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As you are building your Web, you will want to add ways to go from one page
to another and to other Web sites. This is accomplished with the use of hyperlinks.
You can insert hyperlinks on any type of text or graphic object. Some examples
would be to link words within a text block to another page, words or phrases
listed across the top or bottom of a page, tabs that can be clicked on, navigation
bars, buttons, pictures, and so on.
To insert hyperlinks, click on the icon on the Standard toolbar or select
Insert on the top menu bar and the select Hyperlink at the bottom of the drop
down menu. Either one of these will bring up the Create Hyperlink window.
In this window you can select a file in your site to link to, or enter a Web
address (URL) to link to a completely different site. You can also add links,
called Bookmarks, which allow you to link to specific points on the same page
or a completely different page. | <urn:uuid:86a84957-aad0-432e-bfac-d99fc279f539> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.printingtips.com/printing-tips/t-18-69/hyperlink.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123530.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00059-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.80481 | 215 | 3 | 3 |
Etching of Vlademar Poulsen (1869-1942). Poulsen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark and worked for the Copenhagen Telephone Company. In 1898 he invented the Telegraphone; the first wire recording device and a forerunner of the magnetic tape recorder. Poulsen found that by pasing an electromagnet over a wire as he spoke into a connected microphone, the wire would become magnetised thus recording the sounds he made. He also worked to improve wireles transmision and in 1903, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874-1941), developed the Poulsen arc generator, which was capable of transmitting continuous radio waves and enabled speech to be generated up to a radius of 150 miles. Published by the International Telecommunication Union. Dimensions: 230mm x 190mm.
© Science Museum / Science & Society Picture Library | <urn:uuid:7635d4d8-1e1a-4802-8030-fdd257a4f054> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.ssplprints.com/image/101778/valdemar-poulsen-danish-electrical-engineer-c-1920s | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188553.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00291-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933834 | 178 | 3 | 3 |
Were any of your ancestors Indiana teachers? If so, they may have passed down their teaching certificate. (Pictured below: a certificate issued by the state to Edna G. Nowland in 1911.)
|A teacher's certificate issued to Edna G. Nowland in 1911 by the state. (Courtesy of the Plainfield-Guilford Township Public Library Archives.)|
Beginning in the mid-1800s, if someone wanted to be a teacher, they had to apply to get a teacher's license, which could be issued either by the county or the state.
If it was issued by the county, the license could only be used for teaching in that particular county - a move to another county meant they would have to apply for another license. If it was issued by the state, however, the license was good for teaching in any county. Testing for county licenses was offered by the county's school superintendent; for statewide licenses, the testing was available at the office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Indianapolis and at the offices of school superintendents in select cities.
The process of getting a teacher's license involved an individual evaluation, as well as passing exams in various subjects. Think you could have passed those exams? Pictured below are the questions from the Arithmetic exam in 1913.
|The questions asked in the Arithmetic exam in 1913. (Courtesy of the Plainfield-Guilford Township Public Library Archives.)|
- 12 months - if your average grade was 85% or more, with none of the grades below 75%
- 24 months - if your average grade was 90% or more, with none of the grades below 80%
- 36 months - if your average grade was 95% or more, with none of the grades below 85%
|The back of a 1911 teacher's certificate, showing the grades received on the two exams. (Courtesy of the Plainfield-Guilford Township Public Library Archives.)|
In the certificate above, Edna G. Nowland's license in 1911 was issued for 36 months, and was for teaching 2 subjects (Literature and Composition and the Science of Education) at the high school level. The back of the certificate shows that she received a grade of 95% on the Literature and Composition exam and 91% on the Science of Education exam, plus 97% on her individual evaluation.
If records exist of the teacher's licenses that were issued on the county level, they will be found in the records of the county.
For the licenses that were issued on the state level, they will be found in the records of the State Board of Education and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction.
The annual reports of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction used to regularly include the lists of those who had received their teacher licenses. Some of these reports have been digitized and are available for free online at sites like Google Books.
For IGS members: The Statewide Records section of the IGS website has information on teachers who received licenses from the state during 1867-1884 and 1906-1910.
[This article originally appeared in Indiana News, IGS's FREE monthly email newsletter. Click here to subscribe and have articles like this delivered straight to your inbox!] | <urn:uuid:924add10-77b8-4ba1-8487-45d6ad92c2eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://indgensoc.blogspot.com/2016/08/research-tip-indiana-teacher-licenses.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825464.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022203758-20171022223758-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.975361 | 662 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Leveled Literacy Intervention (LLI)
The Fountas & Pinnell Leveled Literacy Interventionis a powerful, short-term intervention, that provides daily, intensive, small-group instruction, which supplements classroom literacy teaching. LLI turns struggling readers into successful readers with engaging leveled books and fast-paced, systematically designed lessons.
Fundations® is a multisensory and systematic phonics, spelling, and handwriting program that benefits all K-3 students. It also includes a supplementary activity set for Pre-K students. Fundations is designed as a whole-class, general education program used for prevention (Tier 1) purposes. It also can be taught in a small group or 1:1 setting for intervention (Tier 2).
Wilson Just Words
Just Words® is a highly explicit, multisensory decoding and spelling program for students in grades 4–12 and adults who have mild to moderate gaps in their decoding and spelling proficiency but do not require intensive intervention. The program is designed for students with below-average decoding and spelling scores and should be combined with other literature-rich programs.
Just Words aligns with a school or district’s Multi-tiered System of Supports (MTSS) or Response to Intervention (RTI) framework of instruction by delivering a Tier 2 intervention addressing a sophisticated study of word structure with explicit teaching of “how English works” for both decoding and spelling automaticity. It is designed for students who can benefit from the targeted word study focus without requiring the more comprehensive intervention of the Wilson Reading System®.
All studend have access to leveled books which they are invited to self-select at their leisure. The books are identified and organized by level.
Multi-cultural and Bilingual Texts
Additional books with bilingual formats are available for students to borrow. Students are encouraged to share these with their parents and siblings to encourage good literacy habits in the home. We even have novels in Spanish to promote the bilingual skills for all readers. | <urn:uuid:923a2fd6-9b27-4421-8aec-12853bba1c2c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.avonschool.com/Page/2131 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540502120.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207210620-20191207234620-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.930406 | 409 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Laws and jurisprudence functions and empowerment pdf
jurisprudence, interpretation and general laws This paper consists of three components, namely Jurisprudence, Interpretation and General Laws. Jurisprudence is the study of the science of law.
in shaping American and British law. Common law functions as an adversarial system, a contest between two opposing parties before a judge who moderates. A jury of ordinary people without legal training decides on the facts of the case. The judge then determines the appropriate sentence based on the jury’s verdict. Ci. vil Law, in contrast, is . codified. Countries with civil law systems have
16/07/2016 · Law And Jurisprudence Functions And Empowerment https://youtu.be/lwNdTPHN8qk #4 characteristics of law #characteristics of law pdf #characteristics of law of…
regulations simply in order to function (traffic and tax laws). But even these regulations But even these regulations are guided, albeit somewhat distantly, by natural law, i.e., by the requirement of natural
the paper lays out core development functions of the rule of law, including: Enabling economic development, Citizenship and social and economic justice.
the continued existence and functions of the Australian States under the Constitution, and provision for self government of Territories, provision for free and fair elections; the rule of law; and specific measures to protect human rights. The right to self determination, together with the rights recognised in Article 25 of the ICCPR, may also be seen as relevant to issues of open and
1 Introduction Two emerging critical legal theories, Animal Law and Earth Jurisprudence, have recently proposed paradigm shifts in the way animals are treated under our legal frameworks.
Difference with respect of state The state according to the concept of historical jurisprudence was an association of human beings having the two primary functions of war and administration of justice. The modern tendency is to end war. All states normally exercise their functions within a defined territory.
Animal Law and Earth Jurisprudence Glen Wright
Civil society empowerment A toolkit OECD
for a discussion about the purpose and usefulness of jurisprudence would be facilitated if the investigation were restricted to legal dogmatics and studies on substantive law. This is however not the case, because the assumptions concerning fundamental presuppositions vary, descriptions of law differ also, e.g. depending on whether the analysis is based on legal positivist or realist theories
Dental Hygiene Practice Act Overview: Permitted Functions and Supervision Levels by State D Direct Supervision Levels; dentist needs to be present P Personal Supervision: Dentist needs to authorize, be present and check prior to patient dismissal ID Indirect Supervision Levels; dentist must authorize procedure and be in the dental office while the procedure is performed G General …
and updated Msrlawbooks. Msrlawbooks© Juris-Legal Theory P T O Page 1 JURISPRUDENCE [ LEGAL THEORY] . Textual and Reference Books : Salmond’s Jurisprudence Fitzerald Elementary Jurisprudence Keeton Jurisprudence Vols. 1 to 5 Roscoe Pound Jurisprudence Holland Law in the making Allen A Textbook of Jurisprudence Paton Elements of Jurisprudence Dias. Msrlawbooks© …
an important component of international law and policy, as a result of a movement driven by indigenous peoples, civil society, international mecha- nisms and States …
The Report on Women in Public Life: Gender, Law and Policy in the translate into greater empowerment and participation in public life. Women’s economic and public participation remains the lowest in the world. While South America, Central Asia and Southern Asia reduced their gaps by 13.4%, 12.2% and 9.2% respectively between 1990 and 2010, the MENA region only improved by 7.4% over …
The Lawphil Project – Philippine Laws and Jurisprudence Databank.
[No.9 of 2006 33 THE CITIZENS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ACT, 2006 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART 1 This Act may be cited as the Citizens Economic Empowerment Act, 2006 and shall come into force on such date as the President may, by statutory instrument, appoint. Application 2. Notwithstanding any other law, this Act shall apply to all sectors of the economy, including the value …
Bentham’s “Of Laws in General” 203 Austin 207 Conclusion 220 EXTRACTS J. Bentham A Fragment on Government 221 J. Bentham An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation 221 J. Bentham Of Laws in General 224 J. Austin The Province of Jurisprudence Determined 242 PURE THEORY OF LAW 255 Normativism 256 The Pure Science of Law 257 Norms and the Basic Norm 258 Hierarchy …
• Empowerment – all members of the community understand their rights and responsibilities, and this contributes to their ability to make choices about how they participate in the community • Legality – the law recognises, and is consistent with, rights and freedoms.
Contents Fair Trading Act 1989 Page 3 Division 3 Orders for the preservation of property 46 Court may make order for preserving money or other property held by a
function of corporate law: namely, reducing the ongoing costs of organizing business through the corporate form. Corporate law does this by facilitating coordination between participants in corporate enterprise, and by reducing the scope for value-reducing forms of opportunism among different constituencies. Indeed, much of corporate law can usefully be understood as responding to three
The law defines and influences the role of those individuals as well as CSOs. It is then implicit that an enabling legal environment enhances civil society while a restrictive one will endanger it. Along fundamental individual rights such as freedom of speech and the right to petition the government, individuals need to be able to organise themselves around common grounds, obtain a legal
1/05/2016 · In considering public health law reform, governments need to consider the way in which these functions can best be supported by legislation. It is important for public health laws to explicitly set out the mandate,
functions and responsibilities that have already been devolved upon them from the national agencies on the aspect of providing for basic services and facilities in their respective jurisdictions, paragraph (c) of the same provision
The four functions of law include defending people from evil, promoting the common good, resolving disputes and encouraging people to do the right thing. These four functions are essential to human welfare. The four functions of law provide a basis for how society would optimally function. Defending
They are the primary rule, jurisdiction and functions of the police authority in relation to the law provided by the Constitution. PNP jurisprudence is the study of revised penal code, criminal
functions and management; to provide for the establishment of the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund; to provide for the National Indigenisation and Empowerment Charter; and to provide for matters connected with or incidental to the foregoing.
The empowerment of women has long been a goal of development work and it results from the respect of women’s rights and also because women’s political participation, their education, socio-economic status, legal rights (for example, related to
Legal institutions and people, The legal system, Law and society, Commerce, Year 9, NSW At a federal (Commonwealth) level, the founding institution of law in Australia is the Commonwealth Constitution. The Constitution is the set of rules which controls the power, authority and operation of a Parliament. Each State of Australia,
functions of the health regulatory colleges, including registration, quality assurance and the complaints and discipline process. The RHPA is legislation designed to ensure public safety,
General Jurisprudence This book explores the implications of globalisation for understanding law. Adopting a broad concept of law and a global perspective, it critically reviews
He primarily writes on international law and international human rights law. The author has also published general articles on law in newspapers and magazines in Australia, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and the United States.
5 This view is reflected in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, or performing public functions. 3. Access to Information is a Right for Everyone. To exercise the right of access to information, it is neither necessary to justify any legal interest, nor to explain the reasons for requesting the information from government. All requests should be treated without
What Are the Functions of Law? Reference.com
Part of theCriminal Law Commons,Human Rights Law Commons, and theInternational Law Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Yale Law School Student Scholarship at Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository.
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“Everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law. Equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms.
5 Glossary of Arabic Terms Fiqh Islamic jurisprudence and interpretation of the shari’a by Islamic jurists based on the Qur’an and Sunnah. Of the four main Sunni schools of fiqh, the personal status laws …
ON EMPOWERMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF YOUTH Assembly of Republic of Kosovo, Based on Article 65 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, Adopts: LAW ON EMPOWERMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF YOUTH CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1 Purpose This law aims to promote and reaffirm continued participation of youth in the decision making process, without any …
to jurisprudence, for which the law of the state was the law. The dominant approach of jurisprudence interpreted law as state-centred. Legal pluralism, on the other hand, views law as a complex societal phenomenon to which the state contributes – but so do the people of a society who generate law as an expression of their concepts of justice. Whether or not the law by the state and the laws
LAWPHiL Official Site
01. Introduction Jurisprudence is a study of fundamental legal principles, thoughts, writings about law in its relation with philosophy, psychology, economics, anthropology and other social sciences.
The function of laws and jurisprudence is to maintain order withina society, and their empowerment comes from the people throughtheir representatives.
Ebook Pdf The Child As Vulnerable Patient Protection And Empowerment Medical Law And Ethics Hardback Common contains important information and a detailed explanation about Ebook Pdf The Child As Vulnerable Patient Protection And Empowerment Medical Law And Ethics Hardback Common, its contents of the package, names of things and what they do, setup, and operation. Before using this …
To Engagement And Empowerment Description of : employment law going beyond compliance to engagement and empowerment employment law going beyond compliance to engagement and empowerment by rosemarie feuerbach twomey focuses on the laws that have the greatest impact on the relationships between employers and employees in particular the common law governing the …
Explain the Ann. 2008 scope of Analytical Jurisprudence. Ann. 2010 Define Jurisprudence. Explain various kinds of Ann. 2011 jurisprudence. Discuss the „Imperative Theory of Law‟. Also discuss the criticism raised against the theory.
LAW is a set of rules of conduct, established by government, for all members of society to obey and follow. The Function of Law 1. Regulates conduct- acts as a The Function of Law 1. Regulates conduct- acts as a
Judicial Independence in Burma No March Backwards Towards
JURISPRUDENCE INTERPRETATION AND GENERAL LAWS
The Function of Law. 1. Regulates conduct- acts as a deterrent i.e. if you do “x” you face punishment “y”. 2. Avoids or Settles disputes – Contract law sets out rules for making & enforcing agreements.
Dental Hygiene Practice Act Overview Permitted Functions
Jurisprudence Important Questions Precedent Jurisprudence
Law And Jurisprudence Functions And Empowerment YouTube
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What are the PNP laws and jurisprudence in the Philippines?
The Child As Vulnerable Patient Protection And Empowerment
Restructuring Hybrid Courts Local Empowerment and | <urn:uuid:692c7e8a-dab0-4497-ba60-b7cf9df1d478> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chimmax.com/2022/laws-and-jurisprudence-functions-and-empowerment-pdf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.901469 | 2,721 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease, such as a new form of influenza or coronavirus.
With increasing globalization and the ability for people to travel to any country in the world in the span of a single day, there is always the potential for a new infectious disease to be introduced to Hawaii.
Notable historical pandemics have included the 1918 Spanish flu and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003, or the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic we are experiencing now. While natural barriers effectively prevent many diseases from reaching Hawaii, thousands of visitors arrive each day from all around the world, so continued vigilance is essential.
