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Knowing school-related terms in Thai will help you so much if you plan to send your son or daughter to a school in Thailand. It will also be beneficial if you plan to teach in Thailand or are already a teacher here.
Students going to school in Thailand for their first day might feel more confident if they know some Thai vocabulary to use in the classroom and communicate with others. Thai society adores it when foreigners speak Thai, so it will make a great first impression to greet your teacher or fellow teachers on your first day with:
This means, “Good morning (hello), teacher.”
Oh, and don’t forget to wai! In Thai society, it’s crucial to be respectful to teachers and elders. So, always ‘wai’ by putting your palms together in a prayer position, holding them at chest level, and bowing slightly.
We present common school subjects, items, and furniture that you’ll find in classes and the names of people you’ll commonly find in a school. There are even questions you can ask children or students you meet and useful queries you may need when speaking with school administration.
The Thai language can appear simple, and many people pick it up quickly. In contrast, others find learning Thai vocabulary difficult because of the Thai tones. The information below is presented simply with valid Thai words, phrases, and questions related to school to help you learn Thai.
We’ve broken the words into syllables so you can practice saying the sounds.
Types Of Schools In Thai
Thailand’s schooling system is set up very similarly to the rest of the world. They have nursery, kindergarten, primary school, and secondary school. However, the names are not the same, and it’s pretty standard for a student to attend the same school their entire educational lives.
Thailand also doesn’t have middle schools.
The types of schools in Thai are:
- Nursery – สถานรับเลี้ยงเด็ก (sa-tan-rab-lieng-dek)
- Kindergarten – อนุบาล (a-nu-ban)
- Primary school – ประถม (pra-tom)
- Secondary school – มัธยม (mat-tay-yom)
- University – มหาวิทยาลัย (mah-ha-wi-tee-yah-lai)
- Vocational College – วิทยาลัยอาชีวศึกษา (wi-tee-yah-lai-ah-chee-wah-sick-sah)
Grades In Thai
Children may begin attending school in Thailand as young as six months. When they graduate from high school, most students are 17 or 18 and move on to university or vocational college.
Students are separated into designated ‘grades’ during their time at nursery through secondary school. However, in Thailand, they have their unique names. Grades are also separated into four levels.
The grade names and levels in Thai are:
- Nursery – สถานรับเลี้ยงเด็ก
Ages 6 months – 3 years
- Kindergarten 1 (KG1) – อนุบาล 1 (a-nu-ban-nueng)
- Kindergarten 2 (KG2) – อนุบาล 2 (a-nu-ban-song)
- Kindergarten 3 (KG3) – อนุบาล 3 (a-nu-ban-sam)
Ages 3-5 years old
The primary school level is called Prathom ประถม and is separated into six grades.
- Prathom 1 – ประถม 1 (pra-tom-nueng)
- Prathom 2 – ประถม 2 (pra-tom-song)
- Prathom 3 – ประถม 3 (pra-tom-sam)
- Prathom 4 – ประถม 4 (pra-tom-see)
- Prathom 5 – ประถม 5 (pra-tom-ha)
- Prathom 6 – ประถม 6 (pra-tom-hok)
Ages 6-11 years old
The secondary or high school level is called Mattayom มัธยม and is separated into six grades.
- Mattayom 1 – มัธยม 1 (mat-tay-yom-nueng)
- Mattayom 2 – มัธยม 2 (mat-tay-yom-song)
- Mattayom 3 – มัธยม 3 (mat-tay-yom-sam)
- Mattayom 4 – มัธยม 4 (mat-tay-yom-see)
- Mattayom 5 – มัธยม 5 (mat-tay-yom-ha)
- Mattayom 6 – มัธยม 6 (mat-tay-yom-hok)
Ages 12-18 years old
Types Of Students In Thai
For each level of schooling, a student will get a designation much like in other countries. In English, such students may be college students or elementary students. The same applies in Thailand. Let’s learn what types of students are in Thai.
During the four levels of education up until the end of secondary schooling, students are called นักเรียน (nak-rien) in Thai. The word student goes before the type of school level in the sentence.
Nicknames For Students In Thailand
- University student: Pii (ปี.)
- Junior high to high school student: Mor (ม.)
- Elementary school student: Por (ป.)
How To Ask Someone What Grade They Are In Or Which School They Go To
You may meet some students on your adventures in Thailand, whether out and about or through friends. It’s a common question to ask what grade people are in or what school they go to as a way to start a conversation.
School Subjects In Thai
Other School-Related Terms In Thai
People At School
Rooms Or Places In A School
Classroom Furniture And Accessories
School Stationary Or Supplies
Asking People About School In Thai
Speaking With Your Teacher or School Administrator In Thai
Learn More Thai With Ling!
What do you think, is the Thai language difficult? Not when it’s presented like this! Ling App would love to help you practice even more Thai language especially understanding Thai grammar and Thai words.
With Ling, you will even learn to write in Thai and read in Thai by association! Our app is a powerful learning tool with over 60 languages and over 10 million downloads.
We hope you learned many school-related terms in Thai today and hope you bookmark this page for reference in the future. If you’d like to continue learning the Thai language, head over to our learn Thai page and start. It’s free to try!
What are you waiting for?! | <urn:uuid:d5b9c290-7fe2-48ef-9450-955986b32233> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://ling-app.com/th/school-related-terms-in-thai/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711286.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208082315-20221208112315-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.873257 | 1,753 | 2.84375 | 3 |
BEIJING — China reported Monday a sharp rise in the number of people infected with a new coronavirus, including the first cases in the capital. The outbreak coincides with the country's busiest travel period, as millions board trains and planes for the Lunar New Year holidays.
Health authorities in the central city of Wuhan, where the viral pneumonia appears to have originated, said an additional 136 cases have been confirmed in the city, which now has a total of 198 infected patients. As of the weekend, a third patient had died, bringing the death toll to three.
Two individuals in Beijing and one in the southern city of Shenzhen have also been diagnosed with the novel coronavirus, health commissions in the respective cities said Monday. The three people had visited Wuhan.
The outbreak has put other countries on alert as millions of Chinese travel for Lunar New Year. Authorities in Thailand and in Japan have already identified at least three cases, all involving recent travel from China.
At least a half-dozen countries in Asia and three U.S. airports have started screening incoming airline passengers from central China.
Many of the initial cases had connections to a seafood market in Wuhan, which was closed for an investigation.
As hundreds of people who came into close contact with diagnosed patients were not infected themselves, the municipal health commission maintains that the virus is not easily transmitted between humans, though it has not ruled out limited human-to-human transmission.
Coronaviruses cause diseases ranging from the common cold to SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome. SARS first infected people in southern China in late 2002 and spread to more than two dozen countries, killing nearly 800.
The virus causing the current outbreak is different from those previously identified, Chinese scientists said earlier this month. Initial symptoms of the novel coronavirus include fever, cough, tightness of the chest and shortness of breath.
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:873be7bc-8ddc-437c-a848-1e65fb63f93d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://oullins-patriote.com/health-news/china-counts-sharp-rise-in-coronavirus-cases-during-countrys-busiest-travel-time-2-in-beijing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736883.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806061804-20200806091804-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.969276 | 395 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Good Enough to Eat?
What’s the most nutritious way to cook vegetables? That’s the question health and nutrition sciences professors Yanyan Li and John Specchio are looking to answer.
They’ve received a one-year grant from Panasonic to explore how various cooking methods impact nutrient retention in vegetables. “We’re now using fresh broccoli,” says Li. “We’ll expand to use kale, tomatoes and cabbage later.”
The team, which includes one undergraduate and two graduate students, is comparing microwaving to boiling and steaming. “We’re microwaving at different power levels with four different microwave ovens, including the Panasonic Inverter, and GE, Sharp and LG ovens,” explains Li. When a conventional microwave oven is set at 60 percent power, it cooks for 60 percent of the time and is idle the rest of the time. In contrast, an inverter oven generates continuous heat at the desired levels.
“As a result, foods are heated more evenly and quickly without being damaged by the uneven heating of traditional microwave ovens,” says Li, who expects that the inverter oven and steaming will produce the most nutritious results. | <urn:uuid:5248d256-4c6c-4f9d-8092-323705679c78> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.montclair.edu/forward-thinking/spring-2014/good-enough-to-eat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131846.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00156-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927042 | 257 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Today, the Washington State Hospital Association is releasing hospital-specific surgical infection rate data. This is the first time this information has been made public. The website at www.wahospitalquality.org provides data on infections following three important types of surgeries: cardiac, orthopedic, and hysterectomies. The Washington State Legislature required the data to be collected and made public in House Bill 1106 in 2007 and House Bill 2828 in 2010.
"Washington's hospitals are enthusiastic participants in providing this new information about surgical infection rates," says Carol Wagner, vice president for patient safety at the Washington State Hospital Association. "We believe that public reporting helps hospitals improve, assists consumers in making good decisions about hospital care, and creates collaboration between hospitals and quality experts."
The surgeries included in the new infection rate data are:
Heart bypass surgery
Cardiac surgeries on the valves or septum of the heart
Heart transplant surgery
The website allows users to sort hospitals by county, alphabetically, and from highest to lowest or lowest to highest infection rates.
Washington's hospitals use a series of scientifically proven safeguards against surgical infections and the new data helps hospitals evaluate the effectiveness of their processes. These processes include:
- Ensuring the proper antibiotic is given at the correct time and stopped at the correct time
- Ensuring the patient's blood sugar is under control
- Removing hair safely (not using a razor) in the surgical area
Washington's hospitals are dedicated to stopping the spread of infections. Stopping infections is challenging work: today's hospital patients are sicker and more vulnerable, drug resistant organisms are increasing, and antibiotic overuse has hampered the ability to fight infections.
Hospital patients are an important part of their own care team and have a role to play in preventing infections. Things patients can do to protect themselves include:
- Taking all the recommended pre-hospitalization infection prevention steps, such as pre-surgical chlorhexidine baths, not shaving before surgery, and stopping smoking
- Asking all healthcare providers and visitors to wash or sanitize their hands, especially when they enter or leave a patient's room;
- Taking antibiotics and other medications exactly as directed by their doctor
- Asking their visitors to stay home if they are sick
"Hospitals are dedicated to the care and comfort of our patients. In most cases, the data show good results, though there are also areas for improvement. Our member hospitals are working hard to implement changes to stop surgical infections, and we expect the results to get better and better," Wagner adds.
Washington State's infection reporting program is considered a national leader. The National Conference of State Legislatures highlighted Washington, along with nine other states, in its recent report, "Lessons from the Pioneers: Reporting Healthcare-Associated Infections." http://www.ncsl.org/documents/health/haireport.pdf | <urn:uuid:d731fbb0-3cdc-4f8d-93eb-45acc14b77ec> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/ssi/washington-state-hospital-association-releases-hospital-specific-surgical-infection-rate-data | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209165.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814150733-20180814170733-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.930987 | 594 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Top 7 Heart Health Foods
A growing body of research indicates that you can maintain or improve your heart health by eating certain foods. In fact, eating heart healthy foods can improve your quality of life at all ages, and when you consume cardiovascular superfoods, you can reduce your chances of heart attack and stroke. Here are our top seven foods for heart health:
- Oatmeal. In terms of heart health foods, rolled oats top the list. This grain literally acts like a sponge in your intestinal tract, soaking up cholesterol molecules so they don't enter your blood vessels and cause blockages. Rolled oats are rich in fiber. When adding oatmeal to your diet, be sure to choose plain, old-fashioned or quick-cooking oats. Avoid flavored instant oatmeal, which often contains added sugar.
- Berries. Berries of all kinds contain polyphenols and antioxidants. Polyphenols may cause your blood vessels to relax, which can help keep blood pressure down, according to a paper published in Current Atherosclerosis Reports. Blueberries, strawberries, and blackberries make a delicious, heart-healthy addition to your breakfast oatmeal.
- Tomatoes. These delicious red fruits contain high levels of lycopene. According to The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, this compound may convey powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits to your cardiovascular system. Cooked tomatoes, tomato sauce, and juice contain the most lycopene. Tomatoes also are an excellent source of potassium — a key mineral for heart health.
- Nuts. All tree nuts contain powerful antioxidants that keep your heart happy. Because nuts are high in fat, limit your intake to one or two ounces a day. Choose raw, unsalted nuts over processed varieties with added salt since excessive salt intake can contribute to high blood pressure.
- Beans, lentils, and peas. All types of legumes — beans, lentils, peas — provide a lot of heart-healthy fiber, according a study from JAMA Internal Medicine. For the greatest nutritional benefit, prepare dry beans from scratch. If you find that's too much work, opt for canned, unsalted beans. Drain and rinse them before eating.
- Broccoli, cabbage, and kale. These green vegetables supply a wealth of micronutrients that help your cells function at their best. As an added bonus, kale even contains omega-3 fatty acids, which are known to be beneficial to heart health. Green vegetables also supply fiber and help you feel full.
- Avocado. This delicious, creamy fruit contains monounsaturated fat, which has a positive effect on cholesterol levels. Avocados also contain potassium and antioxidants. When adding avocado for heart health, consume fresh varieties. Avoid processed, prepackaged guacamole, which may contain preservatives.
Eating a heart-healthy diet is a delicious way to maintain your cardiovascular system. By keeping your ticker in tip-top shape, you'll help your heart love longer.
Posted in Heart Health
More articles from this writer
*This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute health care advice. You should always seek the advice of your doctor or physician before making health care decisions. | <urn:uuid:816fba50-3a98-40a9-831e-52375f9eee81> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.dignityhealth.org/articles/Top-7-Heart-Health-Foods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107904039.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029095029-20201029125029-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.908193 | 654 | 3 | 3 |
Then he asked the cupbearer what power he wielded. He answered that he would bring the twelve chief lochs of Ireland into the presence of the Fomoire and they would not find water in them, however thirsty they were. These are the lochs: Lough Derg, Lough Luimnig, Lough Corrib, Lough Ree, Lough Mask, Strangford Lough, Belfast Lough, Lough Neagh, Lough Foyle, Lough Gara, Loughrea, Marlóch. They would proceed to the twelve chief rivers of Irelandthe Bush, the Boyne, the Bann, the Blackwater, the Lee, the Shannon, the Moy, the Sligo, the Erne, the Finn, the Liffey, the Suirand they would all be hidden from the Fomoire so they would not find a drop in them. But drink will be provided for the men of Ireland even if they remain in battle for seven years. | <urn:uuid:3778e36b-088a-49b6-ad19-0638fe9a12b4> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://celt.ucc.ie/published/T300010/text080.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661327.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00137-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949606 | 208 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What does a career in the engineering sector entail?
The welcome resurgence in the United States manufacturing sector, and manufacturing in general around the globe, is opening up many engineering jobs, so there is sure to be a career path open for those who want to enter the engineering sector.
A long-term career
It is a great time to want to be an engineer. The modern world needs people who are full of new ideas and can innovate, as well as those who can take an old or current product and make it better. The world of engineering is huge, so there are career openings in many areas, such as car design, audiovisual products, and town planning.
Requisite skills do depend on what field of engineering a person wishes to enter, of course, but there are basic skills that apply to every field. These include IT skills and the ability to work with specialist software, such as CAD and CAM packages. Good communication skills are a must as an engineer will need to convey his or her ideas to many people. Mathematics is another essential skill as it will be used daily in calculations. Time management and organizational skills are also very important.
As already mentioned, there are many different fields in the engineering sector. There are those fields that are concerned with the infrastructure of towns and cities, generally called civil engineers, and these work out road layouts, energy supply, processing and recycling of waste, and finding solutions to social problems such as pollution. There are also agricultural engineers, who help to design and manufacture all the implements and machinery that are required for farmers to grow the crops and rear livestock that are needed to sustain current and future populations.
Then there are opportunities in design engineering, creating designs for new products and processes. There are many companies that make components for the manufacturing sector, and some of these, such as Transducer Techniques, focus on specific parts in niche industries, such as producing industry-specific software. Such companies offer entrants into the engineering sector a chance to work on products that perform a specific function, that are of high quality and require attention to detail – all in all great training for a long-term career.
There are plenty of ways an engineer can progress his or her career, from entering the sector as a junior engineer to progressing to become a senior designer or consultant, even to running and owning one’s own engineering company or production plant. An engineer can become an innovator, a planner, someone who has a significant say in how the world works. The key for an engineer who wants to advance their career is to always focus on the developmental side of the engineering business.
An engineer performs a vital job, helping people to enjoy better and easier lives, and the sector offers plenty of opportunities for those who want to enjoy a long-term career in engineering and help to fashion the modern world. | <urn:uuid:65dc3234-1c8e-4863-a2f1-f47c86b1aafe> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.iliveup.com/blog/what-does-a-career-in-the-engineering-sector-entail/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585171.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017082600-20211017112600-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.976842 | 575 | 2.75 | 3 |
PasswordField class is a Field component, and as such shares all of the commonalities belonging to a Field. Please refer to the Field documentation page for an overview of Field properties, events, and other important information.
PasswordField component provides a way for the user to securely enter a password. The element is presented as a one-line plain text editor control in which the text is obscured so that it cannot be read, usually by replacing each character with a symbol such as the asterisk ("*") or a dot ("•"). This character will vary depending on the user agent and operating system.
PasswordField is best used in scenarios where capturing or handling sensitive information, such as passwords or other confidential data, is essential to the user interface or application functionality. Here are some examples of when to use the
User Authentication and Registration: Password fields are crucial in applications that involve user authentication or registration processes, where secure password input is required.
Secure Form Inputs: When designing forms that require input of sensitive information, such as credit card details or personal identification numbers (PINs), using a
PasswordFieldensures the secure entry of such data.
Account Management and Profile Settings: Password fields are valuable in applications that involve account management or profile settings, allowing users to change or update their passwords securely.
PasswordField class has three constructors:
PasswordField(String label, String password): Creates a
PasswordFieldwith a given label and password.
PasswordField(String label): Creates a
PasswordFieldwith a given label but with no pre-populated datetime.
PasswordField(): Creates a
PasswordFieldwithout any provided information.
You can use the
setPasswordReveal method to control the visibility of the password reveal icon. When set to true, the password reveal icon is visible - otherwise, it is hidden. You can check whether the password reveal icon is visible using the
isPasswordReveal method. It returns true if the password reveal icon is visible; otherwise, it returns false.
You can set placeholder text for the
PasswordField using the
setPlaceholder method. The placeholder text is displayed when the field is empty, helping to prompt the user to enter appropriate input into the
PasswordField component is often associated with sensitive information, consider the following best practices when using the
Provide Password Strength Feedback: Incorporate password strength indicators or feedback mechanisms to help users create strong and secure passwords. Evaluate factors such as length, complexity, and a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters.
Ensure Secure Password Storage: Implement proper security measures to handle and store passwords securely in your application. Utilize industry-standard encryption algorithms and never store passwords in plain text.
Handle Password Confirmation: If your application requires users to confirm their password, consider adding a password confirmation field. This helps users avoid errors when entering their password and provides an additional layer of security.
Allow Password Reset: If your application involves user accounts, provide an option for users to reset their password. This could be in the form of a "Forgot Password" feature that initiates a password recovery process.
Consider Accessibility: Utilize the PasswordField with accessibility in mind, ensuring it meets accessibility standards such as providing proper labels, and compatibility with assistive technologies. | <urn:uuid:fcf99415-585e-4565-a4fc-ea8a80707280> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dwcj.org/docs/components/fields/passwordfield | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474377.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223085439-20240223115439-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.835987 | 681 | 2.75 | 3 |
Snowflakes are amazing!
Close up pictures of snowflakes show how intricate and beautiful they can be. And there are an infinite variety of them too. Here are a few ideas…
Some history about snowflakes
The perfect six-sided snowflake exists, but is not the only sort. Early snowflake pictures were taken by farmers’ son, Wilson “snowflake” Bentley (February 9, 1865 – December 23, 1931) from Vermont. Aged 15 he was captivated by snowflakes. It started with looking down a microscope. But in 1885 he began experiments with a camera too. After struggling with the early camera technology he began to make some progress. During his life he made thousands of photos of snowflakes. His work still dominate our ideas today. In particular he was the first to claim snowflakes are unique and six sided. His pictures are also some of the best too.
Research has shown how diverse snowflakes can be. They are not all perfect, regular shapes either. In fact according to “New Scientist ” (a weekly publication, UK) there are many types. The various forms are created under different conditions…
- -2°C = Simple hexagons and star shapes
- -5°C to -10°C columns
- -15°C Six sided crystals (dendrites) form again
- -22°C onward… complex plates and columns form again
Here is detailed morphology diagram for snowflakes . It shows the relationship between the snowflakes’ type and temperature/humidity.
Snowflakes go through a range of temperature, humidity and other changes while falling. They have a unique and sometimes violent history. They clash together. They may ball-up with other flakes. It’s common for them to have multiple crystals joined in one flake. They may circulate in the clouds for long periods. They may also melt and refreeze before descending to the ground. It is not a surprise they are all so different. There is a great infographic on SnowCrystals.com showing snow crystal growth and the no-two-alike idea.
Capturing snowflakes on camera
You can’t easily photograph snowflakes on the ground. The overall white in a snow mass makes it difficult to distinguish individual flakes. The small size makes them a challenge too. The best approach to snowflakes is two-fold.
- Use a macro lens or macro extension tubes.
- Use a clean (new) long hair artists paint brush. Sable hair is best. Use a small black velvet cloth (about 500mm x 500mm) to see the snowflakes.
The aim with these is simple. Tease out individual snowflakes onto a black background. Then get in close with the lens. If you are working with a macro lens help yourself out and use a tripod.
The snowflakes themselves are easily destroyed. The trick is to use the artists brush to lift snowflakes onto the velvet. The brush and velvet have hairs that support the snowflake without damage. Be as gentle as you can to preserve its delicate nature of the crystal.
Sadly tiny ice crystals tend to go grey when on a black background surface. When shot on a dark background they are best converted to monochrome. This helps to increase the contrast and definition of the crystal.
To show the beauty of the refracted light use a well-lit background. If you can, place the snowflake onto a glass slide delicately lifting it off the velvet. You can buy Blank Slides – Microscope accessories from various places. Make sure you have left the slides to cool down to the snow temperature or the snow will melt on it.
Be sure to keep your cloth, brush and slides cold and dry. Make sure your breath is not directed at the snowflake. Even slightly raised temperature or humidity will affect the snowflake while you are trying to photograph it. More than once I have had them dissolve in front of my eyes.
If you are using an actual microscope, or if you are using a glass slide try to get some backlighting. To get the best refractive results try light at different angles on the snowflake. The best results are not necessarily when the light is directly from below. The angled light tends to create contrasts on the snowflakes. This brings out light and dark as well as some aesthetic colourations from refraction through the crystal.
For your interest here is an amazing camera-microscope…
This an affordable and well reviewed digital microscope. It will do detailed images direct from your computer. It’s a photography tool which provides an opportunity to develop your macro skills. Hours of fun too!
One of the acknowledged masters of the art of shooting snowflakes is Kenneth G. Libbrecht . He’s a professor of physics who researches crystal growth. He also runs the SnowCrystals.com website. There are wonderful resources on the site including a “how to guide” and many hints about photography and equipment. There are some wonderful galleries of images . There is also a section on how to grow your own snowflakes. Although, the latter was a bit more complex than I think I would go… but who knows. People in this field seem to get obsessive about it. Snowflakes are extraordinarily beautiful.
Two other sources of snowflake inspiration…
Official Snowflake Bentley Web Site. This site houses the Wilson “Snowflake” Bentley photographic collection.
For a huge range of inspiring snowflakes images check out this search page on Google: Snowflakes photography
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Heroin is a commonly abused illicit drug in the United States. Derived from the opium poppy, heroin is a strong opiate that is typically taken by intravenous injection, snorting, or smoking.
However, some people take heroin through rectal administration, where the drug is mixed in a water solution and shot into the rectum with a needle-less syringe.
This method of intake is not very common but is considered a way to achieve a high with drugs like cocaine, heroin, MDMA, or alcohol (butt-chugging).
Plugging works to make a person feel the numb, pleasant euphoria typical of heroin intake, but when taken rectally, the sensations will happen very quickly, similar to that of injected heroin.
Why Do People Plug Heroin?
Some people choose to plug heroin because of veinous collapse in typical injection sites, or because they do not want to create “track marks” from heroin injection.
Drug administration through the rectum creates an intense high because the drug is absorbed through delicate tissues and into the bloodstream very quickly.
This method of drug use does carry the usual risks of illicit drug use involving opioids and additional potential harm because of the quick drug ingestion.
Side Effects Of Plugging Heroin
Heroin works to suppress pain and also slows down the central nervous system (CNS). Many people also choose to use other CNS depressants like benzodiazepines with heroin because benzos alleviate withdrawal effects and make the “come down” off heroin more tolerable.
Find the right treatment program for heroin abuse today.
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Because heroin is considered a “street drug”, there is no way to verify the quality of the drug as is possible with a prescription drug.
In fact, many illegal opioids are contaminated with fentanyl, which is over 50 times more potent than heroin, and may easily cause an overdose.
Heroin can cause physical symptoms when ingested rectally, such as:
- heavy arms and legs
- respiratory depression
- dry mouth
- constricted pupils
- warm, flushed skin
The effects of heroin will typically last between a half-hour and an hour. The extreme sedation caused by heroin can complicate other risks of plugging heroin.
Physical Effects Of Plugging Heroin
Plugging heroin will involve injecting heroin mixed with water into the rectum. Because this is done outside of a sterile healthcare environment with non-sterile equipment, the potential for infection and other problems increases.
Some people may experience physical symptoms, such as:
- persistent diarrhea
- damaged rectal tissue
- poor blood circulation
Notably, people that take heroin as a suppository and engage in risky sexual behavior increase their risks of intravenous/sexually transmitted diseases like HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
This increased risk of sexually transmitted infections occurs because people that are addicted to heroin or use heroin recreationally also tend to find themselves in more dangerous interpersonal and sexual situations.
Prolonged heroin abuse also increases the risk of organ damage, psychological impacts, and overdose death.
Long-Term Effects Of Plugging Heroin
Sustained opioid abuse is detrimental to the heart, liver, and kidneys in particular. Heroin use has also been shown to contribute to serious mental health symptoms that stem from heroin-induced brain injuries.
Over the long term, a person that abuses opioids like heroin may experience the following effects:
- increased risk of infection and cancers
- low blood pressure
- heart attack
- irregular heartbeat
- symptoms of dementia
- brain damage
- multiple organ failure (liver and kidney)
- chronic depression
- loss of pain sensitivity
Increased Risk Of Overdose
Over time, the sustained use of heroin may eventually result in an overdose. When a person takes drugs like heroin, they may build up a tolerance and will need more of the drug to achieve the same result.
In addition to the tolerances that develop, many people will use other drugs or alcohol that can make the depressant effects more potent. When the body is overwhelmed by CNS depressants, overdose symptoms can occur.
Overdoses frequently occur when a person stops using opioids for a period of time and then takes the drug again in the same quantity, before their tolerance has adjusted.
When a heroin overdose happens, drugs like naloxone (Narcan) can prevent deaths.
Some signs that a person has overdosed on heroin include:
- slowed heart rate
- respiratory depression
- pinpoint pupils
- cold or clammy skin
Heroin Addiction Treatment Options
If you or a loved one is plugging heroin or other opioid drugs, there is no better time to get help than now.
You can prevent the risk of overdose death and lifelong physical and psychological effects by making a change now.
Call our treatment specialists to learn more about the range of rehabilitation options available. Many people benefit from inpatient rehab and therapy and follow up with individual or group therapies as an outpatient treatment option for continued sobriety.
Substance use disorders involving drugs like heroin are life-altering, but not life-defining. Call today and take the first step towards meaningful change in your life.
Addiction Resource aims to provide only the most current, accurate information in regards to addiction and addiction treatment, which means we only reference the most credible sources available.
These include peer-reviewed journals, government entities and academic institutions, and leaders in addiction healthcare and advocacy. Learn more about how we safeguard our content by viewing our editorial policy.
- Medscape — Heroin Toxicity
- ScienceDirect — Rectal Administration
- U.S. National Libraries of Medicine: MedlinePlus — Heroin | <urn:uuid:77b5a48a-7bc6-4085-95b1-9c6c4ec11b3c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.addictionresource.net/plugging/heroin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710789.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201021257-20221201051257-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.90459 | 1,290 | 2.703125 | 3 |
If Hurricane Sandy was a wake-up call for many in the United States to the kind of extreme weather that climate change is expected to bring, Typhoon Bopha, which struck the Philippines a month later, is a reminder of what makes developing regions even more vulnerable to these changes.
Typhoon Bopha hit the Philippines on December 4 with winds topping 175 miles per hour, the equivalent of a Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic. Over a thousand people were killed and many more displaced – weeks afterwards, 300,000 were still homeless. But besides the strength of its winds, a host of other factors worsened the impact of the storm.
Most of the casualties from Bopha were on the island of Mindanao, one of the poorest, fastest-growing (a total fertility rate of 4.2 children per woman), and least-secure regions of the Philippines. The remote terrain makes access to and from the area difficult; environmentally destructive practices have increased the hazards for flooding and landslides; a long-running anti-government insurgency is rooted there; and illegal mining and agriculture are the primary livelihoods for most of its inhabitants.
Worse, the storm was unexpected. “We have never had a typhoon like Bopha, which has wreaked havoc in a part of the country that has never seen a storm like this in half a century,” said Climate Change Commissioner Naderev M. Saño speaking on behalf of the Philippine delegation at the UN climate change conference in Doha, Qatar, which took place as the typhoon hit.
Although historically rare (it was the second-most southerly latitude Category 5 storm on record), Bopha was actually the second very destructive storm experienced by the southern Philippines in recent years. Typhoon Washi followed a similar path almost exactly a year earlier and killed 1,249.
“An important backdrop for my delegation is the profound impacts of climate change that we are already confronting,” Saño said at Doha. “As we sit here, every single hour, even as we vacillate and procrastinate here, the death toll is rising.”
The factors that make Bopha so deadly are tied up in broader human development and natural resource exploitation trends – and they’re not unique to the Philippines or Southeast Asia.
Many of the residents of Compostela Valley, one of the hardest-hit provinces on Mindanao, worked on banana plantations or other kinds of farms which were devastated in the storm. Some plantations had “not a single stalk of banana” left, reported the Inquirer Mindanao. For these companies, the cost of rebuilding and replanting, combined with the risk of subsequent storms, make relocating more attractive than starting again in the valley, which will leave entire communities without work.
“Their homes, their farms [were] totally wiped out, but over and above it all, it’s a total annihilation of their livelihood,” Pilipino Banana Growers and Exporters’ Association President Alex Viloria said of the plantation workers. “Today in Compostela Valley, everything is gone.” Total crop damage from the storm is estimated at $210 million.
In the valley and elsewhere, partly due to clearing for agricultural but also because of illegal logging, deforestation contributed to the severity of the landslides and floods since there were no roots to keep soil in place. “In these illegally logged areas, what do you expect but landslides?” Filipino Senator Loren Legarda told The New York Times. Forests cover only six percent of the island’s original forested area, and much of the logging is done by large corporations.
The other main livelihood in the Mindanao is gold mining. One in five people in Compostela Valley province rely on mining, according to the Agence France-Presse. But much of it is illegal because the terrain is so prone to landslides and flashfloods – which the mining only makes worse. Though workers may know of the danger, they remain in the area anyway. “It is the risk they are willing to take, just to strike it rich. They don’t want to move,” Governor Arthur Uy told AFP.
The government has issued geohazard maps which detail the regions that are considered most prone to landslides and flooding, but they can be difficult to interpret, leading to confusion about which areas are actually safe.
“There is a problem of information dissemination. The local officials also thought they [were] evacuating to an area which was safe,” said Larry Heradez, a technical officer for the government’s mining regulator. Senator Legarda also encountered problems with the maps: “Even I couldn’t read them,” he reported.
A national security concern
Further complicating the area’s recovery, Mindanao is also home to several anti-government insurgencies. Among them is the National People’s Army, a military wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines established in 1969. Though its influence has waned since then, it still has more than 10,000 members and continues activity, including kidnappings and extortion.
Though one might think that devastated infrastructure and livelihoods would inflame tensions, at least the in the short term, Bopha has brought an end to hostilities. Government troops had been stationed on Mindanao to combat the separatists, but following the storm, they began to disperse aid, and the rebels called a ceasefire to allow the troops to better serve the affected population.
It is not uncommon for parties to come to a truce after a natural disaster; following the Indian Ocean tsunami that hit Indonesia, rebels in the hardest-hit province of Aceh declared a ceasefire and ultimately reached an agreement with the government within a few months. But the situation seems less tractable in the Philippines, and the current damages are certainly worse than the benefits of a ceasefire – at least if it proves only temporary.
“Left with virtually nothing”
Individual climate events are notoriously difficult to link to climate change, especially complex storms like typhoons. But warmer seas have been shown to contribute to the intensity of storms, so the potential impact of climate change on Typhoon Bopha cannot be dismissed. In any case, it is the type of storm – extreme weather in an unexpected place – that scientists have said is more likely now in many places and will continue to be so as global greenhouse gases increase.
Further, Bopha shows why developing countries are most vulnerable to these changes. Developing countries like the Philippines are expected to bear the brunt of the effects of climate change partly because of their geographic location – many are in tropical latitudes, which are expected to experience greater changes than countries closer to the poles – but also because of already-existing poverty, poor health, environmental degradation, violence, and lack of infrastructure which increases vulnerability.
A storm on the scale of Typhoon Bopha would be devastating no matter where it hit. But infrastructure in developed countries is less vulnerable and they have the resources to build back more quickly and to mitigate the effects of future storms. Relocating to less disaster-prone areas is also more of an option for affected communities in developed countries. Families in Mindanao and other developing parts of the world, however, are often already living on the margins. Typhoon Bopha destroyed the homes and livelihoods of entire communities, those who are least able to recover from this kind of disaster.
“So many people who had very little before the typhoon struck have been left with virtually nothing,” Gwendolyn Pang, secretary general of the Philippine Red Cross, told AFP.
Governments and organizations responding to natural disasters frequently focus on single sectors, like rebuilding physical infrastructure. But every so often, circumstances force us to look at the complete picture and examine the longer-term trends – be they development, environment, or security – that are creating vulnerability.
Unfortunately, Typhoon Bopha’s lesson was grim, showing precisely why the UN, World Bank, U.S. intelligence community, and many others have warned that climate change will have an out-sized effect on the developing world.
Source: New Security Beat, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (United States) | <urn:uuid:02175035-5b86-49aa-9cf7-3b622901ddc2> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.openbriefing.org/regionaldesks/asiapacific/developing-countries-most-vulnerable-to-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982964275.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200924-00272-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964611 | 1,715 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Apple’s published two patent applications concerning the use of fuel cells in portable electronics.
One patent application describes the potential benefits:
Fuel cells and associated fuels can potentially achieve high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, which can potentially enable continued operation of portable electronic devices for days or even weeks without refueling.
What separates Apple’s patent applications from other portable fuel cells that are already on the market is that Apple’s can be integrated directly into the electronics.
The second patent application details how Apple might be able to include an integrated fuel cell while limiting additional cost and saving on weight. The key is using the cell in conjunction with a battery; the fuel cell charges the battery and the battery charges the fuel cell. In this way, the fuel cell does not need its own battery–which saves weight and cuts cost.
Will fuel cells find their way into Apple’s next generation of devices? Probably not. Apple files a lot of patent applications, and these are not the first that deal with fuel cells. What is different this time is that Apple’s previous patents have dealt with the engineering of the fuel cells themselves, not with building them into electronics.
The challenge for Apple will be convincing consumers to pay for fuel cartridges. Not everyone is going to warm to adding another ongoing expense to their monthly budget. | <urn:uuid:7615fff3-ff7f-456a-8b31-fcbb74a91698> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://news.dice.com/2012/01/03/apple-fuel-cell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119650692.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030050-00219-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940918 | 276 | 2.78125 | 3 |
- Those with avoidant personality disorder (APD) feel highly uncomfortable in social settings, for fear of being judged or disliked.
- These individuals also have difficulty communicating with others, are preoccupied with being or feeling criticized, and view themselves as lesser than.
- While it is still unclear what exactly causes APD, the majority of experts agree that biological, social, and psychological factors all play a role.
- Therapy can prove effective for those with APD, so long as they take that leap of faith and place trust in their therapist who will teach them to reevaluate negative beliefs.
- Celebrities who have struggled with APD include the famous Kim Basinger, Michael Jackson, and Donny Osmond.
Avoidant personality disorder (APD) is characterized by an individual’s serious social inhibition and inadequacy, as well as vulnerability to unfavorable remarks or rejection. It’s more than being introverted or inept in situations with other people; those with this disorder have serious difficulty communicating with others and fostering healthy relationships in their everyday. A person with APD may not speak up because he or she is afraid to say something wrong. These individuals fear they’ll blush, stutter, or be embarrassed in some other way. They spend a lot of time anxiously studying others to understand if they are accepted or rejected.
Symptoms of Avoidant Personality Disorder
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), reports that an individual who is diagnosed with APD will experience at least four of the following:
- He or she avoids work activities that include significant contact with others because of their fear of being criticized or rejected
- The individual doesn’t associate much with others unless they’re sure they’ll be accepted and/or liked
- He or she holds back in intimate relationships for fear of being embarrassed or made fun of
- The individual is preoccupied with being criticized, rejected, or disliked in social settings
- The individual views him or herself as socially incompetent or lesser than
- He or she is abnormally reluctant to try new things because they fear embarrassment
On a special note, avoidant behavior might be viewed in youngsters and adolescents, but the diagnosis can’t be made in young kids. This is due to the fact that feeling afraid of strangers, being unskilled in groups of people, and being especially vulnerable to negative comments are all normal behaviors.
What Causes Avoidant Personality Disorder?
It isn’t clear what causes APD, but most experts think it’s due to a combination of biological and genetic factors, social factors (how the individual interacts in early development with family members, friends, and other children), and psychological factors (or personality and temperament, which are molded by the environment, and the coping skills learned in order to deal with stress).
Treatment for Avoidant Personality Disorder
People with APD view themselves negatively, await rejection from others, and typically never seek therapy because they fear the therapist won’t like them. However, when an individual does seek treatment, the therapeutic journey can prove successful. The therapist works with the individual to explore and reevaluate their negative beliefs. In addition, the therapist helps the patient to evaluate the risks of dealing with others, and the two work together to modify them. Therapy also helps the person to learn proper social skills—first with the therapist, where he or she can practice how to interact with others. When the individual has the skills to function with others, he gradually begins to enter social situations where he can gain confidence and find that the reality of the situation is much less terrifying than he imagined.
Celebrities Who Have Dealt With Avoidant Personality Disorder
We’re often surprised to find out that an actor or musician has this or that mental illness (such as APD). It seems impossible that these individuals were able to achieve such status and stardom in spite of their disorders. However, when they open up about themselves and their run-ins with mental illness, we realize they’re really just like us. Here are a few celebrities who struggled with APD and still managed to prevail in their careers:
- Kim Basinger, who has starred in numerous box office hits said she had a terrifying fear of speaking in front of her class when she was a kid. This carried into adulthood, as upon accepting an Oscar, she didn’t know how to articulate her speech… even though she’d practiced it for days prior. Basinger says that therapy helps her manage APD, and it enables her to cope in social settings.
- Michael Jackson is one of the most famous singers and entertainers of all time. He lived as a recluse, dressing in costumes when he did go out and didn’t seem to like the public attention he received. He even created a theme park at his house, which he could enjoy without all of the crowds.
- Donny Osmond, revealed in 2000 that he has APD and is severely scared of performing on stage. He sang with The Osmonds before going on to his solo career and always had to struggle with the distress of walking on stage. He was featured in a move regarding severe anxiety called Afraid of People.
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Start a Relationship with An Exceptional Counselor
- Skilled and caring professional counselors
- Accepting all major and most insurances
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- Same- or next-day appointments
- Ultra-flexible 23.5hr cancellations | <urn:uuid:793eb336-56d0-496d-a239-be311d199ac4> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://thriveworks.com/blog/avoidant-personality-disorder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104675818.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706151618-20220706181618-00798.warc.gz | en | 0.967262 | 1,160 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Potassium Fulvate Description
Potassium Fulvate is black flake or powder form soluble in water.Usually used for drip irrigation or foliage spray.
|Appearance||Brown Powder||Brown Powder/Black Flake|
|Potassium(K₂O dry basis)||12.0% min||12.0% min|
|Moisture||15.0% max||15.0% max|
|Humic Acid(dry basis)||40.0% min||60.0% min|
|Fulvic Acid(dry basis)||30% min||10% min|
- Plant nutrients within foliar fertilisers are rapidly absorbed by the plant leaves. Within 8 hours after the application of HuMates substances many different metabolic processes are detected. Enhanced carbohydrate production can be detected within 24 to 48 hours after foliar feeding by use of a refractometer. Enhanced carbohydrate production can either result in improved product quality or increased yields.
- Foliar applications can be timed to meet the needs of specific plant growth requirements such as to activate vegetative growth, flowering, fruit set, or filling and ripening of fruits.
- Energy metabolism is accelerated and the chlorophyll content of plant leaves is enhanced by the presence of humate substances. When applied to plant leaves the chlorophyll content of those leaves increases and as the chlorophyll concentration increases there is a correlated increase in the uptake of oxygen.
- 25kgs woven or kraft bags with liner inside.
- According to customer requirement. | <urn:uuid:3029f42a-b3e3-4f94-b40d-3a5b57f6e01e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.fulvicacid.biz/humic-acids/potassium-fulvate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510575.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930014147-20230930044147-00721.warc.gz | en | 0.837686 | 383 | 2.625 | 3 |
Title IX Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX)
No Person in the United States shall on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
- What is covered under Title IX?
Title IX prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs, services and activities that receive Federal financial assistance (grants) from the federal government (National Science Foundation Grantees). Covered programs and activities includes admissions, recruitment, financial aid, academic programs, student treatment, services, counseling and guidance, discipline, classroom assignment, grading, vocational education, recreation, physical education, housing and employment. Forms of discrimination include sex-based discrimination, gender-based harassment, sexual harassment.
- What is gender-based harassment in an educational setting?
Gender-based harassment is unwelcomed conduct based on a student's actual or perceived sex. This includes slurs, taunts, stereotypes or name-calling, as well as gender motivated physical threats, attacks or other hateful conduct.1
- What is sexual harassment?
Sexual harassment is unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.
- Who must adhere to Title IX?
Entities who receive Federal financial assistance and operate educational programs must adhere to Title IX. This applies to programs, services and activities offered by colleges, universities and other institutions that operate educational programs. Title IX applies not only to students and other program participants but to employees of grant recipients. All public universities and many private universities receive Federal financial assistance.
The National Science Foundation provides Federal financial assistance in the form of grants and cooperative agreements to entities for research, educational programs and training. Any institution that receives such assistance and operates educational programs must adhere to Title IX. Additionally, all NSF grantees are subject to Title IX compliance activities by NSF, including pre-and post-award compliance reviews.
You can confirm if an institution is a recipient of Federal financial assistance from NSF by searching NSF's Simple Award Search: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/.
- Who is protected under Title IX?
Anyone who participates in an educational program, service or activity with a Federally funded entity is protected by Title IX. This includes students, parents and guardians, visitors and employees.
- What is the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and how does it relate to Title IX compliance with respect to employment?
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex for entities that have 15 or more employees. Title VII is enforced by the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
In respect to employment, NSF is can require compliance to Title IX and Title VII from NSF grantees. To ensure this, NSF may conduct a compliance review of a grantee institution to determine whether discrimination exists in the grantee's employment practices.
However, If NSF receives a single sex discrimination or sexual harassment complaint from an employee of a grantee, NSF may first refer the complaint to the EEOC for evaluation. The US Department of Justice regulations require referral of such complaints to the EEOC. NSF will keep the complaint for investigation if there is a pattern and practice of employment discrimination or harassment. A pattern or practice of discrimination involves several employees and applicants for employment as opposed to an individual action against one employee or applicant.
QUESTIONS AND FILING COMPLIANTS
- Who can I contact if I believe I have experienced sex-based discrimination?
UNIVERSITY OR INSTITUTION
Every university or institution who receives Federal financial assistance must have a Title IX Coordinator on staff. The coordinator is a resource who can answer questions, address concerns or be a contact to file a complaint.
Comments and concerns about Title IX or file Title IX may be addressed to the U.S. Department of Justice or the U.S. Department of Education. This is recommended for issues and concerns with educational programs and services that are not funded or operated by NSF or the institution is not an NSF grantee institution.
U.S. Department of Justice
U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
950 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Educational Opportunities Section, PHB
Washington, D.C. 20530
(202) 514-4092 or 1-877-292-3804 (toll-free)
(202) 514-8337 (fax)
U.S. Department of Education
U.S. Department of Education
Office for Civil Rights
Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Bldg.
400 Maryland Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20202-1100
Telephone: (800) 421-3481
FAX: (202) 453-6012; TDD: (800) 877-8339
You may also use the link below to find the office that serves the state where recipient institution is locater: https://wdcrobcolp01.ed.gov/CFAPPS/OCR/contactus.cfm.
National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation's Office of Equity and Civil Rights (OECR) is charged with enforcing Title IX among NSF grantees. To file a complaint, or for more information on Title IX, contact (703) 292-8020 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org.
- When is it appropriate to contact NSF?
It is appropriate to contact NSF if you have a complaint or concern that involves an NSF operated program or a NSF grant recipient institution. You may also contact NSF if you have questions about your rights or NSF policies.
Individuals who feel they have been discriminated against in programs, services, activities or persons that are funded by NSF on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability or age may file a complaint with NSF. Individuals may also file a complaint with NSF if there is retaliation for filing a complaint or participating in a complaint investigation.
- What can I expect if I chose to contact NSF?
Anyone who contacts NSF's Office of Equity and Civil Rights (OECR) can expect that their questions, complaints and concerns will be addressed thoroughly and promptly. Individuals may contact OECR and remain anonymous. However, if a complaint is filed with OECR, OECR may need written consent to provide names of complainants in order to investigate and resolve complaints. Personally Identifiable Information is generally protected from disclosure to outside parties under the Privacy Act. Additionally, OECR will provide appropriate assistance to complainants who are persons with disabilities, individuals of limited English proficiency and persons whose communication skills are otherwise limited.
Upon contacting OECR, an OECR staff member will inform you of your rights and responsibilities and outline what the next steps are in the process. If you choose to file a harassment complaint, OECR will begin an investigation.
OECR will request that you complete and sign a Consent Form, permitting NSF to release your identity to the NSF grantee whom the complaint is filed against in order to gather information during the investigation. If the Consent Form is not received within 14 days of the request and OECR determines that disclosure of your identity is crucial for the investigation, OECR may administratively close your complaint and take no further action.
* Please note that while OECR may not investigate or intervene in any situation where a harassment complaint is not filed or consent is not provided to release Personally Identifiable Information, OECR could use provided information such as anonymous complaint to assist in selection of NSF grantees for future Title IX compliance reviews. In this instance, OECR will not disclose personally identifiable information to the grantee institution.
- Is there a timeframe for filing a complaint?
NSF's Title IX regulations require that complaints be filed no later than 90 days of the last date of alleged harassment.
However, you may file a waiver if justification for the delay is shown to be good cause (i.e., illness, incapacitation). OECR will consider the request and make a determination to issue the waiver if good cause is provided, or deny the wavier if there is no good cause provided. For example, lack of knowledge of Title IX and complaint filing requirements is generally not a sufficient reason for waiving the timelines requirement. OECR may also waive the timeliness requirement if it is determined that the information you provide in the complaint demonstrates a critical need to address potential non-compliance with Title IX that affects past, current and/or future grantee program participants.
- If my complaint is outside of 90 days and I do not believe I have good cause, should I still contact NSF with a complaint?
Yes, even if your complaint is not found to have good cause for a delayed filing, OECR will keep this information on file. OECR may also use the information to assist in selection for future Title IX compliance reviews.
- What is a harassment complaint?
A formal harassment complaint is a written account of harassment and requests NSF to investigate the complaint. The complaint maybe submitted by email, mail, fax or in person.
The following are not discrimination complaints:
- Oral complaints that are not put in writing.
- Anonymous correspondence.
- Courtesy copies of a complaint submitted to another person or other entity.
- Inquiries that seek advice or information, but do not seek action or intervention from NSF.
PRO-ACTIVE ACTIONS AGAINST HARASSMENT
- What actions are NSF taking to promote anti-discrimination practices?
NSF is taking many steps to help prevent sexual harassment.
NSF has funded a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine study on the prevalence and impact of sexual harassment in science, engineering and medical departments and programs in order to better understand and therefore, address the issue.
NSF is working more closely with other federal STEM agencies and universities to share strategies on how to address sexual harassment in the sciences – including exchanging best practices, future planning and ensuring compliance.
The Office of Diversity and Inclusion is working closely with other divisions and offices within NSF to enhance Promising Practices on Code of Conduct.
NSF actively conducts compliance reviews of its grantees to ensure all universities and institutions are in compliance with Title IX laws and regulation.
- What is a compliance review?
A compliance review takes place when NSF reviews a grantee's policies, procedures and other data related to ensure compliance with Title IX. There are two types of compliance reviews that NSF facilitates.
The first is a desk audit. A desk audit consists of the reviewing an institution's Title IX policies, procedures, demographic data, program participant data, and similar information.
The second is an onsite review. An onsite review includes a to visit the grantee's facilities to interview program participants and staff, review documentation and/or inspect facilities. Prior to arriving onsite, NSF will request that the grantee provide documentation similar to a desk audit.
ENFORCEMENT OF TITLE IX
- What happens if a NSF grantee institution is found to violate Title IX?
NSF's Title IX regulations require that NSF first attempt to achieve voluntary compliance on the part of the grantee to remedy violations that are found. NSF will first inform the grantee of the violation(s) and request that the grantee remedy the situation. NSF may do this in an informal request with verification by the that corrective actions are taken or a written resolution agreement between NSF and the grantee to take specific actions. | <urn:uuid:ade99298-95f2-499f-9a17-dbdd78a6bb6b> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.nsf.gov/od/oecr/awardee_civil_rights/titleix_faqs.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057589.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925021713-20210925051713-00659.warc.gz | en | 0.918107 | 2,422 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Single sign-on (SSO) is a session or user authentication process that permits a user to enter one name and password in order to access multiple applications. Using SSO the user doesn’t have to create numerous accounts and/or remember vast usernames and passwords. Below is a webmix full of web apps you can use SSO (Google- white, Google/Social Networks- grey, Social Networks only- black)
Most web apps you use on your device (PC/Mac, Chromebook, tablet, phone, etc) want you to sign up without SSO and that means teachers and students will have to remember usernames, passwords, and need email accounts for initial account activation.
However… using a intuitive web browser such as Chrome, will allow for you and your students to save usernames and passwords and sync across devices allowing for your class to use any web app on your choice.
Classroom Integration: teachers, students, and pretty much everyone use a good amount of web apps (generally most applications are moving to web-based by now) on their devices. Using SSO allows integration to be efficient and easy in getting you and your students using classroom learning apps without having to remember usernames and passwords constantly. I highly recommend if your school/district is using Google for Education (Google Apps for Education) all users look for apps that utilize Google SSO. It will make for a smooth transition, time saving, less of a struggle with getting your students to access the apps you are using in class. However, it’s important to use the best app that fits the needs of your curriculum and students to further student learning.
