aesthetics play a vital role in immersing players into fantastical worlds. Strong aesthetics can evoke emotions, create a connection to the game’s universe, and sustain player engagement. By integrating industrial design concepts into sci-fi game aesthetics, developers can create visually stunning and believable environments, effectively capturing players’ imaginations.
B. Narrative Integration
Aesthetics can also aid in storytelling within games. The visual elements provided by industrial design can contribute to the overall narrative, setting the tone, and establishing a sense of place. Through the careful application of industrial design principles, developers can craft game worlds that feel lived-in, cohesive, and rich in detail, enhancing the overall storytelling experience.
II. The Impact of Industrial Design on Sci-Fi Game Aesthetics
A. Futuristic Architecture
One of the core elements of industrial design present in sci-fi game aesthetics is futuristic architecture. Buildings and structures within game worlds often exhibit sleek and technologically advanced designs, influenced by real-life architectural trends and concepts. Using HTML markup to emphasize the scale, complexity, and intricate detailing of these architectural wonders can help create an immersive experience for players.
B. Iconic Interior Design
The interiors of futuristic spaces, such as spaceships, laboratories, or alien structures, also heavily rely on industrial design principles. Utilizing HTML markup to highlight the uniqueness of these environments, with their ergonomic furniture, innovative technology, and striking color schemes, can enhance players’ sense of exploration and discovery.
C. Efficient User Interfaces
User interfaces (UI) in sci-fi games are crucial for gameplay and immersion. Industrial design informs the creation of futuristic UIs that are visually appealing, intuitive, and functional. Integrating HTML markup to emphasize the sleek lines, minimalist aesthetics, and interactive elements of these designs can heighten the sense of immersion and technological advancement within the game.
III. Real-World Industrial Design Inspirations in Sci-Fi Games
A. Automotive Design
The futuristic vehicles and transport systems depicted in sci-fi games often draw inspiration from real-world automotive designs. Incorporating HTML markup to emphasize the sleek curves, aerodynamic shapes, and cutting-edge technology of these vehicles can help players feel like they are piloting advanced machines.
B. Product Design
In-game objects and props, such as weapons, gadgets, and tools, benefit from meticulous industrial design. By leveraging HTML markup to highlight the intricate details, functionality, and craftsmanship of these objects, game developers can create a sense of realism and immersion, making players truly believe in the game’s universe.
C. Environmental Design
Sci-fi games often feature expansive and visually stunning landscapes, from alien planets to dystopian cityscapes. Industrial design principles are crucial in creating these environments, ensuring that the elements seamlessly blend together. HTML markup can be used to emphasize the awe-inspiring nature of these landscapes, evoking a sense of wonder and exploration.
Conclusion: The Power of Industrial Design in Sci-Fi Gaming
Industrial design plays a pivotal role in shaping the aesthetic appeal and immersive experience of sci-fi games. By incorporating concepts rooted in real-world design principles, developers can create visually breathtaking game worlds that transport players to captivating and believable environments. The use of HTML markup to emphasize the design and functionality of objects, spaces, and UI elements further enhances the overall experience, making sci-fi gaming a true merging of art and technology. | <urn:uuid:c1ac4b68-e3c0-4aa3-8bd3-090818d6124f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://kaixin883228.com/the-influence-of-industrial-design-in-sci-fi-game/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476211.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303075134-20240303105134-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.883089 | 823 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Satellite Map Of Usa
A satellite data company has created the first map of the UK’s warmest areas in preparation for what could be one of the hottest summers on record. The U.S. has suffered from devastating wildfires over the last few years as global temperatures rise and weather patterns change, making the otherwise natural phenomenon especially unpredictable and HURRICANE SEASON has not yet begun, but already dangerous weather systems are churning across oceans around the world and sparking weather warnings. Here are the latest maps and satellite images of
Many lakes across Canada have seen an increase in the occurrence of algal blooms. Algal blooms occur when phytoplankton (photosynthetic organisms including single-celled plants and cyanobacteria) grow Images taken by US Cold War satellites have revealed the impact of farming on wildlife in the former Soviet state of Kazakhstan.
Viasat says it is open to building a constellation of nearly 300 satellites in low Earth orbit if it can qualify for some of the $20.4 billion in broadband subsidies the U.S. Federal Communications They rely heavily on data from the Dark Energy Survey, a groundbreaking effort to map the skies led by Fermi National Accelerator These galaxies can tell us a lot about the cosmos, including how
Satellite Map Of Usa : GOOGLE MAPS is a great tool for navigating around the world from your local shops to across the waters. But more recently the Street View map has been popular with users trying to spot the strangest Using a tool created by National Library of Scotland, ordnance survey maps have been accurately layered over modern satellite maps to allow an insight into just how much the landscape has changed. All Agricultural expansion drives biodiversity loss globally, but impact assessments are biased towards recent time periods. This can lead to a gross underestimation of species declines in response to . | <urn:uuid:e46048e0-f742-41c6-89dc-81f51b5f0bee> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://missionmia.nl/satellite-map-of-usa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655929376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711095334-20200711125334-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.928907 | 379 | 3.375 | 3 |
The supervisor of the Girls' Handwork in the Denver Public Schools - Idabelle McGlauflin - is the woman behind this "Tentative Course in Needlework, Basketry, Designing, Paper and Cardboard Construction, Textile Fibers and Fabrics and Home Decoration and Care."
ch fold on the long side of both pieces. Baste the folded edges together and overhand.
EXERCISE NO. 7--RUNNING.
Materials: Running design No. 3, page 12, 6" x 8"; colored thread No. 50; needle No. 7.
Follow the lines of the design with the running stitch.
EXERCISE NO. 8--HEMMING--PAPER FOLDING FOR A HEM.
Materials: Paper 4-1/2" x 7".
Fold the long way of the paper. First fold of the hem, one-fourth of an inch. Turn half an inch hem on one side and an inch hem on the other. Have each child cut from a card a gauge for measuring the hems and insist that the hems be turned evenly.
Teach the hemming stitch on the Practice Piece with colored thread. Trim the edge neatly, fold the hem accurately and baste in place. Bad habits, that are hard to correct later, can so easily be formed in making this stitch that I wish to caution teachers in regard to the position of the needle in relation to the hem, the amount of cloth taken on the needle and the | <urn:uuid:0b9fc351-15cf-4411-a7a1-17fe106cc869> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://manybooks.net/titles/mcglauflini3485434854.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982290752.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195810-00096-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897898 | 318 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Medicine remains one of the most challenging fields for scientists to solve problems, but a new technique to combat rare diseases is becoming increasingly more promising. Gene therapy could be the solution to these ailments in the future.
Gene therapy consists of replacing bad genes that could carry potential diseases with healthy ones that would avoid it from happening. The method is still in its experimental phase, but it could see more widespread adoption soon.
There are several mysteries in the field of medicine, but genetic mapping is one of the breakthrough technologies that are expected to change our lives in the coming years. Having a deeper understanding of our organism is key if we want to save lives.
Scientists use machine learning to detect potential diseases
Deep Genomics, a medicine startup dedicated to researching human genes and diseases caused by mutations, uses artificial intelligence and deep learning to identify patterns of potential ailments in patients.
The startup was founded by a group of researchers from the University of Toronto. It works by collecting genetic data from a person and, if possible, any relatives he or she may have to generate more accurate results.
Once it has the information, the startup’s AI matches similar items to trace patterns. These patterns are then interpreted by a deep learning system that infers how they could generate mutations and illnesses.
When hearing the term gene therapy, most people would think of probing unborn fetuses to see if they will be born with any genetic defect, but the applications of this technique go way beyond prevention.
Gene therapy could actually save lives if developed and accepted in the medical community as a method to relieve patients from sometimes life-or-death ailments. This new approach could prove particularly useful against rare diseases and some types of cancer.
Gene therapy could bring about personalized medicine
Other startups like Vitagene and Epinomics are also working on research and development of gene therapy. There are more benefits to this technique when fused with new technologies, as they could give us a more detailed picture of specific patient needs.
By analyzing a person’s biological composition and reaching the patterns that make his or her organism unique, scientists could come up with ways to fight the potential diseases they may develop.
Knowing a person’s body in such intricate detail means numbers and levels that are only obtainable by means of extensive testing. A computer could come up with all of them with just a simple gene sample.
These readings would allow doctors to give patients even more personalized treatments and dosages. Achieving this level of precision, though, is still a long way from now according to medicine experts. | <urn:uuid:dbe14e71-2b8d-49aa-81d9-95bbeec862a4> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://theusbport.com/artificial-intelligence-takes-gene-therapy-to-the-next-level/26507 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402123173.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930075754-20200930105754-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.959764 | 520 | 3.78125 | 4 |
In the conference at the Society for Neuroscience in Atlanta, a new study was unveiled regarding resveratrol. It revealed that resveratrol considerably lowered the chance of stroke. This study showed that resveratrol directly protects against stroke and impacts brain functions. It is also in line with past research findings establishing resveratrol as a large factor in helping the brain control and regulate blood sugar.
Scientists found that resveratrol led to increased levels of heme oxygen which is an enzyme that protects against brain cell damage. Through this enzymes’ ability to protect against free radical damage, resveratrol triggers the process that lowers the risk of stroke.
The mice in the study where given moderate doses of resveratrol, then provided stroke like damage to their brains. The mice pretreated with resveratrol where vastly protected from brain damage. The scientists found 40% less damage in mice that took resveratrol, than those provided a regular diet.
The findings point out another powerful reason why many consider resveratrol a staple in their diet. The chemical found in red grapes, peanuts and chocolate. While there have been many studies providing multiple benefits of resveratrol, most studies dissolve resveratrol in ethanol to micronize it and increase it’s absorption before using it in the study. Resveratrol’s general benefits are thought to provide longevity, high energy levels and protection against various cardiovascular and degenerative diseases.
