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Thermal Spray Foam Insulation is used in buildings, and refers back to the software of thermal insulated supplies, which are utilized utilizing numerous spraying strategies, right into a roof house or wall cavity to forestall warmth loss. Elevated consciousness in the direction of the atmosphere and public health is leading to an integrated evaluation of insulation materials and while no one questions their constructive action, there’s still significant potential for improving their general performance. The absorption of water in insulating material will increase conductivity of the material and causes swelling of the fabric. Its product has options corresponding to lightweight, sound absorption, fireproof, warmth preservation and insulation; it’s ornamental, stunning and handy for building.
Insulating these pipes utilizing pipe insulation reduces vitality into unoccupied rooms and prevents condensation from occurring on cold and chilled pipework. As a new type of heat insulation and sound absorption materials, in addition to the overall properties of common rock wool products, it also has efficiency of waterproof, thermal and chilly isolation. Determine 18. Temperature measurement within the feeder, on the spinners and the entrance and exit of the curing oven for glass wool manufacturing.
Cellulose (as free or pellet fibers), fiberglass, or rock wool are typically the types of materials utilized in loose-fill insulation. The binder is then hardened in a tunnel range at roughly 250 °C by which the merchandise get their structural stability. On this examine, a literature review on totally different thermal insulation material with their properties, types and functions. An LABC Certified product, GEOCELL Foam Glass is both economical and environmentally sound. Once more, the primary traits of such declarations, as well as the primary environmental results included in each EPD, are summarised in Table 7.four. On this case, the methodological basis for each one of the analysed EPDs is predicated by itself PCR document: the DAPc programme is predicated on the PCR-001 (2010) for ‘thermal insulation merchandise’, the EPD-Norway on the NPCR-012 (2007) for ‘insulation supplies’, and the IBU-EPD programme on the PCR (2007) for ‘mineral insulating’.
Polystyrene is a thermoplastic substance, usually present in stable state at room temperature, however melting if heated (for molding or extrusion), and changing into solid once more when cooling off. Correct use of glass in home windows and correct upkeep of insulation materials is very important. In all sorts of thermal insulation, evacuation of the air within the void space will further cut back the general thermal conductivity of the insulator. Some well being hazardous supplies that had been used prior to now as insulation and at the moment are outlawed, unavailable, or uncommonly used are vermiculite, perlite, and urea-formaldehyde.
Materials in which coffee tables are manufactured from differs from Metal, Bamboo, Cedar, Cherry, Stainless, Imitation Natural leather, Polyurethane foam, Glass, Corian, Straightener, Laminate, Leather, Pebble, MDF, Materials, Oak, Wicker, Resin, Pure fiber, Steel, Gemstone, Teak wood, Upholstered, Timber together with Wrought Iron. These reflective supplies may additionally be used as part of industrial and commercial insulation (for instance, insulated delivery containers.) Insulating blankets were also used as insulation in aircraft till safety issues resulted of their deprecation.
6 Unfortunately these work practices usually are not at all times followed, and fiberglass is usually left uncovered in basements that later grow to be occupied. There are numerous properties of insulating materials which are important to think about for the High Quality Aluminum Foil Attic Insulation Material Rubber Foam Panel Class 1 Waterproof Foam Board supplies from the market. Double-layered porous Fe-Ni composite sheet, sandwiched metallic foams with the cycled pore buildings and a core of corrugated stiffened plate, and perforated panels with a back sound absorption layer were additionally investigated.
However, the economic evaluation shows that the funding in thermal insulation of constructing external partitions doesn’t always need to be economically profitable for the investor. The impact of orientation, position of the PCM layer, part change temperature, and climate circumstances was studied by Izquierdo-Barrientos et al. (2012), they usually discovered that the PCM helps to cut back the maximum and amplitude of the instantaneous warmth flux. Since then, the company, based in 1983, has manufactured the lightweight mixture Poraver® expanded glass granules at its production websites in Europe and North America for patrons and distributors all through the world.
On the subject of a contest- foam insulation versus fiberglass insulation- not everyone is in whole settlement. Beneath, three EPDs for thermal insulation materials, that are obtained from different EPD programmes, are introduced. It could fill small spaces more utterly than fibrous insulation materials. Granular supplies, similar to calcium silicate, include air entrained within the matrix. 8.2a) relies on natural minerals, e.g. volcanic rock, typically basalt, plus recycled submit-manufacturing waste supplies; the components are melted, spun into fibres after which blended with a binder and an impregnation oil. | <urn:uuid:4d42ef4f-2b33-4b50-afec-7c2a8d5e7dcd> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://dorogovo.net/open-access-journals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198942.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921050331-20200921080331-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.926222 | 1,099 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Intellectual property (IP) encompasses the tangible representations of intellect and creativity. This includes industrial designs, trademarks, patents, copyright (the list is not exhaustive). Industrial designs, trade marks, patents, copyright are the most common ways in which the owner of IP can prevent others from using or otherwise exploiting the property without the owner’s permission. Other types of IP include circuit layout rights plant breeder’s rights and trade secrets.
A design is a feature of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament of an article when judged by the eye.Design registration is used to protect the visual appearance of manufactured products. Such registration provides the party with the right to exclusively use, licence or sell the design for a fixed period
The Malaysian Trade Marks Act 1976 (Act 175) defines a trade mark as a mark used or proposed to be used in relation to goods or services for the purpose of indicating or so as to indicate a connection in the course of trade between the goods or services and a person having the right either as proprietor or as registered user to use the mark whether with or without an indication of the identity of that person.The registration of a trademark provides the party with the right to exclusively use, license or sell goods and services under the mark in relation to goods or services for which it is registered. There is no maximum term for which a trademark can be registered.
Is a temporary monopoly in a technological innovation granted to the patentee, Patents provide the patent owner with the right to exclude others from exploiting the invention for a fixed number of years. This monopoly is provided in exchange for a detailed description of the invention claimed. Therefore, the patent system can be seen as providing commercial privilege in return for disclosure.
There is no system of copyright registration in Malaysia. Copyright protects a range of original materials such as literary, artistic and musical works and other subject matter such as sound recordings and broadcasts, computer software. Copyright rewards creative enterprise and protects copyright owners from loss of revenue from unauthorised copying | <urn:uuid:fddb2b2a-0f8e-479b-8673-d0895711e49d> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://chaps.com.my/intellectual-property/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647883.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322112241-20180322132241-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.920541 | 405 | 2.828125 | 3 |
|Irrefutable Evidence Shows Historical Application of Vaccines Had No Health Benefit or Impact on Prevention of Infectious Disease
A summary review of data on neurological adverse events and the historical role of vaccination in the natural course of infectious disease in Switzerland and Germany, supports data from other regions with evidence that vaccines had no impact on disease prevention efforts from the early-mid to late 20th century. The data contradicts widespread misinformation campaigns by mainstream medicine which claim that vaccination led to immunization and a subsequent decline in infectious disease. The review supports other data around the world and mounting evidence that vaccine effectiveness is unproven, unjustified and lacking evidence-based medicine. The report was authored by the Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation of the Medical University of Bialystok, Poland and published in Progress in Health Sciences a division of The International Journal of Health Sciences.
There is now mass awareness on the dangers of vaccination and only education into the statistical reality of historical immunization efforts and their failure over the last century can validate the growing controversy regarding vaccine effectiveness.
A brilliant report in 1977 by McKinlay JB and McKinlay SM questioned “the contribution of medical measures to the decline of mortality in the United States in the twentieth century” Mem Fund Q Health Soc. 1977 Summer; 55(3): 405-28.
Two centuries of UK, USA and Australian official death statistics have shown conclusively and scientifically that modern medicine is not responsible for and played little part in substantially improved life expectancy and survival from disease in western economies.
Historically, vaccines have not been viewed as inherently toxic by the regulatory agencies. The resulting lack of evidence of causality between vaccinations and serious adverse outcomes has thus been filled with an assumption that vaccines are safe.
Based on statistics from the Federal Statistics Office in Wiesbaden, Buchwald published a paper containing long-term observations of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. The following charts present the collected data indicating the year of introduction of the vaccines.
Tuberculosis mortality in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the years 1956-1988.
Shaded area — the number of BCG vaccinations performed. Note the decline from 1956 to 1970 without any vaccination schedule. (Source: Deggeller L.:Concerning Childhood Vaccinations Today. Journal of Anthrop Med, 1992, 9, 2,1-14)
Number of active tuberculosis cases in the years 1949-1987.
It is interesting that in recent decades a decrease of infectious diseases was generally reported, which took place before the introduction of inoculations against these diseases.
According to a 2002 report from Lancet Infectious Diseases–the weight of evidence collectively suggests that personal and environmental hygiene reduces the spread of infection and–Thus results from this review demonstrate that there is a continued, measurable, positive effect of personal and community hygiene on infectious. The same report showed that the crude death rate from infectious diseases decreased to nearly negligible levels long before introduction of universal vaccination practices.
The success of cities in England were remarkable in reducing smallpox mortality substantially compared to other countries by abandoning vaccination between 1882 and 1908.
In the graphs notice the large numbers of deaths caused by the smallpox vaccine itself. By 1901 in the UK, more people died from the smallpox vaccination than from smallpox itself. The severity of the disease dimished with improved living standards and was not vanquished by vaccination, as the medical “consensus” view tells us. Any vaccine which takes 100 years to “work” is not. On any scientific analysis of the history and data, crediting smallpox vaccine for the decline in smallpox appears misplaced.
When during 1880-1908 the City of Leicester in England stopped vaccination compared to the rest of the UK and elsewhere, its survival rates soared and smallpox death rates plummetted [see table below]. Leicester’s approach also cost far less.
When during 1880-1908 the City of Leicester in England stopped vaccination compared to the rest of the UK and elsewhere, its survival rates soared and smallpox death rates plummetted.
Click here for larger image
Small-Pox Epidemics, Cost, and Fatality Rates Compared
Currently, the developed countries introduce increasingly complex vaccination schedules. Children are expected to receive 49 doses of 14 vaccines before the age of six.
Doctors and researchers point to the worsening state of health of the child population since the 1960s, which coincided with increasingly introduced vaccinations. Allergic diseases, inclu-ding asthma, autoimmune diseases, diabetes and many neurological dysfunctions – difficulty in learning, ADD (attention deficit disorder), ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), seizures, and autism – are chronic conditions, to which attention has been brought.
Dave Mihalovic is a Naturopathic Doctor who specializes in vaccine research, cancer prevention and a natural approach to treatment. | <urn:uuid:909d77ae-fcd8-4757-b3e6-824e58306ae3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://antioligarch.wordpress.com/2013/05/26/vaccines-had-no-impact-on-20th-century-disease-prevention-efforts-dr-dave-mihalovic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00129-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932266 | 983 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The 1960s girl group concept makes regular appearances in K-pop. While some think that this kind of image represents a lack of ethnic identity in a quest for mainstream acceptance, I suggest that the 1960s girl group image promoted by women of color represents an ethnic glamour aesthetic.
Contemporary K-pop is driven by image as well as music. Part of this has to do with its emergence along with rising technologies like the music video and the Internet, which “generate[d] a condition of possibility of reaching a mass audience outside of national borders,” and resulted in photogenic performers as part of appealing images (Lie, 353, 356). This is similar to rhythm and blues-inflected pop music of the 1960s. Gerald Early notes that technology contributed to this music becoming an “artifact,” in part because television distributed the music as well as an image (60, 62).
K-pop agencies, like SM Entertainment, carefully craft the images of K-pop artists for concepts. This is part of the training process, which also includes language instruction, choreography and hosting practice. This also contributes to criticisms that such preening in the quest for audience acceptance diminishes the presence of ethnic culture. John Lie argues that contemporary K-pop lacks Korean culture: “As a matter of traditional culture, there is almost nothing ‘Korean’ about K-pop” (360). Motown acts under Berry Gordy also received similar kinds of training and, were subject to similar criticisms. Nelson George defines Gordy’s project as assimilationist in nature, where “white values were held up as primary role models” and as a result, “blacks lost contact with the uniqueness of their people, and with their own heritage” (xii). For George and Lie, mainstream appeal translates into a loss of ethnic culture.
When K-pop adopts the 1960s retro look for female artists through chic hairstyles and dresses with eye-catching prints or dazzling sequins and fur reminiscent of The Supremes, I suggest that it partakes of a model of ethnic glamour established by black girl groups. Brian Ward characterizes Gordy’s quest for mainstream success as one predicated on challenging prevailing notions about American blacks: “Gordy felt [the training] might make them more acceptable to white America and an expanding black middle class for whom mainstream notions of respectability remained important” (266). The aspiration was felt by blacks, even those not in the middle class: “The spangled pursuit of success carried no stigma among black fans who had routinely been denied equal opportunity to compete for the financial rewards of the mainstream” (Ward, 267). This is key, because it shows the importance of how viewers read such images. Cynthia Cyrus argues that even though the images of girl groups of the 1960s were well-managed and carefully crafted, they nevertheless resonated positively with fans: “The girl group images offer affirmative messages about what it means to be female, messages about belonging, about possibilities for participation, about the possibility of success. . . . The role of the viewer is central to creating meaning, and the girl group fan engaged actively in dialogue with the images placed before here” (190-1).
Just as black fans interpreted those images of black women as positive, Korean women like the Kim Sisters, styled in the same way, represent a glamourous ethnic, in this case, Korean, experience to aspire to. Ian Kim writes: “For a Korean American like me, who grew up in parts of the US where I was the only Asian kid in school, it’s pretty astonishing to discover Korean performers who were successful in the US such an early time. Even more impressive is that they sang in English.” The Kim Sisters’ images and participation in the entertainment world in the United States functioned as an alternative to the realities of the aftereffects of the Korean War and American military presence. San Byun-Ho remembers: “After the Korean War, the Korean situation was the worst in the world; we were one of the poorest countries, like the Congo or somewhere like that. The country was devastated. A lot of people died” (Forsyth). Just like images of 1960s black girl groups, such images of the Kim Sisters represent an image of ethnic aspiration.
Contemporary fans may see retro images in K-pop, like those by Lee Hyori and the Wonder Girls, as drawing from a visual discourse of ethnic glamour. The measure of the impact of the image should also be measured by those who make meaning out of it. These images matter precisely because they show Koreans in a glamorous context that also acknowledges their ethnicity. As the Vintage Black Glamour Tumblr and forthcoming book suggest, images of ethnic glamour still resonate today. Nichelle Gainer says that any image she chooses has to have “a certain style to it, a certain beauty” and that she includes information about the photo because “I want people to know you’re not looking at some anonymous random person” (Brown). Given the frequency that the 1960s concept recurs in K-pop, ethnic glamour still matters.
Brown, Tanya Ballard. “‘Vintage Black Glamour’ Exposes Little-Known Cultural History.” The Picture Show – Photo Stories from NPR. NPR . 12 Oct 2012. Web. 27 Jan 2014.
Cyrus, Cynthia J. “Selling an Image: Girl Groups of the 1960s.” Popular Music 22.2 (2003): 173-193.
Early, Gerald. One Nation Under a Grove: Motown and American Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012.
Forsyth, Luc. “Korea’s Stressed Masses.” Groove Korea. 20 Aug 2012. Web. 27 Jan 2014.
Kim, Ian. “The Kim Sisters.” Ian Kim. 23 Jan 2014. Web. 28 Jan 2014.
Lie, John. “What is the K in K-pop?: South Korean Popular Music, the Culture Industry, and National Identity.” Korea Observer 43.3 (2012): 339-363.
Ethnicity, Glamour and Image in Korean Popular Music by Crystal S. Anderson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Originally published on KPK: Kpop Kollective on January 28, 2014. | <urn:uuid:5bcc0afe-6250-4816-8f68-0a740ede33af> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://csaphd.com/2014/07/27/ethnicity-glamour-image-kpop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864957.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623093631-20180623113631-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.947528 | 1,345 | 2.953125 | 3 |
How come some birds' eggs are huge and others' are tiny? How do chicks come out of them? Imagine if humans were born from eggs! WOW! This book answers those questions and more.
The Zigzag series is designed to introduce individual subjects to children and encourage them to zigzag down other paths to find out more. "I-can-read" print and photos clarify, illuminate, and pique interest. All books are in K1-appropriate, easy-to-understand language and addresses science-as-inquiry curriculum standards. | <urn:uuid:e41d9492-d75f-495d-9149-4a78a4a49d1d> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://shop.nationalgeographic.com/ngs/product/zigzag-series/what's-in-the-egg%3F | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860122501.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161522-00206-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955978 | 115 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Watch this online Music video entitled The Holy Roman Empire. Learn about the music, composers and musical works of The Holy Roman Empire and Medieval Era.
Study the medieval era in Western Europe from the disintegration of the Roman Empire in the 5th Century to the beginning of the Gothic period. View illuminated manuscripts, tapestries and stained-glass windows. Listen to plainchant and the emerging polyphonic music. Gain an insight into the effects of feudalism and the Catholic Church on society. | <urn:uuid:8777cbe8-6e02-4bc1-b826-6c5121e72b82> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.zaneeducation.com/Videos/Music/Art_And_Music/The_Medieval_Era/The_Holy_Roman_Empire.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510924.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001173415-20231001203415-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.886029 | 100 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Tuning Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Performance
Because the PPM Server uses JSP, a Java compiler must be available in the environment path where the server is started.
To improve performance, the Java virtual machine (JVM) uses a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. For debugging purposes, you can disable the JIT compiler and run the JVM in interpreted mode. Exceptions that you encounter while running in interpreted mode contain line numbers that are helpful in debugging.
To run the JVM in interpreted mode, set a variable in the server environment, as follows (use the Bourne or K shell):
JAVA_COMPILER=None export JAVA_COMPILER
To avoid performance degradation, do not run the JVM in interpreted mode for extended periods in a production environment.
The PPM Server startup script (
kStart.sh) contains two JVM parameters that you can use for debugging. The
kStart.sh JVM debugging parameters are
-mx1280m. These specify that the JVM starts up with a heap size of 1280 MB (1.2 GB), and is limited to a maximum heap size of 1280 MB.
These settings are usually sufficient. For sites with heavy usage, however, consider overriding the default maximum heap size using the
SERVER_MAX_HEAP_SIZE parameter in the
server.conf file. The amount of memory required depends on factors such as cache sizes and number of Oracle connections.
Note: After you first start the PPM Server following an installation or upgrade, the server occupies approximately 750 MB in memory. As you use the product, the cache fills up and the JSPs are loaded into memory. Over time, the system gradually uses more memory. This is normal, and memory usage levels out over time. In most cases, memory usage can increase to a maximum of 1 GB.
If your Java program requires a large amount of memory, you may find that, at some point, the virtual machine starts to throw OutOfMemoryError instances as it attempts to instantiate objects. This can result from your program using more memory than is available. In this case, you can use command-line options to increase the heap size allocated by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). If not specified, the heap size defaults to 1 MB, and can increase to as much as 16 MB if your program requires more memory. (To set the initial amount of memory allocated for your program, use the -Xms option.) | <urn:uuid:d2183cb1-86a4-400b-bcb8-09fbe00b108a> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://admhelp.microfocus.com/ppm/en/9.60-9.62/Help/Content/SA/InstallAdmin/111900_InstallAdmin_Improve.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402131777.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001143636-20201001173636-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.843737 | 521 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Essay:
Learning environment and students' behavior
The issue of behavior and environment has been a topic of discussion for a longtime and behaviorists have over time tried to give explanations that tend to kill the argument of nature vs. nurture. It has been fronted by behaviorist or behavior scientists that the genes only predispose the human being to some behavior, but it is the environment that supports the behavior to manifest. This indicates that the genes are not as important as previously thought. If the gene predisposes an individual to some behavior but the environment does not support the behavior then it will not manifest hence genes are not important here, but the environment is (Mutual Responsibility, 2014).
This above argument is hence the center of this discussion as we seek to see the evidential link between the behavior of students at a school and how this behavior within the school is influenced or affected by the environment. It seeks to look into how the environment acts as a catalyst to behavioral change and formation of behaviors and cultures among the students. It also seeks to find out how the same environment can be manipulated to ensure there is only positive influence that it has on the students within the school. The paper will also highlight how the students, especially the ones at the lower stages of school and hence young age, can be affected by even subtle environment like arrangement of items or even color of objects within the school environment.
In the contemporary public schools, there are various issues that have to do with environment that negatively influence or affect the behavior of the students. These are in a wide range right from the outdoor environment, to the corridors of the classrooms, the doors into the class and even the walls of the classes.
The paint color
Most of the classes and the corridors are adorned with attractive and brilliant colors like the red, purple, dark blue, orange colors which attract attention to them. These colors are not the best for the students who are learning and need to concentrate of their studies and the social bonds rather than the colors on the walls and the ceilings. The warm colors attract attention of the students and keeps them busy looking at them hence stealing their attention from the classwork. The neutral colors should hence be used among them being beige, ivory, taupe, black, gray, and white. These are colors that are considered to be without color hence are suitable for schools as they will help the students to relax and not to focus on the colors and the color combinations but on their academics. This will in a considerable measure contribute to changing their behavior to the reading culture that is desirable in all students.
Crowded classroom walls
The other significant observation made was that classroom walls that are, in most public schools, crowded hence very distractive and confusing. Most outstanding was that these walls were busy with materials that were from the previous year hence out of date and time or the materials from the previous lessons remained pinned on the walls of the classes. This has the effect of drawing back the thinking trend of the students since they are not able to concentrate fully on the current lesson or the current material that they should be using in the classroom. The students will also constantly shift to the memories of the previous lessons, the hurdles they faced and the negative qualities of the teacher that they might have seen and in this manner distract the thinking trend of the students. To avoid such distractions that might affect the behavior of the students in class, there is need for rotation of materials. This means that immediately a lesson is over, the materials that were used for the previous material ned to be taken down and the new materials for the current lesson pinned up. This will help the students to adjust their thinking to that particular subject and also adjust their behavior accordingly hence reducing the behavior challenge that most teachers complain about. The mind of the student shall have transitioned and adjusted to a totally new subject, new teacher and new environment.
Teachers' made projects
Quick observation across majority of the schools visited indicated that most of the projects that I cam across on the boards and the walls of these schools were made by the teachers and hung on the walls for the students to read from or learn from. This can prove to be detrimental to the learning process of the students as well as skills development of these students. This practice goes against the principles of active learning which should be encouraged. The projects that are on the walls are one of the ways that the teachers can encourage participation among the students in the activities of the class. The active participation through such projects will help in increasing the interest of the students, engage them hence shaping their behavior, promotes preparation for the lesson among the students even ahead of time, this can also be sued to control what is happening both in class and outside class, it can also be use to gauge the extent of contribution for a given class, such projects will also encourage positive and constructive dialogue among students especially if assigned in groups (Weimer M, 2011), hence if the teachers go on and take away the projects from the students only to pin them and ask them to learn from them, it is a whole list of advantages that all lead to positive behavior that the teacher is taking away from the students. Through participation, the students will have a sense of ownership of those projects hence appreciate them more and earn from them as well as appreciate each other's efforts for accomplishing a task assigned skillfully.
Busy classroom doors
In the observations, I also noticed that the classroom doors were very much crowded and busy especially with the teachers' art projects. Maybe this was meant as a welcome note or references for the students. However, this is quite distractive to the students since as they get into the class all they will be thinking is either about the art on the door or the teacher behind that art project. This will not allow the students to fully concentrate on the current teacher in class. To avoid this, there is need to ensure that the credential of the teacher are the ones pinned at the door and the possible location of his further works if there are any students who would want to see them at their own break times.
The outdoor space
The schools are also noted to have outdoor spaces but they are all paved. This limits the learning only to the indoor activity yet, according to Montessori child learning and development, the external environment is equally important. According to the Montessori Education (UK) Ltd. (2012), the external environment is also very significant for the learning of the child as it keeps them in touch with creation. This is the reason why the design of the Montessori system is such that it allows free flow of the children between the internal and external environments without hindrance. It gives the child the choice to be inside or outside while learning. Even in the outside environment setting, the learning of the child is of prime consideration. This gives the child real and practical ways of taking care of the daily environment that they live in. Indeed, the children should be allowed to carry activities from inside the class and use it outside the class within the learning environment. It gives them a deeper sense of responsibility and belongingness in addition it enhance their science math and social emotional abilities.
The school cafeteria
It was noted in many schools, the cafeteria sells all sort of unhealthy foods like the sugary juices, the candies, chips which are not suitable for the learning environment and the general health of the students. Such foods predispose the students to health complications like obesity diabetes. As a result, the students will be negatively affected in their academics.
Confusion in display
There were also a significant number of confusing or mixed information that in a way contradicted each other on the walls of the classes. For instance there is emphasis on good behavior and on the same wall there is a cartoon chocking another cartoon o fighting. This result in uncoordinated or clashing messages hence the students will be confused on which information could be the right one. There is need to have positive information on the walls and have further images that complement the written message or the norms of the schools hence creating consistency and reinforcing good behavior.
There was a significantly too high a number of cartoons pinned on the walls and boards across many schools. This neutralized that feeling of these being school environments. The characters…[continue]
"Learning Environment" (2014, April 10) Retrieved December 9, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/learning-environment-187269
"Learning Environment" 10 April 2014. Web.9 December. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/learning-environment-187269>
"Learning Environment", 10 April 2014, Accessed.9 December. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/learning-environment-187269
The presenter will maintain a checklist during the course of the presentation and will identify each topic as it has been completed. This will allow the presenter to make sure that all the necessary topics are covered in time and there is room to perform the activities. The presenter will also distribute feedback forms to the participants. They will be required to complete these feedback forms at the end
Gokhale, a. (1995). Collaborative Learning Enhancing Critical Thinking. Journal of Technology Education, 7, 22 -- 31. In the article titled, Collaborative Learning Enhances Critical Thinking, the authors are seeking to understand the true effect that technology will have on what is known as collaborative learning. This is where students will work together to increase the overall amounts of comprehension of the subject matter. In this article, researchers wanted to know if
In other words, those who are interested in being (or becoming) transformational leaders must focus on successful integration into the environment in such a way as to contribute to a strategy that is successful. Transforming an organization takes time, as well, and with a school there is a great deal of work to be done. One of the best ways to start that transformation is to use a SWOT
learning environment requires a consistent and fair approrach to those learning. However, the exact relationship between learning and classroom leadership has not yet been defined. However, Drs. Brown (university of Saskatchewan) and Posner (Santa Clara University) investigate how the templates of learning and leadership interact and are related. Using a quantitative approach with learning tactics inventory and leadership practices inventory, they note that with a sample of 312 individuals
Specific teaching strategies are then presented in this article as addressed to each deterrence factor group. As an example, for the groups that suffer from low self-confidence, one strategy might be to make sure, early in the program, that each student knows that his or her own goals are reachable. Make sure they are provided with goals that will be within their reach. Then the author discusses five real cases of
This would allow my students to be properly engaged during the time of issuing instructions. The instruction time is also to be maximized while disciplinary cases minimized in order to help in the achievement of academic success. I will research, evaluate and implement effective instructional strategies in the classroom settings that can help in providing the students with a rich as well as appropriate environment that is appropriate for learning. I
Supportive Vocabulary Learning Environment As society becomes more socially complex and competitive, an expansive vocabulary takes on greater importance. For children and adults alike, some benefits of an improved vocabulary include the ability to effectively communicate and express oneself, ease of adaptability through more sophisticated social skills, and greater overall success in school or workplace endeavors. One of the most well-known facts about language is that young children, particularly toddlers, absorb | <urn:uuid:4c5a8af3-fd55-4986-985a-583f401b5153> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.paperdue.com/essay/learning-environment-187269 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542938.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00336-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964511 | 2,367 | 3.109375 | 3 |
There is an obvious reason why Republicans, despite holding a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives, keep appearing to lose their fiscal standoffs against the Democrats who control the White House and the Senate.
In both of the post-election fiscal fights, first over the “fiscal cliff” and then the “debt ceiling” standoff, standing fast would trigger consequences that most Americans would find undesirable. The party to flinch first would be the one that is less certain of its esteem in the eyes of the electorate.
On the fiscal cliff, Republicans accepted a compromise on tax rates in order to avoid an automatic increase in all income tax rates. Few doubted that such across-the-board tax-rate increases would further depress the economy, so Republicans gave the president his more-modest requested tax increases in the forlorn hope that the electorate would exhibit the Wisdom of Solomon in their judgment of the accord.
The debt ceiling is a problem for Republicans only when it is viewed in isolation from the events that make it important. When the U.S. government spends more than its revenues during any significant period, the shortfall would be financed by credit until the borrowings could be covered by a surplus. Over the years, cumulative federal budget deficits have exceeded surpluses by just over $16.4 trillion, which is the current total of the formal national debt.
Up until the U.S. entered World War I, Congress had to approve the issuance of Treasury debt. This kept congressional attention on the consequences of deficit spending, whether those deficits were planned or the result of historical accident. But to facilitate the extraordinary demands of war finance, Congress set a statutory debt limit up to which the Treasury could borrow as needed without further authorization.
The existence of the debt ceiling, and the periodic reluctance of some congressmen to raise it, is often portrayed as an unnecessary impediment to the proper execution of the Treasury’s duties. But the debt limit does not give Congress any more power than it had before. Those who wish to eliminate the debt limit must understand that its elimination would not give the Treasury the freedom to borrow at will. It would still be necessary for the Congress to approve all borrowing.
When, in the minds of the electorate, the congressional spending decision becomes separated from the financing decision, voters lose sight of the fact that the whole debt-limit issue arises due to deficit spending. It also tends to obscure the fact that as government spending grows relative to the size of the economy, eventually the economy tends to grow more slowly. As tax rates are raised, in an attempt to “pay for” the expenditures, it becomes increasingly difficult and more expensive in terms of lost production to raise each new dollar of tax revenue.
When seen for what it represents, our repeated confrontations with the debt ceiling should serve to remind us that the perceived benefits of government spending cannot ultimately be separated from their cost. But a statutory debt limit is a poor substitute for a constitutional balanced budget amendment. Painless lessons are ignored by those statists who would with impunity exploit the weaknesses of the electoral flesh.
If the best that the Republicans can do is to pass a bill that hopes to balance the budget in 10 years, then there is little credibility in attempts to use the debt ceiling as leverage to force Democrats to accept any significant spending limits. If Republicans are serious about restraining the size of government then, even with a divided Congress, they must mark their territory. Mark or be marked. | <urn:uuid:a6742baa-b076-4151-af4b-e4293a063fac> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.forbes.com/sites/richardgrant/2013/01/27/republicans-must-mark-their-budget-territory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988051.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00045-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961917 | 711 | 2.640625 | 3 |
More and more Americans are expressing interest in electric-powered vehicles, both for personal use and as part of fleets of public transportation. This willingness to shift from traditional fuels to either all-electric or hybrid vehicles is good news for our country, as converting to low- or zero-emission vehicles will help our environment.
Electric-powered vehicles use fuel that is domestically produced, which improves our energy security. Having a diverse energy mix is a critical component of reducing our dependence on foreign oil, while enhancing U.S. economic security.
As more people choose electric vehicles, there will need to be a commitment to ensure the infrastructure is in place to support daily use. The availability of charging stations where they are most conveniently accessed by consumers will go a long way in increasing adoption rates for passenger electric vehicles.
Plug-in technologies are increasing for the non-road and fleet segments of the automotive market as well. America’s energy industry is ready to support this move to cleaner vehicles that help our environment and assist states in meeting their targeted air emissions standards.
Find more information about EVs: | <urn:uuid:33736204-7fb5-4b51-bc4f-ec06816f5387> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://westandforenergy.com/electric-vehicles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670731.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121050543-20191121074543-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.940801 | 221 | 2.96875 | 3 |
WHO declares polio a public health emergencyBMJ 2014; 348 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g3124 (Published 06 May 2014) Cite this as: BMJ 2014;348:g3124
- Anne Gulland
The World Health Organization has declared the spread of polio a global public health emergency, which, if left unchecked, could derail efforts to eradicate the disease.1
The 14 members of WHO’s international health regulations emergency committee met at the end of April alongside representatives from the nine states where wild poliovirus has been found in the past 12 months: Afghanistan, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Somalia, and Syria.
The committee presented its findings to Margaret Chan, WHO’s director general, informing her that the cross border spread of wild poliovirus in 2014 was an “extraordinary event.” On 5 May Chan declared the situation a global public health emergency under international health regulations. The last such declaration was made in 2009 over the H1N1 influenza pandemic.
Bruce Aylward, WHO’s assistant director general for polio eradication and emergencies, … | <urn:uuid:63e4fd15-8a0a-49bd-9af7-deb15516a812> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3124 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500904.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208191211-20230208221211-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.878859 | 251 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Families (2017), co-written by Jesse Unaapik Mike and Kerry McCluskey and illustrated by Lenny Lishchenko, introduces young readers to family diversity through the lives of students at a school in Iqaluit, the capitol city of Nunavut, a Canadian territory, which is majority Inuit. The lesson that all families are different is deftly introduced as the protagonist, a child named Talittuq, moves through his first day of year two at school.
The story opens with Talittuq and his anaana (Inuktitut for mother) sitting companionably at their kitchen table eating breakfast. Talittuq asks his anaana why his dad does not live with them. She matter-of-factly responds that his father lives in Mittimatalik and they live in Iqaluit.
On the next two-page spread mother and son are depicted in a close-up image, face-to-face, eyes closed, mother’s hair flowing around the boy. The warm colors and large image stretched over the page offers a sense of intimacy and comfort. Talittuq’s mother assures him that all families are different and reminds him that although their family consists of only two members it is full of love and happiness.
The next page depicts several children, including Talittuq, riding bicycles to school. Although Talittuq is pedaling away from home, his family remains on his mind. The text reads: “Talittuq had asked his anaana this question lots and lots of times before, but he still didn’t understand why his family was different from his cousin’s family. He didn’t want to be different.” Talittuq’s cousin’s family consists of a mother, father, and siblings, which is the dominant ideal of what a family should look like, even if it doesn’t reflect most families.
Although the story focuses on multiple family forms, Talittuq’s growing independence is also explored, which creates depth and allows the authors to develop Talittuq’s character nicely. For instance, this is the first year “his anaana had agreed to let him ride his bike to school all by himself.”
Once he arrives at school Talittuq begins to play on the monkey bars. While swinging wildly he startles his much younger friend, Qaukkai, who begins to cry.
A concerned Talittuq finds his young friend’s anaana and mom to help comfort the child. Interestingly, although Talittuq reflects on not wanting his family to be “different,” he does not seem to apply the same judgment to his friend’s lesbian family, a family that gets more “different” when, on the next page, Talittuq discovers that the third woman Qaukkai’s mothers were speaking with was Qaukkai’s puukuluk (Inuktitut for birth mother).
Qaukkai is quickly comforted, and the bell soon rings, sending all children to the door where they line up to enter their classes.
Today will be Talittuq’s first day in his new class. His new teacher introduces himself and explains that he recently moved to Iqaluit with his husband and son. His teacher’s homosexuality is effortlessly introduced with little comment, other than a side note that the teacher and his family are “awesome skateboarders.”
One student the reader is briefly introduced to is raised by parents who share custody and another by her grandmother.
The text ends like it begins, Talittuq has returned home for lunch where his anaana waits for him. Anaana and son sit at the kitchen table as Talittuq absorbs the lesson his anaana offered that morning: “every family is different.”
This beautifully accessible and inclusive text offers the critical message that there is no “normal” family to be different from, firmly suggesting that families take care of each other and provide loving environments. I appreciate that the text so cleverly captures the self-consciousness of children, their hyper-awareness of what makes them “different,” even as the protagonist is oblivious to the differences around him. Even more, although an important lesson is taught, Families teaches without being didactic.
Families certainly deserves a place on LGBTQ* children’s literature lists as it portrays so many family forms as kind and loving. Even more, it emphasizes a strong sense of community, which is not the case in, for instance, white US-based LGBTQ* children’s literature, which tends to represent the family unit as autonomous from community.
A wonderful text to read with children in schools, library story times, or at home. Families is beautifully inclusive and encourages dialogue with children about doubts they might have about their own family or questions they might have about other families. It also encourages young readers to consider what is important about a family. A beautiful book and welcome addition to my bookshelf.
*Inhabit Media provided me with a review copy of this text.
This review is part of my “Snapshots of LGBTQ Kid Lit” project. I’m working on a book, The New Queer Children’s Literature: Exploring the Principles and Politics of LGBTQ* Children’s Picture Books, which is under contract with the University Press of Mississippi. Part of my research is identifying and interpreting English-language children’s picture books with LGBTQ* content published in the US and Canada between 1979 and 2019. Follow my blog to follow my journey! | <urn:uuid:5d2d4d7b-b63b-4cca-ad50-877710b2bb97> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://raisethemrighteous.com/2018/08/27/jesse-unaapik-mike-and-kerry-mccluskeys-families/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330800.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825194252-20190825220252-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.97884 | 1,196 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Electrical recycling refers to recycling of light and heavy electrical appliances. They are mostly used in households, small & medium industries. It is very essential for e waste management in India. When a client can envisage a long-term relationship and needs more than one service, to accommodate in an economic way. E Waste firms should provide the best e waste management facility.
Primary and secondary exposure to toxic metals from the electronic goods, such as lead, mercury, results mainly from open-air burning of electronic devices. Flames from burning e-waste creates fine particulate substance, which is lead to lung and heart diseases.
Waste consultation is more towards educating the clients with the knowledge about global e waste management and make the client an Eco-Friendly business. E Waste firms introduce the managed process to clients and enable to effectively take part in the REDUCE-REUSE- RECYCLE process. Electrical recycling refers to recycling of light and heavy electrical appliances. They are mostly used in households, small & medium industries. | <urn:uuid:5d8196fd-047a-4b03-8bae-dbf256464d0a> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://virogreen.in/blog-category/e-waste-recycling/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647530.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320185657-20180320205657-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.937368 | 207 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Despite the popular belief that eating smaller portions more often is a good way to lose weight, a new study from the University of Warwick in the UK says that keeping an eye on calories is the most effective way of shrinking your waistline
Don’t believe the hype, dieters. Eating five meals a day won’t make you any skinnier, a new study shows.
Researchers from the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom found that despite the popular belief that eating multiple small meals a day will help you lose weight, counting calories is the most effective way to drop pounds. “The size of frequency of the meal doesn’t affect the calories we burn a day,” said the study’s lead researcher Dr. Milan Kumar, according to Medical News Today. “But what matters most for losing weight is counting calories.”
The study, which analyzed 24 women of varying weights, analyzed the number of calories burned by those who ate two meals a day when compared to those who ate five meals, and found no measurable difference in metabolism. Both groups burned the same amount of calories per day. The study also found that eating multiple times a day can increase health risk for the obese. The obese women in the study who ate five meals a day actually increased the likelihood of inflammation linked to diabetes and heart disease.
For decades, scientists have been producing research that disproves the theory that eating several small meals a day increases metabolism and helps you drop weight quicker. As far back as 1993, researchers have found metabolic rate is not effected by the frequency of meals. Despite this information, frequency is often still touted as the best way to shrink your waistline. | <urn:uuid:4a3729b3-ab8e-4b0c-9f81-61c7c51ed036> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://time.com/39210/study-frequent-small-meals-will-not-help-you-lose-weight/?xid=rodale | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298228.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00160-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960794 | 343 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Congress routinely engages in targeted, short-term tariff cuts through “miscellaneous tariff bills.” Although conventional wisdom says that unilateral tariff cuts are politically impossible, these bills show that it is possible to reduce tariffs given the right political environment. Proponents of such tariff cuts argue that the cuts support U.S. jobs; critics argue that the economic value of miscellaneous cuts is modest, and that the process is open to abuse because it requires companies that want a tariff cut to ask their legislator to introduce a specific bill on their behalf.
While it is healthy to discuss ways to maximize the benefits provided by miscellaneous tariff bills, the United States would see the most economic benefit from across-the-board tariff reform. Cutting taxes on imports, known as tariffs, should not be a controversial issue. There are two facts about tariffs that are nearly universally acknowledged by economists:
- Tariffs make Americans poorer by transferring dollars from the country’s most competitive industries to the industries that have the best political connections.
- Countries with low tariffs, such as New Zealand and Singapore, are more prosperous than countries with high, protective tariffs, such as India and Venezuela. The latest rankings of trade freedom around the world, developed by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal in the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, demonstrate how citizens of countries that embrace free trade have higher average incomes than citizens of countries that do not.
Why Tariff Reform?
U.S. efforts to reduce tariffs started with the Declaration of Independence, which cited England’s attempts to cut off U.S. trade with the rest of the world as a major grievance. Eleven years later, the U.S. Constitution was signed, establishing a historic free trade area among all U.S. states.
More recently, the United States led the largest global tax cut in history through creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, and the U.S.–Canada Free Trade Agreement and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) spurred new free trade agreements across the globe.
But during the past few years, the United States has seen a dramatic decline in economic freedom. In 2010, for the first time, the United States fell from the ranks of the economically “free” as measured by the Index of Economic Freedom.
Trade is a mainstay of the U.S. economy, equaling nearly one-third of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). More than 57 million Americans are employed by firms that engage in international trade. But America can do better. Thirty-seven economies, including Hong Kong, Switzerland, Canada, and Germany, outperform the United States in trade freedom. Some countries have eliminated tariffs completely.
One way the United States can reverse its decline in economic freedom is by eliminating its own tariffs. Eliminating tariffs would add 3.6 points to the U.S. trade freedom score in the Index of Economic Freedom. The United States would jump from 38th place to first place in the trade freedom rankings, and almost certainly move up from its current 10th place in the overall rankings.
An Agenda for Action
To improve trade freedom and ensure U.S. competitiveness, policymakers should eliminate all remaining tariffs and import quotas. The conventional wisdom is that political pressures make it impossible to engage in such unilateral tariff cuts. As a result, most advocates of free trade have embraced reciprocal trade deals as the only way to build political support for tariff cuts. However, there is growing evidence from other countries that given leadership, unilateral tariff cuts are politically feasible. In many countries, leaders have emerged to successfully take on protectionist special-interest groups:
- Economist Richard Baldwin lauded unilateral tariff cuts in developing countries beginning in the 1980s as a “pervasive” and “curiously universal phenomenon.”