Note: if your school is going 1:1 Chromebooks, most apps available in the Chrome Web Store do not require additional login (besides your Google school domain login), however some Chrome apps are re-directions to websites that may require a SSO or website login/signup. | <urn:uuid:c9052ffb-436f-463c-8533-a1bb23862408> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://hansenslinktotech.com/2014/06/30/the-importance-of-sso-in-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831933.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219090209-20181219112209-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.921444 | 402 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Houston Piano Company believes that children who study piano are better equipped mentally for challenges in school, and can apply this knowledge to other activities in their lives. Adults who learn to play the piano simply live happier.
A Not-So-Brief History
Recreational Music Making has its roots from the early work of Karl T. Bruhn, who is considered the father of the Music-Making and Wellness movement, and scientific research from neurologist in the field of mind-body medicine Dr. Barry Bittman, whose studies on music, particularly drum circles, demonstrated a link between playing music and the positive effects on one’s overall health—lowering stress, blood pressure, and heart rate.
Through their work they determined that playing music within the context of a group—in a pressure-free environment—could reduce stress at the DNA level. But Bruhn also felt that music making was for all people, not just limited to churning out professional musicians: "it’s about inspiring extraordinary living." [ 3 ]
In 2006, National Association of Music Merchants, or NAMM, sponsored a Global Economic Summit where Bruhn and Bittman gave a presentation on RMM, defining it as: "a new strategy for enabling people who never before considered themselves ‘musical’ to discover the joy and wellness benefits of playing a musical instrument." [ 5 ]
This philosophy resonated deeply for a piano teacher from Texas, Brenda Dillon, who attended the Summit. She has said, the "presentation [which later] proved to be life-changing for me personally." [ 6 ]
As an experiment, she began teaching using the RMM model and found that she "never had so much fun teaching in all my life." [ 7 ] Shortly thereafter, she was able to formalize a teaching methodology that incorporated her many years of teaching with the RMM method of group classes. She first collaborated with Brian Chung and developed a handbook for teachers, then created Piano Fun for Adult Beginners on her own.
The Benefits Of Group Lessons
The unique format of RMM is its emphasis on group lessons. The students, with the assistance of the facilitator (teacher), help to encourage one other, while developing camaraderie in a stress-free environment--where music is learned for its own sake.
a. Reduce stress.
b. Help develop social skills.
c. Help to develop strategies to deal with stage fright.
d. Help to learn ensemble play.
e. Create friendly competition.
f. Encourage students to learn from each other.
g. Engage students through the use of activities and games.
h. Be less expensive than private lessons.
i. Help with motivation.
Some Early Pioneers
Although RMM was initially motivated by medicinal purposes the use of group lessons actually has a firm and solid academic beginning in the work of four American pioneers of the 20th century in piano pedagogy—Frances Clark, Ph.D (1905 – 1998), Guy Duckworth, Ph.D. (1923 – 2015), Robert Pace (b. 1924), Ph.D and Richard Chronister (1930 – 1999).
It takes time and patience to learn the piano. And it's the learning itself that makes it worthwhile. | <urn:uuid:9f963cbe-a0b1-4813-a67e-2ee0ac3c9b09> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.houstonpianocompany.com/school-of-music/rmm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198287.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920161009-20200920191009-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.947514 | 678 | 2.625 | 3 |
By Clare Leschin-Hoar | Takepart.com February 4, 2014 7:35 PM
The study is the first of its kind to link added sugar consumption to death.
Head researcher Quanhe Yang of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention looked at 15 years' worth of data gathered from 31,000 people who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. They found that 70 percent of adults exceed WHO’s recommendation that added sugar be limited to under 10 percent of daily calories, making them more likely to die of heart disease.
If you think getting 25 percent of your calories from sugar is a lot, it is—but getting there absentmindedly can be surprisingly easy. A sweet granola bar or two for breakfast; a supersized soda with lunch; a couple of chocolates at the office; and a slice of cake as a late-night snack can do it. Added sugars lurk in unexpected places too, including sweetened fruity yogurts, nonfat salad dressings, and spaghetti sauces.
Whether the added sugar comes from high fructose corn syrup, beet or cane sugar, or something as natural as honey doesn’t matter—the study included all foods that were sweetened.
“What’s tricky is the FDA does not require manufacturers to put added sugar on the label,” says Rachael Johnson, spokesperson for the American Heart Association and University of Vermont professor of nutrition.
To avoid listing sugar as the first ingredient on the ingredient panel, Johnson says food makers often list five or six kinds of sugar separately instead. The FDA has been petitioned to address the problem, she says, but no action has been taken. And of course, naturally occurring sugars in fruit aren't flagged either.
“What the study says is that eating too much sugar isn’t good for you. That’s hardly news,” says Marion Nestle, New York University professor of nutrition. But she says the study reinforces the benefits of limiting added sugars.
“Just about everyone would be healthier eating less sugar, but less is not the same as none. Ten percent of calories for most people means 50 to 80 grams of sugars a day, or 12 to 20 teaspoons. A bit more won’t raise the risk by much. Soft drinks have slightly under a teaspoon of sugar per ounce, so drinking less of them is a good first step,” says Nestle.
Indeed, the study found that 37 percent of added sugar in our diets comes from sugar-sweetened beverages, followed by grain-based desserts, fruit drinks, dairy desserts, and candy.
No surprise, the beverage industry responded swiftly to the new study. After taking credit for an overall decline in adult consumption of added sugars thanks to the industry's increased focus on providing more low- and no-calorie options, the American Beverage Association maintains the study is flawed.
“Heart diseases are a complex set of problems with no single cause and no simple solution. When it comes to risk for heart disease, there is nothing unique about calories from added sugars, or sugar-sweetened beverages for that matter,” says the group in a statement. “This is an observational study which cannot—and does not—show that cardiovascular disease is caused by drinking sugar-sweetened beverages.”
But Yang tells TakePart that the study isn't focused on only sweet drinks—it examines all added sugars, including hidden sugars that Americans consume.
"Most previous studies have focused on sugar-sweetened beverages but not total added sugar, and none of these studies have used national representative samples to examine the relationship between added sugar intake and cardiovascular disease mortality," says Yang.
Related stories on TakePart:
• Attack of the Sugar Zombies!
• Jane Says: It’s Sugar That’s Bad for You—Not Sugarcane and Its Byproducts
• Jane Says: 130 Pounds of Sugar a Year Is Way, Way Too Much
• Watch This Soda Exec Get Grilled About Coke's Sugar Content
• Jane Says: All Sugar Substitutes Are Not Created Equal
Original article from TakePart | <urn:uuid:3b50ba71-ddd6-4998-9293-a8f08971c089> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://addictionsameness.blogspot.com/2014_02_06_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191444.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00080-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930402 | 853 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What are Bed Bugs look like?
Cimex lectularius is scientific name of bed bugs. Do really want to know bed bugs look like? They are tiny creatures, it kind of impossible to see the face of bed bugs. To see their picture, you can only see the pictures throughout this website, magazines or text books.
Enlarge pictures of bed bugs in available sources that you can actually catch. In you hold them unto you palm you can never really look their physical structure because bed bugs are so slim. Some lenses or a magnifying glass is all you need to see bed bugs.
Bed bugs picture description
To look at bed bugs eye to eye or face to face is something that you may not want to see. Most people are scared of one kind of insect study said. It safer that you see the bed bugs picture from available sources to save you the awkward feeling and the embarrassment.
Bed bugs normally flatted when viewed from bottom to top if you just merely looking at bed bugs’ pictures. They can penetrate to the most tiny holes and crevices because of this physical attribute. The insects have several colors as you can see from the pictures. Deep brown color is the most bed bugs look like. Bed bugs also look creamy white in Europe. Bud bugs also have races, don’t you think?
You can compare by seeing in the pictures before and after they feed form their respective hosts. After they have been nourished bed bugs color has changed. After they have consumed blood they turn into black or deep red. It will be somehow gross if you crash bed bugs after they have consumed blood. Just like squashing out a balloon filled with blood.
Bed bugs from a scientific view
You will see a shot glimpse of their anatomy in pictures from text book and encyclopedias. They are covered by wax-like substance and have very complex skin type as you can see it from pictures. The skin provides protection and prevents bed bugs from getting drying out or getting wet. Without the skin, if bed bugs exposure to light and air will surely dehydrate or dry out them.
Large bed bugs
If you want to take a close look at bed bugs you know that you have resort option. You can opt to capture a mature, aging and old bed bug because pictures in website can look unrealistic. Usually more than a year old bed bugs are. Because bed’s bug life span only last a year or more, after that they die. Large bed bugs usually can grow about ¼ of an inch. Therefore it will never be a fun and worthwhile experience by looking at bed bug’s face. You don’t want to have throw-up and goose bumps just look at bed bug’s picture. | <urn:uuid:4f4f5790-653d-454e-9e01-9f797dafca22> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www-bedbugstreatment.com/pictures-of-bed-bugs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255165.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519201521-20190519223521-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.938911 | 561 | 2.546875 | 3 |
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fruit and Flower Farming
FRUIT AND FLOWER FARMING. The different sorts of fruits and flowers are dealt with in articles under their own headings, to which reference may be made; and these give the substantial facts as to their cultivation. See also the article Horticulture.
The extent of the fruit industry may be gathered from the figures for the acreage of land under cultivation in orchards and small fruit plantations. The Board of Agriculture returns concerning the orchard areas of Great Britain showed a continuous expansion year by year from 199,178 acres in 1888 to 234,660 acres in 1901, as will be learnt from Table I. There was, it is true, an exception in 1892, but the decline in that year is explained by the circumstance that since 1891 the agricultural returns have been collected only from holdings of more than one acre, whereas they were previously obtained from all holdings of a quarter of an acre or more. As there are many holdings of less than an acre in extent upon which fruit is grown, and as fruit is largely raised also in suburban and other gardens which do not come into the returns, it may be taken for granted that the actual extent of land devoted to fruit culture exceeds that which is indicated by the official figures. In the Board of Agriculture returns up to June 1908, 308,000 acres are stated to be devoted to fruit cultivation of all kinds in Great Britain.
Table I.—Extent of Orchards in Great Britain in each Year, 1887 to 1901.
Table II.—Areas under Orchards in England, Wales and Scotland—Acres.
Table II. shows that the expansion of the orchard area of Great Britain is mainly confined to England, for it has slightly decreased in Wales and Scotland. The acreage officially returned as under orchards is that of arable or grass land which is also used for fruit trees of any kind. Conditions of soil and climate determine the irregular distribution of orchards in Great Britain. The dozen counties which possess the largest extent of orchard land all lie in the south or west of the island. According to the returns for 1908 (excluding small fruit areas) they were the following:—
Leaving out of consideration the county of Kent, which grows a greater variety of fruit than any of the others, the counties of Devon, Hereford, Somerset, Worcester and Gloucester have an aggregate orchard area of 124,872 acres. These five counties of the west and south-west of England—constituting in one continuous area what is essentially the cider country of Great Britain—embrace therefore rather less than half of the entire orchard area of the island, while Salop, Monmouth and Wilts have about 300 less than they had a few years ago. Five English counties have less than 1000 acres each of orchards, namely, the county of London, and the northern counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, Northumberland and Durham. Rutland has just over 100 acres. The largest orchard areas in Wales are in the two counties adjoining Hereford—Brecon with 1136 acres and Radnor with 727 acres; at the other extreme is Anglesey, with a decreasing orchard area of only 22 acres. Of the Scottish counties, Lanark takes the lead with 1285 acres, Perth, Stirling and Haddington following with 684 and 129 acres respectively. Ayr and Midlothian are the only other counties possessing 100 acres or more of orchards, whilst Kincardine, Orkney and Shetland return no orchard area, and Banff, Bute, Kinross, Nairn, Peebles, Sutherland and Wigtown return less than 10 acres each. It may be added that in 1908 Jersey returned 1090 acres of orchards, Guernsey, &c., 144 acres, and the Isle of Man, 121 acres; the two last-named places showing a decline as compared with eight years previously.
Outside the cider counties proper of England, the counties in which orchards for commercial fruit-growing have increased considerably in recent years include Berks, Buckingham, Cambridge, Essex, Lincoln, Middlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, Oxford, Salop, Sussex, Warwick and Wilts. Apples are the principal fruit grown in the western and south-western counties, pears also being fairly common. In parts of Gloucestershire, however, and in the Evesham and Pershore districts of Worcestershire, plum orchards exist. Plums are almost as largely grown as apples in Cambridgeshire. Large quantities of apples, plums, damsons, cherries, and a fair quantity of pears are grown for the market in Kent, whilst apples, plums and pears predominate in Middlesex. In many counties damsons are cultivated around fruit plantations to shelter the latter from the wind.
Of small fruit (currants, gooseberries, strawberries, raspberries, &c.) no return was made of the acreage previous to 1888, in which year it was given as 36,724 acres for Great Britain. In 1889 it rose to 41,933 acres.
Later figures are shown in Table III. It will be observed that, owing to corrections made in the enumeration in 1897, a considerable reduction in the area is recorded for that year, and presumably the error then discovered existed in all the preceding returns. The returns for 1907 gave the acreage of small fruit as 82,175 acres, and in 1908 at 84,880 acres—an area more than double that of 1889.
Table III.—Areas of Small Fruit in Great Britain.
Table IV.—Areas under Small Fruit in England, Wales and Scotland—Acres.
There has undoubtedly been a considerable expansion, rather than a contraction, of small fruit plantations since 1896. The acreage of small fruit in Great Britain is about one-third that of the orchards. As may be seen in Table IV., it is mainly confined to England, though Scotland has over 4000 more acres of small fruit than of orchards. About one-third of the area of small fruit in England belongs to Kent alone, that county having returned 24,137 acres in 1908. Cambridge now ranks next with 6878 acres, followed by Norfolk with 5876 acres, Worcestershire with 4852 acres, Middlesex with 4163 acres, Hants with 3320 acres and Essex with 2150 acres. It should be remarked that between 1900 and 1908 Cambridgeshire had almost doubled its area of small fruits, from 3740 to 6878 acres; whilst both Norfolk and Worcestershire in 1908 had larger areas devoted to small fruits than Middlesex—in which county there had been a decrease of about 400 acres during the same period. The largest county area of small fruit in Wales is 806 acres in Denbighshire, and in Scotland 2791 acres in Perthshire, 2259 acres in Lanarkshire, followed by 412 acres in Forfarshire. The only counties in Great Britain which make no return under the head of small fruit are Orkney and Shetland; and Sutherland only gives 2½ acres. It is hardly necessary to say that considerable areas of small fruit, in kitchen gardens and elsewhere, find no place in the official returns, which, however, include small fruit grown between and under orchard trees.
Gooseberries are largely grown in most small fruit districts. Currants are less widely cultivated, but the red currant is more extensively grown than the black, the latter having suffered seriously from the ravages of the black currant mite. Kent is the great centre for raspberries and for strawberries, though, in addition, the latter fruit is largely grown in Cambridgeshire (2411 acres), Hampshire (2327 acres), Norfolk (2067 acres) and Worcestershire (1273 acres). Essex, Lincolnshire, Cheshire, Cornwall and Middlesex each has more than 500 acres devoted to strawberry cultivation.
The following statement from returns for 1908 shows the area under different kinds of fruit in 1907 and 1908 in Great Britain, and also whether there had been an increase or decrease:
|1907.||1908.|| Increase or |
|Currants and Gooseberries||25,590||26,241||+ 651|
|Other kinds||19,880||20,501||+ 621|
It appears from the Board of Agriculture returns that 27,433 acres of small fruit was grown in orchards, so that the total extent of land under fruit cultivation in Great Britain at the end of 1908 was about 308,000 acres.
There are no official returns as to the acreage devoted to orchard cultivation in Ireland. The figures relating to small fruit, moreover, extend back only to 1899, when the area under this head was returned as 4809 acres, which became 4359 acres in 1900 and 4877 acres in 1901. In most parts of the country there are districts favourable to the culture of small fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries and currants, and of top fruits, such as apples, pears, plums and damsons. The only localities largely identified with fruit culture as an industry are the Drogheda district and the Armagh district. In the former all the kinds named are grown except strawberries, the speciality being raspberries, which are marketed in Dublin, Belfast and Liverpool. In the Armagh district, again, all the kinds named are grown, but in this case strawberries are the speciality, the markets utilized being Richhill, Belfast, and those in Scotland. In the Drogheda district the grower bears the cost of picking, packing and shipping, but he cannot estimate his net returns until his fruit is on the market. Around Armagh the Scottish system prevails—that is, the fruit is sold while growing, the buyer being responsible for the picking and marketing.
The amount of fruit imported into the United Kingdom has such an important bearing on the possibilities of the industry that the following figures also may be useful:
The quantities of apples, pears, plums, cherries and grapes imported in the raw condition into the United Kingdom in each year, 1892 to 1901, are shown in Table V. Previous to 1892 apples only were separately enumerated. Up to 1899 inclusive the quantities were given in bushels, but in 1900 a change was made to hundred-weights. This renders the quantities in that and subsequent years not directly comparable with those in earlier years, but the comparison of the values, which are also given in the table, continues to hold good. The figures for 1908 have been added to show the increase that had taken place. In some years the value of imported apples exceeds the aggregate value of the pears, plums, cherries and grapes imported. The extreme values for apples shown in the table are £844,000 in 1893 and £2,079,000 in 1908. Grapes rank next to apples in point of value, and over the seventeen years the amount ranged between £394,000 in 1892 and £728,000 in 1908. On the average, the annual outlay on imported pears is slightly in excess of that on plums. The extremes shown are £167,000 in 1895 and £515,000 in 1908. In the case of plums, the smallest outlay tabulated is £166,000 in 1895, whilst the largest is £498,000 in 1897. The amounts expended upon imported cherries varied between £96,000 in 1895 and £308,000 in 1900. In 1900 apricots and peaches, imported raw, previously included with raw plums, were for the first time separately enumerated, the import into the United Kingdom for that year amounting to 13,689 cwt., valued at £25,846; in 1901 the quantity was 13,463 cwt. and the value £32,350. The latter rose in 1908 to £60,000. In 1900, also, currants, gooseberries and strawberries, hitherto included in unenumerated raw fruit, were likewise for the first time separately returned. Of raw currants the import was 64,462 cwt., valued at £87,170 (1908, £121,850); of raw gooseberries 26,045 cwt., valued at £14,626 (1908, £25,520); and of raw strawberries, 52,225 cwt., valued at £85,949. In 1907 only 44,000 cwt. of strawberries were imported. In 1901 the quantities and values were respectively—currants, 70,402 cwt., £75,308; gooseberries, 21,735 cwt., £11,420; strawberries, 38,604 cwt., £51,290. Up to 1899 the imports of tomatoes were included amongst unenumerated raw vegetables, so that the quantity was not separately ascertainable. For 1900 the import of tomatoes was 833,032 cwt., valued at £792,339, which is equivalent to a fraction under 2½d. per ℔. For 1901 the quantity was 793,991 cwt., and the value £734,051; for 1906, there were 1,124,700 cwt., valued at £953,475; for 1907, 1,135,499 cwt., valued at £1,020,805; and for 1908, 1,160,283 cwt., valued at £955,983.
Table V.—Imports of Raw Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries and Grapes into the United Kingdom, 1892 to 1901. Quantities in Thousands of Bushels (thousands of cwt. in 1900 and 1901). Values in Thousands of Pounds Sterling.
In 1908 the outlay of the United Kingdom upon imported raw fruits, such as can easily be produced at home, was £4,195,654, made up as follows:
|Apricots and peaches||60,141|
In addition about £280,000 was spent upon “unenumerated” raw fruit, and £560,000 on nuts other than almonds “used as fruit,” which would include walnuts and filberts, both produced at home. It is certain, therefore, that the expenditure on imported fruits, such as are grown within the limits of the United Kingdom, exceeds four millions sterling per annum. The remainder of the outlay on imported fruit in 1908, amounting to over £5,000,000, was made up of £2,269,651 for oranges, £471,713 for lemons, £1,769,249 for bananas, and £560,301 for almond-nuts; these cannot be grown on an industrial scale in the British Isles.
It may be interesting to note the source of some of these imported fruits. The United States and Canada send most of the apples, the quantity for 1907 being 1,413,000 cwt. and 1,588,000 cwt. respectively, while Australia contributes 280,000 cwt. Plums come chiefly from France (200,000 cwt.), followed with 38,000 cwt. from Germany and 28,000 cwt. from the Netherlands. Pears are imported chiefly from France (204,000 cwt.) and Belgium (176,000); but the Netherlands send 52,000 cwt., and the United States 24,000 cwt. The great bulk of imported tomatoes comes from the Canary Islands, the quantity in 1907 being 604,692 cwt. The Channel Islands also sent 223,800 cwt., France 115,500 cwt., Spain 169,000 cwt., and Portugal a long way behind with 11,700 cwt. Most of the strawberries imported come from France (33,800 cwt.) and the Netherlands (10,300 cwt.).
Fruit-growing in Kent.—Kent is by far the largest fruit-growing county in England. For centuries that county has been famous for its fruit, and appears to have been the centre for the distribution of trees and grafts throughout the country. The cultivation of fruit land upon farms in many parts of Kent has always been an important feature in its agriculture. An excellent description of this noteworthy characteristic of Kentish farming is contained in a comprehensive paper on the agriculture of Kent by Mr Charles Whitehead, whose remarks, with various additions and modifications, are here reproduced.
Where the conditions are favourable, especially in East and Mid Kent, there is a considerable acreage of fruit land attached to each farm, planted with cherry, apple, pear, plum and damson trees, and with bush fruits, or soft fruits as they are sometimes called, including gooseberries, currants, raspberries, either with or without standard trees, and strawberries, and filberts and cob-nuts in Mid Kent. This acreage has largely increased, and will no doubt continue to increase, as, on the whole, fruit-growing has been profitable and has materially benefited those fortunate enough to have fruit land on their farms. There are also cultivators who grow nothing but fruit. These are principally in the district of East Kent, between Rochester and Canterbury, and in the district of Mid Kent near London, and they manage their fruit land, as a rule, better than farmers, as they give their undivided attention to it and have more technical knowledge. But there has been great improvement of late in the management of fruit land, especially of cherry and apple orchards, the grass of which is fed off by animals having corn or cake, or the land is well manured. Apple trees are grease-banded and sprayed systematically by advanced fruit-growers to prevent or check the attacks of destructive insects. Far more attention is being paid to the selection of varieties of apples and pears having colour, size, flavour, keeping qualities, and other attributes to meet the tastes of the public, and to compete with the beautiful fruit that comes from the United States and Canada.
Of the various kinds of apples at present grown in Kent mention should be made of Mr Gladstone, Beauty of Bath, Devonshire Quarrenden, Lady Sudely, Yellow Ingestre and Worcester Pearmain. These are dessert apples ready to pick in August and September, and are not stored. For storing, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin (the best dessert apple in existence), Cox’s Pomona, Duchess, Favourite, Gascoyne’s Scarlet Seedling, Court Pendu Plat, Baumann’s Red Reinette, Allington Pippin, Duke of Devonshire and Blenheim Orange. Among kitchen apples for selling straight from the trees the most usually planted are Lord Grosvenor, Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, Early Julian, Eclinville Seedling, Pott’s Seedling, Early Rivers, Grenadier, Golden Spire, Stirling Castle and Domino. For storing, the cooking sorts favoured now are Stone’s or Loddington, Warner’s King, Wellington, Lord Derby, Queen Caroline, Tower of Glamis, Winter Queening, Lucombe’s Seedling, Bismarck, Bramley’s Seedling, Golden Noble and Lane’s Prince Albert. Almost all these will flourish equally as standards, pyramids and bushes. Among pears are Hessle, Clapp’s Favourite, William’s Bon Chrétien, Beurré de Capiaumont, Fertility, Beurré Riche, Chissel, Beurré Clairgeau, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Doyenne du Comice and Vicar of Winkfield. Among plums, Rivers’s Early Prolific, Tsar, Belgian Purple, Black Diamond, Kentish Bush Plum, Pond’s Seedling, Magnum Bonum and Victoria are mainly cultivated. The damson known as Farleigh Prolific, or Crittenden’s, is most extensively grown throughout the county, and usually yields large crops, which make good prices. As a case in point, purchasers were offering to contract for quantities of this damson at £20 per ton in May of 1899, as the prospects of the yield were unsatisfactory. On the other hand, in one year recently when the crop was abnormally abundant, some of the fruit barely paid the expenses of sending to market. The varieties of cherries most frequently grown are Governor Wood, Knight’s Early Black, Frogmore Blackheart, Black Eagle, Waterloo, Amberheart, Bigarreau, Napoleon Bigarreau and Turk. A variety of cherry known as the Kentish cherry, of a light red colour and fine subacid flavour, is much grown in Kent for drying and cooking purposes. Another cherry, similar in colour and quality, which comes rather late, known as the Flemish, is also extensively cultivated, as well as the very dark red large Morello, used for making cherry brandy. These three varieties are grown extensively as pyramids, and the last-named also on walls and sides of buildings. Sometimes the cherry crop is sold by auction to dealers, who pick, pack and consign the fruit to market. Large prices are often made, as much as £80 per acre being not uncommon. The crop on a large cherry orchard in Mid Kent has been sold for more than £100 per acre.
Where old standard trees have been long neglected and have become overgrown by mosses and lichens, the attempts made to improve them seldom succeed. The introduction of bush fruit trees dwarfed by grafting on the Paradise stock has been of much advantage to fruit cultivators, as they come into bearing in two or three years, and are more easily cultivated, pruned, sprayed and picked than standards. Many plantations of these bush trees have been formed in Kent of apples, pears and plums. Half standards and pyramids have also been planted of these fruits, as well as of cherries. Bushes of gooseberries and currants, and clumps or stools of raspberry canes, have been planted to a great extent in many parts of the East and Mid divisions of Kent, but not much in the Weald, where apples are principally grown. Sometimes fruit bushes are put in alternate rows with bush of standard trees of apple, pear, plum or damson, or they are planted by themselves. The distances apart for planting are generally for cherry and apple trees on grass 30 ft. by 30 ft.; for standard apples and pear trees from 20 ft. to 24 ft. upon arable land, with bush fruit, as gooseberries and currants, under them. These are set 6 ft. by 6 ft. apart, and 5 ft. by 2 ft. for raspberries, and strawberries 2 ft. 6 in. to 3 ft. by 1 ft. 6 in. to 1 ft. 3 in. apart. On some fruit farms bush or dwarf trees—apples, pears, plums—are planted alone, at distances varying from 8 ft. to 10 ft. apart, giving from 485 to 680 bush trees per acre, nothing being grown between them except perhaps strawberries or vegetables during the first two or three years. It is believed that this is the best way of ensuring fruit of high quality and colour. Another arrangement consists in putting standard apple or pear trees 30 ft. apart (48 trees per acre), and setting bush trees of apples or pears 15 ft. apart between them; these latter come quickly into bearing, and are removed when the standards are fully grown. Occasionally gooseberry or currant bushes, or raspberry canes or strawberry plants, are set between the bush trees, and taken away directly they interfere with the growth of these. Half standard apple or plum trees are set triangularly 15 ft. apart, and strawberry plants at a distance of 1½ ft. from plant to plant and 2½ ft. from row to row. Or currant or gooseberry bushes are set between the half standards, and strawberry plants between these.
These systems involve high farming. The manures used are London manure, where hops are not grown, and bone meal, super-phosphate, rags, shoddy, wool-waste, fish refuse, nitrate of soda, kainit and sulphate of ammonia. Where hops are grown the London manure is wanted for them. Fruit plantations are always dug by hand with the Kent spud. Fruit land is never ploughed, as in the United States and Canada. The soil is levelled down with the “Canterbury” hoe, and then the plantations are kept free from weeds with the ordinary draw or “plate” hoe. The best fruit farmers spray fruit trees regularly in the early spring, and continue until the blossoms come out, with quassia and soft soap and paraffin emulsions, and a very few with Paris green only, where there is no under fruit, in order to prevent and check the constant attacks of the various caterpillars and other insect pests. This is a costly and laborious process, but it pays well, as a rule. The fallacy that fruit trees on grass land require no manure, and that the grass may be allowed to grow up to their trunks without any harm, is exploding, and many fruit farmers are well manuring their grass orchards and removing the grass for some distance round the stems, particularly where the trees are young.
Strawberries are produced in enormous quantities in the northern part of the Mid Kent district round the Crays, and from thence to Orpington; also near Sandwich, and to some extent near Maidstone. Raspberry canes have been extensively put in during the last few years, and in some seasons yield good profits. There is a very great and growing demand for all soft fruits for jam-making, and prices are fairly good, taking an average of years, notwithstanding the heavy importations from France, Belgium, Holland, Spain and Italy. The extraordinary increase in the national demand for jam and other fruit preserves has been of great benefit to Kent fruit producers. The cheapness of duty-free sugar, as compared with sugar paying duty in the United States and other large fruit-producing countries, afforded one of the very few advantages possessed by British cultivators, but the reimposition of the sugar duty in the United Kingdom in 1901 has modified the position in this respect. Jam factories were established in several parts of Kent about 1889 or 1890, but most of them collapsed either from want of capital or from bad management. There are still a few remaining, principally in connexion with large fruit farms. One of these is at Swanley, whose energetic owners farm nearly 2000 acres of fruit land in Kent. The fruit grown by them that will not make satisfactory prices in a fresh raw state is made into jam, or if time presses it is first made into pulp, and kept until the opportunity comes for making it into jam. In this factory there are fifteen steam-jacketed vats in one row, and six others for candied peel. A season’s output on a recent occasion comprised about 3500 tons of jam, 850 tons of candied peel and 750 gross (108,000 bottles) of bottled fruit. A great deal of the fruit preserved is purchased, whilst much of that grown on the farms is sold. A strigging machine is employed, which does as much work as fifty women in taking currants off their strigs or stalks. Black currant pulp is stored in casks till winter, when there is time to convert it into jam. Strawberries cannot be pulped to advantage, but it is otherwise with raspberries, the pulp of which is largely made. Apricots for jam are obtained chiefly from France and Spain. There is another flourishing factory near Sittingbourne worked on the same lines. It is very advantageous to fruit farmers to have jam factories in connexion with their farms or to have them near, as they can thoroughly grade their fruit, and send only the best to market, thus ensuring a high reputation for its quality. Carriage is saved, which is a serious charge, though railway rates from Kent to the great manufacturing towns and to Scotland are very much less proportionally than those to London, and consequently Kent growers send increasing quantities to these distant markets, where prices are better, not being so directly interfered with by imported fruit, which generally finds its way to London.
Kentish fruit-growers are becoming more particular in picking, grading, packing and storing fruit, as well as in marketing it. A larger quantity of fruit is now carefully stored, and sent to selected markets as it ripens, or when there is an ascertained demand, as it is found that if it is consigned to market direct from the trees there must frequently be forced sales and competition with foreign fruit that is fully matured and in good order. It was customary formerly for Kentish growers to consign all their fruit to the London markets; now a good deal of it is sent to Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Sheffield, Newcastle and other large cities. Some is sent even to Edinburgh and Glasgow. Many large growers send no fruit to London now. It is by no means uncommon for growers to sell their fruit crops on the trees or bushes by auction or private treaty, or to contract to supply a stipulated quantity of specified fruit, say of currants, raspberries or strawberries, to jam manufacturers. There is a considerable quantity of fruit, such as grapes, peaches, nectarines, grown under glass, and this kind of culture tends to increase.
Filberts and cob-nuts are a special product of Kent, in the neighbourhood of Maidstone principally, and upon the Ragstone soils, certain conditions of soil and situation being essential for their profitable production. A part of the filbert and cob-nut crop is picked green in September, as they do well for dessert, though their kernels are not large or firm, and it pays to sell them green, as they weigh more heavily. One grower in Mid Kent has 100 acres of nuts, and has grown 100 tons in a good year. The average price of late years has been about 5d. per ℔, which would make the gross return of the 100 acres amount to £4660. Kentish filberts have long been proverbial for their excellence. Cobs are larger and look better for dessert, though their flavour is not so fine. They are better croppers, and are now usually planted. This cultivation is not much extending, as it is very long before the trees come into full bearing. The London market is supplied entirely with these nuts from Kent, and there is some demand in America for them. Filbert and cob trees are most closely pruned. All the year’s growth is cut away except the very finest young wood, which the trained eye of the tree-cutter sees at a glance is blossom-bearing. The trees are kept from 5½ to 7 ft. high upon stems from 1½ to 2 ft. high, and are trained so as to form a cup of from 7 to 8 ft. in diameter.
There seems no reason to expect any decrease in the acreage of fruit land in Kent, and if the improvement in the selection of varieties and in the general management continues it will yet pay. A hundred years ago every one was grubbing fruit land in order that hops might be planted, and for this many acres of splendid cherry orchards were sacrificed. Now the disposition is to grub hop plants and substitute apples, plums, or small fruit or cherry trees.
Fruit-growing in other Districts.—The large fruit plantations in the vicinity of London are to be found mostly in the valley of the Thames, around such centres as Brentford, Isleworth, Twickenham, Heston, Hounslow, Cranford and Southall. All varieties of orchard trees, but mostly apples, pears, and plums and small fruit, are grown in these districts, the nearness of which to the metropolitan fruit market at Covent Garden is of course an advantage. Some of the orchards are old, and are not managed on modern principles. They contain, moreover, varieties of fruit many of which are out of date and would not be employed in establishing new plantations. In the better-managed grounds the antiquated varieties have been removed, and their places taken by newer and more approved types. In addition to apples, pears, plums, damsons, cherries and quinces as top fruit, currants, gooseberries and raspberries are grown as bottom fruit. Strawberries are extensively grown in some of the localities, and in favourable seasons outdoor tomatoes are ripened and marketed.
Fruit is extensively grown in Cambridgeshire and adjacent counties in the east of England. A leading centre is Cottenham, where the Lower Greensand crops out and furnishes one of the best of soils for fruit-culture. In Cottenham about a thousand acres are devoted to fruit, and nearly the same acreage to asparagus, which is, however, giving place to fruit. Currants, gooseberries and strawberries are the most largely grown, apples, plums and raspberries following. Of varieties of plums the Victoria is first in favour, and then Rivers’s Early Prolific, Tsar and Gisborne. London is the chief market, as it receives about half the fruit sent away, whilst a considerable quantity goes to Manchester, and some is sent to a neighbouring jam factory at Histon, where also a moderate acreage of fruit is grown. Another fruit-growing centre in Cambridgeshire is at Willingham, where—besides plums, gooseberries and raspberries—outdoor tomatoes are a feature. Greengages are largely grown near Cambridge. Wisbech is the centre of an extensive fruit district, situated partly in Cambridgeshire and partly in Norfolk. Gooseberries, strawberries and raspberries are largely grown, and as many as 80 tons of the first-named fruit have been sent away from Wisbech station in a single day. In the fruit-growing localities of Huntingdonshire apples, plums and gooseberries are the most extensively grown, but pears, greengages, cherries, currants, strawberries and raspberries are also cultivated. As illustrating variations in price, it may be mentioned that about the year 1880 the lowest price for gooseberries was £10 per ton, whereas it has since been down to £4. Huntingdonshire fruit is sent chiefly to Yorkshire, Scotland and South Wales, but railway freights are high.
Essex affords a good example of successful fruit-farming at Tiptree Heath, near Kelvedon, where under one management about 260 acres out of a total of 360 are under fruit. The soil, a stiff loam, grows strawberries to perfection, and 165 acres are allotted to this fruit. The other principal crops are 43 acres of raspberries and 30 acres of black currants, besides which there are small areas of red currants, gooseberries, plums, damsons, greengages, cherries, apples, quinces and blackberries. The variety of strawberry known as the Small Scarlet is a speciality here, and it occupies 55 acres, as it makes the best of jam. The Paxton, Royal Sovereign and Noble varieties are also grown. Strawberries stand for six or seven years on this farm, and begin to yield well when two years old. A jam factory is worked in conjunction with the fruit farm. Pulp is not made except when there is a glut of fruit. Perishable fruit intended for whole-fruit preserves is never held over after it is gathered. The picking of strawberries begins at 4 A.M., and the first lot is made into jam by 6 A.M.
Hampshire, like Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, are the only counties in which the area of small fruit exceeds that of orchards. The returns for 1908 show that Hampshire had 3320 acres of small fruit to 2236 acres of orchards; Cambridge had 6878 acres of small fruit to 5221 of orchards; and Norfolk had 5876 acres of small fruit against 5188 acres of orchards. Compared with twenty years previously, the acreage of small fruit had trebled. This is largely due in Hampshire to the extension of strawberry culture in the Southampton district, where the industry is in the hands of many small growers, few of whom cultivate more than 20 acres each. Sarisbury and Botley are the leading parishes in which the business is carried on. Most of the strawberry holdings are from half an acre to 5 acres in extent, a few are from 5 to 10 acres, fewer still from 10 to 20 acres and only half-a-dozen over that limit. Runners from one-year plants are used for planting, being found more fruitful than those from older plants. Peat-moss manure from London stables is much used, but artificial manures are also employed with good results. Shortly after flowering the plants are bedded down with straw at the rate of about 25 cwt. per acre. Picking begins some ten days earlier than in Kent, at a date between 1st June and 15th June. The first week’s gathering is sent mostly to London, but subsequently the greater part of the fruit goes to the Midlands and to Scotland and Ireland.
In recent years fruit-growing has much increased in South Worcestershire, in the vicinity of Evesham and Pershore. Hand-lights are freely used in the market gardens of this district for the protection of cucumbers and vegetable marrows, besides which tomatoes are extensively grown out of doors. At one time the egg plum and the Worcester damson were the chief fruit crops, apples and cherries ranking next, pears being grown to only a moderate extent. According to the 1908 returns, however, apples come first, plums second, pears third and cherries fourth. In a prolific season a single tree of the Damascene or Worcester damson will yield from 400 to 500 ℔ of fruit. There is a tendency to grow plum trees in the bush shape, as they are less liable than standards to injury from wind. The manures used include soot, fish guano, blood manure and phosphates—basic slag amongst the last-named. In the Pershore district, where there is a jam factory, plums are the chief tree fruit, whilst most of the orchard apples and pears are grown for cider and perry. Gooseberries are a feature, as are also strawberries, red and black currants and a few white, but raspberries are little grown. The soil, a strong or medium loam of fair depth, resting on clay, is so well adapted to plums that trees live for fifty years. In order to check the ravages of the winter moth, plum and apple trees are grease-banded at the beginning of October and again at the end of March. The trees are also sprayed when necessary with insecticidal solutions. Pruning is done in the autumn. An approved distance apart at which to grow plum trees is 12 ft. by 12 ft. In the Earl of Coventry’s fruit plantation, 40 acres in extent, at Croome Court, plums and apples are planted alternately, the bottom fruit being black currants, which are less liable to injury from birds than are red currants or gooseberries. Details concerning the methods of cultivation of fruit and flowers in various parts of England, the varieties commonly grown, the expenditure involved, and allied matters, will be found in Mr W.E. Bear’s papers in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society in 1898 and 1899.
Apart altogether from market gardening and commercial fruit-growing, it must be borne in mind that an enormous business is done in the raising of young fruit-trees every year. Hundreds of thousands of apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines and apricots are budded or grafted each year on suitable stocks. They are trained in various ways, and are usually fit for sale the third year. These young trees replace old ones in private and commercial gardens, and are also used to establish new plantations in different parts of the kingdom.
The Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm.—The establishment in 1894 of the experimental fruit farm at Ridgmont, near Woburn, Beds, has exercised a healthy influence upon the progress and development of fruit-farming in England. The farm was founded and carried on by the public-spirited enterprise of the Duke of Bedford and Mr Spencer U. Pickering, the latter acting as director. The main object of the experimental station was “to ascertain facts relative to the culture of fruit, and to increase our knowledge of, and to improve our practice in, this industry.” The farm is 20 acres in extent, and occupies a field which up to June 1894 had been used as arable land for the ordinary rotation of farm crops. The soil is a sandy loam 9 or 10 in. deep, resting on a bed of Oxford Clay. Although it contains a large proportion of sand, the land would generally be termed very heavy, and the water often used to stand on it in places for weeks together in a wet season. The tillage to which the ground was subjected for the purposes of the fruit farm much improved its character, and in dry weather it presents as good a tilth as could be desired. Chemical analyses of the soil from different parts of the field show such wide differences that it is admitted to be by no means an ideal one for experimental purposes. Without entering upon further details, it may be useful to give a summary of the chief results obtained.
Apples have been grown and treated in a variety of ways, but of the different methods of treatment careless planting, coupled with subsequent neglect, has given the most adverse results, the crop of fruit being not 5% of that from trees grown normally. Of the separate deleterious items constituting total neglect, by far the most effective was the growth of weeds on the surface; careless planting, absence of manure, and the omission of trenching all had comparatively little influence on the results. A set of trees that had been carelessly planted and neglected, but subsequently tended in the early part of 1896, were in the autumn of that year only 10% behind their normally-treated neighbours, thus demonstrating that the response to proper attention is prompt. The growth of grass around young apple trees produced a very striking effect, the injury being much greater than that due to weeds. It is possible, however, that in wet years the ill-effects of both grass and weeds would be less than in dry seasons. Nevertheless, the grass-grown trees, after five years, were scarcely bigger than when planted, and the actual increase in weight which they showed during that time was about eighteen times smaller than in the case of similar trees in tilled ground. It is believed that one of the main causes of the ill-effects is the large increase in the evaporation of water from the soil which is known to be produced by grass, the trees being thereby made to suffer from drought, with constant deprivation of other nourishment as well. That grass growing round young apple trees is deleterious was a circumstance known to many horticulturists, but the extent to which it interferes with the development of the trees had never before been realized. Thousands of pounds are annually thrown away in England through want of knowledge of this fact. Yet trees will flourish in grass under certain conditions. Whether the dominant factor is the age (or size) of the tree has been investigated by grassing over trees which have hitherto been in the open ground, and the results appear to indicate that the grass is as deleterious to the older trees as it was to the younger ones. Again, it appears to have been demonstrated that young apple trees, at all events in certain soils, require but little or no manure in the early stages of their existence, so that in this case also large sums must be annually wasted upon manurial dressings which produce no effects. The experiments have dealt with dwarf trees of Bramley, Cox and Potts, six trees of each variety constituting one investigation. Some of the experiments were repeated with Stirling Castle, and others with standard trees of Bramley, Cox and Lane’s Prince Albert. All were planted in 1894-1895, the dwarfs being then three years old and the standards four. In each experiment the “normal” treatment is altered in some one particular, this normal treatment consisting of planting the trees carefully in trenched ground, and subsequently keeping the surface clean; cutting back after planting, pruning moderately in autumn, and shortening the growths when it appeared necessary in summer; giving in autumn a dressing of mixed mineral manures, and in February one of nitrate of soda, this dressing being probably equivalent to one of 12 tons of dung per acre. In the experiments on branch treatment, the bad effects of omitting to cut the trees back on planting, or to prune them subsequently, is evident chiefly in the straggling and bad shape of the resulting trees, but such trees also are not so vigorous as they should be. The quantity of fruit borne, however, is in excess of the average. The check on the vigour and growth of a tree by cutting or injuring its roots is in marked contrast with the effects of a similar interference with the branches. Trees which had been root-pruned each year were in 1898 little more than half as big as the normal trees, whilst those root-pruned every second year were about two-thirds as big as the normal. The crops borne by these trees were nevertheless heavy in proportion to the size of the trees. Such frequent root-pruning is not, of course, a practice which should be adopted. It was found that trees which had been carefully lifted every other year and replanted at once experienced no ill-effects from the operation; but in a case where the trees after being lifted had been left in a shed for three days before replanting—which would reproduce to a certain extent the conditions experienced when trees are sent out from a nursery—material injury was suffered, these trees after four years being 28% smaller than similar ones which had not been replanted. Sets of trees planted respectively in November, January and March have, on the whole, shown nothing in favour of any of these different times for planting purposes. Some doubt is thrown on the accepted view that there is a tendency, at any rate with young apple and pear trees, to fruit in alternate seasons.
Strawberries of eighty-five different varieties have been experimented with, each variety being represented in 1900 by plants of five different ages, from one to five years. In 1896 and 1898 the crops of fruit were about twice as heavy as in 1897 and 1899, but it has not been found possible to correlate these variations with the meteorological records of the several seasons. Taking the average of all the varieties, the relative weights of crop per plant, when these are compared with the two-year-old plants in the same season, are, for the five ages of one to five years, 31, 100, 122, 121 and 134, apparently showing that the bearing power increases rapidly up to two years, less rapidly up to three years, after which age it remains practically constant. The relative average size of the berries shows a deterioration with the age of the plant. The comparative sizes from plants of one to five years old were 115, 100, 96, 91 and 82 respectively. If the money value of the crop is taken to be directly dependent on its total weight, and also on the size of the fruits, the relative values of the crop for the different ages would be 34, 100, 117, 111 and 110, so that, on the Ridgmont ground, strawberry plants could be profitably retained up to five years and probably longer. As regards what may be termed the order of merit of different varieties of strawberries, it appears that even small differences in position and treatment cause large variations, not only in the features of the crop generally, but also in the relative behaviour of the different varieties. The relative cropping power of the varieties under apparently similar conditions may often be expressed by a number five or tenfold as great in one case as in the other. A comparison of the relative behaviour of the same varieties in different seasons is attended by similar variations. The varying sensitiveness of different varieties of strawberry plants to small and undefinable differences in circumstances is indeed one of the most important facts brought to light in the experiments.
Fruit Culture in Ireland.—The following figures have been kindly supplied by the Irish Board of Agriculture, and deal with the acreage under fruit culture in Ireland up to the end of the year 1907.
|1. Orchard Fruit—||Statute Acres.|
|2. Small Fruit—|
|Currants, red and white||159|
It therefore appears that while Ireland grows only about one-thirty-third the quantity of apples that England does, it is nevertheless nearly 5000 acres ahead of Scotland and about 2000 acres ahead of Wales. It grows 41 times fewer pears than England, but still is ahead of Scotland and a long way ahead of Wales in this fruit. There are 70 times fewer plums grown in Ireland than in England, and about the same in Scotland, while Wales does very little indeed. In small fruit Ireland is a long way behind Scotland in the culture of strawberries and raspberries, although with currants and gooseberries it is very close. Considering the climate, and the fact that there are, according to the latest available returns, over 62,000 holdings above 1 acre but not exceeding 5 acres (having a total of 224,000 acres), it is possible fruit culture may become more prevalent than it has been in the past.
The Flower-growing Industry.—During the last two or three decades of the 19th century a very marked increase in flower production occurred in England. Notably was this the case in the neighbourhood of London, where, within a radius of 15 or 20 m., the fruit crops, which had largely taken the place of garden vegetables, were themselves ousted in turn to satisfy the increasing demand for land for flower cultivation. No flower has entered more largely into the development of the industry than the narcissus or daffodil, of which there are now some 600 varieties. Comparatively few of these, however, are grown for market purposes, although all are charming from the amateur point of view. On some flower farms a dozen or more acres are devoted to narcissi alone, the production of bulbs for sale as well as of flowers for market being the object of the growers.
In the London district the country in the Thames valley west of the metropolis is as largely occupied by flower farms as it is by fruit farms—in fact, the cultivation of flowers is commonly associated with that of fruit. In the vicinity of Richmond narcissi are extensively grown, as they also are more to the west in the Long Ditton district, and likewise around Twickenham, Isleworth, Hounslow, Feltham and Hampton. Roses come more into evidence in the neighbourhood of Hounslow, Cranford, Hillingdon and Uxbridge, and in some gardens daffodils and roses occupy alternate rows. In this district also such flowers as herbaceous paeonies, Spanish irises, German irises, Christmas roses, lilies of the valley, chrysanthemums, foxgloves, hollyhocks, wallflowers, carnations, &c., are extensively grown in many market gardens. South of London is the Mitcham country, long noted for its production of lavender. The incessant growth of the lavender plant upon the same land, however, has led to the decline of this industry, which has been largely transferred to districts in the counties of Bedford, Essex and Hertford. At Mitcham, nevertheless, mixed flowers are very largely grown for the supply of the metropolis, and one farm alone has nearly 100 acres under flowers and glass-houses. Chrysanthemums, asters, Iceland poppies, gaillardias, pansies, bedding calceolarias, zonal pelargoniums and other plants are cultivated in immense quantities. At Swanley and Eynsford, in Kent, flowers are extensively cultivated in association with fruit and vegetables. Narcissi, chrysanthemums, violets, carnations, campanulas, roses, pansies, irises, sweet peas, and many other flowers are here raised, and disposed of in the form both of cut flowers and of plants.
The Scilly Isles are important as providing the main source of supply of narcissi to the English markets in the early months of the year. This trade arose almost by accident, for it was about the year 1865 that a box of narcissi sent to Covent Garden Market, London, realized £1; and the knowledge of this fact getting abroad, the farmers of the isles began collecting wild bulbs from the fields in order to cultivate them and increase their stocks. Some ten years, however, elapsed before the industry promised to become remunerative. In 1885 a Bulb and Flower Association was established to promote the industrial growth of flowers. The exports of flowers in that year reached 65 tons, and they steadily increased until 1893, when they amounted to 450 tons. A slight decline followed, but in 1896 the quantity exported was no less than 514 tons. This would represent upwards of 3½ million bunches of flowers, chiefly narcissi and anemones. Rather more than 500 acres are devoted to flower-growing in the isles, by far the greater part of this area being assigned to narcissi, whilst anemones, gladioli, marguerites, arum lilies, Spanish irises, pinks and wallflowers are cultivated on a much smaller scale. The great advantage enjoyed by the Scilly flower-growers is earliness of production, due to climatic causes; the soil, moreover, is well suited to flower culture and there is an abundance of sunshine. The long journey to London is somewhat of a drawback, in regard to both time and freight, but the earliness of the flowers more than compensates for this. Open-air narcissi are usually ready at the beginning of January, and the supply is maintained in different varieties up to the middle or end of May. The narcissus bulbs are usually planted in October, 4 in. by 3 in. apart for the smaller sorts and 6 in. by 4 to 6 in. for the larger. A compost of farmyard manure, seaweed, earth and road scrapings is the usual dressing, but nitrate of soda, guano and bones are also occasionally employed. A better plan, perhaps, is to manure heavily the previous crop, frequently potatoes, no direct manuring then being needed for the bulbs, these not being left in the ground more than two or three years. The expenses of cultivation are heavy, the cost of bulbs alone—of which it requires nearly a quarter of a million of the smaller varieties, or half as many of the largest, to plant an acre—being considerable. The polyanthus varieties of narcissus are likely to continue the most remunerative to the flower-growers of Scilly, as they flourish better in these isles than on the mainland.