It’s multiple potential benefits shown in lab studies range from treating the symptoms of menopause without any side effects of HRT, it’s potency at reducing the influenza virus efficacy, It’s ability to make HIV sensitive to drugs and enhancing the vulnerability of pancreatic cancer cells for chemotherapy.
While many studies use daily doses of resveratrol which is found in about 20 kilograms of peanuts, most people could likely benefit from supplements available on the market, such as the micronized resveratrol capsules.
The supplements ensure accurate dose amounts, easy storage, and convenient packaging that matches your busy lifestyle. They help ensure that you can always have easy access to micronized resveratrol. | <urn:uuid:15fe3f0a-ccd6-4e47-be1a-acd8dfd5fab3> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.revgenetics.com/resveratrol/lowers-chance-of-stroke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607647.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523143045-20170523163045-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.93196 | 451 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Parents have long barked on at their children to spend fewer hours in front of a computer screen and more time playing outside, but there is evidence emerging to show that gaming can actually be good for healthy brain development. Some types of games are particularly useful for children and adults alike and can help with many different aspects of cognitive function. Here we take a look at some ways to keep your brain healthy through playing.
Math is one of the most important subjects at school, but for many, it’s also one of the dullest. Solving problems that have no relevance to real life just doesn’t fill many people with motivation. According to the Mind Research Institute, having a strong foundation in math helps people strengthen their hypotheses posing skills, analysing ability, and makes them open to absorbing new information. But how can people keep up with their math practice while still enjoying themselves?
There are a few games that people can play and keep their numerical skills sharp at the same time. Darts is one obvious example, as it requires players to add up their total from three darts and then subtract it from their score. The classic pub game is also great for socialising – something which comes with its own health benefits. For people who like to play games on the computer, blackjack is a prime example of a card game which requires players to be adept at math. This site lists numerous online casinos that have blackjack games, with strategies and tips on how to play as well.
Chess is another excellent option for brain training, and it can easily be played online nowadays. There has been extensive research into the health benefits of the strategy game, and it has been likened to weightlifting for the brain with the way it helps to strengthen the muscle. According to this article in the Scientific American, the brains of chess grandmasters actually work differently to the average human’s. They tend to have more gamma bursts in the frontal and parietal cortices, which indicates that they are tapping into their memories of moves in order to work out a solution. Indeed, some research has suggested that playing chess on a regular basis can reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s later in life.
For mobile gamers, there are plenty of apps which are specifically designed for brain training. One of the best known is Peak, which boasts a huge collection of mini-games designed to focus on various aspects of brain function. Players can look at graphs and track their progress, so that they can easily see what they need to work on.
There is a lot of evidence to suggest that some games are highly beneficial to brain function, and can be used as a way to keep mentally sharp. Everything should be done in moderation, though, and it is important to find the balance between playing games and following more active pursuits. | <urn:uuid:2e231a58-5474-490b-bbcc-4178c36beaea> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.worldmeeting2015.org/lifestyle-family/is-gaming-a-good-way-to-keep-the-brain-sharp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038476606.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418103545-20210418133545-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.979351 | 568 | 3.09375 | 3 |
BRIEF History of endocrinology
THREE PERIODS IN HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOCRINOLOGY
- DESCRIPTIVE PERIOD
- PERIOD OF ANALYTICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY
- CONTEMPORARY PERIOD/SYNTHETIC ENDOCRINOLOGY
I. DESCRIPTIVE PERIOD
- Gonads and liver were known to earliest physicians
- 1400 BC…Ayurveda documents Hindus knew that pregnancy lasts for 10 lunar months
- sealing spirits are responsible for infertility
- Contraceptive methods too hypothized in Ayurveda..
Contraceptive methods in Ayurveda
- Swallowing three year old molasses or roots of Agni tree cooked in sour rice water
- Vaginal fumigation with smoke of Neem wood or passiveness in coitus/holding breath
- Coitus obstructus or smearing of vagina with honey/ ghee or vaginal medication of rock salt dipped in oil
More from Ayurveda
- Goiter is described as GALAGANDA
- For cure of impotence and obesity administration of testicular tissue (ORGANOTHERAPY)
Ancient Chinese and Endocrinology
“THOUSANDS OF GOLD PRISCRIPTION” by SON SSU MO 695AD
- Dried placenta to improve fertility
- Abortion: a pill (oil & quick silver) fried and taken empty stomach
Ancient Chinese and Endocrinology
- The oldest reports about iodine deficiency and more specifically Goitre come from China. As much as 5000 years ago
- Nowadays it is known that people who eat a lot of seaweed do not suffer from iodine deficiency.
Ancient Egyptians and Endocinology
Ancient Egyptians and Endocinology
- Contraception: Ovariotomy were performed
- Carvings of patients with Acromegaly, Goitre and Achondroplasia have been unearthed
- Eunuchs /Castrated males in ancient times were used to guard harems
AKHENATEN (1353 BC) -ancient Egyptian ruler, Acromegalic
The skull- mummy
Cleaopatra (69 BC)
Considered to be symbol of beauty(MIDDLE AGES)
Alexandrians-III century bc-thymus
Galen -greek(AD 129 – 200) thyroid, pineal&pitutary
Bartolommeo eustachi-suprarenals-16th century
Paul langerhans (1847-1888)-insula of pancreas -1869
- 1880-Ivar Viktor Sandstorm , swedish medical student,described parathyroid
- It was the last major organ to be recognized in humans
IDEA OF A CANAL SYSTEM
17th century William Harvey describes heart as a four chambered pump that moves blood through arteries and veins, not air.
Mid 1800s idea that circulating blood carries substances from one part of the body to a distant part where the substance exerts its effect.
II. PERIOD OF ANALYTICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY
SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS : THE HORMONES
- 1766- Ruysch: Internal secretory function of endocrine organs “Haller text book of physiology”
- 1801-Le Callois.1836-T Wilkinson King: Thyroid secretion
- 1840- George Gulliver: Adrenal secretion
FIRST EXPERIMENTAL PROOF OF INTERNAL SECRETION
John hunter(1728 – 1793)-1792
Arnold Adolph Berthold ( 1 803-1 86 1 ) -1849
- Castration of cock caused atrophy of comb but this could be prevented if the testis were transplanted to another part of the body
The Great Year(1855)-Peak of Endocrinology
Concept of internal secretion-established in scientific knowledge
The great triumvirate
Claude Bernard (1813-1878 )"Father of Physiology"
1855-the glycogenic function of the liver; in the course of this he was led to the conclusion, which throws light on the causation of diabetes mellitus, that the liver, in addition to secreting bile, is the seat of an internal secretion, by which it prepares sugar at the expense of the elements of the blood passing through it
“lessons on experimental physiology”
Thomas Addison(1793-1860)“Great Man of Guys Hospital”
1855- “Constitutional And Local Effects Of Disease Of Supra Renal Capsule”
Role of internal secretion is demonstrated through anatomical observations
Addisonian anemia/pernicious anemia
Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard(1817-1894)“Inspiration to Robert Louis Stevenson for the Character of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde "
1855- Demonstrated that removal of the adrenal gland resulted in death, due to lack of essential hormones.
- 1856- Alfred Vulpian : discovered adrenaline /chromogen in the adrenal medulla
- 1895- Eugene Baumann: iodothyroxine as active principle in thyroid
- 1901- Takamine & Aldrich: independently isolated secretion of adrenal medulla and described chemical structure as “adrenaline”
- 1902- Bayliss and Starling isolated secretin from duodenal secretion
1905-ernest h starling
- First used the term “ endocrine/endocrinology”
- Endo= Greek adjective; inside
First to use the word hormone at royal college of physicians, in his Croonian lectures , HARMAO = GREEK VERB;HAVING PROPERTY OF STIMULATING
LAST PHASE OF “PERIOD OF ANALYTICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY”
Harvey Williams Cushing "father of modern neurosurgery".
- Discovery of the integration of glands and their regulatory process
- Pitutary gland and its regulatory actions- Harvey Cushings,Longdon-Brown
III. PERIOD OF SYNTHETIC ENDOCRINOLOGY
The connection between hormonal & nervous system: neurohumoral system
- 1918- L.Greving, 1933-Roussy & Mossinger- demonstrated nervous connections between hypothalamus and pituitary gland, olfactogonadal& opticogonadal reflex arc
- 1931- Walter Cannon: adrenaline “fight or flight response”
- 1923- John Macleod : insulin
The Connection Between Hormonal & Nervous system: Neurohumoral system
- 1904: T R Elliot- sympathetic nervous system and release of chemicals, in 1921 Cannon and Loewi termed it as adrenal hormone
- 1906-Dixon,1921-Loewi, 1929-Dale: parasympathetic nerves act through cholinergic hormone
NOSOGRAPHY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Hippocrates(460 BC – 370 BC) – disease of scyths: hypo-orchadism/climatic hypoovarism
Hypothyroidism-Earliest to studied
1850- TB Curling:
described role of thyroid in symptom complex of cretinism
- 1871- Hilton-Fagge related the Cretinoid state to a congenital inadequacy of thyroid function in early childhood.
- 1873 -Gull related dry skin, sparse hair, puffiness of the face and hands, and a swollen tongue to Myxedema, the pathological deficiency of thyroid function in adults (goiter).
- 1855-the first person to correctly connect the symptoms of what is now called ADDISON’S DISEASE to a functional deficiency of the adrenal glands
History of Endocrinotherapy
- 1889- BROWN SEQUARD: Hypodermic injection of a fluid prepared from the testicles of guinea pigs and dogs, as a means of prolonging human life
- 1890- G R M URRAY: Thyroid organotherapy
- 1921- insulinotherapy by Banting, later sex hormones, cortins, growth hormone etc
Protein of the 20th Century
- 1926- One of the first proteins to be crystallized in pure form.
- 1955 - First protein to be fully sequenced
- 1958 - First protein to be chemically synthesized in – though in insufficient quantities to be produced commercially
- 1979 – First human protein to be manufactured by way of Biotechnology
HISTORY OF INSULIN
- 1869- Paul Langerhans, a medical student in Berlin, identified some previously un-noticed tissue clumps scattered throughout the bulk of the pancreas.