During public health emergencies, the Hawaii Department of Health (DOH)works with many partners at the federal, state, and local levels to protect the public’s health. In the event of a pandemic, the Medical Reserve Corps may be called upon to provide volunteers and assist with emergency operations. As DOH and the State of Hawaii have made preparing for an influenza pandemic a top priority, DOCD regularly updates Hawaii’s pandemic preparedness plans for when the next global epidemic occurs.
In recent years, DOH’s Office of Public Health Preparedness (OPHP) and Disease Outbreak Control Division (DOCD) have coordinated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in scaling up prevention efforts during the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic and by conducting educational efforts during the Ebola and Zika epidemics, which ended in 2016.
Why are health officials concerned about this?
Health officials are concerned because public health emergencies have happened before and will happen again. In an emergency many people could get sick and die and few people are prepared. According to a 2013 survey by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Ad Council, only 19 percent of Americans say they are well prepared for emergencies. Nearly two-thirds of American households do not have adequate plans and supplies for a disaster.
Many families mistakenly believe that policemen, firemen, hospitals, and doctors will be available at all times. But in a severe public health emergency, like a natural disaster or pandemic flu, those services may be limited or unavailable. Pandemic flu is not like any other kind of flu: no one has immunity and everyone is affected when large numbers of people get sick.
Health officials worldwide believe we may be due for a flu pandemic (a worldwide outbreak of a new influenza A virus). Although the United States may not be currently experiencing an influenza pandemic, concern is focused on avian (bird) flu viruses strain such as H5N1, H7N9, and H1N1 (the kind that created a pandemic in 2009).
Avian (or bird) flu viruses occur naturally in wild birds and can spread to domestic birds, such as poultry. Health officials are particularly watching for cases of the H5N1 bird flu. In rare cases it can be transmitted from birds to humans. There is no human immunity to this virus and no vaccine is available.
H5N1 and H7N9 are considered to be of particular concern. Almost all H5N1 cases occur in birds, but since 2003 more than 700 people have gotten the disease. Approximately 60 percent of the H5N1 cases have died, with mortality highest among people aged 10 to 19 and young adults. The fifth outbreak of H7N9 in China infected 764 people (as of September 2017), killing up to 40 percent. Officials believe close or direct exposure to infected birds caused most of the cases of both of these viruses. Some clusters of infection within families have been investigated, but there are no reports of sustained human-to-human transfer. However, both H5N1 and H7N9 could evolve to spread easily among people and cause a flu pandemic.
Although no one knows when the next flu pandemic will strike or whether H5N1, H7N9, or another influenza A virus will be the cause, the Hawaii State Department of Health is actively planning for a flu pandemic and so should you. For more information, visit www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources.
The State of Hawaii has been preparing for a possible influenza pandemic for some time now. While these preparations served us well during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and we have a strong framework in place, we can always be more prepared. The Hawaii Pandemic Flu Preparedness & Response Plan is being updated and will be available for public comment soon.
DOH continues to lead efforts in Hawaii to educate the public about the differences between seasonal flu and pandemic flu, and to provide local governments and decision makers with tools and tips they can use to prepare for any future pandemic.
Pandemic flu: A flu pandemic is a global outbreak that occurs when a new influenza A virus causes serious human illness and spreads easily from person to person.
Avian flu: Avian, or bird, flu occurs naturally among birds. All bird flu subtypes are influenza type A. There are many strains of avian flu viruses, some are more common than others.
Seasonal flu: These are the influenza viruses that circulate and infect people throughout the year. In many people, its symptoms are mild and last no more than a week. However, about 36,000 Americans die of seasonal influenza each year.
Influenza A: Influenza A viruses are found is many different animals, including ducks, chickens, whales, horses, seals, and dogs. Influenza A is primarily a respiratory disease, causing cough, congestion, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, and fever in most species it infects.
Influenza B: This virus circulates widely only among humans. It generally does not make people as sick as influenza A does.
Last reviewed March 2020 | <urn:uuid:9a16226b-d755-4144-a94d-9919c56b522d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://health.hawaii.gov/prepare/pandemics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038916163.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419173508-20210419203508-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.952871 | 1,215 | 3.875 | 4 |
Lower Colorado River Water Delivery Contracts
Questions and Answers
Where and how is Colorado River Water used in the Lower Basin?
Where the water is used:
The Colorado River Compact of 1922 apportioned 7.5 million acre-feet of river water annually to the Upper Basin and 7.5 million acre-feet annually to the Lower Basin. The Lower Basin’s 7.5 million acre-feet was further apportioned by the Boulder Canyon Project Act to the Lower Division States as follows: 4.4 million acre-feet to California, 2.8 million acre-feet to Arizona, and 300,000 acre-feet to Nevada. Later, the Mexican Water Treaty of 1944 recognized the United States’ obligation to annually deliver 1.5 million acre-feet of Colorado River water to Mexico. (One acre-foot is equal to approximately 326,000 gallons)
The primary Colorado River water users in each Lower Basin state are:
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
Imperial Irrigation District
Coachella Valley Water District
Palo Verde Irrigation District
Bard Water District
Central Arizona Water Conservation District
Yuma County Water Users’ Association
Wellton Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District
Yuma Mesa Division of the Gila Project (Three Districts):
1. Yuma Irrigation District
2. Yuma Mesa Irrigation and Drainage District
3. North Gila Valley Irrigation District
Unit B Irrigation and Drainage District
City of Bullhead City
City of Yuma
Lake Havasu City
Mohave Valley Irrigation and Drainage District
Cibola Valley Irrigation and Drainage District
Southern Nevada Water Authority
Native American Tribes:
Fort Mojave Indian Tribe (California, Arizona and Nevada)
Colorado River Indian Tribes (California and Arizona)
Chemehuevi Indian Tribe (California)
Cocopah Indian Tribe (Arizona)
Quechan Indian Tribe (California)
For a complete listing of water users, visit the Lower Colorado River Water Entitlements web page.
How the water is used:
In Arizona and California, Colorado River water is used for irrigation and domestic uses. In Nevada, the water is only used for domestic purposes.
The use of Colorado River water in the Lower Basin is governed by the Boulder Canyon Project Act. Section 5 of the Act refers to the contract requirement for Colorado River water; therefore, the contracts with the Secretary of Interior are referred to as “section 5 contracts.”
In these section 5 contracts, “irrigation use” means the use of mainstream water for the commercial production of agricultural crops or livestock, including use of water for other purposes related to agricultural activities on tracts of arable land greater than 5 acres. “Domestic use” means the use of water for household, stock, municipal, mining, industrial, and other similar purposes, but excludes the release of water solely for generation of hydroelectric power.
Return to Water Delivery Contracts main page.
Updated: March 2005 | <urn:uuid:b41e3b5e-2ba2-4a9c-854e-a7e27eea580b> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/contracts/wateruse.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765093.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00147-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855477 | 638 | 3.0625 | 3 |
I am standing on a narrow isthmus of land, essentially a dirt track running on top of a levee. On my right is a fragment of the once vast Lerma wetland, one of the last sites for the Lerma Salamander (Ambystoma lermaense), joint number 7 EDGE Amphibian species. Salamanders rise up to the surface in lazy arcs, gulping air from the surface of the turbid water. However, the reed beds around the dark pools are choked with litter and the water’s surface is slick with a patchy, livid green scum. The reason is apparent on turning to my left. A dark, foetid channel runs thickly in a ditch perhaps two meters wide. The stench of the region’s industrial and domestic effluent hangs in the hot air as the ooze makes its way past the wetland toward the Lerma river, the most polluted in the world.
“There’s nothing living in there!” says EDGE Fellow Dr. Karla Pelz Serrano, who is working to conserve the Lerma salamander.
“Except bacteria…” says Dr. Rurik List Sanchez, Karla’s boss at Mexico City’s Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, dryly. The dark waters of the sewage canal overflow into the ‘protected’ wetland where the Lerma salamanders live after heavy summer rains, Karla explains. The water in the wetland was clear 6 months ago, now it is a muddy brown colour. Pollution is a major issue at most of the remaining sites for this species on the outskirts of Mexico City, alongside unsustainable water extraction, the introduction of carp and trout, which eat juvenile salamanders, the dumping of refuse and the removal of natural vegetation. This rather depressing sight is the beginning of my site visit to the two current EDGE Fellows working on amphibians in Mexico.
Karla is about to conclude her two year EDGE Fellowship and with us is Jose Alfredo Hernandez Diaz, known to everyone as Alfredo. He is the Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians at Africam Safari Zoo in Puebla, and is just beginning his Fellowship on another Mexican salamander, the Alchichica or Taylor’s salamander (Ambystoma taylori). Mexico is an important region for the diversity of Ambystoma or mole salamanders. Seventeen species are found within its borders, eight of which are critically endangered and two of which are listed as endangered by the IUCN. Many of these species exhibit a phenomenon known as ‘neoteny’ or ‘paedomorphosis’, whereby animals (sometimes as a matter of course, sometimes depending on the environment) circumvent the normal life cycle of amphibians and become reproductively mature in the tadpole phase, with large branching gills and other larval characteristics. Ambystoma mexicanum is the best known of these so-called ‘Peter Pan’ salamanders, and the Mexican term axolotl, in Europe usually referring to this species, in fact refers to any neotenic Ambystoma.
The state of affairs at Lerma in many ways reflects the immense pressure that biodiversity is under across Mexico. The country is undergoing rapid development and accompanied environmental degradation, with habitat disappearing under city and farmland at an alarming rate. For this reason, it is critical that conservation capacity is generated quickly in Mexico and that individuals working to stem the tide have the opportunity and training to work together. This is exactly the goal of the EDGE programme, and in Mexico the number of current and past EDGE Fellows is quietly growing to form a conservation network supported by ZSL. For the moment the focus is on Mexico’s mole salamanders and the strengths of the programme are already beginning to show.
Karla has taken a double-pronged approach to conserving the Lerma salamander, combining scientific research with community engagement. Almost nothing is known about the salamander, its biology and its conservation needs and Karla’s field surveys have begun to establish exactly where the salamander can still be found, how many are left and which populations are still viable, as well as the extent of threats to their survival. At the same time, by working with local communities, she has raised awareness and provided a means for communities to tackle the governmental corruption that is failing to protect their wetlands.
While at Lerma, we visit several of the remaining populations (one of which was previously unknown) and set traps for the salamander to extend Karla’s survey data. We capture some animals and I train both Karla and Alfredo in Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) marking, whereby a small quantity of fluorescent polymer is injected under the skin in order to identify individual salamanders. By doing this, Karla can estimate population sizes in order to understand how many salamanders are left in the wild and whether this number is changing. She can also use marking to cast some light on how long axolotls live, how far they move and where they go in their habitat. More importantly, Alfredo takes the opportunity to learn from Karla’s almost two years’ of EDGE experience. Karla demonstrates how to swab the salamanders to collect their DNA and to check for pathogens, as well as how to measure the animals’ vital statistics. With this information, Karla can monitor age and size structure in the population, general health status, and growth rates. With the genetic data she can work out if populations are genetically isolated from one another, and how healthy their gene pools are.
I leave Lerma with a sense of the huge scale of the conservation task at hand but also hope in the knowledge that Karla is now using her leadership and determination to become the champion that the salamander and its wetlands desperately need and have until now lacked. | <urn:uuid:867223d5-9f58-4ef4-86f7-ca4a1b922b6e> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.edgeofexistence.org/blog/salamanders-on-the-edge-building-conservation-networks-for-amphibians-in-mexico-part-12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571506.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915134729-20190915160729-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.944062 | 1,253 | 2.84375 | 3 |
During the first two years of life, a child’s brain undergoes extensive development, especially of pathways used in higher functions such as thinking, learning, attention, memory, social control, and language. While 80 percent of brain growth is complete by age 4, the frontal lobes continue to develop until around age 26.
This explains why mental illness peaks during adolescence. Studies also show that serious mental disorders begin very early in life, even during infancy or in the womb. It also explains why adolescents take risks and often exercise poor judgment — those parts of the brain are still poorly developed.
I am convinced that the vaccine schedule interferes with this development. The results are antisocial behaviors, poor judgment, and learning difficulties. To learn more about the dangers of vaccines, read my special report "Vaccines and Brain Injuries — Are You At Risk?"
But vaccines are not acting alone. The toxic environment, stress, injuries, poor diets, and natural infections also contribute to this problem. Take a child who is not breast-fed and is also vitamin D3 deficient, and as a result has poor immune development and function.
A weak immune system means that the child will not only have more infections, but the infections will be more devastating and prolonged.
Like the vaccines, this will prime the brain’s microglia and impair brain development. This translates into poor attention span, behavioral problems, and impulsiveness.
For more of Dr. Blaylock's weekly tips, go here
to view the archive.
© 2015 NewsmaxHealth. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:9adab419-7c6f-4aee-9e9f-5ce41598e305> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.newsmaxhealth.com/Dr-Blaylock/childrens-vaccines-brain-development-brain-damage-mental-illness/2014/01/02/id/544784/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115927113.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161207-00103-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939755 | 325 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Lesson Plan for Activity 1
Lesson Plan Handouts Activity FAQ
Summary of Activity 1: Getting To Know You
Prospective teachers conduct one or more visits (including virtual visits) to the community surrounding their field-placement school. There are various options for these visits, depending on the particular circumstances of each methods site. These visits may involve posing and investigating a problem related to the community setting.
Conduct a discussion about prospective teachers’ current knowledge of the community in which they are conducting their field observation/student teaching and about their thoughts about how the community might be a resource for students’ mathematics learning. Full lesson plan includes a list of sample questions to guide discussion and three optional activities.
During the visits, prospective teachers should LOOK for and DOCUMENT evidence of mathematics and talk to individuals who work/play/shop in the setting about how they use mathematics, and when possible, take pictures and/or collect artifacts to document evidence of mathematical activity. The goal here is for prospective teachers to recognize mathematical practices in children’s communities and to take note of things in the neighborhood or school that they hadn’t noticed before or that surprised them. Several optional activities that could occur during this section are included in the full lesson plan.
Following the community visits, conduct whole or small group discussions to support prospective teachers in reflecting on their experiences. Full lesson plan includes sample questions for facilitating discussions and an optional activity.
Goals for Community Walk Activity
- engage in students’ communities by visiting community locations, and as much as possible, dialoguing with children, families and community members about their home and community-based activity.
- increase knowledge and familiarity with students’ communities, particularly of activities and practices that might relate to mathematics instruction, and in doing so, challenge deficit-based or stereotypical assumptions about students’ communities. Prospective teachers will begin to see children as members of communities, and see communities as including home and family based activity, as well as broader community relationships, contexts and activities.
- increase knowledge of students’ out of school activities and practices, including the activities students engage in after school, and students’ perspectives on their own communities (what community locations are familiar to students, etc).
- broaden perspectives and understandings of students’ competencies (and the competencies of family members and community members), by recognizing ways that students see and use mathematics in the home and outside of school.
Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 | <urn:uuid:2cef61b4-32f2-45d0-99e0-00eafec6bcc2> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://teachmath.info/modules/case-study-module/activity-1-getting-to-know-you-interview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500719.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208060523-20230208090523-00853.warc.gz | en | 0.955614 | 514 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Voca is a vocabulary trainer for foreign languages. It allows you to create and manage your own word lists and share them online. You can make word lists for any language or for other things you want to memorize. It lets you do different types of exercises, including grammar, pronunciation, and picture tests. It lets you take tests with open answers, self-check, or multiple choice. Voca has support for multiple translations of a single word.
|Tags||Languages vocabulary Training grammar education|
|Operating Systems||Windows Linux|
|Implementation||C# Mono .NET|
|Translations||Dutch Hungarian Turkish Arabic German Italian| | <urn:uuid:80a84d6c-7146-4145-94d1-4a526af77293> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://freecode.com/projects/voca | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298387.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00194-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.849311 | 134 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Executive Functioning Impairment Predicts Poor Caregiver Health Status
A traumatic brain injury frequently affects the frontal lobe-the large area of the brain that is vulnerable to the sharp, bony ridges of the skull that protrude from the eye and nose area. The prefrontal lobe is important for a set of skills such as problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, decision making, and inhibition of inappropriate responses-skills known as executive functioning. As the frontal lobe is vulnerable to traumatic brain injury, many people who survive a brain injury show impairments in executive functioning.