- Economist Pierre-Louis Vezina observed: “Moreover, the two decades of unilateral tariff-cutting in emerging economies accompanied the most successful trade-led development model of the past 50 years, i.e. ‘Factory Asia.’”
- A World Bank study concluded that tariffs in developing countries fell by 21 percentage points between 1983 and 2003. Two-thirds of these cuts were unilateral in nature and did not result from trade negotiations.
- Moises Naim, Venezuela’s former Minister of Trade and Industry, wrote in Foreign Policy: “Indeed, one of the surprises of the past 20 or so years is how much governments have lowered obstacles to trade—unilaterally.”
Many countries have cut tariffs unilaterally because they realized it was in their own self-interest to do so. Some notable examples include Australia, Chile, China, and New Zealand.
Case Study in Tariff Reform: Australia
The Australian government emphasizes the benefits of tariff cuts in its official trade policy:
Since competition provides strong incentives for innovation and price restraint, opening up an economy to competition will increase national prosperity over time. Pro-competitive economic reform should be pursued in its own right; it should not be conditional upon other countries reforming their economies. Adopting a bargaining-chip approach of refusing to liberalise at home unless other countries offer trade barrier reductions as a quid pro quo only damages the home country’s long-term prosperity. Using domestic reform as a bargaining chip in negotiations is akin to an athlete refusing to get fit for an event unless and until other competitors also agree to get fit.
In the early 1980s, Prime Minister Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating revitalized the country’s stagnant economy by pushing through unilateral tariff cuts. For example, tariffs on manufactured goods fell from 22 percent to less than 5 percent. According to the country’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade:
These policies required enormous political courage and the understanding of a visionary trade union movement. But, as an essential part of the overall economic reform program, they helped lay the platform for almost 20 years of sustained economic growth and job creation.
Indeed, Australia’s economy, measured by real GDP, grew 57 percent faster in the 10 years after tariff cuts were initiated in 1983 than in the 10 years before tariffs were reduced.
Case Study in Tariff Reform: Chile
In the 1970s, Chile unilaterally cut its average tariff rate from 105 percent to 10 percent. A 1997 WTO review concluded: “Chile’s liberal and transparent trade regime—in place now for almost 20 years—and its successive unilateral reforms have resulted in strong economic growth and lower inflation.”
In 2003, Chile enacted further unilateral tariff cuts, bringing the average tariff rate down to 6 percent. As a result of such economic policies, Chile is one of the most economically successful countries in Latin America. According to the BBC: “Chile is one of South America’s most stable and prosperous nations. It has been relatively free of the coups and arbitrary governments that have blighted the continent.”
Chile’s economy shrank by nearly 11 percent from 1970 to 1975, but in the five years after the government started radically cutting tariffs, the economy grew more than 40 percent. (See Figure 2.)
Case Study in Tariff Reform: China
China’s rise to economic power would never have happened without the country’s unilateral tariff reform. China cut its average statutory tariff rate from 56 percent in 1982 to 15 percent in 2001. According to Nicholas R. Lardy, by 1994 China’s average tariff rate was lower than that of any other developing country. Lardy concluded: “China is perhaps the best example of the positive connection between openness and economic growth. Reforms in China transformed it from a highly protected market to perhaps the most open emerging market economy by the time it came into the World Trade Organization at the end of 2001.”
In 1984, import penetration was the same in China and the United States, at about 10 percent of GDP. By 2011, imports were 18 percent the size of U.S. GDP, but in China, imports were 27 percent of GDP.
Critics may argue that many of China’s tariff cuts were not truly unilateral, because they were intended to promote the country’s entry into the world trade system under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and later the WTO, and to respond to international pressure following the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989. It is also the case that China eventually backtracked on its commitment to economic reform. Nevertheless, China’s economy grew 90 percent faster in the 10 years after it started cutting tariffs in 1982 than in the prior 10 years.
Case Study in Tariff Reform: New Zealand
The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative reports: “Tariff rates in New Zealand are generally low as a result of several rounds of unilateral tariff cuts that began in the mid-1980s.” The country’s unilateral tariff cuts from an average of about 30 percent in the 1980s were part of “Rogernomics,” named for Finance Minister Roger Douglas. Douglas advised:
Define your objectives clearly, and move towards them in quantum leaps, otherwise the interest groups will have time to mobilise and drag you down.
Winning public acceptance depends on demonstrating that you are improving opportunities for the nation as a whole, while protecting the most vulnerable groups in the community.
Before you remove the privileges of a protected sector, it will tend to see change as a threat which has to be opposed at all costs. After you remove its privileges and make plain that the clock cannot be turned back, the group starts to focus on removing the privileges of other groups.
According to one analysis: “Between 1984 and 1993, New Zealand underwent radical economic reform, moving from what had probably been the most protected, regulated and state-dominated system of any capitalist democracy to an extreme position at the open, competitive, free-market end of the spectrum.” A WTO review of New Zealand’s trade policy concluded: “Radical macroeconomic and structural reform, including unilateral trade liberalization, commencing in the mid 1980s, have transformed New Zealand from a rather closed economy into one of the most open in the world. The outcome has been a substantial improvement in its economic performance.”
Case Studies in Tariff Reform: Canada and Mexico
Canada is working to make the country a tariff-free zone for manufacturers. Eliminating tariffs on imported inputs used by Canada’s manufacturers will give them a competitive edge over manufacturers in the United States and elsewhere. According to Canada’s Economic Action Plan:
Through Canada’s Economic Action Plan, the Government has committed to eliminate all remaining tariffs on manufacturing inputs and machinery and equipment used for manufacturing by 2015. This tariff relief will affect more than $7 billion in annual imports and provide close to $400 million in annual duty savings for Canadian businesses when fully implemented. Canadian producers will observe lower costs when purchasing specialized equipment from overseas. Sectors such as forestry, energy, and food processing, will be able to modernize their operations and enhance their competitiveness. Our objective is to make Canada the first tariff-free zone in the G-20 for manufacturers, which is expected to result in creating up to 12,000 jobs over time.
The president of the Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters association observed: “We worked with the government directly to reduce tariffs for manufacturing and I believe this is an important cost-savings mechanism for companies. This is a bottom-line boost to the balance sheet of Canadian manufacturers.”
In a 2008 government decree, Mexican President Felipe Calderón announced unilateral tariff cuts for thousands of products in order to boost employment and economic growth:
The 2007–2012 National Development Plan provides that in order to raise the potential growth of the Mexican economy and its productivity, it is essential to continue the process of trade liberalization.… The federal government should renew its commitment to freer trade to strengthen the purchasing power of households and business competitiveness, which leads to legal certainty, equity, efficiency, transparency, and free competition. It is necessary to complement free trade agreements with unilateral trade liberalization.… The measures adopted by this decree are aimed at encouraging investment, increasing productivity, and increasing employment in our country, in order to strengthen the purchasing power of households and to reduce production costs.
These tariff cuts in Canada and Mexico led one observer to comment: “The significant unilateral tariff cuts by the United States’ two NAFTA partners raise the issue of whether the United States should consider similar tariff reductions in an effort to spur manufacturing, investment and employment.”
Trade Is Better than Aid
Former WTO Director-General Mike Moore observed: “You know, the least-developed countries account for less than 0.5 percent of world trade, yet where they have areas of excellence, they’re not allowed to export to the United States or to Europe.”
In the United States, the average tariff on products from developing countries is much higher than on products from developed countries. For example, imports from Bangladesh faced an average U.S. tariff of 15 percent in 2012, but imports from Belgium faced an average tariff of just 0.7 percent. The overall U.S. average tariff on products from the U.N.’s Least Developed Countries list in 2012 was 3.9 times higher than the average tariff on products from other countries.
Imposing tariffs on imports from developing countries makes it more difficult for people in those countries to escape poverty, and keeps them dependent on U.S. aid dollars. In 2011, the U.S. government sent Bangladesh $218 million in economic aid, and collected $746 million in tariffs. If the U.S. government cut the 15 percent effective tariff on imports from Bangladesh, it could keep some aid dollars at home.
In 2011, U.S. the government collected $28.6 billion in tariff revenue, and spent $31.7 billion on foreign economic aid.
Time to Eliminate Two-Tiered U.S. Tariff System
Although some people argue that it is politically impossible to cut tariffs unilaterally in the United States, in fact most U.S. tariffs are already close to zero. The United States’ tariff problem stems from the country’s two-tier regime consisting of shoes, clothing, and related items on one tier, and everything else on the other.
Tier One items including shoes and clothing account for less than 6 percent of total imports, but tariffs on these items account for 47 percent of U.S. tariff revenue. As the liberal blog ThinkProgress observed, tariffs are highly regressive: “The kinds of goods where freer trade would mostly benefit the poor are exactly the kinds of goods where trade is least-free.” A study in the Journal of Diversity Management found that tariffs are higher for clothing purchased by low-income consumers, and also higher for women’s clothing than for men’s clothing:
Based on these two types of discrimination, the government should eliminate the gender differences in tariff, but also reduce their levels. There is no justification for gender difference of 16 percentage points for swimwear, as well as no justification for a low income consumer paying an ad valorem tariff of 32 percent on a manmade fiber t-shirt when the average ad valorem tariff on all goods is 1.6 percent.
Tariff Reform Needed to Boost the U.S. Economy
The experience of other countries shows that tariff reform is possible with leadership. The best possible reform would be for Congress to eliminate all remaining import tariffs and quotas. Eliminating these barriers would remove protection for small, privileged sectors of the economy, such as clothing and sugar production. Other tariff reform options include:
- Elimination of tariffs on products from developing countries. Existing programs, such as the Generalized System of Preferences, the African Growth and Opportunity Act, and the Andean Trade Preference Act, promote mutually beneficial trade and growth by reducing U.S. tariffs. These programs should be expanded to include all categories of imports and extended on a long-term basis.
- Elimination of tariffs on inputs used by U.S. manufacturers. Since Canada is eliminating all tariffs on inputs used by its manufacturers to produce goods, Canadian producers will soon have an edge over their U.S. competitors. The United States should adopt similar tariff reforms in order to boost U.S. manufacturing. A recent study by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis concluded: “Many industry, labor, and political leaders believe that boosting manufacturing growth will require limiting imports through favorable preferences for domestic purchasing and raw material and capital goods sourcing, perhaps through quotas, tariffs, domestic content legislation, or simply discriminatory preferences. However, reliance on imports has been a strong positive influence on manufacturing output and productivity.”
- Quicker resolution of pending trade deals. One of the best ways in which the U.S. promotes trade and economic prosperity is through free trade agreements. Congress should direct the U.S. Trade Representative to adopt Australia’s policy for negotiations including the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, the International Services Agreement, and other trade agreements: “Pro-competitive economic reform should be pursued in its own right; it should not be conditional upon other countries reforming their economies.”
More than 1,000 economists urged Congress not to increase tariffs in 1930:
The undersigned American economists and teachers of economics strongly urge that any measure which provides for a general upward revision of tariff rates be denied passage by Congress, or if passed, be vetoed by the President. We are convinced that increased protective duties would be a mistake. They would operate, in general, to increase the prices which domestic consumers would have to pay. By raising prices they would encourage concerns with higher costs to undertake production, thus compelling the consumer to subsidize waste and inefficiency in industry. At the same time they would force him to pay higher rates of profit to established firms which enjoyed lower production costs. A higher level of protection, such as is contemplated by both the House and Senate bills, would therefore raise the cost of living and injure the great majority of our citizens.
Congress listened to special interests instead of economists, and the resulting Smoot-Hawley tariff contributed to a “drastic decline in international trade.”
Economists were right in 1930, and they are right today. Although eliminating all remaining tariffs and quotas might sound like a radical idea to lobbyists for the sugar industry and other special interests, it is the consensus recommendation from U.S. economists. In 2006, 87.5 percent of respondents to a survey of 210 PhD members of the American Economic Association agreed that the United States should eliminate remaining tariffs and other barriers to trade. More recently, a 2012 survey of prominent economists found that 85 percent agreed with the following statement: “Freer trade improves productive efficiency and offers consumers better choices, and in the long run these gains are much larger than any effects on employment.” Congress should listen to the economists, not the special interests, and engage in broad-based, permanent tariff reform.
—Bryan Riley is Jay Van Andel Senior Analyst in Trade Policy in the Center for International Trade and Economics at The Heritage Foundation. | <urn:uuid:a40b10a5-3b1f-4918-b27d-9214d0371acf> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.heritage.org/trade/report/tariff-reform-needed-boost-the-us-economy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161661.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925143000-20180925163400-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.947877 | 3,957 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Thousands of turkeys were set to be culled in parts of the northeastern state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, an official said on Thursday, after a highly pathogenic bird flu strain was detected in Germany.
Citing data submitted by the German ministry of agriculture, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) said turkeys were found infected with the H5N8 serotype of the disease on November 4 on a farm in Heinrichswalde. It is the first time that the H5N8 strain, which hit Asia severely, had been notified by a member of the OIE in Europe.
The report said 1,880 birds had died.
Special units arrived at the farm in the early hours of Thursday, to disinfect the site.
The head veterinary of the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, Holger Vogel, said measures to prevent and monitor the spreading of the virus had been implemented and that more than 30,000 turkeys had been possibly infected by the virus.
“The most important measures that we have to introduce here are of course the blocking of the area (around the farm) and to set up a monitoring area. But the most important thing on the farm itself is the preparation of the culling (of the birds) because there are more than 30,000 turkeys that are infected and that have shown clear symptoms (of the bird flu strain)," Vogel said.
"The longer we leave them in this state, the more likely they are to reproduce the virus, which can spread outside the farm and the surrounding area and we need to protect other poultry farmers,” he said.
Vogel also said authorities from the Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, had confirmed the H5N8 strain had never been detected in humans.
South Korea had to slaughter millions of farm birds to try to contain an outbreak there.
China and Japan also reported cases of the H5N8 virus earlier this year.
Germany had not been hit by a highly pathogenic form of avian influenza since 2009.
In that year it reported cases of H5N1, a different strain that can be transmitted from birds to humans and had caused the death of nearly 400 people in the world as of July 2014, according to World Health Organization (WHO) data. | <urn:uuid:dae133a1-052c-4a31-96e3-b98c6605e0cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.voanews.com/a/germany-reports-first-case-of-bird-flu-strain-in-europe/2511601.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112682.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822201124-20170822221124-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.978552 | 492 | 2.75 | 3 |
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The final position of the unborn baby before childbirth can affect the labour and delivery of the mother-to-be. The best position for the baby to be in before delivery is with her head down, facing your back. Women can find out in which position the baby is by using a technique called belly mapping.
What Is Belly Mapping?
Belly mapping is the process of determining your baby’s birthing position at the beginning of the third trimester. This is done by touching the abdomen and predicting the baby’s position based on the movements felt by the mother-to-be. This belly mapping procedure was pioneered by a woman named Gail Tully in the 1970s.
What Does the Baby’s Position Mean?
The unborn baby keeps changing position inside the womb as she grows. Before childbirth, the baby gets into a position that is ideal for natural childbirth. This is called the occipito-anterior position. In this position, the baby’s head is downwards near the cervix, and she faces your back. Her back is against your belly. This makes it easy to push the baby through the birth canal during labour. The baby may be in different positions inside the womb. Some of these are:
1. Head Downwards
Around 48 to 49 babies out of 50 will be in the head down position at 37 weeks of pregnancy just before childbirth. The baby may even turn to the head down position after labour starts. The head down position is when the baby’s head is facing the birth canal.
The breech position is not an ideal position for childbirth as the baby’s head faces upwards and the baby’s bottom or feet face downwards. There different types of breech positions include cross-legged, bottom downwards, and feet first. If during belly mapping, the breech position is found, the mom-to-be can try stimulating the baby to turn around with certain exercises.
The anterior position is when the baby is facing the mother’s back, and the baby’s back is against the mom’s belly. If during belly mapping, the anterior head downward position is found, it means the baby is in the correct position for normal delivery.
The posterior position is when the baby is facing the mother’s belly, and the baby’s back is facing the mother’s back. This position is quite common, but not ideal for normal delivery. If during belly mapping, the posterior position is found, the mothers can try exercises to prompt the baby to turn around.
When to Do Belly Mapping
Belly mapping should be done in the third trimester after 30 weeks of pregnancy. It should be done after a doctor’s appointment. This way, you can learn from the doctor about where the baby’s head is and how she is positioned.
Steps to Do Belly Mapping
Here are measures you can take to determine your baby’s position:
- Gather the Materials: You will need a flat couch or bed to lie on, a large sheet of paper and a pen or pencil. You can also draw the baby’s position on the skin of your pregnant belly, for which you need non-toxic paints or markers.
- Find the Baby’s Head: Lie flat on your back or in a partly reclined position. Take deep breaths and relax. Place pressure very gently on the upper pelvic area above the pubic bone with your fingertips. If you feel something hard and round, it is the baby’s head. If you feel something round and soft, it could be the baby’s bottom. If you have felt hiccups in your lower abdomen, it means the baby’s head is downwards. You can try to pinpoint the location of the head using the direction of the baby’s movements. Strong kicks and rolls are from the legs and knees, but light fluttering movements are hands or fingers. Once you locate the head, mark it on your belly with the marker or on paper.
- Locate the Baby’s Back: Next, try to find the baby’s back. If you move your hands upwards from the baby’s head. If you can feel a smooth, hard mass, this is the baby’s back. If you cannot locate the back, it could be because the baby is in a posterior position where the baby’s back is facing your back.
- Mark the Position on Paper or Your Skin: Next, draw a large circle on the paper or on your belly. Divide it into four quadrants to help you figure out the baby’s position more easily. Mark the head and back.
- Use a Prop Doll: Use a baby doll to mirror the position of the baby’s head and back to figure out where the hands and feet are. Use the force and direction of the baby’s movements to locate the position of the hands and feet. Once done, mark this also on your belly or on the paper to give you the baby’s position.
Tips to Get Your Baby Out of an Inappropriate Position
Make sure to check with your doctor before doing any of these exercises. Here are some simple exercises that you can try doing to stimulate the baby to turn into the ideal birthing position:
- Pelvic Rocks: This should be done when you feel the baby move. Get down on all fours (your hands and knees) and rock back and forth for five minutes. You can repeat this thrice a day. This may prompt the baby to roll over to the head down, anterior position.
- Butterfly: Sit on the floor. Your bottom should touch the floor. Now, position your feet to align the soles as they touch each other. Lift your knees and thighs up and down a few times like the fluttering wings of a butterfly. This is good for your lower back and pelvis. It could prompt the baby to change position.
- Walking and Squats: Walking is good for you and the baby. It helps to pull the baby downwards by creating a rocking movement and by using gravitational force. Squats help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles which are crucial for pushing during labour. Squats also open up the pelvis to give the baby more space to descend into the head downward position.
- Exercise Ball: Sitting on an exercise ball will help strengthen your pelvis and core muscles. Sit on the ball with the hips higher than the knees.
- Forward Leaning: Forward-leaning inversion can help stimulate the baby to turn over to the occipito -anterior position, which is ideal for childbirth. Kneel on a couch and lower your arms to the floor such that your hands are touching the floor and your head hangs downwards. Raise your bottom high and flatten your back. Remain like this and then rise up.
What Will Happen if Your Baby is in The Wrong Position?
Using belly mapping in pregnancy, you can find your baby’s birthing position and take steps to correct it if the baby is not in an optimal birthing position. There are complications associated with giving birth to babies that are in the posterior or breech position. Mothers who deliver posterior babies may have a longer labour and may experience tearing of the perineum during delivery. The perineum is a skinny membrane separating the vagina and anus. Mothers may also be at higher risk of heavy postpartum bleeding and have assisted vaginal delivery or an emergency C-section. Babies born face-up may have to spend some time in the neonatal intensive care. Breech babies are usually delivered through C-section as they cannot pass through the birth canal if they are bottom first or cross-legged.
Belly mapping is a simple process to determine your baby’s birthing position. Taking steps to prompt your baby to get into the optimal birthing position will help you have a smooth labour and a natural delivery. Make sure to ask your doctor before doing any of the exercises mentioned in this article.
Also Read: Positions of Baby in Womb | <urn:uuid:cfd0d118-adc2-4fd5-b392-ffeb47d79244> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/belly-mapping-how-to-tell-your-babys-position/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588102.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027053727-20211027083727-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.919025 | 1,736 | 3.203125 | 3 |
- A. Single or multiple motor or vocal tics (i.e., sudden, rapid, recurrent, non-rhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations), but not both, have been present at some time during the illness.
- B. The tics occur many times a day nearly every day or intermittently throughout a period of more than 1 year, and during this period there was never a tic-free period of more than 3 consecutive months.
- C. The onset is before age 18 years.
- D. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., stimulants) or a general medical condition (e.g., Huntington’s disease or postviral encephalitis).
- E. Criteria have never been met for Tourette’s Disorder.
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder is more common than Tourette’s Disorder. Individuals with Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder have a very hard time suppressing the urges that a tic can bring. The tension, for most people, can be described as an occurrence that falls in between a voluntary motion and an involuntary motion; similar to the need to scratch an itch, it can be avoided but the tension isn’t relieved until a tic takes place. Some common complex motor tics include Copropraxia, (making obscene and inappropriate gestures) and Echopraxia, (mimicking another person’s movement). Some common complex vocal tics include Echolalia, (mocking a statement or phrase or noise that was heard most recently) and Coprolalia, (saying something that is vulgar or socially unacceptable).
Child vs. adult presentation
People most often present with Chronic Motor and Vocal Disorder before age 18 and it is rarely diagnosed after the age of 18. If the disorder develops between the ages of 6 and 8, the chances of the individual getting control of the tics and living a normal life are ideal; however, if it is diagnosed later on in life the individual will probably always have to deal with the disorder.
Gender and cultural differences in presentation
This disorder presents itself in all ethnic groups, but is three to four times more common in males than females, and is generally found in children rather than adults.
Occurring more often than Tourette’s syndrome, chronic Motor and Vocal Disorder is prevalent in 1 to 2% of our population. It is less common than transient tic disorder.
Heredity plays a large role in the development of Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder. Tourette’s Disorder may also be genetically shared with Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder because it is often seen in the same families.
Empirically supported treatments
Depending on how severe and how often the tics occur determines the treatment method used. Also, depending on how the tics affect the individual’s daily life, such as the distress it causes because of work or school, will depend on the treatment method as well. Behavioral therapy is one approach; this is where things like relaxing techniques and habit-reversal training are taught. Pharmacologic therapy is another approach; here drugs are used to reduce the individuals tics and urges but does not ever completely eliminate them. One last approach is Psychological therapy; counseling is provided to the individual and sometimes even the family, in order to help deal with the social and emotional issues that an individual develops because of this disorder.
The MayoClinic provides a video on Tics that discusses the different types of tic disorders and the characteristics of tics. See video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OM6pbzVnbQ | <urn:uuid:465cfb91-f42e-49c3-b37d-1d4e2045f104> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/abnormalpsychology/chapter/chronic-motor-and-vocal-tic-disorder-307-22/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361169.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202054457-20211202084457-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.941798 | 793 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Can Kids Use Mouthwash?
When it comes to keeping children’s oral health, it’s important that they understand all of the options available to them. We commonly stress the importance of brushing and flossing, but what about using mouthwash? Are kids allowed to use mouthwash? Is there an age of when they should start using them? To answer it simply, yes, kids can absolutely use mouthwash, but only once they reach a certain age or level of maturity. Mouthwash is an effective tool for keeping teeth and gum lines clean when used properly.
Kids should not start using mouthwash until about the age of six years old, at earliest. When they do start using mouthwash, children should only use mouthwash under the supervision of parents. Usually, this is between the ages of 6-10. It depends on the development and maturity of the child, since many kids incorrectly view the colorful, tasty product as a delicious drink that they can consume, which will make them sick. It is also important that younger kids don’t use mouthwash every day while they are young. Please follow the manufacturer’s guidelines on how to give your young child each specific mouthwash.
Older children can find mouthwash to become a very beneficial tool. Many kids between the ages of 10-18 will be wearing braces that make it harder to keep teeth clean. Properly using mouthwash can allow plaque in those hard to reach places to be removed from the brace bracket, wire, or tooth. This is also the age when kids start eating and drinking foods and drinks with more sugar, so their tooth health is especially important. We still recommend that kids do not overuse mouthwash, but preteens and teenage kids are able to use it as they please.
Types of Mouthwashes
It’s important to know that there are generally two different mouthwashes that people use: cosmetic and therapeutic. Cosmetic mouthwash is used for the purpose of creating fresh breath without actually killing much bacteria. Think of it as a temporary fixer-upper. On the other hand, therapeutic mouthwash is used to combat tooth decay, gingivitis, and plaque buildup. Although it may not be as refreshing as a cosmetic mouthwash, it will do what mouthwash is supposed to do: clean. Also, make sure to check that there is the ADA stamp of approval on all mouthwashes that you purchase.
Use Mouthwash With Purpose
Using mouthwash is a simple thing to do but much like anything, it still requires some technique. Kids can be stubborn or simply unaware to the fact that it needs to be swished around inside of their mouths. It is important that they get every corner of their mouth and use it for at least 20-30 seconds. If mouthwash just sits in the mouth, it is hardly doing what it is intended to do.
Des Moines Pediatric Dentists
Dr. Barsetti and Dr. Whittemore have been serving kids and parents throughout Des Moines and Ankeny for decades. If your child needs a dental exam, sealants or mouthguard, or even a dental emergency; contact Pediatric Dentistry today. We love having new patients around too! If you are interested in having your child become a new patient with us, give us a call to set up their first examination and fill out our New Patient Consent Form. | <urn:uuid:456bd62d-6c5c-469e-aae3-df3e72fae00b> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.dentistryforkids.info/2018/03/can-kids-use-mouthwash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578743307.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425233736-20190426015736-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.953076 | 694 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Kelp Forest and Rocky Subtital Habitats
II. Algal Assemblages Associated with Kelp Forests
Kelp canopies alone or in combination with one another can reduce the amount of light reaching the substrate to less than 1% of surface irradiance (McLean 1962, Reed and Foster 1984). During the winter months along the central California coast, increased water motion from winter storms removes kelp canopies thereby increasing the amount of light reaching the substrate, which in turn can have dramatic effects on the algal assemblages beneath them (Foster 1982, Reed and Foster 1984, Breda and Foster 1985). One common phenomenon occurring in areas where surface canopies have been removed is the recruitment of the brown alga Desmarestia ligulata (Foster 1982, Reed and Foster 1984). This species forms a dense subsurface canopy which can inhibit recruitment of other algal species including giant kelp (Dayton et al. 1992).
Nongeniculate or encrusting coralline algae e.g., Lithothamnium spp. and Lithophyllum spp. and upright articulated or geniculate coralline algae e.g., Bossiella spp and Calliarthron spp. occur throughout the kelp forests and are generally more tolerant of increased water motion and thus abundant in exposed sites (Harrold et al. 1988). They also are apparently tolerant of low light and can dominate the substrate under multiple kelp canopies. In exposed areas like those at Point Santa Cruz, water motion and sand abrasion associated with storms cause an overall decrease in fleshy red algae in the winter, which then increases in the summer. This leads to an overall increase in species diversity as compared to more protected sites like those at Hopkins Marine Station in Monterey Bay (Breda and Foster 1985).
Section I. Kelp Forest Distribution and Ecology | <urn:uuid:833ef576-410e-4870-8b98-6c21e77e78da> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://montereybay.noaa.gov/sitechar/kelp2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860112231.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161512-00025-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890997 | 396 | 3.625 | 4 |
Nutrition is a science which incorporates physiology, biochemistry, organic chemistry and biology. Nutrition is also as much a specialty as Orthopedics, Pharmacology, etc.. Nutrition can be studied at the Masters degree or Ph.D. level.
Veterinarians are not taught much nutrition in school. Neither are M.D.s. Farriers/trimmers, chiropractors, body workers, barn owners, trainers, fellow owners, clerks at the feed store and anyone else you can think of that does not have an advanced animal science or nutrition degree know even less.
Does a horse owner know more than a cat owner? They know more about what is fed to horses but not necessarily why. The why is where the true knowledge of nutrition comes in. What are the calorie, protein, vitamin and mineral requirements? What types of foods and supplements are digestible, bioavailable and well tolerated? What things are toxic and at what level? That’s just the beginning.
Like all science, equine nutrition evolves as we learn more. Some people say changing recommendations means science is basically unreliable and worthless because it can change but that change means it is evolving, refining and improving. It still has a core of basic facts that is the foundation.
Despite the fact that nutrition is a complex science there are myriads of unqualified people doling out nutritional advice, either to sell something or because they want to make a “discovery”. The latest claim I heard is that equine metabolic problems, arthritis and navicular can all be significantly improved by removing sulfates from the diet. This seems to refer to supplements in sulfate form, e.g. copper sulfate. The claim is that sulfate is pro-inflammatory and increases iron absorption. Problem is, that’s not true.
The second problem is the vast majority of the sulfate in the horse’s body comes from water, sulfate in foods and sulfate produced from the sulfur-containing amino acids. Stopping supplements in sulfate form would not have any significant effect – which is a good thing because sulfate is absolutely essential for life and health including production of the most widespread detoxifying, antioxidant and antiinflammatory compound in the horse’s body – glutathione. Bottom line is that the whole thing is ridiculous.
Another one trending at the moment is “whole food” feeds and supplements that claim to provide every nutrient the horse needs, with no supplementation of individual nutrients. I’m surprised the FDA and state Ag departments haven’t caught up with some of these feeds yet. Their own analyses show they are not complete and adequate. The supplements don’t measure up either.
The truth is the more of these unsupplemented “whole foods” you give the horse in place of hay or grass, the more likely you are to have protein and mineral deficiencies. The only thing you can be guaranteed this type of feed gives in adequate amounts is calories.
This list goes on and on. Some of it is just wacky, some actually dangerous especially for special needs situations like metabolic syndrome or myopathies and groups with very high needs for growth, lactation, pregnancy or performance. Remember, nutrition is one of the few major contributors to your horse’s health that is completely within your control. There’s no place for unsubstatiated advice.
Eleanor Kellon, VMD | <urn:uuid:3ab70c60-3a3e-478e-a91d-3be60802bacf> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://drkhorsesense.wordpress.com/2018/10/28/getting-nutrition-advice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400221382.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924230319-20200925020319-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.945614 | 707 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The number of unfilled cybersecurity positions continues to grow rapidly. Cybersecurity Ventures predict there will be 3.5 million unfilled cybersecurity jobs, globally, by 2021. According to the World Economic Forum and the Wharton School at The University of Pennsylvania, “nowhere is the workforce-skills gap more pronounced than in cyber security.”
This talent gap poses significant threats to organisations, governments and individuals, as new technologies, more digital-based services and evolving cyber threats increase the level of cybersecurity risk at a faster pace than existing cyber teams can handle. COVID-19 adds another dimension to the cyber talent gap, as threat actors see the pandemic as an opportunity to exploit the work-from-home environment and increase in online employee activity. A survey from VMware Carbon Black, published in ZDnet, states that 91 per cent of enterprises saw an increase in cyber attacks, as a result of more employees working from home during the pandemic.
Making our digital-based world a safer place will require new, more inclusive approaches to cybersecurity, with input from more diverse backgrounds and perspectives. Specifically, better utilising the talents and experiences of women in cyber can play a key role in developing more effective approaches for solving complex cyber security challenges. However, developing effective solutions will require fresh thinking and new perspectives on cyber careers and recruiting practices, as well as how the industry looks at overall cyber security challenges and strategy. Big improvements will require big changes in thinking!
Debunking Career Myths
To begin the process of changing perceptions, it’s helpful to look at how cybersecurity careers and the typical cybersecurity talent “persona,” are understood today. Currently, cybersecurity is portrayed to and understood by the potential employee pool as extremely technology focussed and very isolating. According to Stanford University’s Clayman Institute for Gender Research, “the cultural image of tech as a space for coding-obsessed, geeky guys contributes more powerfully to significant gender gaps in tech.” Not to mention, the women portrayed in these roles often seem on the fringe, as well.
The reality is that cyber talent can come from a wide range of professionals. Today, organisations need to position cyber as a career choice for all types of individuals, with different backgrounds, degrees and experience. Along with this change in positioning, there also needs to be a change in how the media and others commonly portray the ‘face of security,’ and more accurately brand the skills and responsibilities of cyber employees and cyber security leadership. This is also an opportunity to expand the discussion on equity in the cyber security industry. Currently, women make up less than a quarter of the cyber security workforce, according to 2019 data from an ISC(2) report. To encourage more women to pursue careers in cybersecurity, there needs to be a change in perception and the working environment, so women view the career path as one of inclusion and opportunity. As part of this, there needs to be more visible female role models who embody successful career paths in cyber.
Changing the Narrative on Cyber – Understanding the business risk
As part of changing perceptions, it can be useful to create a broader definition of what cyber security is. Fundamentally, it is a business risk profession, not just a technology profession and it is also a business enabler. It is important to look at cyber in the broader context of its role in business, political and social networks. With digital transformation initiatives connecting nearly every facet of an enterprise, cyber is literally everywhere. Therefore, each and every employee has some need and responsibility for managing cyber in their role. Embracing this broader definition of cyber can position it as a central business function, rather than an esoteric technical one, thus expanding its appeal to a larger and more diverse potential employee pool. Moreover, this diversity can lead to a wider range of perspectives and skills that can ultimately provide more effective solutions against today’s evolving cybersecurity threats.
Because cyber is everywhere, it requires a broad set of experiences and perspectives to help identify potential risks and cyber solutions. No longer a profession for those with only a computer science degree, professionals with backgrounds in business, HR and other disciplines can apply their problem-solving skills and perspectives to cyber security, developing new strategies and tactics for reducing cyber risk and practicing better risk management. Utilising the perspectives of diverse backgrounds and views can help an organisation think through “the art of the possible” when solving cyber security challenges. This need for a wider set of experience isn’t widely understood, which is why encouraging women with diverse backgrounds to consider careers in cyber is key. A recent Forbes article examined the varied experiences of women in cybersecurity, highlighting the diversity in their roles, with their experience demonstrating a range of skills such as: people management, team building, communications, as well as threat hunting. All of these skills can be effectively applied in cyber careers and leadership roles. What is often misunderstood is that ‘cyber knowledge’ can be gained from within an organisation, rather than brought to the organisation by the professional.
Applying Social Changes to Cyber
Humans remain the weakest link in the cyber security chain. Deliberate or inadvertent risky behaviour by employees, third-party partners and other stakeholders create opportunities for system compromises. As such, a major part of reducing cyber risk is to look broadly at the social enterprise and human behaviour and apply the findings to new models for solving cyber security issues.
Obviously, when attempting to identify risk across interconnected humans, it is often best to do so with a representative understanding of those humans. Women, who comprise 49.6 percent of the population (according to Our World in Data), can help create this representative understanding, through the roles they play in social networks and through their views on technology and digitisation. For example, a married mother of two would likely bring a different perspective to ‘work from home’ risk than a 23-year-old single female. In a perfect world, both perspectives would be accounted for in forming a risk assessment. Having more women participating in the design of these strategies means a broader perspective is being built in. This is transformative and underpins a true movement for change.
Changing Recruiting – Opening Doors for Diverse Talent
It is time to change the recruiting and hiring processes for cyber. Enterprises may be missing out by only looking to technology-focussed students to recruit. There are organisations that help address the need for more diversity within hiring strategies, such as: Bluescreen IT’s HACKED, Crucial Group’s Academy, TechTalent Academy’s Women in Cyber Academy and NeuroCyberUK.
James Hadley, the CEO and Founder of Immersive Labs, explains in a column in Forbes, that the cyber security industry needs to address unconscious bias in hiring, which can cause managers to hire people whose lives mirror their own. This bias can also affect how performance reviews are conducted and decisions are made regarding promotions, as well as the merit-based reward systems used by many organisations. A new, more inclusive approach to recruitment and development can help to cultivate new perspectives, systems and values across the cyber industry.
This problem will not be solved by companies alone – women themselves need to become part of the solution. Women of all backgrounds would be well-served to explore careers in cyber. Beyond filling the talent gap, for which there are millions of open roles and opportunities, the need to solve evolving cyber challenges will require teams with diverse skill sets and strengths. Why do archeologists like cyber security? Because they are good at finding things. In line with this, the industry needs to help create that “sense of purpose” that we all look for in choosing a career path.
As more opportunities for women, particularly in leadership roles, become available to a broader set of candidates, longevity also becomes an attractive recruiting tool. A career in Cyber should be a compelling career path. Women (and men) have the opportunity to quickly make an impact, accelerate professional growth and play an important and lasting role in enabling the future for so many organisations.
By changing the perceptions of careers in cyber, becoming more inclusive in how recruiting and hiring for these roles are conducted and looking at cyber challenges with a broader perspective, enterprises can create more opportunities for women in the profession. Even more importantly, they can bring new strategic thinking into a profession that faces significant challenges from an ever-evolving threat and business-risk landscape.
For more details on this topic, you can listen to my recent podcast interview with Cybercrime Magazine. | <urn:uuid:8345acbd-9594-44ed-8321-443fd783cd7a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.deloitte.com/ke/en/services/risk-advisory/blogs/women-in-cyber-building-leaders-and-improving-cybersecurity-with-a-new-approach.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100523.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204020432-20231204050432-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.949123 | 1,745 | 2.65625 | 3 |
San Francisco significantly restored its local water supply storage this week with the completion of the Calaveras Dam Replacement Project.
The 31-billion-gallon Calaveras reservoir has been kept well below capacity since 2001, due to concerns of seismic reliability of its original dam, which was built in 1925. The upgrade, which included building a brand new dam at the site, gives the SFPUC the ability to fill the reservoir with water levels not seen at the reservoir in almost 20 years. The new dam is located directly adjacent to the old dam, and has been built to withstand a 7.25 magnitude earthquake on the nearby Calaveras Fault.
Approximately 85 percent of the SFPUC’s drinking water comes from Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The remaining 15 percent originates from five Bay Area reservoirs. The Calaveras Reservoir, when full, is the largest Bay Area Reservoir, accounting for 40 percent of the local supply. Having the Calaveras Reservoir at full capacity is a vital component of maintaining water reliability for the 2.7 million customers who rely on the SFPUC for drinking water.
The Calaveras Dam Replacement Project is the largest project of the $4.8 billion Water System Improvement Program to repair, replace, and seismically upgrade key components of the Hetch Hetchy Regional Water System. | <urn:uuid:22f8017b-05d1-48b5-acff-a06354c65971> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sfpucnewsroom.com/2019/05/03/new-calaveras-dam-restores-water-storage-brings-better-reliability-for-sfpuc-customers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.950513 | 281 | 3.0625 | 3 |
B12 comes from animal sources.
Strict vegetarians who wash their food well will need supplementation of B12 to survive.
B12 is absorbed in a complicated fashion. Any problem along the chain that leads to absorption and storage in the liver will result in it being passed through the body in fecal material.
B12 is first freed from its protein bonds by acid in the stomach. As a result, anything that depletes or lowers stomach acid (such as proton pump inhibitors and antacids) will damage the body's ability to take in B12 because bound B12 cannot progress to the next step in the chain of events. It will be passed through the body in fecal material.
Intrinsic Factor is secreted in the stomach. This special chemical's job is to bind to the newly freed B12 and carry it through the wall of the small intestine and into the blood stream. If there is insufficient intrinsic factor, B12 will not be able to progress to the next step in the chain of events. It will be passed through the body in fecal material.
Once carried into the bloodstream, B12 is carried to the liver where it is stored until it is needed. The liver can store 3-5 years worth of B12 before it runs out completely. If B12 is not carried into the bloodstream in the small intestine, it will be passed through the body in fecal material.
Because B12 is involved in many, many vitally important chemical reactions within the body, it can be lifesaving to diagnose a problem and treat it asap.
Patients who have trouble absorbing B12 are:
- The elderly.
- Anyone taking long term preparations to lower stomach acidity.
- Those who have had stomach reduction surgery.
- Those with pernicious anemia - an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the cells that make intrinsic factor.
- Those with Sjogren's Syndrome and accompanying problems with the glands that either secrete stomach acid or intrinsic factor.
- Those with digestive problems which include the small intestine.
Some patients have luck using oral B12 supplements at extremely high doses, however because of the danger of permanent damage, injection therapy is usually started to be sure the patient receives enough B12. Sublingual preparations are often effective and are relatively inexpensive. There is currently a B12 nose spray that is also quite effective, but also prohibitively expensive and not covered by insurance, so not often utilized.
B12 injections used to be given only in the muscle (IM) however, giving injections subcutaneously can be just as effective and much easier to accomplish. There is some danger of tissue problems with subQ injections, but many find the slower absorption of SubQ injections to be easier on their systems.
B12 injections are usually begun promptly upon diagnosis. | <urn:uuid:82acf1be-a66c-43de-b4a7-38282009d593> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://migraineinterrupted.blogspot.com/2012/07/part-2-migraine-and-b12-status-what.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948615810.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218102808-20171218124808-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.952111 | 583 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The year 2019 was the second warmest year on record after 2016, according to the World Meteorological Organization’s consolidated analysis of leading international datasets.
Average temperatures for the five-year (2015-2019) and ten-year (2010-2019) periods were the highest on record. Since the 1980s each decade has been warmer than the previous one. This trend is expected to continue because of record levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Averaged across the five data sets used in the consolidated analysis, the annual global temperature in 2019 was 1.1°C warmer than the average for 1850-1900, used to represent pre-industrial conditions. 2016 remains the warmest year on record because of the combination of a very strong El Niño event, which has a warming impact, and long-term climate change.