- The function of the "little heaps of cells," later known as the islets of langerhans, was unknown
- Edouardluaguesse later suggested that they might produce secretions that play a regulatory role in digestion.
- Paul Langerhans' son, Archibald, also helped to understand this regulatory role.
- 1889- Oscar Minkowski in collaboration with Joseph Von Mering removed the pancreas from a healthy dog to test its assumed role in digestion.
- Several days later Minkowski's animal keeper noticed a swarm of flies feeding on the dog's urine.
- On testing the urine they found –sugar
- Establishing for the first time a relationship between the pancreas and diabetes.
- 1901- Eugene Opie, established the link between the Islets of Langerhans and diabetes
- ”Diabetes mellitus … is caused by destruction of the islets of Langerhans and occurs only when these bodies are in part or wholly destroyed. .”
- 1906- George Ludwig Zuelzer was partially successful treating dogs with pancreatic extract but was unable to continue his work.
- Between 1911 and 1912- E L Scott at the university of Chicago used aqueous pancreatic extracts and noted a slight diminution of glycosuria but was unable to convince his director of his work's value; it was shut down.
- 1919- Israel Kleiner demonstrated similar effects at Rockfellar university, but his work was interrupted by WW I and he did not return to it.
- 1921 - Nicolae Paulescu, a professor of physiology at the university of medicine and pharmacy in Bucharest was the first one to isolate insulin
- called “Pancrein”
- Use of his techniques was patented in Romania, though no clinical use resulted
- 1921 -Fedrickbanting meet JJR MacLeod, who supplied Banting with a lab at the University of Toronto, an assistant (medical student Charles Best), and 10 dogs, then left on vacation during the summer of 1921.
- Their method was tying a ligature (string) around the pancreatic duct, and, when examined several weeks later, the pancreatic digestive cells had died and been absorbed by the immune system, leaving thousands of islets.
- They then isolated an extract from these islets, producing what they called ”isletin” (what we now know as insulin), and tested this extract on the dogs.
- Banting and Best were then able to keep a pancreatectomized dog alive all summer because the extract lowered the level of sugar in the blood
- December 1921- Macleod invited the Biochemist James Collip, to help with this task, and, within a month, the team felt ready for a clinical test
- January 11,1922, Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old diabetic who lay dying at the Toronto general hospital, was given the first injection of insulin. However, the extract was so impure that Thompson suffered a severe allergic reaction, and further injections were canceled.
- Over the next 12 days, Collip worked day and night to improve the ox-pancreas extract, and a second dose was injected on the 23rd. This was completely successful, not only in having no obvious side-effects, but in completely eliminating the glycosuria sign of diabetes.
- young girl aged 13 years suffering from diabetes. She weighs just 45lbs and her chances of surviving for much longer are very, very poor. She was one of the first patients to be treated with insulin extracted from the pancreases of slaughtered cattle.
University of Toronto-Insulin
- spring of 1922- Best managed to improve his techniques to the point where large quantities of insulin could be extracted on demand, but the preparation remained impure.
- The drug firm Eli Lilly and company had offered assistance not long after the first publications in 1921, and they took Lilly up on the offer in April.
- November,1922- Lilly made a major breakthrough, and were able to produce large quantities of highly refined, 'pure' insulin. Insulin was offered for sale shortly thereafter.
- 1950’-The amino acid structure of insulin was characterized in the 1950's and
- 1977-the first genetically-engineered human insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977 by Genentech using E. Coli.
- 1982-Partnering with Genentech , Eli Lilly went on in 1982 to sell the first commercially available human insulin under the brand name Humulin.
- 1923-The Nobel Prize committee in 1923 credited the practical extraction of insulin to a team at the University of Toronto and awarded the Nobel Prize to two men; Frederick Banting and JJR Macleod.
- Banting, insulted that Best was not mentioned, shared his prize with Best, and Macleod immediately shared his with James Collip.
- The patent for insulin was sold to the University of Toronto for one dollar
- The primary structure of insulin was determined by British molecular biologist Frederick Sanger.
- 1958-It was the first protein to have its sequence be determined. He was awarded the 1958 Nobel prize in Chemistry for this work.
Banting and Best's laboratory where insulin was discovered
Banting and Best in the laboratory where insulin was discovered
Student assistant Charles H. Best and Frederick G. Banting are standing on the roof of the medical building with one of the diabetic dogs used in their experiments with insulin
Slide 49 Slide 50
BOOKS ON HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY | <urn:uuid:74e1c633-e062-4b37-bd40-e0143b5a355e> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.slideserve.com/brinly/brief-history-of-endocrinology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510261958.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011741-00476-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901174 | 3,040 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Mexico City (AFP) - Mexico's Mormons, who are mourning nine women and children killed in a massacre, have roots in the country going back to the late 1800s, but live under the constant threat of the criminal gangs they have dared to defy.
Here are five fast facts on this deeply devout community.
- Breakaways -
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), or Mormon church, set up headquarters in Utah in 1847 when the territory was still Mexico.
The land passed to the United States the following year, after the Mexican-American War. But it remained a remote outpost where the Mormons were free to practice their faith on the shores of the Great Salt Lake.
That started changing after the US Civil War ended in 1865, when Washington began cracking down on a key Mormon tradition: polygamy.
Fleeing persecution, Mormons began arriving in northern Mexico's Sierra Madre mountains in 1875.
"That's how Mexico became the first country in Latin America where the Mormons settled," says Francisco Jara, an expert on Mormonism.
Many Mormons in Mexico have broken with the mainstream church, which has banned polygamy.
The LeBaron family, which lost six members in Monday's massacre, belongs to the Church of the Firstborn, a breakaway founded in 1924 in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It has 5,000 members, according to community leader Julian LeBaron.
- Polygamy -
Joseph Smith, Mormonism's founder and one of its prophets, said he received a divine revelation on the godliness of "plural marriage."
The Mormon church endorsed polygamy until 1891, when it ended the practice under pressure from US authorities.
Around 40 Mormon breakaway sects still practice polygamy in Mexico, according to Jara.
But they are often discreet about it.
Community members told AFP that Dawna Langford, one of the victims, was her husband's second wife. But relatives were reluctant to talk to the media about it.
- One million members? -
LDS says there are 1.2 million Mormons in Mexico, making it the second-largest Mormon community in the world after the US.
However, Mexico's last census counted 314,932 in 2010.
The Mexico City government attributed the difference to the fact that many Mormons in Mexico belong to breakaway groups and refuse to consider themselves part of the mainstream church.
- Vigilantes -
There is bad blood between northern Mexico's Mormons and the drug cartels that operate in the often lawless border region.
In May 2009, a criminal group kidnapped teenager Erick LeBaron in Chihuahua, demanding $1 million in ransom. The community refused, and LeBaron was freed.
After that, the LeBaron clan armed themselves and launched vigilante patrols. Most have dual US-Mexican nationality, which afforded them a degree of protection from criminal gangs wary of Washington's attention.
One, Benjamin LeBaron, founded a crime-fighting group called SOS Chihuahua that advocated for a crackdown on drug cartel violence.
According to Mexican media reports, the cartels in the area were incensed.
A group of 17 gunmen killed Benjamin and his brother-in-law in July 2009.
The family continues to help organize regular "peace caravans."
They reject the Mexican government's assertion their relatives were caught in the crossfire between warring cartels, saying they believe the group was deliberately targeted.
- Water wars -
According to Mexican media reports, the LeBarons have also been involved in disputes with local farmers over water, a scarce resource in the arid north. | <urn:uuid:715f91b6-649c-4bdf-a627-aa77d8119d76> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://news.yahoo.com/mexico-mormons-live-under-threat-narco-violence-235249375.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670448.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120033221-20191120061221-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.964315 | 750 | 3.125 | 3 |
Touch is the first of the five senses to develop, yet scientists know far less about the baby's brain response to touch than to, say, the sight of mom's face, or the sound of her voice.
Now, through the use of safe, new brain imaging techniques, University of Washington researchers provide one of the first looks inside the infant's brain to show where the sense of touch is processed -- not just when a baby feels a touch to the hand or foot, but when the baby sees an adult's hand or foot being touched, as well.
The evidence of activity in the somatosensory cortex for both "felt touch" and "observed touch" shows that 7-month-old infants have already made a basic connection between "self" and "other," which researchers say lays the groundwork for imitating and learning from the behavior of other people, and for empathizing with them.
The findings by the UW Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences (I-LABS) are published this week in Developmental Science.
"Long before babies acquire spoken language, touch is a crucial channel of communication between caregivers and babies," said the study's primary author, Andrew Meltzoff, UW psychology professor and co-director of I-LABS. "Now we have the tools to see how the baby's body is represented in the baby's brain. This allows us to catch the first glimpse of a primitive sense of self that provides a building block for social learning."
Past studies investigated how infants' brains respond to touch, generally. The authors believe this is the first experiment to measure the specific networks of the brain where this processing occurs, and to illuminate how babies' brains respond to seeing another person being touched, in the absence of being touched themselves.
For the study, researchers used the I-LABS Magnetoencephalography (MEG) machine to capture images of brain activity in 7-month-old infants as they were touched on the hand and foot, and as they watched videos of an adult hand and foot being touched.
Researchers were particularly interested in the brain's somatosensory cortex, a region generally described as a strip of tissue in the brain that runs between the ears, over the top of the head. It is in this region, in separate places and at different levels of strength, that the brain processes touch to different parts of the body. A touch to the hand, for example, is a stronger sensation - and is processed in a different location along the somatosensory cortex - than a touch to the foot.
In the first experiment, each infant was seated in the MEG to measure brain activity as they received light touches. A small, inflatable balloon-like device was placed on the top of the baby's hand, and when it expanded and contracted according to a computer-controlled timetable, it produced light taps on the baby's skin. The same procedure was followed for the top of the baby's foot.