In the district around the Wash, in the vicinity of such towns as Wisbech, Spalding and Boston, the industrial culture of bulbs and flowers underwent great expansion in the period between 1880 and 1909. At Wisbech one concern alone has a farm of some 900 acres, devoted chiefly to flowers and fruit, the soil being a deep fine alluvium. Roses are grown here, one field containing upwards of 100,000 trees. Nearly 20 acres are devoted to narcissi, which are grown for the bulbs and also, together with tulips, for cut flowers. Carnations are cultivated both in the field and in pots. Cut flowers are sent out in large quantities, neatly and effectively packed, the parcel post being mainly employed as a means of distribution. In the neighbourhood of Spalding crocuses and snowdrops are less extensively grown than used to be the case. On one farm, however, upwards of 20 acres are devoted to narcissi alone, whilst gladioli, lilies and irises are grown on a smaller scale. Around Boston narcissi are also extensively grown for the market, both bulbs and cut blooms being sold. The bulbs are planted 3 in. apart in rows, the latter being 9 in. apart, and are allowed to stand from two to four years.
The imports of fresh flowers into the United Kingdom were not separately shown prior to 1900. In that year, however, their value amounted to £200,585, in 1901 to £225,011, in 1906 to £233,884, in 1907 to £233,641, and in 1908 to £229,802, so that the trade showed a fairly steady condition. From the monthly totals quoted in Table VI. it would appear that the trade sinks to its minimum dimensions in the four months July to October inclusive, and that after September the business continually expands up to April, subsequent to which contraction again sets in. About one-half of the trade belongs practically to the three months of February, March and April.
Table VI.—Values of Fresh Flowers imported into the United Kingdom.
Hothouse Culture of Fruit and Flowers.—The cultivation of fruit and flowers under glass has increased enormously since about the year 1880, especially in the neighbourhood of London, where large sums of money have been sunk in the erection and equipment of hothouses. In the parish of Cheshunt, Herts, alone there are upwards of 130 acres covered with glass, and between that place on the north and London on the south extensive areas of land are similarly utilized. In Middlesex, in the north, in the districts of Edmonton, Enfield, Ponders End and Finchley, and in the west from Isleworth to Hampton, Feltham, Hillingdon, Sipson and Uxbridge, many crops are now cultivated under glass. At Erith, Swanley, and other places in Kent, as also at Worthing, in Sussex, glass-house culture has much extended. A careful estimate puts the area of industrial hothouses in England at about 1200 acres, but it is probably much more than this. Most of the greenhouses are fixtures, but in some parts of the kingdom structures that move on rails and wheels are used, to enable the ground to be prepared in the open for one crop while another is maturing under glass. The leading products are grapes, tomatoes and cucumbers, the last-named two being true fruits from the botanist’s point of view, though commercially included with vegetables. To these may be added on the same ground dwarf or French beans, and runner or climbing beans. Peaches, nectarines and strawberries are largely grown under glass, and, in private hothouses—from which the produce is used mainly for household consumption, and which are not taken into consideration here—pineapples, figs and other fruit. Conservative estimates indicate the average annual yield of hothouse grapes to be about 12 tons per acre and of tomatoes 20 tons. The greater part of the space in the hothouses is assigned to fruit, but whilst some houses are devoted exclusively to flowers, in others, where fruit is the main object, flowers are forced in considerable quantities in winter and early spring. The flowers grown under glass include tulips, hyacinths, primulas, cyclamens, spiraeas, mignonettes, fuchsias, calceolarias, roses, chrysanthemums, daffodils, arum lilies or callas, liliums, azaleas, eucharises, camellias, stephanotis, tuberoses, bouvardias, gardenias, heaths or ericas, poinsettias, lilies of the valley, zonal pelargoniums, tuberous and fibrous rooted begonias, and many others. There is an increasing demand for foliage hothouse plants, such as ferns, palms, crotons, aspidistras, araucarias, dracaenas, India-rubber plants, aralias, grevilleas, &c. Berried plants like solanums and aucubas also find a ready sale, while the ornamental kinds of asparagus such as sprengeri and plumosus nanus, are ever in demand for trailing decorations, as well as myrsiphyilum. Special mention must be made of the winter or perpetual flowering carnations which are now grown by hundreds of thousands in all parts of the kingdom for decorative work during the winter season. The converse of forcing plants into early blossom is adopted with such an important crop as lily of the valley. During the summer season the crowns are placed in refrigerators with about 2 degrees of frost, and quantities are taken out as required every week and transferred to the greenhouse to develop. Tomatoes are grown largely in houses exclusively occupied by them, in which case two and sometimes three crops can be gathered in the year. In the Channel Islands, where potatoes grown under glass are lifted in April and May, in order to secure the high prices of the early markets, tomato seedlings are planted out from boxes into the ground as quickly as the potatoes are removed, the tomato planter working only a few rows behind the potato digger. The trade in imported tomatoes is so considerable that home growers are well justified in their endeavours to meet the demand more fully with native produce, whether raised under glass or in the open. Tomatoes were not separately enumerated in the imports previous to 1900. It has already been stated that in 1900 the raw tomatoes imported amounted to 833,032 cwt., valued at £792,339, and in 1901 to 793,991 cwt., valued at £734,051. From the monthly quantities given in Table VII., it would appear that the imports are largest in June, July and August, about one-half of the year’s total arriving during those three months. It is too early in June and July for home-grown outdoor tomatoes to enter into competition with the imported product, but home-grown hothouse tomatoes should be qualified to challenge this trade.
Table VII.—Quantities of Tomatoes imported into the United Kingdom.
An important feature of modern flower growing is the production and cultivation of what are known as “hardy herbaceous perennials.” Some 2000 or 3000 different species and varieties of these are now raised in special nurseries; and during the spring, summer and autumn seasons magnificent displays are to be seen not only in the markets but at the exhibitions in London and at the great provincial shows held throughout the kingdom. The production of many of these perennials is so easy that amateurs in several instances have taken it up as a business hobby; and in some cases, chiefly through advertising in the horticultural press, very lucrative concerns have been established.
Ornamental flowering trees and shrubs constitute another feature of modern gardening. These are grown and imported by thousands chiefly for their sprays of blossom or foliage, and for planting in large or small gardens, public parks, &c., for landscape effect. Indeed there is scarcely an easily grown plant from the northern or southern temperate zones that does not now find a place in the nursery or garden, provided it is sufficiently attractive to sell for its flowers, foliage or appearance.
Conditions of the Fruit and Flower growing Industries.—As regards open-air fruit-growing, the outlook for new ventures is perhaps brighter than in the hothouse industry, not—as Mr Bear has pointed out—because the area of fruit land in England is too small, but because the level of efficiency, from the selection of varieties to the packing and marketing of the produce, is very much lower in the former than in the latter branch of enterprise. In other words, whereas the practice of the majority of hothouse nurserymen is so skilled, so up-to-date, and so entirely under high pressure that a new competitor, however well trained, will find it difficult to rise above mediocrity, the converse is true of open-air fruit-growers. Many, and an increasing proportion, of the latter are thoroughly efficient in all branches of their business, and are in possession of plantations of the best market varieties of fruit, well cultivated, pruned and otherwise managed. But the extent of fruit plantations completely up to the mark in relation to varieties and treatment of trees and bushes, and in connexion with which the packing and marketing of the produce are equally satisfactory, is small in proportion to the total fruit area of the country. Information concerning the best treatment of fruit trees has spread widely in recent years, and old plantations, as a rule, suffer from the neglect or errors of the past, however skilful their present holders may be. Although the majority of professional market fruit-growers may be well up to the standard in skill, there are numerous contributors to the fruit supply who are either ignorant of the best methods of cultivation and marketing or careless in their application. The bad condition of the great majority of farm orchards is notorious, and many landowners, farmers and amateur gardeners who have planted fruit on a more or less extensive scale have mismanaged their undertakings. For these reasons new growers of open-air fruit for market have opportunities of succeeding by means of superiority to the majority of those with whom they will compete, provided that they possess the requisite knowledge, energy and capital. It has been asserted on sound authority that there is no chance of success for fruit-growers except in districts favourable as regards soil, climate and nearness to a railway or a good market; and, even under these conditions, only for men who have had experience in the industry and are prepared to devote their unremitting attention to it. Most important is it to a beginner that he should ascertain the varieties of fruit that flourish best in his particular district. Certain kinds seem to do well or fairly well in all parts of the country; others, whilst heavy croppers in some localities, are often unsatisfactory in others.
As has been intimated, there is probably in England less room for expansion of fruit culture under glass than in the open. The large increase of glass-houses in modern times appears to have brought the supply of hothouse produce, even at greatly reduced prices, at least up to the level of the demand; and as most nurserymen continue to extend their expanse of glass, the prospect for new competitors is not a bright one. Moreover, the vast scale upon which some of the growers conduct the hothouse industry puts small producers at a great disadvantage, not only because the extensive producers can grow grapes and other fruit more economically than small growers—with the possible exception of those who do all or nearly all their own work—but also, and still more, because the former have greater advantages in transporting and marketing their fruit. There has, in recent years, been a much greater fall in the prices of hothouse than of open-air fruit, especially under the existing system of distribution, which involves the payment by consumers of 50 to 100% more in prices than growers receive. The best openings for new nurseries are probably not where they are now to be found in large groups, and especially not in the neighbourhood of London, but in suitable spots near the great centres of population in the Midlands and the North, or big towns elsewhere not already well supplied with nurseries. By such a selection of a locality the beginner may build up a retail trade in hothouse fruit, or at least a trade with local fruiterers and grocers, thus avoiding railway charges and salesmen’s commissions to a great extent, though it may often be advantageous to send certain kinds of produce to a distant market. Above all, a man who has no knowledge of the hothouse industry should avoid embarking his capital in it, trusting himself in the hands of a foreman, as experience shows that such a venture usually leads to disaster. Some years of training in different nurseries are desirable for any young man who is desirous of becoming a grower of hothouse fruits or flowers.
There can be no doubt that flower-growing is greatly extending in England, and that competition among home growers is becoming more severe. Foreign supplies of flowers have increased, but not nearly as greatly in proportion as home supplies, and it seems clear that home growers have gained ground in relation to their foreign rivals, except with respect to flowers for the growth of which foreigners have extraordinary natural advantages. There seems some danger of the home culture of the narcissus being over-done, and the florists’ chrysanthemum appears to be produced in excess of the demand. Again, in the production of violets the warm and sunny South of France has an advantage not possessed by England, whilst Holland, likewise for climatic reasons, maintains her hold upon the hyacinth and tulip trade. Whether the production of flowers as a whole is gaining ground upon the demand or not is a difficult question to answer. It is true that the prices of flowers have fallen generally; but production, at any rate under glass, has been cheapened, and if a fair profit can be obtained, the fall in prices, without which the existing consumption of flowers would be impossible, does not necessarily imply over-production. There is some difference of opinion among growers upon this point; but nearly all agree that profits are now so small that production on a large scale is necessary to provide a fair income. Industrial flower-growing affords such a wide scope for the exercise of superior skill, industry and alertness, that it is not surprising to find some who are engaged in it doing remarkably well to all appearance, while others are struggling on and hardly paying their way. That a man with only a little capital, starting in a small way, has many disadvantages is certain; also, that his chance of saving money and extending his business quickly is much smaller than it was. To the casual looker-on, who knows nothing of the drudgery of the industry, flower-growing seems a delightful method of getting a living. That it is an entrancing pursuit there is no doubt; but it is equally true that it is a very arduous one, requiring careful forethought, ceaseless attention and abundant energy. Fortunately for those who might be tempted, without any knowledge of the industry, to embark capital in it, flower-growing, if at all comprehensive in scope, so obviously requires a varied and extensive technical knowledge, combined with good commercial ability, that any one can see that a thorough training is necessary to a man who intends to adopt it as a business, especially if hothouse flowers are to be produced.
The market for fruit, and more especially for flowers, is a fickle one, and there is nearly always some uncertainty as to the course of prices. The perishable nature of soft fruit and cut flowers renders the markets very sensitive to anything in the nature of a glut, the occurrence of which is usually attended with disastrous results to producers. Foreign competition, moreover, has constantly to be faced, and it is likely to increase rather than diminish. French growers have a great advantage over the open-air cultivators of England, for the climate enables them to get their produce into the markets early in the season, when the highest prices are obtainable. The geographical advantage which France enjoys in being so near to England is, however, considerably discounted by the increasing facilities for cold storage in transit, both by rail and sea. The development of such facilities permits of the retail sale in England of luscious fruit as fresh and attractive as when it was gathered beneath the sunny skies of California. In the case of flowers, fashion is an element not to be ignored. Flowers much in request in one season may meet with very little demand in another, and it is difficult for the producer to anticipate the changes which caprice may dictate. Even for the same kind of flower the requirements are very uncertain, and the white blossom which is all the rage in one season may be discarded in favour of one of another colour in the next. The sale of fresh flowers for church decoration at Christmas and Easter has reached enormous dimensions. The irregularity in the date of the festival, however, causes some inconvenience to growers. If it falls very early the great bulk of suitable flowers may not be sufficiently forward for sale, whilst a late Easter may find the season too far advanced. The trade in cut flowers, therefore, is generally attended by uncertainty, and often by anxiety.
In the United States horticulture and market gardening have now assumed immense proportions. In a country of over 3,000,000 sq. m., stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific on the one hand, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the great northern lakes and the Dominion of Canada on the other, a great variation of climatic conditions is not unnatural. From a horticultural point of view there are practically two well-defined regions: (1) that to the east of the Rocky Mountains across to the Atlantic, where the climate is more like that of eastern Asia than of western Europe so far as rainfall, temperature and seasonable conditions are concerned; (2) that to the west of the Rockies, known as the Pacific coast region, where the climate is somewhat similar to that of western Europe. It may be added that in the northern states—in Washington, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, &c.—the winters are often very severe, while the southern states practically enjoy a temperature somewhat similar to that of the Riviera. Indeed the range of temperature between the extreme northern states and the extreme southern may vary as much as 120° F. The great aim of American gardeners, therefore, has been to find out or to produce the kinds of fruits, flowers and vegetables that are likely to flourish in different parts of this immense country.
Fruit Culture.—There is probably no country in the world where so many different kinds of fruit can be grown with advantage to the nation as in the United States. In the temperate regions apples, pears and plums are largely grown, and orchards of these are chiefly to be found in the states of New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Missouri, Colorado, and also in northern Texas, Arkansas and N. California. To these may be added cranberries and quinces, which are chiefly grown in the New England states. The quinces are not a crop of first-rate importance, but as much as 800,000 bushels of cranberries are grown each year. The peach orchards are assuming great proportions, and are chiefly to be found in Georgia and Texas, while grapes are grown throughout the Republic from east to west in all favourable localities. Oranges, lemons and citrons are more or less extensively grown in Florida and California, and in these regions what are known as Japanese or “Kelsey” plums (forms of Prunus triflora) are also grown as marketable crops. Pomegranates are not yet largely grown, but it is possible their culture will develop in southern Texas and Louisiana, where the climate is tempered by the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Tomatoes are grown in most parts of the country so easily that there is frequently a glut; while the strawberry region extends from Florida to Virginia, Pennsylvania and other states—thus securing a natural succession from south to north for the various great market centres.
Of the fruits mentioned apples are undoubtedly the most important. Not only are the American people themselves supplied with fresh fruit, but immense quantities are exported to Europe—Great Britain alone absorbing as much as 1,430,000 cwt. in 1908. The varieties originally grown were of course those taken or introduced from Europe by the early settlers. Since the middle of the 19th century great changes have been brought about, and the varieties mostly cultivated now are distinctly American. They have been raised by crossing and intercrossing the most suitable European forms with others since imported from Russia. In the extreme northern states indeed, where it is essential to have apple trees that will stand the severest winters, the Russian varieties crossed with the berry crab of eastern Europe (Pyrus baccata) have produced a race eminently suited to that particular region. The individual fruits are not very large, but the trees are remarkably hardy. Farther south larger fruited varieties are grown, and among these may be noted Baldwins, Newton pippins, Spitzenbergs and Rhode Island greening. Apple orchards are numerous in the State of New York, where it is estimated that over 100,000 acres are devoted to them. In the hilly regions of Missouri, Arkansas and Colorado there are also great plantations of apples. The trees, however, are grown on different principles from those in New York State. In the latter state apple trees with ordinary care live to more than 100 years of age and produce great crops; in the other states, however, an apple tree is said to be middle-aged at 20, decrepit at 30 and practically useless at 40 years of age. They possess the advantage, however, of bearing early and heavily.
Until the introduction of the cold-storage system, about the year 1880, America could hardly be regarded as a commercial fruit-growing country. Since then, however, owing to the great improvements made in railway refrigerating vans and storage houses, immense quantities of fruit can be despatched in good condition to any part of the world; or they can be kept at home in safety until such time as the markets of Chicago, New York, Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, &c., are considered favourable for their reception.
Apple trees are planted at distances varying from 25 ft. to 30 ft. apart in the middle western states, to 40 ft. to 50 ft. apart in New York State. Here and there, however, in some of the very best orchards the trees are planted 60 ft. apart every way. Each tree thus has a chance to develop to its utmost limits, and as air and light reach it better, a far larger fruit-bearing surface is secured. Actual experience has shown that trees planted at 60 ft. apart—about 28 to the acre—produce more fruit by 43 bushels than trees at 30 ft. apart—i.e. about 48 to the acre.
Until recent years pruning as known to English and French gardeners was practically unknown. There was indeed no great necessity for it, as the trees, not being cramped for space, threw their branches outwards and upwards, and thus rarely become overcrowded. When practised, however, the operation could scarcely be called pruning; lopping or trimming would be more accurate descriptions.
Apple orchards are not immune from insect pests and fungoid diseases, and an enormous business is now done in spraying machines and various insecticides. It pays to spray the trees, and figures have been given to show that orchards that have been sprayed four times have produced an average income of £211 per acre against £103 per acre from unsprayed orchards.
The spring frosts are also troublesome, and in the Colorado and other orchards the process known as “smudging” is now adopted to save the crops. This consists in placing 20 or 30, or even more, iron or tin pots to an acre, each pot containing wooden chips soaked in tar (or pitch) mixed with kerosene. Whenever the thermometer shows 3 or 4 degrees of frost the smudge-pots are lighted. A dense white smoke then arises and is diffused throughout the orchards, enveloping the blossoming heads of the trees in a dense cloud. This prevents the frost from killing the tender pistils in the blossoms, and when several smudge-pots are alight at the same time the temperature of the orchard is raised two or three degrees. This work has generally to be done between 3 and 5 A.M., and the growers naturally have an anxious time until all danger is over. The failure to attend to smudging, even on one occasion, may result in the loss of the entire crop of plums, apples or pears.
Next to apples perhaps peaches are the most important fruit crop. The industry is chiefly carried on in Georgia, Texas and S. Carolina, and on a smaller scale in some of the adjoining states. Peaches thus flourish in regions that are quite unsuitable for apples or pears. In many orchards in Georgia, where over 3,000,000 acres have been planted, there are as many as 100,000 peach trees; while some of the large fruit companies grow as many as 365,000. In one place in West Virginia there is, however, a peach orchard containing 175,000 trees, and in Missouri another company has 3 sq. m. devoted to peach culture. As a rule the crops do well. Sometimes, however, a disease known as the “yellows” makes sad havoc amongst them, and scarcely a fruit is picked in an orchard which early in the season gave promise of a magnificent crop.
Plums are an important crop in many states. Besides the European varieties and those that have been raised by crossing with American forms, there is now a growing trade done in Japanese plums. The largest of these is popularly known as “Kelseys,” named after John Kelsey, who raised the first fruit in 1876 from trees brought to California in 1870. Sometimes the fruits are 3 in. in diameter, and like most of the Japanese varieties are more heart-shaped and pointed than plums of European origin. One apparent drawback to the Kelsey plum is its irregularity in ripening. It has been known in some years to be quite ripe in June, while in others the fruits are still green in October.
Pears are much grown in such states as Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Missouri and California; while bush fruits like currants, gooseberries and raspberries find large spaces devoted in most of the middle and northern states. Naturally a good deal of crossing and intercrossing has taken place amongst the European and American forms of these fruits, but so far as gooseberries are concerned no great advance seems to have been made in securing varieties capable of resisting the devastating gooseberry mildew.
Other fruits of more or less commercial value are oranges, lemons and citrons, chiefly in Florida. Lemons are practically a necessity to the American people, owing to the heat of the summers, when cool and refreshing drinks with an agreeable acidulous taste are in great demand. The pomelo (grape-fruit) is a kind of lemon with a thicker rind and a more acid flavour. At one time its culture was confined to Florida, but of recent years it has found its way into Californian orchards. Notwithstanding the prevailing mildness of the climate in both California and Florida, the crops of oranges, lemons, citrons, &c., are sometimes severely injured by frosts when in blossom.
Other fruits likely to be heard of in the future are the kaki or persimmon, the loquat, which is already grown in Louisiana, as well as the pomegranate.
Great aid and encouragement are given by the government to the progress of American fruit-growing, and by the experiments that are being constantly carried out and tabulated at Cornell University and by the U.S.A. department of agriculture.
Flower Culture.—So far as flowers are concerned there appears to be little difference between the kinds of plants grown in the United States and in England, France, Belgium, Germany, Holland, &c. Indeed there is a great interchange of new varieties of plants between Europe and America, and modifications in systems of culture are being gradually introduced from one side of the Atlantic to the other. The building of greenhouses for commercial purposes is perhaps on a somewhat different scale from that in England, but there are probably no extensive areas of glass such as are to be seen north of London from Enfield Highway to Broxburne. Hot water apparatus differs merely in detail, although most of the boilers used resemble those on the continent of Europe rather than in England. Great business is done in bulbs—mostly imported from Holland—stove and greenhouse plants, hardy perennials, orchids, ferns of the “fancy” and “dagger” types of Nephrolepis, and in carnations and roses. Amongst the latter thousands of such varieties as Beauty, Liberty, Killarney, Richmond and Bride are grown, and realize good prices as a rule in the markets. Carnations of the winter-flowering or “perpetual” type have long been grown in America, and enormous prices have been given for individual plants on certain occasions, rivalling the fancy prices paid in England for certain orchids. The American system of carnation-growing has quite captivated English cultivators, and new varieties are being constantly raised in both countries. Chrysanthemums are another great feature of American florists, and sometimes during the winter season a speculative grower will send a living specimen to one of the London exhibitions in the hope of booking large orders for cuttings of it later on. Sweet peas, dahlias, lilies of the valley, arum lilies and indeed every flower that is popular in England is equally popular in America, and consequently is largely grown.
Vegetables.—So far as these are concerned, potatoes, cabbages, cauliflowers, beans of all kinds, cucumbers, tomatoes (already referred to under fruits), musk-melons, lettuces, radishes, endives, carrots, &c.; are naturally grown in great quantities, not only in the open air, but also under glass. The French system of intensive cultivation as practised on hot beds of manure round Paris is practically unknown at present. In the southern states there would be no necessity to practise it, but in the northern ones it is likely to attract attention.
- (J. Ws.)
- Thousands of cwts.
- Jour. Roy. Agric. Soc., 1899. | <urn:uuid:5e7eae29-1f81-48d0-8289-8f38bbc60a41> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fruit_and_Flower_Farming | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038118762.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417071833-20210417101833-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.961145 | 17,927 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The Governor of the Red Sea in Egypt has decreed that the Red Sea will be the first plastic bag free Governorate with effect from 1st January 2009. This decree represents a considerable step forward in tackling the issues caused by excess rubbish and in particular plastic bags in the Red Sea.
Plastic bags pose a massive hazard to birds, turtles, dolphins and other marine creatures that are killed in alarming numbers each year after swallowing or becoming entangled in plastic bags blown out to sea. Turtles easily mistake plastic bags for yummy jellyfish. Once in the stomach, the indigestible plastic wraps itself around the intestines of the creature and it slowly starves to death.
Typically plastic bags are used for only 20 minutes before being thrown out; but they will each take up to 1,000 years to rot away. During their long decay millions of bags litter and pollute our streets, the desert, and are blown out to sea where they become a toxic plastic soup that threatens the existence of marine and wild life.
The Red Sea campaign follows many high profile campaigns in Europe to limit this most damaging form of pollution. The government in Ireland introduced a bag tax, which led to a 90 per cent reduction after its introduction in 2002. In 2007, the biggest supermarkets in France imposed a ban on free carriers. They now charge between 2p and 42p for reusable bags. This has removed millions of free bags from high streets and the French government will impose an outright ban in 2010.
Environmental group is working alongside the Governorate to suggest practical solutions and alternatives for plastic bags. As part of the campaign in support of this decree they will also be undertaking education initiatives and lobbying activities.
Further Reading: HEPCA
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"Catch my tail" is a variation on the game of tag but with the extra bonus that it will fire your child's imagination.
Think of all the animals that have tails - monkeys (like the one in the picture above), tigers, lions, domestic cats, dogs, foxes - the list goes on. Talk about what animal your child wants to be in the game.
Attach a tail to your child. It can be a tie or scarf or any long piece of cloth tied around their waist or pinned on with a safety pin. Now the chase is on. Who can catch their tail? If the tail is caught, it gets transferred to the catcher, and the chase begins again. This game can be played with several children. Each time the tail is caught it transfers to the catcher and they can decide to be a different animal if they like.
Play is one of the main ways that babies and toddlers learn about the world – it’s also one of the most effective ways they learn. When a child plays they refine learning skills that continue to develop during childhood and beyond.
As a parent, you are your child’s best playmate so try to spend time every day playing together. As your baby gets older, don’t try to teach them anything during play. They will learn best if they choose what to play and you follow their lead.
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1 = Poor, 5 = Great. | <urn:uuid:6580cab5-b8fc-462b-86e5-014b0ba469f5> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.helpmykidlearn.ie/activities/0-2/detail/catch-my-tail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585504.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022084005-20211022114005-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.960834 | 315 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Definition - What does Temporary Magnet mean?
A Temporary Magnet is a magnet that remains magnetized for only a small time interval as compared to a permanent magnet. The materials which are used for temporary magnets are usually soft materials which have low magnetic properties such as annealed iron or steel. The electromagnetic flux is not applicable on such materials when they are not magnetized. These materials also have low coercivity.
Petropedia explains Temporary Magnet
The materials which are used as induced magnets are treated as temporary magnets as they are only magnetized for short durations when attracted by a strong or permanent magnet which magnetizes them. For instance, when a permanent magnet is brought near a collection of paperclips, the paperclips get attached to each other and then to the permanent magnet. Every paperclip becomes a temporary magnet and when the permanent magnet is removed they are no longer attached to each other. In this way, the magnetic property of the collection of paperclips was induced and it was not their permanent character. When the objects or the unmagnetized magnetic materials are bought near or touch the pole of a strong or permanent magnet, they become magnets. This magnetic character is induced on the objects and it gets vanished when the permanent magnet is removed.
Unlocking Unconventional Energy Potential Through Hydraulic Fracturing | <urn:uuid:ef9b3b32-e22b-482d-b1bc-c9a1da259e40> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.petropedia.com/definition/9379/temporary-magnet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00135-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956605 | 264 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Each year, teams compete in the world’s longest and toughest professional sporting event and arguably sailing’s toughest team challenge – the Volvo Ocean race. This year, one team “Turn the Tide on Plastic’, will be racing to raise awareness on the growing threat of marine plastic in the world’s oceans. This team is also the youngest and only mixed crew ever to compete in the race’s 45-year history!
According to UNEP, it is estimated that more than 8 million tonnes of plastic ends up in the oceans each year – the equivalent of emptying a garbage truck of plastic every minute. Plastic waste is wreaking havoc on marine wildlife, fisheries and tourism, and causing at least $8 billion of damage to marine ecosystems.
UN Environment’s #CleanSeas campaign on marine plastics is calling on governments, industry and citizens to end the excessive, wasteful usage of single-use plastic and to eliminate microplastics in cosmetics by the year 2022. So far 32 countries have joined the campaign.
“The adventurers taking part in the Volvo Ocean Race will be making their way to some of the most remote and hostile corners of the globe. But the ugly truth is that they’ll also be encountering lumps of polystyrene along with icebergs, precious marine life that is feeding on plastic mixed up with plankton, or huge islands of floating plastic,” said Erik Solheim, head of UN Environment.
“This is a global problem and a global shame, and we’re grateful to have the support of the Turn the Tide on Plastic crew to take this message far and wide. We need urgent, concrete action at all levels and all around the world. If not, we’ll see our oceans turned into a lifeless slurry of garbage.”
Record-breaking British skipper Dee Caffari, the first woman to sail solo, non-stop, around the world in both directions, will stand at the helm of ‘Turn the Tide on Plastic’ . She is joined by a 14-person crew representing some of the world’s most talented off-shore racers coming from across the globe.
“I feel very privileged to carry UN Environment’s message in this campaign. It’s a topic that engages a great many people and, by taking small steps in the right direction, I think in the end we can make a big difference,” said Caffari.
“I’m proud to be leading the first ever mixed crew with such a strong message of sustainability and diversity. As sailors, we are the voice of the sea and our goal is to spread the message of #CleanSeas and inspire lasting actions in parallel with producing results at the end of the race.”
The 2017-18 Volvo Ocean Race will take the teams 45,000 nautical miles around the globe, across four oceans, six continents and 12 landmark host cities, finishing in June 2018. Alicante will be the first of seven cities to host an Ocean Summit, bringing together political, business and science leaders to find lasting solutions to marine pollution.
The race legs include: Alicante, Spain; Lisbon, Portugal; Cape Town, South Africa; Melbourne, Australia; Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China; Auckland, New Zealand; Itajaí, Brazil; Newport, United States; Cardiff, Wales; Gothenburg, Sweden; and The Hague, Netherlands.
UN Environment’s #CleanSeas campaign is also partnering with 11th Hour Racing, a programme of The Schmidt Family Foundation and founding principal partner of the Volvo Ocean Race sustainability programme, to raise awareness about marine plastic litter and to help restore and protect our oceans for future generations. | <urn:uuid:d65eb16b-513d-4e3f-80d3-c4982a86c10a> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.greenafricadirectory.org/volvo-ocean-race-team-turn-tide-plastic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668787.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117041351-20191117065351-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.917634 | 772 | 2.546875 | 3 |
How does friction affect inclined plane? The "greater propensity" of things to slide down steeper inclined slopes is due to the friction force decreasing, and due to the force pointing down the slope increasing with increasing angle.
How do you calculate friction on an incline?
calculate the gravitational force: Fg = 2 kg * 9.807 m/s2 = 19.614 N. divide it in two perpendicular components: Fi = 19.614 N * sin40° = 12.607 N , Fn = 19.614 N * cos40° = 15.026 N. determine the friction force: Ff = 0.2 * 15.026 N = 3.005 N.
What are the type of friction observed in inclined plane experiment?
Kinetic friction acts on an object in motion, while static friction acts on an object or system at rest. The maximum static friction is usually greater than the kinetic friction between the objects.
How do you find tension and friction on an inclined plane?
Does friction increase with inclined plane?
As the angle of the incline is increased, the normal force is decreased, which decreases the frictional force. The incline can be raised until the object just begins to slide. As the angle of the incline is increased, the force of friction will decrease due to the change in normal force.
Related advices for How Does Friction Affect Inclined Plane?
How does an inclined plane work?
An inclined plane is a simple machine that consists of a sloping surface connecting a lower elevation to a higher elevation. The sloping surface of the inclined plane supports part of the weight of the object as it moves up the slope. As a result, it takes less force to move the object uphill.
What is friction on a plane?
Friction drag is the resistance of the air along the surface of the plane. The air molecules rub along the plane and actually slow it down. To minimize the effects of drag, the airplane needs to be designed in such a way as to limit the surface and create a smooth trailing edge.
How do you find the friction force on a ramp?
The friction equation is Fr = fr x N, where Fr is the resistive force of friction or the amount of force required to overcome friction, fr is the coefficient of friction between the two surfaces, and N is the normal or perpendicular force pushing the two surfaces together.
How do you find static friction on an inclined plane?
because this is the angle at which the force of static friction equals its maximum value. Use a coordinate system with +x down the slope and +y perpendicular to the slope.
Measuring μ s.
|ΣFx = m ax = 0|||||ΣFy = m ay = 0|
|mg sin(θ) - fs = 0|||||N - mg cos(θ) = 0|
|mg sin(θ) = μs N|||||N = mg cos(θ)|
What is friction experiment?
When two surfaces rub together they create friction, which works to slow movement down. In this experiment you will discover the strength of the frictional force created by different types of material.
What are the advantages of friction?
Advantages of Friction:
What is sliding friction example?
Examples of Sliding Friction
Rubbing both the hands together to create heat. A child sliding down through a slide in a park. A coaster sliding against a table. A washing machine pushed along with the floor.
How do you find the force of kinetic friction on an inclined plane?
An object slides down an inclined plane at a constant velocity if the net force on the object is zero. We can use this fact to measure the coefficient of kinetic friction between two objects. As shown in Example 6.5. 1, the kinetic friction on a slope is fk = μk mg cos θ.
How do you calculate friction tension?
How does an inclined plane make work easier?
Using an inclined plane makes it easier to move an object. It takes less force to move an object in an upward direction on an inclined plane than it does to lift the object straight up. The force needed when using this ramp is less because of the gentle slope, but the load must be moved a greater distance.
What is inclined plane in physics?
An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other. The inclined plane is one of the six simple machines and it is used as an aid for raising or lowering a load.
What is inclined plane examples?
Examples of inclined planes are ramps, sloping roads, chisels, hatchets, plows, air hammers, carpenter's planes and wedges. The most canonical example of an inclined plane is a sloped surface; for example a roadway to bridge a height difference.
For what purpose are the inclined planes used?
Inclined plane, simple machine consisting of a sloping surface, used for raising heavy bodies. The force required to move an object up the incline is less than the weight being raised, discounting friction. The steeper the slope, or incline, the more nearly the required force approaches the actual weight.
Why do we need inclined plane?
The purpose of an inclined plane as a simple machine is to move something from a lower height to a higher height with less effort. An object simply placed on a tilted surface often slides down the surface (see Figure 1) because of the force in the downhill direction.
What are types of inclined planes?
Here are a few examples of inclined planes:
What is static friction on an inclined plane?
When an object is placed on a flat incline or ramp, it will not slide down the surface if the force caused by gravity acting on the object is less than the resistance from friction. Since the object does not slide, the resistance is called static sliding friction.
What causes friction on a plane?
Friction Drag is created in the boundary layer due to the viscosity of the air and the resulting friction against the surface of the aircraft. As the molecules flow past the surface and past each other, the viscous resistance to that flow becomes a force which retards forward motion.
What is friction in the air called?
In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called air resistance, a type of friction, or fluid resistance, another type of friction or fluid friction) is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid.
How do you solve friction problems in physics?
What is sliding friction?
Sliding friction (also called kinetic friction) is a contact force that resists the sliding motion of two objects or an object and a surface.
Is friction a fluid?
Fluid friction is the force that resists motion either within the fluid itself or of another medium moving through the fluid. There is internal friction, which is a result of the interactions between molecules of the fluid, and there is external friction, which refers to how a fluid interacts with other matter.
Why is static friction greater than kinetic?
Static friction is greater than kinetic friction because there are more forces at work keeping an object stationary than there are forces working to resist an object once it is in motion.
How do you find the force of gravity on an inclined plane?
What is static friction?
Static friction is the force of friction on an object that is not moving. If you push on a stationary block and it doesn't move, it is being held by static friction which is equal and opposite to your push.
How do you explain friction to a child?
How do you teach kids about friction?
What are three reasons friction is needed?
Friction is important also for these reasons: (1) It causes air in the PBL to converge toward low pressure and diverge from high pressure (friction causes PBL air to flow toward low pressure) (2) friction is a little stronger over land surfaces than over water surfaces since land surfaces have a more rough and vertical
How do we reduce friction?
By polishing the surface, as polishing makes the surface smooth and friction can be reduced. Using lubricants such as oil or grease can reduce the friction between the surfaces. When objects are rolled over the surface, the friction between the rolled object and surface can be reduced by using ball bearings.
How friction is useful and harmful?
Without friction, a car is useless. However, friction can also cause problems in a car. Friction between moving engine parts increases their temperature and causes the parts to wear down. Friction can be both harmful and helpful, so it may be necessary to decrease or increase friction.
What causes friction?
Friction is caused due to the irregularities of the surfaces in contact. When the two surfaces are moved against each other these bonds resist the motion creating friction. Roughness of surfaces is also a reason for friction. No matter how smooth a surface looks, it has some irregularities.
What is sliding and rolling?
SLIDING Friction: is the friction exerted when an object slides over surface with a working fluid in between the two bodies. ROLLING Friction: is the friction exerted when an object rolls over another surface.
What is the difference between rolling and sliding friction?
The frictional force that opposes the sliding of the body on a surface is called sliding friction.
What is the difference between rolling friction and sliding friction?
|Rolling friction||Sliding friction|
|It is due to deformation of the surface as the object rolls on it||It is due to the interlocking between microscopic surfaces| | <urn:uuid:495eb203-22f7-40ec-891c-e362f8b91140> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://charmestrength.com/how-does-friction-affect-inclined-plane/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534773.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521014358-20220521044358-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.924757 | 2,004 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Sandy, currently a hurricane blasted through the Bahamas. The storm is forecast to take a turn toward the Atlantic Coast and make landfall early next week between Virginia and Nova Scotia.
Despite the tranquil, warm weather of this week, the weather is ready to roar over the northern Atlantic Seaboard from later Sunday into Tuesday. Despite nicknames given, such as "Frankenstorm," Sandy will come masquerading before Halloween.
While the dangerous storm is still days away, the probability of the feared left hook has increased and will take place during a big atmospheric fight from the mid-Atlantic to New England and neighboring Canada. The result could be a knockout blow to some areas and not only along the immediate coast.
Tens of millions of people and thousands of communities could be impacted by the storm.
Exactly where this change of direction takes place is critical for the worst impacts, which have the potential to be very disruptive, if not very damaging and in some cases life-threatening.
Odds are a few major metropolitan areas within the swath from Norfolk, Va., to New York City to Bangor, Maine, will be hit the hardest.
Some areas will be hit with damaging winds, power outages, flooding rainfall, battering surf and storm surge. Windswept rain will slow travel in general. Some roads may be blocked by high water and downed trees. Air travel disruptions could radiate outward from the epicenter.
Anywhere near the storm center to 100 miles or more to the northeast of the center during landfall, there is an elevated risk of coastal flooding due to storm surge.
The storm will be making landfall around the same date as the full moon, a time when higher tides occur relative to the balance of the month. There is the potential for a storm surge of five feet or more in some areas, depending on point of landfall and shape of the local coastline.
Trees and power lines will come down. The strongest winds would also occur near and northeast of the storm center to within a few hours during landfall. Gusts to hurricane force (74 mph) are possible. However, gusts (40 to 60 mph) can occur for a time around much of the storm's circulation out to at least 100 miles and perhaps more.
Drenching rain and the greatest risk of flash and urban flooding would occur to the west, northwest and north of the center moving inland from the Atlantic. Some areas could receive a half a foot of rain. The Appalachians would enhance the risk of flash and small stream flooding. Fallen leaves causing blocked storm drains will increase the risk of urban flooding.
AccuWeather.com meteorologists feel that as long as heavy rain does not linger for more than a day or two most major rivers will handle the runoff without major flooding. Rivers are generally at a very low state during this point in the season. However, some rises on these rivers are to be expected. The rain could be more of a beneficial aspect in some areas, say in abnormally dry portions of northern and western New York state.
South and southwest of where the storm makes landfall, away from the center of the storm, the effects would be much less dramatic. A sweep of dry air typically occurs in this zone. However, it can get very windy for a time, as cold air rushes in from the west, even as the storm itself diminishes.
Well west of the center of the storm snow could fall, even past the peak of the mayhem farther east. This is possible over portions of the Great Lakes and perhaps into the high ground of the central Appalachians.
Caution Against Dismissing This Storm
While there is the potential for Sandy to be declassified as a non-tropical storm upon entering the cooler waters of the North Atlantic, prior to landfall, it is hardly likely to be a weakening storm.
According to Expert Senior Meteorologist Dan Kottlowski, head of AccuWeather.com's Hurricane Center, "We are concerned that some people may dismiss the storm because of a downgrade or an initial path well out to sea. The sudden left turn and strength of the system may catch some people off guard."
According to AccuWeather.com Chief Meteorologist Elliot Abrams, "The details of exactly where landfall occurs will not be apparent perhaps until the left turn actually begins this weekend. However, the zone likely to experience the most damaging and disruptive effects will be narrowed down as more information become available."
The opportunity to protect property will end quickly in this situation. If you want to take precautionary measures, waiting until Sunday evening to do so may be too late. Don't put yourself in harm's way during the storm later Sunday into Tuesday.
Nearby offshore, seas may top 30 feet, posing dangers to small craft, fishing, shipping and cruise interests. Photos.com image.
The rain is here to stay in Seattle, as showers and cloudy skies takeover the week's weather.
Two storms will bring high winds to the United Kingdom and Ireland this weekend.
A storm will drop heavy snow and disrupt travel from parts of the Midwest to a large part of the Northeast by Sunday.
Wintery weather will not let up anytime soon in Chicago, as the city will experience cold, snow and ice this week.
The coldest air of the season so far has descended on northeastern Pennsylvania and the I-80/I-81 corridors. A storm will move in Saturday and tap into some of that cold air.
Kansas City, MO (1992)
2.68" of rain.
Set two records; greatest 24 hour storm; 17.0"; greatest single storm total 39.6" for city (13th-14th).
Netarts, OR (2001)
80 mph wind gust. | <urn:uuid:b58a2802-e06f-4d20-9949-7b88684e96f0> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/sandy-to-take-aim-at-new-england-mid-atlantic/655951 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164911644/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134831-00071-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95749 | 1,174 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Port of Olympia is the capital of the State of Washington in the United States. Lying on the mouth of the Deschutes River at the south end of Puget Sound, the Port of Olympia is about 70 kilometers southwest of the Port of Seattle and the same distance east-northeast of the Port of Grays Harbor in Washington. In 2000, over 44 thousand people lived in the Port of Olympia, and almost 229 thousand called the metropolitan area home.
The Port of Olympia is the base for a big merchant reserve fleet, and it houses a large industrial complex for seaborne containerized cargoes. The local economy depends on the port and on lumber-related business as well as oyster farms, dairies, breweries, and other light industries.
Before Europeans arrived in the area, the Port of Olympia region had been home for thousands of years to Salish peoples who used the waterways to trade goods and maintain contact with other tribes. Britisher Peter Puget first entered the harbor in 1792.
In 1831, the Hudson Bay Company established a settlement at Nisqually in the South Puget Sound. In the 1840s, two men claimed the land that is today downtown Olympia, and pioneers came to build the towns of Tumwater and Olympia.
The new town adopted the name Olympia in 1853 because of its beautiful views of the Olympic Mountains northwest of town. The Port of Olympia claims the honor of being the last point on the historic Oregon Trail.
In 1851, the Port of Olympia became the site of a customs house and the center of the Congressionally-established Customs District of Puget Sound. A small fleet of steamboats called the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet operated from the Port of Olympia for many years, and the well-known Olympia Brewing Company operated there from 1896 until 2003.
In early 1850, the Port of Olympia launched the first large commercial ship from the port carrying wood products to San Francisco. Over the rest of the 19th Century, sailing ships and steamboats brought increasing traffic to the Port of Olympia.
In 1909, work began to deepen the navigation channel into the Port of Olympia, and the dredged materials were used to create the Port Peninsula. The Port District was formed in 1922. The first marine shipping docks were completed in 1925, and the port developed quickly. In the 1920s, wood products were the major cargoes. Over 300 million board-feet of lumber was moved through the Port of Olympia between 1928 and 1930.
The Great Depression hit the Port of Olympia hard, but New Deal projects offered some relief with new transit sheds, dikes, and wharves. By 1939, the Port of Olympia handled its biggest cargo volume ever. At the time, the Port of Olympia was called a "week-end port," with vessels topping off cargoes on week-ends before beginning their voyages.
During World War II, the Port of Olympia with ship-building activities increasing during the 1940s when war-related cargoes increased dramatically. After the war, cargoes of wood products continued to be the major volume in the Port of Olympia, and 161 million board-feet of lumber passed through the port in 1957. In 1949, a serious earthquake destroyed many historic buildings in the Port of Olympia, and the city suffered earthquake tremors again in 1965 and 2001.
Port of Olympia expansions began in the early 1960s when the port moved into the air transport business when it bought the Olympia Airport. By the middle 1960s, the Port of Olympia property was full. The port bought tidelands in the East Bay and added lands to the airport. In 1967, three plywood mills in the area closed, and the Port of Olympia's lumber trade began to decline, even though its cargo of raw logs continued to be strong.
The Port of Olympia has become an arts and music center due to the presence of the Evergreen State College that was established by the State Legislature in 1967.
The Port of Olympia hit its record million-ton volume in 1970, and logs were almost all of the cargo. The berths at the Marine Terminal were deepened to accommodate modern deep-draft vessels. The Port of Olympia dedicated areas at the East Bay waterfront to a recreational boat marina. Completed in the early 1980s, today's Swantown Marina was first leased to a private operator, but it has been managed by the Port of Olympia since 1987.
Seeking to diversify, the Port of Olympia built a seven-thousand square meter warehouse at the Marine Terminal in the middle 1980s, and airport and industrial park facilities were also improved.
In the 1990s, the world market for wood products changed, and lumber shipping in the Port of Olympia fell dramatically. The port embarked on a major planning effort, establishing clear goals for diversifying and strengthening the Port of Olympia's businesses. Goals were set for the Marine Terminal, the Olympia Regional Airport, the NewMarket Industrial Campus in Tumwater, and the Swantown commercial areas in downtown Olympia. The Port of Olympia also acquired an option to buy 17 hectares of land in south Thurston County for a future light industrial park.
The Port of Olympia's downtown waterfront neighborhood prospered, and the port developed a waterfront park, Port Plaza, guest docks, and a public gathering area. The Port of Olympia also made important improvements to the Marine Terminal infrastructure. In 1997, the Port of Olympia became the State's third most container-capable port with the installation of new equipment and infrastructure improvements. The last timber docks were reconstructed to serve containerized cargoes in 1998, and international exports of wood products and project cargoes continued to increase.
The late 1990s economic slump in Asia and Russia was felt in the Port of Olympia, and cargo volumes decreased significantly. Today, the Port of Olympia is dedicated to creating more diverse opportunities for the Marine Terminal.
Review and History Port Commerce Cruising and Travel Satellite Map Contact Information | <urn:uuid:d50960f4-d573-4343-aa74-c95b9265c6e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://worldportsource.com/ports/review/USA_WA_Port_of_Olympia_197.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944606.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323003026-20230323033026-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.959616 | 1,220 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Ice cream – Ice cream is very famous sweet dish for kids during the summer season. Normally it is made up of milk. There are different varieties of ice creams flavors such as butter scotch, vanilla, tutti fruiti, blue moon, and chocolate ice cream and many more flavors. It is also famous in marriage ceremony, and birthday parties.
There are several advantages of consuming ice cream are given below
- Excellent source of energy – Ice cream is a best source of energy which contains carbohydrates, fats and proteins to produce energy. If an individual gain weight or very weak then consuming an ice cream.
- Lower the risk of cancer – Ice cream is a made up of milk and milk is a rich source of energy which increases the immunity power to fight with cancer. The calcium content are present in ice cream also benefits in reducing the risk of colon cancer.
- Change the mood – Ice cream has a compound which excites the thrombotonin. Thrombotonin is a hormone which changes the mood and is beneficial for lower the stress in the body. As we know ice cream is made up of milk which contains L-tryptophan. It is useful in curing the insomnia, relaxing the nervous system and stimulates the brain.
- Rich in vitamins – Ice cream contains high source of vitamins A, B-6, B-12, C, D, and E. Ice cream also has vitamin K, which cures blood clotting. Ice cream also contains antioxidants, niacin, thiamine, and riboflavin. These nutrients support the immune system, improve organ and nerve functions.
- Source of energy – Ice cream is rich in carbohydrates, fats, and protein which are used in providing great source of energy. It is also helpful in gaining a weight.
- Rich in minerals – Ice cream also has minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. The calcium is used for strong bones and lowers the risk of kidney stones.
There are some disadvantages of ice creams are given below
- High source of saturated fat – Ice cream contains rich in fat and saturated fat. The saturated fat is very harmful and causes to cardiovascular diseases due to arterial blockage and increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. The saturated also increases the weight which is lead to several diseases.
- Increase the cholesterol – Excess consuming ice cream which is also leads to increase the cholesterol level in the body. High cholesterol increases the risk of heart attacks which are very harmful.
- Rise in blood sugar level – The sugar in ice cream also lead to increase the sugar level in blood and that’s also leads to diabetes. The diabetes is harmful for hearts and leads to cardiovascular diseases.
In this discussion of advantages and disadvantages of ice cream we conclude that ice cream is full of minerals and vitamins which are benefits of health. But excess amount of consuming ice cream leads to several diseases especially cardiovascular diseases which is very harmful due to its contain saturated fat. | <urn:uuid:8679e70a-6bf1-4339-ab4f-f579c36c7bac> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://daneelyunus.com/2019/01/22/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-ice-cream-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578643556.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424134457-20190424160457-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.959186 | 604 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Geography and Earth Sciences
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Website Content Contributions
Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of a Cemetery: Interpretation part of Cutting Edge:Structural Geology:Structure, Geophysics, and Tectonics 2012:Activities
This activity is an interpretation of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) data set collected from a 19th century slave cemetery in North Carolina.
Field Trip Comics part of Cutting Edge:Structural Geology:Activities
Structural geology field trips integrate learning, collaboration, and exploration. Creating a comic (or graphic novel) from a field trip promotes students' rendering their own popular culture view of the ... | <urn:uuid:4a71fa37-9cc9-4ba8-aca5-d84c56ca244d> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://serc.carleton.edu/person/5556.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736675795.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215755-00031-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839359 | 137 | 2.65625 | 3 |
We will build a particulate matter detector using PM2.5 Air Quality Sensor, ESP32, UNO and LoRa Module.
Particle pollution, also known as Particulate Matter is a mixture of wide-ranging size of solids and liquids found in the air. Some of these particles (especially the small ones) can be harmful to our health because it is tiny enough to enter our lungs when we breathe.
To measure this we need a particle pollution detector that can measure the air quality of the air that we breathe.
We have a separate post on our development board guides on our website. Check them out below:
You can also check other Zio Qwiic Start guides related to this project below:
You need to install the following libraries to your Arduino IDE. Download the following libraries and save it on your local Arduino IDE libraries folder:
To install the libraries open your Arduino IDE, go to Sketch tab, select Include Library -> Add.Zip Library. Select the above libraries to be included on your IDE. You can also check out this complete guide here.
We need two Lora modules in order to send and receive data from our PM2.5 Sensor. We will call this as LoRa Receiver and LoRa Sender respectively. A Lora receiver will receive data collected by the PM2.5 Sensor and will output this on the OLED Display. A LoRa sender is where the PM2.5 will be connected.
Setting Up LoRa Sender
Below are the modules needed for the Lora sender. You need to attach the PM2.5 Sensor with adapter on the sender side inorder to detect Particle matter and measure the air quality.
Step 1: Attach the Pm2.5 Sensor and adapter together
Below is what it looks like after attaching the sensor and adapter together
Step 2: Attach the Antennae to the LoRa module
Step 3: Daisy chain all the components using Qwiic cables
Step 4: Download code and upload to PsyFi32
Step 5 Connect to a power source
Setting Up LoRa Receiver
After setting up your Lora Sender, we need to set up the Lora Receiver. The data we have collected from the Lora Sender for the Particle Matter will be sent over to our receiver and displayed on the OLED.