“The average global temperature has risen by about 1.1°C since the pre-industrial era and ocean heat content is at a record level,” said WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas. “On the current path of carbon dioxide emissions, we are heading towards a temperature increase of 3 to 5 degrees Celsius by the end of century.”
Temperatures are only part of the story. The past year and decade have been characterized by retreating ice, record sea levels, increasing ocean heat and acidification, and extreme weather. These have combined to have major impacts on the health and well-being of both humans and the environment, as highlighted by WMO’s Provisional Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2019, which was presented at the UN Climate Change Conference, COP25, in Madrid. The full statement will be issued in March 2020.
“The year 2020 has started out where 2019 left off – with high-impact weather and climate-related events. Australia had its hottest, driest year on record in 2019, setting the scene for the massive bushfires which were so devastating to people and property, wildlife, ecosystems and the environment,” said Mr Taalas.
“Unfortunately, we expect to see much extreme weather throughout 2020 and the coming decades, fuelled by record levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,” said Mr Taalas.
More than 90 percent of the excess heat is stored within the world’s ocean, and so ocean heat content is a good way to quantify the rate of global warming. A new study published 13 January in Advances in Atmospheric Sciences with data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Center for Environmental Information and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics showed that ocean heat content was at a record level in 2019. The past five years are the top five warmest years in the ocean historically with modern instruments, and the past ten years are also the top ten years on record.
Modern temperature records began in 1850. WMO uses datasets (based on monthly climatological data from Global Observing Systems) from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and the United Kingdom’s Met Office Hadley Centre and the University of East Anglia’s Climatic Research Unit in the United Kingdom.
It also uses reanalysis datasets from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts and its Copernicus Climate Change Service, and the Japan Meteorological Agency. This method combines millions of meteorological and marine observations, including from satellites, with models to produce a complete reanalysis of the atmosphere. The combination of observations with models makes it possible to estimate temperatures at any time and in any place across the globe, even in data-sparse areas such as the polar regions.
The spread between the five data sets was 0.15°C with both the lowest (1.05°C) and the highest (1.20°C) being more than 1°C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline. | <urn:uuid:0d21f6a8-aff8-4ae5-a5c1-f801054453b5> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://necjogha.com/2020/02/06/wmo-confirms-2019-as-second-hottest-year-on-record/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057033.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920070754-20210920100754-00641.warc.gz | en | 0.939508 | 808 | 3.71875 | 4 |
This article analyzes the Robert Morris library, the only known extant, antebellum, African American-owned library. The seventy-five titles, including two unique pamphlet compilations, reveal Morris’s intellectual commitment to full citizenship, equality, and participation for people of color. The article provides a model for the interpretation of lawyers' libraries.
Laurel Davis and Mary Sarah Bilder. "The Library of Robert Morris, Civil Rights Lawyer & Activist." (2018). | <urn:uuid:03272bd2-a8aa-4080-968c-d95646999c81> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/lsfp/1154/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376830479.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219025453-20181219051453-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.821442 | 100 | 2.75 | 3 |
74 THE NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES to remember that the returning fluid contains not only the material contained in the antrum but also the catarrh which may be lying in the nasal cavity. It cannot be used for bacteriological tests with the same accuracy as that obtained at aspiration, and it is less diagnostic of the source of the infected material. An antral lavage is a therapeutic measure in that it mechanically clears the infection from the maxillary antrum, and thus may cure a chronic infection. It may have to be repeated on several occasions before the returning fluid is clear, and this is usually done at weekly intervals. Accidents may occasionally complicate this simple procedure. If the maxillary sinus is small and narrow the trocar may be inserted with such force as to penetrate both medial and lateral walls of the sinus so that fluid is injected into the soft tissues of the cheek. This is recognized by pain and by the appearance of a swelling visible on the face. Such swelling soon resolves without incident if aseptic precautions have been observed. More un- commonly, but more seriously, the roof of the sinus may be punctured so that fluid is injected into the orbit with swelling and pain. Again this fluid is absorbed in time. These complications are more liable to occur if the puncture has been performed in children. TREATMENT. The principles of treatment of chronic sinusitis are: (i) the establishment of drainage from the infected sinus, which may provide a cure if the pathological changes in the sinus mucosa are reversible, and (ii) the surgical removal of infected mucosa when conservative therapy has failed or when the pathological changes are irreversible. Conservative therapy aims at the re-establishment of free drainage and the control of infection, and it is usually advocated in the first instance, especially in cases of relatively short duration. Antibiotics are given to combat the infection. If the organisms are known as, for example, when infected material has been cultured following a proof puncture, a course of the appropriate antibiotic is prescribed for 7 days. In some cases lavage may be continued through an indwelling polythene catheter during this time. If the infecting organisms have not been identified a broad-spectrum antibiotic may have to be used as the bacteriological flora varies considerably. Ampicillin is a suitable drug. Many of the cultures are staphylococcal, some of which are penicillinase producing in which event methicillin (Celbenin), cloxacillin (Orbenin) or flucloxacillin (Floxapen) must be used. Carbenicillin (Pyopen) is employed if the organisms are B.proteus, Esch. coli or pseudomonas which are penicillinase producing. In some resistant cases cephalosporin will have to be used as cephalexin (Ceporex or Keflex) but these should be reserved for particular cases and never employed as a first choice. In chronic cases in which there is no urgency about starting antibiotic therapy it is much more satisfactory to identify the strain and sensitivity of the infecting organisms at proof puncture before therapy is begun. Decongestion should be combined with antibiotic therapy, and this is achieved by nasal sprays or drops of 1 per cent ephedrine hydrochloride either alone or combined with 1 per cent silver protein (Argotone). Steam inhalations may also be used to promote drainage, and are given some 10 minutes after the decongestant spray. Short-wave diathermy is indicated at this stage, and the combination of decongestants, antibiotics, short-wave diathermy and antral lavage, if the maxillary sinus is involved, is frequently effective in curing the condition. | <urn:uuid:9cb61cc4-c86b-47bc-8f0d-c4e982178da9> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.archive.org/stream/DiseasesOfTheNoseThroatAndEar/TXT/00000095.txt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295494.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00041-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94393 | 781 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Word Match Cards
This game helps your child recognize words that look the same.
What you need:
Index cards or cards made from construction paper
What to do:
1. Ask you child to name some words (his name, a pet's name, favorite food, etc.).
2. Write the same word on two cards.
3. Lay the cards out with the words facing your child.
4. Ask your child to find two words that match. Start with just a few pairs of words and build the number.
It's fine if your child doesn't know the words at first, but just matches the cards because they look the same. He's still learning to focus on letter and word similarities -- an important step in learning to read.
More on: Activities for Preschoolers | <urn:uuid:8b69b907-a2c0-4ddb-b0cb-0668448d9d9a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://school.familyeducation.com/preschool/school-readiness/38420.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651529/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00009-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932707 | 165 | 4.125 | 4 |
Public Servants and Aboriginal Communities
Closing the Gap is the current Commonwealth and State government strategy for improving indigenous outcomes in Australia. Its focus is on reducing the marked disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, in opportunity and outcomes, including in health, education, infrastructure, employment and justice. Money, energy, time and government commitment are there.
However this strategy, like so many before, will fail unless public servants and their governments use a new paradigm. One drawn from research, including from earlier failures, and not from prevailing public sector management mindsets. Drawing from the COAG trials in Shepparton and Murdi Paaki, we suggest that the focus on outcomes needs to be tempered by three key elements:
1 Acknowledge that every community is different.
Before any strategy or action is implemented in a community or location, it must first pass the “Do No Harm” test. Actions may look good on paper, be intellectually coherent and sensible, or have even been successful in another location, but ignore the reality of a community. The abolition of CDEP was a case in point: sensible in some locations, problematic in others.
So, achieving outcomes requires action that is tailored to the circumstances of each community. Different histories, different people, different economic and environmental conditions can all affect the trajectory of a community or group.
2 Work with communities on a transparent basis
A particular issue is social dysfunction – a problem in many Aboriginal communities, arising from a myriad of causes including impoverished culture, limited economic opportunity, drug and alcohol abuse, multi-clan communities, dominant and exploitative individuals and families, personality clashes, and weak leadership. It is easy for a government action which further empowers particular individuals or groups to actually increase the dysfunction and lack of community cohesion.
In the search for rapid employment outcomes, there is a risk that public servants will increase community members’ distrust of each other, and of government. So
3 Be patient and listen!
Every action of government and public servants must build the trust and knowledge of the communities and members. And no action, or words, should reduce trust. In practice this means for public servants ALWAYS
Sounds simple, but in the search for outcomes and quick action agencies are more likely not to do any of these.
Creating partnerships between governments and communities, and fora where they can be negotiated, are the key objectives. Clearly the more dysfunctional the community, the harder this is. It is helped by having public servants available, on the ground, and prepared to invest in relationships, for them to “leave their money and their power at the door”, and for governments to be prepared to work flexibly. Working this way has side benefits of empowering public servants and unleashing their energy, as happened in education and health in Murdi Paaki.
Note this doesn’t mean doing everything that a community, or members, might want. But it does mean that public servants acknowledge the wishes and priorities of communities.
Focusing on outcomes (“the end justifies the means”) is futile alone. Even worse, if it means that working relationships are not established with communities, there is a risk that little will be achieved.
The three elements described here are necessary, but not sufficient. Often another element is needed too: building of capacity in public servants, communities and individuals; the community creating a vision – cultural, social and economic – for themselves; the engagement of non-government organisations and business; the exposure of public servants and communities to new ideas and partners; and for the development of Aboriginal leadership embracing an entire community or communities.
A final point: This approach does not assume perfect or superhero public servants or Aboriginal communities. Murdi Paaki showed that “good enough” governance in communities and governments is sufficient: good enough in the sense of being able to work through problems and setbacks, and not be paralysed. | <urn:uuid:ced0650d-892a-477c-8a35-136498c57a86> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.jennystewart.net.au/time-change-paradigm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256546.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521182616-20190521204616-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.943241 | 799 | 2.671875 | 3 |
What a D.C. Vote in Congress Means for the Electoral College
Legislation to give the District of Columbia a voting representative in the U.S. House cleared a procedural hurdle in the Senate today, bringing D....
Legislation to give the District of Columbia a voting representative in the U.S. House cleared a procedural hurdle in the Senate today, bringing D.C. voting rights closer to reality. This occurred even though critics of the bill said that it would violate the U.S. Constitution.
Since the constitutional criticism didn't work, the foes of this legislation should turn to a different argument: It would make presidential elections a little bit less fun.
The compromise in the D.C. House Voting Rights Act is that the District gets a seat in the House and Utah (which narrowly missed a 4th seat in the 2002 reapportionment) gets a seat too. That means the House will have 437 members, instead of 435. The District will elect a Democrat. Utah will probably vote for a Republican.
After 2012, when reapportionment happens again, the District keeps its vote. Utah loses its special privilege (although it probably will get a fourth House seat based on population growth), but the House stays at 437 members.
That's important for presidential elections because the Constitution says that each state gets the same number of electoral votes as it has seats in Congress (in both the House and the Senate). So, you'd think that two more members of Congress would mean two more electoral votes, increasing the Electoral College from 538 members to 540.
However, the 23th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which granted the District voting rights in presidential elections, stipulates that the District only gets as many electoral votes as the state with the fewest. Even if this legislation is enacted (and upheld by the courts), Washington, D.C. will still only have three electoral votes.
As a result, the Electoral College will only increase by one vote, not two. That means that the Electoral College's members would add up to 539, which, tragically, is an odd number. When you have an odd number of voters, it's always tricky to end up with a tie vote. Unless a third-party candidate took some electoral votes, one candidate would have a majority.
Now, some people might say that's a good thing. In fact, some people have. Here's what FairVote had to say:By virtually eliminating the chance of a future Electoral College tie, however, the DC VRA meets a clear public interest value, given the potential instability coming with such a controversial U.S. House vote and the highly questionable process of each state casting one vote regardless of population.
Ok, so a tie in the Electoral College might result in political instability, as the country waits not knowing who will be president. I'll concede that it might even be a "nightmare scenario." On the other hand, it would sure be exciting.
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How Texas Jails Reduced Suicides by Almost 60% in 1 Year1 hour ago | <urn:uuid:d9716cac-84c3-4727-bc62-28ac5f9b3b5e> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.governing.com/blogs/politics/What-a-DC-Vote.html?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541910.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00295-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952855 | 740 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Somalia: let’s talk about women.
by Farhia Ali Abdi
Monday, October 08, 2012
“Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance”. Kofi Annan
Every culture encompasses a broad spectrum of norms, myths and perceptions that people adopt as individuals living within a local region. These practices, stories and points of view are later accepted as social expectation, or social fact within the larger society. These constructions of social and cultural expression vary from one culture to another. In this context, Somali society for example, is structured on clan-based social organs, with male clan leaders wielding greater traditional authority than that of the national government. As a consequence, men have gained almost unlimited control over socio-economic, political and cultural powers within the Somalia state of affairs, and rendering Somali women at a significant disadvantage.
Many Somali men still consider themselves as the head of the family, with the concurrent belief that members of the family, including spouses are nothing but possessions. And although Somali women tend to have an education and more independence than women in other parts of the Muslim world and gender rights have yet to materialize in Somali society. Within this complicated paradox, Somali women do continue to contribute socially, politically and economically to their communities, regions and the country at large. Most of these efforts, however, are done in silence and behind closed doors due to the historically imposed cultural limitations. Their contributions have not yet enhanced the status of women, nor earned them respect in the Somali society. Women are still expected to look after family members while men decide the future of social-economic and political development of the country without women’s input or consensus.
The general discourse in women narrative often assumes that they (women) are one of the most vulnerable, victimized and impacted groups in a society, and this undermines the crucial role of women as actors and equal partner in the decision-making process. In this regard, Somali culture, in particular, has downplayed women’s roles in socio-political and economic development, which has subsequently resulted in gender disparity and systematic discrimination against women. A good example is the current selection process on parliamentarians of where Somali women have once again been undermined by the lack of respecting for the stipulated 30% quota.
Exclusion of women from the current political process in Somalia, clearly illustrates disrespect and discrimination against women, and undermines the agreed upon the constitutional principle. It is through such practices that Somali women’s talents, skills and experience continue to go unrecognized, under-valued and under-utilized. Somali society must therefore find alternative polices that will address gender equity issues and increase participation and representation of women at all levels of the decision-making process. Somali leaders and the international community should not ignore the concepts of gender biases and the influence of dominant cultural practices that renders women at a disadvantage and disables their talents, creativity and their visions for an inclusive, democratic and prosperous society. The already huge and growing number of well-educated and talented women should not be denied equal participation in nation building of their beloved country simply because of their gender. The time is here and now to acknowledge and recognize the talents of Somali women and to genuinely respect their desire to be an equal partner in all walks of life within their particular communities and within leadership roles at all levels of Somali governance.
Women in Somalia have participated in and contributed extensively to the history of the country. Women were instrumental in the struggle for the country’s freedom and independence. As active participants in the Somali Youth League (SYL) movement throughout the 1940s and 1950s, women organized and recruited new members, promoted and raised patriotic awareness, collected funds and membership fees, secured housing and concealed nationalists from authorities. Many were imprisoned, tortured and killed, as they fought for the Somali flag. These remarkable contributions and struggles of Somali's women freedom fighters were notably cited by the death of Hawa Osman Taako, who was killed 1948 in a Somali Youth League headquarters. Notwithstanding such outstanding sacrifices at the forefront during the fight for liberty and freedom of Somalia, women were and continue to be excluded from any meaningful contributions within the political leadership roles.
Thus, there is genuine discontent, among Somali women today; that they are suffering from this problem of exclusion, a problem not of their own making, but that they are forced to endure. Even so, Somali women are and have been the backbone of Somali’s economy and remain as caretakers of family, children, and extended families since the start of the civil war in 1991. Women continue to contribute tirelessly to maintain a sustainable and a viable state in Somalia, including the remittance by Diaspora's women to alleviate family's suffering and to the NGOs that are helping refugees inside and outside the country. Somalia without Somali women, therefore, cannot be considered a sustainable society that can strive for socio-cultural and political change. One can argue that, if Somali women knew what worked in wartime, they should know what can work in peace time, and if this is the case, they should be at the forefront in rebuilding their country as advisors, policy makers and peace builders. Indeed, Somali women are not interested in war, but in the peace and security of their families, regions and the country at large. Somali women believe in dialogue as the only method to achieve lasting peace.
The question of gender equality:
Societies, where people feel free to seek and hold their dreams, regardless of their gender, prosper democratically with greater social equality. This does not imply that Somalia in the future with greater gender diversity will be perfect, utopian. However, it might well become an ideal for the region, or at least represent a better option than that of the present and the past eras. As a country, we are in dire need to talk about the elimination of social injustices, including unequal gender participation and discrimination. We need to talk about Somali women and their place in Somali society.
The recent draft constitution recognizes Somali women’s rights and grants more equal participation in future Somali governments by designating a 30% quota. The inclusion of women in the constitution is a welcome sign that has ignited excitement and hope among Somali women who are geared to take part in the decision-making process of their country’s affairs. At the sometime, the inclusion of gender in the constitution has brought to the surface the views of some Somali men who resist the progress of women and who hide behind religion and attitudes from a pre-dated cultural era. Consequently, women’s movement among Somali women has begun today, both inside and outside of the country, as more Somali women are speaking out and taking center stage in the affairs of their country. The issues and concerns over the gender divide, and biases have also came to the surface in every region in Somalia, as witnessed by the recent demonstrations all over the country and the public outcry in which women demand their rights be respected, and that they be allowed to take their rightful place in the socio-political and economic development of the country. It appears that society’s cultural consciousness is awakening and that this emerging social awareness, may lead, hopefully, to a host of other social movements as was the case with the women’s movement during the sixties in the United States and elsewhere in the world.
The way forward:
“Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts, as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, to absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to play on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex.” Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre
Compared to the recent past, Somali women today are well-educated and constitute an ever burgeoning portion of the talent pool available within the country. To not fully utilize Somali women’s talents will hinder the country’s future competitiveness. Regardless of cultural views, gender equality should be every country's priority. Somalia is no different than any other country on this planet in this respect and must provide the same rights, responsibilities and opportunities to all its citizens. Somalia as a nation, therefore, has a number of cultural attitudes and political perceptions to adapt and adjust for the benefit of all.
The following points are keys to making progress in this regard:
i. Recognize the effective contributions of Somali women in the country’s leaderships within both public and political organizations.
ii. Approve the right of Somali women to partake in the current and the future Somali government (s) with a guaranteed 30 % quota and consideration given to increasing the quota to narrow the historical gender divide in the country.
iii. Accept Somali women’s involvement in all leadership roles within the Somali government without reference to cultural or gender biases that render ineffective their contributions to the country’s affairs.
iv. Utilize Somali women’s talents more broadly in public office and private- enterprise.
v. Engage in social political and cultural awareness campaigns to promote the effective and potential contributions of Somali women in all aspects of political, social and cultural development of their country.
vi. Treat women’s rights as a shared responsibility of rightful citizens of the land.
vii. Support Somali women in the workplace as equal partners building a safe and vibrant society.
viii. Reconcile religious and cultural attitudes and points of view that limit women’s rights and abilities to effectively contribute in Somali community.
ix. And finally, consider women issues in Somalia as a core human rights concern supported by the government and by international community partners.
Somali women have committed themselves to the nationalist cause both in the past and in the present by raising political consciousness, yet they continue to find themselves outside of the very political institutions they are fighting for and outside the history upon which the country was built. Women have struggled for recognition and equality in all aspects of their lives. Today, Somali women continue to struggle for the basic rights and recognition they deserve.
Today Somalia is, at a critical juncture in terms of achieving recognition for women. Accepting the women’s quota and taking action to increase future participation in government to an even greater extent is a crucial plank in achieving equality for women in the political arena and in other influential leadership positions. My hope is that we all join as strong advocates for the creation of an inclusive government and a country that is free of all discrimination against women.
Farhia Ali Abdiguure@rogers.com | <urn:uuid:bb794dda-d6af-40b7-8db0-c027f1c6ed8a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2012/oct/26286/somalia_let_s_talk_about_women.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266894.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00008-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960597 | 2,238 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Japanese Americans are the sixth largest Asian American group in the US
UVic News reports that research has found the risk of diabetes is double for Japanese Americans.
Diabetes is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar and is often linked to obesity.
Led by University of Victoria sociologist Karen Kobayashi, the study concluded that diabetes affects Asian Americans differently to other demographics.
Research found that Japanese Americans who are not overweight are twice as likely to develop diabetes compared to non-obese, non-Hispanic white Americans.
Kobayashi had already done research on diabetes among South Asian Americans, Korean Americans and Filipino Americans but concluded, “the new research points to the surprising conclusion that Japanese Americans are at a much higher risk of developing diabetes.”
Factors including age, sex, income, education and health behaviors were even adjusted but the conclusion was still that Japanese Americans were more likely to develop the disease.
Japanese Americans are the sixth largest Asian American group in the US, with the largest group living in California.
The six authors of the report are now calling for intervention and prevention approaches to be targeted towards non-obese Japanese Americans.
“Our findings point to the vital need for people of Japanese ancestry living in North America to receive targeted care for early detection of diabetes, including blood sugar level tests and foot exams, more frequently than is currently practiced,” said Kobayashi. | <urn:uuid:df5fb65e-8b5a-4369-8f0b-5007576b1bde> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.weareresonate.com/2019/09/japanese-americans-twice-as-likely-to-develop-diabetes-study-finds-university-victoria-karen-kobayashi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487630081.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210625085140-20210625115140-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.965549 | 288 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Posted On: Nov 18, 2020
The Navier-stroke equation was proposed by French engineer and physicist Claude-Louis Navier and George-Gabriel Strokes. The Navier-Stroke equation is composed of a partial differential equation which tells about the motion of the viscous fluid.
This equation follows the law of conservation of mass and conservation of momentum. As it describes the motion of fluid it is also stated as Newton's second law of motion for fluids. For a compressible Newtonian fluid, this yields
where u represent the fluid velocity
p is fluid pressure,
ρ is the fluid density and
μ is the fluid dynamic viscosity.
Never Miss an Articles from us. | <urn:uuid:614e0611-525c-4cec-8015-59a4c4e103cf> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.onlineinterviewquestions.com/what-is-navier-stroke-equation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703497681.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115224908-20210116014908-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.93322 | 144 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Swimming is a great form of exercise, an effortless way to entertain and an activity that many residents in Ohio enjoy every year. Along with the fun and excitement a pool has to offer, there are also risks like drowning, falling or sicknesses related to poor maintenance or cleanliness procedures. Protecting against these types of dangers can lead to a better, safer and healthier swimming experience.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have concluded that drowning is one of the leading causes of unintentional death in the nation. Often, the victims are children. Additionally, slippery surfaces, careless behavior and diving accidents are causes of injuries related to falling. People who are swimming can take precautions to reduce their risk. These include:
- Walking on all pool surfaces
- Watching children closely around the water and using proper flotation devices
- Using caution when diving or jumping into the water
- Swimming with another person
Additionally, swimmers are at risk of contracting water-related illnesses if water conditions are not sanitary or properly maintained with the right chemicals. The Ohio Department of Health suggests several things swimmers can do to keep themselves healthy at the pool such as:
- Not swallowing pool water
- Taking a shower before entering the pool
- Taking breaks to use the restroom and encouraging children to do the same
- Changing diapers in a designated area
- Checking diapers regularly and using a plastic swim diaper cover
By taking responsibility to be sanitary and being mindful of potential dangers, swimmers everywhere can enjoy a fun activity and avoid injury and sickness. | <urn:uuid:58b6867c-ac1f-499c-9079-4fc8aee409dd> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.mezibov.com/blog/2017/02/keep-swimming-a-healthy-and-safe-activity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350942.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225095141-20210225125141-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.955524 | 312 | 3.375 | 3 |
Students compute the gross pay for a fictional John Dough given his hourly wage and the number of hours worked. They compare gross pay to net pay. They learn what FICA and federal income taxes are. They learn how to complete a W-4 form and what a W-2 form is.
Earning Money Lessons
Welcome to our page on earning money! We believe that understanding how to earn and manage money is a crucial skill in financial literacy. Our resources are designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of earning money, including exploring different job opportunities, developing job skills, and creating a budget. Whether you’re a teacher, parent, or financial educator, our collection of lesson plans, worksheets, and activities will equip you with the tools you need to teach these critical skills and empower students to become financially responsible individuals. From identifying their strengths and interests to negotiating salaries and managing income, our materials will help students develop healthy financial habits and achieve financial success.
Students are divided into four groups to produce name tents. Each group produces name tents in a different way to highlight different levels of human capital. Students identify ways in which people invest in their human capital. Students use the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook to analyze unemployment, educational attainment, and median weekly … Continue reading Invest in Yourself
This lesson introduces students with making money and the various topics related to career planning and the financial aspects of employment. Teaching Objectives: Know the phases of the career-planning process Identify and apply for employment Understand the interview process Understand some of the hidden costs of a job Understand some of the benefits companies often … Continue reading Making Money – Financial Aspects of Employment
Students learn an introduction to allowances. Teaching Objectives: Recognize how to divide an allowance into a spending plan. Learn how to balance income and expenses. Gain confidence in preparing spending plans. Suggested Grade Level 3rd Grade – 6th Grade Lesson Excerpt: Children in grades three through six are capable of managing small amounts of money. … Continue reading Allowances and Spending Plans
Students learn about earning money, and how money is earned, is limited, and does not come free. Teaching Objectives: Recognize that money is earned from work done. Understand that money is limited in quantity. Suggested Grade Level Pre-K – 2nd Grade Lesson Excerpt: Adults must earn money to provide for their needs and wants. In … Continue reading Earning Money
The student will learn about managing their income. Teaching Objectives Identify the components of a budget. Evaluate the relationship between budgets and goals. Standard 1.1 The student will describe the importance of earning an income and explain how to manage personal income using a budget. Suggested Grade Level 6th – 12th Grade Lesson Excerpt: Most … Continue reading Managing Your Income
The student will learn about setting goals. Teaching Objectives Explain the reasons for setting goals. Differentiate between short-term, medium-term, and long-term goals. Standard 1. The student will describe the importance of earning an income and explain how to manage personal income using a budget. Suggested Grade Level 6th – 12th Grade Lesson Excerpt: Everyone has … Continue reading Goal-Setting
The student will learn about income and taxes. Teaching Objectives Identify the different kinds of payroll deductions, including taxes and benefits. Explain the difference between gross and net income. Compute net income. Standard 1.1 The student will describe the importance of earning an income and explain how to manage personal income using a budget. Suggested … Continue reading Income and Taxes
The student will describe the importance of earning an income and explain how to manage personal income using a budget. | <urn:uuid:2056ee61-a7ab-43b0-a74b-3ac68674c545> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://lesson.moneyinstructor.com/category/earning-money/page/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00892.warc.gz | en | 0.924931 | 757 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Finding food is one of the most important tasks for any animal – most animal activity is focused on this job. But finding food usually involves some risks – leaving the safety of your burrow or nest to go out into a dangerous world full of predators, disease and natural hazards. Animals should therefore be expected to minimise these risks as much as possible – foraging at safer times of day, especially when there’s lots of food around anyway. This hypothesis is known as the “risk allocation hypothesis”, but it has rarely been tested in wild animals. Recent research from ZSL academic Dr Marcus Rowcliffe showed that the behaviour of the Central America agouti certainly seems to follow this pattern, and highlights the amazing plasticity of animal behaviour.Foraging, although essential, is always a compromise between finding food and avoiding being eaten by a predator. The aim of the game is to eat as much as you can whilst avoiding being eaten yourself, in order to live long enough and grow large enough to reproduce. Since finding food is one of the most important things an animal has to do, foraging behaviour has been subject to strong natural selection.
The risk allocation hypothesis predicts that prey species should focus their foraging effort at times of day that pose the least risk. So, if your main predator is active during the day, you best forage at night and vice versa. There ought to be some flexibility in this system too, though – if food in your habitat is plentiful, it should be easy to find enough to fill you and there is little need to take any additional risks. Conversely, if food is pretty scarce, you may be forced to take more risks than usual by foraging for longer or at more dangerous times of day.
In a recent study, academics from the Institute of Zoology, London, in collaboration with colleagues around the world, investigated this trade off between food and predator avoidance in the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata). The agouti’s biggest problem in life is the Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), who primarily feed on agoutis. Using radio telemetry and camera trapping, the researchers investigated activity patterns of agouti living in areas with lots of Astrocaryum fruits, and those living in areas with less. They were able to generate an enormous dataset – over 30,000 camera trap records of agoutis, with a further 50 individuals radio collared and tracked!Ocelots are highly nocturnal, and across nearly 500 camera trap observations, Ocelots were almost exclusively observed at night. During this time, agoutis were under a great deal of risk – the predation risk from Ocelots was estimated to be four orders of magnitude higher between dusk and dawn than during daylight hours. The foraging activity of agouties mirrored this – activity was highest during the day, with peaks first thing in the morning and again later in the afternoon. Most interestingly, these patterns differed for agoutis that lived in habitats with abundant fruit and habitats where fruit was sparse. When food availability was high, agoutis took fewer risks, leaving their burrows later in the morning and coming home again earlier at the end of the day. Overall their activity levels were lower, presumably because they didn’t need to forage for as long to find all the food they needed.
The results of this study support the risk allocation hypothesis, and show that animals are able to make complex calculations about risks and benefits based upon environmental conditions and alter their behaviour so as to minimise risks and maximise benefits. Only when food availability is high can agoutis afford to have a lie-in and avoid any ocelots returning home late. | <urn:uuid:4c655999-dcc1-43e5-833c-687cb9c07543> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/gee-research/tag/ocelot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575402.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922073800-20190922095800-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.969568 | 759 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The moment Germany announced its highly publicised decision to phase out nuclear energy in the wake of the Japanese triple disaster; observers began to ask one very important question.
Just what energy source would replace such a huge swath of power in Europe’s dominant economy?
The short-term solution had to be natural gas.
But this would make Germany more dependent upon imported energy, especially from Russia.
In that sense, the nuclear phase-out made the Nord Stream pipeline – from Russia, under the Baltic Sea, to northern Germany – absolutely essential.
Today, the first line of the twin pipeline is already in operation. The second should be on line at the end of next year (if not sooner).
Then there is the other Russian project – South Stream. This one intends to move Russian and Central Asian gas into Southern and Central Europe.
Much of that will also reach Germany.
In addition, several pipeline projects are vying for the excess production from the second phase of the Azerbaijani Shah Deniz offshore development in the Caspian Sea.
Included among these is Nabucco, a venture to bypass Russia and transport gas into the Baumgarten hub in Austria for ongoing distribution.
Nabucco has long been the European Union favorite, but it has been unable to attract sufficient supplies. Three other pipeline proposals also are attempting to secure the Caspian gas for transit to Europe.
But there is a problem for Germany in all of this.
It does not want to form an increasing dependence upon imported gas to power its economy.
And this sentiment is driving one of the biggest alternative energy revolutions in recent memory.
Germany’s Renewable Energy Push Towards…
The 17 currently operating nuclear reactors in the country provide about 20% of the national electricity needs. Any replacement of those plants (where capital expenses are already sunk) will add significantly to the end costs of energy.
That means a political decision following the Fukushima Daiichi disaster one year ago ends up costing the average German citizen even more to secure what is already among the most expensive electricity in the world.
Germany does have shale gas.
But the furor over nuclear power is paralleled with a similar environmental concern regarding the dangers of fracking, a process of pumping water and chemicals under high-pressure to break open the rock and free the gas.
There are now four U.S. examples of seismic anomalies resulting from the combination of fracking and deep horizontal drilling.
And they have not instilled much confidence for the markets.
Instead, what the Germans are deciding to do is already being called the biggest restructuring of the national energy landscape since the end of World War II.
The government will initiate a campaign valued at more than $260 billion to harness wind and solar power.
The price tag is staggering. It is already pegged at more than 8% of the nation’s entire gross domestic product (GDP). And it could move even higher.
This will involve huge wind farm areas in the Baltic and massive new high-power transit lines nationwide. The goal is to have at least 35% of the nation’s power needs generated from renewable energy sources by 2020.
However, the developments of this massive policy shift are even more exciting.
All Eyes on Germany’s Renewable Energy Solution
Germany has become the first nation to really tackle the rising energy crisis. To succeed, the country will need new technologies and fresh approaches, some not even yet on the drawing board.
The most important European market will transform into a massive energy laboratory. But success is hardly certain.
Either way, all eyes will focus on this huge German experiment.
It will cost German consumers even more than they pay now – some analysts say as much as 60% more. It holds captive the survival of a government, political careers, industrial prospects, and continental-wide financial policy.
As the Eurozone wrestles with debt contagion and questions the strength of cross-border banking, the main lynchpin of that zone – Germany – is embarking on a very ambitious and risky path.
For those accustomed to seeing renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and even biofuels dependent upon heavy government subsidies, the German experiment will be a significant change.
The large public sector injections of tax revenues and credits will still be there.
Germany will have to increase taxes to pull off this grand departure. That could make it the most expensive government debacle in recent memory.
What changes is this.
A Solid Market for Renewable Energy
For the first time, a huge, guaranteed market will be opening up for alternative energy.
It will require new developments, infrastructure, improvements, and breakthroughs to make it work.
In short, there will be a new playing field for well-focused, forward-looking, entrepreneurially driven energy firms.
Unlike any other alternative energy push in memory, this one will have both government support and an assured, expanding need.
In the months ahead, wind power pioneered in Denmark and major advances in solar from China, along with a number of other ingredients introduced geographically in between, will converge on Germany.
That will translate into some huge profits over the next decade, both from new applications in Germany and the export potential to other countries.
A brave new world is underway for retail investment’s next big return sector.
Dr. Kent Moors
Global Energy Strategist, Money Morning (USA)
Publisher’s Note: This article originally appeared in Money Morning (USA).
From the Archives…
A Better Inflation Bet Than Gold?
2012-03-23 – Kris Sayce
3D Printing: How “Desktop Factories” Will Create the Next $1 Trillion Industry
2012-03-22 – Michael Robinson
How to Invest in the Fastest-Growing Energy Business of the 21st Century
2012-03-21 – Aaron Tyrrell
Why You Should Build Your Wealth Using the Biggest BRICS Possible
2012-03-20 – David Thomas
Oil Getting Ready For Its Next Rally
2012-03-19 – Dr. Alex Cowie
Already a subscriber to Money Morning... or simply, just like what you're reading? Then show your support and spread the word... | <urn:uuid:fb2a7a57-c03a-4360-9d7e-4733e093223b> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.moneymorning.com.au/20120326/the-260-billion-renewable-energy-revolution-germany-is-set-to-invest-in.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538110.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00061-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930081 | 1,285 | 3 | 3 |
The Bitcoin might be the de facto standard for transactions when it comes to cryptocurrencies and the crypto world in general. However, when it comes to creating your own token or smart contracts, the undisputed winner is Ethereum.
Ethereum is generally governed by a protocol or standard called ERC-20 which helps in the creation of smart contracts and new tokens that will enable launching your own ICO. Although it cannot be forgotten that marketing an ICO plays an important role in its success and creating utility token on Ethereum is equally vital as well.
Creating an Ethereum token
The first thing that needs to be done when creating an Ethereum token is to finalize on the specifications of the token. It is also essential to determine the functionalities and capabilities that Ethereum provides for this purpose.
What makes Ethereum tokens distinct is their inability to mine them. While the Bitcoin can be mined, Ethereum tokens essentially require buying and transferring.
Ethereum Smart Contracts
One of the most prominent things that make Ethereum preferred blockchain for creation of tokens is the way in which it can handle smart contracts. Smart contracts are self-executing programs that enable a function to be fulfilled only when certain conditions are met. Smart contracts eliminate the need for intermediaries and the costs involved and also increases the magnitude of trust and security on the blockchain.
Smart contracts are built using different languages and many experts compare it with the programming experience of the early 1990s when the internet was just beginning to evolve.
Programming Your Token
There are four different languages that can be used to create your own Ethereum token.
- Mutan is similar to Go and has received intense criticism from the crypto community.
- LLL is Lisp-like language and although considered a good language for programming, it does not find widespread application owing to its complexity.
- The serpent, a Python-like language has all the credentials to make it one of the go-to choices for Ethereum token programmers – the popularity of Python and its uses in web development, IoT development, and application development. However, the creators of Ethereum have not recommended the use of Serpent.
Ethereum Token Standards
A token that is created on Ethereum has to comply with certain standards and requirements. The set of standards called the Ethereum Request for Comment, commonly abbreviated ERC govern the Ethereum token, the smart contracts and everything involved with the blockchain. There are different standards that fall under the ERC category.
Testing is a vital stage when it comes to Ethereum tokens. The usual test functionality might not be available because actions always occur with a transaction involved. However, with the availability of two different blockchains – testnet and mainnet, the former blockchain can be used for testing purposes and the latter as the main Ethereum blockchain.
ERC-20 is probably the most common standard right now, and it mandates that you will need to have parameters like the token name, the supply that is available for circulation, and the ability to get wallet balance. It also should specify the functionality of token transfer between wallets.
ERC 223 is quite similar in many ways to ERC-20. However, the biggest exception is the functionality of the return of funds. This feature helps take care of issues like incautious money transfer and incompatibility with other wallets.
ERC 621 is a standard that will appeal to financial managers. This standard facilitates the issue and supply of additional tokens and also takes care to decrease the tokens. There might be instances when the market has been underestimated and a release of another new set of tokens is possible. While it might not be possible with the earlier standards, ERC 621 can take care of this.
In addition to these, there are also standards like ERC 721 which is unique and non-replaceable when it comes to token elements and ERC 827 that provides access to the transfer of tokens on behalf of an external service.
Which Token Standard to Choose
It is quite difficult to choose one when you are spoilt for choices! However, with the business and the investors in mind, companies like Blockchain App Factory can not only help you choose the best token standard for you but also help you in creating the perfect Ethereum token for your business! The services of Blockchain App Factory expand beyond just the creation and also foray into the territory of marketing your ICO! | <urn:uuid:8b32d2cd-84a2-42fc-be5b-cc9f36efa320> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.blockchainappfactory.com/blog/how-to-create-erc20-token/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107917390.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031092246-20201031122246-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.935304 | 868 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Now, nearly a century after the fireworks and beacons have burned out, the lasting impact of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration continues to enrich life in New York and beyond. One enduring legacy was the founding and strengthening of several cultural institutions. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, established in 1870, was still a small institution struggling to build its collections when it mounted two special loan exhibitions during the celebration. The first, of seventeenth-century Dutch paintings selected to represent Hudson's world, included works from several American collectors, among them Henry Clay Frick, George Jay Gould, and Louisine Waldron Elder Havemeyer. J. P. Morgan (1837-1913) contributed eight paintings and $25,000 in financing to the show. At a time when only a handful of art museums existed in the United States, this display marked an important milestone in the Metropolitan Museum's history and the country's cultural development. It trumpeted the fact that wealthy American connoisseurs had staked their claim to European art, and it emphasized to private collectors the benefits of sharing their art with the public. The exhibition also coincided with the passage of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909, which removed restrictive import duties on fine art, enabling American collectors to bring vast amounts of art into the country and, ultimately, leading to the establishment and enrichment of a number of American museums.
The Metropolitan Museum's second exhibition, a display of early American fine and decorative arts from the colonial and early national periods entitled The Hudson-Fulton Exhibition of American Industrial Arts, was the first ever exhibition of its type and also had far-ranging consequences (see Fig. 5). One was the elevation of the "industrial arts," which Americans then understood as objects made using hand tools and simple machines, to the level of art. Another was the 1924 opening of the museum's American Wing, which was a direct result of the exhibition of American arts that was part of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration. The core of the wing's collection was the group of objects that the collector H. Eugene Bolles (1853-1910) had loaned to the exhibition and that Robert Weeks de Forest (1848-1931), then the secretary of the museum and chairman of the celebration's committee on art exhibits, convinced Mrs. Russell Sage (nee Margaret Slocum; 1828-1918) to purchase for the museum.13
It is fitting, then, that the Metropolitan Museum planned the reopening of a major part of its American Wing, which we featured in the May 2009 issue of The Magazine ANTIQUES, to correspond with the centenary of the Hudson-Fulton Exhibition, and that several other New York institutions are mounting exhibitions this year to commemorate the event.
Seventeenth-century Dutch New York is the subject of an exhibition the Bard Graduate Center has organized in conjunction with the New-York Historical Society entitled Dutch New York between East and West: The World of Margrieta van Varick. Born in the Netherlands, Varick (1649-1695) arrived in Flatbush, now Brooklyn, New York, in 1686 and set up a textile shop where she sold an array of European and East Indian goods. Using as its starting point a 1696 inventory of her personal and commercial belongings, the exhibition will explore Dutch colonial and commercial networks, the lives of women in the Dutch colonies, and material culture in New York under Dutch and English rule. The exhibition, organized by Marybeth De Filippis of the New-York Historical Society with Deborah L. Krohn and Peter N. Miller of the Bard Graduate Center, will be on view at the Bard Graduate Center in New York from September 17, 2009, to January 3, 2010.
Hudson's particular contribution to the development of New York is the focus of an exhibition at the New York Public Library. Inspired by the library's collection of Dutch, English, and early American maps of the Atlantic coastal regions, Mapping New York's Shoreline, 1609-2009 will tell the story of how Hudson's search for a western route to the Orient under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company, the quest that led to his discovery of the Hudson River, laid the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region and the fur trade that prospered there. Contemporary maps will bring the story up to date and explore the growing environmental concern for New York's waterways. The exhibition, which was organized by Alice C. Hudson, chief of the map division, will be on view from September 25, 2009, through June 26, 2010.
The New York State Museum in Albany is also focusing on Hudson with its exhibition 1609, which will examine the explorer's historic voyage, the myths that surround it, and the legacies of his discovery. This show will take a special look at the American Indian experience in the region-what life was like for them before 1609, how they responded to Hudson's arrival, and the long-term legacy of the area's American Indians on American culture today. It will be on view from July 3, 2009 to March 2010.