The data showed that, when the hand was touched, the hand area of the somatosensory cortex was activated in all 14 infants tested; when the foot was touched, activation occurred in the foot area of the brains of all of the infants but one.
A different group of infants provided data for the "observed touch" experiment, in which they also were seated in the MEG but watched separate videos of an adult hand and an adult foot being touched by a small rod. Researchers discovered that the infants' own somatosensory cortex (the "touch center" in the baby brain) also became activated when the babies simply observed someone else being touched.
There was a weaker response to "observed touch" than to "felt touch," which was expected, Meltzoff said. The same is true of adults: A touch to your own hand is going to generate greater brain activity in the somatosensory cortex than merely seeing the touch to someone else's hand.
The key, Meltzoff pointed out, is that the same part of the infant's brain registered both kinds of touch, indicating a baby's capacity for recognizing the similarity between their own body parts and those they see in other people.
This new evidence for shared neural regions processing touch to self and touch to others makes sense, Meltzoff said. As parents know, babies watch and imitate what adults do. Imitation is a powerful learning mechanism for infants, but in order to imitate, infants have to perceive how body parts correspond. In other words, they need to reproduce the same movement with the same part when they imitate what their parent is doing. Scientists have wondered how infants make this connection. "Before they have words for the body parts, babies recognize that their hand is like your hand, and their foot is like your foot. The neural body map helps connect babies to other people: The recognition that another person is 'like me' may be one of the baby's first social insights," Meltzoff explained.
With development, this "like-me" recognition eventually flowers into feeling empathy for someone else. If you see someone accidentally hit their thumb with a hammer, you rapidly, if perhaps imperceptibly, recoil by moving your hand. This is where a shared neural body map that connects self to other comes into play.
Further research could use the MEG to investigate how infants develop more sophisticated body awareness as they grow older, the paper notes.
"The idea of using brain science to study how and when humans first feel a sense of connectedness with others is important and fascinating," Meltzoff said. "We can now look under the hood and see what's happening when a baby watches and connects to others. It's a touching sight."
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation. Co-authors on the paper were Rey Ramirez, Eric Larson, and Samu Taulu at I-LABS; Joni Saby (formerly of I-LABS, now at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), and Peter Marshall of Temple University.
For more information, contact Meltzoff at 206-685-2045 or email@example.com.
Grant numbers: National Science Foundation, SMA-1540619, BCS-1460889 | <urn:uuid:b4987c9d-46c6-420c-8ff0-3f4d08aa906f> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-01/uow-as011618.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202510.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321092320-20190321114320-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.960946 | 1,272 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Transfer of Learning
Information Age Education (IAE) is an Oregon non-profit corporation created by David Moursund in July, 2007. It works to improve the informal and formal education of people of all ages throughout the world. A number of people have contributed their time and expertise in developing the materials that are made available free in the various IAE publications. Click here to learn how you can help develop new IAE materials.
- 1 Summary
- 2 Introduction
- 3 Some Everyday Transfer Examples
- 4 More Complex Transfer Examples
- 5 Three General Types of Transfer of Learning
- 6 Two Models or Theories of Transfer of Learning
- 7 Collaborative and Cooperative Learning and Problem Solving
- 8 Final Remarks
- 9 Some General Readings
- 10 References and Resources
- 11 Links to Other IAE Resources
- 12 Author
- "Blind" instruction in which students are not helped to focus on general processes or strategies nor to understand how new concepts and strategies can function as tools for problem solving does not usually lead to transfer to new tasks.
- ...as the instruction focuses on helping students become problem solvers who learn to recognize and monitor their approaches to particular tasks, transfer is more likely to occur. (John Bransford, University of Washington.)
Transfer of learning is one of the most important ideas in teaching and learning. As a teacher, you want your students to learn to make effective future use of what you are teaching.
As a student, you want to learn in a manner that supports integrating your new knowledge and skills into your current knowledge and skills, and prepares you to make effective use of this integrated capability in dealing with problems, tasks, and decision-making in the future.
So, transfer of learning is a fundamental topic relevant to both good teaching and good learning.
This IAE-pedia entry discusses three general types of transfer of learning that can help guide teachers in their teaching and students in their learning.
- Type 1: Traditional. This is the process of a person making use of his or her learned knowledge and skills in new environments and in new problem-solving and task-accomplishing situations. This is the traditional way of talking about transfer of learning.
- Type 2: Teaching Oneself. Your senses are continually bring in new information. Walking through a park, talking to a friend, reading a Web document, and sitting in a classroom are all learning opportunities. Your brain processes the information it is receiving, using it and/or integrating it with previously stored information and storing the "new, updated" information.
- Type 3: Tools as a Transfer Vehicle. Tools incorporate some of the knowledge and skills of the tool designers and producers. Thus, as a person learns to make effective use of a tool, there is some transfer of learning from the tool designers and producers to the learner. Moreover, once one learns to effectively use a tool, there is often easy transfer of the tool-using skills to new settings and to other relatively similar tools. For example, think of keyboarding on different makes, models, and designs of QWERTY keyboards.
- Tools can be divided into two major categories—tools designed to help our physical capabilities and tools designed to help our mental capabilities. A robot and other "smart" machines may well fall into both categories.
This IAE-pedia entry also presents information about two general "theories" of transfer of learning:
- Near Transfer and Far Transfer Theory.
- Low Road and High Road Transfer Theory.
All people, in their roles of teachers and learners, can benefit by an increased understanding of the general theory and practice of transfer of learning and the three types of transfer listed above. The intended audiences of this document are students, teachers, and teachers of teachers. The goal is to improve education.
Some Everyday Transfer Examples
The ability to learn to accomplish transfer of learning and then to actually accomplish transfer of learning is built into a healthy human brain. Throughout the day, you encounter problems and tasks that you accomplish at a subconscious level and/or that you try to accomplish at a conscious level. In each of these situations, you make use of transfer of learning.
Many of us still wear shoes that make use of shoe laces. You learned to tie a shoe lace bow knot when you were a child. Eventually you learned to tie your shoes quickly and with little thought. As you bought new shoes and/or replaced a broken shoe lace, your shoe-typing skills automatically, probably with no conscious thought, transferred to this new shoe-tying problem. You might want to pause here and think about other situations where you have developed automaticity in certain tasks, and this automaticity transfers over time and location.
Consider the problem of crossing a street. You have crossed lots of streets before. However, in some sense each street crossing is a new problem. The lighting conditions, time of day, weather, road surface, cars parked on the road, amount of oncoming traffic, and so on are not exactly the same as in the situations you have faced before.
However, a number of the general patterns are similar to what you have faced before, and your brain is designed to do subconscious pattern recognition. Moreover, you have memorized some rules, such as Look both ways before starting to cross and Listen for oncoming traffic. Your mind/brain is also quite experienced in judging the speed of oncoming traffic versus the speed of your body.
Thus, your subconscious and conscious mind and body do transfer of learning that helps you to successfully cross the street.
Imagine you are walking from your home to meet a friend at a street address you have written on a piece of paper. You have never been to this location before.
You draw on some general knowledge that, in your town, streets are numbered and run sort of east-west, while avenues are named and run sort of north-south. Before you started out you looked at a street map. There, you did a transfer of learning from what you have previously learned about reading street maps. Among other things, you notice that you will need to walk in a northwest direction. You do a transfer of learning from your general knowledge of compass directions and build a mental picture of where you are and where you need to go.
As you walk, you do a number of street crossings, using transfer of learning as illustrated in the previous example. From time to time you come to an intersection and street signs. You read the street signs, using transfer of learning of your reading skills. You interpret the results in the light of your general knowledge about the layout of streets in your town, your information from looking at the map, and so on. This analysis may help detect if you have made a serious error so far in your walking trip.
Perhaps from time to time you read house addresses, and incorporate that information. Eventually you get to the address you are looking for. You walk up to the front door, making use of your stored knowledge that typically houses have a front door and that is the place to seek entrance. You look for a door bell or door knocker....
So—transfer of learning is no big deal. We all do it over and over again as we move through the events and activities of a day. However, the examples given above are based on relatively modest transfers of learning. The transfer is from knowledge and skills with which you have had a great deal of experience.
More Complex Transfer Examples
This section provides two more complex and challenging examples.
Small Town and Big City
Perhaps you grew up in a small town, such as I did. An "out of town adventure" takes you to a large city via airplane. You have never previously flown in an airplane. Think about the transfer of knowledge and skills needed to acquire an airplane ticket, get to the airport, go through airport security, and so on. Perhaps you draw heavily on knowledge gained through watching TV and movies or by talking to friends who have already overcome this travel challenge.
You get to the big city. How do you get from the airport to the hotel where someone has made a reservation for you? You have never taken a taxi, an airport shuttle, or used a metro transportation system. You have never checked into a hotel. You have never made use of room service, etc. But, you are able to solve all of these problems (accomplish all of these tasks) by making creative transfer of learning to use your current knowledge and skills. Amazing!
What is equally amazing is that all of this is accomplished by drawing upon knowledge and skills that you likely learned outside of school. Remember, learning goes on all the time. You have a great deal of knowledge, skill, and life experiences that you gained outside of school. Your brain has the capabilities to creatively accomplish transfer of learning of your knowledge, skills, and experiences to new, challenging problems and tasks.
Suppose that, while you were growing up in the United States and attending high school, you took a science course in which you learned to convert from the English system of measurements to metric, and vice versa.
What might the transfer of learning expectations be for this learning? For example, if you drive from the U.S. into Canada, you will encounter metric distance measurements. The context of the situation will tell you that distances are being indicated. Will you be able to convert these kilometer distances into miles and time? Or will the passage of years and an unfamiliar setting combine to overwhelm the transfer of learning that would help you here? Many people find it is difficult to make the transfer of learning from the past and/or learning in a classroom to a non-classroom setting.