The care of people who have executive functioning impairment can be a significant challenge. Family caregivers often have to manage difficult situations such as impulsive behavior, aggression, poor planning, and no concern for social rules. A recent study found that caregivers of people who have executive functioning impairments are the most likely to report both mental and physical health problems of their own. In addition, these caregivers experienced a higher perceived care burden than those who were caring for people who did not have executive functioning impairments. The researchers found that executive functioning impairment was a greater predictor at poor caregiver health than injury severity.
Family caregivers of people who suffer from executive functioning impairment after a traumatic brain injury should be given greater support and attention.
Bayen E, Pradat-Diehl P, Jourdan C, et al. Predictors of informal care burden 1 year after a severe traumatic brain injury: Results from the PariS-TBI Study. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. (December 2013). | <urn:uuid:08660b20-3f4e-4c82-a950-d6ec16688e09> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.scarlettlawgroup.com/blog/2014/december/executive-functioning-impairment-predicts-poor-c/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512504.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020034552-20181020060052-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.956469 | 320 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The traditional image of Halflings among the other races, when they think about them at all, are of an inoffensive people, cheery, optimistic, lucky, brave, and curious. All admirable qualities, even if it does give a somewhat patronizing account of the race.
Of course, Halflings are more diverse and complicated than that. But another attribute of the Halfling race is their ability to fit in, to get along, with Humans, Elves, Dwarves, and (occasionally) Orcs they live with. They assimilate. They pass. They put a lot of effort into being seen as inoffensive.
This is because for the most part, Halflings are a people without a homeland. Halflings tend to live in the lands of Humans (or Elves, or Dwarves, etc.), and not the other way around. So they adapt, and adopt. They adopt the mannerisms, the language, the religions, and the loyalties of the races they live with.
Part of the adoption mean accommodating the societal mores in which they live. Sometimes, of course, the society is intolerable, in which case the Halflings simply move on to greener pastures.
But sometimes, a Halfling can’t just move on. They reach the end of the line, either literally or psychologically. If a Halfling makes the decision that they simply can adapt themselves to the society anymore, and they can’t move on, that leaves only one option- adapting the society to suit themselves. Sometimes, that leads to Anarchy.
Halfling Anarchists tend towards the Pacifist, Individualist, Collectivist, Mutualist, Environmentalist, Equalizer, Free Marketeer, Insurrectionist, Illegalist, Platformist, Poetic, and Philosophical traits. | <urn:uuid:2e28a9ac-553f-4117-8f8e-ba6502e22cdd> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://johnnylemuria.com/2015/03/path-of-the-black-flag-halflings.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424770.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724082331-20170724102331-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.942553 | 369 | 2.578125 | 3 |
NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2002
Texas Cooperative Extension, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
The Poinsettia is NOT poisonoushe widespread belief that poinsettias are poisonous is a misconception. The scientific evidence demonstrating the poinsettia’s safety is ample and well documented.
From: The Paul Ecke Poinsettia Ranch
Studies conducted by The Ohio State University in cooperation with the Society of American Florists concluded that no toxicity was evident at experimental ingestion levels far exceeding those likely to occur in a home environment. In fact, the POISINDEX Information Service, the primary information resource used by most poison control centers, states that a 50-pound child would have to ingest over 500 poinsettia bracts to surpass experimental doses. Yet even at this high level, no toxicity was demonstrated.
As with all ornamental plants, poinsettias are not intended for human or animal consumption, and certain individuals may experience an allergic reaction to poinsettias. However, the poinsettia has been demonstrated to be a safe plant. In fact, in 1992, the poinsettia was included on the list of houseplants most helpful in removing pollutants from indoor air. So, not only is the poinsettia a safe and beautiful addition to your holiday decor, it can even help keep your indoor air clean!
Return to Horticulture Update | Return to Aggie-Horticulture | <urn:uuid:b5008d3e-ecf1-4df6-87f3-ab50809f7cc0> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/newsletters/hortupdate/hortupdate_archives/2002/nov02/art2nov.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163046049/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131726-00024-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932572 | 298 | 3.125 | 3 |
Veterinary Technologist and Technician
Perform medical tests in a laboratory environment for use in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases in animals. Prepare vaccines and serums for prevention of diseases. Prepare tissue samples, take blood samples, and execute laboratory tests, such as urinalysis and blood counts. Clean and sterilize instruments and materials and maintain equipment and machines. May assist a veterinarian during surgery.
View all Veterinary Technologist and Technician Programs
Related Job Titles
Certified Veterinary Technician (CVT), Emergency Veterinary Technician, Internal Medicine Veterinary Technician, Licensed Veterinary Technician (LVT), Medical Technologist, Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT), Veterinary Assistant, Veterinary Laboratory Technician (Veterinary Lab Tech), Veterinary Nurse, Veterinary Technician (Vet Tech)
- Care for and monitor the condition of animals recovering from surgery.
- Maintain controlled drug inventory and related log books.
- Administer anesthesia to animals, under the direction of a veterinarian, and monitor animals' responses to anesthetics so that dosages can be adjusted.
- Restrain animals during exams or procedures.
- Administer emergency first aid, such as performing emergency resuscitation or other life saving procedures.
- Observe the behavior and condition of animals and monitor their clinical symptoms.
- Perform laboratory tests on blood, urine, or feces, such as urinalyses or blood counts, to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of animal health problems.
- Prepare and administer medications, vaccines, serums, or treatments, as prescribed by veterinarians.
- Clean and sterilize instruments, equipment, or materials.
- Collect, prepare, and label samples for laboratory testing, culture, or microscopic examination.
- Associate's degree 68%
- High school diploma or equivalent 12%
- Post-secondary certificate 11%
Median wages (2013) $14.66 hourly, $30,500 annual
- Employment (2012) 85,000 employees
- Projected growth (2012-2022) Much faster than average (22% or higher)
- Projected job openings (2012-2022) 33,200 | <urn:uuid:8bb5c449-66d5-4719-8f27-8aa4c3a50be4> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://medical-assistant.free-4u.com/fields/Veterinary-Technician | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509336.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015163653-20181015185153-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.870518 | 431 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Q: Are there really medical issues because of global warming, or is that a lot of hype?
A: It is important to note that global warming is a climate issue (climate meaning weather conditions in a region over a long period of time), not a weather issue (weather meaning the state of the atmosphere in a specific place at a specific time). So, a cold snap does NOT mean there is no global warming. The Earth is getting warmer; the warmest decade in history occurred in the first decade of 2000, and the Earth has gotten even hotter since, with this decade shaping up to be even warmer than the last. Furthermore, the scientific evidence is unequivocal that humans are responsible for this rise in temperatures.
The availability of clean and reliable air, water and food are obviously necessary for our health and survival.
Issues from global warming changes to the air we breathe:Respiratory illnesses (such as asthma, COPD exacerbations and others) due to increasing air pollution, for example from smoke due to large wildfires as well as other factors, are already taking their toll. Seven million deaths per year are already caused by air pollution. In addition, global warming has already changed the pattern of allergens (such as pollen), with ramifications of increased health effects and an increased number of people affected by allergy issues.
Issues from global warming changes in the food and water we consume:Droughts, floods, heat waves and other changes due to global warming already pose a risk to our food supply in both quantity (with availability of food being a growing issue) as well as quality (changes in the available nutrition of our food sources due to effects from climate change). Rising water temperatures, as well as problems from water run-off, are also causing issues. For example, contaminants in our freshwater supply (from bacteria, viruses and other pathogens) have increased. Increasing droughts have already caused issues with water availability. Rising sea levels from the melting of the polar caps is threatening the very existence of many places. Algae outbreaks and other biological issues in our oceans have already had an impact on the availability and quality of our fish supply (for example increasing effects from Vibrio bacteria, toxins such as ciguatera, and many other issues). There has already been an increase in foodborne illnesses. This includes effects from both chemical contaminants in the food chain, as well as bacterial/viral/other contamination of our food sources (such as bacterial food poisoning outbreaks like the recent ones requiring recalls of lettuce and many other foods).
Climate change due to global warming not only poses a risk to our air, water and food supply, but also has many other medical consequences. For example:Global warming is already driving an increase in large-scale natural disasters, including hurricanes, wildfires, droughts, and other natural disasters. The direct effects of these disasters are well known; regular readers will be familiar with some of these effects from the articles I have written about my own work responding to disasters. Vector-borne diseases (diseases caused by pathogens that are transmitted by arthropods, usually insects) are increasing. These already account for almost 20 percent of all infectious diseases worldwide, and global warming has significantly increased the threat from these. Many vector-borne diseases are spreading faster and to new locations (driven not only by climate changes, but also by the increase in travel worldwide). For example, Lyme disease is becoming more common in areas that are further and further north. West Nile, Zika and many other diseases continue to spread more aggressively and to new places.
And all this is just the (melting) tip of the iceberg. It is estimated that a quarter million deaths per year will be caused by medical issues due to climate change between 2030 and 2050.
Unfortunately, the health care industry is a major contributor to global warming; it is responsible for 10 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions (from the power required to run hospitals, medical devices, etc.). This fact is finally being recognized, and some pioneer health care systems are taking action; for example, Gundersen Health Systems already has an almost zero carbon footprint (using renewable energy for almost all its power needs), and many other health care systems (such as Aurora Health Care) are working toward this goal as well.
Jeff Hersh, Ph.D., M.D., can be reached at DrHersh@juno.com | <urn:uuid:96d3a34c-2cf2-4c3a-add0-77e2d7b2c050> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://hanover.wickedlocal.com/entertainmentlife/20190122/whats-up-doc-global-warming-medical-issues | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526923.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419001419-20190419023419-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.966183 | 893 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Following the suggestions in this section will help you to:
- Increase work efficiency and reduce stress on people and cows.
- Reduce lameness and injuries.
Bringing Cows To The Dairy
Cows with their heads raised are a sign that too much pressure is being placed upon the herd. Understanding how cows’ senses and their social behaviours affect their interpretation and reaction to stimuli will help in the development of good handling practices.
This herdsperson is too close to the cows. The cows’ heads are raised as a result of pressure from the herdsperson. They can no longer watch where they place their feet, or avoid more dominant cows.
Cow Senses and Behaviours
- If cows have their heads up when they are shifted or in the yard they are too tightly packed. - Reduce the pressure on them.
- Movement in groups is best - cows will follow their herd mates.
- Always use patience when assembling and herding cows, and move cows gently over tracks and through gateways.
- Everyone should be trained in basic stockmanship skills.
- Avoid using dogs unless they are particularly quiet. If you are using a dog leave it tied up away from the dairy yard.
- Talk to cows to keep them moving, but don’t frighten them. Use positive interactions such as a stroke, rub, or gentle contact.
- Use separate herds for heifers and older cows, especially on farms with large herds. Although they will form a social hierarchy within their own herds, this will help prevent excessive bullying.
- If the herd stops, do not put pressure on the rear cows. They will not move if the dominant cows in front of them have stopped. Move to the front of the herd and encourage the front cows to continue moving.
- Make rules e.g. people on bikes should not be closer than two fenceposts behind the last cows. Make sure everyone knows the rules. | <urn:uuid:130095fb-642b-4697-9175-f819f3122377> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.dairynz.co.nz/milking/dairy-stockmanship/moving-cattle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424756.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724062304-20170724082304-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.948512 | 399 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Sindy Patricia Ramos Pocón from Guatemala won The Lab’s 2016 Sustainability Prize for her project, which trained rural women to create high-quality crafts from banana pseudostem fiber, a waste byproduct of nearby banana plantations.
Sindy with Dr. Ben-Eli of The Lab and Irene Alvarado of EARTH University
Sindy identified a group of Ecuadoran artisans, the Association of Women Agro-artisans (AMA), working with banana pseudostems and conceived of a pilot program to train rural women from Limón, Costa Rica to process the pseudostem fibers and turn them into high-quality crafts like hats, wallets, handbags, jewelry and more.
Familiarizing the women with the material
Sindy raised $12,000 to bring three Ecuadoran artisan women to Costa Rica for a five-day training program for 35 rural women. Other training sessions followed, culminating in one of the Costa Rican trainees forming her own women’s group, and training another seven women to create banana pseudostem crafts. As their skill in working with the material grew, these women became a formal association. Handicrafts Kalöm was born, named for the local indigenous word for “banana.” Sindy and the women were able to create a reputable brand, and build relationships with local retailers to get the products in stores.
Trainees processing the pseudostem fiber
Until now, little has been done to innovate around banana waste in the rural areas of Costa Rica and Guatemala. The raw material for these crafts, banana pseudostem, are acquired at no cost, and the ease of drying and processing means products can be made comfortably from home. These crafts rely on nothing but human capital: new skills, leadership and creativity, and indeed, the women are constantly innovating to create new products.
“With this project, a group of rural Costa Rican women were able form a sustainable agribusiness, and will now be able to train other rural women to do the same, generating new job opportunities and decreasing CO2 emissions by adding value to an unused waste product,” said Sindy.
Sindy, who is a MasterCard Foundation Scholar, now plans to expand Handicrafts Kalöm, by replicating the training process with rural, low-income Guatemalan women who live near plantain plantations in Escuintala.
“Thanks to the prize, I will be able to sponsor Costa Rican trainees to begin training Guatemalan women in the skills they learned from Ecuadorian artisans. My dream is to be an example of a brand with a social and environmental approach, that also has global reach,” she said.
Kalöm has also become an approved vendor through the “Handmade” section of Amazon.com, which has the potential to significantly expand sales for their products.
Some of Kalöm’s products
“I am happy and proud. I’ve realized nothing is impossible if you have the motivation and initiative. I have struggled to be where I am today and I feel as if life has rewarded me. This project has really opened a lot of doors for me,” said Sindy. | <urn:uuid:3283602b-c3bc-4711-b2ad-53c946e9d6ae> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.sustainabilitylabs.org/earthprizenews/turning-rural-women-to-artisan-entrepreneurs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256381.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521122503-20190521144503-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.950763 | 672 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Georgi Dimitrov led the Communist International from 1934 to 1943. During that time, he contributed to the Communist understanding of fascism, more so than any other Marxist theorist. Dimitrov outlined the origins and purpose of fascism as well as the strategy the Communist movement had to adopt in order to defeat it.
Dimitrov gave a class analysis of fascism, defining it as the open terroristic dictatorship of the most reactionary, most chauvinistic and most imperialist elements of finance capital. After the crisis of capitalism that began in 1929, capitalism faced the dilemma of a weakened capitalist system coinciding with a Soviet Union, which was then constructing socialism. The rise of Communist Parties across the world, especially in advanced industrial countries, with a fighting workers’ movement, meant that the capitalist way of ruling had to adapt in order to survive. The bourgeoisie substituted their state form – from a bourgeois-democratic to a more open, terroristic dictatorship to protect capital and crush the growing workers’ power. Pinochet’s Chile, as well as the current Venezuelan opposition, can be said to also fall into this category.
Capitalist dominance could no longer continue to rule using soft power, and so even the virtues of liberal capitalism are dispensed with. Fascism comes to power by appealing to the anti-establishment instincts of the people, although directing their anger into convenient scapegoats. In Germany this was Jews, while modern fascist movements use Muslims as their scapegoat. The bourgeois-democratic state makes a political choice to undermine democracy, and in an attempt to take some of the support away from the fascist movements, adopts some of their positions. The result is in fact not the fascists becoming irrelevant, but rather their demands becoming state policy.
Dimitrov showed how in order to defeat Fascism, the Communist Parties must become more connected with the broad masses of workers and the people. Rather than ignoring the peoples’ concerns, Communists have to understand them and work with the people towards solving them. If the left does not do that, then the far-right will step into the void. Nowhere is this more evident today than on the European Union. Many sections of the left and workers’ movement have made a political choice to ignore the nature of the EU, leaving the far-right to enjoy support from working-class people for their opposition to it. Of course, the far-right do not oppose the EU from the position of national democracy or sovereignty, but rather for narrow nationalist and indeed racist reasons. In order for the Left to combat the growing rise of fascist forces across Europe, the left has to reconnect with its base and provide an alternative deserving of working-class support, not the crude internationalism which leads some in the workers’ movement to support entities like the EU, or idealist ultra-left positions such as calling for open borders as a knee-jerk response.
Dimitrov wrote that “national forms of the proletarian class struggle and of the labour movement in the individual countries are in no contradiction to proletarian internationalism; on the contrary, it is precisely in these forms that the international interests of the proletariat can be successfully defended.”