Below are the modules needed for the Lora receiver.
Step 1: Attach Antennae to LoRa module
Step 2: Daisy chain all the components together using Qwiic cables
Step 3: Download the code below and upload to Uno
Step 4: Connect to a power source
After connecting to a power source (we use a powerbank for this example), your Lora Receiver will receive data sent from your Lora Sender.
There you have it! Your very own Particle Pollution detector all set up! You can record your data by connecting to an IOT platform dashboard and have it monitored in real time! | <urn:uuid:8d481a67-c92a-4b95-b6cf-9137849464bf> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://maker.pro/arduino/projects/lora-particle-pollution-detector | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141216897.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130161537-20201130191537-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.8778 | 612 | 3.1875 | 3 |
How the Irish, like, speak now?
The Irish accent is changing fast: the ‘Dort accent’ has been replaced by upspeak and ‘globish’ inflections. At the forefront of the linguistic evolution are Dubliners, the middle classes and young women
The next time you hear a group of schoolchildren talking, take a moment to tune in to their accents. Is it possible to tell what part of Ireland they come from? What do you think are the influences on their speech patterns? Do they actually sound Irish, in a way that our grandparents would have recognised?
The global entertainment industry, instantaneous digital communications, social change and economic pressures are changing the way we Irish speak English.
There’s nothing new about this; our relationship with the English language has been richly ambiguous and contradictory for many centuries. But, if anything, the pace of change seems to be accelerating as regional differences are flattened out and a homogenised, largely American form of spoken English takes hold.
Raymond Hickey is professor of linguistics at the University of Duisburg and Essen’s Institute for Anglophone Studies. For decades he has been studying how the Irish speak English.
He says there are always periods when there is a transformation in the way we talk, and other times when things remain relatively static.
He points to the last 25 years as a time of rapid social change. “People thought they were rich and trendy,” he says of the boom years, which he believes were the direct cause of a more ostentatious way of speaking – the much-derided “Dartspeak”.
But things have moved on considerably since then, Hickey says. “At the start of the boom you had things which have since disappeared. You don’t really hear people saying ‘Dort’ anymore, for example.”
Paul Howard agrees. The creator of Ross O’Carroll-Kelly was the first to take “roysh”, “loike” and “fock” out of the mouths of the rugby-playing classes and put them on a page. He’s currently writing the foreword for a new edition of the very first Ross book, The Miseducation of Ross O’Carroll-Kelly, and notices significant changes in speech patterns over the years since it was published in 2000.
‘Every sentence ends with a question’
The most obvious was the arrival in the early 2000s of the high rising terminal, also known as upspeak, whereby every sentence ends with an upward inflection, so it sounds like a question ?
“What’s really surprised me is that adults have started to talk like that now,” says Howard.
“Micheál Martin talks like that. It’s become the language of media discourse, which makes sense because it’s constantly looking for affirmation. It’s pleading for you to nod and agree with what I’m saying.”
Where did upspeak come from? Some say Australia, others point to the Valley Girl speech patterns of 1970s southern California, which in turn drew on surfing and skateboarding subcultures (most obviously in the relentless sprinkling of the word “like” across every sentence at every opportunity).
There’s no doubt that Americanisms are becoming more prominent in our language. It’s not just in the Lego Movie that everything is awesome these days. Howard recalls a student coming up to him after a talk he gave in UCD.
“She said ‘Oh my God, I love your books. They are so awesome.’ I asked if she had any problems understanding the books, being from America. And her friend said ‘Oh she’s not American, she’s from Douglas.’
“She wasn’t a dummy,” Howard says. “She was smart, studying pharmacy. She had just decided she wanted to speak with that accent, because she liked it. Young people are much less self-conscious about that than [people of my age] were. I know if I’d gone to school with an American accent, I’d have been frogmarched from the building.”
Hickey points to accent changes such as the growing use of the flat “t” in “party” (so it sounds like “pardy”). Some of this can clearly be put down to changes in pop culture, which is much more Americanised, or at least couched in an Americanised “globishness”, than it was 20 years ago.
“I suppose our exposure to American culture and that homogenised teen accent is far more than when I was a kid, watching Grange Hill,” says Howard.
But there’s something else going on. That young woman from Douglas was comfortable with adopting an accent she liked, as if it were an outfit or a hairstyle. In an age when most people produce a version of their own lives for public consumption on social media, does your accent become part of that role-playing process?
“There is a sense in which people decide to project their own personas, and to have control over that,” says Hickey. “People are very conscious of their accent now, of their voice being heard and how it comes across,” says Howard. “Maybe it’s part of that obsession with self. I think people define themselves more now. I’m this kind of a person, this is how I talk and this is how I dress.”
It’s interesting that the two examples Howard gives are of people from outside Dublin. The changing accent is by no means confined to the capital, though it is usually where changes first occur.
Twenty years ago, journalist Kevin Myers wrote in The Irish Times about the slow death of the local regional accent. “I recall with horror the convent schoolgirl in Kerry who thought I was complimenting her when I told her I could detect no trace of a Kerry accent,” he wrote. “Soon, the ability to speak Dort will be the cherished ambition of every upwardly mobile child in the land. It is an appalling prospect and I have not the least idea how to stop such popular cultural movements.”
The capital effect
In an essay, Hickey points out that Ireland is a highly centralised country with almost a third of the population living in the Dublin metropolitan area, which outweighs all the other cities put together.
“Most prestigious organisations are located in the capital, as are the government and the national radio and television service, along with three universities and numerous colleges,” he wrote. “For these and other reasons, the status of Dublin English is greater than that of any other city or region in the country.
“In the context of the recent changes, this has meant that the new pronunciation has spread rapidly to the rest of the country. For all young people, especially females, who do not identify themselves linguistically with their own locality, the new pronunciation is their phonological norm.”
The result is a mode of speech spread out from the capital and increasingly adopted as a standard around the country.
In years gone by, a very significant part in this was played by RTÉ, says Hickey. “For a long time Ireland was a special case, with one channel based in Dublin 4. And the people who worked there would have had a self-perception of being the most sophisticated in the country.”
Before the current proliferation of media players, this dominant broadcaster had a huge influence on speech patterns throughout the country.
Trying to sound English
Similar patterns were evident elsewhere. In Britain, the highly clipped diction known as received pronunciation (RP) gradually fell out of favour in the 1960s and 1970s. It was replaced by a less formal speech pattern, popularly known as Estuary English, which was heavily influenced by Cockney – Jamie Oliver is a typical exponent. These days, RP has not only disappeared from the BBC; not even the younger members of the royal family use it anymore.
In Ireland, we never had RP, as such. But BBC English had an influence. If you listen back to RTÉ archive recordings from 40 or 50 years ago, you can clearly hear its influence on the newsreaders and continuity announcers of the day.
“Charles Mitchell had a nice, plummy south Dublin accent, which didn’t sound very Irish at all,” says Hickey of RTÉ’s popular newsreader of the 1960s and 1970s.
“Going further back, there used to be a thing called the Rathmines accent, which looked more towards England. Listening now to recordings of James Joyce and Seán O’Casey, it’s extraordinary how English they sounded.”
The idea that to be posh you had to sound English is a longstanding one that hasn’t entirely gone away. Why else would so many voiceovers on ads for financial products and expensive cars sound more Anglo than Irish?
“We had speech and elocution classes in school,” says Paul Howard. “They brought this posh woman in once a week to teach all us kids from council estates in Ballybrack how to speak like a posh English person. Of course we went out the door and forgot about it, but the aspirational thing then was to sound like an English person.”
The social pretensions of the aspirational Dublin middle classes were being lampooned by the likes of Maureen Potter long before Ross O’Carroll-Kelly put on his first pair of rugby boots.
Two decades on, that original Dart accent sounds like the last gasp of old-fashioned Dublin Anglophilia. If it looked anywhere for inspiration it was to the “Okay, yah” verbal stylings of Thatcher-era Sloane Rangers.
“There’s something about those very Dorty accents that they’re very strangulated, they’re not free,” says Andrea Ainsworth, dialogue coach at the Abbey theatre. She says that speech has become much less formal in recent years, reflecting social changes which go well beyond Ireland.
The real Dublin
But what about the “real” Dublin accent, the working-class accent which, according to Hickey, goes back several centuries at least?
“The local Dublin working-class accent has been very stable for a long time,” says Hickey, who distinguishes between the traditional local accent and non-local “advanced” English, spoken by the middle-class, where all the changes are happening. He describes that process as dissociation as it is motivated by the desire of speakers to hive themselves off from vernacular forms of a variety spoken in their immediate surroundings.
The public idea of what a Dublin accent sounded like used to be largely based on the theatrical voices of Jimmy O’Dea and Noel Purcell. It was a self-conscious, oratorical, sometimes self-mocking way of speaking, something you can hear also in recordings of Brendan Behan. It seems to be slowly disappearing.
“I love that accent,” says Howard wistfully. “I love Imelda May. I used to talk like Imelda May.”
He points out that there’s a tradition of mockery of West Brit accents that runs up to the present day with comedians such as Ding Dong Denny O’Reilly. He also talks about a particularly Dublin way of speaking in public.
“It’s that thing, when you hear Roddy Collins talking on radio, every consonant is enunciated. I know Roddy, and when I talk to him, he talks completely differently. I would have a bit of that, where my mother told me to make sure to pronounce my Ts.”
How Saoirse Ronan talks
Roddy Collins’s formalised speech on radio is at odds with the latest trends, as dialogue coach Andrea Ainsworth notes. “One thing about the younger generation of film actors is they are much more casual,” she says diplomatically, when I ask about some of the accents in the recent RTÉ series Rebellion, which seemed jarringly contemporary to me.
Ainsworth’s job is to work with performers to perform a text in a way that is both true to the writer’s intention and meaningful to a contemporary audience. That’s always a balancing act.
As some have pointed out, Saoirse Ronan’s accent in Brooklyn hews closer to 21st-century south county Dublin than 1950s Enniscorthy, but that works perfectly well for the purposes of the drama.
The actor’s own Dublin accent came in for some heckling lately, but seems, to me anyway, to be a perfectly reasonable way for a young Irishwoman in her 20s to speak in 2016.
Saoirse Ronan’s changing accent is proof of an important truth. Our accents are not governed only by social trends and external influences. They are ultimately personal to their users, who may alter them at will. Many people adjust their accents to fit their circumstances, sometimes several times in the course of a day.
Certain left-wing TDs who attended fee-paying Dublin schools now have accents designed to fit better with their political position. This is sometimes seen as somehow inauthentic or shallow. But most of us do it at some stage.
“We start off talking like our parents. We end up speaking like our peers,” says Ainsworth.
How important is social class? “The whole thing about class is you define it for yourself,” says Hickey. “You decide what class you are. And it has broadened out a lot. The established middle class where I grew up in Waterford were incredibly snobbish and superior. The working class could never get a loan from the bank, or move beyond their station. That’s changed a lot now.”
So it seems as if several things are happening simultaneously. One is an ongoing adjustment in the Dublin middle-class accent since the late 1980s. Another is the adoption of that accent by an increasing number of younger people around the country.
Add to that an increase in prosperity and a dramatic rise in the number of people entering third-level education. Finally, you have an all-pervasive globalised mass media which trades in a homogenised, informal American English.
“I think what the Celtic Tiger did was it took huge numbers of people like me,” says Howard. “And it processed them into people who speak with this total abdication of an accent. Which is nothing, it’s a nowhere accent. I suppose my accent is nowhere at the moment, which reflects my own circumstances.”
My bland accent
Howard’s accent and mine are now pretty similar – bog-standard, middle-class and blander than bland. He and I did meet many years ago, when both of us were still at school.
“I almost needed subtitles to understand you then,” says Howard. “But you do seem decidedly less posh now. Maybe I know more people like you and it’s less of a novelty.”
The Hiberno-English of the future will not be decided by middle-aged men in any case. The agents of change, says Hickey, are young women. They’re the ones who pick up on new styles in language as they do in fashion. They’ll try things on for size, keep some bits and discard others.
So does this mean that Irish English will disappear under a wave of homogenisation? “The answer is no,” says Hickey. “They’re not adopting American accents, they’re adopting certain elements of speech.”
Language and accent are powerful signifiers of national and regional identity, economic and educational status, and sometimes of beliefs and values. Language is also fluid and ever-changing.
Changes in how people around us speak can be unsettling. “People have been complaining about language decay for at least 1,000 years,” says Hickey, who is sanguine about the changes happening now. “Language is overladen with all these emotions, but it’s really not all as bad as people think.”
So don’t panic. Keep talking. And keep changing. | <urn:uuid:b0e3bf8f-90e6-40bf-add8-429daa4703e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tv-radio-web/how-the-irish-like-speak-now-1.2541111 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00341-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972334 | 3,508 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The great Latin historian Tacitus had written: "The Helvetians are a people of warriors, famous for the valour of their soldiers." This is why the Swiss Cantons, as allies first of one side and then of another, played such an important role in the history of European politics. In fact as allies of Pope Julius II in 1512 they helped to shape Italy’s destiny and were granted by the Pope the title of “Defenders of the Church’s freedom”.
May 6, the anniversary of the “Sack of Rome” is a date that has special importance for the Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps and at the same time it is closely linked to the history of the Church written in the blood of 147 of its sons. In 1527, May 6 meant death, today it means life, since on this day each year the recruits are solemnly sworn in to the Corps.
The Chaplain reads the full text of the oath:
“I swear I will faithfully, loyally and honourably serve the Supreme Pontiff Benedict XVI and his legitimate successors, and also dedicate myself to them with all my strength, sacrificing if necessary also my life to defend them. I assume this same commitment with regard to the Sacred College of Cardinals whenever the See is vacant. Furthermore I promise the Commanding Captain and my other superiors, respect, fidelity and obedience. This I swear! May God and our Holy Patrons assist me!”
Then, one by one, the new recruits are called by name. Each one advances alone, and with his left hand he grasps the Guards’ standard, holding high his right hand with three fingers open, as a symbol of the Trinity, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and he confirms the oath: “I … swear I will observe faithfully, loyally and honourably all that has now been read out to me! May God and his saints assist me!” | <urn:uuid:dd6a4ed5-b110-46dc-81b8-52745463a214> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.powercoin.it/de/cit-coin-invest-trust/249-swiss-guard-swear-500-years-papal-silber-muenze-10-fr-congo-2006.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659677.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118025529-20190118051529-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.97356 | 404 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Scientists have developed an ink based on graphene nanosheets and also demonstrated that this ink can be used for printing 3D structures. This ink based on graphene can be produced on a large scale at very low costs in an eco-friendly manner. This can result in the wide-scale development of a large variety of printable energy storage equipment.
The group of researchers led by Jingyu Sun and Zhongfan Liu from Soochow University and Beijing Graphene Institute respectively have published a study on their work in ACS Nano journal.
Sun said that their work makes use of the green synthesis of graphene nanosheets that are nitrogen-doped on a salt template with the help of chemical vapour deposition. This gives the room for exploring derived inks in the field of printable energy storage in a greater way.
A major goal in the research of graphene is to make the production of graphene possible at a wide scale assuring both high quality and affordable costs. The production methods used so far resulted in a low quality of graphene with a high number of structural defects and chemical based impurities. Thus it has not been possible to prepare good quality graphene inks.
In this new technique, researchers have used NaCl crystals for growing nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets with the help of chemical vapour deposition technique as a result of which nitrogen and carbon molecules diffuse on the surface of NaCl crystals. NaCl was chosen due to its wide availability, low cost and high water solubility. For removing sodium chloride, the coated crystals are dipped in water as a result of which NaCl dissolves leaving behind the very pure nitrogen-doped graphene cages. The last step involves giving treatment to the cages with ultrasound as a result of which they transform to two-dimensional nanosheets that are nearly 5-7 layers of graphite in thickness.
These nanosheets have very fewer defects and they are of the perfect size for printing as they are of 5 micrometres in length, whereas the bigger flakes block the nozzle. For putting to test, the actual effectiveness of the ink, a large number of 3D structures were built using the inks. Scientists used the ink as a conductive additive for electrode and then used the composite ink for printing flexible electrodes to be used in supercapacitors with a large power density.
Additionally, scientists also used the ink for printing interlayers for the Li-S batteries. These batteries showed better-enhanced performance with increased conductivity. | <urn:uuid:515a392a-8188-44a0-892a-8e5f2a3b03c4> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://sciencehook.com/technology/graphene-based-ink-for-energy-storage-device-printing-2285 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321696.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824194521-20190824220521-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.956087 | 512 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Prostate cancer is the commonest form of cancer in the Western world. Between 15 to 20 percent of men are affected by it at some time in their lives and 2.6 percent die from prostate cancer. That equates to 1,000 deaths a year in Austria. Apart from genetic factors, environmental (epigenetic) risk factors also play a role in the development of prostate cancer: proven factors include e.g. smoking, high sugar intake or high consumption of red meat. An international research team led by Shahrokh Shariat, Head of MedUni Vienna’s Department of Urology, has now conducted a meta-analysis of the risk factor of wine consumption – with a somewhat surprising result: moderate wine consumption does not generally increase the risk significantly. And: drinking a moderate amount of red wine even has a slightly protective effect.
According to Shariat, “moderate” means approximately one glass a day. The results demonstrated that the risk is not significantly increased, so long as one takes account of the other risk factors and does not smoke or eat too much sugar or red meat, as Shariat describes in his book “Prostate Cancer: Prevention. Diagnosis. Treatment.” Furthermore, the retrospective analysis of 17 high-quality studies including around 611,000 patients showed that moderate red wine consumption exhibits a slightly protective effect. Says Shariat: “This reduced the risk of developing prostate cancer by around 12 percent, whereas consuming white wine increased it by 26 percent.”
The researchers now want to find out which components of red wine have this protective effect and whether this can also be used therapeutically – for example in high-risk groups. “Indeed, it has already been shown that polyphenols, which are predominantly found in red wine, can have a protective effect in other diseases and other types of cancer,” said the urologist. Red wine contains 10x the amount of polyphenols found in white wine, which might explain the observed results.
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:55ca4749-c5a6-416a-a9fe-06fc97677b59> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://healthproblemsnews.com/health-problems/moderate-red-wine-consumption-has-a-slightly-protective-effect-against-prostate-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710218.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127073607-20221127103607-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.963268 | 424 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Starting situation – a lengthy planning process was affecting the up-to-dateness of targets and raising false expectations
The planning processes in an internationally active automotive and mechanical engineering company were long and drawn-out, and involved a series of time-consuming adjustments.
This produced not only partially excessively high budget figures at the end of the process, but also called for enormous resource requirements for planning purposes. Executing the planning using various tools without standardized rules resulted in poor transparency and limited planning reliability.
Project approach – using standardized tracking to achieve greater planning transparency
The central element was the creation of a common planning basis for the entire group. Quantifiable factors, clear acceptance rules, and explicit responsibilities were used for this.
The complex planning processes were brought under control by creating a standard action tracking tool that bundled the individual programs in the divisions. An extensive communication program was a crucial factor to ensure sustainable implementation. The key persons and all those involved in planning were trained and involved in the project from day one.
Finding – technology isn’t everything – only sustainable implementation delivers the goods
Supporting tools are essential in complex planning situations. However, these frequently tend to involve a high level of complexity, and therefore a lack of transparency. On the other hand, the speed and reliability of the planning process can be increased only if users are familiar with the new planning tools and processes from the outset. Communication and training during the introduction are important in this context. Established process structures can be transformed and planning tools customized for the individual company only if they are accompanied by intensive monitoring.
- Substantial improvement in planning quality and transparency, along with a reduction in the process time required
- Enhanced focus on developing and integrating measures through integration in a common planning tool | <urn:uuid:236306c2-8f93-4133-b1f3-9872d3ea4f90> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://sternstewart.com/competencies/projekte/34_revolution-instead-of-evolution.html?id_cat=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427766.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170729112938-20170729132938-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.950504 | 353 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A threshing crew consisted of fifteen or more men who cut the grain, gathered it into sheaves and hauled it by wagon to the threshing machine. The demand for extra help at harvest was so great that shipping companies and rail lines lowered their fares so that British men could come to Canada to work. For instance, 12,000 Brits came for the harvest of 1923, of which 80 percent did not go home, according to the Saskatchewan GenWeb Project online.
It was noisy, dusty, heavy work. No doubt, they worked up huge appetites for which they were fed three solid meals a day, plus coffee breaks, by the farm women.
This recipe for Harvest Cakes was included in the Pion-Era Cookbook No. 2 published in 1967. It was submitted by M. Purdy of Saskatoon, no doubt of British heritage, who notes, "This recipe was my great grandmother's. They were made for the mid-morning and mid-afternoon lunches for the harvesters, served with coffee."
The brief instructions say "make a soft dough as for biscuits" and "bake in a quick oven." I have revised it to take out the guesswork. If you're not feeding a crowd, you can halve the recipe.
4 cups flour
1 tsp baking powder
1 tsp baking soda
1 tsp salt
1 tsp nutmeg
1 cup sugar
3/4 cup shortening
1 cup raisins
1 1/2 cups buttermilk
In a large bowl, sift together flour, baking powder, baking soda, salt and nutmeg. Stir in sugar. Cut the shortening (hard butter, margarine or lard) into small chunks and mix into the flour with a pastry blender and your fingers. Rub the shortening into the flour until the mixture resembles coarse sand. Stir in the raisins.
Pour in the buttermilk, stirring briskly with a fork to combine. Turn the dough onto a floured surface and knead briefly, about 30 seconds. Roll the dough to a thickness of 1/4 inch and cut with a round cookie cutter. Bake on a cookie sheet at 375F until lightly brown, 12-15 minutes.
Do you have a prairie recipe with a story? Send me a comment. Follow at twitter.com/prairiefeast.
This column first appeared in the Saskatoon Star Phoenix. | <urn:uuid:93457efb-7090-4a2d-9fa9-24588451a09f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://homefordinner.blogspot.com/2013/10/prairie-cooking-harvest-cakes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689900.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924081752-20170924101752-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.958807 | 502 | 2.59375 | 3 |
1 Answer | Add Yours
The novel officially begins on April 4th 1984 (the reverse year of when Orwell wrote the novel which was 1948, thus he was writing about a future dystopia). The day is described as "a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen" with a "vile wind" blowing (p.3). This time of season and weather condition adds to the bleakness of the mood being created by Orwell as the novel opens. The clocks striking an hour which does not exist in a regular striking clock pattern is also significant as it foreshadows a society which has made major structural changes to basic institutions to suit its own purposes.
We know the date is April 4th because Winston has plucked up the courage to start writing a diary, which is a highly illegal act in itself attracting harsh punishments. It is significant that Winston, even though a government employee, cannot be sure of the exact date. He is only guessing based on his age of which he appears to be not entirely certain. This helps the reader to form a picture of a society where the citizenry are shielded from even knowing the most basic information related to exact time, suggesting it must be one of many measures to keep them ill informed for the sake of maintaining control.
We’ve answered 327,623 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:01a4d93b-f216-49e7-b1d9-59f5801018db> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/when-does-novel-begin-448485 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983243 | 280 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Heart and Vascular Care
Mitral Valve Disease and Surgery
Mitral valve disease is the most common heart valve abnormality and affects 5 to 10 percent of the population. Patients often have no symptoms of the disease, which can lead to heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms if left untreated.
At Sharp Memorial Hospital, we offer several minimally invasive surgical options to repair or replace mitral valves (also known as bicuspid valves) with a faster recovery and less pain than traditional open surgeries.
About mitral valve regurgitation
The most common defect with the mitral valve is when it does not close properly, allowing blood to leak backward into the lungs and cause shortness of breath. This condition is called mitral valve regurgitation. Over time, regurgitation will cause the heart muscle to grow weaker and can lead to congestive heart failure.
What causes mitral valve regurgitation?
Mitral valve regurgitation is often caused by degenerative mitral valve disease, also known as "floppy valve syndrome."
Hallmarks of degenerative mitral valve disease include weakness and a thickening of the heart leaflets and their supporting structures. Other causes of a leaky valve include scarring from rheumatic heart disease, infection of the mitral valve, congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve and a weakened and dilated heart muscle (usually from previous heart attacks) that causes the two mitral leaflets to be pulled apart.
What are the symptoms?
Most people with mitral valve disease have no symptoms, but those who do complain of fatigue, palpitations, chest pain and anxiety.
Mitral valve procedures and surgery options
At Sharp, our expert cardiac specialists perform the following options for mitral valve treatment:
Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery
In minimally invasive mitral valve surgery, the incision is much smaller — about 3 inches instead of the 6 to 8 inches required for traditional cardiac surgery. The surgery can be completed with small incisions through the lower breastbone — which means a shorter healing time and hospital stay, less scarring, reduced pain and a lower chance of infection.
Maze procedure and mitral valve repair
Surgeons perform maze surgery to treat chronic atrial fibrillation (AFib), a fast, irregular heart rhythm where the upper chambers of the heart contract in an uncoordinated fashion. AFib is dangerous because it can cause blood to pool in the upper chambers, leading to blood clots. A stroke can occur if a blood clot travels from the heart and blocks a small artery in the brain.
The procedure typically adds only about 20 to 30 minutes to the surgery and can be effective in eliminating AFib. Many patients who receive both a mitral valve repair and a maze procedure no longer need to take long-term blood-thinning medications.
The mini-maze procedure is often performed on patients suffering from mitral valve disease and AFib. Tiny incisions are created in the chest and an energy source is used to block the arrhythmia's path. This minimally invasive procedure does not require opening the chest, so it has a shorter recovery time than more invasive surgical options.
The MitraClip®procedure is a treatment for patients unable to have open-heart surgery due to age or other medical conditions. The device is inserted through the femoral vein — a blood vessel in the leg — to clip together a portion of the mitral valve, allowing the heart to pump blood more efficiently.
To learn more about heart valve surgery at Sharp Memorial Hospital, send us an email and a cardiac specialist will contact you directly. To learn more about heart valve repair and replacement, read Frequently Asked Questions About Minimally Invasive Heart Valve Repair Surgery.
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"My goals are to advocate for the patient and to prevent cardiac emergencies by practicing preventive medicine."
"I make sure my patients are supported and informed to lead healthy, productive lives."
"I strive to provide the best medical care and to be considerate, attentive and sympathetic to patients complaints." | <urn:uuid:0dca880a-7f10-4674-bb8a-e4e44cd253fd> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.sharp.com/services/heart/cardiac-vascular-conditions/mitral-valve-disease.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746800.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120211528-20181120233528-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.916111 | 927 | 2.96875 | 3 |
B Vitamin Info
Wednesday, May 01, 2013
Excerpt from Daily Health News Email
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that is vital for the day-to-day metabolic processes of cells. It affects the development and maintenance of red blood cells, nerve cells, and normal myelination (covering) of nerve cells, and it aids in the production of DNA and RNA, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
A study, published in the journal Public Library of Science One, found that B vitamins — folic acid, vitamin B6 and B12 in particular — affect the levels of homocysteine in the brain and help slow the rate of brain shrinkage.
The average brain shrinks at a rate of 0.5 per cent a year after the age of 60. The brains of those with mild cognitive impairment shrink twice as fast. Alzheimer's patients have brain shrinkage of 2.5 per cent a year. This is why researchers believe Vitamin B12 is important in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
We can obtain vitamin B12 only from animal foods, including dairy, eggs, meat, fish, poultry, and shellfish, so vegetarians and vegans are often at risk for B12 deficiency.
Those on chronic acid-suppressing medications, some oral contraceptives and certain blood pressure medications like hydrochlorothiazide are at risk for vitamin B12 depletion.
In addition, older people may lose the ability to absorb vitamin B12 from food & need to take it in supplemental form to maintain adequate levels. | <urn:uuid:f7401d99-5f16-4173-b5cc-7012a5a3f239> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.sparkpeople.com/mypage_public_journal_individual.asp?blog_id=5341465 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00316-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905587 | 321 | 3.234375 | 3 |
A string has a particular length in bytes. The number of characters in that string will be equal to the number of bytes if and only if each character in the string is represented by a single byte. This is true, for example, for English letters. For representations (i.e., encodings) that use more than one byte to represent some or all characters, the number of characters will be less than the number of bytes*. It is not possible, for example, to represent all possible Chinese characters with a byte.
So, iconv_strlen, given an encoding, will try to count the number of characters in the string. The byte sequence is the order of bytes in the string. For a string containing Chinese, using UTF8 encoding, you might, for example, have a 20-byte string that has 14 characters.
*It could be more, if a character is represented by less than one byte. | <urn:uuid:d3031698-e99b-4105-bcf7-fdcd267b7de2> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6086046/php-iconv-strlen-meaning-question | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936468546.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074108-00132-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896448 | 189 | 4.0625 | 4 |
||This article may document a neologism in such a manner as to promote it. (August 2013)|
Multipotentiality is an educational and psychological term referring to the ability of a person, particularly one of intellectual or artistic curiosity, to excel in two or more different fields. It can also refer to an individual whose interests span multiple fields or areas, rather than being strong in just one. Such individuals are called "multipotentialites." On the contrary, those whose interests lie mostly within a single field are called "specialists."
While the term multipotentialite can be used interchangeably with polymath or Renaissance Person, the terms are not identical. One need not be an expert in any particular field to be a multipotentialite. Other terms used to refer to multipotentialites are scanners, slashers, and multipods, among others.
While there is some dispute as to the degree of prevalence of this phenomenon, it is a significant problem for those who experience it, leading to overscheduling, high stress levels, confusion, paralysis by analysis, and impulsive or conformist choices in gifted children, and to feelings of social alienation, purposelessness, apathy and depression in the brightest of adults. Boredom is also a frequent occurrence in multipotentialites who have already "mastered" or learned everything they desire to know about a particular topic before moving on.
Leonardo da Vinci may be the best historical example of an acknowledged genius who struggled with the difficulties associated with multipotentiality. He failed to complete many of the projects he started, and has been quoted as saying: "I have wasted my hours" and "I have offended God and mankind because my work did not reach the quality it should have."
- Puttylike, a Home for Multipotentialites
- Multipotentiality: When High Ability Leads to Too Many Options
|This psychology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:6db8cc5f-bee2-4d8e-8cb4-4ea50e5a375a> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipotentiality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115863063.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161103-00067-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941416 | 414 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Previous Challenge Entry (Level 3 - Advanced)
Topic: Foreign Language (12/09/10)
By Dana McReynolds
LEAVE COMMENT ON ARTICLE
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ADD TO MY FAVORITES
In a faraway land,
Trying to be Jesus’ hands.
Observing how they live,
What help could I possibly give?
Coming in multitudes,
For medicine, water and food.
They’re dying to be heard,
But all I hear are jumbled words.
Each has their own story,
Help me to interpret their pleas.
Just look into their eyes,
Listen to the sound of their cries.
A hug, a loving lap,
A touch can bridge the language gap.
Little smiles filled with joy,
At the prospect of one small toy.
Of all the gifts we bring,
They marvel at the smallest things.
Parents’ eyes show relief,
Just to know their children will eat.
Though words may be unknown,
The smiles and tears are like our own.
All people big and small,
Love can be understood by all.
The opinions expressed by authors may not necessarily reflect the opinion of FaithWriters.com.
Accept Jesus as Your Lord and Savior Right Now - CLICK HERE
JOIN US at FaithWriters for Free. Grow as a Writer and Spread the Gospel. | <urn:uuid:100b80b0-de16-45bb-a9d5-8c1d00594162> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.faithwriters.com/wc-article-level3-previous.php?id=37919 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825464.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022203758-20171022223758-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.83508 | 301 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Scientists and forest agency officials yesterday said they see a link between climate change and the record-breaking 2015 wildfire season.
Parsing the exact role a changing climate played in the historic burns can be challenging, especially in Western forests overstocked with woody kindling due to decades of fire suppression and a relatively hands-off forest management policy. But, experts agreed, there is clear evidence that a warmer, drier climate played a central role.
“We do see a climate change signal in the fire seasons we’re having,” said Jennifer Jones, a public affairs specialist with the Forest Service’s office of fire and aviation management. “It’s climate change, it’s hazardous fuel buildup, it’s nonnative species invasions, it’s insect infestations. Climate change is part of that, but in any given season, it’s impossible to know how much.”
More than 10.1 million acres of U.S. forests—private, state and federal—were scorched last year, marking 2015 as the most extensive and expensive fire season on record, according to numbers released Wednesday by the Forest Service. The agency was forced to “borrow” three times from non-firefighting funds to pay for fire suppression. The agency reported spending more than $2.6 billion, or 52 percent of its budget, on firefighting efforts in 2015 (Greenwire, Jan. 7).
A little more than half of those acres, 5.1 million, burned in Alaska. As it has for the past few years, fire season came early to the Last Frontier.
What little snow did fall melted away quickly when warmer-than-average temperatures hit the state in March and April, said Tim Mowry, public information officer for the Alaska Division of Forestry. A deluge of lightning strikes helped ignite hundreds of fires over the course of the dry summer months.
“Our fire seasons have been starting earlier and lasting longer, and we’ve tended to have bigger fire seasons and more acreages burned,” he said. A few years ago, the Division of Forestry moved up the beginning of fire season from May 1 to April 1 in acknowledgement of the longer fire season.
Pinpointing the impacts of climate change is hard to do, Mowry added, but four of the 10 largest fire seasons in the state have occurred since 2004, an “indication there is something going on.”
‘Stressed out’ trees and unhealthy landscapes
In the West, a combination of factors fueled a fierce fire season. Warm springtime temperatures, prolonged drought in the West, gusty winds and shifts in precipitation from snowpack to rainfall marked the 2015 season, according to the National Interagency Fire Center.
Penelope Morgan, a professor and fire ecologist at the University of Idaho, said there “is no doubt” changes in climate are contributing to an uptick in fires, especially across the West. In Idaho, where Morgan’s work is focused, the fire season has grown 32 days since 1984. High fire years, she said, almost exclusively are marked by warmer-than-average spring seasons followed by warm, dry summers.
Although scientists aren’t sure exactly how warming temperatures will manifest under climate change, Morgan said that “chances are good as it gets warmer we’ll get more dry years in the future.”
Not only will fires get larger and more frequent, but water in streams and in soils will decrease. Low moisture played a role in the 2015 season, said Frankie Romero, a Forest Service fire and fuels specialist with the National Interagency Fire Center.
In many parts of the drought-stricken West, the Forest Service observed tree mortality even in places where fires were not severe.
“Vegetation is drying out quicker and is less able to withstand the impact of fire when it passes through,” he said. “A lot of these trees were stressed-out enough that a little bit of disturbance caused them to throw in the towel.”
In addition, Romero said, in some places, fire management officials have observed more instances of extreme fire behavior.
“The acreage, 10 million, that by itself is a concern to us mostly because we know we’re behind the curve in getting our landscapes into healthy conditions,” he said.
Living with fire
A Forest Service report released in November found the agency performed restoration treatments on 4.6 million acres in 2014, which is 400,000 more acres than it treated in 2011. Progress, however, is threatened by the increasing cost of fighting wildfires. The goal of forest management is to restore the ecological health of forests so they become more resilient to fire. Thinning and controlled burns are the two most common practices (Greenwire, Nov. 10, 2015).
Driven by drought and low snowpack, 2015 broke all the records in Washington state. As Ryan Haugo, a senior fire ecologist with the Nature Conservancy, explained, “It was a traumatizing fire season.”
In preparing for future condition under climate change, he falls into the camp that looks to forest management as a way to build resilience. Areas that have received treatment look vastly different from those that have not, he said, citing a recent example.
Ponderosa pines, a species typically well-adapted to fire, almost completely perished in an untreated area hit by the Taylor Bridge Fire, which blazed out of control during the hot summer months of 2012. Fires ignited in September and allowed to burn themselves out in a controlled manner produced forest landscapes where smaller trees were burned and killed, but larger ones survived.
The effect is “patchy” and should prevent future fire from charring the entire landscape, Haugo said. Charred landscapes affect hydrological cycles and biodiversity and are more susceptible to things like mudslides. Severe fires also increase the change of forestlands being unable to recover and shifting to grasslands.
Morgan at the University of Idaho agrees that the forest and fire communities will need to do more to account for climate change. She said fire is inevitable, and even as federal fire policy is flexible enough to bolster resources for improving forest health, the quandary falls to humanity to learn how to live with fire.
“I think we have the tools, but having the many different kinds of conversations we need to have and accepting we can’t put out all fires will be tough,” she said. “It’s probably going to lead to different ways of managing where we live and how we live as people.”
Reprinted from Climatewire with permission from Environment & Energy Publishing, LLC. www.eenews.net, 202-628-6500 | <urn:uuid:d9f67357-dd91-4a65-b9f0-c919f0448c17> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/global-warming-helped-exacerbate-biggest-year-ever-for-u-s-wildfires/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506640.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116104719-20210116134719-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.955031 | 1,412 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Garbarakshambigai Temple is an ancient temple in the Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu. Goddess Garbharakshambika is a form of shakti who cures infertility in women and also blesses pregnant women with a safe delivery. ‘Garbha’ means Pregnancy, ‘Raksha’ means ‘To protect’ and ‘Ambigai’ is a name of Parvati.
|Temple Timings||5:30 am to 12:30 pm, 4:00 pm to 8:00 pm|
|Location||Tanjore, Tamil Nadu|
|Poojas||Pregnancy Ghee, Delivery Castor Oil|
What are the timings of Garbarakshambigai Temple?
Here are the timings of Garbarakshambigai Temple:
|Morning Darshan||5:30 am to 12:30 pm|
|Evening Darshan||4:00 pm to 8:00 pm|
|Abhishekam||8:00 am to 8:30 am|
What is the history of Garbarakshambigai Temple?
According to the history of Garbarakshambigai temple, sages Gowthama and Gargeya did penance in a garden of mullai flowers. Sage Nithuvar was living here with his wife Vedhika. Then, one day when Sage Nithuvar was away, sage Urdhvapada visited the garden. But Vedhika was asleep and didn’t show hospitality.
She was having pains due to pregnancy but Urdhvapada unaware of her difficulties got angry. He thought that she didn’t bother to wake up and hence, cursed her. The curse caused a lot of pain and she thought she would lose the child.
So, she prayed to Goddess Parvathi to help her. Goddess Parvati took the avatar of Garbarakshambigai and appeared before Vedhika. She protected the child in herwomb by holding it in a “kalasam ” – divine pot. When Vedhika cried as she was not able to feed the baby with her milk, a sacred cow came in front of the temple and made a lake of sacred milk.
Vedhika prayed to Goddess Garbarakshambigai to remain in the temple forever and bless all women with their difficulties.
The temple is spread over a wide expanse with huge towering Gopurams and a beautiful water tank in front of it. The main sanctum of this temple has the Shiva lingam and Goddess Garbharakshambika is situated to the left of the Shiva temple. It is believed that the Nandi at this temple is in Swayambhu vigraham (Self manifested).
What is the significance of Garbarakshambigai Temple?
The significance of Garbarakshambigai temple is that the Shiva Lingam in the sanctum is Swayambu, made up of ant hill mud. Therefore no water abhishekam is done for this idol. But, the Lingam is only pasted with Punugu. Devotees also believe that people with incurable diseases can offer “Punugu Chattam.”
Moreover, goddess Garbarakshambigai is the goddess of mercy to bless women with gift of childbirth and safe pregnancy. Hence, she is the supreme personality of Motherhood. Her beautiful idol is about 7 feet tall and has beautiful kanjeevaram sarees and exquisite jewellery.
What are the festivals celebrated at Garbarakshambigai Temple?
Some of the festivals celebrated at Garbaratchambigai temple are:
- Vaikasi Brahmotsavams: Vaikasi Brahmotsavam commenced in a grand manner at this temple. Amid Vedic chants and recitals of verses from scriptures, the priests perform the rituals in the temple. There are processions and large number of people participate in them.
- Navratri: Navarathri is celebrated for 10 days in the month Purattasi. Every year the beginning of summer and the beginning of winter are the times when devotees worship the divine power during Navratri. The most important Navratri in a year is the Sharadiya Navratra.
- Margazhi utsavam: Margazhi festival is celebrated at all temples in Tamil Nadu and India. Mainly the celebrations of this festival take place in all Vishnu temples and Shiva temples. Another importance of margazhi is that devotees read Tamil Holy Scriptures “Thiruppavai” and “Thiruvempavai” during this month.
- Panguni Uthiram: Panguni Uthiram is a day of importance to Hindus especially those who belong to Tamil nadu. It falls on the day the moon transits in the asterism of Uttara-phalguni. The day connotes the wedding of Goddess Parvati and Lord Shiva, Lord Muruga and Devasena and other celestial couples. According to Ramayana, it is also on this day that Sita married Rama.
- Thirukkarthigai: Tamil Nadu celebrates Karthigai Deepam as the traditional festival. This festival of lights involves lighting lights almost anywhere to put an end to darkness. People believe that the light will make people close with Lord Shiva on Karthigai Deepam. Lord Shiva will shed all his blessings during this special time of the year.
What are the Poojas and Rituals of Garbarakshambigai?
The poojas and rituals of Garbaratchambigai temple are:
- Women who come here to pray for pregnancy and childbirth just offer flowers and do archana for goddess.
- Virgins who fail to find suitable grooms for a long time should come to this Garbarakshambigai temple in person. They should wash the steps with a little ghee draw ‘Kolam’ and perform Archana to the Goddess.
- The childless couples offer ghee at the feet of the Goddess Garbarakshambigai. They should consume a little of the ghee as prasad at night daily for about 48 days and the woman will conceive.
- The women who are expecting deliveries should offer castor oil at the feet of Sri Garbarakshambigai. During labor pains, one should apply this oil on their abdomen and devotees believe that it removes all complications of deliveries.
- Kattalai Archanai takes place on the particular date of the stars and the temple sends prasadams on monthly basis. Pregnant women consume it during their pregnancy period.
- Women light up eleven lamps and pray for the safe delivery. On performing the Garbarakshambigai Homa, childless couples attain parenthood and pregnant women undergo safe delivery.
How to reach Garbarakshambigai Temple?
Here’s how to reach Garbarakshambigai temple:
- Air: The nearest airport is in Trichy.
- Rail: The nearest railway station is the Papanasam railway station.
- Road: Thirukarukavur is present on Thanjavur-Kumbakonam main road. Several buses ply between Papanasam and Saliyamangalam at 30 minutes interval.Papanasam is 25 kms from Thanjavur and then to Thirukarukavur 6 kms from Papanasam.
Where to stay near temple?
Some of the places where one can stay near Garbarakshambigai temple are:
- Hotel Simran Heritage Contact: Station Road, Moudhapara, Near Fafadih Chowk
- Hotel Pace Contact: 217, Pace City I, Sector 10A, Near Hero Honda Chowk
- Manyaa Hotels Contact: Khasra No. 500, Khandsa Chowk, Opposite Sector 10 A, Before Sector 37 Industrial Area
- Motel Melfort Contact: Raj Nagar, Near Delhi Jaipur Highway, Raj Nagar Mod
- Gautam Retreat Contact: M-200, South City I, Behind Unitech House
What are some temples nearby?
Some of the temples near Garbarakshambigai temple are:
- Brihadeeswarar Temple: Thanjavur Brihadeeswara temple is one of the most ancient temple, situated in the city of Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu, India. The complex that houses the main sanctum is popular as the ‘Periya Kovil’. Thanjavur had the distinction of specifically being a religious city with the temple in the centre.
- Gangaikonda Cholapuram: The presiding deity of this temple is Lord Shiva. The temple is famous for having the biggest Shivalingam, with a 4 meter Lingam in South India. The majestic entrance of the sanctum has beautiful image of Goddess Saraswathi.
- Darasuram Temple: Raja Raja Chola built this temple for Lord Siva, and it is either famous as Drasuram temple or Airavateswara Temple. The main mandapam of this temple is in the form of a chariot with horses. The steps are stones, which give different musical sounds when people tap them.
- Tirumanancheri Temple: This temple is quite famous among the devotees from the Hindu community who wish to find suitable life partners for marriage or in order to overcome. All times are auspicious since Lord Shiva and Parvathy are in a bliss here always. The shrine of Thirumananjeri is has close relation with legends that tell the story of Shiva’s marriage to Parvati. | <urn:uuid:8f201743-d8b6-4d8e-80d4-f2ea22e5a362> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://myoksha.com/garbarakshambigai-temple/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392057.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527013445-20200527043445-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.922766 | 2,077 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Another NAIDOC week is coming to an end. The issues and questions it highlights, though, reverberate throughout the year. And not just for people of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent. These are primary influences on every aspect of Australian identity and culture that most of us think about too seldom and too superficially, if we consider them at all.
Women, men and children descended from any one of 500 Aboriginal nations of Australia can lay proud claim to belonging to the longest surviving culture on earth. The celebratory aspects of Indigenous culture and identity are undeniable, creating a momentous, perhaps unparalleled testament to survival as well as harmony with the physical environment as a central spiritual practice. There is quite exceptional depth and tenacity in this story. We ignore it at our peril.
There is also unspeakable suffering: unspeakable and unheard. What’s not heard, after all, can be set aside. That’s why the current government’s hasty misrepresentation of the 2017 Uluru Statement from the Heart was not just crass and insulting; it was a massive missed opportunity to benefit Australians as a whole and Australia as a nation.
What was proposed – in response to a direct request from the federal government - was a “First Nations Voice”, an opportunity for the government of the day to consult with Indigenous leaders and utilise their experiences on all matters of direct concern to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in urban, rural and remote communities where needs can be very different.
Entitlement to a legitimised, constitutionally protected “voice” for Indigenous people should be self-evident. So should that long-standing claim for a treaty, formally acknowledging that the first settlers came not to an “empty land” but to a unique continent where multiple nations co-existed for 70,000 years. To put this into context, the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand was signed in 1840. The treaty process in Canada began in 1701 and in 1995 a process called the “Inherent Right to Self-Government Policy” was launched to improve the lives of all Canadians through working more mutually with First Nations people.
In 2018, Australia is the sole Commonwealth country where a First Nations Treaty does not yet exist at federal level. And where it is apparently acceptable for the Minister for Indigenous Affairs to be non-Indigenous. (Perhaps not too surprising when we remember that in 2013 Tony Abbott appointed himself minister for women.)
Men deciding what’s best for women, non-Indigenous deciding for Indigenous …the disempowerment can seem inevitable. But it shouldn’t. Such thinking assumes that the rest of Australia has little to learn from diverse Indigenous cultures. (What a loss.) As seriously, it prolongs the myth that politicians are more entitled to make decisions on behalf of Indigenous people than they themselves.
This is not to discount the huge problems in many - but by no means all - communities with high Indigenous populations. Visionary responses must be found to address family violence, lives wrecked by addiction, massively disproportionate incarceration of young men and increasingly of women, youth suicide, housing and job insecurity, continuing loss of language and culture, plus a tragic gap in health outcomes and life expectancy. But who should bring fresh responses? Who should freely say, “This is working. This is what we want.”? Who should speak on behalf of us all to the problems of excessive land use and inadequate land, water and ocean regeneration? Who?
It is not just grossly patronising for white Australia to “decide” for Indigenous Australia, it is also endangering. The Uluru Statement from the Heart sought to establish a voice to government because the interventions this would bring are so needed. Entrenched structural disempowerment, too few culturally appropriate health, social and legal services, along with discriminatory assumptions about Indigenous people across all social classes, directly influence not just health outcomes but life quality and life expectancy.
Social class and opportunity already account for a difference in life expectancy in Australia of around 13 years. Regardless of class, an Indigenous child can expect to live 10 years less than the non-Indigenous child next door. This is more than unjust. It’s a national scandal and a blight on our shared future. The Australian Medical Association is now actively drawing attention to the social determinants including stress, social exclusion, isolation and lack of empowerment which impede health outcomes – and which can be changed.
Poor health and shortened life expectancy are surely the greatest of the disadvantages Indigenous Australians experience. It matters then that it is health services provided by and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people that are achieving increasingly better outcomes. Across Australia, Aboriginal-controlled community health services model effective action. There are currently 140 of these services run by Aboriginal people. There could be more, particularly to fill gaps via satellite and outreach services. But this isn’t just about numbers. These are stories of recognition, trust, insiders’ knowledge, respect for culture as well as for individuals. The combination is potent. And repeatable.
“A sense of control over one’s life is crucial to a healthy life,” says Dr Tim Woodruff of the Doctors Reform Society. “The more control, the better the health outcome.” And while that’s something all Australians aspire to, it would surely seem that for Indigenous Australia, the interconnecting picture of empowerment, voice and dignity, track and reflect the very nature of existence.
Stephanie Dowrick is a New Zealand-born writer and social commentator with close family in NSW and the Northern Territory. Her books include Seeking the Sacred. Elizabeth Farrelly is on leave. | <urn:uuid:6b2d7232-6efb-478c-89d7-aecb4d9a1951> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/the-national-scandal-that-blights-our-shared-future-20180712-p4zr5a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744381.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118135147-20181118161147-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.948638 | 1,171 | 2.8125 | 3 |
We talked about different types of coordinate axis used in esProc in esProc Charts: Coordinate Axes and learned that a chart element can be plotted on the coordinate plane after defining a pair of axes. From this article, we’ll discuss how to plot a chart according to specified position starting from the simplest dot element.
1. Dots and their data properties
The dot is one of the most basic chart elements. A dot needs merely one pair of logical coordinates to be positioned. When using sequences to set coordinate values, we can plot multiple dots.
Below is the plotting algorithm for a scatter chart showing population in some cities:
|2||=demo.query(“select NAME,POPULATION from STATES where STATEID<6”)|
A1 creates a canvas. A2 retrieves data for plotting the chart:
A3 plots a white background. A4 plots an enumeration axis, x, as the horizontal axis and A5 designs a numeric axis, y, as the vertical axis.
A6 designs the dot element, which is the focus in this article.
A7 draws the chart as follows:
As can be seen, the colors of dots are by default automatically generated. Next, using this plotting algorithm, we’ll learn about plotting properties of the dots and get preliminary understanding about the common properties of the frequently used chart elements.
A chart element’s data properties are for plotting its physical coordinates. A dot element can be positioned by only one pair of coordinates. Generally two logical axes are needed to define logical coordinates for a chart element. Values or expressions for logical coordinates of the two axes will be set respectively. Nor particular order is required for the two logical axes, but they should be a fixed pair, an x-axis and a y-axis, or a polar axis and a radial axis, for instance.
Here the data of logical coordinates on both axes – A2.(NAME) and A2.(POPULATION) – are sequences, which means there are multiple pairs of coordinates for plotting multiple points.
2. Appearance properties
To plot a scatter chart, we can set the marker style and fill color, properties of the boundary lines and other properties for the dots. For example, modify A6’s plotting parameters to set appearance properties of the dots:
Set Marker style as the shape of diamond, change Line color to light blue, increase Marker weight to 6 pixels and change Fill color to pink gradient. With the modification, the plotting result is:
As can be seen from the chart, the appearance of the dots has changed according to the setting. The Marker weight property is for plotting the pixels of the dot’s radius. To make the size of the dots match their logical coordinates, set Radius 1 and Radius 2 property which respectively correspond to the logical axes – Axis1 and Axis 2 – in the data property setting. The width and height of the dots will be calculated from the specified logical coordinate values.