Indeed, I have heard many science teachers complain that their students learn the metric system in a math class and yet cannot transfer this learning to a science class a few days later.
Or, consider the situation of learning about compound interest and periodic payments in a high school business or math course, and later being involved in having a credit card or borrowing money to make a major purchase such as a car, furniture, or a house. Many people "get in over their heads" through an almost complete lack of ability to transfer their math class knowledge and their "common sense" to these new settings.
For another example, consider the "study skills" you learned in middle school and high school. Did you get a good grounding in study skills and was this learned in a manner to facilitate long-term retention and transfer of learning? How well did this learning serve you in college?
Probably in high school you took one or more math courses in which you learned how to do some geometric ruler and compass constructions (such as bisect an angle or a line segment) and to solve various types of equations (such as a pair of linear equations with two unknowns, or a quadratic equation).
In your day-to-day adult life outside of formal school settings, have you ever encountered a problem situation in which linear equations or quadratic equations seemed relevant? If so, were you able to transfer your previous learning to the new situation?
Three General Types of Transfer of Learning
The general thesis of this document is that education can be improved by explicitly teaching for transfer of learning and by actively engaging learners in activities that increase this transfer.
One approach is to help students become more aware of the three general types of transfer introduced earlier and discussed more fully in this section. In your teaching, make it quite explicit to students when you are teaching for, and when they are using, each of these types. Look back at the quote from John Bransford at the beginning of this IAE-pedia entry. Research strongly supports the idea of making explicit what you are trying to teach and what students are learning.
Type 1: Traditional
Type 1 (Traditional) is the process of a person making use of his or her learned knowledge and skills in new environments and in new problem-solving and task-accomplishing situations.
It is widely accepted that Type 1 Transfer of Learning is one of the most fundamental and important ideas in learning. Through both informal and formal learning, we gain increased levels of expertise in a very wide range of areas. Some of the knowledge and skills that we gain are later reused—or, modified and reused—in dealing with both old and new problems, tasks, and other types of challenges that we encounter in the future.
We all know how to learn. There are some general theories about how the brain learns, effective study skills, self assessment, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and so on. While details vary considerably from discipline to discipline, these are areas in which considerable transfer of learning between disciplines can occur.
All preservice and inservice teachers have some knowledge about transfer of learning and how to teach for transfer. However, relatively few precollege and college students are explicitly taught about the importance of transfer of learning and how to learn in a manner that enhances and increases transfer of learning.
Type 2: Teaching Oneself
This IAE-pedia entry is a vehicle for transferring some its author's knowledge to readers of the document. However, you know that there is a large difference between reading the document and integrating its contents into your current knowledge and skills base. This integration process of building on and integrating into previous knowledge is often called constructivism and is an important learning theory.
Learning is a chemical process going on at the cellular level in your brain. In recent years, research in brain science (cognitive neuroscience) has provided us with a substantial amount of new information about how a brain actually learns and uses its knowledge.
For example, we have learned a lot about study skills. We know that multitasking while studying is not conducive to learning for long-term retention and use. We have learned better ways to help special needs students to learn. We have learned that Tellin’ Ain’t Teachin’: The Need for Frequent Processing.
We have also learned about metacognition, reflection, and self-assessment—three very important processes for student self-teaching. All of your students can benefit by developing the habits of mind (and the necessary skills) to make routine use of these approaches to Type 2 Transfer of Learning.
Type 3: Tools as a Transfer Vehicle
Humans collectively and individually are quite good at creating tools and at learning to make use of these tools. Some tools function at an amplification level. They help a person to do something they already can do, but to do it better. Some tools help a person to move beyond amplification—to do things that are not possible without the tool.
Some tools are quite easy to learn how to use, while others can take many years of education, training, and experience. A relatively young child can easily learn how to look through the lens of a microscope or a telescope, or to make use of a phone, to accomplish seeing and communication tasks that are far beyond the amplification level.
On the other hand, reading, writing, and math can be thought of as tools that take a great deal of time and effort to learn to use effectively. They also move the learner well beyond amplification.
Our educational system is continually faced by the challenges inherent in the steadily growing totality of human knowledge, and in the steadily growing capabilities of tools. What should students learn about how to solve a particular type of problem when historically this problem has been solved using one's brain and "by hand" tools, and now the problem can be solved by computers and computerized tools. See http://i-a-e.org/iae-blog/entry/three-math-education-conference-presentations.html for a brief discussion of math-oriented tools such as the abacus that are very useful both in solving some types of math problems and in learning the underlying math.
Two Models or Theories of Transfer of Learning
This section discusses two models (theories) of transfer of learning. The first is named the Near and Far Transfer Theory. The second is named the Low Road and High Road Transfer Theory. The following article is an excellent reference for this section:
- Perkins, David N. and Salomon, Gavriel (September 2, 1992). Transfer of Learning. Contribution to the International Encyclopedia of Education. 2nd ed. Oxford: Pergamon. Retrieved 10/27/2013 from http://learnweb.harvard.edu/alps/thinking/docs/traencyn.htm.
Near and Far Transfer Theory
The Near and Far Transfer theory has been with us for more than a hundred years, and it is still widely discussed in the literature.
The shoe-tying example given earlier in this document illustrates near transfer. The near transfer of learning theory postulates that some problems and tasks are so nearly alike that transfer of learning occurs easily and naturally. A particular problem or task is studied and practiced to a high level of automaticity. When a nearly similar problem or task is encountered, it is automatically solved or accomplished with little or no conscious thought.
A major goal in learning to read is to develop a high level of decoding automaticity. That is, one goal in reading instruction is to have students become very good at near transfer of the decoding component of reading. We want students to be able to do this with texts in different subject areas, different fonts, different font sizes, different qualities of paper, and so on. This automaticity allows the conscious mind of a reader to pay attention to the meaning and implications of the material being read. A significant percentage of children are able to achieve this at a personally useful level by the end of the third grade.
Many potential transfer of learning situations do not lend themselves to the automaticity approach. These are called far transfer situations.
This in not a very useful definition, partly because people vary considerably in their abilities to see, feel, or sense similarities between different problem situations. In any particular problem-solving situation, some people seem to be innately much more able to do far transfer than are others.
As a simple example, suppose that a child knows how to tie a bow knot in a pair of shoes they are wearing. Mother tells the child to put on an apron and tie the strings in a bow knot behind their back. Many children have trouble on this transfer of learning, but some can do it easily. It is a far transfer for some and a near transfer for others.
The essence of transfer of learning is captured in this 2,400 year old quote from Plato:
- “When you spoke of a nature gifted or not gifted in any respect, did you mean to say that one man may acquire a thing easily, another with difficulty; a little learning will lead the one to discover a great deal; whereas the other, after much study and application no sooner learns then he forgets.” (Plato; Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the western world; 428/427 BC–348/347 BC.)
The near and far transfer theory provides some help to teachers designing and teaching lessons. We know that some students readily accomplish far transfer tasks, while others do not. The difficulty with the theory of near and far transfer is that it does not provide a foundation or a plan for helping a person to get better at far transfer and dealing with novel and complex problems. It does not tell us how to teach to increase far transfer.
Low Road and High Road Transfer Theory
In recent years, the Low Road and High Road Transfer theory, developed by Salomon and Perkins (1988), has proven to be a more fruitful theory than that of Near and Far transfer.
High road transfer involves: cognitive understanding; purposeful and conscious analysis; mindfulness; and application of strategies that cut across disciplines. In high road transfer, there is deliberate mindful abstraction of an idea that can transfer, and then conscious and deliberate application of the idea when faced by a problem where the idea may be useful.
The following quote from a 1992 article by Perkins and Salomon:helps us distinguish between low road and high road transfer.
- High road and low road transfer. Salomon and Perkins (1989, Perkins and Salomon 1987) synthesized findings concerned with transfer by recognizing two distinct but related mechanisms, the low road and the high road. Low road transfer happens when stimulus conditions in the transfer context are sufficiently similar to those in a prior context of learning to trigger well-developed semi-automatic responses. In keeping with the view of Greeno et al. (in press), these responses need not be mediated by external or mental representations. A relatively reflexive process, low road transfer figures most often in near transfer. For example, when a person moving a household rents a small truck for the first time, the person finds that the familiar steering wheel, shift, and other features evoke useful car-driving responses. Driving the truck is almost automatic, although in small ways a different task.
- High road transfer, in contrast, depends on mindful abstraction from the context of learning or application and a deliberate search for connections: What is the general pattern? What is needed? What principles might apply? What is known that might help? Such transfer is not in general reflexive. It demands time for exploration and the investment of mental effort. It can easily accomplish far transfer, bridging between contexts as remote as arteries and electrical networks or strategies of chess play and politics. For instance, a person new to politics but familiar with chess might carry over the chess principle of control of the center, pondering what it would mean to control the political center.
The free book below contains an extensive discussion about high road transfer of learning from computer-based games to other settings. It explains how to teach for transfer and provides a number of examples of problem-solving strategies that transfer among disciplines of study.
- Moursund, David (2008, 2009). Introduction to Using Games in Education: A Guide for Teachers and Parents. Eugene, OR: Information Age Education. Access PDF file at http://i-a-e.org/downloads/doc_download/19-introduction-to-using-games-in-education-a-guide-for-teachers-and-parents.html. Access Microsoft Word file at http://i-a-e.org/downloads/doc_download/20-introduction-to-using-games-in-education-a-guide-for-teachers-and-parents.html.
The following quote is from the first part of the book's appendix:
- We all make use of strategies as we attempt to solve problems and accomplish tasks. The research literature in problem solving indicates that most people have a relatively limited repertoire of problem-solving strategies. This research suggests that it is helpful to increase one’s repertoire. Teaching for high-road transfer of learning is an effective method of helping students to increase their repertoire.
- However, increasing the size of one’s repertoire of problem-solving strategies is only one part of increasing one’s level of expertise in problem solving. Problem solving in a specific domain requires knowledge that is specific to the domain. Increasing expertise in problem solving in a domain requires substantial cognitive effort. It does little good to memorize a bunch of strategies. One must consciously practice using the strategies and reflect on the results over a large range of problems and a long period of time.