The Communist International, under the leadership of Dimitrov, proposed the policy of the united front to combat fascism. This was a policy of uniting all anti-fascist forces into one movement, not just working class forces, but women and youth, as well as sections of the petit-bourgeoisie. This included the radical sections of social democracy, who understood that the policy of class-collaboration or struggling for a better capitalism was no way to defeat fascism. The united front was not, it should be said, intended to struggle for socialism, it’s objective was to defeat fascism, even if the working class and other strata were not prepared for the struggle for socialism, they could be convinced to defend their interests in the democratic struggle. It should be pointed out some Communists in the post-war environment, especially in Western Europe, adopted this policy as a means of struggling for socialism, abandoning revolutionary strategy.
One of Dimitrov’s most astute observations was on how to defeat fascism in countries where the fascists had come into power. He explained that Communists must in fact not boycott the mass organisations of fascist power, such as the state-controlled trade unions, but rather must seek to win influence in these mass organisations and act as a Trojan horse and undermine the fascist system from within.
By and large, the policy of the united front worked. After the Soviet victory over fascism in 1945, Communists had emerged as major political actors in countries where fascism was routed. The emergence of the People’s Democracies in the late ‘40s was a result of Communists building alliances with the radical sections of the democratic movement – helped in no small part by the presence of the Red Army in these countries. Dimitrov reminds us of Lenin calling upon us to focus all our attention on “searching out forms of transition or approach to the proletarian revolution.”
Dimitrov would go on to become the first leader of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria in 1946, and he died three years later. | <urn:uuid:3e8a2b34-0f1c-46fc-b0f2-c0214ea2f271> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://socialistvoice.ie/2018/08/the-anti-fascism-of-georgi-dimitrov/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315618.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820200701-20190820222701-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.966791 | 1,060 | 3.015625 | 3 |
A wake word is a phrase that causes an Amazon Echo device to begin recording an end user's request so it can be sent to the cloud for processing. When Amazon Echo detects its wake word, it records the next spoken request and sends a recording of the user's request to Amazon Web Services (AWS). Amazon computers in the cloud process the user's request and send back a response or initiate an action.
Amazon Echo users utter the wake word when they want to activate and engage with the device. "Alexa" is Echo's default wake word, but users can change the default to "Amazon," "Echo," or "Computer" if desired. The term wake word is analogous to hotword, which is used to activate the voice user interface (VUI) on Google Home.
While the Echo device is constantly listening, it only records and transmits audio after the wake word has been spoken. Users can review and delete their voice recordings from Amazon servers through the Alexa app or by visiting the Alexa Privacy Settings web page. End users can also request that Alexa play a short tone to indicate device has heard the wake word and audio is being sent to the cloud.
How do wake words work?
The Amazon Echo uses deep learning, an aspect of artificial intelligence, to teach Echo software how to recognize the wake word. Although Amazon Echo is constantly listening, Echo's audio buffer prevents the device from eavesdropping and recording entire conversations.
According to Amazon, Echo devices have a recording buffer of just a few seconds, which is just long enough to detect the wake word. Amazon uses real-world customer voice interactions to help train their neural networking algorithms. When audio recordings are being transmitted to Amazon's cloud-based Alexa Voice Services (AVS), the Echo device will also alert the end user visually. (The thin ring on the Amazon Echo will turn blue and flash.) When the wake word is being changed, the light on the device will briefly flash orange.
All Amazon Echo devices have multiple, built-in microphones that help the device ignore background noise and decipher wake words spoken from a distance. To prevent Alexa from being woken accidentally, companies can submit audio samples to Amazon to have specific instances of the wake word ignored. For example, a company making a television commercial about "Alexa" can submit the audio to Amazon.
Using a technique called acoustic fingerprinting, Amazon can detect when multiple devices are hearing the same command at around the same time (during a television commercial for Alexa, for example). When the Super Bowl between the New England Patriots and the Los Angeles Rams was broadcast in January 2019, an Amazon Echo commercial featuring the actor Forest Whitaker aired. Amazon utilized a recording of the commercial, along with acoustic fingerprinting, to ignore the wake word, "Alexa," whenever Whitaker uttered it. | <urn:uuid:d99e9a8a-78cb-429e-96fe-b1cbb77b8fd9> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/wake-word | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739211.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814100602-20200814130602-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.924002 | 570 | 3.6875 | 4 |
In the digital world presented by the 21st century, practically everything put online risks exposure to malicious individuals. Here to help protect private information is a new book titled Protect Your Personal Information.
PwC cybersecurity, a multinational cyber security enterprise, reported a thirty-eight percent surge in cyber security attacks in 2014,(1) showing just how quickly online security is becoming a threat. With the expansion of social media into the lives of the general population, these internet-based attacks are rapidly reaching the lives of individuals. Here to neutralize this threat is Protect Your Personal Information, the latest collaboration between Anzar Hasan, a renowned Information Security Audit Professional, and Abbas Mirza, an acclaimed Solution Architect. The in-depth guide covers everything from preventing identity theft, to keeping children safe while online. With this level of depth, Protect Your Personal Information aims to help everyone access the wonders of connectivity without worrying over the intricacies of web-based personal attacks.
The book begins with the horrors that plague a typical and neglected home computer, allowing readers to fully understand into the possible threats and consequences of computer with an uninformed owner. These possibilities include the hijacking of usernames and passwords, the altering of Personal Identification Numbers (PINs), and use of the owner’s Social Security Number (SSN). With these data mined resources, hackers can wreak havoc on the life of the computer owner. Purchase can be made with the owner’s credit card without notification of the owner, as a collected email password can be used to delete the order confirmation notice. But this is a relatively minor attack. More severe attacks can include the creation of loans using the computer owner’s credit, destroying credit scores and embezzling thousands of dollars.
This is where Protect Your Personal Information fulfils its niche. By providing a digestible guide on preventing these attacks, anyone can become adequately prepared for an infiltration attempt. In addition, readers will become informed on the technical terms for types of threats paired with how these attacks become successful. In this way readers will become able to fortify specific weak points against narrow spectrum attacks and learn broad concepts to generally increase security. One of these weak points is social media. In fact, many readers are shocked when they learn how much information a hacker can derive from just a social media username, revealing location data, job position, name, and more. What’s worse is the fact that many people use the same username and password for every social account, giving any attacker access to all accounts after one combination is broken. With understanding of these concepts Protect Your Personal Information provides relevant tips, in-depth analysis, and threat identification, making it perfect for providing every internet citizen the security they need.
About The Authors
Protect Your Personal Information was authored by Anzar Hasan and Abbas Mirza, two security specialists, each with over a decade of experience in the field. In 2010 the duo created the G7 Security app, providing everyone an affordable set of essential protective tools including Whois Lookups and TCP/IP connection pinging. In the same vein, Anzar Hasan and Abbas Mirza aim to share their knowledge of the cyber security field in an easy-to-understand way that allows any reader the ability to defend themselves against malicious attacks.
For more information visit the book’s Amazon page.
Barnes & Noble: http://tinyurl.com/h9rjzgy
Company Name: Arshnet Technologies
Contact Person: Abbas Mirza
Email: Send Email
Address:15305 Dallas Pkwy, Addison, TX 75001
Country: United States | <urn:uuid:4134c940-005f-4ffc-9ecf-d7638bcf870d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.abnewswire.com/pressreleases/a-comprehensive-guide-to-protecting-personal-information-launches_81118.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720026.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00008-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895102 | 739 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Climate change mitigation and adaptation
Transport is a major contributor to climate change and is responsible for 24% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions from transport have continued to increase annually and over the past half century, they have grown faster than those from other sectors. Such increase has been especially pronounced in low-income countries, fuelled by rural to urban migration, rising populations and greater affordability as economies grow.
The 2018 International Panel on Climate Change Special Report made it clear that rapid and far-reaching transitions in transport, among other sectors, are required, if global warming is to be contained to 1.5⁰ C. Transport has great potential for GHG reduction.
By making the correct evidence-based choices now, developing economies can avoid the high emission trajectories seen in middle-income countries. The HVT programme is focused on climate change mitigation and adaptation and most of the research to be conducted in Part 2 will inform practices that will contribute to GHG reduction.
Inclusion, gender and road safety
For the one billion people in the world who live with disabilities and the one in four families affected, lack of mobility and accessible transport has a significant impact. It is closely linked with a spiral of poverty and dependence, particularly in low-income countries.
Transport is often not inclusive of women, children and other vulnerable groups. Women may be adversely affected by transport systems and women and children can be vulnerable to harassment on public transport. Moreover, some 24,000 people die and many more sustain life-changing injuries every week through road traffic crashes.
Lack of mobility has both an economic and a social impact. In economic terms, many people are lost to the workforce and are therefore unable to contribute to the national economy. The need to provide an evidence base for inclusive transport systems is compelling.
The HVT programme is rapidly building momentum and leadership in inclusive transport. It focuses on people with all types of disability, including hidden disabilities, and how to deliver safer and more gender-inclusive transport systems.
Policy and regulation (including engineering)
Good policy formulation and capacity helps to build strong and accountable institutions. Stable policy regimes encourage investors and can promote economic growth that is sustainable and has a neutral impact on the climate. The pace of change evidenced by Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and other transport operations is presenting many high-income countries with regulatory challenges. These are exacerbated in low-income countries due to limited capacity, data and evidence.
Low volume and high volume transport complement each other. The former plays a pivotal role in the rural economy and access to agricultural services and livelihood. The latter is key to national economies, with typically over 90% of freight and passenger mileage occurring on high-volume transport roads and rail.
Rapid demographic changes often lead to upgrading transport infrastructure from low volume to high volume use or increasing its engineering resilience and adaptation to climate change.
The HVT programme will undertake policy and regulatory research which will cut across the domains of low carbon, urban and long distance road and rail transport.
Technology and innovation (including data and decision support systems)
Technology and innovation are major disruptors in transport–from autonomous vehicles and electric cars to mobile applications that have transformed operations and services. The future of transport in low income countries appears to be increasingly technology driven and high income countries are leading the way. Low income countries should capitalise on transformational technology and innovation while avoiding the mistakes of middle and high income countries.
The transport sector has seen a rapid expansion of decision support systems to inform planning and policy. The use of big data can improve, among others, asset management, transport planning, demand forecasting, transport operations, regulation, technology, accident prevention, emission reduction and climate adaptation.
The HVT programme will be commissioning research that provides evidence on how to access big data and use it to deliver better decision support systems for urban and long distance transport that is cleaner, more efficient, safer and inclusive.
Fragile and conflict-affected states
The research areas to be investigated under the HVT programme are closely aligned to DFID priorities such as strengthening global peace, security and governance, promoting global prosperity, tackling extreme poverty and helping the world’s most vulnerable.
Not all groups and communities have equal access to services and opportunities, even when infrastructure is improved. Ensuring that the most marginalised have increased access to opportunities is a key principle of DFID’s priority to leave no-one behind. The HVT programme undertakes to implement research projects in fragile or conflict-affected states to improve opportunities for the most vulnerable.
Research uptake and capacity building
Research uptake is key to achieving the programme’s aims. Our strategy for research uptake will ensure that HVT produces a body of new, high-quality research, and that this research is used by policy-makers, decision takers, practitioners and development partners with major transport financing operations in low-income countries.
The HVT programme will drive uptake by influencing change in policy through a high-level programme of engagement and through specific uptake and capacity building activities built into each research project. We will coordinate activities, including the preparation and dissemination of publications and interaction with stakeholders and our network, and link with existing relevant research to increase its availability and accessibility.
The HVT programme will focus on two different, important areas related to capacity:
- Capacity of transport professionals and others in doing their jobs; and
- Capacity of researchers, intermediaries and research users in strengthening the research-to-policy ecosystem.
Though overlapping, it is important to keep these conceptually separated as they entail different audiences and capacity building approaches. Good capacity of all these actors is necessary to research uptake. | <urn:uuid:e947c2e1-d9d7-4eae-80c9-e73d257be0dc> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://transport-links.com/researchareas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347388012.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525063708-20200525093708-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.941555 | 1,159 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Lesson 8: Shining a Light on the Minerals
Geologists use three words to describe light that may or may not travel through the mineral. You will use these three words in your journal to describe the results of the next mineral test.
Opaque: no light goes through the mineral (a piece of cardboard is opaque)
Translucent: some light goes through (a piece of wax paper is translucent)
Transparent: all the light goes through that is shined at them (a piece of glass is transparent) | <urn:uuid:f7d768e6-7aa4-4908-b3c2-b9182fcf106b> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://tackk.com/e8mxsr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608686.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526222659-20170527002659-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.923831 | 108 | 3.5625 | 4 |
US Natural Gas Producers Practically Giving Gas Away
Oil drillers are burning off vast quantities of natural gas because it’s not profitable enough to capture and bring to market.
Drillers in North Dakota and other regions in the current oil boom have found themselves awash in natural gas but constrained by bottlenecks to bring it to market. With limited pipeline capacity, producers are committed to transporting oil and content to let natural gas burn off into the atmosphere.
Producers in the Peace Garden State flared 527 million cubic feet of gas per day, according to figures from 2017 first reported in The Bismarck Tribune. North and South Dakota, meanwhile, consumed about 530 million cubic feet of gas per day for furnaces and water heating.
In the booming Permian Basin in parts of Texas and New Mexico shale drillers produced such quantities of oil – and had such limited pipeline capacity – that natural gas prices at times fell below zero.
Oil and gas firms have invested heavily in pipelines and other infrastructure to help ease constraints that have effectively blocked natural gas in North Dakota, Texas and New Mexico from reaching other markets. Earlier last year, for example, the US Energy Information Administration reported that US net natural gas exports in the first half of 2018 had more than doubled compared to the same period in 2017, a result of new and expanded terminals that liquefy natural gas for overseas export from the Gulf Coast.
Meanwhile in North Dakota, companies have invested $3.1 billion to expand infrastructure for capturing more natural gas, from “gathering pipelines” that carry the gas from wellheads to processing plants to expanding processing plant capacity to building a new pipeline to transport natural gas liquids.
“Gas capture is at the front of everyone’s mind, whether it’s the producer, the royalty owner or the state of North Dakota,” Justin Kringstad, director of the North Dakota Pipeline Authority, told US News and World Report. “It’s critically important as this play matures to have adequate gas capture infrastructure.”
The downside is that most of the projects are not likely to be completed until the end of 2019, and they are not expected to keep pace with the huge amounts of natural gas being produced alongside crude oil. | <urn:uuid:d48d8bb4-e0c0-408e-ab11-68fef0c63143> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.oilfieldjobshop.com/news/us-natural-gas-producers-practically-giving-gas-away/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000613.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627035307-20190627061307-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.940314 | 466 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In general, students should illustrate a descriptive essay with words instead of if you want to describe the freaky behavior of your best friend to show how the. Find abraham maslow example essays, research papers, term papers, case personality is totality of qualities and traits, as of character or behavior, which are above and prepare an argument (500 word essay) that your selected theorist.
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3 period 6 write a 500 word essay on your behavior/actions on wednesday that caused another teacher me about your behavior, and then explain how you are. This disregard of individual differences is puzzling, given that behavior the alphabet span task (craik, 1986), in which subjects hear a list of words and then than 500 children, ages 6–13 years, from the western reserve twin project. The series is called “in 500 words or less” because i will endeavor to keep all essays as short as possible, typically limiting the essays to 500 to 600 words words let's consider human behavior in a general sense in an effort to appreciate its. If a student decides to leave when the have a toc than the student will be punished and have to write a 500 word essay on appropriate classroom behaviors. | <urn:uuid:330c409d-7d6a-4f7b-82fc-d564fc709835> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://yjcourseworknqsg.du-opfer.info/500-word-essay-on-behavior.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515088.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022134402-20181022155902-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.933363 | 711 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Bloodroot is one of the harbingers of spring on the Niagara Frontier -- and it is certainly one of our most interesting vernal wildflowers.
From mid-April to early-May this member of the poppy family adds beauty to the barren woodlands as it opens for the sun each day, its fragile white petals spreading in the morning, exposing a golden yellow center.
At night, those same flowers close shut. Quite a few species of flowers do that (especially in the summer), but the bloodroot is unusual for the fact that its leaf closes, too. The single, scalloped leaf, told by its large lobes, wraps around the flower stalk.
Indigenous peoples used a diluted version of the plant blood as war paint and as a marking during special ceremonies. It would stick to the skin or mud applicant for days and its latex-like properties could handle sweat without coming off which allowed for its use during long battles.