To have each dot has a distinct appearance, use a sequence of plotting parameters. Among A6’s plotting parameters, modify fill colors of the dots:
Then A7’s plotting result is:
When using a sequence to set the properties, the sequence will be used repeatedly if its length is short.
Sometimes we need to add label beside each dot in a scatter chart. To do this, we can edit text properties in the property setting interface. Modify the chart in the preceding section, for example, by setting the text properties as follows:
Set Text as the number of population, and specify the desired Text font, Text size and Text color. Thus the plotting result is as follows:
The labels are displayed above dots according to their set properties.
4. Common properties of chart elements
There are some common properties for the most used chart elements, like the visibility and transparency, about which we have had some basic understanding through scatter chart plotting. Edit A6’s plotting parameters to modify the plotting algorithm for the scatter chart:
Change the Transparency value for the chart element to 0.5 and check Shadow. The plotting result is this:
We can see that the modification of Transparency has faded the dot’s colors and made them more transparent. Checking Shadow creates slight shadows to the lower right of the dot. Besides, setting Visible as false will hide the chart elements. The Allow text overlapping property is similar to that of the axis labels mentioned in esProc Charts: The Axis Element. During the plotting of a set of chart elements, if this property is set as false, an element that overlaps some part of an existing one not be plotted. | <urn:uuid:327fe7e5-2d66-4b65-b40e-04527979f2a7> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://blog.raqsoft.com/?p=3847 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887832.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119065719-20180119085719-00649.warc.gz | en | 0.819592 | 969 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Know the Anatomy of your Roof Before Repairing
Entry #2514, June 12, 2013
If you own a home for long enough, odds are that it will eventually require some type of roof repair, or even roof replacement. Although someone with home improvement or construction skills might choose to give it a shot themselves, the vast majority will hire a roofing company, to ensure that it’s done correctly. However, if you don’t know a thing about roofing, it can be quite difficult to make sense of some of the terms you might come across.
Image via: Johnston Architects
Here’s a list of the major components of a roof, along with a brief description of each one:
Decking or Sheathing
Sheathing (also called decking) is a layer of panels that goes over the rafters, usually made of some type of wood materials. This is the layer that the shingles and other layers will be nailed to, while also providing an additional layer of protection.
A dormer is a type of structure that protrudes from a sloped roof. Dormers have a roof of their own and are typically used to surround attic windows, porches and garages. In homes with attics, they can actually add a bit more interior space to an otherwise cramped upstairs room. They can also be used as a means of letting in more natural sunlight and ventilation from above, without the window being at the same angle as the roof.
As its name implies, a drip edge is installed early in roof construction to direct water straight off the roof, rather than down the edges. Without one, water that runs down the edges can warp and rot the wood, leading to otherwise unnecessary and expensive repairs. Most drip edges today are made from aluminum, although they can also be made from a wide range of materials, including plastic and vinyl.
The fascia is simply a trim piece used to cover the ends of the rafters. It’s installed horizontally below the roofline and is the piece to which the gutters are typically attached. Because it’s visible, the fascia is usually painted to match the rest of the house.
Image via: Dan Nelson, Designs Northwest Architects
Flashing includes pieces of metal that act as molding in areas that are prone to heavy water runoff. The idea is to keep water from penetrating the intersecting areas around protruding objects like chimneys and dormers, as well as any vulnerable joints and valleys.
A gable is a roof-style where the walls at each end of the house come up in a triangular shape above the main living area, supporting two identical roof surfaces that meet in a ridge at the top. This type of design is typically less-expensive to build and quite popular, however it may require extra bracing at each end, in areas that are prone to high winds.
A hip is an area where two sloping sections of the roof meet at an outward angle. There are several varieties of hipped roofs that can be created, from simple pyramid-like roofs with equal sides to cross hipped varieties, that resemble two hipped buildings assembled at an angle, as well as some more aesthetically-appealing variations on these designs.
These are the individual beams that make up the roof truss. There are various types of rafters with different names such as “common rafters” and “valley rafters.” These terms describe their particular function or location, within the larger framework.
The ridge is simply the top edge of a roof, where the two main sloped sides meet, that extends the full length of the structure. Ridges are often ventilated and usually covered with shingles, to protect against any type of buildup that might result in a costly leak.
This is the skeletal framework around which the roof is constructed. Most roof trusses are made of wood and because there’s so much flexibility in how a truss is put together, a wide variety of roof-shapes can be created from it.
While some roofs are constructed with the ends hanging off the edge and uncovered, a horizontal piece called a soffit is used on others, primarily for cosmetic reasons, to cover the open area beneath the overhang. Some soffits are ventilated, which can extend the life of the roof by keeping it cooler in hot weather.
Image via: Simpson Design Group Architects
A starter strip is made of shingle material in a full row, adhered to the edge of the overhanging
portion of the roof. Its purpose is to keep the underside of the next layer of shingles from being lifted up by a strong gust of wind, which could potentially pull the above layers of shingles up with them.
Also known as tar paper or felt paper, underlayment is applied directly over the sheathing to keep the wood dry, while the rest of the layers are added. Once the shingles are in place, it simply serves as an additional protective layer. The name “tar paper” is used because traditional underlayment (still widely in use today) is basically a paper-like product coated with liquid asphalt, although there are several alternative materials today that are commonly used for the same purpose.
Image via: Paul Moon Design
A valley is an area where two sloping sections of the roof meet, creating an inward angle. They’re a common area for leakage because of a tendency for branches, leaves and other debris to accumulate there, impeding proper drainage.
Although there are other terms you might encounter when dealing with a roofing company, these are the most important ones, because they give you a better idea of what’s involved in repairing or replacing a roof. It goes without saying that a well-informed customer can make better decisions and avoid paying for something they don’t really need, especially with something that’s already quite involved and expensive.
Michael M. Bazile is a retired roofer who has lots of free time. A passionate blogger, he now loves to help others by sharing his home improvement wisdom on various blog sites.
For more maintenance tips on Stagetecture, click here. | <urn:uuid:5e38ccf1-67df-4741-a204-f68dfb525798> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://stagetecture.com/2013/06/guest-blogger-know-the-anatomy-of-your-roof-before-repairing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657868.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00137-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956429 | 1,281 | 2.734375 | 3 |
A super-efficient and completely soundless wind turbine developed by a Dutch company aims to enable every household to generate its own wind energy. Officially unveiled today, the shell-shaped Liam F1 Urban Wind Turbine offers much better efficiency compared with conventional designs. Its shape, modelled after the perfectly logarithmic spiral of a Nautilus shell, allows the turbine to always position itself at the best angle towards the direction of the wind, achieving efficiency which is about 80 per cent of what is theoretically possible. With an average speed of wind of about 5m/s, the turbine generates about 1,500 kilowatt-hours of energy – about half of the consumption of a regular household. The Archimedes, the company behind the Liam F1 Urban Wind Turbine, believes that in combination with efficient solar panels, the turbine can make every household completely energy self-sustainable. “When there is wind you use the energy produced by the wind turbine, when the sun is shining you use the solar cells to produce the energy,” Richard Ruijtenbeek, an engineer from The Archimedes, explained the company’s vision. The company believes that the low energy yield together with the unpleasant and constant noise of conventional wind turbines is the major obstacle preventing a more widespread uptake of wind as a renewable energy source among users in towns and cities. The turbine, officially unveiled today, has already attracted interest from all around the world. The company, which said had not originally believed the test results of the Liam F1 turbine as they seemed too good to be true, has already started developing a smaller version of the turbine for boats and lamp posts.
OPINION: The Government’s plan for meeting our Kyoto Protocol commitment and 2020 emissions reduction target was released this month. It reveals a shocking truth: New Zealand has been a willing participant in a wholesale climate fraud. We’ve been dealing with criminals and fraudsters in order to meet our international obligations. If our reputation wasn’t shot to pieces after Paris – where we revealed our weak kneed 2030 target – it will be now. Carbon trading is a fine idea, but it only works if the credits we buy actually represent a true emissions reduction somewhere else. The sad truth is that the foreign credits New Zealand has gorged on up until now have produced little to no climate benefit. New Zealand’s main vice has been a particular type of carbon credit called the Emissions Reduction Unit (ERU). These are issued for emissions-reducing projects in countries participating in the Kyoto Protocol. The idea is that the revenue from selling ERUs would make projects viable that wouldn’t be otherwise. Over 90 per cent of ERUs have come out of Russia and Ukraine, and under Kyoto they were allowed to authorise their own projects. No surprise that when they were externally audited this year, 85 per cent of the units didn’t stand up to scrutiny. They are essentially worthless bits of paper. The EU got wind of the games being played years back and started to clamp down on the use of these credits…
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During my time in Paris, I was constantly inspired by the work I saw represented by activists I met from across the globe. This is where I feel our strength lies: We will not progress, we will not save our planet by relying on mainstream NGOs to represent our interests, but rather by joining together our grassroots campaigns. Whether it was acting as a peacekeeper for the Indigenous Environmental Network and It Takes Roots (a coalition of several frontline POC and Indigenous environmental and social justice groups), providing media support for a European coalition treesit, or helping blockade the doors of a major Paris-based energy utility with Australians impacted by the company’s mining practices, the deepest connections I built and strongest friendships I made were forged by directly supporting the work of other warriors. It is the desire to continue to build those relationships that currently fuels the fire in my heart. It personalizes these struggles, makes them that much more real, that much more urgent. Our strengths come from ourselves and from each other, and the more we lend support in direct and meaningful ways to each other, the stronger our “movement” gets. As a network of small grassroots groups, all acutely aware of the dire situation we’re in, we are resilient and capable of building the future we want. We do not require the “leadership” of major NGOs who are interested in compromise. In a declaration put out by the It Takes Roots delegation, the failures of our climate leadership were juxtaposed with the need for our work to continue: “We leave Paris only more aligned, and more committed than ever that our collective power and growing movement is what is forcing the question of extraction into the global arena. We will continue to fight at every level to defend our communities, the earth and future generations.” It is that dedication that will save our planet, and nothing less.
The most extreme El Nino coupled with rapidly increasing extremes of global warming is creating devastation in many parts pf the planet. The juxtaposition of record amounts spent here in New Zealand on Boxing Day sales somehow signals a deeply disturbing lack of awareness or mindfulness.
December 2015 – CLIMATE– It’s been anything but a Merry Christmas for the world, as far as Mother Nature is concerned. Nature is on a rampage and nearly everyone is feeling some degree of her wrath: flooding across the UK, torrential rains and flooding across a large swathe of South America, a searing heat-wave in Australia, raging wildfires in Southern California, the worst El Niño pattern seen in 15 years, unseasonably high temperatures throughout much of the US, storms in the US Southeast, a historic blizzard threatening the Texas panhandle, and 11 people dead from an outbreak of tornadoes that ripped through the Dallas area. All of this is indicative of a planet painfully reeling from the frightening fact that geologic and atmospheric change is pushing its climate to new extremes. Climate extremes are just one harbinger or omen of greater cataclysms to come, like one of the ill-fated…
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A kilogramme of beef protein reared on a British hill farm can generate the equivalent of 643kg of carbon dioxide. A kilogramme of lamb protein produced in the same place can generate 749kg. One kilo of protein from either source, in other words, causes more greenhouse gas emissions than a passenger flying from London to New York. This is the worst case, and the figure comes from a farm whose soils have a high carbon content. But the numbers uncovered by a wider study are hardly reassuring: you could exchange your flight to New York for an average of 3kg of lamb protein from hill farms in England and Wales. You’d have to eat 300kg of soy protein to create the same impact.
Episode 2 The Meaning of Climate Change 1st December, 2015 (Part 1) Indigenous Oil . Combining anecdotal experience of indigenous groups on the front line of Canada’s environmental conflict with academic research. Produced and directed by Will Hood.
This episode explores the role of story in our on-going relationship with energy, ecology and economics.
This episode features: Chief Billy Joe Laboucan Massimo Chief of the Lubicon Cree Band, Little Buffalo, Alberta, Canada; David Attenborough Broadcaster, UK; Ernie Gambler Indigenous Musician from Calling Lake, Alberta, Canada; Isabel Altamirano-Jimenez Indigenous Scholar at the University of Alberta, Canada; J.B. Williams, Tsawout First Nation Flood Story Narration (with music from Elder May Sam); Makere Stewart-Harawira Indigenous Scholar at the University of Alberta, Canada; Peter Newell Professor of International Relations at the University of Sussex
Episode Extras: Oil On Lubicon Land: A Photo Essay
With the climate talks in Paris now over, the world has set itself a serious goal: limit temperature rise to 1.5C. Or failing that, 2C. Hitting those targets is absolutely necessary: even the one-degree rise that we’ve already seen is wreaking havoc on everything from ice caps to ocean chemistry. But meeting it won’t be easy, given that we’re currently on track for between 4C and 5C. Our only hope is to decisively pick up the pace. World leaders hail Paris climate deal as ‘major leap for mankind’ Read more In fact, pace is now the key word for climate. Not where we’re going, but how fast we’re going there. Pace – velocity, speed, rate, momentum, tempo. That’s what matters from here on in. We know where we’re going now; no one can doubt that the fossil fuel age has finally begun to wane, and that the sun is now shining on, well, solar. But the question, the only important question, is: how fast.
By inexpensively turning salt water into drinking water using sustainable solar power, a team from MIT in the US has not only come up with a portable desalination system for use anywhere in the world that needs it, but it’s just won the 2015 Desal Prize – a competition run by USAID to encourage better solutions to water shortages in developing countries. In order to win the $140,000 prize, entries had to demonstrate how their invention not only works well, but is cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and energy efficient. And the MIT researchers teamed up with US-based manufacturing company, Jain Irrigation Systems, to do just that.
Humanists like myself are regularly forced to consider what the public wants. We are told to imagine their desires and to conjure ways to fulfil them. This is an important strategy that every academic should pursue. But we must be allowed to resist this impulse, too. We can’t anticipate what intellectual discoveries will become essential answers to the public’s future questions. We don’t always know what form public scholarship should take. So academics, stay in your offices. Write books that few people will read. The results might be more significant than any of us first recognize.”
Prime Minister Trudeau is calling for Canadians to take an active role in implementing the global climate change deal reached this weekend in Paris. | <urn:uuid:db93b17d-8063-4f4d-9c22-72ab334b4049> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://mharawira.wordpress.com/2015/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481111.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216190407-20190216212407-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.944417 | 2,138 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Tips for Better Sleep
Here are some general guidelines for healthy sleep:
- Losing weight often improves breathing during sleep, enabling the patient to sleep more restfully with less likelihood for daytime sleepiness.
- Avoid alcohol within two hours of bedtime. Alcohol depresses breathing and increases the risk for sleep disturbances.
- Avoid sleeping pills, which depress breathing.
- Sleep on your side, not on the back.
Take a moment to assess your symptoms for a sleep disorder. If you answered “yes” to any of these, you may have sleep apnea or another sleep disorder.
- I snore
- I experience excessive daytime sleepiness
- I wake up gasping for air
- I wake up with heartburn/reflux
- I have trouble losing weight
- I have morning headaches
- It is hard for me to stay awake while driving
- I’ve been told that I fall asleep incredibly fast
- I’ve been told that I stop breathing while I sleep | <urn:uuid:3e5eb5d4-e980-4e74-b1c9-e150ed404a97> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.englewoodhealth.org/service/sleep-medicine/tips-for-better-sleep | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056752.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919065755-20210919095755-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.92387 | 210 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In an ideal world minimum expectation from any education system would be:
- Give Knowledge based education rather than information based
- Give equal if not more emphasis to practical knowledge along with theory.
- Assess students based on their understanding and applications of the skills they have learned rather than just on written exams.
- Encourages innovation and research
- Create Graduates with well rounded personalities.
- Merit and circumstances based Scholarships
- Educate more options in courses we can pursue ( not just Engineering, Medicine or MBA)
- Make students EMPLOYMENT READY.
Now, honestly speaking can any one of us say that our education system allows any of the above to happen? Let us not blame any one and let us act smart now in choosing right country , right institution and right course which will help you become employment ready!
Let us explore the last point – making students employment ready which means employable – in more detail.
Un-employability is a bigger problem than Unemployment.
Job Skills: Our education system is more academic oriented i.e. bookish information rather than understanding and using its applications. Our culture also perpetuates a myth “Acquire a degree and get a Job.” We don’t think “What Degree” We don’t usually give a thought to what specific skills we must acquire so that we have better chances of employment
Many of the colleges in India are not concentrting in developing the bellow skills
- 1) Communication Skills : Written and oral
- 2) Team work : Good social skills
- 3) Basic Numerical ability
- 4) Problem solving: Logical thinking
- 5) Adaptability : For new ideas, situations and technology
- 6) Creativity : Out of box thinking
As the students are lacking the above skills we are seeing some desastrious statistics about Indian youth who are getting trained every year.
some facts are:
- In India 50 lakh students graduate every year.
- 50 percent of them lack basic employability skills.
- Only 34 percent of them will find jobs ( average for other countries is 56 percent)
- According to a report by HRD Ministry India has around 6200 engineering and technology institutes. Around 15 lakh engineering students are added to the job market every year.
- Only 7 percent engineering students are found suitable for core engineering jobs (As per a study conducted by Aspiring Minds on 1.5 lakh engineering students.
- There are nearly 5500 Business Management Schools in India.
- According to a study conducted by ASSOCHAM again only 7 percent are employable.
- Wall Street Journal – the reputed and respected American business Journal says ‘ India graduates millions but few are fit to hire’
- Economic Times reports ‘ 89 percent of Indian Hotel Management graduates Unemployable’ | <urn:uuid:11df5abc-2b4d-4a66-8ee3-149ec6a469e6> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.futureoverseasedu.com/uncategorized/how-to-be-employable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369054.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304113205-20210304143205-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.921609 | 592 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Registered Apprenticeship system of training is unique in that it is the only formal, structured, and nationally recognized education and training program available that combines the two most common forms of career and occupational learning: classroom instruction with on-the-job training.
Apprentices not only learn occupational skills in the classroom, their learning is expanded to include hands-on, paid, on-the-job training! Students learn and practice all phases of the trade/occupation in real-world applications. The program must be registered with the Kansas Apprenticeship Council.
Registered Apprenticeship programs may take from 1-6 years to complete, depending on the occupation. Most programs are 3-4 years in length. The length of training (term) is determined by standards adopted by the industry.
Apprentices must attend Related Technical Instruction which is combined with on-the-job-learning experience. Most programs require approximately 144 hours of Related Technical Instruction per year. Like other aspects of Registered Apprenticeship, the employer or local committee determines the Related Technical Instruction training requirements according to industry standards.
Yes. Community and technical colleges can offer college credit for the required related instruction in many Registered Apprenticeship programs. Contact your local community or technical college for more information.
Each industry establishes its own minimum age requirement, although the typical minimum age is 18. There are no upper age limits on apprentices.
Yes. Apprentices must be full-time employees of the employer who is sponsoring the training program. However, in the event of a School-to-Registered Apprenticeship program, apprentices may be employed part-time. Typically, the wage of an apprentice starts at 40-50% of a skilled worker's wage. Wages increase progressively with satisfactory completion of work assignments and Related Technical Instruction.
No experience is required of a new apprentice. Most Registered Apprenticeship programs require applicants to have a high school diploma or GED certificate. Some occupations require completion of specific subjects such as algebra, blueprint reading or related shop work.
- Skilled workers trained to industry/employer specifications to produce quality results
- Reduced turnover
- Provides systematic training to develop more informed and productive employees
- Apprentices are more committed to the employer
- Increased productivity
- Reduced training costs
- Paid to learn a trade/occupation
- Guaranteed wage increases
- Portable credentials that are nationally recognized
- Opportunity for college credit
No. Approximately 66% of all Registered Apprenticeship programs do not involve organized labor.
No. If the program sponsor/employer is not registered with the Kansas Apprenticeship Council, or DOL-Office of Apprenticeship it is NOT a Registered Apprenticeship program in Kansas.
Yes, Registered Apprenticeship program sponsors/employers are initially eligible if they sign up to be an eligible training provider. The local Workforce Services agency will determine a job seeker's eligibility.
Funds may be used to provide the cost of tuition, books, supplies, fees, uniforms, tools and other items needed by the client to complete the Registered Apprenticeship program.
WIOA funding can support: outreach, recruitment, application; intake and assessment; supportive services; related technical instruction/classroom training; on-the-job training and customized training.
Funding limits are set by each local area or program. | <urn:uuid:1242de64-2148-4c13-8b59-55b97213eb40> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://ksapprenticeship.org/faq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400213006.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924002749-20200924032749-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.93065 | 682 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Wikis are websites that allow you to create and edit pages in your web browser. These are simple wikis which allow your students to collaborate and build multifaceted websites within your module/organisation area.
Students can cooperatively write, critique and publish their work online, create shared knowledge bases for their module/organisation, upload multimedia, link to external websites, all without touching a website authoring program.
In Blackboard, you can turn a wiki into a challenging group work activity and use built in tools to assess student participation.
You can create two different types of Wiki:
Help your students by linking to the student guide on Wikis.
These are the instructions for creating a module Wiki. See the Groups section for a group Wiki.
In the Control Panel, click on Module Tools and then Wikis.
If you have already created Wikis for this module, they will appear here. Click on Create Wiki to create a new one.
Now you need to add a link to the Wiki so that your students can access it. There are two ways to add a Wiki link:
Here you will be presented with two options:
a) Link to the Wikis Page - Add a link to the main Wiki listings page, any Wikis that have been added will be listed here.
Wikis can also be created from this page.
b) Link to a Wiki - Link to a single Wiki.
Students can now access the Wiki.
If students tell you they cannot access a wiki, remember both the link to the wiki needs to be available to students and the wiki itself. You can double check the wiki's settings by following the instructions in the edit section.
If you use the Groups tool in your module, you can also create a Wiki when setting up/editing the Groups. This method should be used if you only want certain students on your module to post to a Wiki.
Note that the interface doesn't allow you to check the settings when creating the Group. After you've created the Groups, go to the Control Panel, Module Tools, Wikis. Select the drop down menu and then Edit Properties next to the relevant Wiki and change any settings as relevant.
Only members of a group can post to a group Wiki although other people on the module can view it unless this option is removed (from the Wiki's Settings).
Students can access the wiki via their Group's Home page. If you want students to see wikis for Groups they are not members of, make sure you add a link to the Wikis page.
1 Create Wiki Page
Create a new page in the Wiki.
2 Participation Summary
View who has contributed to each page by Words Modified and Page Saves.
Students will see a similar page limited to their contribution named My Contribution.
If you have enabled grading you will see Participation and Grading instead of Participation Summary. See the grading section for further information.
Any instructions added will be displayed here.
4 Edit Wiki Content
Click this button to edit the current page.
Make a comment on the page and view any comments that have already been made.
6 Wiki Details
Basic statistics on the page.
7 Page listings
All pages in the Wiki are listed here, they can be modified using the action link to the right of their name.
If you need to change settings after creation, go to the Control Panel, Module Tools and then Wikis.
Select the drop down menu next to the relevant Wiki and select Edit Properties.
Change settings as required and click Submit.
Note that you can delete Wikis from this page but remember this is the complete deletion of the Wiki including all of the students' entries. If you delete this content we won't be able to retrieve it. If you want to stop access to a Wiki, don't delete it, instead change the Wiki Date and Time Restrictions by editing the Wiki.
You can view and grade a Wiki member's contribution. From a Wiki page select the Participation Summary button, here you will see each member's contributions to the Wiki by Words Modified and Page Saves.
Select the student name to see their contribution and any comparison of page versions.
When you create a Wiki, you have the option to enable Grading. You enter points and a column is automatically created for the item in the Grade Centre. You also need to consider when you want to be prompted to grade the item.
You can grade the Wiki from the Wiki interface, enabling you to see the student's entries as you add any marks and feedback. Select Participation and Grading button when in a Wiki page. To view student contributions select the arrow beneath All in the Participation and Grading interface and click on the student you want to grade:
This will show you all the contributors. If students have contributed you'll see a Needs Grading Flag:
Alternatively you can click the left and right arrows to navigate through the contributors:
Click on the student's name and enter any marks/feedback:
Remember to click Submit when you are finished. | <urn:uuid:95533406-120b-4b8d-8b8b-5d6b899e993d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.leeds.ac.uk/vle/staff/collab/wikis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737289.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808051116-20200808081116-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.883096 | 1,035 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Living in a chaotic world: nature has been doing it for ever!
Life has been able to adapt for millenniums in order to survive, grow and evolve in environments that are naturally turbulent and chaotic. Let us then observe the principal characteristics of each basic element of life that has made such an achievement possible: the cell.
A higher goal
A cell agrees first to work for the well-being and survival of the body as a whole; it looks after its own interests only subsequently. The cell is ready to sacrifice itself and die in order to protect and ensure the growth of the whole. Each cell in our body, therefore, lives but a fraction of the time of our entire life. Thus egoism is not a viable alternative.
A cell is always in contact and communication with other cells. Messenger molecules wander around the whole body in order to keep track of what is going on even in its remotest part. The absence of exchange and communication, therefore, is not a viable alternative (so thank you Internet, Skype, Facebook, Twitter, Viber, etc.)
A cell is conscious of each moment. It is capable of adapting to any change of circumstances, however sudden, and to respond to it in an adequate manner. Being shut up in unchanging habits is then not a viable alternative (Are you ready to learn to learn, and to learn to forget what you have learn in the past , and to learn again?)
A cell recognizes and accepts the importance of all the other types of cells. Every bodily function is important and inter-dependent. Going it alone is thus not a viable alternative (and let’s celebrate diversity!)
Even if each cell has a well-defined role, different roles combine in a creative manner. Thus we are able to digest food we have eaten for the first time in our life, we are able to dance to a dance we are not familiar with and we are able to get ideas never thought before. Routine and absence of creativity are, then, not viable alternatives (how do you work on developing your creativity?)
A cell knows how to simply be. It knows how to respect the cycle of activity and rest. Without sleep, the cell and the body would die. The cell knows how to respect silence. Rest and silence are an indispensable part of life. Relentless activity, physical or mental, is not, therefore, a viable alternative (maybe it’s time to start meditating everyday…)
A cell functions with the minimum use of energy. It also stocks a very small quantity of it, equal to three seconds of supply. It trusts the whole completely to provide it with what is required. An excessive consumption of food, water, energy is not then a viable alternative (it’s time to review and improve your ecological footprint!)
A cell knows, beyond differences and distinctive natures, that it shares the same DNA as its peers. Liver cells are different from the heart cells. The cells of the skin are different from those in the brain. However, they all know that they share the same identity that transcends them. Separating oneself from the community is thus not a viable alternative (how many friends do you have on Facebook?)
The essential activity of the cell is to give, which fosters the existence of other cells and the soundness of the whole. There is a total commitment to giving which constitutes one half of the natural cycle; the other half is receiving. So, hoarding and stinginess are not viable alternatives (do you know about the gift economy?)
The cell reproduces itself in order to transmit its knowledge, its experience and its talents. It does not hold back anything for itself and hands over everything to its descendants. This is how it achieves a kind of immortality. The conflict of generations, then, is not a viable alternative (how much time do spend sharing your knowledge with younger generations?)
Let us ask ourselves if we can be like our cells, not at the scale of the cell in the body but at the scale of humans as part of humanity. In this way we can naturally and instinctively find the means not only to survive but more importantly to live and to blossom individually and collectively at the scale of humanity. We will then be ready for the breakthrough described by the theories of chaos. We will thus be capable of realizing our own metamorphosis and the metamorphosis of humanity towards a more complex and a more harmonious system in which each person finds his place in a natural and organic way. So let’s try? | <urn:uuid:d69372e9-03db-4934-82ae-1aec33eb62f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://brunomarion.com/living-together-what-can-we-learn-from-nature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425766.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726042247-20170726062247-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.949363 | 924 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Nielsen//NetRatings reported that Web surfers often use search engines to navigate their way to common Web sites rather than typing the Web site’s URL directly into the address bar. Web users’ top search terms were popular, well-known Web site names, such as “ebay” and “google”. 43% of online searchers use the search box much like an address bar. Leading the top 10 most popular search terms for November was “ebay” with 13.9 mln requests, followed by “google” and “yahoo,” with 13.3 mln and 8.0 mln requests.
5 of the top 10 search terms were for sites with search engines themselves, supporting
the argument that Web visitors are not likely to be loyal to a single search engine. Other popular search terms were for retail and auction sites including eBay and Wal-Mart, as well as sites that offer a service, such as Mapquest and pogo.com. What all ten search terms had in common was that they were the names of popular Web sites rather than topics. The first topical search term, “weather,” ranked #23. | <urn:uuid:7595a5e0-679f-4384-a017-72527162e813> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://itfacts.biz/top-search-engine-terms-in-november-2005-ebay-google-yahoo-mapquest-yahoocom-pogocom-walmart-ask-jeeves-msn-ebaycom/5585/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545090.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522063657-20220522093657-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.978169 | 249 | 2.546875 | 3 |
(Ages 7-10) 1-4pm
Inventors week is new to our camp list this year and it is packed FULL of activities to get your child’s gears turning. This week is all about your child’s creativity based on STEM activities. (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) The activities of each group with differ based on age (please see above age groups). We will be reading books about architects, scientists and engineers before we get to work on fully engaging hands on projects!
Key Activities; Inventor’s Week (a few highlights of what you'll see this week)
Age 4-6: Magnetic slime, ecosystem in a bottle, making chalk out of ice cubes, growing crystal names, learn about our solar system
Age 7-10: Bottle rockets (homemade, very safe), hands on volcano eruption activity, creating a solar system, growing “overnight” crystals, building “robotic” hands, bottled ecosystem, heat changing slime, shaving cream rain, firefly jars, and temperature/density bottles.
* Thursday Water day!!
Please send your child in a swimsuit with sunscreen, a towel and change of clothes this day. We will be having water day and science activities in the Courtyard. Please LABEL towels and clothes. | <urn:uuid:e65f9910-23b1-4b17-9878-d46d69d19766> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://go.netcamps.com/events/1294-sprout-inventors-week-ages-7-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421160020-20190421182020-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.920725 | 273 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Beyond Red Power: American Indian Politics and Activism Since 1900
Daniel M. Cobb, Loretta Fowler
School for Advanced Research, Jan 1, 2007 - History - 347 pages
How do we explain not just the survival of Indian people in the United States against very long odds but their growing visibility and political power at the opening of the twenty-first century? Within this one story of indigenous persistence are many stories of local, regional, national, and international activism that require a nuanced understanding of what it means to be an activist or to act in politically purposeful ways. Even the nearly universal demand for sovereignty encompasses multiple definitions that derive from factors both external and internal to Indian communities. Struggles over the form and membership of tribal governments, fishing rights, dances, casinos, language revitalization, and government recognition constitute arenas in which Indians and their non-Indian allies ensure the survival of tribal community and sovereignty. Whether contesting termination locally, demanding reparations for stolen lands in the federal courts, or placing their case for decolonization in a global context, American Indians use institutions and political rhetorics that they did not necessarily create to their own ends.
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Fifty Years of Indian Activism and Tribal Politics
Academic Experts and American Indian Politics
The Foundations of Federal Indian Law and Its Application
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Agency allotment American Indian political assimilation Belvin Bureau of Indian Carl Albert Carlos Montezuma casino Cherokee Nation Cheyenne Chitto citizenship Coconut Creek Collier Congress constitution cultural D'Arcy McNickle dance Donald Fixico economic elected federal government Federal Indian federally recognized folder funds gaming grassroots groups Hector identity Indian activism Indian Affairs Indian Claims Commission Indian Country Indian Law Indian Reorganization Act Indian tribes indigenous institutions jurisdiction Lakota land language lawyers Lincoln ment Mexico Press Miami Tribe Miami University Myaamia Project Native American Navajo Nebraska Press non-Indians Norman Ojibwe Oklahoma Press organization programs recognition relationship reservation self-determination Seminole Seminole Tribe Sioux social Society South Dakota Standing Rock termination tion traditional treaty rights tribal council tribal court tribal government tribal members tribal sovereignty twentieth century United University of Nebraska University of Oklahoma University Press Vine Deloria Jr Washington DC York | <urn:uuid:2a67a556-bbe9-4995-aa44-2706acb11ab1> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://books.google.com/books?id=RjV5AAAAMAAJ&q=9781930618862&dq=9781930618862&source=bl&ots=YWdq4fgva0&sig=KmMTzBijYqrsCylXBW7F305ocXA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gSz8T-GWC4ec9gT39PTgBg&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640001.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00042-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.850676 | 479 | 2.875 | 3 |
“Blue sky is the home of white clouds, and clear river is the home of fish. So, whose home is this beautiful Earth?” The children answered in unison: "It's our home!" “Shouldn't we cherish this beautiful Earth home then?”
At this moment, Chris suddenly answered, "There was an earthquake in Turkey."
Jerry also said, "Yes, my mother told me that there was an earthquake in Turkey."
Maybe Chris saw that the earthquake had damaged our Earth home. It's amazing that the children in Lionfish can remember what they have been told about world news and bring it into the classroom. Besides earthquakes, the children had also talked about another natural disaster - volcanic eruption.
Rico said, " I also know about volcanic eruptions. There are active volcanoes and dead volcanoes."
After learning about earthquakes, we started activities on volcanoes.
We first watched a video of a volcanic eruption. When the children saw this spectacular scene, they all paused, and perhaps their young hearts were also touched by the power of nature. During a volcanic eruption, lava and volcanic ash are emitted. Children were interested in doing an experiment to recreate the scene of a volcanic eruption. It requires baking soda, white vinegar, and food coloring. We added white vinegar to a cup, a few drops of food coloring, and then baking soda. As soon as the baking soda was added in, a exothermic reaction occurred. The surprised expressions on the children's faces could tell how successful the experiment was. Almost every child exclaimed with excitement: "Wow, wow, wow!"
Next, we expressed "Volcano Eruption" through art. However, the tool we used were quite different to normal. Finding out that wire balls could be used for painting, the children looked very shocked and exclaimed, "We have these at home, and my grandmother uses these to clean pots..." After observing the color of the lava, we started to dip the wire balls into the red and yellow paints and dotted them on the paper. The texture of the wire balls perfectly represented the state of the lava eruption. At this moment, Candice suddenly said, "These two colors become orange when they are mixed together." More and more children discovered the new colors could be produced by mixing. Finally, the children drew the shape of the volcano themselves, and a "Volcano Eruption" artwork was done.
Lionfish’s exploration of volcanoes will continue. As the children's knowledge and experience accumulate, we will gradually deepen our understanding of the causes of volcanic eruptions, the disasters caused by volcanic eruptions, and so on. In our future playing, learning, and living, we will continue to respect the subjectivity of early childhood learning, crouch down to listen to their voices, and design activities they enjoy based on their interests. | <urn:uuid:73a114fa-4db3-4c9f-a747-11aa83e0440f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://waiscz.com/web/primary/news-events/news-detail/1061 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474544.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224180245-20240224210245-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.976482 | 585 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Our warm up today was a jump over to our Savings strand. In that strand we’ll talk about banking options, advantages, disadvantages of cheques. One skill that I’ll throw in for warm ups is cheque writing. The students had a copy of this in the warm up booklet. I left it all open for them to fill in while I walked around and observed what they already knew about cheques and writing them. Which wasn’t a whole lot. I stepped in after a few minutes to fill the cheque out on my iPad and Apple Tv. We talked and made notes all about the different sections of the cheque.
After this we played Monopoly!
The game offers some practice making change and money decisions. I added a new rule with a red die. Every time you make a purchase or have to pay money to another player you have to roll the red die. If you roll a 1 or 2 you have to pay 13% sales tax (HST). If you roll a 3 or 4 then you pay nothing extra. If you roll a 5 or 6 you receive a 20% discount. We rounded all values to the nearest dollar.
We played for the entire class. Students had their whiteboards and calculators with them to do any calculations needed. Today we only had 11 kids….so all 11 played on the one board. If I had anymore I would have set up a second game. With 11, no one made it completely around the board in our 1 class. Next time I would have broken them up into smaller groups.
While we played I put on the following playlist from Spotify! I heard groans and complaints about the 80s music. I said “If you purchase property then you got to choose a new song for the group to listen to”. This sparked a few kids up.
We took pictures of how much money and what properties they had….so next time we played (maybe next week) we can pick up where we left off. | <urn:uuid:34dd8a53-5fc4-4dc1-a594-44755e8515b1> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://mrorr-isageek.com/mel3e-day14/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589270.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716115452-20180716135452-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.976994 | 412 | 2.859375 | 3 |
SAGUARO NATIONAL PARK
A cactus fruit drops to the desert floor from the top of a towering, 30-foot saguaro.
The crimson-colored fruit lands near Stella Tucker’s hiking boots, which are planted on dry scrub at the base of the saguaro, one of thousands of giant cactus inside the park 20 miles west of Tucson.
Tucker picks up the fruit, slices it, squeezes out the pulp with her thumb and index finger, places the mound in a bucket and discards the hard coating on the desert floor. It becomes food for the birds, coyotes, javelinas and other creatures who live in the Tucson Mountains.
Sweat glistens on Tucker’s face in the summer morning light. She wipes away the moisture with a kerchief and slides the cloth across the nape of her neck. An olive-green visor controls loose strands of salt and pepper hair and shields her eyes from the glare of the late June sun. Before the day is over, the temperature will climb to a sweltering 108.
Tucker, 64, pauses and eyes the tops of the majestic saguaros, just as her descendants have for centuries.
Despite the conveniences of the modern world, Tucker continues the painstaking saguaro-picking tradition of the Tohono O’odham Nation, or Desert People. She is the last member of the Tohono O’odham community who treks to the park each year, sets up camp 100 feet from Sandario Road and harvests the fruit of the saguaro cactus.
“My heart is here every summer with my desert family … the saguaros,” she said. “They are like people from the past with their arms reaching toward the skies.”
Tribal historians long for the days when O’odham people outnumbered the saguaros. They acknowledge that Tucker may be the last member who picks saguaro fruit, called bahidaji, on the reservation.
Bernard Siquieros, Tohono O’odham’s cultural center and museum curator, remembers when large, extended families would camp near the saguaro forests from mid-June through early July, flocking to designated “picking areas.”
They endured the stifling heat to collect, sort and boil the fruit on site to make syrup and jam, he said.
Siquieros, 61, and a member of the tribe, witnessed elaborate celebrations, called Singing Down the Rain, which followed the fruit harvests. The events marked the start of the traditional calendar year for the Tohono O’Odhams, he said.
But those rituals have faded away, he said.
“Times have changed and lifestyles have changed,” Siquieros said. “Some of these things that have been practiced, like fruit harvesting, is in the past.”
The Tohono O’odham Reservation sprawls across 2.8.million acres, roughly the size of Connecticut in southern Arizona. Harvesting fruit in the Sonoran Desert was a tradition engrained in the tribe’s calendar.
American anthropologists, who conducted field work in the 1930s among the O’odham people, wrote about the harvest and a wine ceremony held later on the reservation. The wine was made from some of the collected fruit, which was fermented.
The rituals included singing and dancing, meant to draw down the rain during the coming monsoon season. When the rains poured, it “brought fertility not only to the crops but to the people,” wrote Ruth M. Underhill, an anthropologist who spent three years with the O’odham people, formerly called Papagos, in the early 1930s. Underhill published “Papago Woman” in the 1970s about the life of an O’odham woman named Chona.
As more tribal children entered public schools and joined a wage-earning lifestyle during the 1960s and 1970s, fewer members traveled to the saguaro forest to pick fruit when it ripened in June.
Other forces eroded the tradition, cultural experts say.
The east district of the park in the Rincon Mountains was designated Saguaro National Monument in 1933 by President Herbert Hoover. The west district in the Tucson Mountains was established in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy and the land was closed to fruit picking.
Upset that they were banned, Tucker’s grandmother, Juanita Ahil, was among a group of O’odham women who wrote letters to Congress. They asked for permission to use the property for the specific purpose of harvesting fruit.
Robert Stinson, Saguaro National Park district ranger, said the letters reached the nation’s lawmakers and they initially took no action.
About six years later, though, Congress allowed park officials to issue special-use permits that would allow O’odham members to pick fruit. Every year, the park-service staff meets with the tribe’s leadership and permits are signed.
Park rangers consider Ahil a legend for her efforts to retain the fruit-picking tradition. The elderly woman invited tourists, naturalists, writers, photographers and students to witness the laborious process of plucking fruit from high atop majestic saguaros and turning it into jam or wine.
By 1994, when the areas were officially established as Saguaro National Park, officials counted about 12 tribal members, including Ahil, still camping out and picking fruit. Today, Stella Tucker is the only member of the O’odham Nation who requests and uses her permit each year, Stinson said.
Stinson said some O’odham members could harvest outside the park, but he is not aware of any.
Ahil died in 1994, just after that year’s fruit harvest.
Return to picking
Tucker intends to keep the tradition alive as long as she can. A Tucson resident, she grew up in Tapawa Village, about eight miles south of Sells on the O’odham Reservation. She remembers picking fruit with Ahil when she was just 5 years old.
Tucker recalled how her grandmother prepared for the trip in the early 1950s by piling stew pots, cooking utensils, bedding, coffee, beans, dried squash, corn and a five-gallon water drum into the back of a horse-drawn wagon.
They traveled 60 miles over a rough road before they arrived at the Tucson Mountains and joined other O’odham families.
The women started harvesting at dawn.
They passed the time by singing about the fruit, its color and how the birds loved to perch atop the saguaros and eat the pods before they could get to them, Tucker said.
She stopped accompanying her grandmother when she entered Phoenix Indian School. Later, she went to New Mexico and studied to be a nurse.
When Tucker moved back to Arizona, the saguaros beckoned. She rejoined her grandmother in the harvest in 1986.
“It’s something I left as a child,” Tucker said. “Before my grandmother passed on, I wanted to learn how to make syrup and jam from her.”
Tucker returned to Saguaro National Park for her 25th harvest earlier this year.
She set up camp beneath a shady ramada made of layers of heather-gray saguaro ribs and, using her permit, lived at the park from June 13 through July 4.
Modern camping gear, including two ice chests full of food, bottled water, a picnic table and a twin bed were situated in the shade.
Pots, pans and skillets lined a make-shift grill of stacked cinder blocks with room for an open fire. A blackened coffee pot with a bright teal lid sat atop the grill.
Tucker’s white pickup was parked nearby. Tucker and a Navajo helper, Frankie Ray, sat in the shade.
If her grandmother Ahil were here, Tucker said, she would have awakened before the sun started to glow in the eastern sky. The fire would have been started at 4:30 a.m. and the coffee pot would have been gurgling shortly after. Before the temperature had begun to climb, Ahil would have been trekking through the forest of saguaros.
Without her grandmother there to prod her awake, Tucker climbed into her truck at 6:30 a.m. Ray, 44, jumped into the bed of the vehicle with a handmade picking pole made of saguaro rib. A shorter, curved length of greasewood was attached to the tip of the longer stick, forming a cross-shaped tool designed to catch and pull down fruit. The two headed north on Sandario Road to begin a hard day’s work in the blistering heat.
Tucker’s eyes searched the sea of avocado-colored saguaros. She spied a cluster of fruit with red tops and parked along the road.
The pair began to harvest. Ray used the picking pole to pry the fruit loose and Tucker carried a plastic bucket to catch the juicy prize.
The silence at the Saguaro National Park was broken by a band of cicadas singing in the distance. The motor of a passing car roared. A dove cooed. A lizard scampered away.
The pair’s footsteps crunched the desert sand and stones as they scanned saguaro tops for more fruit, continuing for several hours until the heat made picking unbearable.
Sizing up this year’s crop, Tucker declared it poor. Fruit was scarce. She blamed a cooler spring; the hotter the spring, the more fruit, she said.
Tucker and Ray retreated to the shade of their camp’s ramada with a half-bucket of pods. They started the slow process of turning fruit into jam.
First, Tucker kneaded the fruit, creating a swishing sound, before she boiled the pulp in a large pot over an open fire. Ants and sticks floated to the top; pebbles dropped to the bottom.
Tucker strained the syrup twice to extract the seeds. Each fruit contained up to 2,000 seeds.
The seeds were left to dry in the sun and those she didn’t keep were fed to the birds.
She poured the orange red syrup into a pot, placed it over the crackling fire and boiled it for about three hours. The syrup turned a dark shade of brown jam.
It will eventually be poured over pancakes or ice cream for a sweet treat.
While Tucker waited for the fruit to finish boiling, she pulled out modern snacks such as apple juice, bottled water and graham crackers with cream cheese. She talked about visitors.
Of those who came during this year’s harvest, Tucker was encouraged by a group of O’odham students. They spent one night and helped her pick fruit.
“They enjoyed themselves,” she said. “I want them to learn about their culture … I want them to someday say they want to go out to pick fruit.”
The day’s return on Tucker’s time was small: one pint jar and one-third of a second jar.
But the emotional investment was great: She’s carrying on the tradition of her grandmother and her O’odham ancestors.
Reach the reporter at 602-444-6716 or firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:3c9ec974-92c2-4475-bb28-68db41d7c19a> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.azcentral.com/news/native-americans/?content=fruit-harvest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645257890.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031417-00223-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959347 | 2,432 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Young kids are mini germ magnets. Those little critters come into contact with all sorts of icky stuff as they crawl across floors and stick almost everything in their paths right into their mouths (hey, it’s how they learn about the world). Fortunately, your child’s immune system is made up of a bunch of warriors called antibodies whose job is to fend off nasty bugs. But like your child, these antibodies are still maturing, which means they’re not quite strong enough to beat back the bad guys every time. Luckily, these six immune-system boosters can give your munchkin the upper hand in staying healthy.
Your nursing baby takes in more than just food at every feeding. Breast milk’s jam-packed with antibodies that support children’s immune systems. What’s more, when you’re sick, the antibodies you produce to fight off the infection are actually toughening up your baby’s immune system as she sips! Another breastfeeding bonus: The benefits your baby gets while nursing linger long after she’s weaned. No wonder breast is best!
The under-six-months set needs as much as 20 hours of sleep a day. Even toddlers can use up to 13 hours. That might sound like a lot of crib time, but children’s immune systems need the rest to grow stronger. While an occasional bad night’s sleep is nothing to worry about, continually missing out on quality shut-eye can hamper production of interleukin-1, a protein produced by certain cells that prevents bugs from getting into the body through the skin. Get your little one back into a sound sleep routine quickly with these baby bedtime strategies and toddler sleep solutions.
If you keep your home spick-and-span with the help of antibacterial products, you may actually be killing bugs that can keep your child healthy in the long run. That’s because kids’ immune systems need some exposure to bacteria and viruses to practice fighting them off (that’s how they develop antibodies). So while you don’t need to throw in the dish towel completely, stick to basic cleaning supplies and these “clean-enough” housekeeping tips.
Immunizations are essential: Their sole purpose is to protect your pipsqueak from getting sick. When your child gets a vaccination, her immune system kicks into high gear and starts churning out antibodies to defend against the foreign virus or bacteria. If your child’s ever exposed to the real deal later on, these toughened-up antibodies will take a starring role in destroying the health threat. Vaccinations protect against more than a dozen potentially fatal diseases, boosting your child’s immune system in a big way.
Make sure your menu includes foods full of the nutrients that little bodies can use to stay healthy. Eats like bell peppers, sweet potatoes, carrots, blueberries, and oranges are rich in immunity-boosting vitamin C. Growing gals and guys also need protein, from dairy and meat products, and complex carbohydrates, from whole grains like brown rice and whole-wheat bread, to help keep immune systems revved and ready to go on the defense against infection.
Obviously your little one’s not lighting up, but cigarette smoke has around 4,000 different chemicals that can weaken the immune system of anyone who inhales it. How can you tell? Children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are more prone to ear infections, coughs, colds, bronchitis, and other respiratory problems. Even if you never smoke when your child’s around, the chemicals can linger on furniture and carpets. If you or your partner can’t kick the habit (have you tried these quit-smoking strategies?), at least enforce a no-smoking policy in your home and car to boost your child’s immune system. | <urn:uuid:6dc0ab27-c47a-4d55-8ad0-66f45fb8d701> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.whattoexpect.com/toddler/photo-gallery/immunity-system-boosters-for-children.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00509-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944809 | 803 | 2.71875 | 3 |
By DR. ROBERTA LENGER KANG
When I was in high school, my English teacher, Mrs. Horn, required her students to write a research paper. This process included daily trips to the school library, where I used a card catalog to look up the name of a book that may, or may not, have the information I was looking for. Once I found a book in the card catalog, I had to hunt for it using the Dewey decimal system, locate the book, and then begin searching for the basic facts about my topic. Mrs. Horn was a stickler for notecards. Our research papers needed to have 75 accompanying index cards so that we could organize our information one fact at a time, before typing it out on the word processor or typewriter.
How times have changed. Most school libraries today have more space dedicated to technology than books, and the long process of searching through dusty publications or old-timey microfiche has become a thing of the past. But here’s the thing: the importance of research papers hasn’t changed. And the importance of research hasn’t changed. What has changed is our access to information.
Shifting educational landscape
The radical advancement of technology and the internet has fundamentally changed our relationship with information. A 20th century education taught us how to find information — but finding information is no longer a problem. If anything, in the 21st century, we have access to too much! With hundreds of thousands of hits through internet searches and recommendations for related information, the question is no longer how to find the facts, but what to do with the information that’s literally a click away. How do we interpret this information? This is the question that teachers and school leaders struggle with as they attempt to make key concepts relevant to children in a rapidly changing world.
These advances in technology have not only changed our relationship to information, they’ve changed our relationship to other people. Instant connection, instant messaging, and instant information-sharing have changed the landscape of interactions.
Educating students for tomorrow, today
We can no longer sustain a 20th century mindset in a 21st century world. The Global Learning Alliance (GLA), with its commitment to cross-cultural research collaborations and a desire to define a pedagogy that takes into account the dynamic needs of a shifting educational landscape, knows that the task before us is to educate students today for the world they’re poised to lead tomorrow.
The GLA is the outgrowth of CPET’s ground-breaking research on the features and practices surrounding 21st century teaching and learning. It has evolved from the seeds of a research project and is now a consortium of schools and universities around the world dedicated to understanding, defining, applying, and sharing the principles and practices of a world-class education within a wide range of educational contexts. As a result of ongoing research, we have been customizing the Global Mindset Framework, a tool that helps educators consider new skills for a new world.
The Global Mindset Framework builds on the importance of the critical thinking skills of the 20th century by fostering skills in collaboration, creativity, caring, and global consciousness.
If we want to ensure that our students are developing the skills needed for the next hundred years, we must begin considering a new pedagogy for a new era. We must consider the implications on our curriculum, assessments, and instruction, if we are going to add these essential skills in our schools. | <urn:uuid:dd09fc99-e640-416c-a957-b3f433f9e997> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://cpet.tc.columbia.edu/news-press/changing-minds-global-learning-mindsets-for-the-21st-century | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514423.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118061434-20210118091434-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.944921 | 717 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Our closest living relatives are, of course, the chimpanzees. There are, in fact, two species of chimp: the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), and the bonobo (Pan paniscus). The latter is sometimes called a "pygmy chimpanzee", although, frankly, there's not a lot of difference in size between the two species. Both species are equally related to humans, having diverged from a common ancestor less than two million years ago, long after that common ancestor diverged from the line that eventually led to us.