Two exhibitions focus on the broader Dutch legacy in New York. Amsterdam/New Amsterdam: The Worlds of Henry Hudson, on view through September 27 at the Museum of the City of New York, illuminates the global significance of Hudson's voyage by focusing on the economic, cultural, and ideological connections that ultimately linked Amsterdam and New York. Presented in collaboration with the New Netherland Project, Albany, and the National Maritime Museum Amsterdam, the exhibition uses sixteenth- and seventeenth-century objects, images, and documents from Dutch and American collections to highlight the Dutch role in creating the character of New York as a place of opportunity, tolerance, and constant renewal.
New Amsterdam: The Island at the Center of the World, which will be on view at the South Street Seaport Museum in New York from September 12, 2009, to January 3, 2010, also explores the Dutch origins of American commerce, trade, and tolerance. Among the historical documents, maps, and watercolors included is the sole surviving document of the period that mentions the Dutch purchase of Manhattan from the Lenape for goods worth sixty guilders, or twenty-four dollars. The letter, written in 1626 by Pieter Schagen, an administrator in the Dutch West India Company, is from the Dutch National Archives, which is lending extensively to the show. | <urn:uuid:9d3f6812-4f4d-4473-bd48-7f4c6e91526e> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.themagazineantiques.com/articles/the-hudson-fulton-celebration-100-years-later/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770742.121/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00062-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956084 | 1,310 | 2.9375 | 3 |
27 March 2018
You can help compile the NASA landslide catalogue
For the last few years Dalia Kirschbaum and colleagues have been compiling a NASA landslide catalogue, with a focus on rainfall-induced landslides, to help with their work on landslide climatology. In a move that we should all welcome, this dataset has now been placed online and can be accessed via a web-based GIS application. The is an incredibly helpful and powerful tool, both for understanding the nature and distribution of the hazard and for teaching. There are a range of different ways to plot the data, allowing the user to tailor the analysis to his or her needs.
As an illustration, this is the global distribution of landslides in the dataset, plotted in terms of fatalities (i.e. the size of the dot represents the number of deaths in each event). The smallest dots are events in which no fatalities occurred:-
The map shows the extraordinary role of Asia in terms of landslide impacts, of course. But as expected, it also highlights the role of reporting in the nature of these types of databases. Thus, for example, the USA has a very large number of recorded events in the NASA landslide catalogue, with few recorded fatalities. The same applies to the UK and New Zealand. In comparison, Africa as a continent has few recorded landslides, but the majority appear to be associated with loss of life. This is unlikely to be the case in reality; the difference is merely the quality of reporting (especially the availability of online media and issues associated with languages). This is the reason that my own work has focused only on fatal landslides – it is more likely that landslides that cause loss of life will be reported reliably, and thus the dataset is probably more homogeneous (although very far from perfect). Of course collecting data on fatal landslide introduces other biases (the location of people, vulnerability, etc), so no dataset can be said to be superior to any other.
It is unlikely that these biases can be overcome completely for a hazard as complex as a landslide, but providing additional means to collate data is very helpful. So, it is now possible to provide information to add to the NASA landslide catalogue. This can be undertaken using the Landslide Reporter tool. It is hoped that this will greatly improve the quality of the dataset, especially in those areas in which data is quite sparse at present.
As an aside, Melanie Froude and I have a paper in review on our work on global landslide impacts. The journal is Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, which has an open review process, so anyone can download and comment upon the paper. We would be delighted to hear your views. We think that the data shows that the impact of human induced landslides is increasing. | <urn:uuid:6ee6be9b-c3b9-47b0-b125-c947951b6ce6> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2018/03/27/nasa-landslide-catalogue-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590559.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719051224-20180719071224-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.959565 | 561 | 3.4375 | 3 |
In spite of the common misconception that California has no seasons, autumn has arrived in Southern California. We live in an area of coastal oak forests and grasslands where the change is subtle by Northeastern standards, but not as obscure as some may think. Now that the daytime highs are in the seventies and the nighttime lows in the fifties, it’s time to take camera in hand and document autumn for the skeptics. Commercial pumpkin patches and Halloween costumes at the mall don’t count. The challenge is to capture the arrival of fall in our natural surroundings.
Our days have developed a rhythm based on a six-hour interval of writing sandwiched between morning walks by the lake and evening walks in Wagon Wheel Wilderness Park. The lake is beautiful but artificial, artfully surrounded by pepper trees, mimosas, and eucalyptus, imported trees whose leaves provide shade the year round. It boasts a lovely view of Saddleback Mountain. But the natural landscape of the wilderness park gives a truer picture of our California autumn.
“Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,” wrote Keats in 1820, and indeed our mornings, which until recently dawned with bright blue skies and growing heat, now begin with a low moist fog that hides the hills and lies across the meadows. This is a country that seldom sees rain between April and November, so by October the grasses are dry and going to seed, giving the hills a golden hue that accentuates the deep green of the native canyon live oaks. These trees stay green all year, growing thick in the crevices between the hills, creating an eerie forest with their dark twisted branches. Here and there the sun spotlights a much lighter Western sycamore whose dry leaves that have begun to fall, revealing evergreen clusters of mistletoe hanging high above.
In the early evening as the shadows lengthen the wildlife begins to emerge. A small gopher snake crosses our path. A black phoebe balances impossibly on the very tip of a grass stalk. And, sure sign of autumn, a buck with a full set of antlers gazes fearlessly at us from the golden hillside. In another month the days will be shorter and perhaps the rains will start, bringing more changes to the land.With the cooler weather, I find it easier to focus on the dissertation. 5,324 words are done, which completes the introduction. Now to attack the first chapter. | <urn:uuid:4d768e5d-9dd9-4204-b628-573b6c1afd13> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://historysedge.wordpress.com/2012/10/09/california-autumn-arrives-as-the-dissertation-continues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515309.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212060515-20171212080515-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.947799 | 507 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What I don't understand is how to maintain the red lights flashing whilst the same Nano is doing everything else?
But in fact the Nano is not "doing everything else".
You need to understand for one, that it is executing well over a million steps per second (where a "step" may itself include a number of things as it is clocked at 16 million steps per second). What proper code does not do is to "busy wait" on only one event at a time.
This means that it can sample many things, one after another, and take an action (or not) according to what it finds in each case. That is what the "loop" is for - it is not for going through the sequence that you have described, though that sequence is cyclical.
In fact, your sequence is performed by a switch or "state variable" which determines which step is in progress at any one time. So this actually enumerates your eleven steps - the state variable starts at step zero (the one you missed, waiting for a train) and counts through to eleven as each is completed.
And you have a second state variable which is the flashing step of the lights left or right, alternating. It steps from 0 to 1 and back again. A third switch variable determines whether they are flashing or not.
So your main loop() now begins by looking at the first state variable, let's call it "cross1". If it is zero, it checks to see whether a train is in section. If it is, it sets the variable to 1, if not it does nothing and in either case, it moves immediately on to the next section of the loop().
The loop now looks at the "flashes" state to see whether the lights should be flashing. If not, it moves on to the next section of the loop() but if that determines that they should, it then looks to see if a time has elapsed (by comparing the present millis() to that saved the last time the reds were alternated) to see whether to swap over the reds.
Since all this has taken only a few microseconds, the loop() is free to perform any number of other checks provided that whatever it does, can be completed within a few microseconds.
And then it cycles back to the beginning and at that point, the first step being to check "cross1". If it is now 1, then it sets it to 2, turns on the yellow light and makes a note of the present millis() value. The loop then proceeds through each of the other steps as before.
The next pass through the loop, it finds "cross1" to be 2 so it checks millis() to see if that value is yet 5000 (a "UL" or Unsigned Long figure to match millis() ) more than the value saved back in step 1. If not, as before it passes on to the next step in the loop(). If it has exceeded the five seconds, it sets "cross1" to three and turns off the yellow light.
Can you see the pattern at this point?
Noted further comments as I typed this:
I will go away and inwardly digest what you have said, and decide on the way to approach this.
There is nothing to decide. This is the way to approach it, you just have to learn the paradigm and you can do everything with the (one) Arduino. It will be quite a while doing operations as simple as this, before you run out of program memory or processor capability. | <urn:uuid:35afc650-c5e4-477d-bcd2-531f05c3d646> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://forum.arduino.cc/t/master-slave-arduino-nanos/379371 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154042.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731011529-20210731041529-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.956597 | 730 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Psychology is concerned with helping us understand the thoughts and behaviour of individuals. The course is interesting and challenging, covering many areas within psychology.
The AS Level course involves studying:
- The main approaches in psychology i.e. psychodynamic, behaviourist, cognitive, biological and positive. Key aspects of each approach are studied, such as the main assumptions, a therapy and a classic piece of research.
- Students will also have the opportunity to study the research methods used by psychologists and to explore and give contemporary debates within psychology, such as the reliability of eye-witness testimony and the ethics of neuroscience.
The A Level course will require students to study:
- Explanations and ways of modifying schizophrenia, stress and criminal behaviour
- Controversies such as sexism and the use of non-human animals in psychological research
- Knowledge of research methods and statistical analysis will be developed
- Two personal investigations will also be carried out
Updated November 2019
Seven GCSEs with a B grade in English Language are essential for entry onto this course. A B grade in Mathematics and Science is desirable, particularly if interested in studying psychology at degree level.
A Level Psychology is essentially classroom based with AS and A Level students allocated 4.5 hours a week with lecturers. Assessment is in the form of examinations.
Many of our students study psychology at degree level. This can lead to careers in areas such as criminal psychology, educational psychology, sports psychology and clinical psychology.
Psychology is useful for any occupation which involves working with people such as teaching, nursing, social work, human
resources and the police force. | <urn:uuid:06516a51-f555-40c6-b177-3c89b4a14daa> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.gcs.ac.uk/full-time-course/A-Level-Psychology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711417.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209144722-20221209174722-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.939435 | 343 | 3.40625 | 3 |
A colorectal polyp is a usually noncancerous growth that forms on of the lining of the colon or rectum, most commonly as people age. Some types of polyps may develop into cancer over time, however; those polyps that are larger than one centimeter have a greater risk of doing so.
Polyps may also be associated with some inherited disorders, including:
- Familial adenomatous polyposis
- Gardner syndrome
- Juvenile polyposis
- Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)
- Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
To reduce the risk of developing polyps, physicians recommend:
- Eating a diet low in fat and high in fruits, vegetables and fiber
- Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol intake
- Maintaining a normal body weight
Colonoscopies are recommended as a way to prevent colon cancer; when performed regularly (usually suggested for people over 50, though those with a family history of colon cancer or colon polyps may need to be screened earlier) they can aid in diagnosing colon cancer at an early and treatable stage.
Other tests that show polyps include:
- Rectal examination
- Barium enema
- Virtual colonoscopy
Polyps usually have no symptoms, but occasionally produce:
- Abdominal pain (rare)
- Bloody stools
- Fatigue associated with anemia
- Rectal bleeding
In most cases, the polyps may be removed at the same time a colonoscopy is performed, and follow-up colonoscopies should be performed within three to five years to check for reoccurrence.
On rare occasions, for polyps with a high potential of becoming cancerous, the health care provider may recommend a colectomy, or removal of a part of the colon. | <urn:uuid:030ecf50-3aa8-4357-ad3c-495cb3584117> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.medstarharbor.org/our-services/gastroenterology/conditions/colorectal-polyps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823009.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209185547-20181209211547-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.929591 | 378 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Are we in danger of destroying life on the planet by continually dumping millions of tons of polyurethane plastics into our waterways and landscapes and by enormous oil spills in the oceans? In both cases, the problems may sound insurmountable until we remember that our God is both the Creator and Sustainer of life and planet earth.
Recently Yale University students isolated a fungus in the Amazon rainforest capable of breaking down manmade polyurethane plastics. It is the first time an organism has been discovered that can do this. So there’s hope.
Help came from another unexpected source after two major oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico. In June 1979 Mexico’s Ixtoc oil well exploded and spewed 30,000 barrels of oil per day for ten months. It wreaked havoc first in Mexico and then Texas. Marine life was reduced 80% in some areas. At least one endangered species of fish was brought to the brink of extinction. The BP oil rig that exploded in 2010 spewed 53,000 barrels per day into the ocean, easily the worst accidental oil spill of all time.
Though many questions about longterm effects still need answers, the doomsaying seems highly exaggerated. Two years after the Ixtoc spill, many were surprised at how quickly those environments returned to health. Just three decades later, people are hard-pressed to find any evidence of the spill, and the same thing is happening with the BP spill. It turns out that the lion’s share of the clean-up is done by oil-eating bacteria.
God has designed bacteria with the ability to break down certain chemicals in oil and natural gas.
Interestingly, God has designed bacteria with the ability to break down certain chemicals in oil and natural gas that they can use for growth and reproduction. He may have designed them directly or they may have developed an adaptation (through mutation) that allows them to digest oil.
It seems that God already made provisions to limit the harmful impact of our sinful and imperfect ways upon His creation.
What wonderful illustrations of the resilience of God’s creation, as well as mankind’s opportunities to enhance it! God made bacteria that eat oil, and He made a fungus that can digest a manmade substance, not necessarily because He directly designed that function but because the fungus digests a natural product that is very similar to plastic so that it can digest both products. On the other hand, it appears that God intended for people to discover these fungal and bacterial abilities and then cultivate them for good.
Evolutionary environmentalists bristle at these ideas because they envision nature as extremely fragile and they caricature human dominion over nature as wanton destruction.
The untapped potential of fungi and bacteria are just examples of how resilient and self-correcting the Creator designed the earth’s ecosystems to be. Yet we must interpret Genesis 1:28—God’s command for us to have dominion and subdue creation—in light of the Creator’s heart.
Taking them in isolation, subdue and have dominion could seem to justify abuse of the earth, but the wider context of Scripture makes that interpretation impossible. Rather, our subduing and ruling the earth should mirror God’s own method of bringing increasing order, vitality, fruitfulness, and diversity to the earth.
That is, as special beings made in God’s image, we are to rule as God rules, not abusively and destructively but lovingly and creatively. We must balance short-term and long-term needs, like a forester who balances today’s needs for timber with his duty to maintain a healthy forest environment for generations to come. Effective stewardship of creation requires understanding the individual creatures and their relationships in these ecosystems.
Romans 1:20 explains that the invisible God has illustrated His invisible qualities in the visible creation. One of those attributes is the triune relational nature of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Vital, healthy relationships in creation reflect this aspect of God. God created a complex network of organisms to make life possible on this planet, and it is humanity’s privilege as God’s appointed rulers to understand and maximize these relationships for good.
Bacteria and fungi have a place in this scheme, too. They bridge the gap between the nonliving and the living parts of the environment, as the fungi assist the plants of the rainforest and the oil-eating bacteria clean the oceans.
If only we would take the Creator’s dominion mandate seriously, as He intended. We would then focus on discovering the hidden potential that God has built into nature, and finding how new relationships among His creatures can help us to better care for creation and use it wisely—to His glory. | <urn:uuid:4f708316-974f-488b-aff7-befd398381ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://answersingenesis.org/environmental-science/environmental-clean-up-crew/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690203.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924190521-20170924210521-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.954741 | 970 | 3.0625 | 3 |
With the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), consumers, businesses, and society confront unprecedented risks and opportunities for safety and security. Organizations often focus on the impacts to enterprise assets, product, and to the workforce, but what about AI’s impacts on the next generation– the “AI-native” generation?
As online and physical worlds converge, how do we protect, prepare, and project our kids into the future?
The digital safety risks our children face today, such as cyberbullying, predators, sextortion, phishing, and compulsive overuse are a top priority for families, and a growing imperative across many industries and technology companies. The rise of big data has already changed what online safety means, andubiquitous AI accelerates these trends. In our latest research, Kaleido Insights partners with the Family Online Safety Institute to look ahead, and analyze the future of artificial intelligence, its impacts on youth safety, and what we (all) can do about it.
This whitepaper analyzes the role of AI across both the online and physical world. We examine six AI-driven transitions, as well as their implications for safety risks AND opportunities that we must consider as we plan for the future of online safety.
In the online world, AI software will define the future of knowledge and decision-making:
- From chatbots to personal assistants: Empathic software assistants will increase our reliance on AI
- From standardized testing to personalized education: AI-powered education technology will scale access to personalized learning
- From job-based to skill-based labor: The future of work will demand adaptability and human-AI partnerships
In the physical world, AI-powered hardware will transform the interface of the Internet. As we shift from screens toward machines, they will increasingly read us in return:
- From disconnected homes to ambient computing environments: Our future homes will autonomously sense us and our needs
- From online games to real-world economies: Digital gaming will integrate with the physical world, and across sectors
- From dumb buildings to cognitive infrastructure: Schools will transform into big children’s data hubs
Based on a series of primary research interviews and secondary analysis, we analyze what lessons we’ve learned that can be applied forward. Second, we analyze the need for a cultural shift in how we safeguard technology: from a reactive, siloed approach to a proactive multilateral approach. Finally, we define and identify key responsibilities and actions towards a culture of responsibility, where government, law enforcement, industry, parents, educators, and kids work together. After all, as machine ‘intelligence’ integrates with every part of our world, including ourselves, we all have a role in shaping the governance and adoption of our future technologies. | <urn:uuid:33137051-3874-4673-be4f-e0ab899c9ade> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://jessgroopman.wordpress.com/2019/11/21/online-safety-in-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400238038.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926071311-20200926101311-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.914428 | 566 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Jorge M. Fernandez Bernal
ROMANI PEOPLE IN COLOMBIA
From where have the Colombian Rom come?
The decisions of the majority are not always fair ones: The Rom had arrived in Colombia by the turn of the XIXth century, but when American societies were created, external examples were many times used as a model, so that many times the ideals of new American societies inherited trends and prejudices from European cultures. In this context, to be different wasn’t tolerated at all.
Even though it wasn’t forcefully forbidden here to speak the Romani language or to have our own cultural traits and to act according to them; our people, our activities and present social status, suppress the Romani capacity of development.
To subsist, Rom must sometimes go as far as abandoning their cultural patterns. For these reasons our people have historically assumed conducts of resistance from our traditional nomadism to the resource of invisibility. This ethnic invisibility, though effective in the past, is today the cause of the critical situation in which the Rom in Colombia live. It doesn’t mean that for common Colombians Romani people don’t exist; on the contrary, in the memory of every person older than forty, the memory of encampments in the outskirts of the big cities, and the curiosity these mysterious people instilled in them is still present.
Many Rom insist that they are Colombians, of Colombian descent, when in reality they are Colombian Rom (a form of protection against the extreme nationalism of some parts of the country). Some people also point to the origin of the Rom as being depicted in the Holy Bible, the Rom here being one of the twelve tribes of Israel, the lost one (this is heard throughout the Americas and Europe), and because of this they will be favored by God.
There are not so many written sources to be consulted about the arrival of the Rom in Colombia. For this reason, Romani oral tradition is the original source from where one can extract the necessary information to reconstruct this historical moment, (this is also valid everywhere in the Americas).
In Colombia, most of the Rom belong to families with more than three or four generations of presence in the country, according to our sources, and due to the origin of the Rom in the majority of the countries in the Americas (mainly Vlax groups here, since Colombia doesn’t have Spanish Kalé or other groups) we can fix the time of arrival by the turn of the XIXth century, approximately between1880 and the 1920s. From then until now, -with the exception of the Second World War, when some families came- the country hasn’t undergone significant extra or continental flows.
The recent conflicts in ex-Yugoslavia generated a displacement of people. Many of the Rom who escaped the conflicts came to the Americas, arriving in Colombia or Ecuador, some three or four families then from there moved to Argentina, but the vast majority of the Yugoslavian Rom who were looking for refuge traveled from Europe directly to the USA or Canada.
The Bolochog and the Mihais; two of the existing clans in Colombia, date their arrivals around the 1920s, the former from France and the latter from Russia, but both groups are considered Russian Rom by other Rom. The first to arrived here were the Grekos, who mostly came directly from Serbia around 1880. These until recently were nomads, and many of these groups moved to Ecuador.
Several kumpanyas (family groups which establish alliances to share a common community life) can be identified in Colombia, and which are located in almost all the country’s cities: Bogota, D.C., many neighborhoods, in Girón (Santander), in Cúcuta, in Cali, in Medellín, Itagüí and Envigado among others.
Of these kumpanyas, the most important in terms of numbers are those of Bogotá, Girón and Cúcuta. Some years back, one of the most important kumpanyas was that of Itagüí, but because of drug dealers and their associated violence, most of the families moved to other cities in search of a better life.
The incessant violence which fell upon Colombia in the last decades has lately been creating an important phenomenon of displacement of Romani families to the frontiers of the country. Particularly numerous is the group of Romani families who migrated to Venezuela. It is also important to mention the fact that many Romani families move to other places like Argentina, Brazil and USA, in that order. The lack of opportunities in the country due to insecurity, made the traditional Romani professions like metalworking, horse dealing and the sale of leather goods, all needful of constant travelling, the cause of many families’ leaving the territory. We can safely speak of more than 200 families having moved to Venezuela, and some 60 or 70 more to Argentina. Many Rom in Colombia have suffered persecution by drug dealers, guerillas and paramilitaries, the latter permanently racketeering the Romani families
What’s the meaning of being a Rom?
Romani people today, despite some undesired cultural transformations which threaten to finish off some aspects of our culture, features of our identity are kept alive, and among them we could mention the following:
1) The idea of a common origin and a shared history.
2) Social Organization based upon the related groups and the preservation of the traditional norms.
3) A strong internal cohesion within the group and a good interaction with outsiders.
4) A long nomadic tradition and the adaptation to new forms of itinerancy.
5) A language in common, Romanés.
6) A permanent valuing in the group of age and gender as organizing principle of social status.
7) Articulation of an internal welfare system based upon the existence of a patriarchal lineage.
Reflections on the education of Romani people in Colombia
Romani People’s shift away from formal education and institutions is mostly due to circumstances under which Romani people have had to live, and due mainly to nomadism, the rejection and prejudices of others, and distrust towards a school system which is seen as an institution which wants to change the individuals from minorities by trying to destroy their cultural systems and values. This rejection even today causes 80 % of the Rom in Colombia not to have acquired a formal education out of fear of their own values being changed for those of the others to gain acceptance.
The Romani child grows up in a very distinct environment in comparison with gadjo kids. The Romani kid is taught to survive and not to be prominent, her/his competition with the world is restricted to her/his own community, where the finish line can be reached by way of parameters very specific to their own culture. To have saved a certain amount of money in order to be able to marry, for instance. This can be achieved through the necessary knowledge of traditional economical activities like metalworking, coppersmithing and dealing with horses. On top of this, Rom value this kind of traditional form of education for being that which has kept our people spiritually free and alive for more than one thousand years, despite the forced itinerancy and the persecution suffered throughout the five continents.
The Romani child is kept under his/her mother’s care during the first five years of life, almost exclusively, because fathers don’t intervene so much in this period. In this time he or she develops freely, and learns the basic rules of life within the community, the mother tongue, respect for elders and love of freedom. This is also the moment when the child learns to distrust and fear the majority society, and this can be noticed in common sentences like: “the Gadjó is bad” “the Gadjé never are going to accept us”. This is the consequence of a real situation but to a large extent a distant one, because even though there exists some kind of persecution and discrimination today, they are not the direct causes of the reproduction of these stereotypes, because Romani culture being an oral one, it is very difficult to break the chain of legends which behind these responses.
The Romani mentality has somehow succeeded at eluding these barriers of fear, and Romani children today access primary school. Depending on their sex, the child can reach a given degree of formal education. The boy reaches IVth or even Vth grade of basic primary education, and in exceptional cases one or two grades of secondary school. Girls who go further than the IVth primary school grade are generally a statistical exception. For instance, in the present generation in their thirties or older, it is really strange to know someone who has set foot in a school.
Romani kid start to go to school at seven, and the generalized opinion of the adults is that kids need only learn mathematics and to read and write, because of the importance of such for business. Beyond that, school is not considered necessary and there still lurks the fear that they will become Gadjé.
Adult Rom often cannot distinguish the reality of the present world and the necessity of competition; seeing the acculturation their kids suffer because of school. Childhood being when one learns most behavioural rules, and being faced with two different cultures, Romani kids suffer too much confusion because schools in many countries don’t accept differing culture and language.
The facts may speak more of the Romani people’s capacity for adaptation than null access to school. However, current invasive and absorbent educational systems will end up harming many members of the Romani people, above all the young.
In Colombia as in other parts of the Americas the Romani population on average is young. Because of this, and due to the pressure of a growing acculturation many young people between 12 to 16 approximately find themselves in the middle between their own culture and that of the Gadjé, where in the past Romani boys stayed with their fathers and learnt traditional group occupations.
The latter is currently prevented by several circumstances:
a) Present economic activities don’t allow itinerancy of the whole family because they are not as profitable as they were in the past due to political problems in the country, e.g.: trade of leather goods (shoes) and selling horses.
b) Due to low profits of the activities, the father cannot be acompanied by the older sons if necessary. To this we must add the problems the Rom are suffering in this country with the paramilitaries, guerillas and the constant threats and racketeering practiced by these people against the Rom.
Because of this, boys of this age group (12-16) remain home or hang around on the streets with the gadjo kids, lacking dialogue with their elders. These events are creating problems within their own families and community and don’t allow them to be ready to face the future and to learn either the traditional or the gadjo ways.
For Romani girls, the situation is even worse because they don’t even have the same opportunities the men currently do; very often their education is more limited due to fear they could become gadja (non- Romani women), marriage takes place at an early age, if they are asked for by their parents in marriage, since nowadays many boys prefer to marry non-Romani girls, allowing them to have much more contact with the majority society (this happens in many countries in the region). Women’s traditional occupations selling goods once made by the men of the community, and fortune-telling, have decreased because of the fear of losing Romani culture which further restricted women’s contact with the outside world. Besides, fortune-telling is forbidden by the Romani Pentecostal Church, which is really extended all over the world among all Romani groups.
The young Rom who in Colombia had have access to traditional Gadjo education have diverse opinions, they think that formal education is really necessary, but it has to pay much more attention to the realities of the different communities and should respect their languages and traditions.Those who attended university also see the need to preserve Romani culture as the main goal.
More and more families have started to send their kids to school, but also want to fight for their rights, the respect of the others, access to a medical service and the right to education which respects the traditional values of the Romani People. Because of that it is necessary to implement an educational system -and this is valid for the whole region- where people may acquire the necessary tools to improve their life, and their own very best social and economic development while taking into account Romani culture and values which give the Rom their identity
Prepared by: Orfej Haliti | <urn:uuid:acee167c-a9c4-4a2a-b140-14ae8a8c76d7> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.niar.rs/en/2014/09/15-9-2014-the-rom-in-the-americas-romani-people-in-colombia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667260.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113113242-20191113141242-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.959962 | 2,625 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Introducing Esti-Mysteries! Each image invites students to wonder what number is represented by the image. As you click through the each Esti-Mystery, clues will appear that will allow the students to use math concepts to narrow the set of possibilities to a small set of numbers. In the end, the students will need to call upon their estimation skills to solve the mystery and find the missing number.
NOTE: In addition, to these original Esti-Mysteries, you may also want to visit the brand new post 51 Esti-Mysteries.
Here is an example:
Download the Esti-Mysteries, try them in your class, and let me know about your experience.
Update: Here are 4 Printable Esti-Mystery Charts you may enjoy using with Esti-Mysteries.
Update: Here is the Full Set of Esti-Mystery Clues (without images) to allow you to browse through the Esti-Mystery Concepts.
As always, you can find me on Twitter @stevewyborney
After reading this blog post, take a look at THE 12 MOST POPULAR MATH STRATEGIES AND DOWNLOADS ON THIS BLOG.
Esti-Mystery #9 “Cupside Down”
***This one that may lead to the greatest debate and surprise at the end.
The Smaller Number Series
This next Esti-Mysteries was requested for a kindergarten class. Enjoy!
Other Posts and Resources Which May Be of Interest
Splat! (50 downloadable, animated lessons)
The Fraction Splat! Series (with 20 more downloadable lessons)
Splat! for Google Slides (This is the one you want if you don’t have PowerPoint but do have Google Slides.)
Cube Conversations (80 downloadable, animated lessons)
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P.S. Please feel free to post your reflections in the comments below. | <urn:uuid:e42d97ab-6ec6-4ba9-bf4c-32585eded1ff> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://stevewyborney.com/2018/11/esti-mysteries-estimation-meets-math-mysteries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730060435-20210730090435-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.86131 | 421 | 3.078125 | 3 |
1.57 hrs / 28 tutorials | Video: AVC (.MP4) 1280x720 30fps | Audio: AAC 44.1KHz 2ch | 133 MB
Genre: eLearning | English
Office 365 is a cloud-based subscription service that gives one access to Microsoft applications anywhere, anytime. Files sync with OneDrive so they are up to date and ready to work with no matter what platform is being utilized. Anyone can use Office 365 on a desktop computer, online in the cloud or on a mobile device. In this introductory course, students will learn how subscribe to Office 365, be introduced to administrative elements of Office 365 for an organization and work with the online applications. Students will also be shown communication tools such as Outlook Web App, Sites and Newsfeeds.
check my other posts | <urn:uuid:c96fd42e-584d-427d-928c-fe3cc072df49> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://gfxhome.co/566468-quickstart-office-365-course.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170839.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00274-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.802733 | 164 | 2.625 | 3 |
WASHINGTON (AFP) - Nasa's Voyager 1 spacecraft - cruising interstellar space billions of kilometres from Earth - was back on the right track on Friday (Dec 1), thanks to thrusters that were fired up for the first time in 37 years.
The unmanned spaceship was launched along with its twin, Voyager 2, more than 40 years ago to explore the outer planets of our solar system, travelling further than any human-made object in history.
But after decades of operation, the "attitude control thrusters" that turn the spacecraft by firing tiny "puffs" had degraded. The small adjustments are needed to turn Voyager's antenna toward Earth, allowing it to continue sending communications.
"At 13 billion miles (20.9 billion km) from Earth, there's no mechanic shop nearby to get a tune-up," Nasa said in a news release.
Experts at the agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California decided to turn to four back-up thrusters that were last used on Nov 8, 1980.
"The Voyager flight team dug up decades-old data and examined the software that was coded in an outdated assembler language, to make sure we could safely test the thrusters," said Mr Chris Jones, chief engineer at JPL.
The engineers fired up the thrusters on Tuesday and tested their ability to turn Voyager using 10-millisecond pulses. Then they waited 19 hours, 35 minutes for the test results to arrive at an antenna in Goldstone, California.
Turns out the thrusters worked just fine.
"The Voyager team got more excited each time with each milestone in the thruster test. The mood was one of relief, joy and incredulity after witnessing these well-rested thrusters pick up the baton as if no time had passed at all," said Mr Todd Barber, a JPL propulsion engineer.
Being able to use the backup thrusters means the lifespan of Voyager 1 has been extended by two or three years, added Ms Suzanne Dodd, project manager for Voyager.
Nasa plans to switch over to the formerly dormant thrusters in January. They will likely also conduct similar tests on the backup thrusters on Voyager 2.
Scientists still hear from the Voyager spacecraft daily, and expect to get data for about another decade.
Astronomy textbooks were rewritten on a wide scale thanks to the Voyager spacecraft, which zoomed past Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus.
The plutonium-powered spaceships will continue until they finally run out of fuel, and will then orbit in the centre of the Milky Way galaxy. | <urn:uuid:b6b46160-a4cb-4b0b-a673-43f2ea90d204> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/voyager-1-spacecraft-back-on-track-after-thrusters-fired-successfully-after-37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813691.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221163021-20180221183021-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.961773 | 523 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Feeding Birds and also Feed
What you Ought to Know
Feeding Birds has actually changed or matured over the previous 40 approximately years.
Feed as well as caring for birds has grown in popularity.
The Scientific research of Feeding has actually improved also.
We’ve gone from feeding bread crumbs to specialized feeds and feeders.
No longer is acquiring a bag of bird food or a feeder, an after thought.
It’s a billion dollar sector.
Yep, nearly 30% of Americans as well as Canadians feed and also take care of birds.
That number leaps to 50% plus in Wonderful Britain (go UK). and also other parts of Europe.
Feeding wild birds conjures images of Northern cardinals, Grosbeaks, American Goldfinches, and also Nuthatches crowding to your back yard or patio.
You are not much from the truth.
Offering fresh, top notch Feed stands out as one of the best means to draw in birds, however you have to choose the ideal sorts of seed.
Current researches performed at the College of Wisconsin as well as State University verify effectively that even one of the most feeder-habituated birds forage for 75 to 80 percent of their diet plan.
Scientists positioned feeders in wooded locations and where birds forage.
Pupils after that placed bands on a core group of chickadees as well as various other birds.
Recognizing how much a Feed needed to survive, professors and students waited and also viewed their target team.
Even in a birds setting, the birds fed on the totally free Feed a simple 20 to 25 percent for their needed demands.
The inquiry, after that, is no more to feed birds or otherwise to feed, yet what to feed?
How do you attract the seed-snubbing birds?
What appertains cuisine to attract preferred bird buddies?
Seed-eating birds always search for « laquo spots raquo of good seed, as well as when they find your feeders, they probably will end up being normal site visitors.
Likewise, birds remember patches of poor quality seed and also are not likely to return if they have a poor feeding experience.
Learn about seeds that birds in your area prefer as well as always use the best quality in your feeders.
Maintain your Feed Fresh.
Geographical place will dictate what birds you obtain a lot of the moment. I can’t anticipate to see Roadrunners or Scrub jays in Michigan as well as individuals in state can’t anticipate cardinals.
What tourist attractions or defense you have in your backyard will dictate how many birds, and also will they quit or hang around. Some archetypes are, water and trees or hedges.
What types of bird feed or seed you supply them can likewise make a huge difference in amount and high quality.
We’ll beginning with types of bird feed or seeds today.
If I had only one choice of feed for my birds, it would certainly be Oil sunflower seeds.
Oilers are the most popular selection amongst birds as well as individuals that truly want to feed the birds.
You can’t go wrong with these oil rich tidbits.
Feeding Birds Sunflower Seeds
Feeding birds peanuts is proliferating in appeal.
Peanuts been available in the covering and also as divides or rejects out of the shell.
They additionally attract a range of birds from jays, nuthatches, as well as chickadees, to woodpeckers and also a lot more. Octane Peanuts, a fantastic food source for several birds Safflower seeds are growing in popularity as a bird feeding expands and as a squirrel deterrent.
Things is with safflower seeds, birds will eat them sometimes but its low on their checklist.
Squirrels, in time they will certainly obtain used to them if they need to.
Find out more concerning Safflower, the Various Other Seed. Feeding birds has actually become such a specialized pastime, that we import « laquo Nyjer raquo seeds from countries like and also Ethiopia.
This is a large reason that it costs a lot. fact, Nyjer( R) is the only item imported as a resource of feed for the birds. Why Nyjer( R) isn’t a thistle and why finches like it.
Millet and Cracked corn are wonderful for ground scratching birds like juncos and also doves.
Feeding birds facilitated.
I’ve likewise found that when residence sparrows end up being an issue at my feeders, they prefer to peck away at the millet or corn I sprinkle far from my primary feeding terminals.
While feeding birds, we most likely to terrific sizes to please our feathery good friends.
much so, that we offer up sugar water in special feeders. We attract birds with other delights like fruits as well as jellies.
What ever before you do, wear’t neglect
suet cakes,( Birds Need Grit) and also various other treats we acquire or make.
Yes, we can go all out or flex over in reverse to feed our bird neighbors.
Make sure to read the tidbits on sunflowers, peanuts, Nyjer as well as other feed and seed.
By finding out more about feeding birds, you can decide on what birds you intend to feed and what feed your birds like.
Feeding birds is much more then seeds.
You need to blend in some blossoms to attract pests.
Exactly how around a few fruit baring bushes or trees?
Take a look around you and also see what various other yards or parks supply.
‘t forget some fresh water.
Birds get parched also.
birds treats as well as suet. Suet makes certain to Draw in Birds You might not have Or else.
Feeding Hummingbirds, Tips as well as Pests
Transform Your Lawn Into a Animals Environment
Appropriate Storing of Your Seed is Important
Cupboard Vermin, insects in our bird food that find their method into our house
Squirrels and also Other Feeder Pests.
Cats in the Yard are More Than Feeder Pests
Sight Developed It, Produce Your Very Own Internet Site.
Birds, Butterflies, Gardens and extra.
Sign up for your once a week « laquo Horticulture For wildlife» raquo e-newsletter listed below.
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Stress is a feeling we all experience when we are challenged or overwhelmed. But more than just an emotion, stress is a hardwired physical response that travels throughout your entire body.
In the short term, stress can be advantageous, but when activated too often or too long, your primitive fight or flight stress response not only changes your brain but also damages many of the other organs and cells throughout your body.
Your adrenal gland releases the stress hormones cortisol, epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, and norepinephrine. As these hormones travel through your blood stream, they easily reach your blood vessels and heart.
Adrenaline is a powerful “fight or flight” chemical, and everybody experiences “adrenaline overload.” Any situation where we feel threatened, insulted, guilty, etc. can signal the stress system to raise our levels of adrenaline.
Adrenaline causes your heart to beat faster and raises your blood pressure, over time causing hypertension. As well, with too much adrenaline you might you might misinterpret what others are saying (and see it as insulting or threatening) and you might make risky or expensive decisions, with consequences youreallydon’t want.
Cortisol, also released by the adrenal gland, can cause the inner lining of blood vessels to stop functioning properly. Notably, this is a first step of forming build-up of plaque in your arteries (atherosclerosis). Hence, your chances of heart attack or stroke are increased.
When your brain senses stress
Under stress, your brain activates your autonomic nervous system which is responsible for regulating body functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiration, urination, and sexual arousal. It is also the primary mechanism in the fight-or-flight response.
Through this network of nerve connections, your brain communicates that you are experiencing stress to your gut leading to “butterflies in your stomach.” As well, the brain-gut connection can disrupt the normal movement of food through your body leading to irritable bowel syndrome and heartburn (due to increased sensitivity of your gut to stomach acids).
Speaking of digestion, does chronic stress affect your waistline?
Unfortunately the answer is a definitive “yes.”
Cortisol doesn’t cause you to indulge in ice cream if you feel stressed, but it does increase your appetite. It tells your body to replenish your energy stores with energy dense foods and carbs. This, in turn, causes you to crave comfort foods (ice cream, cookies, chocolate, cake, pizza). Hence, high levels of cortisol (from high levels of stress) can eventually stay with you as visceral, deep belly fat. This type of fat doesn’t just make it harder to button your pants. It is an organ that actively releases hormones and immune system chemicals called cytokines that can increase your risk of developing chronic diseases, such as heart disease and insulin resistance.
Meanwhile, stress hormones affect your immune functioning in a variety of ways. Initially, they help prepare to fight invaders and heal after injury, but chronic stress can dampen function of some immune cells, make you more susceptible to infections, and slow the rate you heal.
Want to live a long life? Avoid chronic stress
Chronic (ongoing, unremitting) stress is associated with shortened “telomeres”, the shoelace tip ends of chromosomes that measure a cell’s age. When chronic stress occurs, the shape of these telomeres is changed, and your cells begin to die. On top of this, chronic stress can cause:
- hair loss
- sexual dysfunction
- muscle tension
- difficulty concentrating
So, what does all this mean for you?
Your life will always be filled with stressful situations. But what matters to your brain and entire body
is how you respond to that stress. If you can view those situations as challenges you can control and master,rather than as threats that are insurmountable, you will perform better in the short run and stay healthy in the long run.
For more information about anger and conflict, the following resources may be helpful.
- Understanding and Finding Help for Anxiety. https://ontario.cmha.ca/documents/understanding-and-finding-help-for-anxiety/
- Youth Anxiety. https://youth.anxietycanada.com/
- Anxiety Disorders Association of Ontario. http://www.anxietydisordersontario.ca/
- Mood Disorders Association of Ontario. https://www.mooddisorders.ca/faq/anxiety-and-mood-disorders
- Anxiety Disorders. Canadian Mental Health Association. https://cmha.bc.ca/documents/anxiety-disorders | <urn:uuid:d278e509-b485-45a5-ba33-2f42f1e86af9> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://avail.app/public/articles/uw0r7nP1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337404.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003070342-20221003100342-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.90954 | 1,008 | 3.046875 | 3 |
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Wacke, also called dirty sandstone, sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized grains (0.063–2 mm [0.0025–0.078 inch]) with a fine-grained clay matrix. The sand-sized grains are frequently composed of rock fragments of wide-ranging mineralogies (e.g., those consisting of pyroxenes, amphiboles, feldspars, and quartz). The grains are angular and poorly sorted with many minerals retaining growth forms that resulted from low abrasion. The matrix, which contains appreciable amounts of clay minerals, may constitute up to 50 percent of the volume. Of the clay minerals, chlorite and biotite are more abundant than muscovite and illite; kaolinite is absent. The abundant matrix tends to bind the grains strongly and form a relatively hard rock.
Common structural features of wackes include repeated graded bedding and such deformational features as folds and deformed bedding, which appear to have formed soon after deposition; cross bedding is absent. Cyclic sequences of deposition are common within wackes, with basal sandstone followed by laminated sandstone and shale at the top.