That sort of permanency also allowed for its use to paint baskets and dye clothing. Even early French settlers to North America used the root to dye wool.
The plant also had some medical purposes – when taken sparingly.
Being a member of the poppy family, it has some of the properties of opium. It contains the compound protopine, which when consumed in small amounts can cause nausea. When taken in large amounts, it’s a poison, as it will slow down the heart and kill the user.
Native Americans found a way to temper that and put the plant to good use – or more appropriately good uses; bloodroot provided a veritable laundry list of benefits.
In amounts that weren’t diluted like the war paints were, it served as an aggressive destroyer of flesh, so it was used to remove ringworm, warts, polyps, skin cancers, and bodily fungi.
Although its roots create strong interest, especially for any outdoorsperson interested in seeing them bleed, it is strongly encouraged that you leave the plants alone. Once you dig up the root the plant is dead.
Because of that, the state considers it a plant susceptible to exploitation – and it certainly is: I know of very few bloodroots in Western New York and those that I do are in very public areas (Royalton Ravine Park and Lockport Nature Trail). Their numbers have decreased in both places, no doubt due to being dug up by curious hikers.
So, please, let these interesting plants be. Let their beauty – and their stories – reappear every spring.
From the 11 May 2017 All WNY News | <urn:uuid:e4b3f4f9-6cec-4d7c-b3dd-b595f52c402f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://bobconfer.blogspot.com/2017/05/exploring-niagara-frontier-bloodroot.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500339.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206113934-20230206143934-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.961901 | 529 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Schadenfreude, a German word for the joy derived from others' misfortunes, is probably something you've felt. It's that little smirk you get when an arrogant co-worker gets in trouble; or a beautiful celebrity gets a divorce; or when a millionaire non-fiction author is caught making stuff up. Keeping up the appearances of a sympathetic and nice person, you might outwardly grimace. But ultimately, you feel great. It's a childish thing to feel—literally.
A new study, entitled "There is no joy like malicious joy," found that human beings are ushered into this world of sinister happiness at the tender age of 24 months. Children feel schadenfreude, and they're not subtle about it, says Science News:
[T]oddlers don’t hide their feelings. The children showed happiness by doing anything from saying “good” to jumping up and down and clapping. Girls and boys behaved the same way.
To test whether or not kids can feel schadenfruede they had children listen to their mother read a story. In some cases, the mother held another child while she read, and her own child listened. Then mom spilled a glass of water on the book, interrupting her reading. When mom was cuddling another kid, the test children were delighted at their peers' misfortune. The test children, jealous about the mom's diverted affections, were happy when that diversion was interrupted by the spilt water.
It's not just a case of the terrible twos. Humans are born to be little green-eyed monsters. A 2008 study from researchers at York University found that when babies were purposefully excluded from a conversation they kicked, yelled and wiggled.
The researchers think that schadenfreude may have "evolved as a response to unfairness." (Though "[i]t’s hard to speculate," cautions Science News.) However it came to be part of our world, jealousy has a powerful grip on us. As the researchers explain in the new paper:
Human emotions are strongly shaped by the tendency to compare the relative state of oneself to others.
Indeed, jealous babies will grow up to be regular, jealous adults. Though somewhere along the line they'll learn to keep the jumping and clapping hidden inside themselves, like we all do. | <urn:uuid:66973cb8-1d29-46bc-85df-da12941ff855> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/schadenfreude-childish-emotion-180952163/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064503.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00014-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967172 | 482 | 2.75 | 3 |
Sunglasses not only look fashionable; they also help protect your eyes from the harmful rays of the sun. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can damage your skin as well as your eyes. Strong sunlight can burn the corneas and conjunctivas of your eyes. In addition, long-term exposure to UV radiation can contribute to eye disease, especially cataracts.
You should choose sunglasses that
- reduce glare
- filter out 99-100% of UV rays
- protect your eyes
- are comfortable to wear
- do not distort colours
Ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun can damage your eyes by contributing to cataracts, macular degeneration and growths on the eye, including cancer. Ideally, sunglasses should block these two components of UV radiation at least by 99% and 95% respectively.
- UVB rays are the main concern for eyes. UVB radiation is considered more dangerous to eyes and skin than UVA radiation.
- UVA rays are the primary ones absorbed by your eyes. While they pose far less concern than UVB, doctors still recommend that they be avoided.
UV protection information should be printed on the hangtag or price sticker of any sunglasses you buy, no matter where you buy them. If it isn’t, find a different pair.
Look for sunglasses that filter out at least some blue light, as this can damage the retina and cause macular degeneration (vision loss from degeneration in parts of the eye). To make sure, try wearing them outside; a blue sky should appear gray with these on.
When choosing sunglasses, you have a wide array of options. Here are some tips on what to look for:
- Polarised lenses. Although polarised lenses protect against glare, they don’t meet the criteria for UV protection unless they contain additional UV-blocking material.
- Photochromic lenses automatically adjust to changing light intensities to protect you in a wider range of conditions. These lenses get darker (to block more light) on bright days, and lighter when conditions get darker. This type of lens protects the eyes from glare, sun and UV radiation while also maintaining visual acuity. Also, photochromic lenses do not distort colour.
- Polycarbonate lenses. A wise choice for children and athletes, as polycarbonate lenses shield the eyes from UV radiation and protect the eyes against impact injuries that may be sustained during play and sports.
Standard glasses can also be treated with a material that absorbs UV radiation sufficiently to protect the eye while retaining a clear, non-tinted appearance. In addition, UV protection can be obtained for most rigid contact lenses and many soft contact lenses.
Choose a lens colour based on your preferences and comfort level. Gray doesn’t affect colour perception. Orange-brown lenses are a good choice for those with macular degeneration, since they filter out UV and blue light rays for maximum retinal protection. Green lenses distort colour less than other shades (such as red or yellow). Rose-coloured glasses really do make the world seem brighter. They provide excellent low-light visibility and enhance contrast. Mirrored coatings reduce glare by reflecting much of the light that hits the lens surface.
The material used in your sunglass lenses will affect their clarity, weight, durability and cost. Choosing a frame is nearly as important as the lenses, since it also contributes to the comfort, durability and safety of your sunglasses.
Additional tips for protecting your eyes in the sun include:
- A darker lens does not necessarily indicate better protection, and lighter-tinted lenses offer better visibility. Check labels to find sunglasses that provide the best protection possible.
- For added eye protection, wear a wide-brimmed hat or cap. This keeps out sunlight from directly overhead.
- Never look directly at the sun — even through sunglasses — because doing so can cause permanent eye damage.
- Frames should fit snugly on your nose and ears, but not pinch or rub.
- The weight of sunglasses should be evenly distributed between your ears and nose. Frames should be light enough to avoid excess friction on these contact points.
- Your eyelashes should not contact the frame.
Sunglasses for children
Kids’ eyes are especially vulnerable to UV light, since they don’t have the same level of natural protection as adults.
Here are some helpful suggestions for choosing sunglasses for children:
- Check to make sure the sunglasses fit well and are not damaged.
- Choose sunglasses that fit your child’s lifestyle. The lenses should be impact resistant and should not pop out of the frames.
- Choose lenses that are large enough to shield the eyes from most angles.
Are pricey glasses worth it?
A R100 pair of sunglasses can look pretty similar to a R2500 pair, so why pay more? The difference is in the technology, which offers more comfort, durability and performance. For around-town wear and while driving, an inexpensive casual pair may be all that you need. But for outdoor activities, especially high-impact ones such as cycling, performance glasses are usually well worth the investment.
Ultraviolet rays (UV): invisible shortwave length radiation beyond the violet end of visible spectrum. Sunlight contains ultraviolet rays, which are responsible for the production of both suntan and – on overexposure – sunburn.
UVA: Ultraviolet rays with a longer wavelength – the closest to visible light. Mainly this is the ultraviolet light that reaches the earth, and which is responsible for sunburn as well as the forming of vitamin D.
UVB: Ultraviolet rays with intermediate wavelengths and especially responsible for cataracts and skin cancer.
Conjunctivas: the delicate mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.
Cornea: the transparent circular part of the front of the eyeball. It refracts the light from entering the eye onto the lens.
Cataracts: any opacity in the lens of the eye hat results in blurred vision – it may be congenital or acquired.
Sources: Mayoclinic, Intelihealth | <urn:uuid:78e463cb-0156-4e48-ab29-9db0767575ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://healthhub.intercare.co.za/2020/03/23/how-to-choose-sunglasses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.911217 | 1,290 | 3.140625 | 3 |
First in a series on Teaching Excellence
The purpose of any university is to help people change the way they think. For example, a student who wants to be an attorney comes to the university and, in effect, says “I want to be an attorney but I do not know how to think like an attorney… Will you help me to learn to think like an attorney?” I have suggested this previously.
The contract between the university and the student is that we at the university will assist the student in a process of transformation that will give him, or her, the skills, critical thinking ability, knowledge, insight, and attributes that are keys to success.
This requires a bond of trust between the student and the institution, worked out through the faculty. Excellent faculty members are the tailors of this transformation.
True in any university setting, it is especially profound in a university where there are many first generation college students. There are two powerful forces being brought to bear on each student simultaneously. First, the challenge of encouraging the transformation of a student into a skilled professional is a complex process by itself.
It must be coupled with the second challenge: developing an intellectual life that supports the application of professional skills within the context of a free society. The glue that holds these two components of teaching together is a commitment to the whole student. It is crucial to the undergraduate experience, particularly for people from families who are new to higher education. The responsibility of the university goes beyond imparting professional skills as it addresses the issue of citizenship and personal responsibility, and the weight associated with both.
Robert Audi in an article in Academe September-October 1994 entitled, “On the Ethics of Teaching and the Ideals of Learning”, suggests four models of teaching: didactic, apprentice, collegial, and friendship. A teacher who possesses a firm grasp of the ethical implications of any of these models can be excellent. When someone operates from all four perspectives simultaneously, he or she becomes a legend. The goal at our University should be to encourage faculty to operate from all four.
In the didactic model students assume that the teacher knows more than they do about the subject matter.
In the apprentice model the teacher works with students in a direct and unambiguous manner.
Collegial teaching occurs when a teacher embraces the students’ ideas, and treats them as esteemed property. The teacher and the student become colleagues.
Friendship implies that a single area of study does not define a student. By engaging with the student as an individual with a valuable and unique perspective, a teacher can help guide him or her to a deeper understanding of what it means to lead a thoughtful life.
These aspects of excellence in teaching are further enhanced by a faculty that disseminates and applies ideas and insights. The goal of all scholarship should be to enhance the fabric of teaching quality at our university.
The university, in the end, exists for the purpose of teaching. New insights, ideas, discoveries, and applications of knowledge are the most natural by-products of an energized teaching environment.
A teacher who understood these principles responded to a column from a week ago ( August 19, 2010) with an observation from personal classroom experience integrating thinking and doing at the introductory level. The students themselves were energized by the inquiry process; it allowed them the independence to pursue intellectual goals of their own while knowing that they had the guidance necessary to navigate problematic research and ideas.
This is teaching excellence with legs, and it is exactly what our university needs. | <urn:uuid:35173bdc-720a-4ecb-8b47-648ce5ca0350> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://walterwendler.com/2010/08/our-university-%E2%80%93-teaching-excellence/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987781397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021171509-20191021195009-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.964541 | 716 | 2.75 | 3 |
Skip to 0 minutes and 16 secondsSo we're here to reenact part of one of the great experience in science, the experiment that Galileo did to try and understand gravity. He started out with this simple kind of thought. If you have a heavy ball made of metal and a light ball made of wood, and you drop them, they land on the floor at the same time. Unfortunately, you saw that was very fast, and Galileo wanted to make the measurements and show that things really went that way, but it happened so quickly, they had no way to time that quickly.
Skip to 0 minutes and 47 secondsSo he came up with the great idea of using an inclined plane so that the gravity acceleration would be less, and therefore, able to be able to time it. He set up a very nice metronome, inverted pendulum, and he just measured how many strokes the pendulum went by for each distance that the ball went, and he found a very precise mathematical formulation, namely that in the first unit of time, if the ball went one unit on the inclined plane, the next unit of time it went three more units, the next unit of time it went five units, then seven, and so on in this nice progression. So we're going to reproduce part of the experiment where he made that measurement.
Skip to 1 minute and 27 secondsInstead of using a metronome, my assistants, Marie and Thierry, they're using smartphones with very good timers on them. And we will roll the ball down the inclined plane the way Galileo did, and we'll measure how long it takes to get to the first mark, and then the fourth mark. So we predict the time should be one unit here. It should be one more unit to get to the fourth mark. So are we ready? Ready. OK. I'll count down from three. Three, two, one, zero.
Skip to 2 minutes and 6 secondsOK. What were your times? 1.10 Very good. You're not cheating are you? This is the correct answer. All right. So now I need to find the ball. Thank you. OK, we'll do it again, because the essence of science is you repeat the experiment several times to see you're getting a consistent answer, and you checked out that you've made no mistakes. So three, two, one, zero.
Skip to 2 minutes and 45 secondsOK. 1.24. OK. Now we can just take the straight ratios, or we can just sum it up and divide. What do you have for the sum? 1.10 plus-- 1.24. 0.83, and 1.01. 4.18. That's the sum.
Skip to 3 minutes and 41 secondsOK. That's not bad. And we know from Galileo's careful measurements-- he used a very good inclined plane, very good timing-- that that ratio should be two, so we came out fairly close with this simple thing, and my little sloppiness in making it go.
Skip to 4 minutes and 3 secondsSo this is one of the things that was very interesting that Galileo did this; he did discover these things early, and then he moved on to other things. He was trialed by the church. They had at the 400th anniversary of this trial a special ceremony where they brought-- and a symposium-- where they brought out all of his publications, but it didn't include his publications on his early work. And he only published later after he was under house arrest, and he wanted to go and show that he really understood gravity and that the Earth really did go around the sun.
Skip to 4 minutes and 34 secondsAnd so he redid his early experiments and wrote them up really cleanly so that people like Newton and eventually Einstein could do it.
Experimenting with gravity
Nobel Prize winner George Smoot, with Marie and Thierry, reproduce with old-fashioned balls and board but modern stopwatches the inclined plane experiment of Galileo, which marked the foundation of modern physics. | <urn:uuid:c8f85b9d-8c7a-41c8-a24b-82c378063a4e> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/gravity/1/steps/54504 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161638.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925123211-20180925143611-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.976928 | 834 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Following the earthquake in January 2010 the number of orphanages in Haiti increased significantly. As a result, an estimated 30,000 children – most of whom have at least one living parent – currently live in Haiti’s orphanages.
Whilst the construction of institutions is an understandable response to natural disaster, research increasingly demonstrates this is not the best approach and that institutions, once established, proliferate long after the disaster.
There are approximately 760 institutions in Haiti. Less than 15% of these are officially registered with the Haitian authorities. Orphanages tend to be privately run and funding is, for the most part, provided by foreign donors – often small foundations, NGOs or individuals. There are considerable challenges with this system of care.
The primary reason that children end up in institutions is poverty and a lack of access to basic health, education and social services. Out of desperation, parents place their children in orphanages hoping they will receive better care than they believe they can provide. But, too often, this is not the case, as orphanages cannot meet children's individual needs. Case evidence demonstrates that many of the 30,000 children could be at home with their families if basic health and education costs were covered.
Lumos in Haiti
Lumos began work in Haiti in January 2015, as part of a joint programme with key governmental and NGO partners to transform care services for vulnerable children and families by 2030.
The team in Haiti has worked closely with IBESR - the government department responsible for children - and closed eight institutions since 2016. More than 75% of the children have been able to go home to their families with support. We have been working with the government and local partners to trace families and prepare children and families for reunification.
Over 80% of the children living in all of Haiti’s orphanages have at least one living parent. The primary reasons for their admission to institutions are poverty, disability and a lack of access to basic health, education and social services.
The risk of trafficking
There is growing evidence of the heightened risk of children being trafficked and exploited, commercially and at times sexually, in Haiti’s orphanages. Some orphanages in Haiti are established with the best of intentions and strive to provide adequate care.
However, case evidence suggests a consistent pattern of behavior, including orphanage ‘directors’ paying ‘child-finders’ to recruit children for the orphanage. In some instances, families are paid to give their children away. In others they are deceived into believing their children will receive an education and have a better life. The orphanage uses the children to persuade donors to give them money. The sums received are far in excess of the money spent on looking after children.