Chimp Bonobo Human Gorillas
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Both species live in fairly similar environments in the jungles of tropical Africa, and eat more or less the same kinds of food, so we might expect that their behaviour would also be similar. But that's clearly not the case; common chimps are significantly more aggressive than bonobos, while the latter are renowned for their frequent sexual exploits. Common chimps are also more likely than bonobos to use simple tools to extract food from difficult to reach places.
Do these differences in behaviour reflect real differences in intelligence between the two species? A recent large-scale analysis, published in PLoS ONE, aimed to find out. "Intelligence" is a fairly tricky thing to pin down, even in humans, so "which species is the more intelligent?" wasn't the sort of question that the study could answer. Rather, the researchers tested members of both species on a range of tasks designed to look at different aspects of intelligence. Would they perform the same, or would one species prove better at some tasks than the other?
Of course, the study was not conducted in the wild; the animals in question were orphans raised by humans in ape sanctuaries - their parents, in most cases, presumably having been killed by bushmeat poachers. Nonetheless, they had not previously experienced these kinds of tests, so they would have to solve the problems on their own.
For the most part, there wasn't a great difference. The researchers tested spatial awareness by placing food under cups and then rotating the table, moving the cups about, and so on, to see if the chimps could figure out where the food had ended up. Members of both species got this right a little over two thirds of the time. To test their ability to count and perform simple addition, the experimenters placed differing amounts of food under covers and watched to see which one the chimp went for first. Again, both species got this right about two thirds of the time. (This does not, incidentally, imply actual arithmetic - just that the animals could recognise that, say, six peanuts is more than three).
In tests of communication - could the chimps either understand an experimenter trying to tell them where the food was, or could they themselves indicate to the experimenter where hidden food was located - they still managed to get it right over half the time, but again, there was no difference between the two species.
The most difficult test was one in which the food was placed inside a container that required a relatively complex method to open. The researchers showed the chimp how to get the food, and saw if the animals could successfully copy them. In most cases, they couldn't - and, in previous trials elsewhere, no chimp had ever solved these particular problems on their own - although, interestingly, in both species, the females were far more likely to succeed than the males.
But, of course, using tools isn't really the be-all and end-all of human intelligence. Our ability to work together as a species relies, in part, on our ability to understand the minds of others and to bond together socially. The final set of tests evaluated the chimps' abilities to grasp concepts such as attention and intentionality. For example, a piece of food would be hidden beneath one of two cups; the chimp could not see which cup it was, but a second human could. When the second human tried (and failed) to grab one of the cups, would the chimp work out that this was because that was where the food was hidden? On this test, the bonobos did better, succeeding just over half the time.
So, given that they scored similarly on all the other tests, it seems plausible that the basic intelligence of the two species isn't all that different. Yet the way that they use that intelligence, or the particular skills that they possess, is different. Common chimps are better at physical tasks and understanding the operation of the physical world. But the peaceful and relatively shy bonobos scored higher on tests of social awareness and the ability to understand the minds of others. Both of these are important aspects of human intelligence. Our closest relatives have evolved along paths parallel to our own, and each, perhaps can show something of how we rose to our present position of power over our planet.
[Pictures from Wikimedia Commons - upper image is a common chimp, lower image is a bonobo (both males)] | <urn:uuid:02dcfca5-7598-4348-875a-bdef83ed53d1> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://synapsida.blogspot.com/2010/10/intelligence-of-chimps.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867859.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526190648-20180526210648-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.974827 | 1,039 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Recent paper First encounters in the north: cultural diversity and gene flow in Early Mesolithic Scandinavia, by Manninen et al. Antiquity (2021).
The authors criticize the model laid out in Günther et al. (2018), whereby the origin of the previously defined Mesolithic Scandinavian hunter-gatherer genetic group (SHG) was defined as an admixture between genetically defined WHG and EHG populations that migrated into Scandinavia from two separate Ice Age refugia: the south (WHG) and north (EHG). This dualistic model was further associated with two specific lithic blade technologies present in Early Mesolithic Scandinavia (Sørensen et al. 2013), as summarized … Read the rest “The importance of archaeology before population genomics”
In his recent paper on Late Proto-Indo-European migrations, when citing Udolph to support his model, Frederik Kortlandt failed to mention that the Old European hydrotoponymy in northern Central-East Europe evolved into Baltic and Slavic layers, and both take part in some Northern European (i.e. Germanic – Balto-Slavic) commonalities.
From Expansion slavischer Stämme aus namenkundlicher und bodenkundlicher sicht, by Udolph, Onomastica (2016), translated into English (emphasis mine):
NOTE. An archived version is available here. The DOI references for Onomastica do not work.
(…) there is a clear center of Slavic names in the area north of the
… Read the rest “European hydrotoponymy (IV): tug of war between Balto-Slavic and West Uralic”
The study of hydrotoponymy shows a prevalent initial Old European layer in central and northern Germany, too, similar to the case in Iberia, France, Italy, and the British Isles.
The recent paper on Late Proto-Indo-European migrations by Frederik Kortlandt relies precisely on this ancestral layer as described by Jürgen Udolph to support a Danubian expansion of North-West Indo-European with East Bell Beakers, identified as the Alteuropäische (Old European) layer that was succeeded by Germanic in the North European Plain.
The Proto-Germanic homeland
The following are excerpts are translated from the German original (emphasis mine) in Udolph’s Namenkundliche Studien … Read the rest “European hydrotoponymy (III): from Old European to Palaeo-Germanic and the Nordwestblock”
I said I would write a post about topo-hydronymy in Europe and Iberia based on the most recent research, but it seems we can still enjoy some more discussions about the famous Vasconic Beakers, by people longing for days of yore. I don’t want to spoil that fun with actual linguistic data (which I already summarized) so let’s review in the meantime one of the main Uralic-Indo-European interaction zones: Scandinavia.
One of the many eye-catching interpretations – and one of the few interesting ones – that could be found in the relatively recent article Talking … Read the rest “Pre-Germanic and Pre-Balto-Finnic shared vocabulary from Pitted Ware seal hunters”
Open access Genomic and Strontium Isotope Variation Reveal Immigration Patterns in a Viking Age Town, by Krzewińska et al., Current Biology (2018).
Interesting excerpts (emphasis mine, some references deleted for clarity):
The town of Sigtuna in eastern central Sweden was one of the pioneer urban hubs in the vast and complex communicative network of the Viking world. The town that is thought to have been royally founded was planned and organized as a formal administrative center and was an important focal point for the establishment of Christianity . The material culture in Sigtuna indicates that the town had intense
… Read the rest “Viking Age town shows higher genetic diversity than Neolithic and Bronze Age”
A commenter, Old Europe, drew my attention to the Uralic (Finnic-Saamic) substrate in Germanic proposed by Schrijver in Chapter V. Origins of Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages, Routledge (2014).
I wanted to share here some interesting excerpts (emphasis mine):
NOTE. I have avoided many detailed linguistic discussions. You should read the whole chapter to check them out.
The origins of the Germanic subfamily of Indo-European cannot be understood without acknowledging its interactions with a language group that has been its long-time neighbour: the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic language family. Indo-European and Uralic are
… Read the rest “Pre-Germanic born out of a Proto-Finnic substrate in Scandinavia”
Chapter The Sea and Bronze Age Transformations, by Christopher Prescott, Anette Sand-Eriksen, and Knut Ivar Austvoll, In: Water and Power in Past Societies (2018), Emily Holt, Proceedings of the IEMA Postdoctoral Visiting Scholar Conference on Theories and Methods in Archaeology, Vol. 6.
NOTE. You can download the chapter draft at Academia.edu.
Abstract (emphasis mine):
Along the western Norwegian coast, in the northwestern region of the Nordic Late Neolithic and Bronze Age (2350–500 BCE) there is cultural homogeneity but variable expressions of political hierarchy. Although new ideological institutions, technology (e.g., metallurgy and boat building), intensified agro‑pastoral farming, and
… Read the rest “Minimal Corded Ware culture impact in Scandinavia – Bell Beakers the unifying maritime elite”
New paper (behind paywall) The stone cist conundrum: A multidisciplinary approach to investigate Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age population demography on the island of Gotland, by Fraser et al. J. Archaeol. Sci. (2018) 20:324-337.
Interesting excerpts (emphasis mine):
Unfortunately, due to poor preservation, mitochondrial haplotype calls were only obtained from the EBA individuals in this study. However, some interesting findings were observed. We find two adult local individuals with unique haplogroup lineages [H1a, H1e], and two juvenile individuals with haplogroup lineages [H2a and T1a] previously found exclusively in the CWC individuals analyzed here, all four dated
… Read the rest “Mitogenomes show discontinuity in Gotland’s LN – EBA transition”
Pontus Skoglund writes (and shares publicly) his perspective on early postglacial migrations of hunter-gatherers into Scandinavia, in Northwest Passage to Scandinavia (Nat. Ecol. Evol.): an initial migration from the south and a second coastal migration north of the Scandinavian ice sheet.
He sums up the recently published Open Access paper Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation, by Günther, Malmström , Svensson, Omrak, et al. PLoS Biol (2018) 16(1): e2003703, based on preprint at BioRxiv Genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia reveal colonization routes and high-latitude adaptation (2017).
Scandinavia was one of
… Read the rest “The preferred northwest passage to Scandinavia” | <urn:uuid:3433bb99-1291-43ca-ba30-e14d7ff81ba4> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://indo-european.eu/tag/scandinavia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178372367.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305122143-20210305152143-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.895762 | 1,588 | 2.59375 | 3 |
AdviceAn advice is a hint, suggestion or counsel given to you by someone.
In constitutional law Advice is a frequently binding instruction issued to a constitutional office-holder or institution. For example, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom formally appoints Ministers of the Crown on the advice of the British Prime Minister.
In some cases, whether the advice is mandatory or advisory depends on the context and authority of the person offering advice. Hence in normal circumstances when the President of Ireland is advised to dissolve Dáil Éireann (the House of Representatives), by the Taoiseach (prime minister) he or she must do so. However, where in the words of the Irish Constitution a taoiseach has "ceased to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann"1 (ie, lost the House's confidence) the President had the option of refusing to follow that advice.
To indicate that what is being received is not merely an informal suggestion but a formal constitutional instruction which potentially may be obligatory to follow, some though not all constitutional writers capitalise the word, writing it as Advice.
In aspect-oriented programming an advice is a piece of code executed when a join point is reached, that is associated with the pointcut of the advice.
In complexity theory, an advice is a string with extra information used by Turing machine or other computing device. See advice (complexity theory).
- Article 13.2.2. of Bunreacht na hÉireann (1937)
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Does the lead photo with this article look like a good place to put over 1,700 new homes on a little over 600 acres? What if I told you it was working agricultural land in a remote location 45 miles north of San Diego and 61 miles south of San Bernardino, California? What if I added that the developer is doing everything it can to make the project green? Those are the questions currently facing San Diego County authorities.
The environmental importance of development location
Unfortunately for the proposed project's sponsor, the most significant factor in determining the environmental impacts of real estate development is the project's location. Even the greenest development in the wrong location will create more environmental problems than it will solve. Of course, that doesn’t stop developers' and architects' green puffery. Heck, they may even be well-intentioned, trying to do the greenest internal design on a site whose non-green location cannot be overcome. But trying to green a project doesn’t make wishes come true.
I've written about this sort of thing multiple times, criticizing a purported "net zero" energy-efficient development in Illinois that is totally automobile-dependent, and pointing out that higher density, though generally an asset to green performance, won’t cure locational problems. I've criticized the American Institute of Architects and even the U.S. Green Building Council for undervaluing location in their green awards programs. (At least USGBC has taken a major positive step by adopting LEED for Neighborhood Development, a certification program that rewards good locations along with other green features. More about LEED-ND later in this article.)
Development locations far from existing cities and towns cause substantial environmental problems, disrupting agricultural lands and natural ecosystems; requiring the spread of resource-consuming infrastructure, including new road capacity that brings more runoff-causing pavement to watersheds; attracting ancillary sprawling development nearby; and causing major transportation impacts.
I can't over-stress that last point: On average, we use more energy and emit more carbon getting to and from a building than does the building itself. Peer-reviewed research published by the federal EPA shows that even green homes in conventional suburban locations use more energy and emit more carbon that non-green homes in transit-served city neighborhoods. The problem only gets worse when the development is located beyond suburbia on truly rural land. Indeed, the most exhaustive research I know on how land use affects travel behavior found that location – measured by, among other things, the distance from the regional center – is by far the most significant determinant of how much household driving will occur, over time, from a given location.
Simply put, green sprawl is still sprawl.
"An I-15 sustainable community"
This brings me to a proposed "I-15 sustainable community" (the developer’s tagline) some 45 miles north of San Diego and 61 miles south of San Bernardino, California. I’m tempted to say that the site is in the middle of nowhere, but that’s not quite fair. It is more accurate to say that it is decidedly rural, home to working orchards, cropland and ranchland on rolling terrain near Lancaster, Pala, and Weaver Mountains near the north edge of San Diego County. There are scattered rural residential enclaves and a few small, newer suburban developments within a few miles.
The proposal's draft environmental impact report describes the setting this way:
The project site is generally characterized by agricultural lands and gently rolling knolls, with steeper hillsides and ridges running north and south along the western edge. Existing land uses in the surrounding area include residential dwellings that range from suburban to semi-rural densities, along with agricultural uses and vacant lands.
What the site is not is a good place to put 1,746 new homes at an average density of 2.9 units per acre.
Perhaps that is why it is illegal under current law, which zones the land for agricultural use. That is also its designation in the county’s general plan, recently adopted after more than a decade of deliberation. The developer is seeking to change the zoning and to change the plan to accommodate the development.
The developer’s argument for the proposal, to be called Lilac Hills Ranch, is that it will be internally walkable, with amenities within a 10-minute reach of most residents; that it will cluster development so as to maintain green space; that it will utilize green technology in building design; and that it will create "a neighborhood grounded in traditional small-town values embracing 21st century design and sustainability."
To be honest, that sounds pretty nice if it were located adjacent to existing development instead of leapfrogging across vacant land. But it isn’t; I took a look at some numbers. Because the site is unusually shaped and mostly open land, it is hard to find a point within it that is cataloged in searchable databases. So I picked a spot on the north edge of the site on West Valley Road, the main access to the site from I-15, and ran it through some calculators.
Location by the numbers
Google Maps says the north side of the project is 14 miles from San Marcos, the nearest town with significant employment, 16 miles from downtown Escondido, and 22 miles from Rancho Bernardo. As noted, it is 45 miles from downtown San Diego. We're talking about very long work commutes. There is no transit nearby and, even under the best of circumstances, unlikely to be any future transit that would go conveniently from the development to San Diego County’s scattered work sites.
My spot's Walk Score was 2. Pretty low, eh? Walk Score basically measures how close a site is to shops and conveniences. Ideally, it finds walkable locations with ratings above 60 or so that have things within walking distance. The average Walk Sore for Escondido is 51. For San Diego city, the average Walk Score is 56. The average in Los Angeles is 66. A Walk Score of 2 means that this site is not near much, to say the least.
I also ran it through the Abogo calculator maintained by the Center for Neighborhood Technology, which displays driving rates and costs, along with emissions data, for given locations. The average household in the general vicinity of the proposed development emits 1.02 metric tons of carbon dioxide each month just from transportation. This is 46 percent above that of the San Diego region as a whole.
The developer apparently
wishes believes that Lilac Hills Ranch would actually reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 40 percent compared to a "business-as-usual" scenario, mostly because of the project’s internal walkability and planned commercial spaces that would absorb trips that otherwise would be made outside the project. Nothing in the literature of transportation research suggests that would be the case.
First, let’s parse what "business as usual" means. What the developer is really claiming is that the project would reduce emissions compared to an even more sprawling development in the same location. The developer is not claiming, nor could it, that the project would reduce emissions below the average for the metropolitan region or even below the amount that would be experienced in an alternative site closer to Escondido or San Diego. As noted above, the most exhaustive research on the subject (Professors Ewing and Cervero’s epic "Travel and the Built Environment," published in the Journal of the American Planning Association) found that proximity to downtown and other major destinations, not internal design, was the most significant factor in determining driving rates. ("Almost any development in a central location is likely to generate less automobile travel than the best-designed, compact, mixed-use development in a remote location," write the scholars.)
Look, this proposal basically would replace working agricultural land with a commuter suburb, albeit with some very nice internal amenities for its residents.
Dan Silver, MD, executive director of the Endangered Habitats League, summed the League’s position in a letter to the San Diego County planning office, which is apparently reviewing the proposal:
This project would create a commuter-based ‘bedroom’ community in an agricultural portion of Valley Center. It would shred the consensus reached for the Valley Center community as part of the historic General Plan Update, just adopted in 2011. No compelling planning rationale or deficit in housing capacity is present to justify this proposed amendment.
The League is not alone in its criticisms. The Valley Center Planning Group voted 11-1 to send a scathing critique of the proposal to the planning office, according to an article by David Ross published last month on the local news site Valley Road Runner. If anything, the Planning Group’s language was even stronger than that of the Endangered Habitats League, reports Ross:
Key take-aways from the response the Planning Group approved Monday night:
• The project is leapfroging and therefore contrary to the good planning principles upon which the General Plan Update was based. It plops urban building densities into a rural agricultural area without appropriate existing infrastructure. A much better project alternative than any proposed is within the Downtown Escondido Specific Plan Area, says the review.
• In most major areas of the project, the rationale presented by the applicant is going to change the General Plan requirements to be aligned with what it wants to do. According to the group, this defeats the efforts by all who participated in the 12-year-long, $18 million county General Plan Update project that was approved by the Board of Supervisors only two years ago.
It seems to me that the planning office should be encouraging green revitalization and redevelopment within cities and towns, and encouraging the addition of new green features to existing suburbs. In some cases, it might be reasonable to review even a new mega-project such as this one if it were not only green but also adjacent and connected to existing development. But, assuming the worst, what’s the point of having a planning office if it approves leapfrog development that violates its own plan?
The project, LEED-ND, and California planning law
Adding rhetorical insult to environmental injury, a document prepared in support of the development asserts that the proposal is "designed to meet the environmental standards of" LEED for Neighborhood Development, the voluntary green rating system mentioned at the top of this article. (See our Citizen’s Guide.) Seriously? Then file an application and get a certification that proves it. Heck, you could at least apply to the US Green Building Council, which administers LEED-ND, for a "prerequisite review" that for a fraction of the cost and time of full certification will determine whether you meet the rock-bottom minimum locational standards of the system.
Given the serious doubts raised about this proposal, if I were a planning official for San Diego County I would politely ask that the developer do just that as a condition of further discussion of any zoning change or planning amendment. Speaking for myself, my informal opinion based on about a dozen painful hours of reviewing planning documents in this case is that there is not a snowball’s chance in hell that this proposal qualifies for LEED-ND certification or even that it would pass the minimum prerequisites to be considered.
For one thing, LEED-ND requires a minimum average density of seven dwellings per acre, not the 2.9 at issue here. For another, the LEED-ND locational prerequisite is generous, but not generous enough to let this project slip through. (I should know, because I was its principal author.) To be considered, a project must qualify as (1) infill; (2) adjacent and connected to a minimum amount of previous development; (3) served by existing or fully committed minimum transit service; or (4) surrounded by a minimum number of specified, pre-existing "neighborhood assets" within walking distance. In other words, a project can’t be smack in the middle of rural land at a long distance from existing development. Well, it can be, but it won’t – and shouldn’t – qualify for green certification under LEED-ND.
Finally, in 2008 California passed what many of us believed at the time to be landmark legislation (“SB 375”) requiring that each metropolitan area in the state, including San Diego County, develop specific, long-range land use and transportation planning documents that meet assigned targets for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases from transportation. A lot of people in the state, including my NRDC colleague Amanda Eaken, worked long and hard to ensure that the new law would be fair to developers and municipalities as well as protective of the environment. They succeeded at that, and won the support of a broad range of nonprofit and commercial interests.
Basically, each metro area must develop a "Sustainable Communities Strategy" as part of its transportation plan. The SCS must anticipate population growth and housing needs and allocate them to areas within the region that can accept them consistent with the law’s environmental aims. The state’s Air Resources Board must review and certify that the plans are adequate to meet their emissions-reduction targets. Municipalities are expected to conform to the regional plans, and transportation funding and development approval benefits flow to the priority growth areas.
The whole point of SB375 was to encourage development within or close to existing development and existing city and town infrastructure. (And, no, contrary to the developer's assertions here, being close to an Interstate highway is not what the framers had in mind when they spoke of existing city and town infrastructure.)
The Sustainable Communities Strategy for San Diego County, crafted by the San Diego Association of Governments and adopted two years ago, was built on the premise that the county’s general land use plan would remain in place. As a result, this development not only challenges the plan; it also flies in the face of all the hard work and good faith that went into the region’s Sustainable Communities Strategy pursuant to SB375. This should matter, not just a little but a lot. As far as I could tell from the documents I reviewed, the SCS isn’t even mentioned.
The bottom line: in another place, this might be a great green development, though I would want to improve its design for better walkable density and transit access. Its on-site premises do appear to have some merit to them. But this location is so, so wrong that it negates what might otherwise be the development's environmental assets. It's a shame because, in the end, the development basically amounts to little more than pretty sprawl.
This post originally appeared on the NRDC's Switchboard blog, an Atlantic partner site. | <urn:uuid:b5fdb2d5-ebe7-4abe-a3cf-0d6e472ca68a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.citylab.com/design/2013/09/sprawl-still-sprawl-even-if-its-green/6756/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246634257.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045714-00075-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949801 | 3,026 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Primarily focusing on upholding international treaties and agreements, Human Rights Law protects the fundamental rights of people everywhere. An LLM is a master’s degree, which adds further specialization to a bachelor’s in law or juris doctor degree-holding legal professional. An LLM in Human Rights Law may also be undertaken by a graduate from a related bachelor’s program who d… Read more
Primarily focusing on upholding international treaties and agreements, Human Rights Law protects the fundamental rights of people everywhere. An LLM is a master’s degree, which adds further specialization to a bachelor’s in law or juris doctor degree-holding legal professional. An LLM in Human Rights Law may also be undertaken by a graduate from a related bachelor’s program who desires a detailed understanding of human rights law, without the possibility of taking the professional examination to practice law.
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The costs of an LLM in Human Rights Law vary significantly depending on the country of study, the university and the study term. Scholarships or additional funding may be available for students enrolled in LLM in Human Rights Law programs.
Why take an online LLM in Human Rights?
Online LLM in Human Rights Law programs offer students the flexibility to complete requisite coursework away from campus or outside of normal working hours.
What does an LLM in Human Rights consist of?
Many LLM in Human Rights Law programs are built upon course modules, each of which culminates with written examinations at the end of the semester. Research may also be required by some faculties. Universities consider applicants with an undergraduate degree in law, human rights or a related subject for admission to an LLM in Human Rights Law program.
Which career with an LLM in Human Rights?
Lawyers, litigators, law-makers, administrators, executives, advisers and judges in domestic or international courts often count an LLM in Human Rights Law as part of their legal academic education. Join this group of legal professionals making a difference in the world by applying for an LLM in Human Rights Law at one of the top universities listed below.
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If you’re ready to take your career in law forward, or in one of the many law-related fields, our LLM is an excellent next step. It’s a versatile qualification that produces h ... + | <urn:uuid:76ac794b-f203-410c-9c6a-f7b4aa2ed4aa> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.lawstudies.com/LLM/Human-Rights-Law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363515.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208144647-20211208174647-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.923441 | 1,083 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Coastal Plain Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana nigrescens) was originally described from a small number of specimens from the tidal marshes of the Nanticoke River in southeastern Maryland. Based on our quantitative analysis of a larger series of specimens, we found that Swamp Sparrows collected during the breeding season from the Chesapeak and Delaware bays (and tributaries) and near the mouth of the Hudson River are generally less rusty, have more black in the crown and nape, and have larger bills than other Swamp Sparrows. Contrary to earlier accounts, we found M. g. nigrescens to be migratory, arriving after the spring migration and departing before the fall migration of the inland subspecies through the tidal marshes. The location of the wintering groups of M. g. nigrescens is unknown. We argue that the morphological and life history differences characterizing M. g. nigrescens reflect adaptation to tidal marshes. We base this hypothesis on the nature of the morphological differences, which are convergent with other tidal marsh breeding sparrows and other terrestrial vertebrates.
Additional Publication Details
Adaptations to tidal marshes in breeding populations of the swamp sparrow | <urn:uuid:7134cc9a-c249-474c-87cd-e5e3af614953> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5223413 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463928.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00221-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889738 | 246 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Apps and sites that can be used to hire people for individual tasks like picking up groceries or designing a new logo have taken off in recent years, promising a more efficient and fairer marketplace for employment. However, a new study out of Northeastern University in Boston suggests that racial and sexual discrimination may be common on two popular “gig economy” platforms.
Researchers led by Christo Wilson, an assistant professor at Northeastern, and Ancsa Hannák, a PhD student, examined TaskRabbit, a platform for hiring people to run errands, and Fiverr, a marketplace for creative services. On both, they found evidence of bias along racial and gender lines.
It’s just one example of how bias creeps into online platforms and services. And it’s troubling because the gig economy promised to be not only more efficient and flexible, but also less biased—since algorithms do the work of connecting people.
On Fiverr, the researchers found evidence that black and Asian workers received lower ratings than white people. And on TaskRabbit, women received fewer reviews than men, and black workers received lower ratings than white ones. Perhaps most troubling, the researchers also found evidence of such bias in the recommendation algorithm on TaskRabbit. The research will be presented at an academic conference in New York this week.
It’s impossible to say for certain that the correlation identified by Wilson and Hannák is due to racial and gender bias on the part of hirers, as opposed to some unknown confounding factor, but Wilson says the pattern is concerning. “We’re told this is the future of labor,” he says. “If you’re going to roll out an algorithm that’s going to be used by millions of people, you have some kind of responsibility to the public to examine what you’re deploying, evaluate it, and see if it’s going to have any of these negative side effects.”
A spokesperson for Fiverr argues that the study’s methodology was flawed in that it ignores factors such as international boundaries and language differences. She also notes that users do not have to provide any demographic information in order to use the service, making it easy to avoid discrimination. TaskRabbit did not respond to a request for comment.
There is, however, growing evidence that bias can affect all sorts of digital services. Last month, researchers from MIT, Stanford, and the University of Washington discovered that that Uber drivers in Boston canceled trips more often for customers with African-American-sounding names, and that black Uber customers in Seattle faced longer wait times than their white counterparts. In a study published last year, researchers at CMU found evidence that ads for high-paying jobs were shown more often to men than to women.
In many cases the bias seen just reflects what’s found in the real world, such as the conscious and subconscious prejudice employers may bring to hiring decisions. So for recommendation engines or machine-learning systems, the question is how bias might be removed, either from the data sets fed to algorithms or from the algorithms themselves.
“People have this idea that because it’s a computer it’s neutral,” Wilson adds. “If you have data that’s biased, it makes sense that you’re going to train an algorithm that’s biased.”
Don MacKenzie, an assistant professor at the University of Washington and one of the authors of the recent Uber study, stresses that the study doesn’t prove racial or gender bias is at play. But he says it is important to consider bias in the gig economy and underlying algorithms—adding that the problem should be manageable if companies are careful.
“This is an emerging area, and if there is a set of best practices, I am not aware of it,” MacKenzie says. “From my perspective, companies, developers, and data scientists should be watchful, listen to feedback, and not be afraid to try out different solutions. I think if everyone approaches these issues in good faith, constructively, and with a willingness to try different things, we can get closer to eliminating bias in these systems.” | <urn:uuid:34139160-35f4-42ba-b12d-7e32f3ddafbe> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/11/17/6355/is-the-gig-economy-rigged/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362513.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301121225-20210301151225-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.954195 | 873 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ವಿಧಾನ ಸಭೆ
Shivashankara Reddy N.H, INC
Leader of the House
Leader of the Opposition
|5 May 2013|
|Legislative Assembly Chamber at the Vidhana Soudha|
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly|
|The Council was established in 1881 for the Princely State of Mysore. The Princely state was merged with the Union of India and became Mysore State in 1950; Mysore State was re-organized to its current territorial state in 1956 and renamed as Karnataka on 1 November 1973|
The Karnataka Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of Karnataka state in southern India. Karnataka is one of the seven states in India, where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses. The two houses are the Vidhana Sabha (lower house) and the Vidhana Parishat (upper house).
The members of the Vidhana Sabha are directly elected by people through adult franchise. The members of the Vidhana Parishat are elected indirectly by members of local bodies, teachers and graduates.
There are 75 members of the Vidhana Parishat. Members of the Vidhana Parishat or Legislative Council normally have a term of six years, and are generally known as MLCs.
There are 224 members of the Vidhana Sabha or the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka state. One member is a representative of the Anglo-Indian community nominated by the Governor of Karnataka. The state of Karnataka is divided into 225 constituencies used to elect the Legislative assembly.
Each constituency elects one member of the assembly. Members are popularly known as MLAs. The assembly is elected using the simple plurality or "first past the post" electoral system. The elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India.
The normal term of the members lasts for five years. In case of death, resignation or disqualification of a member, a by-election is conducted for constituency represented by the member. The party which wins the most seats becomes the ruling party.
In the 2013 elections, the Indian National Congress (INC) won a majority of seats, with 122 out of 224 MLAs. On 10 May 2013, K. Siddaramaiah was chosen as Chief Minister and CLP leader by the MLAs. He was sworn in on 13 May 2013.
List of Assemblies
|First Assembly||18 June 1952 - 31 March 1957||K. C. Reddy, Kengal Hanumanthaiah, Kadidal Manjappa, S. Nijalingappa|
|Second Assembly||10 June 1957 - 1 March 1962||S. Nijalingappa, B.D. Jatti|
|Third Assembly||15 March 1962 - 28 February 1967||S.R. Kanthi, S. Nijalingappa|
|Fourth Assembly||15 March 1967 - 14 April 1971||S. Nijalingappa, Veerendra Patil|
|Fifth Assembly||24 March 1972 - 31 December 1977 (Dissolved)||D. Devaraj Urs|
|Sixth Assembly||17 March 1978 - 8 June 1983 (Dissolved)||D. Devaraj Urs, R. Gundu Rao|
|Seventh Assembly||24 July 1983 - 2 January 1985 (Dissolved)||Ramakrishna Hegde|
|Eighth Assembly||18 March 1985 - 21 April 1989 (Dissolved)||Ramakrishna Hegde, S. R. Bommai|
|Ninth Assembly||18 December 1989 - 20 September 1994 (Dissolved)||Veerendra Patil, S.Bangarappa, M. Veerappa Moily|
|Tenth Assembly||25 December 1994 – 22 July 1999 (Dissolved)||H.D. Deve Gowda, J. H. Patel|
|Eleventh Assembly||25 October 1999 - 28 May 2004||S. M. Krishna|
|Twelfth Assembly||28 May 2004 - 19 November 2007 (Dissolved)||Dharam Singh, H. D. Kumaraswamy, B. S. Yeddyurappa|
|Thirteenth Assembly||30 May 2008 - 5 May 2013||B. S. Yeddyurappa, D.V. Sadananda Gowda, Jagadish Shettar|
|Fourteenth Assembly||13 May 2013 -||K. Siddaramaiah|
President's rule in the state
|19.03.1971 to 20.03.1972||Fourth Assembly|
|31.12.1977 to 28.02.1978||Fifth Assembly|
|21.04.1989 to 30.11.1989||Eighth Assembly|
|09.10.2007 to 11.11.2007||Ninth Assembly|
|20.11.2007 to 29.05.2008||Twelfth Assembly|
At 11:00am on 18 June 1952, Wednesday, the first session of the legislative assembly was held at the old public office building conference hall (the present high court building) in Bangalore.
On December 16, 1949 the maharaja of Mysore dissolved the representative assembly and the legislative assembly. The constituent assembly which was constituted in 1947 became the provisional assembly of Mysore until the elections were held in 1952.
The first assembly formed under the Constitution had 99 elected and one nominated member. In the first sitting of the assembly, V.Venkatappa was the honorary speaker who administered oath to the members including the then Chief Minister Kengal Hanumanthaiah. He conducted election to the post of speaker, which was contested by socialist leader Shantaveri Gopalagowda, and H.Siddaiah, where H.Siddaiah secured 74 votes and emerged victorious and the first CM of Karnataka state Kengal Hanumanthaiah delivered the speech.
With the formation of Andhra state in 1953, parts of Bellary district from Madras State were added to Mysore state and the strength of the Assembly increased to five members. After the re- organisation of state of Mysore came into being on November 1, 1956 with four districts from the former Bombay state, three districts of Hyderabad state, a district and a taluk of the old Madras state of Coorg and the princely state of Mysore.The state was renamed as Karnataka in 1973.
The first sitting of the new assembly was held on December 19, 1956 in the newly built Vidhana Soudha. The strength of the assembly, which was 208 in 1957 increased to 216 in 1967 and to 224 plus a nominated member in 1978.
The lone women Speaker of Karnataka assembly was K.S. Nagaratnamma from March 24, 1972 to March 3, 1978
Legislature sessions was held twice outside Bangalore in Belgaum --- September 25 to 29, 2006 and from January 16 to 24 in 2009
List of Speakers
|2||H. Siddaiah||INC||18.06.1952 to 14.05.1954|
|3||H. S. Rudrappa||INC||13.10.1954 to 01.11.1956|
|4||S. R. Kanti||INC||19.12.1956 to 09.03.1962|
|5||B. Vaikunta Baliga||INC||15.03.1962 to 06.06.1968|
|6||S. D. Kotavale||INC||05.09.1968 to 24.03.1972|
|7||K. S. Nagarathnamma||INC||24.03.1972 to 17.03.1978|
|8||P. Venkataramana||INC||17.03.1978 to 03.10.1980|
|9||K. H. Ranganath||INC||30.01.1981 to 24.01.1983|
|10||D. B. Chandre Gowda||Janata Party||24.01.1983 to 17.03.1985|
|11||B. G. Banakar||Janata Party||18.03.1985 to 17.12.1989|
|12||S. M. Krishna||INC||18.12.1989 to 20.01.1993|
|13||V. S. Koujalagi||INC||15.02.1993 to 26.12.1994|
|14||K.R.Ramesh Kumar||Janata Dal||27.12.1994 to 24.10.1999|
|15||M. V. Venkatappa||INC||26.10.1999 to 07.06.2004|
|16||N. Krishna||JD(S)||10.06.2004 to 04.06.2008|
|17||Jagadish Shettar||BJP||05.06.2008 to 16.11.2009|
|18||K. G. Bopaiah||BJP||17.11.2009 to May 2013|
|19||Kagodu Thimmappa||INC||31.05.2013 to 19.06.2016|
|20||K. B. Koliwad||INC||05.07.2016 to Incumbent|
Current Cabinet (2013-present)
As of 31 October 2015, the government of Karnataka consists of 35 ministers including the Chief Minister.
|1||K. Siddaramaiah (Chief Minister)||
|2||R. V. Deshapande||
Forest, Ecology and Environment Department.
|6||H. K. Patil||
Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Development.
|8||S S Mallikarjun||
Revenue Department excluding Muzrai.
|10||H. C. Mahadevappa||
|11||K. J. George||
|12||H. S. Mahadeva Prasad died on 3 January 2017||
Higher Education Department.
|14||Eshwara B Khandre||
|15||M. B. Patil||
Major and Medium Irrigation from Water Resources Department.
|16||Satish Laxmanarao Jarkiholi||
Small Scale Industries from Commerce and Industries Department.
|17||K R Rameshkumar||
Health and Family Welfare excluding Medical Education.
|18||M. R. Seetharam||
Mines and Geology.
|21||D. K. Shivakumar||
|22||R. Roshan Baig||
Home Department excluding Intelligence Wing.
|25||H Y Meti||
|27||U T Khader||
Food and Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs Department.
|28||Krishna Byre Gowda||
|29||Dr. Sharan Prakash Patil||
Medical Education from Health and Family Welfare Department.
Mines and Geology from Commerce & Industries Department.
|36||Rudrappa Manappa Lamani||
List of current members
- Vidhana Souda
- Government of Karnataka
- List of Speakers of the Karnataka Legislature
- List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka
- Karnataka Legislative Council
- List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly
- "Karnataka By election Results 2016". infoelections.com. 16 February 2016.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karnataka Legislative Assembly.| | <urn:uuid:9ce9c909-5e05-4262-b62d-3976e099339a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_legislature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123491.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00022-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872491 | 2,487 | 3 | 3 |
Engineering Acoustics/Speed of sound
When sound waves propagate in a medium, they cause fluctuations in the pressure, density, temperature and particle velocity in the medium. The total pressure in the medium can be expressed as:
where is the hydrostatic or ambient pressure and is the acoustic pressure or pressure disturbance.
The hydrostatic pressure can be thought as the mean pressure while the acoustic pressure represents fluctuations around the mean pressure. Similarly, the density, temperature, and particle velocity are separated into mean and fluctuating components.
Notice that pressure, density, and temperature are scalar quantities and the particle velocity is a vectorial quantity.
Let's consider a plane wave travelling in the x-direction inside a tube filled with a fluid at rest with constant pressure, density and temperature. As the wave moves, it creates infinitesimally small fluctuations in the initially stagnant fluid in front. All four quantities describing the fluid vary around their mean value, increasing or decreasing depending on whether the fluid is being compressed or expanded. To obtain a relation for the propagating speed, the plane wave inertial frame of reference is followed and a control volume is drawn around the wave.
Applying continuity and neglecting higher order terms
Applying conservation of momentum, neglecting higher order terms
The speed of sound is related to the ratio of pressure fluctuation (acoustic pressure) to density fluctuation. Given that the speed of sound is always a positive quantity, an increase in the fluid pressure implies an increase in the fluid density and vice versa. The total pressure is expressed as a Taylor series expansion about the ambient density to relate its infinitesimally small fluctuations to the total pressure and density.
Neglecting second order terms and higher, the speed of sound can be related to the total pressure and density.
As a sound wave moves through a fluid, the fluid follows an adiabatic and reversible thermodynamic path. So, the heat transfer between fluid particles is negligible and the changes caused by the sound wave onto the fluid can be reverse to their original state without changing the entropy of the system. For an isentropic process, the total pressure and density are related by the following thermodynamic relation.
Taking the partial derivative and using the ideal gas law,
The speed of sound can be expressed in terms of the ambient pressure, density and temperature.
Using the definition of the Bulk modulus,the speed of sound can written in three different forms.
Original Document | <urn:uuid:70fdd3ea-a008-4906-96d9-84e9ae7c6ac6> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics/Speed_of_sound | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944848.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420233255-20180421013255-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.897237 | 504 | 4.25 | 4 |
Missouri Statutory Rape Laws
Statutes governing Missouri's age of consent, associated criminal charges, available defenses, and penalties for conviction.
Seventeen is the age of consent in Missouri. Adults who engage in sexual activity with children under the age of consent can be prosecuted and convicted of statutory rape, statutory sodomy, or child molestation. It is also a crime in Missouri for a teacher or school employee to engage in sexual contact with a student.
For more information on statutory rape, see Statutory Rape Laws, Charges, and Punishments.
In all statutory rape cases, the determinative fact is whether the victim is underage. Consent is not an issue. Of course, people who commit sex acts against others of any age without their consent may be convicted of rape, sexual battery, or assault.
Statutory Rape and Sodomy
In Missouri, a person commits the crime of second degree statutory rape by engaging in sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 17 when the defendant is over the age of 21. A person age 21 or older that engages in sodomy (oral or anal sex or sexual penetration) with a child under the age of 17 commits the crime of second degree statutory sodomy.
No matter what the defendant’s age, it is a crime (first degree statutory rape or sodomy) to engage in sexual intercourse or sodomy with a child under the age of 14.
(Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 566.032, 566.034, 566.062, 566.064.)
For example, a 22-year-old who has sex with a 16-year-old could be convicted of second degree statutory rape. Any person who engages in sexual intercourse against a 13-year-old could be convicted of first degree statutory rape.
Other Sexual Activity
Under Missouri's laws, a person who engages in sexual contact short of intercourse or sodomy with a child under the age of 17 commits the crime of child molestation. The younger the child, the more severely the crime is punished. (Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 566.067, 566.068.)
Teachers and Students
In Missouri, it is also a crime to engage in any sexual contact with a public school student if the defendant is a school teacher, student teacher, employee, official, volunteer, or contractor. For example, a volunteer assistant coach who engaged in sexual activity with a student could be convicted of the crime of sexual contact with a student.
(Mo. Rev. Stat. § 566.086.)
It is also a crime under Missouri’s laws to invite or ask a child under the age of 15 (or a police officer masquerading as a child under the age of 15) to engage in sexual conduct or to misrepresent one’s age online in order to engage in sexual conduct with a child.
For more information on these crimes, see Child Enticement Laws in Missouri.
Mistake. In most states, it is not a defense to a charge of statutory rape that the defendant mistakenly believed the child to be of age. In Missouri, mistake is not a defense to a charge of first degree statutory rape or sodomy or molestation of a child under 14. However, it is a defense to a charge of second degree statutory rape or sodomy or molestation of a child over the age of 14 that the defendant believed the child to be age 17 or older, so long as the belief is reasonable. (Mo. Rev. Stat. § 566.020.)
Marriage. It is a defense to a charge of statutory rape or sodomy or child molestation that the defendant and the child were married. (Mo. Rev. Stat. § 566.023.)
For information about the marital rape exemption, see Missouri Marital Rape Laws.
The defendant’s age. Many states have enacted “Romeo and Juliet” exceptions, named for William Shakespeare’s young lovers, to protect young people from criminal charges as a result of consensual sexual activity with other teens. Missouri’s statutory rape and sodomy laws protect people under the age of 21 from being prosecuted for engaging in consensual sexual conduct with people who are over the age of 14 but under the age of 17.
Second degree statutory rape and sodomy are Class C felonies, punishable by up to seven years in prison and a fine of up to $5,000. First degree statutory rape and sodomy are punishable by five years’ to life imprisonment, or ten years to life in prison if the child is under the age of 12.
Molestation of a child under the age of 12 is a Class A felony, punishable by ten to 30 years’ or life imprisonment and the defendant is not eligible for probation or parole. Molestation of a child under the age of 14 is a Class B felony, punishable by five to 15 years in prison. Molestation of a child over the age of 14 but under the age of 17 is a Class A misdemeanor, punishable by up to one year in jail and a fine of up to $1,000.
Sexual contact with a student is a Class D felony, punishable by up to four years in prison and a fine of up to $5,000.
(Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 558.011, 560.011, 560.016, 566.032, 566.034, 566.062, 566.064, 566.067, 566.068, 566.086.)
Sex Offender Registration
People in Missouri who are convicted of any sex crime involving a minor must register as sex offenders. Registered sex offenders are required to provide their names, addresses, and photographs to local police, who make this information available to the public. (Mo. Rev. Stat. § 589.400.)
The Value of Legal Representation
Being convicted of any crime, but especially a sex crime, can have extremely serious consequences. In addition to time in prison or jail and sex offender registration, a criminal conviction can result in a harsher sentence if you are ever convicted of another crime and, if convicted of a felony, you can lose your right to vote, own a firearm, or hold public office. A criminal conviction can also make it more difficult to obtain a job or a professional license. Only an experienced criminal defense attorney can help you successfully navigate the criminal justice system and protect your rights. | <urn:uuid:9db78172-ade0-486f-913d-e5e94d64ecc5> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/missouri-statutory-rape-laws.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121869.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00279-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928756 | 1,338 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Cass County Fairs: 162 year historyResearched and Submitted by Ron Rushly
Pleasant Hill can certainly be called the “fair city” of Cass County! Research at the Pleasant Hill Museum has turned up interesting historical facts.
According to the 1883 History of Cass and Bates Counties, the first fair was held in 1854. “The first fair was a rather primitive one. The ring was formed by stretching a rope around the ground to be used as such and the wagons and carriages were backed up for seats. These latter did not suffice and many of the lads and lasses made their seat on Mother Earth and her carpet of green.” Those early fairgrounds were located near where the weather station is standing today.
Civil war clouds overshadowed the fair after 1860. That same 1883 history says, “During the late Civil War, the Cass County Agricultural and Mechanical Association suspended its labors and fairs were a thing of the past. The grounds were held by the contending hosts, first one, then the other, for camping purposes; and, when peace once more cast its beacon of light and life upon the people, they felt more like building up their waste places than trying to reorganize the gala week of Ante Bellum Times. By 1868 the association was reorganized and Cass County had a fair again.”
The Pacific Railroad had come through south of town in 1865 and the town moved its downtown to the railroad where it remains today.
In 1870 the fairgrounds moved to the east of the new downtown where 58 Highway is now. There on 40 acres they built a beautiful fairgrounds, one of the best in the state. During this time, the association was reorganized again and named the Pleasant Hill Agricultural and Mechanical Association.
The history of 1883 contained an interesting quote about this organization: “The people of Pleasant Hill take pride in their annual fair and show a liberal as well as a commendable spirit in assuring their success.”
One hundred and twenty four years later that very same commendable spirit of volunteerism is what drives this successful Cass County Fair.
Crowds were reported to be as large as 15,000 people. 1940 was the first live remote radio broadcast from the Pleasant Hill Fair. Radio station KITE, Kansas City, broadcast the school band performing a 30-minute program with ads for events going on at the fair.
The Street Fairs continued throughout the 1940s. In the 50s and 60s festivals with carnivals and parades replaced the fair.
In 1968 or 1969 the West Central District came to Pleasant Hill and ran until 1978.
Rebirth of a Fair
After a long dry fair spell, in 1994, the Cass County Fair was formed by the City of Pleasant Hill. The old sawmill site on Big Creek west of town on Highway 58 was purchased for the bargain price of $10,000.
Hundreds of volunteers have donated thousands of man hours (and woman hours) of labor to build Pleasant Hill’s third fairgrounds and do “whatever is necessary” to see that each year’s fair is a great success. The Cass County Fair has grown to be the largest “new fair” in Missouri.
Times and people have changed over these many, many years yet that “liberal and commendable spirit” is alive and well at the Cass County Fair!
Come join us as we make some more history! | <urn:uuid:76b3250b-87ad-45f4-8948-df4d8287b9d4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.casscountyfairmo.com/p/about/our-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100229.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130161920-20231130191920-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.979978 | 715 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Why did it take so long for women’s suffrage?
The reason for the long delay, especially in the drawn-out final months of the effort, lay less in sexism than in racism. By 1919, women had mostly beaten down the arguments that their voting would imperil female fertility, men’s masculinity or the nation’s vitality.
How long did it take to gain women’s suffrage?
The women’s suffrage movement was a decades-long fight to win the right to vote for women in the United States. It took activists and reformers nearly 100 years to win that right, and the campaign was not easy: Disagreements over strategy threatened to cripple the movement more than once.
When did the struggle for women’s suffrage began?
The first attempt to organize a national movement for women’s rights occurred in Seneca Falls, New York, in July 1848.
What was the problem with women’s suffrage?
Anti-suffragists argued that most women did not want the vote. Because they took care of the home and children, they said women did not have time to vote or stay updated on politics. Some argued women lacked the expertise or mental capacity to offer a useful opinion about political issues.
How was women’s suffrage achieved?
The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. … After a lengthy battle, these groups finally emerged victorious with the passage of the 19th Amendment.
What events led up to women’s suffrage?
Women’s Suffrage Timeline
- 1840. Event. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton are barred from attending the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in London. …
- 1848. Event. The first women’s rights convention is held in Seneca Falls, New York. …
- 1850. Event. …
- 1866. Event. …
- 1869. Event. …
- 1872. Event. …
- 1878. Event. …
- 1890. Event.
Why was the 19th Amendment proposed?
In 1913, the day before Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration in Washington, D.C., Alice Paul and Lucy Burns organized a parade promoting women’s suffrage. … The 19th Amendment was added to the Constitution, ensuring that American citizens could no longer be denied the right to vote because of their sex.
What happened after women’s suffrage?
After the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment on August 18, 1920, female activists continued to use politics to reform society. NAWSA became the League of Women Voters. In 1923, the NWP proposed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to ban discrimination based on sex.
Why did the women’s movement fail?
In summary, the women’s movement did not succeed in finding equality as the movement produced discrimination toward minority groups, created an unforgettable backlash of radical feminism as a whole and caused women to fix the inequalities that the movement created by opening the doors for liberal feminism.
What were the main arguments for and against women’s suffrage?
Women voters, they said, would bring their moral superiority and domestic expertise to issues of public concern. Anti-suffragists argued that the vote directly threatened domestic life. They believed that women could more effectively promote change outside of the corrupt voting booth.
What did suffrage accomplished?
The suffrage movement means the right to vote or franchise. During World War-1, the struggle for the right to vote got strengthened. … The suffrage movement accomplished its goal and included women in the mainstream of voting and government.
What did the suffragettes do to get attention?
Their motto was ‘Deeds Not Words’ and they began using more aggressive tactics to get people to listen. This included breaking windows, planting bombs, handcuffing themselves to railings and going on hunger strikes. | <urn:uuid:b5aa1048-538e-4075-8d2f-a0747b681d9d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://wimfoxvalley.org/feminism/quick-answer-why-did-it-take-so-long-to-achieve-womens-suffrage.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521152.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518052503-20220518082503-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.966121 | 858 | 4 | 4 |
This course will explore the American education system through a social justice perspective. It will focus on the foundations of the American education system, with emphasis on the historical, philosophical, and socio-cultural roots of education. In addition, students will explore the influences of political, economic, legal and ethical bases of American education. Within this framework, contemporary educational values and issues will be critically examined. Three class hours.
Prerequisite OR Corequisite: EDU 100;.
Course Offered Fall and Spring
Use links below to see if this course is offered:
Fall Semester 2014
Spring Semester 2015 | <urn:uuid:b2299b14-1ff2-4bb5-9711-e5f91893ed2b> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.monroecc.edu/etsdbs/MCCatPub.nsf/Web+Course+Number+Descriptions/EDU+200?OpenDocument | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447660.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00281-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851901 | 123 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Type of commonly used water pump
The circulating pumps used in air conditioning water systems are centrifugal pumps.
According to the installation form of the water pump, there are horizontal pumps, vertical pumps and pipeline pumps; according to the structure of the water pump, there are single suction pumps and double suction pumps.
Horizontal pump - is the most commonly used air-conditioning pump, its structure is simple, the cost is relatively low, the running stability is good, the noise is low, the vibration damping design is convenient, the maintenance is relatively easy, but it needs to occupy a certain area.
Vertical pump - When the machine room is relatively tight, a vertical pump can be used. Since the motor is located in the upper part of the water pump, its aspect ratio is larger than that of the horizontal pump, so the stability of operation is not as good as that of the horizontal pump. The vibration damping design is relatively difficult, and the maintenance difficulty is larger than that of the horizontal pump. Generally higher in price than horizontal pump
Vertical pump multistage pump
Vertical multistage pump
Pipeline pump—is a special form of vertical pump. Its biggest feature is that it can be directly connected to the pipe, so it does not occupy the room area. But it is also required that its weight should not be too large. The domestic pipeline pump motor capacity does not exceed 30kW.
Shielded pipeline pump
Angle pipe pump
Single suction pump - characterized by water flowing in from the central axis of the pump, the hydraulic efficiency of discharging it radially after being pressurized by the impeller is not too high, and there is axial thrust during operation. This type of pump is simple to manufacture and has a low price, so it is widely used in air conditioning engineering.