The characteristics of wackes all point to rapid deposition in turbidity currents (density currents resulting from an increase in sediment concentration) in a tectonically active region. Wacke sequences may be several thousand metres thick, strongly suggesting rapid subsidence in geosynclinal regions. They occur in almost all fold mountain belts except those dominated by limestones, such as the Canadian Rockies.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
sedimentary rock: WackesWacke, or graywacke, is the name applied to generally dark-coloured, very strongly bonded sandstones that consist of a heterogeneous mixture of rock fragments, feldspar, and quartz of sand size, together with appreciable amounts of mud matrix. Almost all wackes originated in the sea, and…
sedimentary rock: Classification of sandstones…major textural groups, arenites and wackes. Arenites (the front triangular panel of Figure 4) consist of a sand-size framework component surrounded by pore spaces that are either empty (in the case of arenite sands) or filled with crystalline chemical cement (in the case of arenites). Wackes (the second triangular panel…
sandstone…of sandstone are arenite and wacke. The boundary between the two is based on the amount of matrix present in the sample. Arenites contain less matrix than wacke. Though the exact boundary is debated, often 5 percent matrix is the accepted value, whereas some experts place this boundary at 15… | <urn:uuid:95541f9d-759d-4ed3-b999-9ac68219a0a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.britannica.com/science/wacke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141201836.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129153900-20201129183900-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.920919 | 604 | 3.765625 | 4 |
A representation of the Tharsis Ridge, showing the altitude of the volcanoes compared to the surrounding areas. The elevated southern hemisphere is also shown. From Mars Global Surveyor.
Click on image for full size
The Tharsis Ridge
This image, taken from the Mars Global Surveyor mission (MGS), shows the Tharsis Ridge, the green/blue area in the middle of the picture, as well as a portion of the southern hemisphere of Mars. The green areas are higher than the surroundings, and the yellow/white regions, which are actually Martian volcanoes, are the highest of all. The red line in the picture is the spacecraft measurement which indicates just how large the regions are compared to one another.
The Tharsis Ridge is a region about twice the size of the United States (8000 km), and is where many of the volcanoes of Mars are found. Measurements by all spacecraft visiting Mars, including recent ones by Mars Pathfinder and Mars Global Surveyor have indicated that this region of Mars is actually a giant bulge, as shown in the picture. The picture also shows how much higher the southern hemisphere of Mars is than the rest of the planet.
The Ridge probably formed somewhat late in Mars' history. This means that Mars probably had a late warming period, which created the Ridge, with it's volcanoes. The Ridge may have been built in a manner similar to the volcanic rises of Venus, namely by a rising hot balloon of material from the deep interior, which formed land on the surface. The cratering record suggests that after this period of activity, all volcanic activity on Mars ceased.
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During its earliest history, Mars was bombarded with asteroid-like boulders leftover from the formation of Mars. The impacts of these boulders caused the surface of Mars to become warm enough for continents...more
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Like the Earth's lithosphere, the Martian lithosphere is the not-so-rigid part of the crust of Mars which is cooler than the interior of Mars somewhat like the film on top of a cup of hot cocoa. On Earth,...more | <urn:uuid:0ce6acdf-de8e-4c9d-973e-f4678d7d7cb6> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://windows2universe.org/mars/interior/Tharsis_ridge.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655924908.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711064158-20200711094158-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.948334 | 659 | 4.3125 | 4 |
In this course, MIT Professor Irving Singer gives 4 video lectures on Philosophy In Film and Other Media. This course examines works of film in relation to thematic issues of philosophical importance that also occur in other arts, particularly literature and opera. Emphasis is put on film's ability to represent and express feeling as well as cognition. Both written and cinematic works by Sturges, Shaw, Cocteau, Hitchcock, Joyce, and Bergman, among others, are considered. There are no tests or quizzes, however students write two major papers on media/philosophical research topics of their choosing.
Source: MIT OpenCourseWare | <urn:uuid:b4822403-569f-4ea9-8b91-a8fb7bdb8773> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://cosmolearning.org/courses/philosophy-in-film-and-other-media-358/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540506459.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208044407-20191208072407-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.940951 | 128 | 2.578125 | 3 |
People go vegan for different reasons. Some people who go vegan do it out of love for animals, which means that they perceive any act of using animal products as cruel and inhumane. However, some people opt to go vegan for health benefits. And there are some proven health benefits for adopting a celebrity vegan lifestyle shared at https://celebmix.com/celebrity-vegan-lifestyle/. If you are not so sure about what you stand to gain by going vegan, here are some health benefits of adopting a vegan lifestyle.
Lowers Your Blood Sugar Levels
The western diet can hurt your blood sugar levels. Eating start rich foods increases the amount of sugar in your body. This has been a significant contributing factor to the increasing cases of people with Type II diabetes. A vegan diet could have a solution for this. Statistics show that vegan lifestyles have helped people with diabetes reduce their reliance on medication. By lowering blood sugar levels, you will be able to undo the damage caused by blood sugar levels.
Improves Kidney Health
Eating lots of meat is not suitable for your health. Animal proteins pose some health risks, especially if consumed in high amounts. Going vegan and switching to plant-based sources of proteins means that you will be giving your body proteins that are easier to digest, but also easy to be absorbed.
Eases Arthritis Pains
People with arthritis have to look at the food they eat. Going vegan goes a long way in reducing the symptoms of arthritis. In addition, you need to ensure that you eat the right foods. People who eat plant-based foods have more good bacteria, which help the body fight harmful bacteria. If you manage to stick to a vegan diet, you will ultimately cut down on foods that your body is sensitive to. All these benefits go a long way in reducing inflammation and the symptoms of arthritis.
Reduces of Risk of Developing Heart Disease
Heart disease is a silent killer. A large part of this disease can be linked to the foods we eat. For instance, most people who consume meat also take in a sizable amount of saturated fats. These foods increase blood pressure and the amounts of cholesterol, thus subjecting the heart to considerable strain. People on a vegan diet are less susceptible to heart diseases.
While most people hold conflicting opinions about the appropriateness of different diets, vegan diets do stand out. A balanced vegan diet goes a long way in reducing the risk of some ailments and improving the quality of life. To enjoy these benefits, make sure you stick to a healthy and balanced vegan diet. | <urn:uuid:005e4e14-fd66-4645-bafa-7bd3e25a6484> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.bhajjiworld.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505730.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401100029-20200401130029-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.943165 | 521 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Remembrance Day and Remembrance Sunday, we remember and mark the end of the First World War in 1918, paying tribute to those who have fallen in their line of duty.
The Sunday closest to Remembrance Day is known as Remembrance Sunday where men, women and children all across Britain hold and attend ceremonies to remember the millions who have died at war.
The First World War’s hostilities formally ended at 11 AM on the 11th day of the 11th Month in accordance with the armistice signed by allies and German representatives.
The United Kingdom marks this time with a two minute silence. On the 11/11 many people across the UK will be pausing in our day to day tasks and at 11am will be joined in silence, pausing to remember those who were so brave. | <urn:uuid:4bc8b092-a9b6-4c2a-900c-26ed2174db73> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.harmless.org.uk/blog/this-sunday-is-remembrance-day.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116073323-20190116095323-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.966668 | 164 | 3.375 | 3 |
Each year, the Dialogue on Reverse Engineering Assessment and Methods (DREAM) project brings together researchers from around the world to tackle different challenges in cellular network inference and quantitative model building in systems biology. These challenges range from assessing computational models of predicting breast cancer survival to predicting disease phenotypes from systems genetic data.
In 2010, participants were asked to focus on the reconstruction of regulatory networks for microorganisms, performing a blind assessment of more than 30 network inference methods on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and in silico microarray data. Participants made predictions about the different networks and then submitted their results, and information on the different inference methods they used, to DREAM challenge organizers. Each submission was evaluated to see which techniques for gene network analysis were the most successful.
Daniel Marbach, a postdoctoral fellow in EECS Associate Professor Manolis Kellis' research group at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL), analyzed the results in a paper that appeared this month on the cover of Nature Methods. The work was completed in collaboration with Gustavo Stolovitzky at IBM, Jim Collins and James Costello at Boston University, and Robert Küffner at Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich.
The results were surprising as they showed that there is not one optimal method favored across all datasets; instead, they found that different methods were strongly favored for different networks, suggesting that no single method could be uniformly recommended.
Moreover, by grouping methods according to the type of methodology used, they found that similar approaches led to similar performance patterns across different datasets.
"This project engaged many key players in the network inference community, and taught us a great deal about the state of the art in the field," Kellis says. "It suggests that some general principles underlie the performance of different prediction methods, and that they capture different aspects of the underlying networks."
The team then set out to combine these community predictions in order to construct a new predictor that combines the strengths of individual methods. The results upheld a longstanding belief in the wisdom of the crowd, showing that the optimal way to analyze datasets is frequently a middle ground that combines several different methods.
"We tried to leverage the wisdom of crowds to construct a method that builds on the strength of complementary approaches," Marbach says. "We realized that when you combine the predictions of all the teams you get even more powerful prediction methods that consistently outperform individual approaches over a large range of problems."
In the study, Marbach and his colleagues compared 35 individual methods for gene regulatory networks, 29 of which were submitted through the DREAM project and six of which were common network inference techniques. By combining different inference methods, they were able to construct high-confidence consensus networks for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and test 53 novel interactions in E.coli, of which 43 percent were supported, displaying the power of community-based methods for network inference.
"The novelty that we saw in this study is that you can get this improvement of accuracy when combining different methods for network inference. While this has been observed in other fields, this is a new result for network biology," Marbach says. "We found that this community approach performs consistently across very different settings. Therefore, for a new dataset, the best strategy for network inference may be to apply a set of diverse methods and then combine the resulting predictions."
While most research groups work independently to solve complex challenges, the DREAM project engaged many different groups of researchers to solve the same problem. Each group applied their methods to reconstruct the regulatory network for the same three microorganisms using the same datasets, and then submitted their results and methods of analysis for evaluation.
"The DREAM project enabled rapid sharing of results, direct comparison of the methods, and led to many new insights on the state of the art, that wouldn't have been possible with the traditional approach of waiting for each publication," Kellis says. "The community really came together to participate in this study, and everything we learned relied on the participation and energy of dozens of teams across the world coming together."
The DREAM meeting is organized each year by Dr. Gustavo Stolovitzky and colleagues in conjunction with the RECOMB satellites on Regulatory Genomics and Systems Biology, co-organized by Prof. Manolis Kellis at MIT and Dr. Andrea Califano at Columbia University. The joint meeting will be held Nov. 12-15, 2012, in San Francisco. For more information, please visit: http://recomb-2012.c2b2.columbia.edu/. | <urn:uuid:0cb14d6f-4fab-4693-9634-1eb4a7b7e6ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://news.mit.edu/2012/the-wisdom-of-crowds-nature-methods-paper | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711368.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208215156-20221209005156-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.946703 | 955 | 2.53125 | 3 |
When a boss is angry…when the car won’t start …how do people seek relief from stress? What thoughts and actions let the pressure off so they can continue as normally as possible? The Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WAYS) holds the answer. It measures coping processes — not coping dispositions or styles. As the definitive coping measure, the WAYS can assess and identify thoughts and actions that individuals use to cope with the stressful encounters of everyday living. In a variety of studies, researchers have used it to investigate the components and determinants of coping.
Copyright © 1988 by Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
Features of the WAYS
Purpose: Identify the processes people use in coping with stressful situations.
Length: 66 items
Average completion time: 10 minutes
Target population: High school age and older
Administration: For individual or group administration
Uses of the WAYS
Confrontive Coping: describes aggressive efforts to alter the situation and suggests some degree of hostility and risk-taking.
Distancing: describes cognitive efforts to detach oneself and to minimize the significance of the situation.
Self-Controlling: describes efforts to regulate one's feelings and actions.
Seeking Social Support: describes efforts to seek informational support, tangible support, and emotional support.
Accepting Responsibility: acknowledges one's own role in the problem with a concomitant theme of trying to put things right.
Escape-Avoidance: describes wishful thinking and behavioral efforts to escape or avoid the problem. Items on this scale contrast with those on the Distancing scale, which suggest detachment.
Planful Problem Solving: describes deliberate problem-focused efforts to alter the situation, coupled with an analytic approach to solving the problem.
Positive Reappraisal: describes efforts to create positive meaning by focusing on personal growth. It also has a religious dimension.
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Note: We cannot assure translation quality — many are made by individual researchers and we are not necessarily familiar with the particular language or dialect. Some of the translations are partial and typically do not have validation data. Basically, we offer whatever is available to facilitate your work. | <urn:uuid:93cfc317-67df-4a6e-9929-0e911d7c81ef> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.mindgarden.com/158-ways-of-coping-questionnaire | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039747215.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121052254-20181121074254-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.903296 | 543 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Group campaigns to see Andrew Jackson replaced on $20 bill
George Washington sits on the $1 bill and Abraham Lincoln is on the $5, but have you ever wondered why Andrew Jackson is on the twenty? According to Biography, "no one really knows."
So maybe it's time to switch it up? At least that's the aim of the organization Women on 20s.
The Washington Post talked to the organization's executive director who said Andrew Jackson "would be rolling in his grave to know that every day the ATM spits out bills with his face on it."
"It's pretty ironic to showcase a president who hated paper, as he trusted on the hard stuff, gold in silver," reports Biography.
But the group's goal isn't just to get Jackson's face off the bill. On its site W20 writes, "We believe this simple, symbolic and long-overdue change could be an important stepping stone for other initiatives promoting gender equality."
Now, Sacagawea, a woman, is on the dollar coin, but no woman has ever been featured on paper money.
The group has provided a list of 15 possible candidates, including Susan B. Anthony, Harriet Tubman, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Rosa Parks. The idea has at least one legitimate backer.
"A young girl wrote to ask 'why aren't there any women on our currency.' And then she gave me like a long list of possible women to put on our dollar bills and quarters and stuff, which I thought was a pretty good idea," President Obama said.
But why choose Andrew Jackson, the man of the common folk, to kick to the curb, other than his supposed hatred for paper money? Well, for one, his extremely controversial decision to pass the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
"The result was that they were rounded up at gunpoint and forced to move. Their property was seized. ... On the Cherokee's forced march about one out of every four died en route which is why they call it The Trail of Tears," reports History Channel.
Jackson was also a supporter of slavery - something many of the women who could potentially take his place on the twenty fought to end.
And while there seems to be a decent amount of support to replace the portrait on the $20 bill, not everyone is happy with the list of candidates. At least one is a bit controversial; Margaret Sanger founded Planned Parenthood, which provides family planning services including abortions.
We will note, however, there's nothing to say Andrew Jackson will actually get the boot.
But in 2013 a similar campaign was successful in Britain, putting English novelist Jane Austen on the 10-pound note. "I think it's important to have both sexes represented," said one citizen. | <urn:uuid:f3b545f7-e209-41f6-885d-95e2a2c85b2f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.aol.com/article/2015/03/07/group-campaigns-to-see-andrew-jackson-replaced-on-20-bill/21150810/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831933.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219090209-20181219112209-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.979556 | 563 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Definition - What does Arbitrator mean?
The term "arbitrator" can simply be defined as a person who conducts an arbitration. It refers to the person who performs their duties as a judge and conducts a mini-trial, which is considered to be a little less formal than a court trial.
In most cases, an arbitrator is either an individual attorney or part of a panel.
Justipedia explains Arbitrator
Under most jurisdictions these days, courts have a full list of attorneys working as arbitrators. Other than that, there are professional arbitration services like the American Arbitration Association, which has a panel of working attorneys chosen by the Association to act as arbitrators. | <urn:uuid:4f1ede01-0cf4-4e66-92ac-e2d0f61e3f70> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.justipedia.com/definition/1276/arbitrator | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123549.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00290-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967107 | 138 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Constraint satisfaction problems' programming or CSPs are mathematical problems where one must find states or objects that satisfy a number of constraints or criteria. CSPs are the subject of intense research in both artificial intelligence and operations research. Examples of CSPs include Sudoku or map coloring problem where to adjacent part of a map cannot have the same colour. The ability to allow people to define their problems and letting the computer solving them appears to be part of the next generation of computing.
This project will have for aim to help the user in creating their own problems using ontologies to guide them in selecting their variables, assigning them values and adding constraints. The two main goals will be investigating a methodology for classifying csp problem (probably about cars) and invastigating how ontological information can be used to assist users in creating csps. We would then create an ontology for a specific domain and suggest variables and their possible values to the user so he can create his CSP. Later on, we would use several ontologies from different domains.
Many research has been made in CSP, particularly by the AKT group in Aberdeen. It is therefore very likely that this project will become reality. However, it might be possible that I will not have time to successfully extract information from the ontology to help the user as expected. Particularly if it takes lots of time to learn the tools and the libraries I will use.
A simple computer with an Internet access will be needed for this project. Software like Protégé will be used to create the ontology and Jena, a Java framework for building Semantic Web applications, will be used by the system to read this ontology. Choco, a java library for constraint satisfaction problems, will be needed as well to create and solve the CSP. The user interface will be created using a drawing software such as the Gimp, and a Java IDE such as Eclipse for all the code. Finnaly, a webserver such as JBoss or Tomcat will be needed to host the application.
- Research: until 11/06. Learn Protégé, Jena, CSP with Choco.
- Software Development: until 17/06
- Coding: until 30/07
- first week of july: create the ontology with Protégé.
- second week: get information from the ontology using Jena.
- third week: display the information to the user and let him create and solve the csp.
- Testing: throughout the project with a end-user session the first week of August. | <urn:uuid:525f727e-3da9-44eb-ba1f-ea112b048071> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://education.wikia.com/wiki/Project_plan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102993.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817073135-20170817093135-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.925527 | 532 | 3.09375 | 3 |
In a consensus statement, the American Cancer Society (ACS) has identified signs and symptoms suggesting early ovarian cancer. Sometimes called a silent killer, ovarian cancer is rarely detected early because its initial signs and symptoms are considered vague and nonspecific. But research has shown that contrary to this assumption, the disease does cause telltale symptoms, even early in its course.
The ACS urges women to seek evaluation if they experience certain signs and symptoms that are a change from their normal experience and that persist daily or nearly daily for more than a few weeks. These include:
* pelvic or abdominal pain
* trouble eating or feeling full quickly
* urinary signs and symptoms, such as feelings of urgency or frequency.
According to the ACS, 93% of women with ovarian cancer who are diagnosed and treated early survive for 5 years or more and most are cured. But because only 19% of ovarian cancers are diagnosed early, the disease is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in women.
The Gynecologic Cancer Foundation and the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists join in the consensus statement, which has been endorsed by numerous other groups, including Gilda's Club. For more information, visit the ACS Web site at http://www.cancer.org. | <urn:uuid:7555c3a6-2dcb-4f93-8812-73932b684170> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.nursingcenter.com/JournalArticle?Article_ID=734616&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=734568 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645338295.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031538-00015-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960567 | 253 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Sinusitis (sinus infection) occurs when your sinuses become inflamed and swollen, which keeps mucus from draining properly. If you have a sinus infection while you’re pregnant, this can make being sick feel even worse. You’ll be concerned with finding a way to effectively treat your symptoms without harming your baby.
What is sinusitis?
Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinus lining that prevents mucus from draining easily through the nose. This inflammation causes the sinuses to become blocked and makes mucus build up, which can lead to some very uncomfortable symptoms that can last for weeks and affect your entire body at a time when you need to feel your best.
What are the symptoms of sinusitis during pregnancy?
Sinusitis is quite common and can be even more so during pregnancy. Around 20% of pregnant women suffer from sinusitis.
The tricky thing about dealing with sinusitis during pregnancy is figuring out whether your symptoms are pregnancy-related or are sinus issues. In addition to all the other parts of your body that it affects, your pregnancy can also make you more prone to nasal inflammation.
If you’re pregnant and suffering from the following symptoms, you may be suffering from sinusitis:
- Yellow or greenish discharge from your nose
- Difficulty breathing through your nose
- Pain and pressure around your face, especially around the cheeks and eyes
- A bad cough
- Reduced sense of smell or taste
- Sore throat
What are the best treatment options for sinusitis during pregnancy?
If you have a sinus infection during your pregnancy, you may feel miserable. You may be tempted to take some medication in an attempt to get some quick relief.
Many mothers-to-be who are suffering from sinusitis are often faced with a difficult decision of what they can do to fight their symptoms without endangering their baby.
You may find that some home remedies are just as effective in alleviating your symptoms and helping you recover while avoiding harm to your baby.
These can include the following:
- Using a humidifier at night
- Drinking plenty of fluids such as water and broth. This helps you stay hydrated and helps thin the mucus.
- Using saline nasal irrigation or saline nose drops
- Using several pillows to elevate your head when you lie down
Some medications are safe to use during pregnancy, while other commonly used medicines may not be safe to take while you’re pregnant.
In some cases, such as sinusitis caused by a bacterial infection, it may be safer for the baby if you take an antibiotic. The risk of possible harm to the baby is usually smaller from antibiotics than from the bacterial infection, but talk to your doctor for more information specific to your case.
Medications that are used to treat acute sinus infections include cefprozil (Cetzil) and a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate. They are generally regarded as safe to use during pregnancy. So is acetaminophen (Tylenol), which can help with pain relief and/or headaches.
The short-term use of decongestants, antihistamines, expectorants, and cough suppressants for upper-respiratory infections is usually thought to be safe during pregnancy in limited amounts.
Talk with your doctor for specific information on which medication is best for you and your baby. It doesn’t mean that you need to suffer through your sinusitis without any help, but you’ll need to be more careful about the medications you take and how long you take them for.
Looking for sinusitis treatment in the Dallas/Fort Worth area?
If you’re suffering from sinusitis during pregnancy, take the first step toward finding relief by contacting one of our numerous convenient Dallas/Fort Worth area offices.
At DFW Sinus Select, our sinus doctors provide the highest quality, state-of-the-art specialty medical care in a personalized and compassionate manner.
Contact us to schedule your consultation today. | <urn:uuid:b387f63c-ed41-4a9f-be78-104543c94f4f> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.dfwsinusselect.com/2016/05/25/best-treatment-options-sinusitis-pregnancy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464146.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418013444-20210418043444-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.941512 | 845 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Kind time of day dear artists. Today we present to you a drawing lesson in which we will show you how to draw Robin. In fact it is an alias of several fictional comic book characters about Batman.
In our example Robin stands straight, so it will be pretty easy to draw his figure. So take a pencil and with the help of light lines sketch out the head in the form of an inverted egg (or an oval). Next, draw a line of the spine on which the chest and pelvis are located. At the end of the step we sketch out the arms and legs.
Draw lines on the face that will help us draw facial features. Next, we sketch out the neck in the form of a cylinder. Sketch out the torso that gradually tapers closer to the pelvis. Draw the shoulders in the form of circles and arms in the shape of simple figures. Also, in the shape of simple figures we sketch out the legs.
We continue the drawing lesson about how to draw Robin. Here we need to outline some elements of clothing. First of all we design a collar that goes into a cape that goes behind the back hanging down to the knee area. Next sketch out the outlines of the gloves and shoes.
The main outlines of the figure of our Robin are ready, now we need to proceed to the details. Using the horizontal line from the second step we draw out the eyes in the form of almonds. Below the eyes draw out the nose guided by the vertical line from the second step. Draw out the mouth and move to the next step.
In this step we finish drawing the head of Robin. At the top of the head draw the hair using curved lines. Draw the ear, the line of the jaw and face as a whole. Around the eyes draw out a famous mask of Robin (which is somewhat like a raccoon mask).
Gently draw the collar. On the shoulders draw out the outlines of the cape. Next we draw the shape of the torso. Recall that the torso should narrow closer to the waist (in more athletic people this narrowing is more noticeable). With light lines draw the outlines of pectoral muscles and abdominals under the costume. Outline the belt and logo on the left side of Robin’s chest.
Let’s move to the arms of our Robin. First we need to draw the outlines of short sleeves and add some folds in the area of the armpits. Next, draw out the outlines of muscles and wide gloves. The most difficult moment is to draw fists (to learn more about this, visit the lesson on how to draw hands).
This step is somewhat similar to the previous step. Erasing all the extra lines and the extra strokes from the first two steps, draw out the outline of Robin’s legs. Draw the outlines of the muscles and knees as shown in our example. At the end of this step we need to draw shoes.
And in the last step of the lesson about how to draw Robin we add shadows. And as always we do it in the style of comics. What does it mean? In comics are always used dark and contrast shadows. In order to draw such shadows, you first need to draw out the outlines of the shadow and then paint over them in black. In order to make lighter shadows you need to use hatching and cross-hatching.
Do not forget that we have a whole category dedicated to comics, do not forget to visit this category and share our drawing lessons with your friends. Also, you can subscribe to us on social networks, in order to be aware of all the new drawing lessons from our site. | <urn:uuid:dbfb915e-464d-47fc-bd5b-33f0b17052dc> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.drawingforall.net/how-to-draw-robin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589251.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716095945-20180716115945-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.922395 | 742 | 3.34375 | 3 |
How Businesses Affect the Environment
The place you work can affect the environment either positively or negatively to a very large degree. How eco-friendly your employer is when it comes to using energy to heat and cool the building, to bring products into it, and to remove waste from it has a major impact on your community and the planet.
You may be surprised by some specific examples of ways the working world damages the environment:
Heating and air conditioning systems pump greenhouse gas emissions from offices into the atmosphere and use up vast amounts of electricity. Many buildings aren’t designed to include energy-efficient systems or technology to reduce the amount of heat and air conditioning they use.
Many buildings are built from materials that don’t come from renewable sources.
Office buildings have a huge appetite for electricity to power lighting, air conditioning, computers, printers, and photocopiers. Equipment may be left on 24 hours a day, seven days a week — even when no one’s working.
Offices consume vast amounts of paper. Even with more offices recycling paper, a large amount of paper waste still goes to landfill sites or incinerators.
In addition to paper, offices produce a lot of other waste, including equipment (especially computers), because companies regularly upgrade their equipment to stay competitive. Electronics such as photocopiers and computers can end up in landfills, where they don’t break down and, even worse, can leach harmful chemicals into the ground and water.
Rush-hour traffic jams in towns and cities are full of people trying to get to work — wasting time and polluting the atmosphere.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, industrial and commercial energy use (from such sources as electricity use, product transportation, industrial processes, burning fossil fuels to power boilers and produce steam, and using gasoline to power vehicles) accounts for nearly 30 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. | <urn:uuid:767dd83a-6e5f-4a28-bdd8-6a54a7c1e48e> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-businesses-affect-the-environment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645356369.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031556-00215-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940851 | 396 | 3.125 | 3 |
Across the country, serious mental health challenges can disrupt people’s ability to carry out essential aspects of daily life, such as self care and household management. Mental illnesses may also prevent people from forming and maintaining stable relationships or cause people to misinterpret others’ guidance and react irrationally. This often results in pushing away caregivers, family, and friends who may be the force keeping that person from becoming homeless. As a result of these factors and the stresses of living with a mental disorder, people with mental illnesses are much more likely to become homeless than the general population (Library Index, 2009).
A study of people with serious mental illnesses seen by California’s public mental health system found that 15% were homeless at least once in a one-year period, and patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are particularly vulnerable. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 20 to 25% of the homeless population in the United States suffers from some form of severe mental illness. In comparison, only 6% of Americans are severely mentally ill.
However, in Marin County, the 2019 Point In Time Count brought some good news: homelessness among people with serious mental illness was down 40 percent and down 10 percent among people with substance-use disorders. This is in large part due to the county’s housing-first approach and coordinated system of outreach, rapid rehousing, and help provided by government and non-profit agencies working together in a Continuum of Care.
Community Action Marin has three mobile homeless outreach teams as part of the county’s network. Called, Community Alternative Response and Engagement (CARE) Teams, these mobile units are dedicated to offering peer support to those experiencing mental health challenges and homelessness. They provide trusted connections in community, help with immediate needs, transport as necessary to the agency’s drop-in services, and coordinate with other providers across the county. Here is a vignette sharing the story of one of our team’s newest members.
Staff Spotlight: Debra Walker
It’s a cool and foggy morning when Debra Walker from CARE Team III pulls her van into a nearly deserted parking lot in Novato. Due to the COVID-19 Shelter in Place there is no early morning traffic. The van is new and has not yet been branded with Community Action Marin logos, but when Debra opens the back hatch and the sliding door, people begin to emerge from the mist, clearly expecting that she would be there. Debra has a supply of socks for those in need, and she greets everyone by name as they walk up.
Debra is the newest member of Community Action Marin’s CARE Teams (Community Alternative Response and Engagement). She is a bundle of energy, pulling clothes baskets from the van as she explains that with sobriety came weight gain, so she is sharing clothes that no longer fit with those who can use them. As one gentleman approaches the van Debra admonishes him, “You need to have a mask, Honey,” and digs in to her stores to find the right size. His age and health don’t qualify him for a motel voucher, so Debra has promised him a tent, which she hands off with the mask and gloves. Another woman has arrived and Debra directs her to the clothes, telling her to take whatever she wants, explaining that the woman is looking for a job and needs interview outfits.
In another moment, Debra shares that she’s meeting later with an outreach worker from the Spahr Center for a woman they are hoping to get into a detox center. As she buzzes around the van, handing out supplies and social distancing advice, Debra shares that she is moving into her own apartment this week. As she describes her new home she turns to the woman looking through clothes and says “Hey, I did it! Never give up, if I can do this so can you.”
How did you become involved with Community Action Marin?
I got involved with the agency while getting my education taking the course through a program that trains people to become peer providers. When Laurel Hill, the agency’s VP of Mental Health Services, came to do a presentation for our class and talked about all the different resources that Community Action Marin offers and the job opportunities available, I knew that that would be for me.
How has working at the agency impacted you personally?
Through my life experience, going from addiction to incarceration then graduating from an intensive outpatient program and finding myself having to be housed in a shelter and then transitional housing, I knew that I could be a great benefit to the agency and the clients that we work with. I was able to secure CalFresh and Medi-Cal working with coaches, and I was able to improve my opportunities to secure employment. I almost feel like I became an expert in our county by learning and going through all the channels to find out whatever resources that would work for me and even for others to better one’s life.
Also, I first learned of the agency’s programs when I was a resident at the New Beginnings Homeward Bound program, from January 2018 up until very recently. I got registered with the Economic Opportunity program so I could get help to clean up my credit. As I had thought this would be an impossible feat, I soon came to believe and realize that not only was it a possibility, but that I was able to go from a very low credit score to a credit score that has afforded me the ability to rent and secure an apartment and build on a new secure independent future.
My employment with Community Action Marin has truly changed my life. It has provided me a sense of purpose. It has improved my health and my happiness counteracting the effects of stress, anger, and anxiety. It has completely changed my life on a path of true success. I am able to learn every day different tools and opportunities to empower myself and others. I feel absolutely blessed and honored to work with the professionals in Marin County from every agency all the resources that have become available to the vulnerable folks in our community it has been a blessing. Before leaving on her rounds in the van again, she notes:
“Hey, you can’t tell with the mask, but I am totally smiling. I love this job, I feel like everything I have gone through prepared me to do this work. I love it! I’m so grateful I was given the chance to do this work!” | <urn:uuid:71b67a48-384e-407d-8735-85511af108bf> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://camarin.org/may-is-mental-health-awareness-month-staff-profile/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177607.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124224124-20201125014124-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.97273 | 1,331 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Tversky and Kahneman introduced the term framing for the finding that people give different answers to the same question depending on the way it is posed. One form of framing involves presenting the same outcome as either a gain or a loss. An experiment on starlings by Marsh and Kacelnik suggests that this form of framing occurs in non-humans. We argue that the experimental result demonstrates framing in the general sense of context dependence but does not provide compelling evidence of framing in terms of gains and losses. A version of scalar utility theory which is extended to include the possibility of memory errors accounts for the data and suggests future lines of research.
- Scalar utility theory | <urn:uuid:f3470175-78a2-4394-831e-86977d6ed76d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/gains-v-losses-or-context-dependence-generated-by-confusion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711637.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210005738-20221210035738-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.928742 | 144 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Are you always feeling tired or suffer from chronic fatigue, even after getting a full night’s sleep of 7-8 hours? The issue may not in fact be causes by a lack of REM sleep or other sleep disorder, but as the result of a condition called Venous Insufficiency, or vein disease which is actually caused by a lack of blood flow in the veins and capillaries in your legs.
Other symptoms of vein disease you may experience while sleeping or throughout the day includes: cramping, itching, always feeling cold, or numbness or tingling in your feet, legs or hands.
Image Source: Flickr
What is Venous Disease?
What is Vein Disease? Venous Insufficiency is the result of insufficient blood flow from your lower extremities back up to your heart and brain. The blood pools in your, and due to obstructions in your veins, this prevents a sufficient amount of vital oxygenated blood from circulating upward from your legs to your heart and brain to nourish your body.
This can result in you feeling tired often, chronic fatigue, cold, having bouts of mental fogginess, cramping and thus unsightly varicose veins. Chronic fatigue is one of the most undiagnosed symptoms of venous insufficiency.
If you have any of these symptoms of vein disorder, you should contact a vein surgery specialist at https://www.usaveinclinics.com/ for a consultation. With modern medical advancement in venous disease, there now several FDA approved non-invasive venous insufficiency treatments available, and you can be back to your normal routine in a few days, versus 5 to 6 weeks recovery with tradition painful surgical procedures for varicose veins, such as vein stripping.
Table of Contents
Is Vein Disease Just for Seniors?
If you think varicose veins or other forms of venous insufficiency are reserved for people over 50, then think again. It is a myth that venous diseases are reserved for an older age people; while the risk increases after age 50, young adults even in their 30’s can indeed develop vein disease, too, especially if vein disease or circulatory issues are hereditary or the person has a sedentary lifestyle.
While varicose veins and spider veins are the most commonly reported symptoms of veinous insufficiency, there are several symptoms of vein disease, such as tiredness, heaviness in your legs, swelling, aching pains, burning, itching, and cramps, for example, you might attribute to other physical or health issues rather than vein disease and simply take an Over-the-counter (OTC) pain medication.
If your leg cramps or other issues persist or returns frequently, you’ll want to contact a venous insufficiency treatment specialist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of the various vein disorders, as avoiding or delaying treatment can lead to potentially life-threatening health issues.
More than 80 million Americans suffer from venous disease, a medical condition that can lead to further health problems if ignored.
While there are several vein disease treatment options, USA Vein Clinics specializes in non-surgical vein treatment options, rather than painful vein stripping, so you can get back to your daily routine faster than with other venous disease treatment options, which can require hospitalization, painful invasive treatments and lengthy recovery time of 3-6 weeks.
Common Types of Vein Disease
Those are small, dilated superficial veins (also known as telangiectasia). They may be located in different areas of the leg. When found on thighs, they mostly represent just an esthetic problem. However, when located at the ankle, they may represent a serious venous insufficiency.
Varicose veins are the sign of a more serious venous disease. A varicose vein is a dilated, elongated or twisted vein due to a defective valve, which prevents normal blood flow from the veins in the legs back to your heart as blood circulates through your body. As a result, the blood in these veins flows backward. This circulatory system condition is known as blood reflux.
Varicose veins can be painful, or on the contrary totally painless. They are most often found on foot, the calf, the thigh or on the entire leg, and are often blue or red in color.
Vericose veins can appear as innocuous small thread-like marks on the leg up to large bulging venous clusters under the skin on the leg.
While often considered a cosmetic issue in the early stages, if not treated varicose veins can lead to serious health complications.
Edema is the medical term for swelling.
Edema of the foot and the ankle occurs when the blood stagnates in the superficial and deep veins in the lower part of the leg, and is unable to properly circulate back to the heart.
The capillaries can no longer play their role. Water and waste build up in the skin in the lower leg and induce a venous edema (swelling of the foot and the ankle). However, not all edemas are of venous origin.
What Causes Vein Disease
Chronic venous insufficiency, or CVI, occurs when the veins in your legs become blocked or damaged due to faulty valves and cannot pump blood back to your heart.
The blood pools in the veins in your lower leg or leaks out around the valves, thus damaging the surrounding tissue. You may experience symptoms, like swollen legs, itching, varicose veins, leg ulcers and pain in your legs and feet.
If you are experiencing leg pain, tiredness even after receiving 7-8 hours of sleep, heaviness feeling, cramping or swelling,
Symptoms of Venous Insufficiency
- Aching pain
- Easily tired legs
- Leg heaviness
- Swelling in the legs
- Heavy feeling in legs
- Frequent leg cramps
- Changes in skin color
- Numbness or tingling feeling in the legs
- Itching or irritated rash on the legs
- Restless Leg Syndrome
Venous Insufficiency Treatment Options
- Endovenous Laser Therapy (EVLT) – this is an FDA approved non-surgical treatment for the permanent elimination of superficial venous insufficiency. This is a popular non-surgical treatment for the removal of varicose veins. Image Source
- Injection Sclerotherapy Vein Treatment – this vein disease treatment was developed in the 1930’s and used for the removal of Telangiectasias, which are small flat red vessels and Reticular veins.
These are popular outpatient treatment options performed at the clinic, and patients are generally able to resume normal activities within days versus weeks with traditional surgical options for vein disease.
Possible Complications if Left Untreated
Left untreated, varicose veins can expected to enlarge and worsen. As a result, the symptoms vein disease will become more severe.
Additional health problems can result. These include:
- Severe venous insufficiency, a severe pooling of blood in the veins that slows the return of blood to the heart. This can lead to condition can cause deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
- Sores or skin ulcers.
- Ongoing irritation, swelling and painful rashes on the legs.
Venous Insufficiency can be a troubling health issue if not diagnosed or treated. With the advancement in cardiovascular surgery, both in hospital and in an outpatient clinic, the issues related to vein disease, such as chronic tiredness and fatigue can be diagnosed and treated painlessly and quickly allowing the patient to resume a normal, healthy and active life in a matter of days rather than weeks.
Due to diet and lifestyle changes, a disease once reserved for senior citizens is rapidly impacting the lives of young people in their 30’s, impacting sleep, causing pain in legs and limbs.
The good news is the medical community is helping to reverse this trend. | <urn:uuid:d320efc7-4a6a-47d5-89df-bd058551982c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.menshealthcures.com/is-venous-insufficiency-the-real-reason-you-are-always-tired/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487648373.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619142022-20210619172022-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.940566 | 1,662 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Talking to a child about death can be a difficult topic. Talking with children about traumatic loss can be one of the harder conversations a parent may have with their child. It is normal to feel uncomfortable. Everyone feels unprepared, uneasy, and anxious telling children about such sad, painful, and inconceivable events. As loving people, we want to protect our children from pain and confusion. As a parent, we often do not have the option to avoid talking about an event that will directly or indirectly impact them. This is another opportunity for your child to experience you as a source of guidance, support, and stability in their life.
Children will often need to have multiple conversations about such difficult and overwhelming material. Therefore, it is more important to cultivate a proper attitude and approach to these topics rather than figuring out just the “right” thing to say. The following are some guidelines to help you think about what you might want to incorporate into your discussions. By no means does this cover everything and it should be used to inform your values and goals rather than replace them.
Some Basic Needs Children Have
They want to know that their feelings are okay no matter what they are.
They want to feel loved and valued above all else.
They want to feel protected and reassured that no one else is leaving them or will die
They want to know that nothing they do, say, or think can make this type of event
They want to know that their routines and plans will be consistent and predictable (i.e. sports practice, going to school, bed time routines, ect.).
“I know I have to tell them something but should I tell the whole truth?”
Obviously, this is a difficult question and a very personal choice about how much to share with your child. Clearly, a child’s age should always be taken into consideration before deciding on what is appropriate to share.
In an attempt to shield our children from the harsh truth of a situation we may over look the fact that children often see and hear information from many other sources. Ask yourself, is this event possibly a topic of conversation for other adults or children who come in contact with your child? It is often better to have your child hear this information from you directly. You are then better able to control and provide accurate information.
Children can often perceive these events in a much scarier way than the truth itself. However, providing too much graphic detail can also be unhelpful. Ideally we want to strike a balance between honesty and thoughtful restraint. This can be a difficult task and is often helped by talking this over with someone else. It may be helpful in your decision making to think about the following; what does your child already know, whom they will come in contact with, what may they learn from others over the coming days and weeks, what type personality do they have? I believe that with some effort and support the truth can be discussed in a way that is open and honest, as well as protective and supportive.
As you provide a model of openness and willingness to speak to your child about difficult topics they will learn to be open and honest with you. In addition, they are more prepared to handle conversations when others talk about these events. This leads to developing a more trusting relationship and open channel of communication with your child.
“How should I approach this conversation?”
One of the first things to do is make sure YOU feel supported. By asking for help from family members, friends, clergy or mental health professionals you will be in a much better frame of mind to have this type of conversation. The second thing to keep in mind is to follow your child’s lead. This is more about creating a long-term open relationship than accomplishing a task. Keep in mind that children cannot process as much information as adults. This is especially true for young children who may be experiencing intense emotions during these conversations. By taking frequent breaks to check in with your child to see if they have question and understand what they are being told you can pace the conversation in a manageable way.
Give children opportunities to ask questions. Ask them what they would like to do after talking together. They may want to talk more, stay close to a relative, play, or get some emotional distance from the events. Follow the child’s lead. Observe their body language. Remember that everyone grieves differently and there is no right or wrong way to grieve. There are no right or wrong feelings to have. All feelings or reactions are normal for them. Some children need to be involved and want a lot of information; other children may not want to be involved and want very little information.
It is okay to ask them if they would like to talk about it more. Whenever possible, it is always best to be a good listener and let them talk and ask questions. Do your best to be available to talk about what happened, and let them choose their own ways of coping and expressing grief.
It also is okay to not know what to say or do. Be honest with children and say, “I don’t know.” Let them know that although you may not have answers to all of their questions right now, you will do your best to learn. To some questions there are no clear answers. At these times, it may be helpful to search your own values and beliefs to help guide your discussion.
“What can I do for my children over time, after we have initially talked about what has happened?”
You have already begun to help your child for the future by initiating an open relationship with him or her right now. You also can encourage children to express their feelings through art, drawing, books, writing, and playing (depending on their age and interests). It is common for children to retell what happened, or they may draw or play in ways that reenact traumatic events. This is often useful for children for expressing themselves and creating an opportunity for others to talk with them about their feelings.
Look for opportunities for your child to talk with other people going through similar experiences. By helping your child and your family connect to others you can avoid common feelings of isolation that occur when traumatic events happen. Knowing that they (and you) are not alone can be one of the most healing gifts you can give your child, yourself, and others in the community.