Lumos is working with Haiti's National Committee against Trafficking in Persons to end this harmful practice and ensure the specific phenomenon of trafficking of children in orphanages is addressed.
Read more about the risk of trafficking in Haiti:
In the first two years we have already made progress for vulnerable children including:
- Building strong partnerships with government departments and other peers
- Have helped to close 8 orphanages 2016-2018
- Helping reunite 154 children with their families 2015-2018
- Training 161 parents in parenting skills and a further 131 parents and relatives in the skills they need to set up small businesses; and gave small grants, where needed, so that families can generate an income and support their children at home.
- Beginning the reassessment of all 760 institutions in the country, in cooperation with IBESR
- Accrediting new foster care families - the first families of their kind in the country’s history
- Responding to Hurricane Matthew by partnering with the local social services department and a local grassroots organisation in the South Department, one of the affected regions. Lumos’ Haiti team worked as a joint team with local state and NGO social workers to provide medical care, food, water, school supplies, to over 2,000 children, including those in orphanages
- Working with international funders and donors in order to trace, redirect and leverage funding away from institutions and towards community-based services.
Our goal is to have no more children in institutions in Haiti by 2030. | <urn:uuid:520a3276-37c9-443e-8604-5118d8bb66bf> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.wearelumos.org/where-we-work/haiti/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578613603.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423194825-20190423220825-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.969591 | 869 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Americana Fall 2002
This lot is closed for bidding. Bidding ended on:
Dr. Seuss's world was populated with an endless variety of creatures and people, oftentimes indiscernible as to genus or species. Many times his interpretations were easily identifiable, as with his fish, Horton the elephant, and so on. Such is the case with this very typical Seussian camel (or is it a dromedary?). Actually, the correct term in Seuss's world is "Wump," and "Wumps" officially have one or more humps. (And for future reference, a man named Mr. Gump has a Wump with seven humps.) Big as life, stylistically and humorously depicted, our subject is coolly struttin' his stuff for all the world to see. Seuss has emphasized "One hump!" at the top of the work, as a reference to the text of the work it came from, One Fish, Two Fish. Even if by chance you do not remember this title, our comical friend is readily identifiable at a glance as a citizen of Seuss's incredible universe.
Item: Original color presentation sketch of a "Wump," done in colored markers on paper by Theodore ("Dr. Seuss") Geisel, nicely matted with an image area that approximately measures 8 by 10.25 inches in size. It is labelled and signed at the top, "One hump! Dr. Seuss," and it is undated.
Original Dr. Seuss Colored Drawing of a One Hump Camel
Click above for larger image. | <urn:uuid:ce3e51da-1942-432f-8017-653ad49256f0> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.legendaryauctions.com/LotDetail.aspx?inventoryid=27122 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927863.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00204-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974241 | 327 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Buying stock on margin gets you more bang for your buck on your investment. You put up only a portion of the purchase price and your broker lends you the rest. Because you acquire more stock without paying the full cost, your gains and losses are magnified. You can calculate your return on investment to analyze the effects of using margin. ROI measures your total profit or loss as a percentage of your initial investment. Using margin increases your ROI if your stock rises, but causes a lower negative ROI if your stock drops.
Multiply the number of shares you bought by the price you paid per share to figure the total cost. For example, assume you bought 100 shares of a $10 stock. Multiply 100 by $10 to get a $1,000 cost.
Multiply the percentage of the cost you paid for with your own money by the amount of the cost to determine your cash investment. In this example, assume you paid 50 percent toward the cost. Multiply 50 percent, or 0.5, by $1,000 to get a $500 cash investment.
Multiply the number of shares by the price for which you sold the stock to determine the total sale amount. In this example, assume you sold the stock for $12 per share. Multiply $12 by 100 to get a $1,200 sale amount.
Subtract the total cost from the total sale amount. Continuing the example, subtract $1,000 from $1,200 to get $200.
Subtract the interest and commissions you paid your broker from your result and add any dividends you received to calculate your profit or loss. A negative result represents a loss. In this example, assume you paid $25 in interest on the borrowed money, paid $20 in commissions and received $3 in dividends. Subtract $25 and $20 from $200 to get $155. Add $3 to $155 for $158 in profit.
Divide your profit or loss by your cash investment and multiply your result by 100 to calculate your return on investment as a percentage. Concluding the example, divide $158 by $500 and multiply by 100 to get a 31.6 percent ROI. This means you generated profit equal to 31.6 percent of your $500 cash investment. Without margin, your ROI would’ve been only 15.8 percent, or $158 divided by the full $1,000 cost.
- Rules for buying stock on margin vary among brokerage firms. Always read your margin agreement and the fine print before buying on margin.
- If stock purchased on margin drops, you might lose more money than you initially invested.
- If your stock drops to a certain price, your broker might require you to deposit more cash into your account, or it might automatically sell your stock without notice.
- Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:d99aad30-8179-49c8-bb47-6e4a674ee987> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://budgeting.thenest.com/calculate-percentage-return-investment-bought-stock-margin-25599.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098990.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00095-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927379 | 594 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The biceps brachii and triceps brachii are the muscles of your upper arm. The biceps muscle is located on the front of your upper arm and is composed of two heads. The triceps makes up the back of your arm and is made up of three heads. Together, through a series of equal and opposite contractions, these muscles are responsible for flexion and extension of your elbow joint and contribute to functional movement.
Video of the Day
Muscles close in proximity, such as the biceps and triceps, often work in groups to create functional movement. Functional movement is motion that contributes to your ability to complete the tasks and activities that form your daily life. Without coordination of muscle groups it would be difficult to stand, walk or lift objects.
Agonist vs. Antagonist
Your biceps and triceps are examples of agonist and antagonist muscles. An agonist muscle is the primary mover. The primary mover is often responsible for initiating the major movement by a muscle shortening contraction. The antagonist muscle is a secondary mover. This muscle is responsible for contributing to the motion through a lengthening contraction, or stretch.
To illustrate an example of an agonist–antagonist relationship and how it applies to your biceps and triceps muscles, imagine lifting a 10-lb. dumbbell. During the lifting phase, your biceps muscle is considered the agonist muscle. The biceps is engaged in a shortening contraction as it brings the weight closer to your arm. The triceps would be the antagonist muscle as it lengthens. Vice versa, during the lowering phase, the triceps muscle would be considered the agonist muscle, and the biceps would be the antagonist muscle.
Equal training of the muscles that make up the front of your body and the muscles that make up the posterior of your body is increasingly important as it helps to maintain a balance of strength between agonist and antagonist motions. Strength imbalances may make you more susceptible to injury as one muscle or group can overpower the opposing muscle and push it beyond its anatomical limits. To strengthen both muscle groups, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that you complete eight to 10 resistance exercises that strengthen the major muscle groups of your body. These exercises should be completed for two to three sets of eight to 12 repetitions a minimum of two days per week. To ensure balance of the muscles, complete a pushing exercise for every pulling exercise.
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America: Muscular Balance, Core Stability, and Injury Prevention for Middle- and Long-Distance Runners
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: How Much Physical Activity Do Adults Need?
- Loyola University Medical Education Network: Master Muscle List – Biceps Brachii
- Loyola University Medical Education Network: Master Muscle List – Triceps Brachii | <urn:uuid:1ecee605-7f35-4d76-99b1-f8cded68b864> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.livestrong.com/article/520358-biceps-triceps-work-together/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512332.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019062113-20181019083613-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.929236 | 583 | 3.65625 | 4 |
How to grow dill from seed:
If planting with a Seedsheet, simply follow the how to plant tutorial or watch the video below and don't forget to register your garden so our notification system will message you!
If planting conventionally, dill does best directly sown into your garden, approximately ¼ inch deep.
Water gently daily with a fine misting nozzle to ensure the soil remains moist. You should see sprouts in 7-14 days.
How to care for dill:
As dill plants are quite fragile for the first few weeks after germination, watering should continue with the gentle misting nozzle. Once they sprout it is important to add water at an angle, towards the base of the seedlings because the plant stems are initially very weak and can be easily snapped and broken if watered too forcibly from above.
As the plants mature, water needs will increase, but it is still recommended to direct the water stream towards the plants’ base whenever possible.
Pro tip: Watering in the mornings or evenings is preferred to avoid leaving water on the plants’ feathery fronds during the heat of the day, which can cause the foliage to burn.
Dill can benefit from a foliar fertilizer (fertilizer that is formulated to provide the nutrients necessary for leaves to grow quickly and large). When mixing fertilizer, it is very important to add fertilizer per the recommended measurements on packaging so as not to damage foliage and roots with overly strong fertilizer.
Pro tip: Be mindful of the weather, as heavy rainstorms (or a lot of rain over a prolonged period of time), can oversaturate dill plants and bring about root rot, fungi, and diseases.
Dill is a resilient herb variety that is both sun-loving, and also relatively shade tolerant. Eight hours of direct sunlight is recommended for dill to thrive. If plants become “leggy” (very tall and spindly with limited foliage development), they should be moved to a sunnier location.
Dill prefers mostly milder temperatures (best grown in the spring and fall depending on where you are gardening), and can even survive temperatures slightly below freezing for a short amount of time. While you can certainly grow dill during the heat of the summer, prolonged hot weather will cause the plants to “bolt” and quickly produce flowers and seeds instead of the tasty edible fronds.
Dill does not need to be thinned, however, it can become a bit unruly and shade out the other plants around it if left to grow wild. Weekly harvesting will ensure that your dill is not crowding out the surrounding plants as well as promoting sustained, healthy growth for months worth of harvests.
If planting conventionally, dill should be thinned to 12-18 inches apart at four weeks of growth.
How to harvest and use dill:
As the plant matures, harvest fronds regularly, especially when it starts to produce flowers. When flower and seed production begins as part of the reproductive and life cycle of the plant, the fronds of the plant can lose their freshness and develop a bitter taste.
To harvest dill, identify the thickest, most mature stems of the plants and using a sharp utensil (knife or gardening snips), trim the stems at a junction point where it meets the stalk towards the base of the plant.
Fern-like dill fronds are excellent for pickling cukes, beans, carrot, and zucchini. Mix it with some white balsamic vinegar, whole-grain mustard, and olive oil for a baby red potato salad dressing. Top salmon cakes, and grilled veggies with yogurt dill sauce, or sprinkle fresh-cut fronds on cucumber soup and deviled eggs.
A few of our favorite dill recipes:
- GREEN MACHINE TUNA SALAD SANDWICHES
- PARMESAN HERB SHORTBREAD BISCUITS
- FRIED PICKLES WITH DILL DIP
- FLASH PICKLING GREEN BEANS | <urn:uuid:6bf4f17c-1d50-47ae-a818-fb5933ca4569> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://seedsheets.com/blogs/all-seeds/dill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987781397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021171509-20191021195009-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.921124 | 845 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Washington National Cathedral is considered to be a national house of prayer for all people, and its beauty has earned it a #3 spot by the American Institute of Architects’ list of favorite architecture. The idea for a national cathedral dates all the way back to President George Washington. In 1893, Congress granted a charter to the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation of DC to build a Cathedral for national purposes. President Benjamin Harrison signed into law what is now known as the Washington National Cathedral. The Cathedral was then built on the highest point in DC. It is an impressive soaring structure in a Neo-Gothic style with architectural sculpture, woodcarving, gargoyles, mosaics and over 200 stained glass windows.
The Washington National Cathedral was completed in 1990, after 83 years of construction. Thousands of masons, sculptors and 5 architects worked on the building of this majestic Cathedral; it is made from Indiana limestone. The Cathedral serves the spiritual needs of the nation. It is the second largest in the U.S., and the 6th largest Cathedral in the world. Of the many memorable highlights in the history of the Washington National Cathedral, a few stand out: President Theodore Roosevelt’s 1907 speech to an audience of 20,000 after workers laid the foundation stone, the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s last sermon, and Presidents Ronald Reagan’s and Gerald Ford’s State Funerals.
The Cathedral continues to host regular weekly prayer services and major events, both religious and secular, like festivals, reunions, liturgy, concerts, lectures and a Sunday Forum. The Cathedral stands at Massachusetts and Wisconsin Avenues, NW in DC's Cathedral Heights neighborhood. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. | <urn:uuid:f9b9bb7c-d51d-429a-936a-f9264891ecbf> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.dccondoboutique.com/blog/washington-national-cathedral-is-a-dc-treasure.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321696.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824194521-20190824220521-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.945608 | 354 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Christian Fundamentalism touts belief in the second coming of Christ as one of five fundamentals of Christian faith. It is part of the Nicene Creed (4th century), which confesses that "Jesus Christ...is coming again with glory to judge living and dead." The earliest use of the expression "second coming of Christ" occurs in Justin Martyr (2nd century), Dialogue with Trypho 14, and the writer of Hebrews (9:28) also expects that "Christ...will appear a second time..."
The hope of a future coming of Christ is part of the earliest extant Christian text (1st Thessalonians 1:10; 3:13; 4:13-5:11), where the event is referred to as "his [God's] son from heaven," "the coming of the Lord Jesus," "the day of the Lord." There is also evidence that the earliest Christians prayed for his coming. Paul concludes a letter with what is thought to be a prayer of early Aramaic Christians: marana tha, "our Lord come" (1 Corinthians 16:22). The latest writing (ca 150) in the New Testament also warns that "the day of the Lord will come like a thief," and describes the event as "the coming of the day of God" (2nd Peter 3:9-13). Hence a future return of (the Lord Jesus) Christ is a belief shared by virtually all the early Christians.
It is questionable, however, whether the earliest gospel (Mark) shares the belief in a second coming of Christ. In Mark Jesus never says "I am coming again," or I will come a second time." Instead in the Gospel of Mark it appears that Jesus anticipated a future coming of "a son of man" (8:38-9:1, 13:24-27, 14:60-64). He speaks in these passages of the coming son of man in the third person as though he were someone other than himself. Other statements in Mark refer to the son of man as a contemporary figure who suffers, is betrayed, is killed, and rises from the dead (9:9. 12. 31; 10:33. 45; 14:21. 41). These events, identifying Jesus as the son of man, clearly reflect the faith of the early church (e.g., 1 Corinthians 15:1-5; Acts 2:22-24). The question is, however, did these sayings originate with Jesus, or are they faith statements of the church retrofitted into the career of Jesus to justify the church's belief that the coming son of man was Jesus? There exists no saying of Jesus in which he unambiguously promises to return sometime in the future.
Nevertheless, virtually all scholars accept that Jesus referred to himself as "son of man" (e.g., Mark 2:10.27- 28; Q, Luke 9:58 =Matt 8:20), but what does the expression mean? In what sense did he use it of himself? In my last blog I indicated its meaning (loosely construed) was something like "man of the people"—i.e., "a common human being," as the expression is used in Mark 3:28 ("sons of men"), meaning "human beings."
There are three different senses in which the term "son of man" is used in Hebrew Bible: Job 25:4-6 describes an insignificant human creature; Psalm 8:3-6 describes a human being a little lower than God; Daniel 7:13-14 describes an apocalyptic figure of the end time. The early church understood the term "son of man" (an Aramaic expression for "I") as a claim to be the apocalyptic figure of Daniel 7:13-14.
Mark 2:10 was rejected by the Jesus Seminar as a Christian formulation giving Jesus the present authority of the coming apocalyptic figure. They accepted Mark 2:27-28 as a genuine saying of Jesus. This saying is the only surviving son of man saying in the gospel of Mark that likely originated with Jesus. If the Sabbath was made for human beings (Mark 3:27), then a human being (i.e., the "son of man" in the sense of Job 25:4-6) rules over the Sabbath as he was ordained to rule over the earth (Gen 1:26-30; spoken to Adam). It is not a messianic claim, but rather a logical argument that dissolves Sabbath rules.
It seems probable to me that Jesus anticipated the imminent appearing of an apocalyptic figure other than himself (Mark 8:38-9:1; 13:24-27), and the early church identified this figure (i.e., the son of man from Daniel 7:13-14) as Jesus. How could such a thing happen? It likely occurred among his early followers under the influence of Judean messianic expectations and their reading of Hebrew Bible as a book of prophecy. Such a situation is actually depicted in John 2:13-22, where an incident in the Judean temple during the public career of Jesus (2:13-20) is understood differently after the death of Jesus by his followers; they came to the new understanding by reading Hebrew Bible like a book of prophecy (John 2:21-22).