Single stage pump
Double suction pump - it uses water on both sides of the impeller, its hydraulic efficiency is higher than the single suction pump of the same parameters, and the axial imbalance force in operation is also eliminated. The flow rate of the pump is large. The construction of such a pump is complicated, the manufacturing process is high, and the price is relatively expensive. Therefore, double suction pumps are often used in air conditioning water systems with large flow rates.
Shaft-open double suction pump (vertical water inlet)
Double suction pump
The circulating water pump for air conditioning water system commonly used in engineering has:
Horizontal single-stage single-suction centrifugal pump;
Up and down single-stage single-suction centrifugal pump;
Double suction pump for air conditioning;
Vertical double suction centrifugal pump;
Axial open type single stage double suction centrifugal pump;
Single-stage single-suction pipe centrifugal pump, etc.
Diesel engine pump Diesel engine fire pump.
The pressure resistance of the air-conditioning pump housing is 1.0 MPa, and the pressure resistance of the high-rise building water pump can reach 1.6 MPa (experimental pressure is 2.0 MPa). | <urn:uuid:b82bbb8f-fe62-4fee-928b-2e2227df6a87> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.bian-n.com/news/types-of-pumps-commonly-used-in-air-conditioni-25172214.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505550.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401065031-20200401095031-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.929615 | 651 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Course Hero. "Henry VIII Study Guide." Course Hero. 13 Mar. 2017. Web. 28 May 2023. <https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Henry-VIII/>.
Course Hero. (2017, March 13). Henry VIII Study Guide. In Course Hero. Retrieved May 28, 2023, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Henry-VIII/
(Course Hero, 2017)
Course Hero. "Henry VIII Study Guide." March 13, 2017. Accessed May 28, 2023. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Henry-VIII/.
Course Hero, "Henry VIII Study Guide," March 13, 2017, accessed May 28, 2023, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Henry-VIII/.
My surveyor is false. The o'ergreat cardinal/Hath showed him gold. My life is spanned already./I am the shadow of poor Buckingham,/Whose figure even this instant this cloud puts on/By dark'ning my clear sun.
Shortly after Buckingham is arrested, he already seems like a "shadow" of his former self. Just a few lines earlier, he was denouncing Cardinal Wolsey as a traitor for his involvement in the failure of a treaty between the French and English. Now he is accepting defeat without much fight. He gives in to his fate so quickly, it appears his death is willed by God, or he is actually guilty.
Go with me, like good angels, to my end./And as the long divorce of steel falls on me,/Make of your prayers one sweet sacrifice,/And lift my soul to heaven.
Both Buckingham and, later, Katherine are targeted by Cardinal Wolsey's scheming, and both seem more religious than the clergyman. Here, Buckingham prays sincerely before his death. Later, Katherine and other characters will question Wolsey's holiness.
Sir Thomas Lovell, I as free forgive you/as I would be forgiven. I forgive all./There cannot be those numberless offences/'Gainst me, that I cannot take peace with. No black envy/Shall make my grave.
When Lovell asks for forgiveness before Vaux takes Buckingham away, Buckingham freely gives it. Lovell's plea for forgiveness may indicate his understanding that Buckingham is innocent of the charges, in which case Buckingham's gracious attitude is saintlike. Buckingham's forgiving attitude is also part of an important pattern in the play: as each fallen character approaches death, they make peace with their lives either by seeking or granting forgiveness.
How holily he works in all his business,/And with what zeal! For, now he has cracked the league/Between us and the Emperor, the Queen's great-nephew,/He dives into the King's soul and there scatters/Dangers, doubts, wringing of the conscience,/Fears and despairs—and all these for his marriage.
It seems everyone but the king knows how corrupt Wolsey is. Norfolk sarcastically calls Wolsey holy and criticizes the corrupt and damaging influence of the cardinal on Henry VIII, when a clergyman's influence should bring people closer to God.
You, that have so fair parts of woman on you,/Have too a woman's heart, which ever yet/Affected eminence, wealth, sovereignty;/Which, to say sooth, are blessings; and which gifts,/Saving your mincing, the capacity/Of your soft cheveril conscience would receive/If you might please to stretch it.
The old lady speaks in frank terms to Anne Bullen, saying women really want wealth and power, and Anne should "stretch" her conscience to accept these things if they come to her by way of the king.
Sir, I desire you do me right and justice,/And to bestow your pity on me ... In what have I offended you? What cause/Hath my behavior given to your displeasure/That thus you should proceed to put me off/And take your good grace from me? Heaven witness/I have been to you a true and humble wife.
In a moving defense of her character and her marriage, Katherine pleads her case herself before the court. She asks for pity and justice, in seeming disbelief that she will now be repaid for her years of faithfulness by being cast aside. She calls upon heaven as her witness. However, despite her pleas and her faultless behavior, she receives neither justice nor pity from the king.
The more shame for you! Holy men I thought you,/Upon my soul, two reverend cardinal virtues;/But cardinal sins and hollow hearts I fear you/Mend 'em, for shame, my lords. Is this your comfort?
Katherine expresses her doubts about the morality and spirituality of Cardinal Campeius and Cardinal Wolsey. Her pointed pun—cardinal sins instead of cardinal virtues—shows her way with words and her tendency to speak the blatant truth without fear.
At length her Grace rose, and with modest paces/Came to the altar, where she kneeled and saintlike/Cast her fair eyes to heaven and prayed devoutly,/Then rose again and bowed her to the people.
The third gentleman waxes on about Anne's beauty and virtues, calling her saintlike. Making sure Anne is seen as exceptional in beauty, character, and piety is important to painting Elizabeth I, Anne's daughter, in an almost Christlike manner. This characterization would have pleased the reigning king at the time of the play's writing, James I, who was from the same family as Elizabeth I, and her successor.
So may he rest. His faults lie gently on him!/Yet thus far, Griffith, give me leave to speak him,/And yet with charity. He was a man/Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking/Himself with princes; one that, by suggestion/Tied all the kingdom.
The three fallen characters—Buckingham, Wolsey, and Katherine—all engage the topic of forgiveness in some way before they die. Katherine seems to have the most difficulty with it, however. Here, she seems inclined to be forgiving of Cardinal Wolsey, moved by Griffith's description of Wolsey's final days. Yet she can't help but mention once again his greed and arrogance.
This royal infant—heaven still move about her!—/Though in her cradle, yet now promises/Upon this land a thousand thousand blessings,/Which time shall bring to ripeness ... And all that shall succeed ... When heaven shall call her from this cloud of darkness,/Who from the sacred ashes of her honor/Shall starlike rise as great in fame as she was/And so stand fixed. Peace, plenty, love, truth, terror,/That were the servants to this chosen infant.
As Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, christens the infant Elizabeth I, he prophesies she will be a great ruler, and her successor will also "starlike rise as great in fame as she was." This unbounded flattery of both Elizabeth I and her heir, James I, is woven throughout the play. | <urn:uuid:b47a5c3d-1956-4116-99ee-13a725ab6b49> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Henry-VIII/quotes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528114832-20230528144832-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.955353 | 1,508 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Hydrogen Generator is a machine that generates electricity from hydrogen. It is fueled by hydrogen produced in a electrolytic separator: 160 kJ of power will be produced from 1600 units of hydrogen (a full storage tank).
The generator also has an internal storage capacity of 400 kJ, though once this is reached, it can still store 18000 units of hydrogen to be processed into energy later.
N̶o̶t̶e̶ ̶t̶h̶a̶t̶ ̶P̶u̶m̶p̶s̶ ̶h̶a̶v̶e̶ ̶b̶e̶e̶n̶ ̶r̶e̶m̶o̶v̶e̶d̶. Pumps are in the game as of the newest version. (8 March 2013)
Build a 3x3x1 pool of water.
Place an Electrolytic Separator as shown.
Place a Hydrogen Generator as shown.
Place some form of wire as shown (Insulated Copper shown here).
Place a Battery Box as shown.
Put some form of electricity into the Battery Box so that it will give some electricity to the Electrolytic Separator.
Now check to make sure that the Electrolytic Separator is filled with energy.
Attach a "Water Pipe" to the edge, by Shift+Right Clicking.
Attach a Pump to the pipe in that orientation.
Attach more wire to the Hydrogen Generator as shown, and connect it to an Advanced Battery Box.
Set the dump button to 'O' for oxygen so you can keep creating hydrogen.
Note: To get rid of the annoying "Stopping and Starting" sound of the Hydrogen Generator, click the button next to "Output" in the Electrolytic Separator GUI, so the Hydrogen Generator will reject the new gas (Oxygen) coming out. This will allow the internal Hydrogen tank of the Electrolytic separator to fill, and when it is full, change the output back to Hydrogen and the generator will run for a long time before stopping and making that noise again. Repeat as many times as you like. | <urn:uuid:2b1779bd-4c02-46eb-adb2-e322ef192e1b> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://voltzwiki.com/wiki/Hydrogen_Generator | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860114285.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161514-00069-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875653 | 449 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The history of the horrors and heroisms which reached us during the six weeks in which Ft. Abercrombie held out until relief came, would make a volume, and cannot he written here. The unimaginable tortures and indecencies inflicted on brave men and good women, are something for which the Christian supporters and excusers of the Sioux must yet account at the bar where sentimental sympathy with criminals is itself a crime; and where the wail of tortured infants will not be hushed by reckoning of bad beef and a deficiency in beans.
While the Sioux sat in council to determine that butchery, some objected, on the ground that such crimes would be punished, but Little Crow, leader of the war party, quieted their fears by saying:
“White man no like Indian! Indian catch white man, roast him, kill him! White man catch Indian, feed him, give him blankets,” and on this assurance they acted.
One thing was clearly proven by that outbreak, viz.: that services to, and friendship for, Indians, are the best means of incurring their revenge. Those families who had been on most intimate terms with them, were those who were massacred first and with the greatest atrocities. The more frequently they had eaten salt with a pale-face, the more insatiable was their desire for vengeance. The missionaries were generally spared, as the source through which they expected pardon and supplies. The Indian was much too cunning to kill the goose that laid the golden egg. The tribe do not object to the conversion of individuals. Saying prayers does not interfere with their ideas of their own importance. Preachers do not labor with their hands, and Indians can join the clerical order or get religion, without losing caste, for labor to them is pollution.
Two wagon loads of arms and ammunition en route for Hole-in-the-day, were intercepted during the massacre, and for want of them he was induced to keep quiet. For being such a good Indian, he had a triumphal trip to Washington at government expense, got ten thousand dollars, and a seventh wife.
A MISSIVE AND A MISSION.
Soon after the people had returned to such homes as were left them, I received a letter from General Lowrie, who was then in an insane asylum in Cincinnati. I caught his humor and answered as carefully as if he had been a sick brother, gave an extract in the Democrat, accompanied by a notice, and sent him a copy; after which he wrote frequently, and I tried earnestly to soothe him. In one of his letters was this passage: | <urn:uuid:8e7775a3-a7d6-40db-8a41-138b92246496> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/12052/117.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701167599.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193927-00020-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988018 | 531 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What is the reason that the right strap is longer than the left strap by the Tefilin Shel Rosh?
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The Shiurim for the length of Tefillin straps is one of the many halachot of Tefillin that is Halacha LeMoshe Misinai. There is no reason given for this in the Halachic works.
That being said, Kabbalah and Chassidut bring many explanations for this. The general idea being that the Tefillin Shel Rosh has four compartments for Chochma, Binah, and two types of Daat. The two parts of the strap that surround the head represent Chesed and Gevurah. The kesher is Tiferet and the two parts that descend in front of the person are Netzach and Hod. The right one being Netzach and thus longer. The longer strap should descend to the place of the brit which is Yesod.
If you would like to understand this matter in depth, I would highly recommend studying the Drush about Tefillin in Derech Mitzvotecha of the Tzemach Tzedek. Here is a link:
It is repeated in the name of Rabbi Zamir Cohen.
Since the right side in Kabala is Chesed and the left side Gevura - in order to have more Chesed than Din we make the right strap a bit longer. | <urn:uuid:02f05577-9e43-483d-b96a-97c110cf7899> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/9229/why-is-the-right-strap-longer-than-the-left-strap-by-the-tefilin-shel-rosh?answertab=active | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860117783.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161517-00203-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94271 | 322 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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The magic thesis statement use this thesis formula to create a solid thesis ( argument) for your paragraphs, papers, and essays remember - without a thesis - you don't have an essay a thesis statement gives focus, direction, and organization to your paper by looking at. Are you struggling to write a thesis for your paper confused about how to construct an effective outline here are three websites that will help you do the job thesis builder/outline generator on this website, you can generate either a thesis statement or a paper outline the outline, for a 5 paragraph essay. | <urn:uuid:af301512-c2db-4d2a-bc19-145288b4e25c> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://sxessayxafz.n2g.us/thesis-sentences-generator.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515041.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022113301-20181022134801-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.91644 | 966 | 2.859375 | 3 |
May/June 1988 | Volume 39, Issue 4
In 1904 the Olympics took place for only the third time in the modern era. The place was St. Louis, where a world’s fair was providing all the glamour and glitter and excitement anyone could ask. The Games, on the other hand, were something else.
The most arresting figure in the 1904 Olympic Games was a Cuban mailman named Félix Carvajal. Upon hearing that the third modern Olympic Games were to be held in the United States, Carvajal, although he knew nothing about track or field, decided he would represent Cuba in the marathon. He raised money by running around a public square in Havana, drawing a crowd, and then begging for cash to get him on a boat. Arriving in New Orleans, he promptly lost his stake in a dice game and had to make his way to St. Louis by hitchhiking and working at odd jobs along the way. Somehow he got there, and on August 30, on a blistering ninety-degree day, Carvajal stood at the starting line, wearing street shoes, a long-sleeved shirt, faded trousers, and a beret. A New York policeman, Martin Sheridan, who would subsequently win the gold medal in the discus, took a pair of scissors and cut Carvajal’s pants off at the knees to give him some air.
As he took his place in the starting crowd, Carvajal found himself in an odd group to be running the first Olympic marathon in America. In addition to legitimate distance runners such as Sam Mellor, John Lordon, and Michael Spring, each of whom had won the Boston Marathon, there were a professional strikebreaker from Chicago and two Zulu tribesmen, named Lentauw and Yamasani, who were at the fair as part of the Boer War exhibit and thought they would take the afternoon off to run.
In many ways Carvajal encapsulated the 1904 Olympic Games. He had no money, he was ill equipped, and he didn’t know what he was doing. But spirit counted for a great deal, and when the starting gun went off, the little postman set sail along the 24.8-mile course (it was shorter then than now) with a glad heart.
He would need it. The roadway was choked with men on horseback trying to clear a path, who themselves became obstacles to the runners. Additionally, there were trainers on bicycles cluttering up the route and automobiles spewing gasoline fumes.
Once under way, however, Carvajal enjoyed himself enormously. He chatted with roadside spectators when he could make them out in the dust clouds, and when he got hungry, he swung off the trail to invade an orchard and devour a few apples. The marathon is a grueling event, but there is one good thing about it. There is plenty of time.
The turbulent history of the Olympics predates Homer. One account has it that the Games began when Zeus wrestled with his. father, Cronus, for mastery of the earth. This tale is dubious even by the standards of mythology, but it has been told so often it has become part of the accepted Olympic Games legend.
The first recorded Games were in 776 B.C., and the major race at them was won by Coroebus of Elis, who dashed along a meadow beside the river Alpheus and was awarded a wreath of wild olive woven from a tree sacred to Hercules. Although the Games began as a religious festival, before long, money began to take precedence over wreaths. The Games became big, crowded secular events. Modern-day basketball players asked to play a game in Europe at three in the morning to oblige American television might take comfort in knowing that during the seventy-seventh Games, an Athenian boxer, Callias, complained that the chariot races had taken so long he was forced to fight by moonlight. The Games lasted for more than a millennium, until A.D. 394, when the Christian emperor of Rome, Theodosius I, banned them as a pagan ritual.
The Olympic ideal died hard. Fired by the poetry of Pindar’s celebration of the games, men clung to the belief that somehow the world could forsake armed conflict in the interest of good sport. The founder of the modern Games was a quixotic Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, an amateur athlete of small distinction who rowed and fenced a bit and dabbled in nudism. A French patriot, Coubertin agonized over the defeat of France by Germany in 1871 and felt France must rejuvenate itself by remodeling its educational system along the lines of the English, who incorporated sports into their programs. The Duke of Wellington never actually said, “The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton,” but Coubertin probably thought he did.
Although high-minded, Coubertin, known as le Rénovateur, was something of a hustler. He could with equal ease produce a member of nobility to front a fund-raising dinner or supply a bogus statistic. However, his theme that the Games could constitute “a republic of muscles” was appealing. If sports could not end wars, Coubertin said, it could at least improve their quality. “An army of sportsmen,” he wrote, “would be more human, more pitying in the struggle and more calm and gentle afterward.”
Through dogged persistence, Coubertin finally prevailed upon the Greek government to serve as host to games in Athens, and in 1896, amid a flurry of doves, the Olympic Games were reborn.
Although the United States sent nothing approximating a national team to Greece, the Americans there swept nine out of twelve major track events. (See box on page 38.)
It was natural, then, that the Olympic Games, after journeying to Coubertin’s beloved Paris in 1900, would next come to America. Our athletes had already garnered most of the medals that had been awarded.
If we seem to have lost track of the doughty Cuban postman for the moment, it is not surprising. Like the Games as a whole, the marathon was a tangle from the outset and difficult to follow. Only fourteen of the thirty-two starters ever finished. “The roads were so lined with vehicles that the runners had to constantly dodge horses and wagons,” one spectator noted. “So dense were the dust clouds on the road that frequently the runners could not be seen.”
Lordon began vomiting after ten miles and gave up. Mellor pulled out after sixteen. Lentauw lost valuable time when he was run off the course and chased through a cornfield by two large dogs. Another runner who slipped out of the race for a while was Fred Lorz. Representing the Mohawk Athletic Club, Lorz led for the first several miles, until he pulled up with cramps. Then he tottered, exhausted, to the side of the road, sat down, and waved weakly to the other runners as they passed. Later he climbed into a truck and was driven for several miles until he felt better.
The choice of St. Louis as the site of the Games represented an unhappy compromise. Originally planned for Chicago, the Games were moved south at the urging of President Theodore Roosevelt so they could be held in conjunction with the St. Louis world’s fair, commemorating the Louisiana Purchase. Baron Coubertin correctly sensed that the Games would be merely an athletic sideshow for the fair. Hearing rumors that Americans planned to stage a contest of long-range tobacco-juice spitting, Coubertin threw up his hands and stayed away. The thought was not as crazy as it may have sounded. At various times the Olympics have included such disparate events as mountain climbing, choral singing, dumbbell swinging, and bowling on the green.
The Americans were supposed to have sent a ship to pick up the European teams, but it never arrived, and most Continental competitors stayed home. Not a single athlete from France or England made the trip. As a result, the international sporting event that Coubertin had hoped for settled down to essentially a track meet between the New York Athletic Club and the Chicago Athletic Association, for a trophy donated by A. G. Spalding, the athletic equipment manufacturer, which New York won by a single point. It was difficult to sustain public interest in the Olympics as an event, for it was stretched out from July 1 to November 23 to provide the fair with a continuing attraction. The crowd rarely exceeded ten thousand in a day—a sparse turnout considering that a few years earlier a boat race on the Thames between Harvard University and Oxford had drawn ten times that many.
But if the 1904 Olympics was an all-American show, the results were more than respectable by the standards of the day. In the twenty-one track-and-field events that had been held before, Americans in 1904 established thirteen Olympic Games records, and seven of the other eight were already held by Americans.
The name of Ray Ewry is all but forgotten now because the events in which he starred are no longer part of the track-and-field calendar, but at the time he was one of our most popular sports heroes. Ewry’s life was a classic story of a young man willing himself to become a great athlete. A victim of childhood polio, he undertook a series of exercises to increase the strength in his legs. By the time he reached Purdue University, he excelled as a standing jumper. He was twenty-seven when he went to the Paris Games and won the standing high jump, the standing broad jump, and the standing triple jump. He repeated his triple victory in St. Louis and was to go on to win four more jumping events in the next two Olympic Games. Ewry’s was a record for the ages: ten events and ten gold medals in four Olympic Games.
There were other heroes aplenty for the American team in St. Louis. Archie Hawn, the Milwaukee Meteor, raced home first in the 60-meter, 100-meter, and 200-meter dashes. James D. Lightbody, representing the Chicago Athletic Association, was another triple winner. On Monday, August 29, he came from behind in the 2,500-meter steeplechase to best the highly rated Irish champion John DaIy by one second. On Thursday he stormed through the 800-meter event, lopping five seconds off the Olympic record. On Saturday he set an Olympic and world record by running the 1,500 meters in 4:05.4. A few hours later he entered the four-mile team cross-country but could manage only a second-place finish.
Because of its place in Greek history, the marathon has always been a premier event in the Olympic Games. It is an event that destroys the unfit, and the casualties in St. Louis ran unusually high. William Garcia, a San Francisco runner, began to hemorrhage and collapsed to the ground near death from the heat and fumes that filled the air. Two officials were badly injured when their car swerved off the road to avoid a runner and careened down an embankment. The apples that Carvajal ate were unripe and caused him a severe case of stomach cramps, but doggedly he began running again. With attrition so high, just finishing would be a good showing.
With Lordon and Mellor out of the race, Thomas Hicks, an English-born brass worker from Cambridge, Massachusetts, found himself a weary leader. Ahead by a mile and a half, he tried to lie down, but his handlers wouldn’t hear of it. They dosed him with strychnine sulfate mixed with raw egg white, and Hicks stumbled on. The marathon contestant in the best shape by now was Fred Lorz. Refreshed, his uniform crisp and unsullied by the dust from the road, Lorz drove past the field, waving and wishing the runners well from his perch in the truck.
Footraces were not then the carefully controlled track events they are today. Four years earlier in Paris the layout for the hurdles had consisted of a series of thirty-foot-long telephone poles with a water jump thrown in for good measure. There was no water in St. Louis; but there were no lanes for the runners either, and the races seemed more like stampedes.
None of these problems was helped much by the officiating. It is axiomatic that the Olympic Games are poorly officiated. Hardly one goes by without a major furor or two concerning some misstep by an Olympic official. The 1904 Games were no exception. After watching Olympic officials considerably more amateurish than the competitors, the New York Sun commented that “when they were tired of ordering the contestants around, they exercised their official authority on each other.”
One athlete who suffered grievously from official mismanagement was a German middle-distance runner, Johannes Runge. Shortly before the championship 800-meter race, he was misdirected to a handicap race being held for novices. Runge won handily but was still blowing hard when his own race began.
There was a proper rhubarb in the 50-meter freestyle swimming event, in which the Hungarian Zoltan Halmay beat the American J. Scott Leary by a foot. An American judge declared Leary the winner, precipitating a brawl that was not quelled until the judge agreed to call the race a dead heat and stage a rerace. Halmay won easily.
The swimming events, in a lake, proved especially difficult for the officials. The conditions were primitive. The distance markings, according to one report, were “chaotic”; the raft that the swimmers used as the starting line sank several times; and there were no lanes for the swimmers.
The American George Sheldon won the 10-meter platform dive over the vigorous protests of the Germans, who objected to the American judging system because it gave credit for how the swimmer entered the water. The Germans felt that if the indicated somersaults were properly executed in the air, all the requirements were filled. As a result, the Germans attempted more difficult dives than the Americans but lost points for landing on their stomachs.
In another swimming-rules controversy a strong German freestyle relay team was disqualified at the starting line when the Americans protested that all the Germans did not belong to the same swimming club, as each of the four top American teams did. The American judges ruled in favor of the home side, and the race was won by the New York Athletic Club.
The marathon was in Thomas Hicks’s hands if he could hold himself together long enough to finish the last few miles. His handlers drove alongside in their automobile, getting out from time to time to lace their man with more strychnine and brandy. For a while Hicks simply walked along the hilly course, and his handlers bathed him in warm water. When that wasn’t enough, they took him by the elbows and helped him along. The rest of the field was perhaps a mile behind Hicks when, buoyed by the spectators alongside the road cheering him, he began to run again on his own.
Up ahead, the truck Fred Lorz was riding in had broken down. Lorz could have sat and waited for the field to come by him, but he was feeling fresh, so he got out and started running for the finish line.
Although the Olympic games meant track and field to the general public, Coubertin had hoped for the widest possible spectrum of human endeavor to be represented. It was his great disappointment that arts-and-crafts events were never accepted into the Olympic arena.
Two sports played in St. Louis that summer were later discarded as Olympic events. Golf, which was dropped after the 1904 Games, was a team triumph for America. Individual honors, however, went to an antic Canadian player, George Lyon, who walked to the ceremony on his hands to accept his fifteen-hundred-dollar silver trophy. The roque championship was reeled in by the American Charles Jacobus. A form of croquet, roque was played on a hard surface with raised sideboards, similar to a miniature-golf layout. Roque had never been played in the Olympics before and never was again.
But the oddest event of all was Coubertin’s nightmare come true. While he had hoped to stage a theater of pure sport, the American hosts opted for a bit of show business. On August 12 and 13 the Games were suspended for an exhibition of “Anthropology Days,” with contestants culled from among the exhibitors at the fair. A Sioux Indian not eligible for the regular American team romped home winner in the 100-yard dash, and a Patagonian prevailed in the shot put, beating out a Pygmy, who managed to throw the shot only ten feet.
Hearing of this, Coubertin despaired: “In no place but America would one dare to place such events on a program … but to Americans everything is permissible.”
As he neared the end, Thomas Hicks was in a profound stupor. He had lost ten pounds in little more than three hours and was feeling the effects of the various drugs he had been given. Walking and stumbling up the last hill, he finally made his way to the stadium, prepared to accept the laurels of victory. Unfortunately Fred Lorz, looking as if he had finished no more than a jog in the park, was at the podium with President Roosevelt’s daughter, Alice, accepting congratulations all around.
Chicanery real or imagined in long-distance running events has been a part of the modern Olympics since their inception. In the 1896 marathon it was discovered that the third-place finisher, Spiridon Belokas, had sequestered a carriage en route and through much of the race had driven in it. Four years later, in Paris, a French bakery deliveryman named Michel Theato was accused of taking shortcuts through city streets to gain his victory. But there was not much larceny in Fred Lorz’s heart. He knew he had been fairly and publicly beaten. He said his victory lap had been merely a lark. The Amateur Athletic Union, never very big on larks, banned Lorz from all future competition; the next year, however, it lifted the ban, and Lorz proved he was a legitimate distance runner by winning the Boston Marathon without automotive assistance.
If it comes to that, Hicks, by any proper reading of the rules, should have been disqualified three times over, but the issue was never raised. He was declared the winner at 3:28:53, the slowest time by more than half an hour in the history of the Olympics. He had to be carried to the locker room, where four doctors worked on him. He then announced his retirement from racing and took a trolley back to the Missouri Athletic Club. He slept all the way.
With Hicks winning the marathon, the American rout of a diminished international field was all but complete. Of twenty-two major track-and-field events, Americans had won twenty-one. The only break in the ranks was a surprise victory by Etienne Desmarteau in the 58-pound-weight throw. This unlooked-for victory proved to be an embarrassment for Canada. Desmarteau had taken French leave from the Montreal Police Department to participate in the Olympics and had been fired. After his victory, his dismissal notice was quietly lost.
America won seventy-seven gold medals; Cuba was second with five, all in fencing. The United States swept all weights and classifications in boxing and wrestling and was supreme in the rowing events. There were a few disappointments. Soccer was never a strong sport in America; in St. Louis, Canada won, and the only goal the American St. Rose team scored went into its own net.
Sometimes the Americans just got lucky. A well-regarded Hungarian high jumper, Lajos Gönczy, arrived in St. Louis with several bottles of Tokay wine, which he liked to consume between jumps. His horrified trainers commandeered his supply, and a sober Gönczy bombed out at five feet nine inches, finishing fourth behind the American Sam Jones, who won with a jump of five feet eleven inches. Later, in an unofficial event and well fortified with Tokay, Gönczy easily sailed over six feet two inches.
Overall, the 1904 Olympics drew mixed reviews. America was, naturally, pleased with its virtual clean sweep. A Hungarian Olympic official, Ferenc Kemény, was less so. He reported back to Coubertin, “I was not only present at a sporting contest but also at a fair where there were sports, where there was cheating, where monsters were exhibited for a joke.”
And what of Félix Carvajal, the little man from Havana? Despite stomach cramps, gas fumes, and massive inexperience, he finished fourth—losing a medal but, as the sportswriting fraternity is fond of saying, winning a place in the hearts of sports fans everywhere. | <urn:uuid:1cec26ff-5724-4549-b118-075a7ae226e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.americanheritage.com/print/56047?page=show | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982958896.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200918-00215-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985443 | 4,424 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Coffee Without a Perk
by Laura Johnson
Starbucks Coffee has received world-renowned recognition as the trendiest coffee house ever since magazines and movies alike boasted the super-chain. Starbucks is inescapable, whether you see it on TV being held by Britney Spears, or in every mall, strip-mall, or outlet center across the United States. Their signature frappuccinos and macchiatos are what helped Starbucks earn more then $6.4 billion USD in 2005 alone. However Starbucks isn’t the only place in America where coffee is sold. The emphasis is put primarily on the coffee industry and the child slave labors that are forced to work in the fields rather in school.
One reason why young children are put to work everyday is sometimes based on poverty and the fact that some families cannot afford proper education for their children. The children are then forced to work in the fields and help support their family. A recent census shows that 38-52% of the Latin American population was under the age of 18. Having children work for little or no money at all allows big industry to make a much higher profit. When child slaves are put to work it is often hot outside, with long hours, and they are sometimes subjected to brutality.
Their pay is based on how much product they collect. This standard of payment however turns out to be barely minimum wage which can hardly support a family. In Kenya, the workers get paid three to four times less than the minimum wage which is at least $40 USD a month. Unfortunately, children are able to be taken advantage of, “There is a control and power issue with children, they don¹t form unions, they don¹t strike and you can beat them.”
Many family farms exist to support the families that operate them. These farms generally produce a variety of subsistence crops as well as one or more cash crops such as coffee. The money the family makes from the cash crops is used to purchase products they do not produce, and is also used to buy medicine and other essential items. On family farms children start to work at a very young age which becomes their way of life since they do not attend school. Tasks children do include helping around the house, taking care of younger siblings, harvesting the subsistence crops, and other work related to the coffee harvest. Since this is a family farm, children do not come in contact with dangerous conditions that could harm them.
Poverty is the contributing factor to these forms of child labor. With low pay and very hard work, all family members must work to support their family unit and survive. With little money and no education, child labor is an unfortunate cycle that is passed from generation to generation. Parents even sell their children into bonded labor because they are too poor and see no other alternative.
Coffee growing is a very labor intensive product to harvest. Since quality is a significant factor, extra time and attention is required throughout the cultivation process. Coffee experts estimate that it takes approximately 2.2 hours of labor to produce one pound of coffee.
Pressure to keep the commodity price of coffee low has driven labor costs down even more. Many laborers have been laid off in favor of hiring cheaper, temporary, migrant workers outside the protection of their government. As a result, this has increased the use of child labor in order for families to make ends meet. Today child labor comprises a large percentage of the overall work force.
In Kenya, approximately 4 million children ages ranging from 6-14 were reported working in the commercial agricultural department. In the plantations about 50-60 percent of the workers during coffee pickings peak season were children. The children working in this kind of environment are exposed to various diseases. Such as malaria, influenza, and pneumonia. These children are not only exposed to the many diseases but also to the filthy drinking water. Americans should be concerned the most because we are the nation that buys and consumes the most coffee beans.
Government officials have scantily tried to protect and stand up for children’s rights. They have overseen the children as mere slaves, and believe they do not deserve adequate health plans and education. Although laws do exists, they are rarely enforced and hardly noticed. Even if a violation occurs it is never harmful to the plantation owner because of how small the infraction costs. “The coffee industry in the communities studied demonstrates a lack of commitment to the rule of law in Guatemala. Large majorities in all the communities studied report lack of payment of overtime and legally mandated employee benefits,” this quote stated by COVERCO in their 1999 study of Guatemalan coffee industry proves that insufficiency of protection of child slave labor laws will only elongate this destructive usage of children as slaves.
In most coffee communities schools are secluded and basically inaccessible. If children past the age of 10 want to attend school they must walk several miles. Even where schools are within reach, families often cannot afford the fees and expenses. Children have little influence over whether they attend school or work. With inadequate education, that leaves children with little opportunity to choose another vocation. Once most young boys and girls begin to work, they rarely return to school.
With most consumers now aware of child labor issues, many coffee companies have sought a guarantee from growers prohibiting child labor. Unfortunately this is a band aid approach. The sad reality is that child labor still does exist and companies need to be more proactive instead of reactive once they get caught. Industries need to work together with local authorities to make sure kids attend school. If companies are really interested in impacting the situation they would take more of a leadership role in understanding the poverty / child labor cycle.
As long as poverty exists, children will continue to work in the coffee trade. Therefore the coffee industry needs to treat this as more than a public relation issue. They need to look further at the social and economic reasons why this exists and improve industry practices. At a minimum access to basic health care, food and housing is essential to all children working on plantations or family farms. Better wages and prices should help make this possible which the coffee industry needs to closely examine. The ultimate goal is for children of coffee producing counties to live as healthy and educated as children in the US coffee industry.
Although the child slave labor is still a major cause of concern, recent reports have shown that the number of children slaves is declining. The International Labor Organization said that between 2000 and 2004 the number of slaves went from 246 million to 218 million. Children from ages 5-17 have reportedly dropped drastically from 171 million in 2000 to 126 million in 2004. These sudden decrease in children slave labor is partly because of new governmental concern, greater awareness, poverty decline and a newly reformed education system.
In order for child slave labor to be put to an end many groups and agencies had to step forward and start a plan of action. This plan is known as IPEC, which stands for International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor. Over 175 countries have joined this fight against child slavery which prohibits the use of any child under 18 years of age to work as a slave or bonded labor, child pornography, drug trafficking, or work that harms the physical, emotional, and physiological mind of a child.
Not only should the children be placed out of the working environment, but they should then be placed in school systems and properly educated and also be provided with counseling and rehabilitation. Even though the children no longer have to work and provide for their poverty stricken family there has to be another solution to fix the family’s situation. The United States has helped the IPEC in part by granting them $6 million to help support their programs.
In Brazil alone, child slaves ages 5-9 have decreased 61 percent over twelve years and ages 10-17 have dropped 36 percent as well. Throughout Asia the number of child slaves has decreased, however, there are still 121 million slaves to this day. The African region also has the highest number of child slaves ranging from 40-50 million children still employed. "In this 21st century, no child should be brutalized by exploitation or be placed in hazardous work," Somavia said. "No child should be denied access to education. No child should have to slave for his or her survival” | <urn:uuid:4e333aa2-cf9d-440e-9350-9b557636732d> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://ihscslnews.org/view_article.php?id=178 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00304-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971141 | 1,682 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Budgie Body Colors
Mauve, Cobalt, Violet...?
Budgie body colors, where should we start? How about with your basic Light Green Normal budgie. This colour is basically made up of yellow and blue as described on Budgie Colours. The term 'body colour' refers only to the green, blue or grey color of the budgies body, not to the wing or face colour. The face (also called mask) colour is often referred to as the base colour i.e. white base or yellow base. The wing colours are covered at Budgie Varieties.
We can divide budgie body colours into two groups, the Green Series (all those with yellow present) and the Blue Series (all those without yellow). There are three varieties - Yellowface 1 and 2, and Goldenface - that have reduced yellow but that will be covered on the Budgie Varieties section. Lets just stick to plain old blue or green body colour for now.
There are three effects that we should cover before we discuss the individual colours; the Dark Factor, the Grey and the Violet.
Dark Factor - the Dark Factor creates three different shades. Each budgie can carry two non-Dark Factor gene, one Dark with one non-Dark Factor gene, or two Dark Factor genes. Within the Green Series this results in the Light Green (no Dark Factor, this is the wild type), Dark Green (one Dark Factor) and Olive (two Dark Factor). Likewise in the Blue Series you get Skyblue (no Dark Factor), Cobalt (one Dark Factor) and Mauve (two Dark Factors).
Grey - this gene has the effect of making a blue budgie look Grey, and a green budgie into what is called a Grey Green. It effectively washes a grey shade over the base colour of the bird. This means a Skyblue bird becomes a Light Grey, a Cobalt becomes a Medium Grey and a Mauve a Dark Grey, with the same in the Grey Greens. It can be difficult to tell the shades apart though so mostly they are just called Grey or Grey Green.
Violet - the Violet gene has a darkening and enriching effect on budgie body colours. It can be present in both Green and Blue Series birds, but is most obvious in the Blue Series.
Slate - the Slate is a less common colour so you are not likely to come across it unless you are hunting for it. It has a similar effect to Violet, a darkening and enriching effect, but rather than a violet hue, it produces a blue/grey slate shade. It can be present on any colour bird, however it really only visual on the blue birds, and is most obvious when on a Skyblue bird. When combined with Grey it produces a nice, very dark bird. There are a couple of Slate pictures on the right, a Slate Violet chick and a Slate Skyblue cock.
So without further ado let’s look at the individual shades! I am going to talk only about the budgie body colours, we can talk about variations in markings on another page.
The Green Series
Light green - this is the original color of the budgie with no dark factors present, just a lovely bright grass green.
Dark green – the intermediate shade of green with one dark factor. It is darker and lacks the iridescence of light green. It can be tricky to show the difference in photos, in reality they are quite different side by side.
Olive – the darkest shade of green with two dark factors. It is almost a muddy green shade. This color can look a lot like Grey Green. They can be distinguished by the color of their cheek patches (violet blue in Olive and greyish blue in Grey Green birds) and long tail feathers (dark blue in Olive and black in Grey Green).
Grey green – the grey gene washes over the green to make a color similar to Olive but with the different cheek patch and long tail feathers as described above. Grey Greens can be light, medium or dark depending on how many dark factors are present.
The budgie on the right is a chick and therefore a paler shade, once it moults it will darken a little and become a stronger color, more like the Olive above. If you compare its cheek patch with those of the Olive you will see the difference as described above. The budgie on the left has silverish cheek patches due to it also being of the Spangle variety, which will be discussed on another page. She is just here to give another example of a light Grey Green shade.
Violet – the violet gene behaves like the grey gene in that it washes over green base color and alters it. The effect is to darken and enrich the shade of green. This makes, for example, a Light Green bird with the violet gene look similar to a Dark Green. The color palette is a violet Dark Green.
The Blue Series
Skyblue – the lightest shade of blue, with no dark factors. It is basically a light green bird with the yellow removed, leaving a lovely bright iridescent pale skyblue.
Cobalt – the medium shade of blue with one dark factor. Cobalt desribes this colour well. It is darker than Skyblue and has lost the iridescence.
Mauve – mauve is the darkest blue with two dark factors. It can look muddy and greyish but is much bluer than a grey. If in doubt remember that a grey has grey cheek patches and a black tail whilst mauve has violet cheek patches and a blue tail.
Grey – the grey gene causes a grey wash over the blue body colour resulting in a grey bird. Remember that the grey gene also changes the cheek patches to grey and the tail feathers to black. Like the grey greens greys come in light, medium and dark depending on what shade of blue it is covering.
Violet – The violet gene works by causing a darkening and enriching of the birds base colour. It can, for example, make a skyblue appear cobalt. My first ever violet was a violet skyblue that I thought was cobalt. However after a few matings I realised she wasn't, and on inspection I noticed that above her wings in the neck region her color was a richer more violet than the cobalt elsewhere. This can sometimes provide a clue to the presence of violet. The most beautiful of these is the violet cobalt, which shows the strong violet colour and is therefore often called a visual violet. The lovely bird on the right is a visual violet, they are often not that strongly violet, more of a rich cobalt.
These are the basic budgie body colors, as they are found when not altered by the mutations that have created the many varieties that budgies come in. We will cover these (opaline, spange, ino, pieds etc) in another page as they work separately from the budgie body color. | <urn:uuid:603756dc-52ad-48b8-a957-8f9e351c6923> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://birdszoo.com/budgerigar/budgies-mutation-ii | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573258.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918065330-20190918091330-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.934167 | 1,436 | 3.15625 | 3 |
An attack on one is an attack on all. We must protect the rights of people of all backgrounds and beliefs. We must make it the American way that all people have the equal liberty -- the equal freedom -- to live the life they choose, to love who they wish, and to become who they rightfully ought to be.
Women’s rights must be protected. They are Americans, and as such they must have the freedom to control their bodies, to be paid equal wages, and to live dignified lives.
From Christians to Muslims, from Buddhists to Hindus, from spiritualists to atheists, all religions must be respected. Religious intolerance of any sort is not the American way.
Racism is a scourge within our society, it is pervasive, and as such we must resist it. We must work towards creating an America without racism.
As Americans, we cannot tolerate prejudice against anyone on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity. The federal government must use its power under the 14th Amendment in order to prevent states from abridging the rights of the LGBTQIA+ community.
There are three bills pending in Congress that I strongly support because they will expand protections for LGBT people in America.
- Customer Non-Discrimination Act would amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to prevent discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in public accommodations.
- The Equality Act would provide anti-discrimination protections for the LGBT community in key areas that include employment, housing, credit, education, and federally-funded programs.
- The Every Child Deserves a Family Act would prevent child welfare agencies from discriminating against potential foster families on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. Considering the crisis of foster care in many states, it's outlandish that prospective foster parents might be prevented from helping a child in need of a loving family on the basis of the parents' sexual orientation or gender identity.
I oppose any attempt to amend the constitution to define marriage as an institution between a man and a woman. I also oppose the First Amendment Defense Act, which would allow non-profits and private businesses contracting with the federal government to circumvent anti-discrimination protections. | <urn:uuid:d717db3d-f67e-4053-8876-d5481ab8e2b4> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.chrisperrifortexas.com/equal-liberty | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867277.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526014543-20180526034543-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.955923 | 437 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Heated debates over evolution versus creationism have occurred almost nonstop--in courts, schools, churches, and elsewhere—from the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species through the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover trial and beyond. This concise reference illuminates the human side of this long, often colorful controversy by giving synopses of every major person, organization, and place involved in it. In more than 500 entries, many of them illustrated, it describes well-known scientists, religious leaders, lawyers, and others, including Charles Darwin, Andrew Carnegie, H.L. Mencken, and Bruce Babbitt. It also describes many less familiar figures such as Billy Sunday, a baseball player and influential revival preacher who rejected evolution, claiming it was for “godless bastards and godless losers.” With entries on several trials, including the Scopes Trial, and on topics such as the Galapagos Islands and The Flintstones, More Than Darwin is both an essential guide to this debate and an intriguing read. | <urn:uuid:1c734b18-2951-41b1-ad08-4763f6511db4> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520260290 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866326.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524131721-20180524151721-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.948364 | 216 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Many of us hold a limited and limiting definition of talent, believing talent to mean special skill in art, athletics and academics. This narrow understanding can restrict learning ability, performance, and happiness in all aspects of life.
During 1999-2000, I visited classrooms in a variety of school settings throughout America, where I read my book, The Twelve Gifts of Birth. I then engaged the children in discussion about their inner resources of strength, compassion, beauty, and other human capacities, including the gift of talent.
Everywhere I went, I asked children to tell me about their gift of talent. In every classroom, hands shot up, and I got answers like, “I can draw. I can sing. I’m good at baseball. I’m good at swimming. I’m good at math. I’m good at spelling.”
In nearly every classroom, there were a few students who hesitated to name a talent or did not did claim one at all.
Next, I asked, “What do you love to do? What makes you happy?”
Then, every child showed eagerness and enthusiasm. And, I heard answers like, “I’m good at taking care of my baby brother; I can make people laugh; I’m good at putting puzzles together; I like to look at the stars; I know sign language; I love my dog; I can twirl my tongue; I can put my legs behind my head!”
These answers demonstrate that, by approaching talent in a broader way and asking about likes and abilities, children readily begin to see the notion of talent in a broader way and they see themselves as “talented,” which usually leads to an increased sense of value, self-worth, and potential for learning.
Whenever I lead this expanded activity, I observe what appears to be heightened happiness and a greater sense of respect for self and others.
So, I’m suggesting three ideas to help expand the limited, common view of talent that is prevalent in our culture:
1. Let’s start using a new word: Talentry. The word talent is well established as primarily related to the 3 A’s… academics, athletics, and the arts. It is probably easier to use a new word than to try to expand the meaning of an existing one. Talentry could be that word, meaning “the mix of abilities and interests that exist in any and every human’s makeup.”
2. I invite you to make a Talent Tree. Start with a blank “Talent Tree” for yourself and one for each person doing this activity, if you are doing this with others. You can draw your own trees with a simple trunk and straight lines for branches. Use the one provided here as an example. The idea is to fill in the branches, one-by-one, with aspects of a person’s own, unique talentry. Brainstorm. What comes easy? What brings joy? What do you love to do? What do you care about? These are the clues for aspects of one’s talentry. Note everything that comes up. Have fun with this. The purpose is to expand appreciation of all our traits, not judge anything as “unimportant.” Nothing is too small in this quest. The sample “Talent Tree” in process here is meant to be a guide.
3. Fill in as many branches as you can. Then, be on the look-out. Make it a game. Continue to add all those seemingly small qualities and interests to your Talent Tree.
I believe that when we all get this expanded view of talent … when we see that every person has and IS a unique expression of talentry … we will all begin to experience more reverence and joy in our hearts as well as greater success in the world. | <urn:uuid:d0f04c6a-8c69-4a1d-a99a-f222d4e2a39d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://charlenecostanzo.com/category/joy/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826210.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023164236-20171023184236-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.957888 | 808 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Civics is the study of the theoretical and practical aspects of citizenship, its rights and duties; the duties of citizens to each other as members of a political body and to the government. It includes the study of civil law and civil code, and the study of government with attention to the role of citizens ― as opposed to external factors ― in the operation and oversight of government. In the United States, Civics classes [typically] start in 7th grade. (Source: Wikipedia)
Ben’s Guide to U.S. Government for Kids: Ben’s Guide to U.S. Government for Kids is brought to the World Wide Web as a service of the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO). Ben’s Guide serves as the educational component ofGPO Access, GPO’s service to provide the official online version of legislative and regulatory information.
This site provides learning tools for K-12 students, parents, and teachers. These resources will teach how our government works, the use of the primary source materials of GPO Access, and how one can use GPO Accessto carry out their civic responsibilities. And, just as GPO Access provides locator services to U.S. Government sites, Ben’s Guide provides a similar service to U.S. Government Web sites developed for kids.
Go to: http://bensguide.gpo.gov/
iCivics: iCivics prepares young Americans to become knowledgeable, engaged 21st century citizens by creating free and innovative educational materials.
In 2009, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor founded iCivics to reverse Americans’ declining civic knowledge and participation. Securing our democracy, she realized, requires teaching the next generation to understand and respect our system of governance. Today iCivics comprises not just our board and staff, but also a national leadership team of state supreme court justices, secretaries of state, and educational leaders and a network of committed volunteers. Together, we are committed to passing along our legacy of democracy to the next generation.
In just two years, iCivics has produced 16 educational video games as well as vibrant teaching materials that have been used in classrooms in all 50 states. Today we offer the nation’s most comprehensive, standards-aligned civics curriculum that is available freely on the Web.
Go to: http://www.icivics.org/
The Anneberg Classroom: “This website connects our award-winning, comprehensive curriculum on the Constitution and its amendments to daily civics news and student discussion.
And when we say “connects,” we really mean it. Twice daily, our nonpartisan writers sift through national and local news and select current events expressly for social studies classrooms. And twice weekly, they write an article on a portion of this news with links to our multimedia curriculum. You can use these articles—we call them “Speak Outs”—in your class or right here online. When your students “Speak Out” at AnnenbergClassroom.org, they participate in a moderated, national dialogue of their peers.
We publish up to 10 news stories a day, many media resources each year, and at least two Speak Outs each week during the school year.
Whether you’re here for civics news, student discussion, outstanding multimedia on the Constitution — or the engaging connection among all three — welcome!” | <urn:uuid:8c9dedc9-b2a4-4532-a5b2-711b43c99330> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://support.cva.org/hc/en-us/articles/206371087-Social-Studies-and-Civics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385389.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308174330-20210308204330-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.931461 | 717 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The priesthood is the power and authority of God. Worthy young men may have the Aaronic Priesthood conferred upon them beginning in January of the year they turn 12. At that time, they are also ordained to the office of deacon—an office they typically hold until the year they turn 14.
Deacons are organized into quorums in their wards and branches. Each quorum is presided over by a deacon who is set apart as president and who holds priesthood keys to lead the quorum (see General Handbook: Serving in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 10.1.4; Doctrine and Covenants 107:85).
The bishopric is the presidency of the Aaronic Priesthood (see Doctrine and Covenants 107:15). The second counselor in the bishopric counsels with the deacons quorum and teaches them the duties of their office.
A deacon’s responsibilities include the following (see General Handbook, 10.1.3.1):
He passes the sacrament.
He is “appointed to watch over the church” (Doctrine and Covenants 84:111). He is also to “warn, expound, exhort, and teach, and invite all to come unto Christ” (Doctrine and Covenants 20:59). This responsibility includes fellowshipping quorum members and other young men, notifying members of Church meetings, speaking in meetings, sharing the gospel, and bearing testimony.
He assists the bishop in “administering … temporal things” (Doctrine and Covenants 107:68). This responsibility may include gathering fast offerings, caring for the poor and needy, caring for the meetinghouse and grounds, and serving as a messenger for the bishop in Church meetings.
He assists the bishopric in other ways consistent with the office of a deacon. He also assists teachers “in all [their] duties in the church … if occasion requires” (Doctrine and Covenants 20:57).
“The Priesthood—a Sacred Gift”
“Sacred Keys of the Aaronic Priesthood”
“A Quorum President (Dayton’s Legs)”
“Aaronic Priesthood,” Handbook 2, 8
“Brand-New Deacon,” Friend, October 2013
“Embracing Ethan, Accepting Autism,” Ensign, January 2013
“Passing Up Passing the Sacrament,” New Era, May 2006
“The Deacon with the Big Smile,” New Era, July 2005
“Becoming a Deacon,” Ensign or Liahona, January 2005
“The Deacons Quorum,” Ensign, January 2005
“The Deacons of Coventry,” New Era, January 2005
“Deacon in Motion,” New Era, September 2003
“Deacon Power,” New Era, May 1975
“Be Not Dismayed—Jake Bullock,” Enduring It Well, episode 54 | <urn:uuid:94903fbe-4d01-4039-b664-54830e212226> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/deacon?lang=eng | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511351.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004020329-20231004050329-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.936483 | 664 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Women’s History Month, celebrated in March, was established by Congress to recognize and celebrate the contributions of women over the course of American history.
Typically during this month, the Civil Rights Memorial Center (CRMC), where I am the director, produces a website feature and social media postings dedicated to honoring women who have shaped the civil rights movement.
We do this because we firmly believe that women’s stories – which are often overlooked – must continue to be shared. Their contributions aren’t widely discussed in the historical context of the movement.
That’s why I am launching this year’s monthlong celebration of women by sharing the stories of some of those who are currently impacting social justice activism.