This information has been adapted from:
Talking to Children after a loved one has died from suicide, Parents Trauma Resource Center Surviving Suicide, V19 N3, Fall 2007 American Association of Suicidology. | <urn:uuid:e1f200cf-cf38-4f82-a5ab-f849d09ccbae> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://anxietyreliefproject.com/talking-to-children-about-traumatic-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146066.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225110721-20200225140721-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.973982 | 1,347 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Once a defendant is convicted of a crime, the court begins to consider an appropriate sentence. Among the things judges weigh are the severity of the crime, the impact on the victim and the past behaviour of the defendant. Often, the defendant's friends, family members and employers write character letters to judges. Judges do take the content of these letters into consideration in their sentencing decisions, and your well-written character letter can make a difference in the sentence imposed.
Type the letter if possible, and if not, print legibly or write it in longhand. Make sure you have the case name and number on the letter. Address it to The Hon. Jane Doe and begin it with either "Dear Judge Doe" or "Your Honor." If you don't have any of this information, call the clerk of the court or the court administrator for the court in which the case is being heard.
Make the letter long enough to give the judge a good idea of your knowledge of the defendant's character, but not too long that you lose his interest. Two or three double-spaced pages is a good length--four at the outside. Separate each idea into an individual paragraph, so the letter appeals to the eye.
Close the letter with "Sincerely" or "Yours truly," leave four spaces and type or print your name legibly. Then sign your name in the four-space blank.
Speak from the heart. Tell the judge how long you've known the person and how you know her.
Cast your relationship in the best light. If you only met the defendant six months ago, that may seem like too little time to know someone's character. But if you've known him for six months and worked closely with him every day, that gives more weight to your opinion.
Keep in mind that you likely know a different side of the defendant than the one the judge saw during trial. Your goal is to bring that person to life for the judge. Think about her best traits and then think about stories or situations that will illustrate them.
Be specific about his character. Rather than saying the defendant is a good person, tell the judge a story that illustrates that trait. If he drove you to your doctor's appointment every week for two years, that shows the judge that he can be kind and committed and put someone else's interests ahead of his own.
Include in your letter any difficulties a particular sentence might cause. Don't request a particular sentence, but if you know jail time would be difficult because she is raising her child alone, tell the judge.
Review the letter. Make sure you've spelt names correctly and that the address of the court is correct.
Ask someone you trust to read the letter to check for any mistakes you missed and to make sure you've expressed your ideas clearly.
Mail your letter well before the sentencing hearing, so the judge has time to review it.
Maintain a respectful, positive tone. Don't be critical of the police, the prosecutor or the victim. Don't say things aren't fair, even if you don't believe they are.
Tips and warnings
- Maintain a respectful, positive tone. Don't be critical of the police, the prosecutor or the victim. Don't say things aren't fair, even if you don't believe they are. | <urn:uuid:539f9c79-daa5-4e83-bccb-ee27bb3f14b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_6550998_write-character-letter-judge.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807084.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124031941-20171124051941-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.961198 | 678 | 2.828125 | 3 |
About the artwork
John Brett was the son of a veterinary surgeon. He showed an early enthusiasm for geology, astronomy and painting. When he was forty he became a member of the Royal Society of Astronomers. In his house on Putney Heath Lane, Brett installed a large telescope for astronomical observations.
Brett entered the Royal Academy as a student when he was twenty two years old. However Brett was more interested in the ideas of the art critic John Ruskin (1819-1900) and the work of the artists who formed the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 than the classical ideals of the Royal Academy. In 1853 John Brett met one of the founding members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, William Holman Hunt. Brett's association with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and his reading of Ruskin's Modern Painters had a profound effect on his painting.
The Stonebreaker depicts a young boy breaking flint stone at the roadside in bright sunlight. The view has been identified as looking over the Mole Valley towards Box Hill, Surrey. The milestone in the foreground of the painting indicates the distance from London (23 miles). There is a railway bridge and an embankment in the middle distance at the right, while left of the centre one looks down to the spire of St. Michael's Church. The painting seems to reflect Ruskin's ideal of truth to nature as well as Brett's interest in geology. Ruskin himself was also interested in geology and natural science.
The work of breaking stones was arduous and often given to the poor and destitute by local Parish boards. The stones were used to fill potholes in the parish maintained roads. The painting could be read as a critique of child labour in Victorian times. Pre-Raphaelite artists often commented in their work on family life, women's exploitation or the demoralisation of urban Victorian life. However the boy in the Stonebreaker does not appear to be destitute; his clothes are neat and clean while the dog playing with the boy's cap and the glorious sunshine alleviate the depressing sight of a child engaged in forced labour.
Colour and space are the predominant features of this well constructed landscape. The passage from foreground to middle ground and then to the far distance, almost in the shape of an S, is gradual and the colour is well balanced: the vibrant browns, green and purples of the foreground give way to the pale green and blue as the view recedes in the distance.
John Brett used to work both outdoors as well as in his studio; he often completed oil sketches of landscapes on the spot and he may have even used photographs like several Victorian painters at that time. Brett's remarks in a letter to his sister suggest that the Stonebreaker was to a great extent done outdoors with a few additions in the study " I can only work on it in sunny days- I hope it will look sunny. If it does not there will be no excuse for it for nothing has been done without the sun… I am gypsyish sun-tanned all over now." Different drawings survive of views, details and especially of the young boy, modelled by Brett's brother, Edwin.
The luminosity of the colours especially in the foreground of the Stonebreaker is in accordance with the pre-Raphaelite painters' techniques of painting on a wet white ground. Despite the vibrancy of the colours in most Pre-Raphaelites artists' work the sense of space is minimal. Brett is more concerned with space than any other Pre-Raphaelite artist to be seen in Room 3.
According to John Ruskin the purpose of art is neither to please aesthetically nor to be decorative but to teach. In this way Pre-Raphaelite art conveyed a moral or spiritual messages. Brett inscribed on a sketch for the picture: "The Wilderness of the World" and "Outside Eden". The Stonebreaker could well refer to God's curse of Adam to eternal labour rather than the enjoyment of the fruits of Paradise. Another interpretation of the painting could the great length of geological time compared to the brevity of human life. Other elements of symbolism in the painting are the ancient tree, signifying the boy's constricted future, and the bullfinch as a symbol of the free human spirit.
When The Stonebreaker was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1858 it was admired for its accurate detail and the delicacy of its finish. John Ruskin commented: "This after Lewis's is simply the most perfect piece of painting with respect to touch, in the Academy this year; in some points of precision it goes beyond anything the Pre-Raphaelites have done yet. I know of no such thistledown, no such chalk hills and elm trees, no such natural pieces of far away cloud in any of their works."
The Stonebreaker was sold to Thomas Avison a solicitor and Alderman of Liverpool immediately after it was exhibited. The painting was bequeathed to the Walker Art Gallery in 1918 by Mrs Sarah Ann Barrow.
The painting Rocks, Scilly (1873) also by John Brett in Room 3 indicates Brett's continuing interest in geology. Trevose Head (1900)hung above the Stonebreaker marks the late phase of Brett's work when he painted coastal views in a looser and more atmospheric manner than his early work. | <urn:uuid:7c32707b-9499-44c1-a5ec-dcedf80d9699> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/picture-of-month/displaypicture.aspx?id=7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529898.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420160858-20190420182002-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.969847 | 1,096 | 3.0625 | 3 |
This assignment is designed to sharpen skills in using Davis Library resources.
1. Take a few moments to brainstorm at least 3 keywords that you think would best help you find relevant information about a topic for your class. Write them down in the space provided.
2. Now that you have brainstormed those keywords, it’s time to put them to use! Find one book in the library catalog and two articles, one in a discipline specific database, the other in a general database. Once you have found a relevant title in the library catalog, try to find the subject headings within the record of the title.
Scholarly Journals versus Popular Publications:
Anatomy of a scholarly article (Source NCSU Libraries) | <urn:uuid:fa666193-8176-4258-8f38-3567fb977798> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://guides.lib.unc.edu/germ56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178366959.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303104028-20210303134028-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.929615 | 150 | 2.875 | 3 |
The History of Hand Crafted Soap
Making Handmade Soap: An Age-Old Tradition
The earliest recorded evidence of the making of handmade soap dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon. The recipe for the soap consisted of ashes, oil and sesame seed oil. A recipe was found for handcrafted soap on a clay tablet around 2200 BC. This recipe consisted of water, alkali and cassia oil. It is also thought that the ancient Egyptians bathed regularly and made their own soap consisting of animal and vegetable oil and alkaline salts.
There is early evidence of the Romans using soap as well. Zosimos of Panopolic c. 300 AD describes the process of making handmade soap using lye and recommends using it to wash clothes and the body.
By the late 6th century, handcrafted natural soap was well known in Italy and Spain. In documents that date back to around 800 AD refer to soap making as "women's work." Soaps were then produced by chemists and were made from vegetable oils such as olive oil and aromatic oil such as thyme oil and lye. As society evolved, soap was perfumed and colored and some were made in a solid form while others were liquid.
By the second half of the 15th century, in France, the making of handmade soap was concentrated to a few areas then distributed throughout the country. During the 16th century, most handcrafted soaps were produced by small-scale artisans and used vegetable oils rather than animal fat.
Today the most popular soap making process is the cold process method, which is a traditional process involving olive oil and lye that's been perfected over the years. As you can see, although cold process soap making is an age-old tradition, soap making has come a very long way since it originated in 2800 BC. | <urn:uuid:7c7ce727-eadc-4d16-9902-a2d314e755e9> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://earthessentialssoap.com/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862636.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00090-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988972 | 378 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Dark Skin Needs Sunscreen Too!
Applying sunscreen is a critical skincare step that’s all too often saved only for summertime fun in the sun. Some even skip it altogether—many of them, people of color. For those patients, sunscreen can have a bad rep. Some say it’s chalky and leaves a whitish case on skin; others find it causes breakouts and think it’s unnecessary. “People think the only reason to use protection is to prevent skin cancer or sunburn and that you only need to put it on at the beach or on vacation,” says Valerie Callender, M.D., a board-certified dermatologist in Glenn Dale, MD and an Acne Store advisory board member. “I have to educate my patients that it’s important to protect your skin every day no matter what the season or circumstance—even if you have dark skin.” Here Callender explores why SPF should be the MVP of everyone’s skincare lineup, and what kinds of products dark skin tones should look for.
Does dark skin need sunscreen?
Those with dark skin have a natural SPF of 13.4 (for reference, fair skin has about a 3.4). Sure, that’s a good start, but it’s not nearly sufficient for adequate protection. “Patients will always ask what the appropriate SPF is and as dermatologists we usually say 30 or higher.” Do the math: An SPF of 15 just won’t cut it.
Wearing sunscreen and fighting acne go hand in hand
“Ultraviolet light from the sun has a direct effect on skin’s melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin, stimulating the production of pigment,” says Callender. This is what causes hyperpigmentation, which is one of the most commonly cited skin concerns for those with skin of color. If acne is an issue as well, the concern is even greater since breakouts can leave behind bothersome dark spots on the skin. “Patients are sometimes more concerned about the hyperpigmentation than the acne itself so treating dark spots and skin discoloration have to be a part of the treatment plan.” Sunscreen is a critical component of that plan.
I have to educate my patients that it’s important to protect your skin every day no matter what the season or circumstance—even if you have dark skin.
Can sunscreen help remove hyperpigmentation?
It should come as no surprise that sunscreen can help prevent dark spots due to sun exposure. Here’s some even better news: When sunscreen is used on a daily basis, it can also lighten those spots. One Howard University Department of Dermatology study tracked Hispanic and African American patients using sunscreen daily for a couple of months and concluded that “subjects experienced a lightening of their overall complexion and dark spots just by using sunscreen without any other lightening agents like hydroquinone,” says Callender. Bottom line: you can affect pigmentation just by protecting against ultraviolet light.
Find the right sunscreen formula for your skin type
Mineral sunscreens with active ingredients like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are the best choice for skin of color and those with acne, says Callender. Why? As far as acne goes, mineral-based formulas typically won’t clog pores and are less irritating than chemical sunscreens, she says. And newer micronized technology means tinier particles of zinc and titanium dioxide won’t produce a white cast on skin—a common complaint of those with darker complexions. “Mineral-based formulas are really elegant these days and the tinted type can almost act like a concealer,” says Callender. For the best results, use her application technique for the face: First, cleanse skin and apply any topical acne treatment. Then comes moisturizer, sun protection (SPF of 30 or higher), and finally makeup.
And you need SPF even when you’re indoors
“I want everyone to use sunscreens year-round, whether you’re inside or out,” says Callender. Just because you’re hanging in the house all day doesn’t mean you can forgo sunscreen: UVA rays (the most damaging to skin) can pass through the windows and have the same damaging effects as direct sun exposure, no matter your skin tone. Another benefit of mineral sunscreens is that the titanium dioxide and zinc oxide found in these formulas can offer added protection from the blue light emitted from TVs, phones, and laptop screens, which can also contribute to hyperpigmentation.
Valerie D. Callender, M.D., F.A.A.D.
Dr. Valerie Callender is a member of the Acne Store Board of Dermatologists and an internationally recognized Board-Certified Dermatologist known for her sensitive and innovative approach to the treatment of pigmentation disorders. Dr. Callender is a prolific contributor to the dermatology literature and has co-edited a textbook on Treatment for Skin of Color. Dr. Callender has conducted and participated in over 60 research studies and clinical trials for both therapeutic and cosmetic products and is a consultant for some of the world’s leading cosmetic and consumer brands. She is a Past President of the Women’s Dermatologic Society and Skin of Color Society and has served on the Board of Directors of the American Academy of Dermatology. She is the Founder of the Callender Dermatology & Cosmetic Center and Callender Center for Clinical Research, which are located in the Washington, DC metropolitan region. Dr. Callender received her medical degree from Howard University, where she also did her residency and currently serves as a Professor of Dermatology at the College of Medicine.
Acne Store is coming soon! Join our mailing list for updates, exclusive content,and deals and discounts. | <urn:uuid:b984c54b-ed33-41dc-9b7c-af598f463014> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://acnestore.com/blogs/acnepedia/does-dark-skin-need-sunscreen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644506.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528182446-20230528212446-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.929657 | 1,274 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Rule Base
As mentioned before, the rule base is composed of multiple rules. Figure 3.2shows a sample rule base.
Figure 3.2 A sample rule base.
Each rule is independent of the others and is processed in sequence, meaning that the whole rule must match and that a lower numbered rule could potentially negate the effects of a higher numbered rule.
This last point could use some more explanation. Take for instance the following plain-English rules:
HostA can connect to any web server using HTTP.
No one can connect to WebServer1.
HostA is able to connect to WebServer1 via HTTP by virtue of rule 1, even though rule 2 says that no one can connect to WebServer1. Because rules are processed in order, stopping with the first match, rule 1 is matched and rule 2 is never considered.
Examining a Rule
Understanding the individual components of a rule is important to understanding the function of the whole rule. One of the things you’ll be expected to do on both the exam and in real life is to look at a rule base and determine what traffic is matched, and what actions will be performed.
These are the fields of a rule:
Number—The rule’s position in the rule base.
Source—A set of network objects representing the origin of the traffic.
Destination—A set of network objects representing the recipient of the traffic.
VPN—If desired, can specify that the traffic is to be encrypted.
Service—A set of service objects indicating which protocols are to be matched.
Action—A set of predefined items telling the gateway what to do with the packet if this rule is matched.
Track—A set of predefined items indicating whether any log entries or other notifications are to be made if this rule is matched.
Install On—Specifies which enforcement points will enforce this rule.
Time—Optionally specifies the time at which this rule will be enforced.
Comment—For administrative purposes, allows you to make a comment about who put in the rule, what it does, and any other pertinent information.
The Source, Destination, and Service fields use objects from the object tree. By double-clicking, or right-clicking and selecting Edit, you can see the specifics of the object. If multiple objects are within the same column, this forms an OR relationship. If no objects are placed in the column, it defaults to Any, meaning any value will match.
If the icon for the cell has an x through it, like the source address in Figure 3.3, the selection is negated. That is, a match will occur only if the cell’s value is not matched. With multiple objects in the column, none of the objects can match for the rule itself to be considered a match. For instance, the rule in the example will match any HTTP packets that don’t come from Network1 or Network2.
Figure 3.3 A rule with a negated source address.
When you’re reading a rule, it is important to understand that a rule represents the conversation, not the individual packets. Allowing traffic for a particular source to a given destination implicitly allows packets in the return direction after the connection has been established.
The action of the rule tells FireWall-1 what to do when a match is found. These are the possible actions:
Accept—Permit this packet for further processing.
Drop—Discard the packet with no notification to the sender.
Reject—Discard the packet, sending an ICMP unreachable message to the sender.
User Auth—Require user authentication to allow this connection.
Client Auth—Require client authentication to allow this connection.
Session Auth—Require session authentication to allow this connection.
The authentication rules are covered in Chapter 7.
In addition to deciding the action, the firewall must also decide whether any logging is needed. The Track column dictates what logging will happen, and may take one of the following options:
Log—Sends a logging entry to the logging server.
Account—Logs more information about the flow, including number of packets and size.
Alert—Logs the event, but also sends a pop-up message to the SmartConsole.
SNMP Trap—Sends an SNMP trap to a management station.
Mail—Emails the details about the event.
User Defined—Runs a user-supplied script.
The Install On column allows you to select which firewalls are to enforce the rule. For instance, if you have a mail server in a DMZ in Winnipeg, there’s little point in having the same rule enforced in Calgary. Either network objects representing the enforcement points will be here (Check Points or Groups), or the phrase "Policy Targets," meaning all firewalls.
The Time column allows you to dictate when the rule is valid. Within the cell are time objects, available through Manage, Time, that specify a time or date range.
Finally, comments are necessary for administrative sanity. The comment field should contain a description of why the rule is there, or any other special notes (including "Don’t delete this or Oracle will break!").
Creating and Deleting Rules
To create a new rule, first determine where it is to be inserted. The Rules, Add Rule menu option then gives you four choices:
The first two options—Bottom and Top—place the new rule at the bottom or top of the policy, respectively. Below and Above place the new rule next to the currently highlighted rule, either above or below, depending on which you chose.
The rule that is created, called the default rule, is shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 The Default Rule
As the default rule shows, it specifies that all packets are to be dropped on all firewalls. You must change the relevant fields to do what you want.
All cells can be configured by right-clicking within the cell. The Action and Track columns give you a menu with the available options; the rest of the fields require you to select Add and then select the objects you want from the menu. If it turns out you forgot to create an object, this menu also has the option to create a new object. You can also populate cells by dragging objects from the objects tree, or dragging objects from other cells.
One of the options available when you right-click one of the Source, Destination, or Service cells is Negate Cell. As discussed previously, this causes a red x to be displayed through the icon, and has the effect of matching anything except for the contents of the cell.
To remove a rule from service, you have two options. One is to highlight the rule and press the Delete key; the other is to select the Rules, Delete menu item. This removes the rule completely from the rule base. If you just want to disable it temporarily, right-clicking on the rule’s number will give you the Disable Rule(s) option (or select Rules, Disable Rule). The rule will have a red x through the rule’s number, and will not be enforced. To re-enable the rule, do the same thing again.
Hiding and Unhiding Rules
When working on a large rule base, you may be distracted by extra rules. SmartDashboard allows you to hide the rules from viewing, while still enforcing them. Contrast this with disabling or deleting a rule, which stops the rule from being processed.
You can hide a rule from view by highlighting it and selecting Rules, Hide, Hide. Rules can be unhidden through Rules, Hide, Unhide. Note that when a rule is hidden, the numbering remains unchanged, and a small white spacer appears, letting you know that there are hidden rules there.
Querying the Rule Base
Sometimes hiding rules isn’t enough to do what you want. Often, you want to ask questions like "What rules apply to HTTP traffic?" This is where queries come in.
Queries are handled through the Search menu, or by a right-click on the column heading in the rule base. For example, right-clicking on the Service heading and selecting Query Column brings up the dialog shown in Figure 3.4.
The pull-down at the upper left called Column lets you select the column to search from. All the relevant objects then appear in the left side of the dialog. If you highlight the objects you are interested in, and click Add, they are moved to the right side of the screen. If there is more than one object on the right side, the radio buttons at the top become enabled, and can be used to determine whether all the objects need to appear in the rule.
There is also a check box at the bottom of the dialog that negates the selection.
From here, you can click Apply to hide all the rules except those that match your query, or save your query with the Save button.
The Search, Manage Rule Queries menu option brings up a dialog showing your saved queries. By highlighting a saved query and clicking And, you can further refine your query to handle multiple columns. The Or button shows rules that match either query.
Finally, Search, Clear Rules Query unhides all the rules and shows the entire rule base. | <urn:uuid:3b11fa00-3baf-43bd-995a-88c22a0a3d12> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=387728&seqNum=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946597.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424100356-20180424120356-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.898052 | 1,935 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Complications are most commonly linked to high blood glucose levels over a long period of time, so the best protection against developing anything is to keep your levels in range.
The most common complications can be classified broadly as:
- Damage to the large blood vessels of the heart, brain and legs (called macrovascular complications)
- Damage to the small blood vessels (microvascular complications) causing problems in the eyes, kidneys, feet and nerves
Once you have had type 1 for a couple of years you’re at risk of developing some subtle changes to the organs containing non-insulin requiring cells. Many type 1 related complications don’t show up until you’ve had the condition for many years, sometimes decades.
Complications usually develop silently and gradually over time, which means that regular check ups are a must to catch the signs early.
If these changes to your organs are found early, there are strategies to stop or delay the progression of type 1-related complications. For this reason, it is recommended that you are screened for complications two to five years after being diagnosed, then annually thereafter. | <urn:uuid:082b5a65-0fac-446e-b670-3afd50f8065e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://jdrf.org.uk/information-support/about-type-1-diabetes/complications/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046156141.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805161906-20210805191906-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.947982 | 229 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Small wildlife in the garden is not only beneficial to the plants that you are growing, but they also bring a certain beauty of their own and are interesting to watch. The more wildlife visiting a garden, the healthier it will tend to be. Instead of trying to deter garden guests, I do everything that I can to attract them to stop and enjoy my yard. All wildlife look for a few basic things that they need to survive, and its really those yards and gardens that can provide for their most basic needs, and not necessarily the most attractive garden, that they are going to congregate at.
Tips for Welcoming Wildlife to the Garden
If you want to welcome more beneficial wildlife to your garden, provide the following needs that all animals and insects have in the most natural way possible.
Provide A Source of Water
Water is always a great element to have in any garden. Gardens need water, water is found everywhere in nature and moving water, especially, adds to the sensory experience we have in gardens. It also happens that wildlife is also looking to provide for this very important need, especially in the winter, so wherever there is water you will see wildlife nearby. If you have the space and resources, a small garden pond is ideal.
Everything from birds to butterflies to frogs will sit, sip and splash in fresh water. Even a simple birdbath, or garden saucers will be very helpful to wild creatures. Scatter them around the yard, and make sure to fill regularly.
Your garden is a source of food for so many different types of wildlife, and the more native plants that you plant, the better (for a vast amount of reasons). It makes sense that birds and insects will seek out those plants that they find in nature, so by adding some of those same plants to your yard you are bringing wildlife right to you. To attract the most wildlife, plant a wide diversity of plants including flowers with nectar, fruit bearing plants and plants that produce seeds or nuts. In the winter, fill bird feeders with seeds geared toward your regular visitors, as well as other locals you would like to attract (you may be surprised who shows up).
Shelter is another very important need for all types of wildlife, and slightly more complicated to provide in the most natural way, but still possible. Birdhouses, or other hollow containers, make sure that birds are always returning to your garden. Keep overturned logs, some garden brush and stacks of logs are also places wildlife like to take shelter near so try and fit these things into the garden as naturally as possible.
Provide Natural Cover
Ever notice how most types of wildlife will dart back and forth into your garden? Animals and insects are always watching for predators, even while they are splashing around in the birdbath you have put out. In keeping with planting a diverse garden, it is also important to include trees and shrubs in and around your garden. Both of these provide coverage and security for animals that need a place to quickly escape into, and the more you have around the more wildlife will feel secure and safe near your yard.
Providing each of these is the best and easiest way to encourage beneficial wildlife to not just make their way into your yard, but to stay. None are difficult to provide, and the best part is, they don’t require a lot of time or money to add to your yard. | <urn:uuid:5fa6ddda-9f12-4e30-ae5c-4cfdfc6135e9> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://momfoodie.com/welcome-beneficial-wildlife-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159359.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923114712-20180923135112-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.96933 | 689 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Cell Line, Tumor
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Stable xenon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element xenon, but differ in atomic weight. Xe-124, 126, 128-131, 134, and 136 are stable xenon isotopes.
Molecular Probe Techniques
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.
Sensitivity and Specificity
Indicators and Reagents
Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)
Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. | <urn:uuid:bf5dcc5b-c8f2-4b96-bb02-d5f9c84763c4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://lookformedical.com/en/definitions/biological-assay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154798.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804080449-20210804110449-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.878832 | 1,462 | 2.796875 | 3 |
With the passing of Apple CEO Steve Jobs last week, many have written about his immeasurable impact on technology and industrial design. And while Jobs revolutionized personal computers, his technological innovations have also transformed the domestic sphere and the way we live our lives at home. Here are the top five ways Jobs has changed home life in America.
1. We take computers for granted now, but they weren’t really consumer products before the Apple Macintosh debuted in 1984. They were technical devices, tools of business or the playthings of hackers. But the first Mac dispensed with complicated command line programming, giving casual users a mouse and a graphical user interface. Simply look and click. This user-friendly revolution began a shift whereby the computer would become nearly as ubiquitous as a telephone or refrigerator, and for many, would become the single most important appliance in the home. Today, more than a third of people check email or send out a tweet before they even get out of bed in the morning, an incredible change from the way we lived our lives just a quarter of a century ago.
2. Computers in the 1990s were certainly not designed for beauty or simplicity. Monitor, speakers, keyboard and peripherals, a ‘90s computer was a Medusa’s head of tangled cables slithering across the desk and floor.
In one of his first moves upon his return to Apple in 1997, Jobs introduced the iMac G3, a sleek alternative to the beige, boxy desktops of old. Apple’s relevance had faded in the 1990s, but these candy-colored dream machines helped make the company relevant and exciting again. The computer was no longer something to be stuffed on a desk in a dark corner of the basement. It was a piece of art to be proudly displayed. It’s now nearly impossible to escape the Apple esthetic, as technology companies rush to recreate the streamlined minimalism of Apple’s designs. But Jobs did it first. He insisted that the things we use should also be beautiful.
3. For many music lovers, stereos and record collections used to fill entire rooms in the home. But the introduction of iTunes and the iPod in 2001 began the slow death of physical media, eliminating the need for endless shelves of carefully alphabetized CDs.
While Sony’s Walkman untethered us from the stereo in the 1980s, the iPod rendered the stereo obsolete. A mainstay of the modern home since the era of radio, the stereo, along with entire libraries’ worth of music, were collapsed into a single handheld unit. And devices like Apple’s AirPlay further liberated our collections, allowing music to wirelessly follow us throughout the home. Now we can go from making cookies in the kitchen to doing laundry in the basement, all without missing a beat.
4. Portable media devices like iPads and iPhones have eroded the importance of the living room, long the focal point of the American household. Kitchen tables, backyards, bedrooms, now every room in the house can offer the same comforts as a couch in front of a TV. While content providers like Hulu and Netflix have innovated the way we access entertainment, it was Apple’s hardware that made such changes possible. In the U.S. an estimated 2 million people have ditched cable in favor of watching TV online, a number that continues to grow. In a few more years, we won’t even remember what a TV is anymore.
5. Few people have advanced the idea of the smart home as Jobs did. While other companies were building expensive panel control systems or dishwashers that tweet, Jobs understood that the home of the future would be more about connectivity than hardware. By tapping into the smart phone — a device we all carry anyways — and opening it up to app makers, we can simply and easily perform a variety of household tasks from just about anywhere. One single device began replacing the many we previously needed. So whether you want to adjust the thermostat, live stream security camera footage, respond to a break-in, or pause a movie, there’s an app for that. | <urn:uuid:ffa16eeb-1d24-4225-bf75-8e3988996a76> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.networx.com/article/how-steve-jobs-transformed-the-home | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929205.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00043-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958207 | 848 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Care must be taken as, in addition to food poisoning, Sapovirus-induced gastroenteritis has also led to mass outbreaks at nurseries, schools, and welfare facilities.
The infection routes, symptoms, and prevention methods for Sapovirus are the same as those of norovirus.
What is Sapovirus?
Like norovirus, Sapovirus is a virus belonging to the Caliciviridae family which multiplies in the mucous membranes of the human small intestine.
In 2002, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses officially gave this virus the name of “Sapovirus; prior to that time it was known as the “Sapporo virus.”
The “Sapo” in “Sapovirus” is derived from Sapporo, Japan, where the virus was discovered.
Previously, Sapovirus was believed to be the cause of sporadic gastroenteritis mainly in children, but in recent years reports have been on the rise of mass outbreaks such as food poisoning.
Like norovirus, Sapovirus causes gastroenteritis throughout the year.
Epidemiological studies have strongly identified the eating of raw bivalves such as oysters and food prep workers carrying the virus as being part of the virus’ transmission route. In addition, as there have been cases of mass outbreaks at facilities such as schools and daycares where no raw oysters were eaten, person to person secondary infection is suspected to exist.
In recent years, the development and popularization of a new testing method (real-time PCR) has clarified the relationship between Sapovirus and food poisoning.
Which foods can cause Sapovirus infection?
Sapovirus can cause food poisoning via raw or undercooked bivalves such as oysters. In addition, Sapovirus can contaminate food and infect those who eat it when infected individuals and those cleaning up stool and vomit containing Sapovirus fail to wash their hands thoroughly enough and prepare food thereafter.
What are the symptoms of Sapovirus infection?
Like norovirus, Sapovirus’ primary symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and fever, making it difficult to distinguish from norovirus. The incubation period for Sapovirus is 12 to 48 hours, with illness generally lasting from 1 to 2 days and, in longer cases, continuing for around a week.
What are the key points to preventing Sapovirus infection?
- Thoroughly cook bivalves such as oysters so that the heat penetrates all the way to their center before eating (85 to 95° C for longer than 90 seconds). Parboiling does not sufficiently heat food to remove norovirus’ ability to infect people.
- Thoroughly wash fresh woods (vegetables, fruits, etc.).
- Wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet, when preparing food, and before eating (see Let’s work together and wash our hands)
- Use only clean towels after washing hands.
[Preventing secondary infection…]
<At home, nursery, and school>
- Avoid coming in contact with the stool and vomit of infected individuals and, if contact is made, thoroughly wash and disinfect affected areas.
- When cleaning up clothing and other items contaminated by vomit and stool, use vinyl gloves and a mask.
- Wash clothing and other items contaminated with vomit and stool separately from other items.
- Soak utensils and rags used to clean up vomit and stool in chlorine bleach before washing them.
- Wipe floors contaminated with vomit using a cloth soaked in chlorine bleach and let sit for a period of time to disinfect the area.
- Once affected items have been cleaned up, wash hands thoroughly and gargle.
<For operators of facilities which handle food>
- When food prep workers show symptoms similar to a cold such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and fever:
- Do not allow such workers to engage in food preparation.
- Have them get diagnosed at a medical institution and talk with a physician. | <urn:uuid:84bc3043-bfb0-4a9b-8a6c-944bc37f92b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.fukushihoken.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/shokuhin/eng/micro/sapo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711376.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209011720-20221209041720-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.946069 | 849 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Inspire your class through the power of music in preschool education. Teach skills using songs they can sing, dance and play instruments to. Music helps in preschool with songs that foster alphabet practice, counting skills, and creating art inspired by the music they hear.
That's Not Noise--That's Music!
Anyone who has witnessed the joy in a youngster as he bangs pots and pans in the kitchen with a wooden spoon knows that preschoolers are naturally drawn to music. Children love to learn songs and sing them over and over. Children’s songs that incorporate actions are sometimes a child's first introduction to dance. It is obvious how music helps in preschool. The use of music in the preschool classroom provides teachers with a powerful tool for memorization and movement. Above all, "music time" is enjoyable and gives children a creative outlet of self-expression and joy.
Teach Letters, Numbers and Concepts With Music
The ABC Song is children’s introduction to the alphabet in order--and as a whole. When they learn the song, they are equipped with the skills to recite the alphabet and to correctly pronounce each letter. Counting songs, like the familiar Ten Little Indians, teach young learners to count from one to 10 and then to count the same numbers backwards. Often teachers will instruct children to hold up their fingers in correspondence with the number they are singing. This activity, paired with the singing of the song, gives children tangible representations of the numerals.
You can teach broader concepts to children through the songs they learn in your classroom. Old McDonald is more than a funny ditty full of animal noises. Children learn the names of many animals that are typically raised on a farm. Another preschool favorite, Head and Shoulders, Knees and Toes, teaches children to name and point to body parts and facial features, increasing awareness of their physical bodies.
Practice Large and Small Motor Skills With Music
Choose songs that get kids moving. The Itsy Bitsy Spider, a preschool music time staple, offers finger motions that work those small muscles and help little ones gain control of the fine-motor movements they make with their hands. The Hokey Pokey song includes a dance that involves the whole body as children learn to sing the words and do the corresponding action.
Let the preschoolers in your care dance freely to music in your classroom. Play some old favorites and expose them to music they haven’t heard before. Let them work off energy and synchronize their own dance movements to the music that you play.
Inspire Art With Music
Adding an unexpected aspect to an art activity is one of the powerful examples of how music helps in preschool. Pass a large piece of white construction paper to each child in your preschool classroom. Provide them each with a paintbrush and an assortment of different colored tempera paints. Turn on classical music and ask your preschoolers to close their eyes. Ask them to listen to the music and tell you about the picture it creates in their mind. Ask them if the music is happy or sad. Tell the children to open their eyes and paint a picture that is inspired by the music they hear.
Let Preschoolers Make Music
Whether your classroom is equipped with a selection of instruments, or children play instruments that your class made themselves, turn your circle time into a mini-orchestra to provide a creative outlet. Children learn to recognize patterns in music and imitate rhythms when they play along with recorded music. Stop the music sometimes to let the children take turns playing their instrument solo for the group. The children will boost their confidence and the listening classmates get to honor their efforts with clapping and cheers. | <urn:uuid:9ec01c0b-9132-4a48-a05c-997fda63788d> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.brighthubeducation.com/preschool-crafts-activities/86957-how-music-helps-in-preschool-ideas-for-the-classroom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804610.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118040756-20171118060756-00758.warc.gz | en | 0.954145 | 745 | 4 | 4 |
Khedivate of Egypt
The Khedivate of Egypt (Arabic: الخديوية المصرية, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [xedeˈwejjet ˈmɑsˤɾ]; Ottoman Turkish: خدیویت مصر Hıdiviyet-i Mısır) was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces which brought an end to the short-lived French occupation of Lower Egypt. The Khedivate of Egypt had also expanded to control present-day Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, northern Somalia, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Greece, Cyprus, southern and central Turkey, in addition to parts from Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo, as well as northwestern Saudi Arabia, parts of Yemen and the Kingdom of Hejaz.
Khedivate of Egypt
الخديوية المصرية (Arabic)
خدیویت مصر (Ottoman Turkish)
Coat of arms
Globe with old borders highlighting the following:
Khedivate of Egypt
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (condominium)
Ceded from Sudan to Italian North Africa in 1919
|Status||Autonomous vassal (1867–1914) of the Ottoman Empire|
(under British military occupation from 1882)
|Common languages||Arabic, English[a]|
|Religion||Sunni Islam, Coptic Christianity|
• 1878–1879 (first)
• 1914 (last)
|Hussein Roshdy Pasha|
|Historical era||Scramble for Africa|
|8 June 1867|
• Suez Canal opened
|17 November 1869|
• 'Urabi Revolt
• British invasion in the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War
|July – September 1882|
• Sudan Convention
|18 January 1899|
|19 December 1914|
Part of a series on the
|History of Egypt|
The United Kingdom invaded and took control in 1882. In 1914 the Ottoman Empire connection was ended and Britain established a protectorate called the Sultanate of Egypt.
Rise of Muhammad Ali
Upon the conquest of the Sultanate of Egypt by the Ottoman Empire in 1517, the country was governed as an Ottoman eyalet (province). The Ottoman Porte (government) was content to permit local rule to remain in the hands of the Mamluks, the Egyptian military led by Circassian-Turkic origin leaders who had held power in Egypt since the 13th century. Save for military expeditions to crush Mamluk Egyptian uprisings seeking to re-establish the independent Egyptian sultanate, the Ottomans largely ignored Egyptian affairs until the French invasion of Egypt in 1798.
Between 1799 and 1801, the Porte, working at times with France's main enemy, Great Britain, undertook various campaigns to restore Ottoman rule in Egypt. By August 1801, the remaining French forces of General Jacques-François Menou withdrew from Egypt.
The period between 1801 and 1805 was, effectively, a three-way civil war in Egypt between the Egyptian Mamluks, the Ottoman Turks, and troops the Ottoman Porte dispatched from Rumelia (the Empire's European province), under the command of Muhammad Ali Pasha, to restore the Empire's authority.
Following the defeat of the French, the Porte assigned Husrev Pasha as the new Wāli (governor) of Egypt, tasking him to kill or imprison the surviving Egyptian Mamluk beys. Many of these were freed by or fled with the British, while others held Minya between Upper and Lower Egypt.
Amid these disturbances, Husrev Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks (soldiers) without pay. This led to rioting that drove Husrev Pasha from Cairo. During the ensuing turmoil, the Porte sent Muhammad Ali Pasha to Egypt.
However, Muhammad Ali seized control of Egypt, declaring himself ruler of Egypt and quickly consolidating an independent local powerbase. After repeated failed attempts to remove and kill him, in 1805, the Porte officially recognised Muhammad Ali as Wāli of Egypt. Demonstrating his grander ambitions, Muhammad Ali Pasha claimed for himself the higher title of Khedive (Viceroy), ruling the self-proclaimed (but not recognised) Khedivate of Egypt. He murdered the remaining Mamluk beys in 1811, solidifying his own control of Egypt. He is regarded as the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms he instituted in the military, agricultural, economic and cultural spheres.
During Muhammad Ali's absence in Arabia his representative at Cairo had completed the confiscation, begun in 1808, of almost all the lands belonging to private individuals, who were forced to accept instead inadequate pensions. By this revolutionary method of land nationalization Muhammad Ali became proprietor of nearly all the soil of Egypt, an iniquitous measure against which the Egyptians had no remedy.
The pasha also attempted to reorganize his troops on European lines, but this led to a formidable mutiny in Cairo. Muhammad Ali's life was endangered, and he sought refuge by night in the citadel, while the soldiery committed many acts of plunder. The revolt was reduced by presents to the chiefs of the insurgents, and Muhammad Ali ordered that the sufferers by the disturbances should receive compensation from the treasury. The project of the Nizam Gedid (New System) was, in consequence of this mutiny, abandoned for a time.
While Ibrahim was engaged in the second Arabian campaign the pasha turned his attention to strengthening the Egyptian economy. He created state monopolies over the chief products of the country. He set up a number of factories and began digging in 1819 a new canal to Alexandria, called the Mahmudiya (after the reigning sultan of Turkey). The old canal had long fallen into decay, and the necessity of a safe channel between Alexandria and the Nile was much felt. The conclusion in 1838 of a commercial treaty with Turkey, negotiated by Sir Henry Bulwer (Lord Darling), struck a deathblow to the system of monopolies, though the application of the treaty to Egypt was delayed for some years.
Another notable fact in the economic progress of the country was the development of the cultivation of cotton in the Delta in 1822 and onwards. The cotton grown had been brought from the Sudan by Maho Bey, and the organization of the new industry from which in a few years Muhammad Ali was enabled to extract considerable revenues.
Efforts were made to promote education and the study of medicine. To European merchants, on whom he was dependent for the sale of his exports, Muhammad Ali showed much favor, and under his influence, the port of Alexandria again rose into importance. It was also under Muhammad Ali's encouragement that the overland transit of goods from Europe to India via Egypt was resumed.
Invasion of Libya and Sudan
In 1820 Muhammad Ali gave orders to commence the conquest of eastern Libya. He first sent an expedition westward (Feb. 1820) which conquered and annexed the Siwa oasis. Ali's intentions for Sudan was to extend his rule southward, to capture the valuable caravan trade bound for the Red Sea, and to secure the rich gold mines which he believed to exist in Sennar. He also saw in the campaign a means of getting rid of his disaffected troops, and of obtaining a sufficient number of captives to form the nucleus of the new army.
The forces destined for this service were led by Ismail, the youngest son of Muhammad Ali. They consisted of between 4000 and 5000 men, being Albanians, Turks and Egyptians. They left Cairo in July 1820. Nubia at once submitted, the Shaigiya tribe immediately beyond the province of Dongola were defeated, the remnant of the Mamluks dispersed, and Sennar was reduced without a battle.
Mahommed Bey, the defterdar, with another force of about the same strength, was then sent by Muhammad Ali against Kordofan with like result, but not without a hard-fought engagement. In October 1822, Ismail, with his retinue, was burnt to death by Nimr, the mek (king) of Shendi; and the defterdar, a man infamous for his cruelty, assumed the command of those provinces, and exacted terrible retribution from the inhabitants. Khartoum was founded at this time, and in the following years the rule of the Egyptians was greatly extended and control of the Red Sea ports of Suakin and Massawa obtained.
Muhammad Ali was fully conscious that the empire which he had so laboriously built up might at any time have to be defended by force of arms against his master Sultan Mahmud II, whose whole policy had been directed to curbing the power of his too ambitious vassals, and who was under the influence of the personal enemies of the pasha of Egypt, notably of Husrev Pasha, the grand vizier, who had never forgiven his humiliation in Egypt in 1803.