- The following alphabetical list contains problem-solving strategies that cut across many problem-solving domains. Most are discussed and illustrated earlier in this book. The teaching of such strategies can be integrated throughout the daily curriculum. For ideas on how to do this teaching, see Chapter 8.
- backtracking. Taking back or undoing one or more moves that one has made in playing a game or in attempting to solve a problem. This is especially easy to do when the steps being taken are “virtual” steps, working with a computer representation of the problem and the steps being taken. Backtracking is an important aid to editing and revising one’s writing.
- bottleneck. Identify components of a problem-solving task that severely impede progress toward solving the problem. Particularly useful in problems where certain resources such as time or materials are severely restricted or a goal is to minimize their use.
- brain aids. Many computer games include built in aids to a player’s brain/mind. Thus, it is now commonplace for a game player to think about having the computer aid in playing the game. There are many articles about the nature and extent of the artificial intelligence (AI) built into various games. In some instances, such uses of AI as an aid to problem solving illustrate or are somewhat parallel to uses of AI to help solve non-game types of problems.
- breaking a problem into smaller problems. See divide and conquer.
- build on previous work. See reinvent the wheel.
- collaboration and cooperation. In many problem-solving situations “two heads are better than one.” Indeed, many problems and tasks require the work of large teams of people together over a period of years.
The collaboration and cooperation topic is discussed in the next section.
Collaborative and Cooperative Learning and Problem Solving
There are many ways to provide teaching and learning environments that facilitate increased transfer of learning. Some of these ideas are inherent to the following diagram:
In this diagram, think of a team of two or more people working with aids to their physical and mental capabilities to solve a problem or accomplish a task. In this team situation, each person brings different formal and informal education-based knowledge, skills, and experience to the problem or task. Each person brings different types of skills in working with others—including helping others to learn and learning from others.
There is substantial research to support use of this type of problem-solving team situation in both formal and informal teaching and learning settings. Quoting from Joel Michael's 2006 article: Where's the Evidence that Active Learning Works?
- There are now a great many different approaches to facilitating students learning together (as opposed to learning individually). Labels such as cooperative learning, collaborative learning, peer learning, or problem-based learning each describe a different approach to getting students to learn together. Bossert (10), Lunetta (29), and Blumenfeld et al. (9) have provided useful overviews of some, but not all, of these approaches, their theoretical bases, and the research that supports them. Johnson et al. (39) have published a meta-analysis of 164 studies of cooperative learning methods; they conclude that there is solid evidence in these studies to support the benefits of cooperative learning.
- In the disciplines, there are impressive results that support the power of getting students to work together to learn. In the field of computer-aided instruction, there is a wealth of data showing that two or more students working together at the computer learn more than students working alone (40, 93). In physics, students generate better solutions to problems when they work cooperative than when they work alone (34), and peer instruction, developed by Mazur (51), has been shown to increase student mastery of conceptual reasoning and quantitative problem solving (20). In chemistry, students in cooperative learning groups show increased retention and higher scores on assessments than students learning the same material in conventional ways (21).
- Michael and Modell (61) have argued that the similarities that these approaches share are more important than their differences. While there can be little doubt that students working together learn more, the key issue now is how to implement small group work to achieve maximum learning (17).
- "An individual understands a concept, skill, theory, or domain of knowledge to the extent that he or she can apply it appropriately in a new situation." (From Howard Gardner's 1999 book, The Disciplined Mind: What All Students Should Understand.)
The Common Core State Standards being developed for use in U.S. K-12 schools strongly emphasize teaching for understanding. See http://www.corestandards.org.
Howard Gardner's statement is a good way of saying that we should teach for high road transfer of learning. Quoting the Nike company, "Just do it."
Some General Readings
Bartel, Marvin (2005). Teaching for Transfer of Learning. Retrieved 2/9/09:http://www.bartelart.com/arted/transfer.html. This article focuses on transfer of learning in creative art.
teacherstoolbox.co.uk (n.d.). Instrumental Enrichment and Metacognition: How to Teach Intelligence. Retrieved 1/19/09: http://www.teacherstoolbox.co.uk/T_Teaching_Intelligence.html. There has been substantial research on how to teach intelligence. The article summarizes some of the results of this work. Here is an example:
- The Israeli educationalist Reuven Feuerstein developed a hugely successful course for learners with very low academic achievement. His students had very low IQs, and started his course with a mental age three years behind other learners. There was a ‘control group’ enabling Feuerstein to measure his students’ progress against the progress of students that were matched for ability but then taught in a more conventional way.
- At the end of their two year course Feuerstein’s Instrumental Enrichment students had shown modest gains in terms of increased IQ compared to the control group, though they showed a marked ability to transfer learning from one situation to another. Two years after the programme had ended, the students entered the Israeli army on compulsory service. On a test of general intelligence they were found to be average for the general population, though they had started Feuerstein’s programme three years behind! The control group had not shown this development. [Bold added for emphasis.]
- Feuerstein attributed this gain to the students continuing to learn without aid in the two years after the programme. He had taught them to teach themselves. More than this, Feuerstein had taught his students how to teach themselves to become more intelligent! Feuerstein’s methods require special training, and are used all over the world.
- Feuerstein developed a programme of great complexity called Instrumental Enrichment, which requires special training for a teacher to use. However it is worth looking closely at his general strategy. This was not to teach the metacognitive skills directly by explaining ‘how to do it’. This is a common approach in teaching thinking skills and study skills, used for example by Edward de Bono. Instead, he used a guided discovery approach where students had to construct for themselves the higher level thinking required. A similar process is used in Graham Gibbs' study skills programme described elsewhere. Roughly speaking his procedure was:
- Set Real Tasks: He asked students to do something real, that required information, planning, doing, and explaining your solution etc.
- Require Reflection on Metacognitive Strategies. When the task was done, he asked his students to reflect on how they did it. What had made them successful? What hindered them or caused difficulty?
- Establish Learning Points in the Students' Own Language. He asked students for very general advice on how to succeed with such tasks. This includes asking the students to name the strategies they used. The teacher then used the students’ names for these strategies.
- Bridging: Students are then asked to ‘bridge’ from this learning to other applications. That is, they were asked ‘where else might you be able to apply this principle?’ The learners are encouraged to see the application of the thinking processes that they have just described and named, in other contexts.
Moursund, D.G. (2008). Good Math Lesson Plans. Retrieved 1/10/2009: http://iae-pedia.org/Good_Math_Lesson_Plans. Quoting from the Web page:
- Math is very useful in many different academic disciplines. Math is a general-purpose aid to problem solving—indispensable if the problem situation involves quantities. Thus, it is highly desirable to teach math in a manner that facilitates transfer of learning to other disciplines and to actual and probable problem-solving situations students will encounter.
- The 1992 article by Perkins and Salomon provides an excellent summary of this field. Over the past two decades, educational researchers have learned a great deal about the theories of low-road and high-road transfer of learning, and how to teach for transfer.
- Low-road transfer of learning is based on automaticity. For example, various number facts can be learned to such a high level of automaticity that they seem as if they are instinctive when one needs them in addressing problems both in and outside of school.
- High-road transfer is based on learning general-purpose strategies and learning how to apply these strategies over a wide range of problem situations. For example, many hard problems can be broken into sets of less difficult problems. Solve the less difficult problems, put all the results together in an appropriate manner, and the harder problem is solved. The teaching approach is to recognize when it is appropriate to generalize a strategy being taught in a specific discipline (such as math), give the strategy a name, and explicitly help students to learn to apply the strategy in a variety of disciplines. Divide and conquer (break a big problem into a coherent set of smaller problems) is commonly taught in math, and it is quite useful in problem solving in other disciplines. Two examples: Learning to drive a car, and comparing/contrasting the foreign policy/ military policy of Germany and Japan from 1932-1945.
- In summary, every math lesson plan should include a statement of how the new material is transferable to problem solving in other settings, including in non-math disciplines.
- This transfer of learning should occur from math learning to other disciplines, and from learning other disciplines to math. Suppose that you teach both math and other disciplines (This especially applies to elementary school teachers.) When developing a math lesson plan in which transfer from math to other disciplines is important, at the same time think about revising your lesson plans in the other disciplines you teach. When appropriate, integrate some math into these disciplines and stress ideas that transfer from math. For example, stating a story problem intelligibly and explaining the solution process require language arts skills. Another example: Compare popularity ratings of U. S. Presidents when they left office with their relative rankings by historians now, and discuss the relationship between popularity and enduring worth.
Passig, David (2007). Melioration as a Higher Thinking Skill of Future Intelligence. Retrieved 1/10/2009: http://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentID=12716. Quoting the abstract:
- This paper examines the characteristics of the thinking skill we call “melioration” i.e., the competence to borrow a concept from a field of knowledge supposedly far removed from his or her domain, and adapt it to a pressing challenge in an area of personal knowledge or interest. The skill has its source in conscious personal meaning-making, not in the process of deduction. In the unplanned operation of connection and association, one creates a new concept generating a new insight into a phenomenon, which hitherto had not been described in such a way. This paper relates melioration to existing theories of intelligence, taking the position that human cognitive/intellectual functioning is in part the ability to learn or think in the framework of familiar systemic concepts, and in part the ability to learn or think with new systemic concepts that are then available for future application.
Quoting from the article:
- Experience has suggested that revolutionary ideas as well as tools are actually the infusion of two or more concepts from quite different realms. People, for example, can take an electric appliance that exists in one context, transfer it to another context in a completely new way, and find unexpected potential uses for it. The skill, through personal and cultural connotations, of being able to merge realms of thought that are quite different from one another, and then generate new concepts or technology, is what we call melioration. In the course of our current search of future-oriented literature for the purpose of reevaluating Bloom’s six categories of skills, we found a new, seventh category. We “stumbled” upon a skill that we could not easily integrate into other skills. We suggest that this construct might stand by itself and seek to “meliorate” as expanded upon in Table 2.