The CRMC is an interpretive center operated by the Southern Poverty Law Center that includes interactive exhibits about civil rights martyrs. Like many other museums, we’ve had to pivot away from in-person visits to virtual educational tours because of the COVID-19 pandemic. But even though these tours are not in person, much remains the same about how we engage audiences about the history of the movement.
We continue to ask people online to reflect on key events and figures of the 1950s and ’60s. Almost immediately, we get responses about towering male figures such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, John Lewis and Fred Gray.
When you probe a little deeper and ask about the involvement of women in the movement, a few people mention Coretta Scott King or Rosa Parks. But very few can name other significant figures, like Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Baker, Septima Clark, Jo Ann Robinson, the Rev. Dr. Pauli Murray or Daisy Bates.
Today, Black women continue to make strides in the movement. With the influence of social media platforms, they are creating space to tell their stories. They’re women like Bree Newsome, the activist from Charlotte, North Carolina, who removed the Confederate flag from the South Carolina state house grounds in the aftermath of the shooting at a historically Black church in Charleston. Her actions resulted in the flag’s permanent removal.
Before that, Newsome protested voter ID laws in North Carolina that disproportionately disenfranchise Black and Brown voters. Today, she continues to use her platform to speak on issues of racial justice. In 2017, she became an activist for fair housing rights, including ensuring the enforcement of the last piece of civil rights legislation passed after King’s assassination, the Fair Housing Act of 1968.
Today, women’s voices and perspectives are critical to a broader struggle for civil and human rights. They are seen and heard in women like Chanelle Helm, a Black Lives Matter activist who is leading the way for racial justice in Louisville, Kentucky; Taylor Turnage, a Tougaloo College student and local organizer who was instrumental in having the Mississippi state flag bearing a Confederate emblem removed; and Ash-Lee Henderson, co-executive director of the Highlander Research and Education Center in Tennessee.
Henderson is a long-time activist who works on issues of racial justice and environmental racism, and she is involved in the Southern Workers Assembly, organizing and transforming labor power throughout the South.
And then there are women like Jotaka Eaddy, founder of Win With Black Women, a collective of intergenerational, intersectional Black women leaders across the nation. She’s been called the Harriet Tubman of Silicon Valley and is an extraordinary woman who was born and raised in South Carolina. She’s committed to social impact and social justice, and continues to use her platform to shape policy and build movements. Eaddy is the epitome of lifting up others as she climbs the social and economic ladders.
I often reflect on the women who made my success possible, for all the ways in which their lives have inspired and influenced my path in the fight for social justice.
I continue to draw strength, wisdom and knowledge from women of both historic and contemporary times. Words don’t even begin to describe the courage, bravery and conviction I feel when I see the rise of so many women who are leading movements, organizing communities and defending social justice across races and generations. It’s powerful.
The women’s movement has experienced gains and losses, but overall it has led to a society that is moving toward acceptance and inclusivity, and that is comfortable with successful women leading and doing this work alongside others.
As we celebrate women throughout this month, let us honor those who paved the way, even as we support and celebrate the living legends among us. Together, women are creating a level playing field that will benefit all of us.
Image at top: Black Lives Matter founders Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza and Opal Tometi (pictured from left to right) pose in the green room at Glamour Women Of The Year 2016 at NeueHouse Hollywood on Nov. 14, 2016, in Los Angeles. (Photo by Jeff Vespa/Getty Images for Glamour) | <urn:uuid:fe8ccc37-749b-42c0-838d-9251237a1a3f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.splcenter.org/news/2021/03/10/womens-history-month-just-civil-rights-movement-black-women-are-leading-way-todays-social | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.948997 | 1,040 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Coffee and Conservation
Life in the Amazon has changed dramatically in recent years. Since the 1950s, the population of Napo province
has been growing tremendously.
More and more people are hunting and fishing, and nowadays there are few
animals or fish left in the forest. Traditional agricultural methods is no longer viable, and
most people have turned to agriculture to survive.
As a Quichua farmer, you
still grow food for your family to eat, but now you also grow food
to sell at the market. You use this income to buy meat and other food. As
your children grow, you also need money for clothing, school supplies and
other things. You'd also like to fix up your house. You hope to buy a tin
roof to replace the grass thatch. You would also like to build a family
outhouse so you no longer need to use the community outhouse down by the
You've cleared several
more hectares of primary forest to grow cash crops to sell at the market.
You've found that freshly-cleared land produces more crops with fewer weeds.
You're tempted to clear more land each year to ensure high crop yields,
but you also want to preserve some of the primary rainforest on your land.
Primary forest is a valuable source of natural medicines. It's also an important
part of your culture.
What are you growing?
||Coffee from your fields is sold
throughout Ecuador. One hectare of land produces between 120 to 250 pounds
of coffee annually. At the market, that will bring between $85 and $200.
Coffee prices change often, so it's hard to predict exactly how much you
will earn from it.|
||Maize is the original species
of corn, native to the Americas. It has larger kernals than the corn we
usually eat. It's still an important crop for many indigenous Americans.
One hectare produces 200 pounds of maize annually. At the market, that will
bring about $140.|
||Cacao is the chocolate tree.
Cacao beans--which are actually seeds--are used to make cocoa and chocolate.
One hectare produces about 300 pounds of cacao beans annually. They'll bring
about $120 at the market|
It's time to plant for
the coming year. With a growing family, you need to expand your fields and
bring in more money. You have 15 hectares (40 acres) of land. You currently
have 1 hectare of coffee, and 1/2 hectare each of cacao and maize. These
brought in $260 last year. You want to make more money this year--over $300,
and ideally closer to $400.
Map of your 15 hectare plot of land
What do you want to plant? Think
about these things when planning your strategy:
- How much land do you want to clear and plant?
- What crops do you want to plant?
- How much primary forest do you want to clear?
| High income strategy
2 hectares of coffee on primary forest
1 hectares of cacao on primary forest
1 hectares of maize on secondary forest
| Conservation strategy
1 hectare of coffee on secondary forest
1 hectare of cacao on secondary forest
1 hectare of maize on secondary forest
|Balancing agriculture and conservation|
1 hectare of in coffee on secondary forest
1 hectare of in cacao on primary forest
1 hectare of in maize on primary forest | <urn:uuid:336f3fd6-efe4-44de-9fb4-6be59f65d437> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://eduweb.com/agriculture/comag.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607848.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524152539-20170524172539-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.94552 | 740 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Foxes are small dog-like mammals in the Canidae family.
It includes the genus Vulpes and several others. V. vulpes is the world-wide Red Fox, often taken to be the fox.
Foxes are not pack-hunting animals, but are solitary hunters that encroach on each others' territories usually only during the mating season.
Foxes include members of the following genera:
- Vulpes ("foxes" in the strict sense, ten species)
- Alopex (Arctic Fox)
- Fennecus (Fennec)
- Urocyon (two species: Gray Fox and Island Fox)
- Lycalopex (Hoary Fox)
- Pseudalopex (South American foxes, four species, e.g. Culpeo)
- Dusicyon (Falkland Island Fox)
- Cerdocyon (Crab-eating Fox)
The red fox most commonly has red fur on its back and sides with white on the underside. However, it can also have black fur on its underside instead of white, or silver/grey fur on its back. These color variations can even happen within a single litter.
Red Fox, colour variation
In some countries foxes are a serious pest. In Australia, for example, feral Red Foxes are probably the single most harmful invasive animal, being responsible for more extinctions than even cats and rabbits. Ironically, certain varieties of fox in other parts of the world are an endangered species. | <urn:uuid:f36fed29-3217-4244-9012-5d4451b29b75> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.infomutt.com/f/fo/fox.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153966.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730091645-20210730121645-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.929688 | 318 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Several hidden treasures have been uncovered during the $300 million Wyoming State Capitol renovation, including an intricate decorative wall pattern from 1888.
The pattern was found in a room on the north side, second floor of the Capitol Rotunda — a room that has served many roles. Considered one of the most historically significant rooms in the state, in 1888 it was the Territorial House Chamber. It housed the Wyoming Constitutional Convention in 1899. The space holds memories of women’s suffrage debates. In 1890, it became the Wyoming Supreme Court Chamber. Most recently, the room was occupied by the Legislative Service Office.
History was concealed beneath layers of materials. Paint studies revealed extensive decorative paint patterns throughout the room — one of the most prominent being the trompe l’oeil pattern, which dates back to 1888. The pattern employs an art technique intended to create an optical illusion, making objects appear three-dimensional.
Research by the Wyoming state historic preservation architect suggests the work may be that of 19th century artist Romeo Berra, who did commission work in public buildings across the Midwest and West.
The pattern offers a stirring sense of the past — a special slice of 1888 Wyoming.
The Wyoming Capitol Square Project team is investigating the cost of restoring the pattern. | <urn:uuid:da42b8db-76d5-4db8-bf7e-e7716eb05e9a> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.wyofile.com/gallery/buried-treasure-capitol/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647707.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321234947-20180322014947-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.946565 | 257 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Biomaterial-based vaccine eliminates acute myeloid leukemia in mice
By Lindsay Brownell
(BOSTON) — Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a deadly blood cancer that originates in the bone marrow and kills most of its victims within five years. Chemotherapy has been the standard AML treatment for over 40 years, and while it often causes the cancer to go into remission, it rarely completely eliminates the cancerous cells, which then lead to disease recurrence in nearly half of treated patients. Aggressive post-remission treatments, like high-dose chemotherapy or bone marrow transplants, can reduce the chance of recurrence, but many AML patients are not healthy enough to tolerate them.
Now, a new study presents an alternative treatment that has the potential to eliminate AML cells completely: an injectable, biomaterial-based vaccine that, when combined with standard chemotherapy, caused complete and lasting recovery from and immunity against AML in mice. The study was conducted by researchers from Harvard’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI), and is published in Nature Biomedical Engineering.
“We have previously developed cancer vaccines against solid tumors, and we were curious to see if this technology would also be effective at treating a blood cancer like AML,” said co-first author Nisarg Shah, Ph.D., an Assistant Professor at the University of California, San Diego who conducted this research as a Postdoctoral Fellow in the lab of Wyss Core Faculty member David Mooney, Ph.D. “The promising outcomes of the combination of this vaccine with chemotherapy may translate to human vaccines that can be personalized yet offer off-the-shelf convenience.”
A crafty cryogel
Like other vaccines, the AML vaccine “teaches” the body’s immune system to recognize a foreign invader (in this case, AML cancer cells) so that it can mount an effective attack when that invader appears. While traditional vaccines are typically liquid, this vaccine is a tiny, disk-shaped “cryogel” scaffold made primarily of two materials – polyethylene glycol and alginate – that have been cross-linked together to form a matrix. Two biomolecules (GM-CSF and CpG-ODN) are embedded in the scaffold to attract the body’s dendritic cells and activate them, along with antigens specific to AML cells (either contents from dead AML cells or a peptide from the protein WT-1 that AML cells express on their surface). The activated dendritic cells take up the antigens from the vaccine site and present them to T cells, triggering them to seek and destroy AML cells and, hopefully, patrol the body long-term to destroy any disease recurrence.
To test whether their cryogel vaccine effectively primed the immune system to attack AML cells, the team injected it under the skin of healthy mice, and saw that it resulted in a much higher number of activated T cells when either AML cell contents or WT-1 peptide was used as the antigen, compared with mice that received the activating biomolecules via a traditional vaccine injection or a “blank” scaffold without any biomolecules. They then “challenged” the mice by injecting them with WT-1-expressing AML cells to mimic the initial onset of the disease. The mice that received either the traditional vaccine or a blank scaffold succumbed to the disease within 60 days, while those that received the cryogel vaccine survived. The survivors were then re-challenged with a second dose of AML cells after 100 days and displayed no signs of disease, demonstrating that the vaccine successfully protected them against recurrence.
Because AML originates in the bone marrow and cancerous cells can “hide” there to escape chemotherapy treatment, the team analyzed the mice’s bone marrow. They found large numbers of active T cells and no trace of AML cells in the cryogel-vaccinated mice’s marrow. When they transplanted bone marrow from those mice into healthy mice that were then challenged with AML cells, all of the transplant recipients survived while a control group of mice succumbed to AML within 30 days, indicating that the immune protection against AML was sustained and transferable.
Unexpected results, better-than-expected outcomes
To more closely mimic the clinical scenario of a human patient developing AML, the team injected their cryogel vaccine into mice that had AML along with the standard chemotherapy regimen that AML patients receive, which causes fast-dividing AML cells to die in large numbers. The activated T cell response in mice that received the combo therapy was six-fold higher than in mice that received chemo plus a traditional liquid vaccine, suggesting that the cryogel was a much more effective vehicle for delivering the activating biomolecules to the immune system.
To test the durability of the immune response generated by the combo treatment, they harvested bone marrow from mice that were given the cryogel vaccine with WT-1 peptide along with chemotherapy and transplanted it into healthy mice. None of the recipient mice developed AML for up to 14 days after transplant, indicating that the combo-treated donor mice did not have residual AML cells in their marrow. All the recipient mice also survived a later challenge with AML cells, while mice that did not receive donor bone marrow died within 31 days.
But, when the researchers started to tinker with the vaccine’s components to investigate why it worked so well, they saw something completely unexpected: vaccines that had no AML antigen in them were just as effective at providing protection as vaccines containing either AML cell contents or WT-1 peptide.
“We were definitely surprised and really didn’t expect this result, because we initially thought that including the antigen in the vaccine was critical. That led us down some research avenues we hadn’t previously considered to try and understand what was going on,” said co-first author Alex Najibi, a graduate student in the Mooney lab. “We found that AML cells actually enter the cryogels over time, right where dendritic cells are already concentrated and activated. When the chemo causes large numbers of AML cells to die, the dendritic cells can pick up their remains as antigens and generate a strong signal to activate T cells against AML.”
To further evaluate the efficacy of their antigen-free vaccine and chemotherapy combo, the team analyzed the bone marrow of mice with AML that received either the combo or the antigen-free vaccine alone. They found that the antigen-free vaccine alone did not effectively reduce the amount of AML cells in the marrow or increase the number of active T cells, but the combo therapy achieved both of those goals. The combo also caused a decline in the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the marrow, which suppress immune function and are thought to be a major reason why AML cells in the marrow can evade immune detection.
Work on the cryogel vaccine is continuing along multiple threads of inquiry. Mooney’s team is examining how it could be combined with sequencing technology to identify antigens that are specific to a single patient’s cancer and create a highly personalized vaccine, and also exploring potential synergies with T cell and other adoptive transfer techniques. Other members of the lab are researching antigen-free vaccines in the context of breast cancer, as well as further investigating the response they observed in AML.
“We are very excited about the performance of our AML vaccine, because it could finally provide long-term, relapse-free survival for AML patients, either to ‘clean up’ residual AML cells in the bone marrow following a stem cell transplant, or in older patients who cannot tolerate either transplants or high-dose chemo,” said Mooney, who is also the Founding Core Faculty & Lead of the Immuno-Materials platform at the Wyss Institute at Harvard University and the Robert P. Pinkas Family Professor of Bioengineering at SEAS.
Additional authors of the paper include Ting-Yu Shih and Angelo Mao, Ph.D. from the Wyss Institute and SEAS, and David Scadden, Ph.D. and Azeem Sharda from the Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology at Harvard University and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Cancer Research Institute, and the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:00835edd-d665-4e98-928a-152df04024a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://wyss.harvard.edu/news/a-solid-vaccine-for-liquid-tumors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876307.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021093214-20201021123214-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.955083 | 1,814 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Treasury of the National Jewels which is open to public, is a collection of the most expensive jewels of the world, collected over centuries.
Every piece of this collection is a reflection of the tumultuous history of this great nation, and artistry of the residents of this land. Each piece recalls memories of bitter-sweet victories and defeats, of the pride and arrogance of rulers who were powerful or weak.
Dear visitors, who may come to see the excellent work and the gems of this unique collection, before you are overwhelmed by its glitter, consider the historic reasons for collection these jewels. Recognize the judgment of history, and with a clear awareness, think why the jewels were collected and what purpose they served.
This Treasury, on one hand, depicts the culture and civilization of the Iranian people who have had an adventurous past, and on the other hand, repeats the silent tears of oppressed people who worked hard and instead the rulers, could show off their arrogance and power with their gold and jewels.
Our intention in presenting these jewels is to get you more acquainted with the rich culture and civilization of Iran. And to learn from history the fate of those who pursue power and hoard wealth. For this end we present this rich collection, which we have inherited and hope to preserve and pass on richer to our inheritors.
The value of the objects in the Treasury of National Jewels is not limited to their economic value, but is also a reflection of the creativity and taste of Iranian craftsmen and artist over the different eras of history, and represents the artistic and cultural heritage of the vast country on Iran.
These jewels and rarities were decorations for the rulers during the past eras, and often showed the glory and extravagance of their courts, as well as their power and wealth.
There is no information about the quality and quantity of the treasuries before the Safavid period. It can be said that the recorded history of the Treasury of jewels began with the Safavid monarchs. In short, the history of the amassment of the present collection is as follows:
Before the Safavid dynasty, certain jewels existed in the government treasuries, but it was with the Safavid dynasty that foreign travelers (Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Chevalier Chardin, the Shirley brothers. George Mainwaring and others) began to mention these treasuries. The Safavid monarchs, over two centuries (907 to 1148 LH equal to about 1502 to 1735 AD), started to collect rare and beautiful gems. The gem specialists of the Safavid court brought fine stones to Isfahan, the capital of Iran at that time from the markets of India the Ottoman Empire and European countries like France and Italy.
After the rule of Shah Soltan Hossein and the entry of Mahmoud the Afghan to Iran, the treasury was scattered and some of the jewels were taken by Mahmoud the Afghan and transferred to Ashraf the Afghan. After the entry of Shah Tahmasb Π and Nadir to Isfahan, these jewels fell into the hands of Nadir, and thus were preserved inside the country. Later, in order to regain the jewels that had been transported to India, Nadir wrote several letters to the India court, but did not receive any favorable reply. After Nadir’s victory in India in 1158 LH (1745 AD), Mohammad Shah delivered cash amounts, jewels and weapons to Nadir as booty. Part of the treasures, which were obtained in India never, reached Iran, and was lost during transportation. According to the tradition of that time, after returning to Iran, Nadir send part of the booty as gifts to neighboring rulers. He also presented some beautiful and rare objects to the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza, while some were distributed among the soldiers of his army.
After the assassination of Nadir in 1160 LH (1747 AD), Ahmad Beg Afghan Abdali, one of his commanders, looted the treasury of Nadir. One of the famous jewels that left Iran at this time and never returned was the famous "Kooh-e-Nur" (Mountain of Light) diamond. This diamond passed on to the hands of Ahmed Shah Durrani and then to Ranjit Singh of Punjab. After his defeat by the British government, the Kooh-e-Nur diamond fell into the hands of the East India Company, and in 1266 LH (1850 AD) it was given to Queen Victoria as a gift.
After this event, there was no major change in the treasury until the time of the Qajar dynasty. During the Qajar period, the Treasury was collected and recorded. Some of the stones were mounted on the Kiani Crown, the Nadir Throne, the Globe of jewels, and the Peacock Throne (or the Sun Throne).
Two others items that were gradually added to this Treasury, are the turquoises, the genuine precious stone of Iran, extracted from the local turquoise mines, and the other are pearls, hunted from the Persian Gulf.
According to the law approved on 25th Aban 1316 SH (1937 AD) a major portion of the Treasury was transferred to Bank Melli Iran, and formed part of the reserves for note issues, and later became collateral for government liabilities to the Bank.
The present collection was constructed in 1334 SH (1955 AD). In 1339 SH (1960 AD), by the establishment of Central Bank of Iran the Treasury was transferred and deposited with the Central Bank. Now it is also safeguarded by The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
During the glorious Islamic Revolution of Iran and the imposed war, the devoted and revolutionary employees of The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran protected this precious and peerless collection.
Now, you will visit a unique collection of precious stones that have been gathered over turbulent eras. It is hoped that by viewing these objects and remembering the Almighty God, you will see the finite place of humans in the vast world, and recognize that the place of crowns and tiaras is in a museum --- which shows a bloody and painful history --- a history that should under no circumstances be repeated again.
However, much can be said about this fantastic collection, but one question cannot correctly be answered:
How much is the value of this collection?
No one knows the answer to this question. Because this collection contains gems that are unique in the world. The answer to this question can be as the following: from the artistic viewpoint, historical background and containing incomparable jewels, the Treasury of National Jewels is on a level that even the most expert evaluators of the world have not been able to calculate the price of this collection. | <urn:uuid:e64d5a50-4b98-4503-b2bf-3ea8a601b81d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://kamalalmolk-house.com/en/attraction/details/39/national-jewelry-treasury | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400211096.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923144247-20200923174247-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.971352 | 1,375 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Applying for and being approved for disability benefits (SSDI) from the Social Security Administration (SSA) can be a time-consuming and challenging process. In this Part 1 of our 3 part series, we will talk about what social security disability benefits are, the qualifying components and key steps in the application process.
What are Social Security Disability Programs?
The branch of government in the United States that oversees the programs that provide disability benefits to individuals is The Social Security Administration. While the Social Security Administration oversees multiple programs, we are just going to focus on the programs that are for disability benefits: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Both SSDI and SSI are programs that pay benefits to individuals who are unable to work due to a medical condition that is expected to last (at least) one year or is expected to result in death.
What is the difference between SSI and SSDI
For both SSDI and SSI you must meet the Social Security Administration’s disability criteria. The biggest difference between the two programs is the minimum initial qualification requirements. To qualify for SSDI benefits, you must have earned enough work credits during your recent work history. For SSI the requirements are that you must have limited income and resources.1
Social Security Disability Insurance earnings requirements
There are two specific requirements that an individual must meet in order to qualify for disability benefits: recent work test and duration of work test.
A recent work test requires that you have actually worked for a certain number of years during the period prior to you becoming “disabled.” For example, someone under the age of 24 must have worked for at least 1.5 years after turning 21 in order to meet this requirement. Another example is for someone who is 31 and over, they must have worked for at least 5 out of the 10 years prior to becoming disabled.1
The second test is the duration of work test. This test measures the amount of work that has been performed over the course of the applicant’s life. An example of this is a 46-year-old applicant must have worked for 6 years since they turned 21 in order to pass the duration of work test, a 60-year-old applicant must have worked 9.5 years.1
If you do not have enough work credits to qualify for SSDI benefits, you may still be able to qualify for SSI. SSI is a needs-based program for low-income families. In addition to meeting the disability criteria, you must also meet certain income and asset restrictions.
Ways to apply for SSDI
There are two ways that you can apply for disability benefits. The Social Security Administration website: www.socialsecurity.gov
The Social Security Administration also has a toll free number (1-800-772-1213) that you can call to make an appointment at a local social security office or to schedule an appointment with someone to take your disability claim over the phone. Note: there are some restrictions for applying online, in some cases you may not be allowed to apply online.
The interviews typically last about one hour, but if you are going to the office for an in person interview, it is probably best to leave yourself additional time in case the office is running behind on the day of your interview.
The Social Security Administration has a disability starter kit that is available online or they can mail it to you. This has the step by step instructions of what you will need to apply, including forms that need to be completed by a doctor, and what other documentation pieces you will need to submit with your claim.
Qualifying for SSDI with psoriasis
The Social Security Administration has a publication that lists all of the medical conditions that may qualify an individual for disability benefits, along with the criteria that must be met.
While there is not a specific section for “Psoriasis,” there is a disability category for “Skin Disorders” (Section: 8.0). Under “Skin Disorders,” there is a subsection called “Dermatitis,” of which psoriasis falls under. If you are diagnosed with psoriasis and it causes you not to be able to work, you may be able to obtain disability benefits if you meet the eligibility requirements that the SSA describes in the “Dermatitis” category. The category description states that the condition must present itself with “extensive skin lesions that persist for at least 3 months despite continuing treatment as prescribed.1”
To note: If you have psoriatic arthritis you may qualify under the “Autoimmune Condition” category (Section 14.09) which lists “Psoriatic Arthritis” under the category of “Inflammatory Arthritis.”
What do you need to apply
One of the things to note is that if you don’t have all of the items that are needed for the application, your claim can be held up for review. Before applying it can be helpful to gather all of the information that is needed for the application to be processed. Below are the items that the SSA will need to process your claim for disability benefits.
1. Your social security number
2. Your birth certificate
1. Medical records from providers you are seeing for the condition in which you are applying for disability for, or other related conditions. (Tip: Hospitals typically have a department or office that handles requests for medical records, they typically don’t have a quick turnaround for these requests, so allow yourself enough time to request a copy of your medical record. A smaller doctor’s office typically an office or practice manager can help facilitate getting a copy of your record. Even smaller offices may require a couple days to process a medical record request. Typically, you will have to sign a HIPPA Form, which is a medical release form. This will allow the medical office or hospital to release your information.
2. Medical records may include occupational, physical or other therapists you may have worked with. You can and should include records from caseworkers as well. As long as the records pertain to the claim you are making than they are beneficial to include.
3. Contact information for your “care team.” Having one document that includes the contact information for the doctors or other medical professionals and caseworkers you have seen (AKA Your care team). Contact information should include the professional’s name, address of office and a contact phone number. You can also include email if you have that as well. If you had an inpatient hospital stay you can include the hospital name, address, and phone number where the stay occurred. If you know the doctor’s name who attended to you during your stay you can include his/her name in the document, however having the doctor who is currently providing care, or provided care to you after the inpatient hospital stay will be more important than the attending physician’s name who provided care during the inpatient hospital stay.
4. If lab results are not already included in your medical records you will need to get copies of laboratory and test results. These often times can be included in your medical records, but sometimes records need to be obtained from the lab that conducted the test(s) if they were not done at a clinic or hospital setting.
5. A list of the current medications that you are taking and what the dosage for each medication is. Your medical record should provide the clinical documentation to support the medications you are taking.
Documentation of work history is a key component of applying for SSDI.
1. If you have held employment you will need a copy of your most recent W-2 form. The W-2 form is a “Wage and Tax Statement” and each person who works in the United States will get one of these. For people who own their own business or are self-employed, instead of submitting a W-2, you can include your most recent tax return.
2. You will also need a work summary, which includes the places you have worked in the past and the kind of work you have done.
Additional notes about the application process
It can take a long time for your application to be processed! The Social Security Administration says anywhere from 3-6 months, but often it can be longer. Try and apply as soon as your condition impacts your ability to work, as this will help get the wheels in motion. If you granted SSDI you will receive a letter in the mail that will describe when your benefits will begin.
If the Social Security Administration denies your original application, you may want to pursue a disability appeal. To do so you must file your appeal within 60 days of the date of your denial letter.
There is a video series that provides additional step by step instructions to guide you through the application process and can be a helpful tool to use. (Click to go to SSDI tutorial)
You can have a “representative” (family member, trusted loved one) assist you with the process. If you choose to use a representative to help complete the application, you will indicate who that person is at the beginning of the application. | <urn:uuid:1cc6231d-c5f8-48e8-9199-a55f818aebd7> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://plaquepsoriasis.com/living/social-security-disability-application/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892802.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123231023-20180124011023-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.958788 | 1,893 | 2.53125 | 3 |
- The House and Home: A Practical Book
written and edited By Lyman Abbott with chapters by various other authors, published in 1896:
“GOOD housekeeping involves a knowledge of art and science. A knowledge of the first is essential if the element of beauty is to be in the home; a knowledge of the second is essential to the health of the home. A good housekeeper is an executive officer, an accountant, a chemist, a sanitary officer. She possesses more than an elementary knowledge of hygiene. She is a household physician and possesses, either as a gift or as the result of training or both, the elementary knowledge at least of a trained nurse. On her diplomatic abilities depends the harmony of the home. Her social graces determine to a large degree the social opportunities of the family at home and abroad. In short woman as a home maker is responsible for the health and the happiness of her family whether that numbers two or more.
Never in the history of the family has it been so possible for a woman to gain the knowledge which fits her to meet the demands of her position as chief officer of the household as to day. Science is her handmaiden, invention a servant following her- often preceding her to light the path where she had not yet discovered the need of light. Science and invention have revolutionized housekeeping. They have made it possible for a woman to fill the office of a housekeeper and yet have leisure to enjoy the graces of life. Woman is the power she is to day in the church, in charity, and in the philanthropic world because science and invention have freed her from labor that women of preceding generations were compelled to do with their own hands for the preservation of the home and the comfort of the family.
Whether woman will abuse the freedom, and in the first flush of liberty that should mean leisure enchain herself to outside responsibilities until home becomes the secondary, not the primary, object of her life, future years will determine.”
P.S. don’t miss the HG’s post on habits and routines, and a great giveaway! | <urn:uuid:1ea102d8-b2ae-4934-9a83-f92da088c5ac> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://thecommonroomblog.com/2013/01/house-and-home-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131305143.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172145-00235-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971837 | 431 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A data scientist is a very special individual in the data model. You might think with all the data automation that users can practically manage their own data, quite the contrary. With Big Data sets and more complicated data management and analysis tools, the role of the data scientist has simply become far more specialized.
Regardless of their specific role in data, that is whether processing, analyzing, or engineering data, the absolute role of a data scientist is to ensure integrity and scientific principles are applied in all aspects of handling data for information extraction.
Below I’m going to explain more about the development of data as a science and the different roles data scientists play.
What Exactly is Data Science?
Data science is a field that uses scientific processes to extract meaningful information from data. The field has grown out of the interconnections between mathematics, computer science, information sciences, and technology. Data science is now integrated into some applied sciences, in particular business studies, economics, and marketing.
History of Data Science
Initially, data science was treated as a branch of mathematics or computing science. Peter Naur first used the term liberally when he published the Concise Survey of Computer Methods in 1974.
Data science itself is a relatively new classification considering the age of computers. Even up to the late 90’s it was still classified by some as an extension of Statistics, for example in 1997, C.F. Jeff Wu’s lecture Statistics = Data Science? Says it all. By 2002 Data Science had emerged as a field, and the ICSU (International Council for Science) published the first Data Science Journal.
Today data science is an extremely high demand field, with a transportable skill set which continues to expand.
Who is a Data Scientist?
A simple answer to this question is that anyone trained in the field of data science is a data scientist. This ranges from computer science graduates specializing in data and information, to data analytics specialists, to business professionals specializing in data applications.
Data scientists are in huge demand in the technology sector, among others. Their specialist skills are used to give companies valuable data which drives new developments, streamlines existing processes, and increases profits.
What Qualifications Are There in Data Science?
Some qualifications in data science today include degree programs in:
- Statistics or applied mathematics
- Data analytics
- Computer science
- Data Engineering
- Business analytics
- Information management
Alongside degree programs there are many non-degree qualifications that can get someone started on the path to becoming a data scientist, providing access to practical skills from an entry-level job where further study can be undertaken.
What Skills Does a Data Scientist Need?
Data science is mostly a mix of mathematics, computer programming, and analytics.
The primary skill a data scientist needs is the ability to ask questions. This is the fundamental of all science, and applies equally well here. Without asking, why am I analyzing this data? What key results are we trying to prove? Effective results won’t be obtained.
Apart from asking questions, to succeed with the detail orientated work, good analytical skills and logical thinking are needed.
What are the Different Roles of a Data Scientist?
Data scientists may be employed in research, industry, business, or public sectors.
A data scientist may have many roles depending on the industry that they train and work in. I’m going to talk about some of the key parts of a data scientists job below.
Data Processing Role
Within data-processing, there are many tasks which a data scientist can perform. Data must be captured, stored, cleaned, validated, transformed, and presented in a useful way before it can be analyzed. The extension of data sets into big data means that data processing itself is a science. Data processing scientists are specialists in completing these important tasks to take data from unused and raw to useful and informative.
Data processing needs methodology and attention to details.
Application Development Role
A data scientist can be involved in developing data applications through programming or database design, for example, batch processing, machine learning applications, pay role integrations, billing applications, fraud detection, and customer behavior tracking, to name a few.
Application development requires practical thinking and problem-solving skills.
Data Analytics Role
A data analyst will take processed data and draw conclusions from it. Data analytics can be used in many fields, from business to research.
A data analyst will use processes such as modeling, algorithms, mapping, and data analytics software, to extract conclusions from data sets. Comparing databases, running data queries, and finding relationships are all components of a data analyst’s job.
Data analysts need a sound programming and a strong mathematical background.
Data Science Software and Hardware Development Roles
A data science engineer is someone who develops or fixes software and hardware in data systems.
Data sciences seem to have an insatiable appetite for new software and hardware to process the data. From automatic database programs to specialized applied database management, and distributed systems architecture, data engineering is a highly challenging field.
Data engineers need creativity, along with good technical knowledge, and strong programming skills.
Applied Data Science
Applied data science means data science applied to a particular field. The most common is business, technology, economics, and marketing. However, with the spread of data applications, the amount of applied data science roles are growing constantly.
Applied data science suits individuals who have a significant interest in a particular field, combined with a scientific or analytical mind.
Jack of All Trades Data Scientist
A data scientist in a small organization, or in a company where there is a small section devoted to data management may need to be a jack of all trades, applying all aspects of data processing and analysis to the companies needs. This may involve digging for information projects by speaking to concerned parties in the organization, finding data sources, data processing, analytics, system development, and presentation. It’s all about finding meaning in figures and facts collected within an organization and by external search.
This may be one of the more exciting data scientist roles since it covers such a variety of disciplines, and more available than one might think since many companies still have a small data analytics team.
How Does a Data Scientist Help?
Data science has been used in research and academia for years, and some may think of a data scientist as a white lab coat type in a research facility, however, data science is now becoming the norm in commercial and public sector applications.
A data scientist is the critical glue between an organizations’ questions and scientific proof backing up possible answers. I only mention possible, as until put in action practically, all data only provides theories, but theories with good statistical probabilities, compared to the alternative of guesswork.
Without the role of data scientists, much of business decision making is guesswork. Companies that leverage data sciences have succeeded where those that don’t fail. Examples of new startups that use data scientists to corner the market are AirBNB and Uber, of course, technology giants like Facebook, Google, and Amazon rely on data science.
In today’s environment the field of data science is very much in demand, and likewise, the avenues and roles of a data scientist are extremely varied and far-reaching.
For those looking to become a data scientist, the world is open to you, look for a field that suits your skills, and study hard, it’s a challenging, but rewarding role.
For those looking to employ or engage data scientists, it’s a matter of finding out what you need to do with data and looking for the right skills and qualifications that suit your purpose. | <urn:uuid:e8980b2e-9ccd-49d8-9c35-f45ff46a6d82> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.loginworks.com/blogs/role-of-data-scientist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826530.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214232243-20181215014243-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.929123 | 1,573 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Transmitted through the sharing of needles, syringes and other injecting equipment, hepatitis C is the most common infectious disease among injecting drug users in Europe today.In this analysis, the EMCDDA looks at some of the positive advances in treating the disease, including a new generation of medicines.
Part of the ‘Perspectives on drugs’ (PODs) series, launched alongside the annual European Drug Report, these designed-for-the-web interactive analyses aim to provide deeper insights into a selection of important issues.
Update date :
Hepatitis C is the most common infectious disease in injecting drug users, among whom it is usually transmitted through the sharing of injecting equipment such as needles and syringes. Most of those who become infected go on to develop chronic HCV infection, which can lead to severe health problems in individuals and place a major burden on health care systems. Yet hepatitis C is both preventable and curable, and interventions in this field, particularly the development of new medicines to treat hepatitis C, are making rapid progress.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent in injecting drug users across Europe, with national infection rates for this group ranging from 18% to 80%. However, infected individuals often show no noticeable symptoms, and many are unaware that they are carrying the virus, leading to it being referred to as a ‘hidden’ epidemic. Injecting opioid users in Europe constitute an ageing population, which includes many who have been living with hepatitis C for 15 to 25 years. The natural history of chronic hepatitis C virus infection (cirrhosis risk escalates after 15 to 20 years) and the ageing cohort effect in this population mean that a large burden of advanced liver disease can be expected over the next decade.
Among injecting drug users, the sharing of needles and syringes is the key risk factor for acquiring HCV infection, although there is considerable evidence of a potentially high risk of infection associated with sharing drug-preparation equipment such as cookers, filters, swabs and water (Pouget et al., 2012). However, there is good evidence to show that retention in opioid substitution treatment reduces injection frequency (Gowing et al., 2008), and that it is most effective in reducing HCV transmission when used alongside interventions that support safer injection practices (Hagan et al., 2011). Two studies that examined the independent and combined effects of needle and syringe programmes and opioid substitution treatment on HCV incidence concluded that the combined effect of these two interventions resulted in the greatest reductions in HCV transmission (Turner et al., 2011; Van Den Berg et al., 2007).
Modelling studies have been used to explore the potential effectiveness of different hepatitis C interventions, and these indicate that it may be difficult for opioid substitution treatment and high-coverage (1) needle and syringe programmes to greatly impact on hepatitis C prevalence. Modelling the scale-up of both interventions for the United Kingdom (with 40% baseline chronic hepatitis C prevalence among the target population) shows that they are unlikely to lead to substantial reductions in the prevalence of chronic hepatitis C after 10 years, unless both interventions cover 80% or more of the injecting population (Vickerman et al., 2012).
Recent advances in hepatitis C treatment approaches, including the use of direct-acting antiviral agents and interferon-free treatment regimes show much promise (see panel 4), including the potential for treating hepatitis C among injecting drug users. In this area, modelling studies suggest that hepatitis C treatment could play an important role in preventing spread of the virus. A study by Martin et al. (2011) indicated that a 13% reduction in hepatitis C prevalence might be achieved over 10 years as a result of treating 10 infections per year per 1 000 injecting drug users in injecting drug use populations with 40% prevalence.
In spite of recent improved treatment outcomes for hepatitis C patients, available data show treatment uptake continues to be very low among injecting drug users. The literature highlights a number of possible reasons for this. Service providers cite concerns around adherence, risk of exacerbation of psychiatric disorders and the potential for reinfection after treatment as reasons for not assessing or treating hepatitis C in injecting drug users (Edlin et al., 2001; Soriano et al., 2002). On the part of patients, the lack of access of people who inject drugs to testing still constitutes a key-barrier to entering a care pathway. In addition, poor knowledge about hepatitis C and treatment availability, the absence of noticeable symptoms (Grebely et al., 2011) and the perceived side-effects of treatment (Swan et al., 2010) are named as barriers for accessing hepatitis C care. Finally, until recently, current drug injecting was an exclusion criterion for receiving government-funded hepatitis C antiviral treatment in a number of European countries. This obstacle, however, is now being removed, with most clinical guidelines revised to allow for the treatment of hepatitis C in injecting drug users.
A number of the lessons learned in responding to the HIV epidemic can be transferred to managing the spread of hepatitis C among injecting drug users, including recognition of the importance of putting in place a set of comprehensive, coordinated and multidisciplinary responses. These need to include the provision of HCV testing, assessment, patient education on the long-term consequences of HCV-related liver disease. The enhancement of treatment uptake is important for injectors and effective treatment options need to be available and easily accessible for this population group. The co-location of hepatitis C treatment and opioid substitution treatment is likely to facilitate user access, and might also be linked with mental health care. Improving treatment adherence among injecting drug users is another area where improvements can be made and the use of case management, support services and provider education and training is likely to enhance care.
This analysis draws attention to the high levels of HCV infection among injecting drug users, both as an urgent public health priority, and as a field that has recently seen major advances in medical interventions. If hepatitis C treatments for injecting drug users are to be effective, they will need to be embedded in and delivered as part of a comprehensive package of interventions. An important area for future investigation will be to review the uptake of hepatitis C treatment among drug injectors, and identify and challenge any barriers that prevent them from receiving an adequate and equitable service.
(1)Where injecting drug users receive on average one or more sterile syringes for each injection reported.
The incubation period for hepatitis C ranges from as little as 2 weeks to 6 months
Following initial infection with HCV, approximately 80% of people do not exhibit any symptoms
Approximately 130-150 million people worldwide have chronic HCV infection (WHO, 2014)
In 25% of liver cancer patients, the underlying cause is hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Between 14% and 84% of injecting drug users in Europe are infected with HCV
5 to 20%
About 75–85% of newly infected individuals develop chronic disease and 60–70% of those with chronic HCV infection develop chronic liver disease; 5–20% develop cirrhosis and 1–5% die from cirrhosis or liver cancer.
The goal of HCV treatment is to achieve a sustained virological response (SVR), which is defined as undetectable HCV RNA six, and lately three, months after cessation of therapy, leading to HCV clearance (Wendt et al., 2014; Martinot-Peignoux et al., 2010). SVR corresponds to a definitive cure of HCV infection in more than 99% of cases (Swain et al., 2010) and is associated with improved outcomes regarding HCV-related liver disease, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, cancer and death. Until recently, the standard hepatitis C treatment has been injectable pegylated interferon (PEG-INF) alpha (interferon is an immunomodulating protein that interferes with viral replication; in pegylated form it lasts longer in the body) combined with oral ribavirin (RBV), an antiviral medication, so-called PEG-INF-RBV therapy (PR). However, treatment with interferon has several and even some life-threatening side effects and is poorly tolerated by some patients (WHO, 2014; EASL, 2014a).
Scientific advances have led to the development of new antiviral drugs for hepatitis C, which are much more effective, safer and better-tolerated than existing therapies. These therapies, known as oral directly acting antiviral agent (DAAs) therapies simplify hepatitis C treatment by significantly decreasing monitoring requirements and by increasing cure rates (WHO, 2014). Direct-acting antiviral agents target particular stages in the life cycle of the virus in order to prevent it replicating.
There are two main areas of research in this field. The first is concerned with drugs or therapies, known as protease and polymerase inhibitors, which block particular enzymes crucial for the viral lifecycle. The second area is looking at drugs that interfere with the genetic structure of the virus. Research is currently being carried out into inhibitors that can interrupt the activity of the enzymes linked with the replication of the hepatitis C virus. The launch of first-generation protease inhibitors in 2011 provided major advances for genotype 1 patients, the most common of the six HCV genotypes. Two first-wave, first-generation protease inhibitors, telaprevir and boceprevir were approved for use in combination with PR in patients infected with HCV genotype 1 and are recommended in clinical guidelines (e.g. NICE 2012a; 2012b; EASL 2014a). Treatment results show increased SVR rates by 30% for naïve patients, and even more for treatment-experienced genotype 1 patients who were relapsers to previous PR treatment (Wendt et al., 2014; Bacon et al., 2011).
But things are changing rapidly and there are many new hepatitis C medicines in the pipeline, often showing promising results in phase II and III clinical trials. New hepatitis C treatments have entered or are about to enter the markets, which improve on the older treatment regimes in a number of ways. They can be taken orally rather than injected; they are taken once a day rather than two times a day or more; the side effects of the medication are significantly reduced; treatment is of a shorter duration; and there are many fewer drug-drug interactions.
In January 2014 , sofosbuvir, an inhibitor that interrupts the activity of the enzyme polymerase, used for hepatitis C virus replication, became the first all oral treatment medication for hepatitis C in combination with ribavirin to be given marketing authorisation by the European Commission. This was followed by new triple-therapy options, allowing for short duration, interferon-free and ribavirin independent regimens for genotype 1 and 4 patients by combining sofosbuvir with two other DAAs, which entered the market in May (simeprevir) and August 2014 (daclatasvir) (EASL, 2014b). In November 2014, EU regulators granted authorization for a once-daily single tablet treatment regimen, combining sofosbuvir with ledipasvir, a highly potent anti-retroviral across genotypes. Depending on prior treatment history and cirrhosis status, duration of treatment is reduced to 12 to 24 weeks. The medication, indicated for genotypes 1 and 4 patients - including those with HIV co-infection - achieved SVR rates of 94% to 95% twelve weeks after completing therapy - even without ribavirin (ION-I, ION-II and ION-III trials; see Medscape slideshow). In January 2015, a so-called 3D all-oral combination of DAAs (paritaprevir/ritonavir-ombitasvir-dasabuvir) that can be used with or without ribavirin was approved by the European Commission (paritaprevir-ritonavir-ombitasvir-dasabuvir), adding another 12- to 24-week treatment option for HCV genotype 1 patients.
Various combinations using DAAs showed high rates of sustained virological response (~95%). Importantly, high cure rates were also demonstrated in patients with previous treatment failures, decompensated cirrhosis and hepatitis C recurrence after transplantation, making it clear that the interferon era is over (not so clear for ribavirin, which might still have a role in difficult-to-treat populations) (Lodoño et al., 2014).
Eliminating the need for interferon injections and with reduced treatment durations, it is hoped that the new regimens will both increase the uptake and facilitate the retention in treatment for people who inject drugs (PWID). Despite these outstanding developments, which have created high expectations of curing the disease in more than 90% of patients, data from real-life cohorts evaluating the new antiviral combinations on a longer-term basis are still needed. Furthermore, the costs of antiviral medicines remain high – potentially presenting a barrier for individuals wishing to initiate or continue hepatitis C treatment.
The possibility of developing a therapeutic vaccine, which would prevent the development of chronic HCV infection following repeated exposure, is feasible and being investigated, although a long way off at present, according a recent review (Grebely et al., 2012). | <urn:uuid:a67fb973-5db4-45a0-b806-d120474c5619> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/hepatitis-c-treatment_en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578613888.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423214818-20190424000818-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.930558 | 2,766 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Water Supply pH correction
Waterteck specialises in pH correction for both domestic and commercial water supplies.
The pH value determines whether water is acidic or alkaline. The pH of pure water is 7. The normal range for pH in surface water systems is 6.5 to 8.5 and for groundwater systems 6 to 8.5. The measurement of pH is needed to determine the corrosiveness of the water.
Low pH (under 6.5)
- Acidic and corrosive water
- Metal Ions in water
- Copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc leeched from pipes
- Cause damage to metal pipes
- Metallic or sour taste of Water
- Laundry staining
- Blue-green stains in sinks and drains.
The Ash Soda filter solves the problem of low pH. The owner does not have to do anything, and the pH of the water will not rise above 7.2 when in use.
High pH (over 8.5)
- Hard water
- Formation of a “scale” on piping and fixtures, causing water pressure and interior diameter of piping to decrease
- Alkali taste to the water
- Formation of a scale or deposit on dishes, utensils, and laundry basins;
- Difficulty in getting soaps and detergents to lather
- Decreases efficiency of electric water heaters
- Formation of insoluble precipitates on clothing, etc.
Water Softeners are used to treat high pH. They work by replacing the calcium and magnesium in the water with either potassium or sodium. Our well water softeners will also remove large amounts of iron and manganese. Cleaning-supply costs are reduced by 50-75% when alkaline water is treated. | <urn:uuid:9f36d61c-4e3a-4a4f-ba81-ea2b7997cb5d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://waterteck.com/Page.aspx?PageID=1043 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654031.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608003500-20230608033500-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.916065 | 374 | 2.734375 | 3 |
When I entered Yale in September 1962, I was the only student from the Mississippi Delta in my class. That year also marked James Meredith’s integration at the University of Mississippi. The accompanying violence and media attention directed an endless series of questions toward me. In 1966, the year of my graduation, few noticed Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s frustrating attempt to bring the civil rights movement north to Chicago. Within four years, the complexity of de facto segregation had replaced the moral clarity of the struggle to end legal segregation.
Little did I know that a recent visit to Yale would produce weighty observations. Sometimes you have to physically be at a place to see a connection. My studies under the mentorship of Robin Winks coalesced into a book which gave me a fresh pair of eyes. While walking by Calhoun College and Timothy Dwight College, I realized that their namesakes yield devastating clues about our country’s racial challenges.
Calhoun College has been a lightning rod for criticism because of the pro-slavery, secessionist position of John C. Calhoun. Timothy Dwight College, named for a former president of Yale, however, bears no such stigma.
Yet the anti-slavery Timothy Dwight’s 1769 opinion of free blacks had crucial implications for the destiny of African-Americans after emancipation and up to the present. Historians downplay Northern racial animosity. But, these antebellum derogatory views confined emancipated slaves to the South, fostered a separate, unassimilated black community and relegated African-Americans to the lowest status in the economy.
It is important to ask not only what antebellum Americans thought about slavery; we must also ask what they thought about free black people. Then we will understand why today’s major American cities with large black populations and no (or minimal) history of slavery, legal segregation or sharecropping have similar racial issues to those which did have slavery, legal segregation and sharecropping.
In a sermon delivered in 1810, Timothy Dwight was scathing in his description of free blacks:
“[T]hese people … are, generally, neither able, nor inclined to make their freedom a blessing to themselves. … [T]hey are turned out into the world, in circumstances fitted to make them nuisances to society. … The hatred of labour … becomes habit. … They have no economy; and waste, of course, much of what they earn. They have little knowledge either of morals or religion. They are left, therefore, as miserable victims of sloth, prodigality, poverty, ignorance and vice.”
For Dwight, the only possible avenue for black advance was absolute dependence on white charity and white tutelage. Was this charitable paternalism similar to plantation, government or philanthropic paternalism? Should we question whether the effects of allegedly benign Northern slavery and harsh plantation slavery were comparable?
In 1811, when the free black population of Connecticut was under 2 percent, Dwight wrote:
“Their vices are of the kinds, usually intended by the phrase ‘low vice.’ Uneducated to principles of morality, or to habits of industry and economy, they labour only to acquire the means of expense, and expend, only to gratify gross and vulgar appetite. Accordingly, many of them are thieves, liars, profane, drunkards, Sabbath-breakers, quarrelsome, idle. … [T]heir ruling passion seems to be a desire of being fashionable. … The difference between them, and the whites, who are nearest to them in circumstance, is entire. The whites are generally satisfied with being decent, with being dressed in such clothes, and living in such a manner, as they can afford.”
White Americans were consistent. In 1789, Benjamin Franklin wanted “a branch of our national police force” to supervise free blacks who should be trained for jobs that “require but little skill.” In a nod to white flight, citizens of New Haven in the 1790s warned that free black migration would depreciate property values by 20 to 50 percent. Harriet Beecher Stowe exiled the heroes and heroines of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” to Africa; further, when asked to contribute to a school for free blacks, she refused and condescendingly wrote, “Will they ever learn to walk?” Powerful anti-slavery politician William Henry Seward remarked in 1866, “The North has nothing to do with negroes. I have no more concern for them than I have for the Hottentots; they are God’s poor; they always have been and always will be so everywhere. …” The New York Times (February 1865) wanted cotton production resumed with “White ingenuity” and “black labor” while, “The negro race … would exist side by side with the white for centuries being constantly elevated by it, individual [African-Americans] … rising to an equality with the superior race.” The white psyche allowed room for a black elite — eerily similar to W.E.B. Du Bois’s “talented tenth.”
What were the future implications of antebellum Northern attitudes? Blacks of the Great Migration were employed in the grittiest and lowest jobs. Deindustrialization has had its severest impact on vulnerable African-Americans in the last few decades. Residential and school segregation and a large black underclass are indelible features of American society.
Timothy Dwight would not be surprised. Both Calhoun and Dwight are very much part of our tragic racial legacy.
Gene Dattel is a 1966 graduate of Berkeley College and the author of “Cotton and Race in the Making of America: The Human Costs of Economic Power.” | <urn:uuid:0cab8f50-092c-44ee-b895-513f584b2949> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2011/02/24/dattel-relics-of-a-racist-era/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304309.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123172206-20220123202206-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.955869 | 1,208 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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