Mahmud also was already planning reforms borrowed from the West, and Muhammad Ali, who had had plenty of opportunity of observing the superiority of European methods of warfare, was determined to anticipate the sultan in the creation of a fleet and an army on European lines, partly as a measure of precaution, partly as an instrument for the realization of yet wider schemes of ambition. Before the outbreak of the War of Greek Independence in 1821, he had already expended much time and energy in organizing a fleet and in training, under the supervision of French instructors, native officers and artificers; though it was not till 1829 that the opening of a dockyard and arsenal at Alexandria enabled him to build and equip his own vessels. By 1823, moreover, he had succeeded in carrying out the reorganization of his army on European lines, the turbulent Turkish and Albanian elements being replaced by Sudanese and fellahin. The effectiveness of the new force was demonstrated in the suppression of an 1823 revolt of the Albanians in Cairo by six disciplined Sudanese regiments; after which Mehemet Ali was no more troubled with military mutinies.
His foresight was rewarded by the invitation of the sultan to help him in the task of subduing the Greek insurgents, offering as reward the pashaliks of the Morea and of Syria. Muhammad Ali had already, in 1821, been appointed by him governor of Crete, which he had occupied with a small Egyptian force. In the autumn of 1824, a fleet of 60 Egyptian warships carrying a large force of 17,000 disciplined troops concentrated in Suda Bay, and, in the following March, with Ibrahin as commander-in-chief landed in the Morea.
His naval superiority wrested from the Greeks the command of a great deal of the sea, on which the fate of the insurrection ultimately depended, while on land the Greek irregular bands, having largely soundly beaten the Porte's troops, had finally met a worthy foe in Ibrahim's disciplined troops. The history of the events that led up to the battle of Navarino and the liberation of Greece is told elsewhere; the withdrawal of the Egyptians from the Morea was ultimately due to the action of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, who early in August 1828 appeared before Alexandria and induced the pasha, by no means sorry to have a reasonable excuse, by a threat of bombardment, to sign a convention undertaking to recall Ibrahim and his army. But for the action of European powers, it is suspected by many that the Ottoman Empire might have defeated the Greeks.
Wars against the Turks
Although Muhammad Ali had only been granted the title of wali, he proclaimed himself khedive, or hereditary viceroy, early on during his rule. The Ottoman government, although irritated, did nothing until Muhammad Ali invaded Ottoman-ruled Syria in 1831. The governorship of Syria had been promised him by the sultan, Mahmud II, for his assistance during the Greek War of Independence, but the title was not granted to him after the war. This caused the Ottomans, allied with the British, to counter-attack in 1839.
In 1840, the British bombarded Beirut and an Anglo-Ottoman force landed and seized Acre. The Egyptian army was forced to retreat back home, and Syria again became an Ottoman province. As a result of the Convention of London (1840), Muhammad Ali gave up all conquered lands with the exception of the Sudan and was, in turn, granted the hereditary governorship of the Sudan.
Muhammad Ali's successors
By 1848, Muhammad Ali was old and senile enough for his tuberculosis-ridden son, Ibrahim, to demand his accession to the governorship. The Ottoman sultan acceded to the demands, and Muhammad Ali was removed from power. However, Ibrahim died of his disease months later, outlived by his father, who died in 1849.
Ibrahim was succeeded by his nephew Abbas I, who undid many of Muhammad Ali's accomplishments. Abbas was assassinated by two of his slaves in 1854, and Muhammad Ali's fourth son, Sa'id, succeeded him. Sa'id brought back many of his father's policies but otherwise had an unremarkable reign.
Sa'id ruled for only nine years, and his nephew Isma'il, another grandson of Muhammad Ali, became wali. In 1866 the polity occupied the Emirate of Harar. In 1867, the Ottoman sultan acknowledged Isma'il's use of the title khedive. In 1874, Ismail Pasha ordered the deputation of warships to patrol Tadjoura whereafter for ten years, the Khedivate was established from Zaylac to Berbera, until their withdrawal on April 1884 and failed attempts to establish themselves beyond Berbera and the eastern littoral of Somalia.
In 1882 opposition to European control led to growing tension amongst native notables, the most dangerous opposition coming from the army. A large military demonstration in September 1881 forced the Khedive Tewfiq to dismiss his Prime Minister. In April 1882 France and Great Britain sent warships to Alexandria to bolster the Khedive amidst a turbulent climate, spreading fear of invasion throughout the country. By June Egypt was in the hands of nationalists opposed to European domination of the country. A British naval bombardment of Alexandria had little effect on the opposition which led to the landing of a British expeditionary force at both ends of the Suez Canal in August 1882. The British succeeded in defeating the Egyptian Army at Tel El Kebir in September and took control of the country putting Tewfiq back in control. The purpose of the invasion had been to restore political stability to Egypt under a government of the Khedive and international controls which were in place to streamline Egyptian financing since 1876.
British occupation ended nominally with the deposition of the last khedive Abbas II on 5 November 1914 and the establishment of a British protectorate, with the installation of sultan Hussein Kamel on 19 December 1914.
By Isma'il's reign, the Egyptian government, headed by the minister Nubar Pasha, had become dependent on Britain and France for a healthy economy. Isma'il attempted to end this European dominance, while at the same time pursuing an aggressive domestic policy. Under Isma'il, 112 canals and 400 bridges were built in Egypt.
Because of his efforts to gain economic independence from the European powers, Isma'il became unpopular with many British and French diplomats, including Evelyn Baring and Alfred Milner, who claimed that he was "ruining Egypt."
In 1869, the completion of the Suez Canal gave Britain a faster route to India. This made Egypt increasingly reliant on Britain for both military and economic aid. Isma'il made no effort to reconcile with the European powers, who pressured the Ottoman sultan into removing him from power.
Tewfik and the loss of Sudan
Isma'il was succeeded by his eldest son Tewfik, who, unlike his younger brothers, had not been educated in Europe. He pursued a policy of closer relations with Britain and France but his authority was undermined in a rebellion led by his war minister, Urabi Pasha, in 1882. Urabi took advantage of violent riots in Alexandria to seize control of the government and temporarily depose Tewfik.
British naval forces shelled and captured Alexandria, and an expeditionary force under General Sir Garnet Wolseley was formed in England. The British army landed in Egypt soon afterwards and defeated Urabi's army in the Battle of Tel el-Kebir. Urabi was tried for treason and sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to exile. After the revolt, the Egyptian army was reorganized on a British model and commanded by British officers.
Meanwhile, a religious rebellion had broken out in the Sudan, led by Muhammad Ahmed, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi. The Mahdist rebels had seized the regional capital of Kordofan and annihilated two British-led expeditions sent to quell it. The British soldier-adventurer Charles George Gordon, an ex-governor of the Sudan, was sent to the Sudanese capital, Khartoum, with orders to evacuate its minority of European and Egyptian inhabitants. Instead of evacuating the city, Gordon prepared for a siege and held out from 1884 to 1885. However, Khartoum eventually fell, and he was killed.
The British Gordon Relief Expedition was delayed by several battles and was thus unable to reach Khartoum and save Gordon. The fall of Khartoum resulted in the proclamation of an Islamic state, ruled over first by the Mahdi and then by his successor Khalifa Abdullahi.
Reconquest of the Sudan
In 1896, during the reign of Tewfik's son, Abbas II, a massive Anglo-Egyptian force, under the command of General Herbert Kitchener, began the reconquest of the Sudan. The Mahdists were defeated in the battles of Abu Hamid and Atbara. The campaign was concluded with the Anglo-Egyptian victory of Omdurman, the Mahdist capital.
The Khalifa was hunted down and killed in 1899, in the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat, and Anglo-Egyptian rule was restored to the Sudan.
End of the Khedivate
Abbas II became very hostile to the British as his reign drew on, and, by 1911, was considered by Lord Kitchener to be a "wicked little Khedive" worthy of deposition.
In 1914, when World War I broke out, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers against Britain and France. Britain now removed the nominal role of Constantinople, proclaimed a Sultanate of Egypt and abolished the Khedivate on 5 November 1914. Abbas II, who supported the Central Powers and was in Vienna for a state visit, was deposed from the Khedivate throne in his absence by the enforcement of the British military authorities in Cairo and was banned from returning to Egypt. He was succeeded by his uncle Hussein Kamel, who took the title of Sultan on 19 December 1914.
During the khedivate, the standard form of Egyptian currency was the Egyptian pound. Because of the gradual European domination of the Egyptian economy, the khedivate adopted the gold standard in 1885.
Adoption of European-style industries
Although the adoption of modern industrial techniques was begun under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century, the policy was continued under the khedives.
Machines were imported into Egypt and by the abolition of the khedivate in 1914, the textile industry had become the most prominent one in the nation.
Notable events and people during khedival rule
- Greek War of Independence (1821–1830)
- Egyptian invasion of Syria (1831)
- Oriental Crisis of 1840 (1840)
- Crimean War
- 2nd Franco-Mexican War
- Cretan Revolt
- Serbian-Ottoman War (1876-1877)
- Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
- Completion of the Suez Canal (1869)
- Urabi revolt (1881)
- First Mahdist War (1881–1885)
- Second Mahdist War (1896–1899)
- Abolishment of the khedivate; establishment of the Sultanate of Egypt (1914)
- Muhammad Ali: First hereditary Ottoman governor of Egypt
- Ibrahim: Muhammad Ali's son and successor (in 1848)
- Abbas I: Ibrahim's successor
- Sa'id: Abbas' successor
- Isma'il: First khedive of Egypt; Sa'id's successor
- Tewfik: Second khedive; Isma'il's successor
- Abbas II of Egypt: Third and last khedive; Tewfik's successor
- Hussein Kamel: Isma'il's son; first Sultan of Egypt
- Nubar Pasha: Egyptian politician; often prime minister of Egypt
- Ahmed Urabi: Egyptian soldier, war minister; leader of the Urabi revolt
- Muhammad Ahmed: Self-proclaimed Mahdi; leader of the Sudanese Mahdist rebellion
List of khedives
- Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
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- Bonné, Alfred (2003) [First published 1945]. The Economic Development of the Middle East: An Outline of Planned Reconstruction after the War. The International Library of Sociology. London: Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-415-17525-8. OCLC 39915162. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
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- Article 17 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) regarding the new status of Egypt and Sudan, starting from 5 November 1914, when the Khedivate was abolished.
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- "Britain Sudan Reconquest 1896–1899". Onwar.com. 16 December 2000. Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
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- Berridge, W. J. "Imperialist and Nationalist Voices in the Struggle for Egyptian independence, 1919–22." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 42.3 (2014): 420–439.
- Botman, Selma. Egypt from Independence to Revolution, 1919–1952 (Syracuse UP, 1991).
- Cain, Peter J. "Character and imperialism: the British financial administration of Egypt, 1878–1914." Journal of imperial and Commonwealth history 34.2 (2006): 177–200.
- Cain, Peter J. "Character,'Ordered Liberty', and the Mission to Civilise: British Moral Justification of Empire, 1870–1914." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 40.4 (2012): 557–578.
- Cole, Juan R.I. Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: The Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt’s 'Urabi Revolt (Princeton UP, 1993.)
- Daly, M.W. The Cambridge History of Egypt Volume 2 Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century (1998) pp 217–84 on 1879–1923. online
- Dunn, John P. Khedive Ismail's Army (2013)
- EzzelArab, AbdelAziz. "The experiment of Sharif Pasha's cabinet (1879): An inquiry into the historiography of Egypt's elite movement." International Journal of Middle East Studies 36.4 (2004): 561–589.
- Fahmy, Ziad. "Media Capitalism: Colloquial Mass Culture and Nationalism in Egypt, 1908–1918", International Journal of Middle East Studies 42#1 (2010), 83–103.
- Goldberg, Ellis. "Peasants in Revolt – Egypt 1919", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 24 (1992), 261–80.
- Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur, ed. Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999).
- Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur. ed. Historical Dictionary of Egypt (Scarecrow Press, 1994).
- Harrison, Robert T. Gladstone's Imperialism in Egypt: Techniques of Domination (1995).
- Hicks, Geoffrey. "Disraeli, Derby and the Suez Canal, 1875: some myths reassessed." History 97.326 (2012): 182–203.
- Hopkins, Anthony G. "The Victorians and Africa: a reconsideration of the occupation of Egypt, 1882." Journal of African History 27.2 (1986): 363–391. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/181140 online
- Hunter, F. Robert. "State‐society relations in nineteenth‐century Egypt: the years of transition, 1848–79." Middle Eastern Studies 36.3 (2000): 145–159.
- Hunter. F. Robert. Egypt Under the Khedives: 1805–1879: From Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy (2nd ed. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1999.)
- Langer, William, L. European Alliances and Alignments: 1871–1890 (2nd ed. 1956) pp 251–80. online
- Marlowe, John. Cromer in Egypt (Praeger, 1970.)
- Owen, Roger. Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul (Oxford UP, 2004.)
- Pinfari, Marco. "The Unmaking of a Patriot: Anti-Arab Prejudice in the British Attitude towards the Urabi Revolt (1882)." Arab Studies Quarterly 34.2 (2012): 92–108. online
- Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher. Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism (1961) pp 76–159. online
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- Walker, Dennis. "Mustafa Kamil’s Party: Islam, Pan-Islamism, and Nationalism", Islam in the Modern Age, Vol. 11 (1980), 230–9 and Vol. 12 (1981), 1–43 | <urn:uuid:b7abf3b3-7f49-4530-94d3-59611f0382bb> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://library.kiwix.org/wikipedia_en_top_maxi/A/Khedivate_of_Egypt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488560777.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624233218-20210625023218-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.945813 | 6,222 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Atopy is an incurable disease, but it can be managed well in most cases – recognise the symptoms and understand the treatment
Atopy is the most common allergic disease we see in dogs. The condition also exists in cats, but it is much more difficult to diagnose.
Most cases start between 6 months and 3 years of age, although occasionally they can be seen either side of this age range. The current definition of the condition is “an inherited pruritic skin disorder characterised by the production of allergic antibodies to environmental allergens”. However, the pathogenesis is complex and involves several abnormalities in the skin, the most important one being a defective skin barrier.
The classic signs are an itch and diffuse erythema (red inflamed skin) affecting the inside of the ear flaps, the upper ear canals, the skin around the eyes and muzzle, the underside of the body and the feet. Many cases will only show one or two of these signs and approximately 5-10% of cases show the inflammation and itch only in their ears. Affected dogs will often scratch and rub their faces and chew at their feet.
The disease is complicated by the presence of secondary bacterial and yeast infection, and these infections will also contribute greatly to the amount of pruritus (itch) the dog is suffering with and also change the appearance of the skin. You may notice that the skin looks scaly and crusty.
As the condition progresses, more chronic changes can occur in the appearance of the affected skin. It becomes thicker and more pigmented, sometimes almost black.
Much research has been done on this disease over the last 10 years and it has been discovered that dogs suffering with atopy have different skin to non-atopic dogs. They have a defect in their skin barrier due to differences in the lipid barrier. These defects can allow environmental allergens such as house dust mite proteins and pollens to permeate the skin and be picked up by cells which then present them to the immune system.
The diagnosis of atopy is based on history, age of onset, clinical signs and after ruling out all other causes such as parasites, food allergy and contact dermatitis. It is an incurable disease and although the ultimate goal with treatment is to abolish all symptoms entirely, a more realistic goal is to allow the patient to be ‘comfortably itchy.’ There is no ‘one size fits all’ treatment for this disorder and each case is treated individually according to the severity of the disease and the resources of the owner.
Treatment with antihistamines and essential fatty acid supplements and other pharmaceuticals may help only as an adjunctive treatment, for instance, lowering the dose of steroids that are required. Intermittent treatment with antibiotics and antifungals (both topical and systemic) may be necessary throughout the life of an atopic dog. Topical therapy to improve skin barrier function is also necessary. All affected animals should be placed on a permanent programme of flea control as a picking up a flea can lower the “pruritic threshold” below which an animal may be itch free. Regarding drug therapy, steroids are effective and cheap, but carry the risk of a multitude of long term side effects. Cyclosporin (Atopica) is usually very effective but is also very expensive and can have some side effects . In January 2014, a brand new drug, Oclacitinib (Apoquel), became available. This is more targeted at reducing the itch, is fast-acting and effective in at least 60% of cases and has a cost between steroids and cyclosporin. In July 2017, the world’s first veterinary monoclonal antibody Lokivetmab (Cytopoint) was launched specifically for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. This monoclonal antibody targets a cytokine called Interleukin 31, which appears to have only one function, initiating itch. It is a very safe treatment and can be given alongside other treatments, although in many cases it is the only treatment needed. It is licensed for monthly injections, but I have seen some cases now that only require an injection every 6-12 weeks. I have found this treatment to be very effective in 70% of cases. Its cost is roughly midway between oclacitibic and cyclosporin.
Although both Octalcinib and Lokivetmab appear to be of great use in reducing itch and dermatitis in atopic dogs, neither is very effective at treating Atopic Otitis, as they are not great anti-inflammatory medications. In cases of otitis, steroids still play a vital part in the reducing the inflammation which leads to increased wax production, ear canal narrowing and infections.
One treatment that is always worth trying is Allergen Specific Immunotherapy (desensitisation), based on the results of Intradermal Skin Testing or Serological Allergy Testing (blood tests), or a combination of both. This can reduce the severity of symptoms by at least 50% in 75% of affected individuals and can also help in the treatment of atopic otitis. We have a full range of allergens for intradermal skin testing at the clinic. Immunotherapy is usually given by injection, building up from every 2 weeks to every 4 weeks. We are now also offering sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), where the allergens are given by a pump that delivers a small amount of the allergen mixture under the tongue; this is more owner-intensive, being administered twice daily, but has been shown to work for some cases that don’t respond to injectable immunotherapy and the allergens do not have to be kept refrigerated. Immunotherapy has the advantage of costing the same whether your dog is an 8kg poodle or a 70kg St Bernard, whereas the cost of the other treatments is always dependent on bodyweight, making Immunotherapy very cost-effective for large dogs. It can take anything from 2 -12 months to see the beneficial effects of immunotherapy and in the vast majority of cases, treatment has to continue throughout life. With the advent of the newer generation of drugs Lokivetmab and Oclacitinib , we can now control the itching in dogs during the first few months of immunotherapy without the side effects of steroids.
There are a very small proportion of dogs which fit all the criteria for canine atopy, but fail to produce reactions either on IDST or have positive allergen specific IgE on blood testing. These individuals are said to be suffering from “atopic-like dermatitis” and unfortunately, are not candidates for immunotherapy, although can respond to the other therapies given to atopic dogs. | <urn:uuid:832fab88-b940-4e7a-8f0f-3e55047d012c> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.leicesterskinvet.com/atopy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513508.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020225938-20181021011438-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.958868 | 1,381 | 3.546875 | 4 |
What is UDL?
This short video provides an excellent introduction to what UDL is and why we should use it. The video emphasises the need for us to provide our learners with variability. “When it comes to learning, variability is the rule not the exception.”
UDL’s 3 Principles
UDL is a framework for instruction based on three principles that guides the design and development of curriculum that can accommodate individual learning differences. These principles are based on providing multiple means of
- Representation - giving learners different ways of acquiring information, knowledge and skills
- Action and Expression - encouraging students to use different ways of demonstrating what they know
- Engagement - tapping into learners' interests, challenging and motivating them to learn (Rose & Meyer, 2002).
UDL guides the design of learning goals, materials, methods, and assessment with the diversity of learners in mind. UDL emphasises equal access to curriculum by all students.
References and Resources
- CAST (2008) Universal design for learning guidelines - http://www.cast.org/
- Hall, T.E., Meyer, A., & Rose, D.H. (2012) (Eds.). Universal Design for Learning in the Classroom: Practical Applications. New York: Guilford Press.
- National Center On Universal Design for Learning - http://www.udlcenter.org/
- Rose, D.H., & Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching Every Student in the Digital Age: Universal Design for Learning Alexandria. Virginia: Advancing Excellence in Teaching, Learning, and Leading.
- UDL Guidelines - http://www.udlcenter.org/aboutudl/udlguidelines/downloads
- UDL Guidelines Infographic - http://www.udlcenter.org/sites/udlcenter.org/files/updateguidelines2_0.pdf
- UDL On Campus - http://udloncampus.cast.org/home#.WZ5CtpMjHUI | <urn:uuid:8df20cfb-1cae-465f-9f88-2b03289b5a54> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://teaching.unsw.edu.au/universal-design-learning-udl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867309.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526033945-20180526053945-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.822086 | 424 | 3.5625 | 4 |
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Rattail fescue weed problems are a growing concern of farmers, field consultants and OSU weed scientists. An annual grassy weed, it is on the increase here in Umatilla County particularly in fields using direct-seed cropping systems. Reduced tillage and a greater reliance on herbicides in the direct-seed system appear to have tipped the scales in favor of this annual fescue.Rattail fescue has been in Umatilla County at least 20 years, and likely much longer.
A European native, it is widely distributed throughout North America. It is common in southern Europe, Asia, Australia and the Americas. It is found in habitats ranging from sagebrush to chaparral-mountain shrub to annual grasslands. It shows a preference for disturbed sites in range conditions.
Rattail fescue, an annual, begins growth in spring and matures early. It can reach up to 2 feet tall. Its narrow leaf blades are folded and hairless. Seed heads are in a slender panicle up to 8 inches in length. Seeds have 5/16 to 3/8 inch awns.
OSU Weed Scientist Dan Ball researched rattail fescue control in chemical fallow. The 2002 study shows that rattail fescue appears to be tolerate to Roundup rates typically used for control of volunteer cereals and downy brome in fallow, and burn-down situations. Only the highest rates of glyphosate (Roundup or Engame) provided fairly good control at 30 days after treatment.
Early imazamox (Beyond) applications have controlled greater than 90% of rattail fescue, but later applications are largely ineffective (60 to 75% control).
Dan and I are interested in hearing about any observations that you might have made about rattail fescue currently or over a period of time. When did you first see rattail fescue? Are you seeing an increase? Do you have areas that appear resistant?
We will be looking for cooperators on future research efforts on rattail fescue. Please contact me at: email@example.com or 278-5403 if you have information or would like to be a cooperator.
Rattail Fescue Control in Chemical Fallow
Daniel A. Ball, Weed Scientist
Oregon State University
Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center
Effective control of rattail fescue has recently become an issue in direct-seed cropping systems. Since tillage is not used to control weeds, reliance on herbicides, particularly glyphosate (Roundup®), is required. Rattail fescue appears to tolerate the Roundup rates typically used for control of volunteer cereals and downy brome in fallow, burn-down situations. To determine appropriate treatments for control of rattail fescue in chemical fallow, a trial was conducted in 2002 at a dryland site near Pendleton, OR. All treatments were applied in 10 gallon per acre water at 30 p.s.i. spray pressure.
Rattail fescue control in chemical fallow, Pendleton, OR 2002
|Treatment*||Rate**||Rattail fescue control 14 DAT***||Rattail fescue control 30 DAT|
|Roundup UltraMax®||13.0 oz (16)||88||70|
|Roundup UltraMax+AMS||13.0 oz (16)||88||74|
|Roundup UltraMax||16.2 oz (20)||93||83|
|Roundup UltraMax+AMS||16.2 oz (20)||93||92|
|Roundup UltraMax||25.9 oz (32)||95||83|
|Roundup UltraMax||32.4 oz (40)||98||95|
|Engame®||46.2 oz (20)||96||93|
|Engame||73.8 oz (32)||98||98|
|Spartan® +Roundup UltraMax||4oz + 16.2oz (20)||88||66|
|Gramoxone Extra||1.6 pt||90||64|
|Gramoxone Extra+Sencor®||1.6 pt +5.3oz||97||76|
|Gramoxone Extra+Sencor||2.0 pt + 8 oz||97||81|
* All treatments except those containing Roundup UltraMax received NIS at 0.5% v/v (2 qt/100 gal). AMS - ammonium sulfate applied at 8.5 lb/100 gal.
** Product rates per acre for Roundup UltraMax and Engame are followed, in parentheses, by equivalent product rates for Roundup Original.
*** Evaluated 14 and 30 days after treatment (DAT).
When evaluated 30 days after treatment, control of rattail fescue was inadequate at rates typically used for control of downy brome and volunteer wheat (16 to 20 oz/A of Roundup Original®). A high degree of weed control (> 95%) is necessary to prevent rattail fescue seed production in chemical fallow. The highest rate of glyphosate (Roundup or Engame) provided fairly good control of rattail fescue. Addition of AMS appeared to improve weed control. Addition of Spartan to the spray mixture appeared to reduce rattail fescue control, possibly due to an incompatibility in the spray tank mixture. Gramoxone or Surefire treatments did not provide adequate rattail fescue control when evaluated 30 days after treatment. Observation of the rattail fescue in this trial revealed that regrowth and subsequent weed seed production occurred if not adequately controlled. | <urn:uuid:fbcdc0fd-bda7-4db5-9e1a-359f988f638c> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://extension.oregonstate.edu/umatilla/cereals/weeds/rattailfescue | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00353-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897662 | 1,207 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The widespread interest awakened by the actual establishment of a permanent colony at Monrovia led to the formation of a number of State Colonization Societies, at first purely auxiliary to the central body, but later in some cases independent. The foundation of independent settlements at Bassa Cove and Sinou by the New York, Pennsylvania and Mississippi Societies, and their union in 1837 into the Commonwealth, has been considered. A much more important colony was founded by Maryland at Cape Palmas, which for years maintained its independence.
In 1831, the Maryland State Colonization Society was formed. Active interest in the movement had long been felt in the State, and it scarcely needed the eloquence of Robert Finley, son of the old champion of colonization, who visited Baltimore in that year, to awaken enthusiasm. The Society had hardly been formed when ample funds were provided in an unexpected way. In August, 1831, a tragic Negro uprising took place in Virginia, in which some sixty-five white men, women and children were murdered. The Southampton Massacres were attributed largely to the instigation of the troublesome free Negro element, and the growing sentiment in favor of emancipation was abruptly checked. The Maryland Legislature, sharing the general excitement, passed in December a resolution which became law in March, and proved to the State Society what the Act of March 3, 1819, was to the main organization. The connection was more explicit. Three members of the Society were to be appointed Commissioners to remove all free Negroes to Liberia. The sum of $20,000 in the current year, and of $10,000 in each succeeding year, for a period of twenty years, was devoted to the purpose. Any free Negro refusing to emigrate was to be summarily ejected from the State by the sheriff. The wave of feeling which dictated this monstrous piece of legislation passed away before any of its harsh provisions were carried out. But the beneficent portion remained in force. The Society was left in the enjoyment of the liberal annuity of $10,000.
In October, 1831, and December, 1832, expeditions were sent out which landed emigrants at Monrovia. The difficulty of arriving at an agreement with the parent Society regarding the rights and status of these people, together with other considerations, led to the adoption of the idea of founding a separate colony. The plan was adopted largely through the support of Mr. John H. B. Latrobe, throughout his life one of the most active and efficient friends of colonization. The motives of the undertaking were distinctly announced to be the gradual extirpation of slavery in Maryland, and the spread of civilization and Christianity in Africa. Cape Palmas, a bold promontory marking the point where the coast makes a sharp bend toward the east, was selected as the new site. Its conspicuous position makes it one of the best known points on the coast, and some identify it with the “West Horn” reached by Hanno, the Carthaginian explorer, twenty-nine days out from Gades. Dr. James Hall, who had gained experience as physician in Monrovia, was placed in charge of the expedition, and the brig Ann, with a small number of emigrants, sailed from Baltimore November 28, 1833. A firm legal basis was projected for the new establishment in a Constitution to which all emigrants were to subscribe. The experience gained by the older colony was put to good use. Regular courts, militia, and public schools were provided for from the first.
The vessel touched at Monrovia, gathered as many recruits as possible from those sent out on the two previous expeditions, and finally anchored at Cape Palmas on February 11, 1834. After the usual tedious “palaver” and bargaining, the natives formally sold the required land. The cape is a promontory some seventy-five feet in height, separated from the mainland, except for a narrow, sandy isthmus. A river, navigable for some miles to small boats, opens opposite it, and forms a safe harbor. A long, salt water lake extends to the east, parallel to the coast. The land is very fertile and well adapted to farming. Several native villages lie near the cape. From a well founded fear of native treachery the colonists laid out their town on the promontory, upon the summit of which a brass six pounder was mounted. Farm lands were laid out on the mainland, and in a short time the little community was in a thriving condition. None of the distressing misfortunes encountered by the colony at Monrovia marred the early history of “Maryland in Liberia.”
In 1836 the health of Dr. Hall, whose services to the infant colony had been invaluable, became so much impaired that he was obliged to resign. He returned to the United States, and long rendered the Society efficient service in another capacity. John B. Russwurm, a citizen of Monrovia, and once editor of the Liberia Herald, was appointed Governor, and served ably and faithfully until his death in 1851. Early in his administration a convenient form of paper currency, receivable at the Society’s store, was introduced, and proved most useful in trade with the natives. In 1841 some slight difficulties with employees of missions led the Society, while still retaining control of affairs, to assert by resolution that the colony was a sovereign State. A revenue law introduced in 1846 soon produced an income of about $1,200. In this year began the trips of the “Liberia Packet,” a vessel maintained by a company formed to trade between Baltimore and Harper, as the town of the colony was named, in honor of Robert Goodloe Harper. A certain amount of trade was guaranteed and other aid given by the Society. In 1847 the judiciary was separated from the executive; a chief justice and a system of courts were provided for.
The year 1852 ended the period during which the Society drew its annual stipend from the State treasury; but the General Assembly was induced to extend the provisions of the Act of 1831 for a further period of six years. It may be as well to note here that in 1858 a further extension was made for five years, the amount at the same time being reduced to $5,000 per annum. For twenty years the colony had flourished under the care and good management of the Society. Prosperity now seemed secure, and a spirit of discontent, a desire to throw off the yoke and assume autonomy began to prevail. The great success following the assumption of Independence by Liberia in 1847, and the recognition at once obtained from the leading nations of Europe, naturally strengthened the feeling. A committee of leading citizens petitioned the Society to relinquish its authority, at the same time demanding or begging almost everything else in its power to bestow. The Society was further asked by its spoiled fosterling to continue to support schools, provide physicians and medicine, remit debts, and finally, to grant a “loan” of money to meet the expenses of government.
The Board of Managers, though deeming the colony still unripe for independence, generously determined to grant the request, as made advisable by force of circumstances. Among other things it was feared that the better class of colonists might be attracted toward the independent State of Liberia. A sort of federal union with that State was suggested, but found impracticable. A convention met and drafted a Constitution, which was submitted to the Board. An agreement was reached as to the conditions of the transfer of the Society’s lands, etc. Both were ratified by the people, and in May, 1854, Wm. A. Prout was elected Governor. Other officials, senators and representatives, were chosen at the same time.
The prosperity of the colony continued under the careful management of Gov. Prout. On his death the Lieutenant-Governor, Wm. S. Drayton, succeeded to his office. It was not long before the “rash and imprudent” conduct of this official precipitated a serious conflict with the natives. An expedition against them resulted in a demoralizing defeat, with loss of artillery and twenty-six valuable lives. In consternation an urgent appeal was sent to Monrovia. The treasury of the Republic was exhausted from the effects of the uprising of the Sinou River tribes; but Dr. Hall was fortunately present, and supplied the Government with a loan from the funds of the Maryland Society. One hundred and fifteen Liberian troops, under command of ex-President Roberts, were soon embarked for Cape Palmas, and easily overawed the native chiefs, who agreed to a fair adjustment of their grievances by treaty, February 26, 1857.
The war was not without important results. The Maryland colonists were thoroughly aroused to the weakness of their isolated position, and determined to have union with Liberia at any price. It was known that the Republic was willing to admit Maryland only as a county, on precisely the same terms as the other three Montserado, Sinou, and Bassa. State pride and the views of the Society had hitherto kept them from such a union; but now, in the reaction from their recent terror, a vote of the people called for by Act of the Legislature was unanimous in favor of “County Annexation;” and a committee was appointed to arrange matters at once with Roberts. When he declined to assume any such responsibility, they actually proceeded to dissolve the Government, and cede all public property forthwith to the Republic of Liberia. The interesting document entitled the “Act or Petition of Annexation,” shows the number of colonists to have been at this time 900 and the aboriginal population about 60,000. The tax on imports produced $1,800 a year. The State’s liabilities were $3,000, with assets estimated at $10,000.
The Liberian Legislature by an Act of April, 1857, formally received the colony into the Republic as “Maryland County.” The advantages gained by this change undoubtedly more than counterbalanced any loss of independence. Though the total dissolution of the government and surrender of all rights and property before any negotiation with Liberian authorities had taken place, seems inconceivably rash states craft, the wisdom of the colonists in desiring the union is unquestionable.
At the time of annexation the Maryland Colonization Society had on hand some $6,000, which was invested, and the interest devoted to a school at Cape Palmas; in connection with this trust its existence is prolonged. Up to the end of its period of activity it had received and expended nearly half a million dollars; the balance sheet of December 31, 1857, may be of interest. | <urn:uuid:a6579097-ce74-4872-a573-ae69fbeed6b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.accessgenealogy.com/black-genealogy/maryland-in-liberia-liberia-history.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170613.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00054-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981295 | 2,210 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Myths about how hep C is spread
Hepatitis C (Hep C) is NOT passed on through touching, kissing or hugging someone else, or by sneezing or coughing. It is not spread by sharing food, crockery, cutlery, towels, bathrooms or toilets. Insects like mosquitoes or fleas do not transmit hep C.
How do you get hep C?
Hep C is a virus that lives in the blood, and is transmitted when infected blood from one person gets into someone else’s blood stream. Even invisible (microscopic) amounts of blood can transmit hep C.
How you can get hep C
Sharing or reusing other people’s needles, syringes and injecting equipment
Very high to high risk
The highest risk for contracting hep C comes from sharing any needles and syringes with other people. Even if you injected just once a long while ago you may have been at risk of getting hep C. This includes sharing needles and syringes when using drugs, steroids or anything else.
Aside from needles and syringes, all equipment used to prepare for the injection can spread hep C. This includes spoons, filters, water, tourniquets and swabs. Even tiny amounts of blood that cannot be seen by the naked eye can contain the virus [i].
Ritualistic practices that involve blood
Traditional practices using razor blades, knives or needles can be a risk for spreading the hep C virus. ‘Blood brother’ rituals involve direct blood-to-blood contact and therefore carry a very high risk of infection if one person has the hep C virus. Sharing instruments for branding or self-harming also carry a high risk of blood to-blood contact [ii].
Tattooing and body piercing
Moderate to low risk
Tattooing and body piercing can be a risk because they use needles so can spread infected blood. It is extremely unlikely that you would get hep C at a professional tattooist in Australia because they use effective infection control procedures and sterile equipment. However, in situations where it might be hard to sterilise equipment properly, such as prison and amateur tattooing, there is a much higher risk [iii].
Having tattoos or piercings overseas, in countries where rules about health standards may be poor or not exist, or by workers who may not have good knowledge about sterilisation and infection control can increase your risk of getting hep C or another blood borne virus [i]. The rate of hep C among the people living there may also be higher in developing countries, so the risk of equipment coming into contact with infected blood also increases.
Make sure body artists are operating out of clean, established business premises and are registered with the local council.
Transmission at birth
Moderate to low risk
There is about a 5% chance that a baby will get hep C during childbirth if the mother has hep C. The risk is the same for vaginal births and caesarean births. Fathers who are hep C-positive cannot pass the virus on to their babies either when the baby is conceived, or during pregnancy [iii].
If you are thinking about getting pregnant and have hep C, you should talk to your doctor about getting cured first.
Medical care overseas or blood transfusions in Australia prior to 1990
Moderate to low risk
In some developing countries, the blood used for transfusions is not properly screened for hep C. Surgical equipment may also not be well sterilised, which means there’s a risk it could transmit hep C.
In Australia, the blood used for transfusions has been screened for hep C since 1990 and is very safe. There is a very low risk in Australia that some procedures involving blood may be performed by workers who do not have a good understanding of sterile procedure and infection control [i].
Sharing of drug snorting equipment
When people use a straw or other device for sniffing a drug, the lining inside the nose can easily be damaged and small amounts of blood can get onto the straw. If the straw is passed to another person to use, this blood (which may have the virus in it) can get in the second person’s bloodstream if the straw damages their nasal lining as well [ii].
Transmission of hep C through sex is unlikely. Hep C is not classified as a sexually transmissible infection (STI), but there is a possibility of hep C transmission if there are cuts, open wounds, or blood present during sex.
There is a higher risk of getting hep C through unprotected anal sex, especially for people with HIV. This is because the anus lining can tear easily, allowing the virus to get into the bloodstream [iii]. Using a condom should protect you from getting hep C.
Sharing of household items
Very low risk
It is very rare for hep C to be transmitted through the use of household items, but it is best not to share razor blades, tweezers and toothbrushes. Brushing your teeth can cause bleeding gums, so sharing your toothbrush can cause blood-to-blood contact. Razor blades and tweezers can also possibly lead to blood-to-blood contact between people [i].
Very low risk
A needle-stick injury is an accidental injury from a needle containing another person’s blood. It is more likely to happen to medical staff in hospitals or surgeries, but can also happen to members of the public who come across used syringes that have been thrown away in public places. The chance of catching hep C this way is possible, but the risk is extremely low [iv]. If you do get a needle-stick injury, you should wash the source of the wound with soap and water (or alcohol-based rub if soap and water are not available) and see a doctor immediately [v].
Breastfeeding. Extremely low risk
Extremely low risk
Breastfeeding does not spread hep C, and the virus is not transmitted through breast milk. However, because hep C is spread by blood, if your nipples are cracked and bleeding, you should stop nursing temporarily on that breast and consult a midwife. Mothers are strongly encouraged to breastfeed whether or not they have hep C [vi].
Last review: September 2019
i. Victoria State Government. (2018, September). Hepatitis C. Retrieved from Better Health Channel: www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/hepatitis-c/
ii. CATIE. (2019). Hepatitis C: An in-depth guide. Retrieved from CATIE: www.catie.ca/en/practical-guides/hepc-in-depth/what-hepc/what-is-risky
iii. ASHM. Indications for HCV testing. Retrieved from HCV testing portal: testingportal.ashm.org.au/hcv/indications-for-hcv-testing
iv. Department of Health. (2005, June). Hazards associated with needle and syringe disposal. Retrieved from Department of Health: www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/illicit-pubs-needle-audit-review-toc~illicit-pubs-needle-audit-review-lit~illicit-pubs-needle-audit-review-lit-haz
v. Victoria State Government. (2014, March). Needlestick injury. Retrieved from Better Health Channel: www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/needlestick-injury
vi. RANZCOG. (2016, July). Management of Hepatitis C in pregnancy. Retrieved from RANZCOG: www.ranzcog.edu.au/Statements-Guidelines | <urn:uuid:82e480b1-70f8-4146-98ea-6a2d6128975b> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://testcurelive.com.au/how-do-you-get-hep-c/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665573.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112124615-20191112152615-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.928201 | 1,635 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Innovative Introduction to Basic Groundwater Concepts and Problem-Solving.
- Construct topographic profiles and geologic cross sections
- Map the flow of a groundwater pollution plume
- Includes a teacher's guide
Give students real-world experience in environmental geology with this hands-on investigation. As working hydrogeologists, students are given a simulated groundwater pollution problem to assess possible contamination of area wells and direct a course of action for immediate remediation. They will construct a topographic profile and geological cross-section of the spill area, determine the porosity and permeability of subsurface strata, and test simulated water samples from the spill site to assess the relative concentration of the pollutant and map the direction of plume flow. You will receive materials for five setups, a teacher's guide, and student worksheets. | <urn:uuid:723a3d01-a00c-46b9-b5b1-e6607ace04d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.wardsci.com/store/product/16965208/ward-s-groundwater-pollution-and-spill-assessment-lab-activity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145621.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221233354-20200222023354-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.885395 | 171 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Vaping is on the rise. But what is vaping? Is it safe? Scripps pulmonologist Dr. Ni-Cheng Liang discusses vaping, also known as e-cigarettes or e-cigs, including why it’s bad for you, how it causes lung disease, other ways it can affect your health and more.
Learn more: http://bit.ly/2YVQemK
0:28 – What is vaping?
1:01 – What ingredients are in e-cigarettes?
1:21 – What is CBD?
1:53 – Are there vapes without THC?
2:02 – Why is vaping so popular?
2:38 – What are vape flavorings?
3:02 – Are e-cigarettes a healthier alternative to smoking?
3:43 – Are e-cigarettes more popular with men or women?
3:55 – What age groups are vaping?
4:25 – Is vaping better than smoking?
5:48 – What is vitamin E acetate? How does vitamin E acetate affect the lungs?
6:54 – What are the symptoms that there’s a problem with your lungs?
7:09 – Are there vapes without vitamin E acetate?
7:37 – Can vapes without vitamin E acetate still negatively affect the lungs?
8:15 – Why is vitamin E good for us when we ingest it as a supplement, but harmful when we ingest it through vaping?
8:53 – Is lung damage from vaping reversible?
9:22 – Does vaping cause gasping for breath?
10:18 – Are there pesticides and poisons in vapes?
10:46 – How can you tell the difference between a counterfeit vape and a pure one?
11:06 – Are vapes safer to use if they don’t contain any of the flavorings?
11:43 – Is it smart to ween yourself off of smoking cigarettes by vaping instead?
12:17 – Is there a way to vape safely? | <urn:uuid:601e265c-0905-4917-b7ef-585359a2c68d> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://wayscbd.com/what-is-vaping-and-why-is-it-bad-for-you-with-dr-ni-cheng-liang-san-diego-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351374.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225153633-20210225183633-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.864139 | 425 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What is a Pulpotomy?
The living center of a tooth contains nerves and blood vessels and is called the dental pulp. A pulpotomy is a procedure where all of the crown's dental pulp is removed and the remaining pulpal tissue is covered with a special dressing which promotes healing. The tooth is then usually restored with a crown.