Perkins, David N., & Salomon, Gavriel (1992). Transfer of Learning. Retrieved 10/28/2013 from http://learnweb.harvard.edu/alps/thinking/docs/traencyn.htm.
- Perkins and Salomon (1988) introduced two broad mediation strategies for transfer that they call “hugging” and “bridging”. Hugging serves an automatic kind of reflexive transfer.
Thomas, Ruth, et al. (1992). Teaching for Transfer of Learning. Retrieved 2/9/09: http://eric.ed.gov:80/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED352469&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED352469 The full text of this document is available on the Web. Quoting from the abstract:
- A study identified four principles, based on transfer of learning research and cognitive theory, for guiding curricular decisions, instructional development, and teaching practices in ways that support transferable learning. The principles were as follows: (1) emphasize intermediate-level knowledge in curricular decisions; (2) create in the learning situation fidelity to transfer situations; (3) reflect the complexities of knowledge and its application in diverse, multidimensional contexts, problems, and situations; and (4) stimulate and challenge students to transfer their knowledge during learning and support their efforts to do so on their own. The basis for each principle and ways of incorporating it in educational practice were identified. The research tested the applicability of the principles by using them to create a parent education learning environment. A case analysis approach to instruction was formulated to help parents develop flexible knowledge and appropriately complex understanding. Strategies used to stimulate learner-directed knowledge transfer during learning included a scaffolding approach to teaching and reflective dialog among parents. The learning environment was field tested in 5 sites with 31 parents. Not only did parents' learning reflect characteristics identified as enhancing "high road" transfer but parents engaged in high road learning transfer as well.
References and Resources
Calais, Gerald J. (2006). Haskell’s Taxonomies of Transfer of Learning: Implications for Classroom Instruction. National Forum of Applied Educational Research Journal. Retrieved 2/14/09: http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Calais,%20Gerald%20J%20Haskell's%20taxonomies%20of%20transfer%20of%20%20learning.pdf.
- ABSTRACT. Two taxonomies for transfer of learning are described. The first specifies six levels or degrees of transfer. The second employs two categories for classifying kinds of transfer: one is based on five types of knowledge, and the other is based on transfer per se, of which there are fourteen types. The implications of transfer of learning for classroom instruction are discussed.
Quoting from the first part of the article:
- Research suggests that transfer of learning differs in kind, occurs at different levels, and influences all learning, memory, problem-solving, and cognitive processes (Mayer, 1987). Although the transfer of basic skills, knowledge, and thinking skills is integral to our educational aspirations and expectations, many students believe that little of what they learned in school benefited them later in life. Not surprisingly, transfer of learning persists as one of the most vexing problems in the classroom (Bevevino, Dengel, & Adams, 1999; Borich & Tombari, 1997; Rossett, 1997). In addressing this critical educational issue, Haskell (2001) developed two taxonomies: one for levels of transfer and one for kinds of transfer.
- Level 4: Near transfer. Near transfer occurs when we transfer previous knowledge to new situations closely similar to, yet not identical to, initial situations. Transferring our experiences associated with driving a car with a manual transmission to driving a truck with a manual transmission reflects an example of near procedural transfer.
- Level 5: Far transfer. `Far transfer entails the application of learning to situations entirely dissimilar to the initial learning. This level of transfer of learning reflects analogical reasoning. For example, learning about logarithms in algebra and applying this knowledge in assessing the growth of bacteria in microbiology.
Perkins, David (Fall 1993). Teaching for Understanding. American Educator: The Professional Journal of the American Federation of Teachers. Retrieved 2/16/2009: http://www.exploratorium.edu/IFI/resources/workshops/teachingforunderstanding.html
Perkins, D.N., and Salomon, G. (1988). Teaching for transfer. Educational Leadership. 46(1), 22-32.
Schwartz, Daniel, Bransford, John, & Sears, David (2005). Efficiency and Innovation in Transfer. Chapter 1 of Transfer of Learning from a Modern Multidisciplinary Perspective. Retrieved 2/17/09: http://aaalab.stanford.edu/papers/Innovation%20in%20Transfer.pdf.
- See also: John D. Bransford & Daniel L. Schwartz. It Takes Expertise to Make Expertise: Some Thoughts About Why and How and Reflections on the Themes in Chapters 15-18. Retrieved 2/17/09: http://aaalab.stanford.edu/papers/Takes_Expertise_to_Make_Expertise%5B1%5D.pdf. Quoting from this paper:
- Is the transfer literature filled with inherently contradictory claims, or is there a framework that can help illuminate how and why the varied positions on transfer are each pieces of the truth that can be reconciled through a broader theoretical foundation? We argue for the latter and use an analogy involving well-known proverbs. Consider “Many hands make light work” versus “Too many cooks spoil the broth”; “Look before you leap” versus “He who hesitates is lost”; “Absence makes the heart grow fonder” versus “Out of sight out of mind.” On the surface they contradict one another (Bransford & Stein, 1993). But if we look below the surface we can begin to see that each seems applicable in certain contexts (e.g. “Many hands make light work” is appropriate when tasks are well defined and can be modularized so that the pursuit of each can proceed independently). Our goal is to provide a framework that helps reconcile seemingly conflicting views about transfer. To develop our ideas, we divide the chapter into five sections that:
- Rethink the classic definition of transfer and show how it tends to produce assessments that make people “look dumb” rather than “look smart” (Norman, 1993).
- Differentiate “transferring in” to situations from “transferring out” of them.
- Discuss studies that show that new ways to think about transferring “in” and “out” can reveal advantages of a variety of interactive instructional techniques that remain hidden when we use more traditional measures.
- Propose a tentative learning and performance space that differentiates two dimensions of transfer -- innovation and efficiency -- and provide an example of what research might look like that explores optimal trajectories of learning and development through the innovation-efficiency space.
- Summarize our arguments and suggest some possible future directions – including new ways to create learning and assessment environments that complement but go beyond many frequently used assessments tests.
Taylor, Maurice (1997. Transfer of Learning: Planning Workplace Education Programs. Retrieved 2/15/2009: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/nls/inpub/transfer/cover.htm. Quoting from this document:
- What is Transfer of Learning? In the context of the workplace, transfer of learning is the effective application by trainees to their jobs of the knowledge and skills gained as a result of attending an educational program. Stated in another way, transfer of learning occurs when learning In one context or with one set of materials impacts on performance in another context or with other related materials. From a theoretical point of view transfer of learning occurs whenever prior learned knowledge and skills affect the way in which new knowledge and skills are learned and performed. When later acquisition or performance is facilitated, transfer is positive. When later acquisition or performance is impeded, transfer is negative. As well, transfer can be general affecting a wide range of new knowledge and skills or specific affecting only particular knowledge and skills within a circumscribed subject matter (Cormier & Hagman, 1987; Broad & Newstrom, 1992; Perkins & Salomon, 1996).
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The initial version of this page was developed by David Moursund. | <urn:uuid:a66874a6-1982-4dd2-9208-f1cf2494b7ea> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://iae-pedia.org/Transfer_of_Learning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065330.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00156-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949319 | 9,446 | 3.359375 | 3 |
How many stories have you read in the past year on how you can boost your immune system against coronavirus? Take the advice with a pinch of salt – most of it is nonsense and to some extent dangerous.
Adding certain foods or supplements into your diet will not leave you immune to COVID-19. It’s far better and more effective to follow government advice around washing your hands and social distancing.
Read on to separate the fact from the fiction.
- You can keep up to date on our latest coverage over on our coronavirus advice hub.
They say: supplements can boost your immune system
We say: the reality is there is no food or supplement that can boost your immune system in the way these stories imply.
Of course, food does have an impact on your health, and vitamins and minerals play an important role in keeping your immune system running as it should.
But there’s no need to pay for ‘immunity-boosting’ supplements – staying healthy can be achieved by eating a varied and balanced diet, which includes plenty of fruit and vegetables.
Remember frozen, tinned and dried fruit and veg are just as good if you can’t get hold of fresh.
They say: vitamin C supplements improve immunity
We say: vitamin C contributes to the normal functioning of the immune system. Adults need around 40mg of vitamin C a day to achieve this.
Vitamin C is water-soluble, so we can’t store it in our bodies and this is why we need it every day.
So while there are supplements that contain up to 1,000mg of vitamin C in a daily dose, the only thing these will give you is really expensive wee.
Daily doses higher than 1,000mcg can cause diarrhoea, stomach pain and can interfere with certain medications, such as the blood-thinning drug Warfarin.
Food sources of vitamin C include oranges and citrus fruits, strawberries, red and orange peppers, broccoli and potatoes.
They say: take probiotics to help your natural defences
We say: there is currently no evidence that probiotics improve immune function or anything else. In fact, probiotics have no authorised health claims.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has rejected health claims for probiotics on the grounds of insufficient evidence, including those around improved immunity and natural defences.
We know our gut health is important for immune health but we can improve the balance of bacteria in our guts by eating a varied diet that includes lots of plant foods containing fibre, plus those that naturally contain prebiotics including onions, garlic, leeks and oats.
They say: take echinacea to fight colds and viruses
We say: the evidence that echinacea and other herbal supplements can help strengthen your immune system does not stack up.
Although the marketing might say these contain antioxidants which can help defend your body, the science shows that when taken in supplement form antioxidants don’t have the same benefits as when eaten in fruit and veg.
Can this protect you from coronavirus?
The only supplement that the government recommends (outside of its recommendation on folic acid during pregnancy) is vitamin D and this is simply standard advice, not special advice for living through COVID-19.
It’s because we get most of our vitamin D from sunlight so it’s hard to get this during the winter months and when we’re all inside more than usual.
And while there are food sources (oily fish, egg yolk and fortified foods such as breakfast cereals), it’s hard to get enough from these alone.