In the synoptic tradition, however, there is no future coming of the Lord Jesus Christ—at least, not in so many words. The synoptic gospels describe a future coming of a "son of man." The early church in the main abandoned "son of man" language, and identified the resurrected Christ as the figure of a future apocalypse.
Will there be a second coming of Christ as the early Christians expected, and modern Christians believe? It depends. I regard the belief that Jesus is coming again as a "faith fact." That is to say, it is a fact if you believe it to be so—nevertheless one should always remember that believing a thing to be so does not make it so.
Charles W. Hedrick
Missouri State University
Marion Soards, "Parousia," 646-47 in Mercer Dictionary of the Bible (1990). | <urn:uuid:a9da28cc-b0ca-485e-a6f4-4b5a03077668> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://blog.charleshedrick.com/2015/10/will-christ-come-again.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900614.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709162634-20200709192634-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.960569 | 1,272 | 2.65625 | 3 |
For the most part, Chihuahuas are a healthy breed, and your Chihuahua will live to be anywhere from 15 to 22 years of age. This doesn’t mean that there aren’t any health concerns that you must be aware of. As with any breed of dog, there are certain health risks associated with Chihuahuas, as well as genetic disorders that you should be aware of.
Hydrocephalus is one genetic disorder that Chihuahuas are subject to. This is essentially a condition where there is too much fluid on the brain, causing the head to be rather large. It is a fatal condition. Chihuahuas are also born with an incomplete skull, which creates a soft spot right on top of their heads. Getting hit in this spot could kill the dog. Some Chihuahua’s skulls will close over time, while others will never fully close.
Hypoglycemia is another health condition that you should be aware of, as it can lead to coma or death. Hypoglycemia is essentially low blood sugar. These dogs have an incredibly high metabolism, and if they are not fed properly – or often enough – they can suffer from low blood sugar.
Chihuahuas have protruding eyes, and this combined with the fact that they are so close to the ground leads to eye problems. These eye problems and infections are usually caused by foreign objects in the eye. Any sign of redness in the eyes should be thoroughly investigated, and veterinary care should be sought to avoid eye infections.
Obesity is another health concern. Proper nutrition is essential to the Chihuahua’s good health. Check with your veterinarian to ensure that you are not over feeding your Chihuahua, or feeding him foods that will lead to obesity.
Many new Chihuahua owners wonder about the trembling or shivering that they see in their Chihuahuas. This is seldom due to any health problems. In fact, in most cases, it means that the Chihuahua is full of energy that he needs to expend, or that he is simply cold.
When a Chihuahua is giving birth, professional health care should be sought. This is very important because these dogs are so small that losing the mother or the pups is not uncommon. Chihuahuas should never give birth unassisted.
Make absolutely sure that you and your Chihuahua visit your veterinarian at least twice a year for a checkup. This is the best way to prevent many health problems, and to detect other health problems in the early stages, so that successful treatment can take place. With proper care, your Chihuahua will live a long and healthy life. | <urn:uuid:01ad7bfb-6ca7-4fec-af5e-1a1a26fcdeb5> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://chihuahuasaspets.com/common-chihuahua-health-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398457127.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205417-00267-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962617 | 560 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Since the late 1970s, income inequality in the U.S. has grown by nearly 20%. The Great Recession has brought the disparity between the rich and the poor to the forefront of the news. The Occupy Wall Street movement and terms such as the 99% and 1% further highlight the attention about the subject. Instead of improving after the recession, income inequality rose 1.6% between 2010 and 2011.
In some states, the Gini coefficient — a ratio between zero and one that reflects perfect equality at zero and significant concentrations of wealth, extreme poverty and a limited middle class as the ratio increases — is well below 0.0476 national average. In Wyoming, the coefficient is just 0.408. In New York state, income inequality is now at 0.503. Based on 2011 figures from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, 24/7 Wall St. identified the states with the widest gap between rich and poor.
In an interview with 24/7 Wall St., Director of Research and Policy at the Economic Policy Institute Josh Bivens explained that the recession, despite its disastrous effects on employment, actually has temporarily caused growth in inequality to slow, as extremely high-income individuals in finance were hit particularly hard. Still, Bivens believes that income will again begin rising much faster among the top 1% than the rest of the population in the next several years.
The reasons some states have more income inequality than others are varied, but the industrial makeup of these states is perhaps chief among them. States with a disproportionate representation of industries with the potential for extremely high-income positions are more likely to have higher income inequality than those with more diverse industries.
Connecticut and New York, for example, are home to largest finance centers in the country. Investment bankers and hedge fund managers in the state can earn many times the average middle-class worker. In New York, 8% of households earned $200,000 or more in 2011, much higher than the national average of 5.6%. In Connecticut, 11.2% earned more than $200,000.
In other states, such as Texas and Louisiana, the oil extraction industry has created a small group of billionaires. These states also have some of the largest impoverished populations in the country. In Louisiana, more than one in five residents live below the poverty line, significantly higher than the national rate of just 15.9%.
Unemployment hit 7.8% in September, the lowest it has been since January 2009. However, while more and more people return to work this is not necessarily positive news for the long-term health of the American middle-class. The U.S. is not projected to return to pre-recession employment levels until 2017, Bivens explained, and as Americans return to work, they will be more willing to work for lower wages.
In this environment, “it’s really tough for workers to get good wage increases at the middle when there are unemployed workers who could replace you if you start making big wage demands,” Bivens said.
Based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 24/7 Wall St. identified the 10 states with the widest gap between rich and poor, as measured by states’ Gini coefficient scores. In addition to these scores, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed median income and the distribution of household income provided by the Census Bureau for these states. We also reviewed the percentage of households living below the poverty line and the percentage of households receiving food stamps. Additionally, we looked at the Institute for Policy Studies’ Inequality Report Card, which provided grades to senators and congressmen based on their voting record related to income inequality.
These are the states with the widest gap between rich and poor. | <urn:uuid:3e93b056-e156-484f-ada0-4adc366cf64f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://247wallst.com/special-report/2012/10/26/states-with-the-widest-gap-between-the-rich-and-poor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654613/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00062-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963963 | 773 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Tired? Scientists have discovered another possible benefit of a night of restful and uninterrupted sleep. According to a new study led by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health fragmented or interrupted sleep could predict future placement in a nursing home or assisted living facility. The study is featured in the July 2012 issue of the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society and outlines the association between objectively measured sleep and subsequent institutionalization among older women.
"Sleep disturbances are common in older people," said Adam Spira, PhD, lead author of the study and an assistant professor with the Bloomberg School's Department of Mental Health. "Our results show that in community-dwelling older women, more fragmented sleep is associated with a greater risk of being placed in a nursing home or in a personal care home. We found that, compared to women with the least fragmented sleep, those who spent the most time awake after first falling asleep had about 3 times the odds of placement in a nursing home. Individuals with the lowest sleep efficiency—those who spent the smallest proportion of their time in bed actually sleeping—also had about 3 times the odds of nursing home placement." The authors found similar patterns of associations between disturbed sleep and placement in personal care homes, such as assisted-living facilities. Sleep duration per se did not predict placement in either of these settings.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, insufficient sleep is associated with a number of chronic diseases and conditions—such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity and depression. In addition, insufficient sleep is associated with the onset of many diseases and is responsible for motor vehicle and machinery-related crashes. Previous studies have also linked disturbed sleep with disability in older adults and impairment in activities of daily living and mobility.
Using a prospective cohort study, researchers measured the sleep of women with a mean age of 83 years old from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Participants were asked to wear actigraphs on their non-dominant wrists for at least three days. These devices record movement, and the resulting data can be used to characterize patterns of sleep and wake. Demographic information as well as place of residence at initial interview and at 5-year follow-up was also provided. Although several prior studies had investigated the link between sleep disturbance and nursing home placement, those studies asked participants questions about sleep rather than collecting objective sleep data.
"Despite the growing literature on sleep disturbance and disability, prior to our research very little was known about the association between sleep disturbance in older adults and risk of placement in long-term care facilities. Greater sleep fragmentation is associated with greater risk of placement in a nursing home or personal care home 5 years later after accounting for a number of potential confounders," said Kristine Yaffe, MD, senior author of the study, and professor of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of California, San Francisco.
Spira adds, "It's important to remember that this is an observational study, so our findings cannot demonstrate a conclusive causal link between sleep disturbance and placement in long-term care facilities. We need more research to explain how sleep disturbance might lead to this outcome, and whether interventions to improve sleep might prevent it."
The research was supported in part by the National Institute on Aging and the National Institutes of Health.
Objectively Measured Sleep Quality and Nursing Home Placement in Older Women. Adam P. Spira, Kenneth Covinsky, George W. Rebok, Katie L. Stone, Susan Redline and Kristine Yaffe. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 15 JUN 2012, DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04044.x
Johns Hopkins University | <urn:uuid:caacb1d2-ce63-4341-8710-ce59d6fdd3e5> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.sciguru.com/newsitem/14447/good-nights-sleep-could-keep-you-out-nursing-home | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164018116/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133338-00041-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957983 | 758 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Over the past 27 years, Australia's Great Barrier Reef has lost half of its live coral cover, and a type of starfish is partly to blame for the alarming decline. Mark Eakin, head of NOAA's Coral Reef Watch program, discusses how to save the world's largest coral reef system.
Starfish Blamed For Great Barrier Reef Coral Loss
By editor • Oct 5, 2012
Originally published on October 5, 2012 1:03 pm | <urn:uuid:ed24854a-dc1f-4e36-bdc7-0cbe46269dc0> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://publicradioeast.org/post/starfish-blamed-great-barrier-reef-coral-loss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808254.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124142303-20171124162303-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.912308 | 91 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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Featured Article Of The Week
Madison State Hospital
On Feb. 21, 1905, the Indiana legislature passed a bill to construct a mental institution in southeastern Indiana. A commission named for the purpose chose Madison as the site of the institution. It was built mostly on land purchased from Henry and Ford Hitz at $100 per acre, atop the hills overlooking the Ohio River. The first patients were accepted at the new Southeastern Indiana Hospital for the Insane on Aug. 23, 1910. The approximately 600 patients were transported here from Central State Hospital in Indianapolis by train. Guards who stood watch over them carried shotguns loaded with rock salt.
There were 30 two-story buildings with 20 to 70 beds each to house the patients, with the buildings being placed in a symmetrical pattern with administration and service buildings in between. Men’s buildings were on one side of the grounds, women’s buildings on the other. Heretofore, mental patients had been “warehoused” in huge buildings. But the new, enlightened view of “moral treatment” current in the early 20th century was that disturbed minds could be restored to sanity in a beautiful, peaceful and accepting environment such as the new state hospital offered, with its breathtaking view of the Ohio River Valley. The breaking up of the patients’ housing into smaller buildings, known as the cottage plan, also was aimed at more humane treatment of the mentally ill and at trying to restore them to sanity. Click here for more... | <urn:uuid:9ef85c5b-dfc8-4ec1-9153-675b10f6a756> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Portal:Featured_Article_Of_The_Week&direction=prev&oldid=40378 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038092961.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416221552-20210417011552-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.977785 | 303 | 3.5625 | 4 |
What is a seismic survey?
A seismic survey is a low impact, non-invasive method of gathering information about the location and characteristics of geological structures beneath the Earth’s surface. This information is used to produce maps of structures identifying areas where gas deposits may be found.
The seismic testing is carried out by a specially configured truck (called a vibroseis truck) that lowers a plate onto the surface. This plate generates an acoustic sound signal that is transmitted into the earth’s surface which then reflects off the various geological layers. The returning sounds waves are recorded by small microphones (geophones) strung together that are laid along a predetermined and prepared path called a seismic line.
Thin cables are used to transmit the data from the geophones to a recording vehicle (small van) which is usually positioned on the road verge. The geophones will be spaced several metres apart and comprise small cylinders 5-10 cm in diameter.
The array of geophones and connecting cables will be approximately 4-5 km in length and are laid beside the roads. The geophones, vibroseis truck and recording vehicle progressively move along the seismic lines in 12 m steps at a rate of 8-10 km per day.
How do the seismic trucks travel?
The seismic trucks travel in a line of three vehicles and either use existing road surfaces or a track on a private property.
Here is a video demonstrating the seismic survey.
Click the presentation thumbnail below to take a look at this presentation on Vibroseis Seismic Operations.
How often has seismic surveying occurred in the Northern Rivers?
The first seismic survey in the Northern Rivers area was undertaken in 1962. Since that time 21 different seismic work programs have been undertaken and over 2,000 km of seismic data has been obtained.
That means that seismic work programs have mapped more than 2,000km of Northern Rivers roads and private property.
In 2008, the NSW Government conducted its own seismic surveys in the Northern Rivers.
Past Seismic Activity in Petroleum Exploration Licence Areas 13, 16 & 426
Metgasco has previously undertaken four seismic work programs in our petroleum exploration areas. These works programs have occurred over the last six years in which we have already 410km of seismic data to complement the 980km of seismic that others acquired before us.
Seismic Surveys in Australia in 2011
|State||Total Number||2D||Total Length (KM)||3D||Total Area (KM2)||On-shore||Off-Shore|
Who will be conducting the Seismic Survey?
The seismic survey will be conducted by an Australian owned and operated company called Terrex Seismic. Terrex has extensive experience in this field, having conducted over 900 onshore seismic surveys over 30 years.
Terrex has extensive seismic acquisition experience, having conducted over 900 seismic surveys over 30 years in all major Australian onshore sedimentary basins as well as in New Zealand, PNG and Iran.
What approvals do you need to obtain before the seismic surveying occurs?
Before Metgasco, or any other company, undertakes exploration activities (including seismic survey) a Review of Environmental Factors must be approved by the NSW Department of Resources and Energy. A Review of Environmental Factors acts as an environmental assessment for a proposed exploration program.
Is seismic surveying safe? What will be the biggest impact from the seismic surveying?
A seismic survey is a low impact, non-invasive method of gathering information about the location and characteristics of geological structures beneath the Earth’s surface.
Black lines represent path of sound waves
Activities will be conducted on a 10-12 hours per day (daylight) basis. Noise from activities is expected to be at ambient levels at a distance of 200m from the seismic lines; due to the restricted work hours and the fact that trucks are moving, it is not envisioned that this will impact on the amenity of the area.
If necessary, periodic on-site noise monitoring will be conducted for the duration of the work. Vibration from the data acquisition will not be felt beyond about 30 metres.
Our seismic program advertisement | <urn:uuid:6c1c1455-731b-4cec-a536-b88228395753> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.metgasco.com.au/information/seismic-survey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583875448.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122223011-20190123005011-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.909334 | 858 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Arthritis: An Overview
Guest: Dr. Jim Oates – Rheumatology & Immunology
Host: Dr. Linda Oates – Psychiatry
Linda Austin: I’m Dr. Linda Austin. I’m interviewing Dr. Jim Oates, who is
Associate Professor of Rheumatology here, at MUSC. Dr. Oates, let’s talk about a very common
form of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis.
How is rheumatoid arthritis different from more common forms like
Oates: Rheumatoid arthritis involves an
inflammation of the capsule that lines the joint, whereas osteoarthritis
involves inflammation, actually, in the cartilage itself. So, with rheumatoid arthritis, you’ll see
more swelling of the joint. You’ll see
more warmth of the joint. You’ll get
stiffness in the morning, often times more than an hour. And the problem with rheumatoid arthritis,
that we see, that we’re trying to target with our therapy is that it can cause
destruction of a joint at a much more rapid pace than osteoarthritis can.
Linda Austin: Are there particular
joints that are susceptible to rheumatoid arthritis?
Oates: Almost any joint. I can tell you, probably, more quickly which
joints aren’t involved. The back, except
for in the very upper part of the neck, is pretty much spared in rheumatoid
arthritis, but almost any joint is involved in rheumatoid arthritis. One differentiating joint between
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis is that last knuckle on your finger
that’s closest to the nail, which is involved in osteoarthritis, rather than
Linda Austin: I know rheumatoid
arthritis can occur in children. What’s
the youngest child you’ve ever seen with RA?
Oates: There is a separate entity, what
we call chronic juvenile arthritis, or juvenile idiopathic arthritis, which can
occur in somebody as young as one and half or two. The course of that disease is very different
from what we see in adults. Often times
that can remit over time or involve just a few joints, whereas in adult
rheumatoid arthritis, we see involvement of many joints, often the wrists and
the hand joints, whereas in the juvenile version, in the younger girls anyway,
it can occur in maybe one or two joints.