Why does my child need a Pulpotomy?
A pulpotomy is recommended when the tooth decay breaches the pulp of the tooth. When this occurs and a pulpotomy is not performed, it may result in tooth abscess, pain and swelling. A pulpotomy will prevent this from happening and extends the life of a tooth.
What else do I need to know?
When the pulp of a primary tooth becomes infected, the only course of action to treat the tooth is by removing it from the mouth. If the pulp of a permanent tooth becomes infected, it may require a root canal treatment or removal of the tooth.
A primary tooth that has had a pulpotomy procedure will fall out at the usual age appropriate time. Permanent teeth that have had pulpotomies usually require no further intervention, except for replacement of the overlying crown when the tooth has fully matured. (Some permanent teeth that have had a pulpotomy may require a root canal treatment at a later time). | <urn:uuid:25b87223-ca05-4db5-bb74-97b9446b27f1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.daytonkidsdental.com/1408674405/pulpotomy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509958.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015225726-20181016011226-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.952397 | 273 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Have you ever looked in the mirror in a reflective mood and asked ‘Who really am I?’ or ‘Why I am here’? Unfortunately, science can’t answer these deep questions about the meaning of life, but it can reveal ‘how’ we got to be here. This understanding puts us on a surer footing to then answering those intriguing why questions.
So, how are we here? In short, we evolved, both biologically and culturally. We evolved brains that through continual flashes of electricity around neural networks support minds; minds which can conceive of others and themselves as distinct entities.
A number of other animals are intelligent enough to recognise themselves in a mirror: elephants, dolphins, magpies and even some fish, yet it is controversial as to whether other animals besides humans have a ‘Theory of Mind’– the ability to predict mental states, such as desires and beliefs. It’s likely that no other animals have quite the same sense of self-identity as humans, formed through interactions in our complex societies.
Our sense of self is an essential ingredient to our success as a species. Maintaining a self-identity means we can tie together a coherent set of memories, helping us to perform better based on past experiences. For example, it allowed our human ancestors to remember new techniques to find food and shelter. Recalling a memory of digging in the ground using a tool to find edible roots, for example, would allow us to repeat the new trick and show it to others.
A second benefit is the ability to track complex social interactions in human groups, allowing individuals to achieve higher social status, convince others to work to help them, and obtain mates. Recent neuroscientific studies find that during much of the ‘spare’ time of the brain, when not carrying out autonomous cognitive tasks, it is not resting but rather very active. When we are daydreaming or sleeping the brain is actually intensely active, and it turns out the activity is in the same areas of the brain that control social interactions.
On a slightly different tack, the German theoretical philosopher Thomas Metzinger suggests a sense of self is necessary for important functions like reward prediction, highlighting how it only makes sense to plan for future success when you have a strong feeling that it’s going to be the same entity that gets the reward in the future.
Metzinger speculates that the intense activity of the brain during daydreaming and sleep is to provide ‘autobiographical self-model maintenance’, meaning the brain works hard to maintain the sense of a persistent personal identity across time.
Although a discrete sense of self-identity evolved to improve our individual success, there would have been checks on the degree of self-serving behaviour we could exhibit within groups. Group members would closely monitor each other, and if one were to steal food or spoil the home camp, they would be punished through physical beating, losing access to food or mates or, worst of all, excluded from the group.
We see such punishment of cheating in monkeys and apes, where dominant individuals punish subordinates who break the norms of reciprocal cooperation. Being a cheat in a small group is very bad for the group and, as a consequence, there is strong incentive for cheats to be weeded out and punished. It is also easier to identify cheats in a small group, so they are less likely to remain undetected.
Scientific studies across species from howler monkeys, wild dogs, to lemurs and wolves, support this prediction and find that cheating is less feasible for individuals in smaller groups and, consequently profitable only for individuals in larger groups.
Early human groups would have had numbered in the tens of individuals, but over the course of our human evolution, social group size has continually increased: from family bands, to tribes, to settlements, to countries and to international groups. This could mean the checks and balances on cheating behaviour are now weaker, driving humans further along the continuum from cooperative behaviour to selfish individualism.
In the modern world, through simple actions – what we choose to buy, how we travel – we can impact habitats, species and other people across the globe. Although our economies have become globalised, our moral and legal frameworks have yet to catch up to prevent harmful impacts for our wider human group.
The outcome is a series of severe and ever-deepening global environmental crises: biodiversity loss, ocean acidification, air pollution, climate change, along with associated social injustices, that threaten our future prosperity.
What’s more, there are worrying signs we are becoming less happy in our modern societies. Individualism has increased over the last fifty years in the majority of countries, while incidences of anxiety, depression and self-harm and are also rising. Perhaps this is just a coincidental correlation, but psychological research confirms a linking mechanism: when we feel more isolated as lone individuals we tend to be more prone to anxiety.
Reader Q&A: Am I living in a simulation where nothing is real?
Versions of this idea have been discussed all the way back to antiquity. The modern interpretation was popularised by Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom in 2003 and has since been expanded by many others, including MIT professor Rizwan Virk.
The simulation argument supposes that computer power will continue to increase to the point where it is possible to model enough of reality to mimic everything that we are currently able to perceive and measure. This needn’t be as complex as a complete model of the Universe. The stars in the sky could be simulated just as points of light, with no other features until we point a telescope at one.
If we assume such simulations are possible, then it seems inevitable that there will be more than one; and thus, statistically, we are more likely to be in one of the simulations than the single ‘true’ reality.
Even if we one day manage to build such a simulation, that doesn’t rule out the possibility that we are nevertheless in a simulation of our own. In fact, we could be in a simulation within a simulation, within a simulation that extends endlessly above us. But all any of us will ever know is limited to what we can directly perceive, and whether our ‘reality’ is more or less real than some other version we can imagine is ultimately a fairly meaningless question.
Where does this leave the narrative on the human evolution of self-identity? Evolved, biological traits become ‘maladaptive’ when conditions change and they are no longer useful but detrimental in the new environment. An example is our innate tendency to crave sugary and fatty foods.
This behaviour made sense in prehistoric environments where these food sources were scarce and valuable. In modern societies, however, these foods are superabundant, made more apparent and accessible through marketing. So, the biological trait in the modern world has become maladaptive.
In my book The Self Delusion, I argue that our sense of self-identity has become maladaptive by shifting too far along the cooperative-selfish continuum, towards a view of ourselves as isolated and entitled individuals.
This has occurred not only through economic globalisation (meaning our actions have hidden and widespread negative consequences that are hard to monitor and prevent), it has also been exacerbated by our modern culture: our education systems, encouraging you to build self-esteem or even to sell yourself as a personal ‘brand’; our advertising, constantly telling you ‘you’re worth it’; even our government, Margaret Thatcher famously telling us there is no such thing as society, only individuals and their families.
All these cultural factors combine to push our sense of self ever further towards selfish individualism. Biological and cultural evolution are linked in a moving waltz that is growingly increasing out of control, harming both our personal health and that of the planet.
What is the endgame of this evolution of human self-identity? If the pendulum of individualism has swung too far, perhaps it can be brought back in line before too much more suffering occurs?
Consider again the example of our evolved craving for sugary and fatty foods. It has led to an obesity epidemic (one quarter of the world’s population overweight or obese), yet if warnings such as the threat of developing diabetes, heart disease or any number of obesity-related ailments are well communicated, they can spur rationally minded people to change their behaviour and override the maladaptive cravings for junk food their genes impose upon them. Although still a huge global problem, there are some signs that obesity may have peaked in the UK and rates have slowed, even if not yet reversing.
If people are presented with evidence that excessive individualism is damaging, perhaps this information will help them to overcome this damaging affliction. New research in environmental psychology shows that when people feel more connected to others they are likely to be happier and less anxious. When they feel more connected to nature they are also happier and more likely to show pro-environmental behaviours, like reducing their carbon footprint.
What’s more, science from a wide range of disciplines, from biology to neuroscience to the study of social networks, is now dispelling the illusion that we exist as discrete independent entities. Our bodies are built from temporary materials scavenged from the environment, directed by DNA instructions that are simply borrowed from our ancestors and shared across web of life. Ask any psychologist and they will confirm that our minds are not independent but highly porous, connected to outside influences and changing all the time depending on our context.
Science now confirms with certainty that our sense of isolated individuality is a subjective illusion, a projection maintained through the evolved architecture of the brain. It seems, increasingly, however, to be a harmful one in the modern globalised context, at least when pushed to excess in combination with our modern culture.
So perhaps it is time to use our rational mind to overcome this illusion of isolated selfhood, to develop a more rebalanced communal and cooperative sense of self identity that is fit for purpose in the modern world? Perhaps it is time for the ‘unselfish meme’ to conquer the selfish gene?
Of course, the arguments for why we should do this become moral and philosophical ones – questions of why we should help others and whether we deserve to be happy in ourselves. These ‘why’ questions are not for science, but hopefully understanding how our self-identify has arisen though a combination of biology and culture, and how it could evolve yet still, we are in a better position to look in the mirror again and work on those tricky questions. | <urn:uuid:85565bf0-cf5d-45f8-903a-cad8e2a471eb> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/the-illusion-of-individualism-helped-us-succeed-as-a-species-but-now-the-scales-are-tipping/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143505.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218025323-20200218055323-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.953159 | 2,186 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Complete your child’s learning adventure with the
resources found in the Science: Earth and
Space Teacher Edition. Follow along with a copy of the student text book
plus incorporate teaching features such as a scope and sequence, grading
suggestions, instructions for the Science Project and News Articles, answers to
Section and Chapter Reviews, and 170 daily lesson plans. These lesson plans
tell you which visuals to use, material to review and teach, quizzes and tests
to administer, and homework to check and assign. Prepare to educate your child
with the added features of the Science: Earth
and Space Teacher Edition.
Note: These progress reports are for your records and do not need to be sent in to Abeka.
If you’re enrolled in the accredited program, we’ll provide separate Abeka Academy progress reports for you.
Earth/Space Sci Progress Report
This item is included in the following kits:
Science: Earth and Space
Science: Earth and Space Answer Key
Science: Earth and Space Test Book
Science: Earth and Space Test Key
Science: Earth and Space Quiz Book
Science: Earth and Space Quiz Key
Science: Earth and Space Activity Book
Science: Earth and Space Activity Key
Science in Action: Science Project Guide
Available on these devices
*Some features only available on iOS devices. | <urn:uuid:4b271d70-6939-4d9e-9b46-6f9374f425e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.abeka.com/ABekaOnline/BookDescription.aspx?sbn=163848 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806979.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123214752-20171123234752-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.850486 | 279 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The Scottish Gaelic for such a tune is port a beul: "a tune from a mouth—specifically a cheerful tune—which in the plural becomes puirt à beul". In mainland Britain they are usually referred to as puirt a beul but a variety of other spellings and misspellings also exist, for example port-a-beul, puirt a bheul, puirt a' bhéil, etc. These are mostly due to the fact that a number of grammatical particles in Gaelic are very similar in nature, such as the definite articlea', the prepositions "of" and to" which can both be a and the preposition á "from" which can appear without the acute accent.
Modern Irish dictionaries give port (aireacht) béil, translated as "mouth music" also referred to as lilting. Older dictionaries, such as Dinneen, only give portaiḋeaċt, portaireaċt, or portonaċt.
Puirt à beul has sometimes been used for dancing when no instruments were available. Although some people believe that puirt à beul derives from a time when musical instruments—in particular bagpipes—were unavailable because they were banned, there is no evidence that musical instruments were banned by the Disarming Acts or the Act of Proscription 1746. In his book Traditional Gaelic Bagpiping 1745-1945, John Gibson reprints the entire Disarming Act of 1746 (which is the act usually blamed for the proscription of bagpipes), and shows that bagpipes were not banned. This in and of itself does not clarify whether or not musical instruments were taken away from the people.
Usually, the genre involves a single performer singing lighthearted, often bawdy lyrics, although these are sometimes replaced with meaningless vocables.
In puirt a beul, the rhythm and sound of the song often have more importance than the depth or even sense of the lyrics. Puirt a beul in this way resembles other song forms like scat singing. Normally, puirt are sung to a 4/4 or 6/8 beat. Performances today may highlight the vocal dexterity by one or two singers, although four-person performances are sometimes made at mods.
Some elements of puirt a beul may have originated as memory aids or as alternatives to instrumental forms such as bagpipe music.
We also have puirt a beul or mouth music—songs in which the rhythm of the words is meant to replicate the rhythm of certain dance tunes. Some of these songs may have been composed to assist fiddlers, and occasionally pipers, in learning a tune. Others may have been composed as a means of remembering tunes when the playing of the bagpipes or fiddle were proscribed or frowned upon.
When they came across the ocean the ancestors of modern Scottish Americans brought their music with them, including mouth music, which was often incorporated into the lyrics of songs. It became an integral part of Appalachian music, roots music, and bluegrass, from where it spread into many forms of American music.
^Watson, A. (2001). The Essential Gaelic - English Dictionary. Birlinn.
^Graham, Katie; Spadaro, Katherine M. (2001). Colloquial Scottish Gaelic: the complete course for beginners. New York: Routledge. p. 176. ISBN0-415-20675-8. 'Puirt' is actually the plural of 'port'—a cheerful song. | <urn:uuid:8e1dd8e2-b0d7-4886-a169-4926d3f0448a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puirt_a_beul | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657216.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00247-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953894 | 742 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Green Travel Strategies
PC: Bill Conn- Healthytravelblog.com
Sustainable travel is not always first on everyone’s priority list when booking their flight and hotel room. We still have to recognize that our carbon footprints are huge, and there are small ways to minimize them all around us. Helping the planet is everyone’s problem, so here’s a few ways you can do your part in guilt-free travel.
Sustainable travel, also known as “ecotourism,” is essentially about making simple choices to lessen your negative impact on your travel destination. It’s about small changes that make you part of the solution instead of the problem.
PC: Corinne Wan
While it may take longer, buses, trains, and ships generally have less of a negative impact on the environment than planes. But if you must fly, there are ways to do it. While you can’t control the amount of carbon emissions in any plane you take, booking nonstop flights helps to save the increased emissions that are released during take off and landing. You have plenty of choices in who to fly with, so choose one of the 30+ IATA (International Air Transport Association) member airlines who offer carbon offset programs to contribute to carbon reduction efforts.
When choosing a hotel, make sure to look for the LEED certification from the U.S. Green Building Council that signifies the hotel’s sustainable development and design, water and energy efficiency, and indoor air quality.
To conserve water and plastic usage on your own, bring a refillable BPA-free water bottle on your travels. Also bring reusable and recyclable bags when shopping to avoid plastic ones. To save energy always turn off lights and unplug outlets when not in use. Use public or active transportation, like biking or walking, whenever possible.
These are all small things to look out for and add to your thought process when figuring out travel plans. We only have one planet, and it is our responsibility to do our part to ensure that we leave it better than we found it. | <urn:uuid:22550f27-79e2-40c2-8be7-243dd61f0d7d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thegarnettereport.com/travel/green-travel-strategies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100762.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208144732-20231208174732-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.933249 | 431 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A Legal Study about Housing Policy
Linda's Hearth note: This study comes from the Human Rights Education Association, a website functioning for the United Nations. brought to us thanks to John Colby and HUFF.
Everyone shares the right to a decent standard of living. Essential to the achievement of this standard and therefore to the fulfillment of human life beyond simple survival is access to adequate housing. Housing fulfills physical needs by providing security and shelter from weather and climate. It fulfills psychological needs by providing a sense of personal space and privacy. It fulfills social needs by providing a gathering area and communal space for the human family, the basic unit of society. In many societies, it also fulfills economic needs by functioning as a center for commercial production.
The human right to adequate housing is the right of every woman, man, youth and child to acquire and sustain a secure home and community in which to live in peace and dignity. The right to housing is codified as a human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
"Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control." (article 25(1))
Population growth, migration to urban areas, conflicting needs for existing land, and insufficient financial and natural resources have resulted in widespread homelessness and habitation in inadequate housing. In every country children, men and women sleep on sidewalks, under bridges, in cars, subway stations, and public parks, live in ghettos and slums, or "squat" in buildings other people have abandoned. The United Nations estimates that there are over 100 million homeless people and over 1 billion people worldwide inadequately housed.
These statistics are evidence for the difficulty governments have in guaranteeing access to housing for their citizens, but they also raise complicated questions about the extent of the obligations of governments to do so. The fact of shelter as a human need does not imply that governments must provide each one of their citizens with land, four walls and a roof. Controversy can therefore emerge over exactly what governments should do to help people exercise their rights and obtain housing. Government action is usually country-specific, and is dependent on a variety of economic, cultural, and social factors. In some cases, increasing access to education or to the labor market is the best way to ensure the right to housing, because the realizations of those rights mostly lead to greater access to housing. In other cases, it is necessary for governments to provide physical shelter directly to people. But regardless of past government action, in all countries there exist people who, because of personal issues such as physical or emotion incapacity, environmental issues such as natural disasters or famine, or social issues such as war or political instability, are unable to obtain housing for themselves. In those situations, governments are obligated to help make housing accessible. Governments are obligated to function as fair and stable systems through which their citizens can achieve the satisfaction of their rights, and to provide the means for the realization of the right to a decent standard of living which their citizens may utilize through their own free initiative.
The right to housing is included in several international legally-binding documents. Among the most significant of these is the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (article 11.1), which determines that
In order to clarify the meaning and scope of the right to housing as expressed in the Covenant, in 1991 the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR), the body that monitors the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, issued its General Comment 4.
The right to adequate housing applies to everyone. The phrase "himself and his family" does not refer to any limitation in the right to housing to individuals, female-headed households, or other groups. Furthermore, individuals, as well as families, are entitled to adequate housing regardless of age, economic status, group or other affiliation or status, and enjoyment of this right must not be subject to any form of discrimination. (paragraph 6)
The right to housing should be interpreted in a broad and inclusive sense as the right to live in "security, peace and dignity" rather than a narrow or restrictive sense. The right to housing is inextricably linked to other fundamental human rights and should been seen as referring to not only housing by adequate housing (paragraph 7). The right to adequate housing must be viewed in conjunction with other human rights included in the two International Covenants and other international instruments (paragraph 9).
While the definition of "adequacy" with regard to housing is influenced by social, economic, cultural, climatic, ecological, and other factors, certain aspects of the right are applicable in any context. These are:
Legal security of tenure. Security of tenure means that all people in any living arrangement possess a degree of security against forced eviction, harassment, or other threats. States are obliged to confer this security legally.
Availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure. To ensure the health, security, comfort, and nutrition of its occupants, an adequate house should have sustainable access to natural and common resources, safe drinking water, energy for cooking, heating and lighting, sanitation and washing facilities, means of food storage, refuse disposal, site drainage and emergency services.
Affordability. Affordable housing is housing for which the associated financial costs are at a level that does not threaten other basic needs. States should take steps to ensure that housing costs are proportionate to overall income levels, establish subsidies for those unable to acquire affordable housing, and protect tenants against unreasonable rent levels or increases. In societies where housing is built chiefly out of natural materials, states should help ensure the availability of those materials.
Habitability. Habitable housing provides the occupants with adequate space, physical security, shelter from weather, and protection from threats to health like structural hazards and disease.
Accessibility. Adequate housing must be accessible to those entitled to it. This includes all disadvantaged groups of society, who may have special housing needs that require extra consideration.
Location. The location of adequate housing, whether urban or rural, must permit access to employment opportunities, health care, schools, child care and other social facilities. To protect the right to health of the occupants, housing must also be separated from polluted sites or pollution sources.
Cultural adequacy. The way housing is built, the materials used, and the policies supporting these must facilitate cultural expression and housing diversity. The development and modernization of housing in general should maintain the cultural dimensions of housing while still ensuring modern technological facilities, among other things (paragraph 8).
The Commission on Human Settlements' Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 (1998) provides another definition of adequacy:
The additional human rights referred to in the CESCR's General Comment 4 are rights without the enjoyment of which the fulfillment of the right to housing is threatened or impossible. They include:
In addition, the right to housing provides a foundation that increases the likelihood of the achievement of other human rights. For example:
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)
Fundamental to the fulfillment of UN-Habitat's mandate is the monitoring of global conditions in the shelter sector and the assessment of progress in implementing the Habitat Agenda. Monitoring is accomplished though the agency's Statistics Programme, Urban Indicator Programme, and Best Practices Programme. Together, these programmes regularly document the housing situation at international, regional, national, and local levels. They are assisted in this process by Governments who submit reports every two years to the United Nations Commission on Human Settlements based on indicators developed by Habitat. Governments include information about the availability, quantity, quality, and affordability of housing in their countries, as well as action taken and progress made towards the fulfillment of the Habitat Agenda and other international agreements and commitments. Additionally, UN-Habitat tracks the advancement of the Millennium Declaration Goal No. 7, Target 11, to improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by the year 2020 taking into account the percentage of people with access to sanitation, the percentage of people with access to safe water, the percentage of people with secure tenure, and the percentage of people in permanent housing.
United Nations Housing Rights Programme (UNHRP)
International Union of Tenants (IUT)
Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE)
International legal instruments take the form of a treaty (also called agreement, convention, or protocol) that binds the contracting states to the negotiated terms. When negotiations are completed, the text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive and is "signed" by the representatives of states. A state can agree to be bound to a treaty in various ways. The most common are ratification or accession. A new treaty is ratified by those states that have negotiated the instrument. A state that has not participated in the negotiations may, at a later stage, accede to the treaty. The treaty enters into force, or becomes valid, when a pre-determined number of states have ratified or acceded to the treaty.
When a state ratifies or accedes to a treaty, that state may make reservations to one or more articles of the treaty, unless reservations are prohibited by the treaty. Reservations may normally be withdrawn at any time. In some countries, international treaties take precedence over national law; in others a specific law may be required to give a ratified international treaty the force of a national law. Practically all states that have ratified or acceded to an international treaty must issue decrees, change existing laws, or introduce new legislation in order for the treaty to be fully effective on the national territory.
The binding treaties can be used to force governments to respect the treaty provisions that are relevant for the human right to adequate food and water. The non-binding instruments, such as declarations and resolutions, can be used in relevant situations to embarrass governments by negative public exposure; governments who care about their international image may consequently adapt their policies.
The following are the international treaties, declarations and commitments that address the human right to adequate food and water:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) (article 1, 2, 25)
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) (article 2,3, 11)
The United Nations Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has elaborated on the rights contained in the International Covenant in documents known as General Comments. In general, the content of the general comments reflects a movement toward an interpretation of the right to housing with a broader and deeper reach. The most significant General Comments are::
General Comment No. 4 (1991)
General Comment 7 (1997)
The right to housing is also cross-referenced in other General Comments by the Committee. For example:
General Comment 5 (1994) (paragraphs 15, 22 and 33)
General Comment 6 (1995) (paragraph 33)
General Comment 14 (2000) (paragraphs 11 and 43)
The following documents also contribute to international and regional standards for the right to housing:
International Labour Organization Convention No. 97 on Migration for Employment (1949) (article 6iii)
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) (article 21)
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965) (article 5e)
Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (1975) (article 9)
ILO Recommendation No. 162 concerning Older Workers (1980) (section II, paragraph 5(g))
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) (article 14)
Declaration on the Right to Development (1986) (article 8.1)
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) (article 27)
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (1990) (article 43)
United Nations Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1994) (article 22)
Governments has made international commitments specific to the right to housing, yet which are non-binding:
ILO Recommendation No. 115 on Worker’s Housing (1961)
Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements (1976) (section I (8))
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women (1995) (articles 49, 60(n), 94, and 255(k))
Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development and Programme of Action (1995) (articles 19, 34(c), 34(e), 35(b), 39(h), 59(b))
Habitat Agenda and Plan of Action (1996)
Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements (1996)
Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium (2001)
The position of the UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing was established in 2000 by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 2000/9 and mandated to report on the status of the realization of housing rights, promote cooperation among and assistance to governments, UN agencies, and international and national NGOs, apply a gender perspective, identify possible types and sources of funding for housing activities, and facilitate the inclusion of housing issues in relevant UN missions and national offices. In addition to briefing the sessions of various United Nations agencies and bodies on specific issues and regions, the Special Rapporteur reports annually to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights on progress made, emerging issues and challenges, and recommendation for future activities. Appointed in 2000 for a term of three years, the first and current Special Rapporteur is Miloon Kothari of India.
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2000) (article 16)
European Social Charter (1961) (Part I: article 31; Part II: articles 15(3), 16, 19(4)(b), 23, 30, 31)
European Convention on Establishment (1965) (article 2)
European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers (1977) (articles 6(1), 13)
Charter of the Organization of American States (1948) (article 34k)
Helsinki Final Act (1975)
Although most states do not stipulate a clear right to housing, most do have legislation and national programs related to housing. In fact, UN-Habitat reports that 75% of the world’s countries have constitutions or national laws that promote the full and progressive realization of the right to adequate housing. Legal protections of the right to housing at the national level often involve arbitrary eviction, safety and health regulations, or equal protection and non-discrimination issues. In the United States, for example, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, as amended by the Fair Housing Act of 1988; Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, Section 109, Title I of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, as amended; the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990; and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, all address housing. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is charged with carrying out programmes to institute this legislation. The activities of its Office of Fair housing and Equal Opportunity (FHEO) involve the fulfillment of the right to access to housing in practice, but are not framed in a rights-based context by the U.S. Government.
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights requires States to submit reports to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights every five years detailing the measures they have taken to promote the realization of the right to housing of their citizens. Through these reports the Committee is able to monitor the progress of the right to housing. This monitoring function is impeded, however, by the fact that few States systematically collect the housing statistics and indicators necessary for a full appraisal, including the number of homeless persons, the number of inadequately housed persons, the number of persons arbitrarily evicted in the previous five-year period, legislation affecting the right to housing and land use, and measures taken to ensure that international assistance for housing is used to satisfy the needs of the most disadvantaged groups. In some cases, the State does not have the capacity to obtain this information; in others, the State chooses to devote its resources to other issues.
States, specialized UN agencies, and NGOs may raise specific issues related to the right to housing in several United Nations forums, and States may raise concerns about housing rights situation in another State if they feel the State is not fulfilling its legal obligations and commitments. To date, violations of housing rights have generally been limited to the context of forced evictions carried out or tolerated by the State. In the future, however, a general decline in housing conditions as a direct result of legislative and policy decisions by States parties to international conventions and in the absence of appropriate compensation will be considered a violation of those conventions. States committing these violations would therefore be subject to disciplinary or retributive measure by the United Nations. While the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights outlines no formal mechanisms by which individuals can submit complaints alleging the non-compliance of their Governments with their housing rights commitments, individuals may work with NGOs at the annual sessions of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to draw attention to the actions and legislation of States parties to the Covenant. In addition, individuals asserting certain types of housing violations could arguably utilize the complaint mechanisms of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Optional Protocol to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Economic and Social Council resolution 1503 procedure and the enforcement mechanisms of the International Labour Organization.
Individuals who wish to promote and protect their right to housing through their own Governments achieve varying degrees of success depending on their country of residence. International and regional treaties that specifically address the right to housing are widely ratified, but few states specify this right in their own constitutions and laws. Only since the 1990’s has a rights-based perspective of access to adequate housing become widely articulated. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996) is a notable illustration of this new perspective, as it explicitly guarantees the right to adequate housing and compels the state to take reasonable steps to achieve its progressive realization. It also prohibits the practice of forced eviction.
In many countries housing policy is oriented around securing the affordability of housing, which is an issue for both potential homeowners and renters. According to UN-Habitat’s State of the World’s Cities (2001), households in cities of developing countries need an average of 12.5 times their annual income to buy a house. The highest rents exist in the Middle East, where a household spends an average of 45% of its monthly income on rent. The creation of affordable housing generally involves Governments subsidizing the cost of building new housing, stabilizing rent, or offering loans or credit at a low-interest rate. Eligibility for public or subsidized housing is usually determined by a low income, and demand is especially high in urban areas.
Citizens who feel the satisfaction of their right to housing is in jeopardy may pursue a variety of legal and non-legal strategies to assert their rights. Legal strategies include legal appeals to prevent planned evictions or demolitions through court-ordered injunctions, legal procedures to obtain compensation following an illegal eviction, complaints against illegal actions carried out by landlords in relation to rent levels, maintenance, or discrimination, allegations of discrimination in the allocation or availability of housing, complaints about unhealthy or inadequate housing and class action suits related to significantly increased levels of homelessness. Non-legal strategies include research, education, monitoring, mobilization, participation in neighborhood networks, negotiation, constituency-building, intersectoral collaboration, development of model national housing plans, and budget analysis.
Most states have programs designed to address the immediate issues of homelessness, although these programs are usually operated on a local level. Homeless shelters and temporary housing provide shelter for those in need as well as other services such as counseling, job training, and advocacy to help people move towards a position from which they can obtain and maintain their own housing. Most governments also have plans and programs for aid to victims of natural disasters who have lost their homes.
Advocacy, Educational and Training Materials For Advocates
Learning, Reflecting and Acting for a Human Rights Future: A Training Manual for the Education of the Human Right to Housing in Urban Communities (by Teresita V. Barramed and Lea L. Espallardo, Quezon City, 1996)
The purpose of this module is to clarify the content and scope of the right to housing. The module presents international, regional and national standards guaranteeing the right to housing; enumerates the state’s obligations; elaborates on the guarantees provided under article 11 of the ICESCR as contained in General Comments 4 and 7 by the CESCR; and considers strategies for ensuring the enjoyment of the right to housing.
go to this website for lots more Human Rights info! hrea.org
Linda's Hearth note: I know, I know ~ this is too LONG for a blog. So they say. I felt, however, it is really important to share this stuff. I hope anybody who reads it, or any bits of it, will leave a comment, too? Keep me on my toes. | <urn:uuid:13b15f82-5091-46af-b492-e1ddbb5b7a1c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://hearthbylinda.blogspot.com/2010/10/un-over-100-million-homeless-people-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121267.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00013-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939191 | 4,437 | 3.71875 | 4 |
A Database Management system (DBMS) is a PC programming application that collaborates with the client, different applications, and the database itself to catch and dissect information. A universally useful DBMS is intended to permit the definition, creation, questioning, upgrade, and organization of databases.
Related Journals of Database Management
Journal of Database Management, Scientific and Statistical Database Management, International Journal of Database Management Systems (IJDMS), Database Journal, Journal of Advanced Database Management & Systems, Journal of Information and Data Management, Distributed and Parallel Databases.
All Published work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Copyright © 2019 All rights reserved. iMedPub LTD Last revised : July 17, 2019 | <urn:uuid:bc711e0f-7cd5-4a7c-a09a-fb8834e2989c> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.imedpub.com/scholarly/database-management-journals-articles-ppts-list.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525587.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718083839-20190718105839-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.796252 | 145 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Although second graders are just beginning to learn about the scientific method and how to conduct and analyze science experiments, it isn't too early to teach inquiry skills. Young elementary students are curious by nature, so second grade is an ideal time to educate and instruct students on scientific observation techniques. Acquiring skills necessary for scientific discovery will help students as they progress into more challenging science classes, such as earth science, biology, chemistry and physics.
Second graders should learn how to effectively make observations so they can predict possible outcomes. Teachers might introduce students to the word "hypothesis" and explain how they can make educated guesses about potential results of scientific experiments. Elementary inquiry skills revolve around asking the right questions, so students can learn how to assess topics such as animal life cycles, phases of matter and the water cycle, according to the Arizona K-12 Academic Standards website.
Observations and Measurements
Second-grade students can learn to make relevant observations before, during and after investigation and experimentation. They can learn the importance of having a control group, so accurate comparisons and contrasts are possible. They might need to use rulers or thermometers to report and record measurements before and after experimentation. The California State Board of Education encourages second-grade students to report measurements using the metric system, but other states allow measurements to be reported in other formats. Inquiry is more than just finding answers -- it's about the process of discovery.
Experiments and Investigations
Even though most second graders are anxious to participate in hands-on scientific experiments, learning proper investigation procedures is an important part of the inquiry process. Students should learn how to use equipment, such as microscopes, telescopes, thermometers, balances and test tubes, properly. Teachers can educate them on the importance of not contaminating their workspace or materials to get the most accurate results. Recording data from supervised classroom experiments in areas, such as life, space and earth science, is an important part of the inquiry process. Even if second graders have trouble spelling difficult scientific words and struggle with writing complicated sentences, they can learn to organize predictions and results in notebooks or on graph paper. Drawings and colored diagrams are also valuable data-recording methods.
Students should learn to use their five senses to analyze scientific data and process results, so they can draw accurate conclusions. During the process of discovery, materials might change color, texture or temperature. Objects might grow or shrink, produce an odor or emit an unusual sound. Teachers should carefully instruct students not to taste, touch or smell materials that are hazardous. When drawing conclusions, students must learn to compare results with their original predictions and see if initial questions can now be answered. Students should also learn that the results of some experiments aren't conclusive, so additional tests might be required. Communicating and sharing results is an important part of the scientific inquiry process.
- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:340e5d76-85ed-4ff8-b7a2-5a057a5dcae4> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://classroom.synonym.com/science-inquiry-skills-second-grade-16527.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948542031.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214074533-20171214094533-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.936425 | 586 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Part 13 Clusiaceae - Combretaceae - Convolvulaceae
Clusiaceae, perhaps recognized by some readers as the Guttiferae, are a primarily New World family from warm and tropical habitats with 1,150 species arrayed in 30 genera. A species that would likely be known to many readers is Hypericum perforatum, St. John's wort to those interested in its biological properties, or Klamath weed to those more concerned about its weediness. Contact with this plant can cause photo-sensitized reactions in some individuals and is toxic to range animals for that reason. St. John's wort and four other species of Hypericum have become naturalized on the islands. Another member of the family that has gained a measure of fame is Garcinia mangostema, commonly known as mangosteen, whose fruit is highly prized by many. The tough husk of the mangosteen contains high concentrations of antioxidants (primarily xanthones) preparations of which are widely available through health food and natural medicine outlets. Mangosteens are available in food stores in the islands but there is no report of the species having become naturalized.
A member of the family that has become naturalized is Clusia rosea, the autograph tree. This odd common name derives from the attractiveness of this plant's leaves (see image), which are thick and waxy, to serve as a medium for the carving of initials, or other messages. The Manual reports its presence on Kaua`i, O`ahu and Hawai`i. There are examples (with messages) in the Limahuli Botanic Garden, and I have seen it near Dixie Maru Beach on the west coast of Moloka`i, where the photograph was taken.
The last example from this family is a Polynesian introduction, the kamani tree, Alexandrian laurel in English. Kamani is Calophyllum inophyllum (see image). This tree grows naturally on the shores of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans and was well known to the peoples of Polynesia. Readers familiar with the large yellow flower of St. John's wort will recognize the characteristic family floral architecture in kamani. Krauss (1993) describes the many roles played by kamani in Hawaiian life. Kamani oil was used to polish coconut bowls as well as a source of light along with, or in place of, kukui nut oil. The wood was prized for the manufacture of bowls because it didn't impart an unpleasant taste to foods as did vessels made from koa. The flowers, which possess an orange blossom-like aroma, were used as a perfume and the flowers themselves were important for making leis. The Manual states that kamani had important medical uses but I have not been able to find specific references.
The Hawaiian Islands are home to two species of Terminalia, both of which have become naturalized. Terminalia myriocarpa was one of the hardwood species planted on the islands some years ago as one of many projects undertaken by state foresters. (Many of the 200 or so species in the genus yield commercially useful timber.) The species of interest to us here is T. catappa, commonly known as Indian almond, Barbados almond, or wild almond in English, false kamani, kamani haole, or kamani `ula in Hawaiian (haole is foreign; `ula is red). The kamani referred to here is Calophyllum inophyllum (Clusiaceae), which we met above. Terminalia catappa has been extensively planted along the coast where it flourishes. It is salt-tolerant and its seeds may be disseminated by flotation. The trees provide excellent shade as anyone who has visited Ke`e Beach on Kaua`i knows (see image). Older leaves turn a brilliant red color to provide a striking contrast with the blue of the sky. The seeds are edible, as the common name suggests. The image shows a grove of seedlings along the trail in Pololü Valley on the far northeastern coast of the Big Island
The morning glory family, Convolvulaceae, are represented on the islands by species that have escaped from cultivation, others that occur throughout the Pacific, others that were or were thought to have been brought by Polynesian colonizers, and by one that is an island endemic. The island endemic species belongs to the tropical genus Bonamia which consists of 45 species. The sole member in the Hawaiian Islands is the rare B. menziesia (see image) known from dry habitats on all of the main islands except Ni`ihau and Kaho`olawe.
Likely the most familiar, and easiest to see in its native habitat, is Ipomoea pes-caprae (see image), the beach morning glory, or pöhuehue in Hawaiian. This species occurs throughout the Pacific and can be found on nearly any sand beach that hasn't been degraded by development, Barking Sands on the western coast of Kaua`i west coast, some of the beaches on the southern and northern coasts of Moloka`i. Early Hawaiians stripped the long vines of their leaves and used them to make strong ropes for handling canoes, while shorter bits found use in house construction.
A second indigenous morning glory, I. indica, can be found in dry, often disturbed, sites such as occur on the western slopes of Mt. Kahala where the photograph was taken. It occurs in similar habitats on all of the islands. Hawaiian names for I. indica include koali `awa, koali `awahia, koali lä`au, and on Ni`ihau, koali pehu. Koali is a generic term for some kinds of morning glories I have looked for but never found, at least in flower–wrong time of day, wrong season, bad luck–the Hawaiian endemic species I. tuboides (see image below). This species grows on lava and rocky slopes, areas that I regularly visit. It's called the Hawaiian moon flower. Ipomoea batatus, the sweet potato, or `uala and `uwala in Hawaiian was an important Polynesian food plant brought to the islands by the earliest colonizers (see image), here seen growing in the Polynesian plant section of the NTBG. Ipomoea tubiflora (see image) is a native of the West Indies now naturalized in the tropics. Seeds of this species are often found as contaminants of rice seeds.
Jacquemontia ovalifolia is a primarily dry land species widespread in the Pacific. The plants in the Hawaiian Islands are sufficiently different to be recognized as the endemic J. ovalifolia subsp. sandwicensis (see image). Hawaiian names for this highly variable species include pü`üohi`iaka, käkuaohi`iaka, and kamo`o.
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192. A way out for socialism?
Socialism seems spent and stale. A new direction is needed. Central notions of individualism, equality and solidarity are up for revision.
Individualism used to be oriented towards autonomy, freedom, and self-interest of the individual, but with a shared responsibility for society
Equality was seen as shared identity, participation in a universal humanity, as a basis for universal rights. There may be quantitative but not qualitative difference. You may have more but you are not better than another.
Solidarity came to mean that everyone had to share in prosperity, in distributive justice.
These were the points of orientation for what Sennett, in his book on cooperation[i], called the ‘Political Left’. This stands in contrast with what he called the ‘Social Left’. The political Left is oriented towards unity in the form of universal, codified equality of position, in top-down solidarity, bureaucratically imposed, with cooperation as a tool. The social Left is oriented towards diversity combined with inclusion, access to resources, in a variety of capabilities, in bottom-up solidarity, with cooperation as an end.
The Political Left is organized, structured, with a stable script of rule-based order to secure harmony. The Social Left is self-organized, with an orientation to process, allowing for diversity. The first seeks to eliminate risk. The second accepts risk, in the tension of combining collaboration and rivalry, yielding emergence of shifting forms of order. Identity is not seen as given but as in progress. Life without risk is lifeless.
The political Left came to dominate socialism, and fought for the old ideals of equality and solidarity. That led to an excess of social arrangements, and a mentality of dependence, passiveness, pityfulness, and shirking of responsibility. That caused resentment, which corroded solidarity. The market seemed to be the alternative, with Adam Smith’s invisible hand of self-interest yielding prosperity. That required socialism to shed its ideological feathers.
But then the market also turned out to be imperfect. It derailed in excesses of cupidity, conceit and remuneration of managers, financial crises, power of money in politics, tax evasion by corporations, destruction of the environment, a widening gap between rich and poor, and social distress in low wage countries. And then socialism stood empty-handed.
Rosanvallon proposed a shift of the concepts of individualism, freedom, and solidarity, as discussed in items 150-162 of this blog.[ii]
Equality made way to diversity. Individualism became oriented to self-realization of the unique individual.
Self-realization turned into narcissism, wanting to see oneself mirrored in others, rather than recognizing their difference as interesting and a source of insight.
Responsibility for society crumbled. Rosanvallon called this ‘singularity’. Sennett talks of ‘withdrawal’ from society and cooperation. That further contributed to the decay of solidarity.
Fundamental for a new notion of solidarity is the view that for their development people need different others to learn from opposition to one’s own prejudice. That requires openness, reciprocity, and not only toleration but also appreciation of difference, as Sennett argued in his book and as I have argued in this blog.
Equality not of identity but of relation. Not a redistribution of outcomes (income, capital), but equal access to resources of knowledge, work, influence, and networks.
Does all this perhaps yield a basis for a re-orientation of socialism? It could be politically viable. Solidarity as reciprocity yields a connection with Christian-democrats, and a challenge to neo-liberalism. Individualism as diversity and equality not in outcomes but in access to resources connects with liberalism. Identity as change is a challenge to conservatives. Also to socialism, to extricate itself from entrenched rights and positions. Acceptance of change and risk, not to play safe too much. That connects with old instincts of progressiveness. And it yields scope for entrepreneurs, an electorate neglected by socialism.
It will be difficult to get risks and inequality in outcomes accepted. One must determine the limits and conditions for them. With a basic income, for example, as I proposed in item 154 of this blog. | <urn:uuid:5cdb7cc8-1fba-4020-b3d5-aad9ca0d6aad> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://philosophyonthemove.blogspot.com/2015/04/192.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863626.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520151124-20180520171124-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.960273 | 888 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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