Vitamin D is also linked to our immune health so it’s important to make sure we’re not deficient. Research into treating COVID-19 cases with vitamin D is ongoing however so far the evidence is it’s not an effective treatment.
For everyone over the age of one, the recommended dose is 10 micrograms a day (sometimes labelled as 400IU). Vulnerable and high-risk groups are being offered free vitamin D supplements by the government over the winter.
Like vitamin C, taking high doses of vitamin D is also not recommended. Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin so our bodies can’t easily excrete it, instead any excess is stored.
Taking too much (more than 100mcg or 4000IU) over a prolonged period can cause a build up of too much calcium in the body which can weaken the bones and damage the kidneys and heart.
Read more: Which? advice on coronavirus
This story was originally published in May 2020 but has been updated for 2021. | <urn:uuid:cb54d62c-7228-407c-b911-3c8375354115> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.which.co.uk/news/2021/02/the-truth-about-boosting-your-immune-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154163.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801061513-20210801091513-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.9328 | 969 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Karyotype (product of conception)
Also known as: Chromosome Studies, Karyotype (tissues)« Back to test list
Chromosome analysis can detect abnormalities of chromosome number or structure. These abnormalities can provide diagnostic and prognostic information in many settings, including studies of aborted material and stillbirths.
Chromosome analysis can be used to assist with diagnosis/subclassification and to help determine prognosis.
This is an assay for heritable mutations. It may raise issues of ethics or consent that are different from most other investigations ordered in the routine care of a patient. The interpretation of the result may also be dependent on the family history and the interpretation of other studies.
Analysis of metaphase chromosomes by light microscopy. Chromosomes are counted, and examined for structural abnormalities.
This test can be requested by any medical practitioner.
Fresh material in a sterile container. Add sterile tissue culture medium to very small samples.
To help ensure the quality of the test, a genetic test should be done with a dedicated sample whenever possible i.e. a sample collected specifically for that test rather than a sample that is used for multiple tests.
We also recommend that the patient or another adult check the labelling of request forms and sample tubes. | <urn:uuid:7c0faf46-3cba-4035-a958-1b49a9913b61> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.sonicgenetics.com.au/tests/karyotype-prod-of-conception/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825363.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214044833-20181214070333-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.878645 | 263 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A show tune is a song originally written as part of the score of a work of musical theatre, Musical or a TV show, especially if the piece in question has become a standard, more or less detached in most people's minds from the original context.
Though show tunes vary in style, they do tend to share common characteristics—they usually fit the context of a story being told in the original musical, they are useful in enhancing and heightening choice moments. A particularly common form of show tune is the "I Want" song, which composer Stephen Schwartz noted as being particularly likely to have a lifespan outside the show that spawned it.
Show tunes were a major venue for popular music before the rock and roll and television era; most of the hits of such songwriters as Jerome Kern, Cole Porter, and George Gershwin came from their shows. (Even into the television and rock era, a few stage musicals managed to turn their show tunes into major pop music hits, sometimes aided by film adaptations and exposure through variety shows.) Although show tunes no longer have such a major role in popular music as they did in their heyday, they remain somewhat popular, especially among niche audiences. Show tunes make up a disproportionate part of the songs in most variations of the Great American Songbook.
Particular musicals that have yielded popular “show tunes” include:
- Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein's Oklahoma!, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, Flower Drum Song, The Sound of Music
- Jerome Kern and Hammerstein's Show Boat
- Rudolf Friml, Herbert Stothart, Otto Harbach and Hammerstein's Rose-Marie
- Rodgers and Lorenz Hart's Pal Joey and Babes in Arms
- Irving Berlin's Annie Get Your Gun, As Thousands Cheer, Call Me Madam
- Cole Porter's Anything Goes, Kiss Me, Kate, Can-Can
- George and Ira Gershwin's Girl Crazy, Oh, Kay!
- Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick's Fiddler on the Roof
- Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe's Brigadoon, Paint Your Wagon, My Fair Lady, Gigi, Camelot
- Meredith Willson's The Music Man
- Frank Loesser's Guys and Dolls, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying
- Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim's West Side Story
- Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley's Stop the World – I Want to Get Off, The Roar of the Greasepaint – The Smell of the Crowd
- Lin-Manuel Miranda's Hamilton
- Bricusse, Frank Wildhorn and Steve Cuden's Jekyll & Hyde
- Jerry Herman's Milk and Honey, Hello, Dolly!, Mame, Dear World, Mack and Mabel, La Cage aux Folles
- Stephen Sondheim's A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Company, Follies, Sunday in the Park with George, Sweeney Todd, A Little Night Music and Into the Woods
- John Kander and Fred Ebb's Cabaret, and Chicago
- Andrew Lloyd Webber's Evita, Jesus Christ Superstar, Cats, The Phantom of the Opera, Starlight Express, Sunset Boulevard, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
- Stephen Schwartz's Pippin, Godspell, and Wicked
- Jonathan Larson's Rent
- Claude-Michel Schönberg's Les Misérables, Miss Saigon
- Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey's Grease
- Green, Stanley. Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1976
- Morley, Sheridan (1987). Spread A Little Happiness. New York: Thames and Hudson. p. 15. ISBN 0500013985.
- "Show Tunes", AllMusic.com, accessed March 13, 2016
- de Giere, Carol. "Writing "I Want Songs" for Musicals". MusicalWriters.com. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
- "Definition of JUKEBOX MUSICAL". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-05-21. | <urn:uuid:9f6d44b4-09a4-46fd-9c2a-930e3b7c851b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_tune | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585837.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024015104-20211024045104-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.86661 | 870 | 2.765625 | 3 |
I find chickadees endlessly watchable. They are so cute, friendly and smart, and are marvels of northern survival and adaptation. How these delicate-looking little birds manage to survive in -40C (-40F) is amazing, but it starts with their winter planning and storage efforts and their ability to find protected and suitable shelter.
I love watching chickadees! They are so pretty and seem to almost float during their undulating flight.
They are very tough little birds who stay in the north year-round, even through -45C (-49F). They shelter in small tree holes or other protected spots and live on their stored food supply. They are so amazing!
I saw my first black capped chickadee of the year. That’s a very good sign of warming temperatures!
They are so pretty and delicate looking, but are actually very hardy. They live through the cold subarctic temperatures of the Northwest Territories very successfully; they store incredible amounts of food and spend their winters sheltering in knotholes.
Their memories for recalling where they have food stores is prodigious, which is a main reason why they can survive so well up here.
I love hearing their distinctive “chick-a-dee-dee-dee-dee-dee” song and seeing them on their undulating flight paths from tree to tree. | <urn:uuid:be3d6ca3-575a-490f-9c0a-b4964270fab3> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://lynettedartycross.com/tag/chickadees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644309.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528150639-20230528180639-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.972931 | 287 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Hearing the word «lake» we often represented a small pond. However, the largest lake on the planet look completely different than we imagine them to be.
At last, the tenth largest is lake Nyasa. It is situated simultaneously in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and in Africa. It is an area of 30.8 km2. The depth of 706 m. the lake is home To 230 species of fish. There are hippos, crocodiles.
In ninth place is the lake in Canada called Big Bear lake. Its height above sea level is m. An area of about 30,000 km, and depth is 137m. The only settlements on the lake are Delaine and Echo Bay.
In eighth place among the great lakes is the deepest lake of the planet — the Baikal. It is located in Eastern Siberia and is of tectonic origin. Width of Baikal lake from 25 — 80 km Depth m. More than half a year the lake is constrained by ice and ships can move only from June to September.
Seventh place at the Central lakes of Africa – Tanganyika. It was first discovered in 1858 by the English traveler R. Burton and his colleague J. The ACNP. The length of the lake is 650 km and in width it reaches 40 — 80 km Coastal landscapes are basically huge rocks. The lake is about 170 endemic species.
The Aral sea in sixth place among the largest lakes of the planet. Continue reading
Today preparation for a new release in the series of programmes ” On the tracks of Pugacheva », looked into the shop ” Underwater world ” ( 55°11′13.7″N 61°26′15.6″E) in Chelyabinsk.
We continue to search for the treasure Pugachev. After Yemelyan met with Decolongon, he hurriedly went out of Troitsk and went to the side of Chebarkul. According to legend, Pugachev hid the treasure at the foot, or maybe on the Pugachev mountain (54°54′41.1″N-60°20′08.6″E). Its other name is Malkowska mountain, it is located 500 metres from the highway M5-Ural. All this area is, of course, studied both locals and scientists and all kinds of grinders. According to another legend “Ordered Pugachev Gryaznova hastily removed from the mill, lead troops in Chrysostom, and good to bury in a safe place, lest it might fall into the hands of evildoers”. Buried in lake Inyshko (55°11′12.4″N-60°04′56.3″E). If anyone is interested in this legend, we will announce in the future programme. Lake Inyshko not large, forest, rich forest debris, silt. In search of treasure, were drowned here more than a dozen divers.
On the recommendation of friends, we go in the ” Underwater Continue reading
Home “Articles” Weekly Spassk “news” Unique Khanka lake is contaminated with chemicals and pesticides — the monitoring data
Agrochemicals and pesticides poison unique lake Khanka, located on the border of China and Primorsky Krai. The body is not able to cope with incoming economic-household and superficial sewage. This was reported at the seventh international ecological forum «Nature without borders», which continues its work in Vladivostok.
According to the Primorsky centre for monitoring environmental pollution, the water in the lake belongs to the class of «dirty» and contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus. The main source of pollution of lakes were rice fields on both Russian and Chinese parts of the basin.
— Experts cite a lot of facts in the fields of Chinese pesticide production, which then fall into the lake. We offer not coordinate the invitation of foreign workers for companies that have breaches and inspectors organizations to more tightly control the quality of water discharged from the plantations, — Continue reading | <urn:uuid:ca69ac0d-cbc2-479c-820e-7e43e3ce5399> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://angelwingsfoundation.info/list/according | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806715.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123012207-20171123032207-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.938142 | 844 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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