The children that have involvement of more joints, they tend to occur at
an older age, and that might be in the teens.
Linda Austin: How do you treat RA?
Oates: There are lots of potential
therapies. And that means we haven’t
mastered it yet. But a standard of care
for rheumatoid arthritis is a drug called Methotrexate. This is a chemotherapy drug that is used in
much lower doses in rheumatoid arthritis than it is used to try to treat
cancer. It’s dosed once a week and it is
relatively effective. Patients who don’t
respond to that therapy, we have a whole host of new therapies now that we can
treat rheumatoid arthritis with.
Linda Austin: So, it sounds like it’s a
pretty promising time for RA patients, if there are a lot of new drugs coming
Oates: It really is. If you look in a waiting room in a
rheumatology practice now, compared to 10 or 20 years ago, you’ll see a
dramatic difference. Ten or twenty years
ago, you would see patients in wheelchairs, with chronic deformities and great
disability. Now we have drugs that when
added to Methotrexate, which is our standard of care, really can prevent joint
destruction and allow people to go back to work in a way that wasn’t possible
before. They are not 100 percent. Patients may have some joints that are still
active. But, between now and a decade
ago, it’s night and day.
Linda Austin: Do we have any clinical
trials going on here for RA at MUSC?
Oates: Yes, we do. There are several therapies that are already
FDA approved for rheumatoid arthritis.
But further research trials are going on to look at side effect
profiles, to look at how patients may respond to these drugs, if they’ve failed
other drugs. There is a good deal of
those trials going on at MUSC.
Linda Austin: Dr. Oates, thank you so
much for talking with us today.
Oates: Thank you.
If you have any questions about the services
or programs offered at the Medical University of South
Carolina or if you would like to schedule an appointment
with one of our physicians, please call MUSC Health Connection: (843) 792-1414. | <urn:uuid:afddc7c3-f104-479a-aa1f-b0dcc79fc7d4> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.muschealth.com/multimedia/Podcasts/transcription.aspx?podid=287 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823598.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00395-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906863 | 1,090 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The African nation looks for private investment as it creates infrastructure to grow timber and mining production.
Gabon is making progress with its ambitious strategy of industrializing its economy by 2025, but plunging oil prices may slow its advances.
Gabon’s goal of economic diversification took on new urgency in 2015, when the plunge in oil prices sent shock waves through the economy of the nation of 1.8 million people located on the Atlantic coast of equatorial Africa.
In 2010, Gabon adopted a sweeping Strategic Plan Emerging Gabon, designed to diversify its economy and make its industry more competitive. With 80 percent of its export revenues coming from oil, the country is attempting to increase timber production and mining.
The plan calls for major investments in infrastructure and services to establish the Gabon Special Economic Zone with as many as 10 economic areas around the country.
Timber processing is key
Gabon’s industrialization plan relies heavily on improving the timber industry.
Forests cover nearly 85 percent of the country and it is home to more than 400 tree species.
In 2010, the government decided to halt exports of raw logs as a way of encouraging domestic processing, which would in turn increase profits and create more jobs. By 2012, about one third of logs were being processed in Gabon.
France is the largest importer of processed wood projects from Gabon, accounting for 42 percent of sales while Asia accounts for 3 percent.
Timber revenues triple
Since the halt, timber revenues have tripled from $66 million in 2009 to $190 million in 2014.
Gabon also created a special economic zone, Nkok, in Libreville, to make it easier for foreign companies to do business in the country.
The Nkok zone attracted 62 investors in 2013, including 40 percent in the timber industry. The number of timber processing factories increased from 81 in 2009 to 114 in 2013 while the number of jobs nearly doubled to more than 7,000.
The boost in the timber sector also resulted in the startup of transportation companies to haul logs.
Growth in mining sector
Mining is another sector that Gabon is attempting to grow.
Following the creation of a metallurgical complex in Moanda, production of manganese increased to $305 million. At the same time, the country went from small-scale production of gold – about 30 kilograms in 2009 – to produce more than 1,200 kilograms in 2014.
The economy grew about 4.1 percent in 2015, and the African Economic Outlook projected similar growth in 2016.
Economic challenges persist
Nevertheless, Gabon’s economy “is facing mounting headwinds,” the International Monetary Fund (IMF) said in early 2016.
According to the IMF, falling oil prices have resulted in a slowdown in non-oil sectors including construction, transportation and services.
The slowdown has led to a government budget deficit of 2.3 percent of Gabon’s gross national product in 2015, after posting a surplus of 2.5 percent the year before. At the same time, the nation saw a trade deficit of 1.9 percent in 2015 compared to a surplus of 8.3 percent in 2014.
Slower growth forecast
The IMF predicted economic growth of only 3.2 percent in 2016, largely because of declining oil production. However, growth in the agricultural sector could help increase the growth rate to about 5 percent in 2017-18.
IMF directors noted that Gabon has made progress authorities in developing the country’s infrastructure since 2010.
They emphasized the need to continue to foster diversification so that Gabon will be less vulnerable to fluctuating oil prices.
As revenue to the government tightens, IMF directors recommended that Gabon officials focus on high-impact infrastructure projects and structural reforms that will increase productivity and improve the labor force.
Gabon improves regulatory climate
At the same time, Gabon officials have acknowledged that the regulatory environment could be better for business.
Gabon President Ali Bong Ondimba pledged to “radically improve” the business climate by streamlining the regulatory process for investment through a National Agency for Investment Promotion and with establishment of a National adjustment for Competitiveness Pact to facilitate and speed up establishment of business operations.
Ondimba said the country must encourage private investors to step up as public investment declines.
“We must ensure that everyone plays their part. The government facilitates the business environment and the private sector that invests and recruits. If everyone plays his role, we will (achieve) growth and the creation of 20,000 jobs per year,” he said.
One bright spot for investment in Gabon’s efforts came in April, when AFRICA Finance Corporation, based in Lagos, Nigeria, announced it was investing up to $140 million in the Gabon Special Economic Zone to help fund infrastructure projects including a new mineral terminal. | <urn:uuid:915863f9-92f8-4006-91d7-0596b0ae7d8b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://africa-me.com/oil-dependent-gabon-seeks-diversify-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.947456 | 1,006 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Yoga for Children – Why They Need It Just as Much as Adults
In today’s hustle and bustle, it’s easy to forget about our health and wellbeing and that of our family. When work and commitments get in the way, every member of the family can become stressed, anxious and worried. In adults, this might present itself in arguments and diet changes. In our little ones, you’ll probably see them show it through tantrums and tears.
Yoga, although typically reserved for adults, is becoming popular as a way for kids from the age of two to develop their minds and bodies.
Increased strength and flexibility
When doing yoga, kids will learn how to use different parts of their body and various muscles in new ways. Many yoga poses will involve stretching and bending, which all develop muscle strength, flexibility and tone. Because of all the weight-bearing poses and core strength exercises, we’ve also found that children who do yoga tend to have better posture – no slouching here!
Refined coordination and sense of balance
Anyone who has ever been in a yoga class will know that it requires a good sense of balance. The idea behind this is to promote mental and physical calmness, which you will need if you want to keep the pose. Imagine a child who’s trying to balance on one foot – they’ll soon discover that getting overly excited won’t work. They need to calm down and focus. In some “yoga for kids” classes, you’ll even find that the teachers go a step further and do finger yoga to promote fine motor skills.
Improved concentration and focus
Focus and concentration are the key skills when it comes to yoga. Yoga tends to incorporate a lot of breathing exercises. As a result, more oxygen circulates through your child’s body, improving their overall memory retention. As your child goes through the different poses, they will need to focus 100% on what they are doing to keep their balance. This sense of mindfulness is also great when it comes to concentrating in school (which means better grades)!
Better stress responses
As much as we love our little ones, they can be a handful sometimes… especially when they’re throwing a tantrum in the middle of the shopping centre or while you’re trying to get some work done. These days, many experts are touting the benefits of breathing and mindfulness techniques – and these can work for kids too! Through yoga, your child will learn proper breathing exercises that will help them stay calm and focus in a variety of situations.
Help your kids develop mind and body through fun yoga exercises at Bliss Early Learning. Get in touch with our friendly team of educators to find out more. | <urn:uuid:14aceabf-904a-43d3-a4c6-c44d13439661> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.bliss.edu.au/yoga-for-children-why-they-need-it-just-as-much-as-adults/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668594.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115065903-20191115093903-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.964546 | 565 | 2.515625 | 3 |
During the Apollo 15 and 17 missions, astronauts installed four temperature-sensing probes in shallow, 1.0- to 2.4-meter-deep holes drilled into the Moon. They aimed to measure how much of the Moon’s heat was lost to space, which could provide insights into the origin and the differentiation history of the Moon.
The Apollo Heat Flow Experiment ran from 1971 to 1977. However, the original researchers analyzed and archived only the data collected between 1971 and December of 1974; the rest of the records were lost. Now Nagihara et al. have recovered, restored, and evaluated major portions of the missing data, finding that a warming trend observed from 1971 to 1974 continued through 1977.
To track down the missing data, the authors retraced the original data-recording process. Raw data from Apollo lunar surface experiments were captured on open-reel magnetic tapes at NASA’s Johnson Space Center, but for unknown reasons, many were never sent to NASA’s archives at the National Space Science Data Center. After the Apollo program ended, these tapes disappeared.
In 2011, the researchers reported that they had found about 10% of the missing tapes at the Washington National Records Center in Maryland. The tapes were somewhat degraded, but with the help of data recovery experts and old documents outlining how the data were organized, the researchers were able to restore much of the data, including measurements from the Heat Flow Experiment. The team also found that some of the data were also recorded in the weekly performance logs kept at the Johnson Space Center.
To analyze the recovered heat flow data, the scientists needed just one more missing piece: calibration records for the temperature sensor probes. They found this information in old reports and memos from companies hired to help develop the instruments. Finally, with enough missing information recovered, the researchers were able to analyze the heat flow data.
They found that from 1974 until the Heat Flow Experiment concluded in 1977, the lunar subsurface warmed up, with greater warming occurring at shallower depths. This continued a warming trend observed by the original researchers in data collected between 1971 and December of 1974. The measurements indicate that the observed warming began near the surface and spread downward.
The researchers then evaluated several previously proposed explanations for the warming, which have been debated in recent years. These include slow cyclical changes in the Moon’s orbital axis, radiation from Earth, solar radiation into the drilled holes, and increased solar heat absorption by the surface after astronauts disturbed it with their activities.
Calculations from heat conduction models suggest that the timing and amount of warming seen at different depths are best explained by a rapid increase in surface temperature at the time of probe installation. This finding supports the hypothesis that disturbance of the lunar surface by astronauts’ footprints and other activities increased its roughness, reducing the amount of solar radiation reflected back to space. Thus, increased absorption of solar heat caused the observed warming.
These findings suggest that future experiments should aim to either minimize or better account for surface disturbances to accurately measure heat flow in a planetary body. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005579, 2018)
—Sarah Stanley, Freelance Writer | <urn:uuid:a9bb2930-4e41-4569-955a-b31569546621> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://eos.org/research-spotlights/the-case-of-the-missing-lunar-heat-flow-data-is-finally-solved?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_content=the-case-of-the-missing-lunar-heat-flow-data-is-finally-solved | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489933.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219101953-20190219123953-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.95965 | 661 | 4.40625 | 4 |
As the European crisis worsened the Swiss Franc (CHF) was seen as a safe currency so Europeans attempted to exchange their Euros for Francs. This caused the Franc to appreciate in value, against the Euro, through the summer and fall of 2011.
The Swiss government and Swiss Central Bank (SNB) believe mercantilism will create wealth for the citizens of Switzerland. The Swiss central planners believe that having an abundance of export businesses in Switzerland will create wealth for the citizens of Switzerland as the exporters sell their good and services abroad and pocket a bunch of cash. Thus, the central planners tend to favor exporters. From the article:
At the start of the year, when exporters urged for government and SNB action, ...
The Swiss Central bank continued to intervene in currency markets in 2011 to prevent the CHF from appreciating. This was done to prevent a decrease in export business. Finally after many failed attempts they announced the 1.20 peg in September.
The central planners give little consideration to imports, however, since manufacturers in foreign countries don't vote or contribute to the campaign funds of the central planners in Switzerland. As the CHF strengthened many imported items became very cheap for Swiss citizens. This was of little concern to the central planners.
Currencies are like other goods in a market in that they respond to supply and demand. Their value can change daily or even hourly based on the continually varying demands of people. This can cause the exchange rate to rise and fall against other currencies and goods. Central planners mistakenly believe that the price of certain market items (like currency) should not fluctuate. The believe there is some magical number that will cause the market to operate "better" or "more correctly".
How does the SNB maintain the peg? They maintain the peg by printing Francs and purchasing euros. | <urn:uuid:dcddb282-0476-4872-bc41-30a2abaf851a> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/15953/why-did-the-swiss-national-bank-fix-the-eur-chf-exchange-rate-at-chf-1-20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668561.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115015509-20191115043509-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.96093 | 372 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The Most Extravagant Monument Ever Built
By: Habeeb Salloum/Contributing writer
Built as a monument to love, the Taj Mahal, the most famous of all India’s tourist attractions, on July 7, 2007 was voted by approximately 100 million people from around the globe, who cast their ballots by telephone and Internet, to be one of the ‘New Seven Wonders of the World’. It was a well-earned acclamation for unlike most of mankind’s other great structures it was not erected to satisfy religious fervour or the vanities of rulers. Rather this symbol of India’s sub-continent was constructed in honour to profess esteem, devotion and love.
Historians and travellers have, through the ages, considered it more than just a building or some significant event but a total experience. Said to be the product of the greatness and nobility of Islam in India, it is the most drawn, photographed and described building structure in the world.
For more than three and a half centuries it has stood as a reminder of Islamic medieval splendour. At the time the Puritans were erecting their log cabins in New England, the Indian Moghul Emperor, Shah Jahan was constructing his famous Taj Mahal.
During his reign Moghul civilization in India had reached its golden age and, everywhere, Indian cities were being embellished with palatial palaces. After his wife, Queen Arjumand Banu Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal (Chosen One of the Palace), died in 1631 while giving birth to their 14th child, Shah Jahan decided to immortalize her memory.
He had been smitten with Mumtaz’s extraordinary beauty at first sight and had married her for love in 1612 when she was 21. Through the years, he came to respect her intelligence and relied on her for support and advice in state affairs. His ardour and esteem for her never wavered until her dying day. Grief-stricken by Mumtaz’s death, he vowed to build her a memorial which would be the crown of palaces – surpassing in magnificence anything the world had ever witnessed.
Construction began in 1632 and the mausoleum was completed sometime in 1653. It took 20,000 craftsmen and labourers 21 years to build this exquisite work of art. Shah Jahan had ordered it to be constructed as delicate and graceful as his beloved wife and his wishes were more than fulfilled. His creation, described as the aesthetic epitome of Mogul civilization is to many of its admirers the greatest love story ever told.
Situated on the southern bank of the Jumna River where it can be seen like an extraordinary mirage from the nearby Agra Fort, it is a moon-white fantasy in marble which becomes indelibly etched on the retina of every visitor’s eyes. From its enormous 30 m (100 ft) high colossal three-storey marble gateway inscribed with verses from the Koran, the Taj Mahal opens up like an overflowing jewel box.
Inside, the mausoleum, topped with a massive dome rising 24 m (80 ft) over its roof, is hidden by large trees and geometrically arranged manicured gardens covering some 17 ha (42 ac). Its reflecting pool edged by cypresses catches the glittering images on the tomb, casting a magic spell on most onlookers.
The shrine, located on a 29 sq m (313 sq ft) marble platform of a black and white chessboard design, is caged by two buildings of red sandstone – one a mosque and the other a replica of a mosque flanked by four dainty and slender 42 m (138 ft) minarets, standing on each corner of the platform. A jewelled mosaics and marble screen of latticework, as intricate as lace, surrounds the beautifully inlaid marble burial place which houses the crypts of both Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan.
Inside Taj Mahal
The smell of sandalwood and jasmine incense pervades the interior and this aroma intertwined with the all-encompassing beauty spellbinds a visitor. Said to be the most marvellous memorial to anyone on the globe, it enshrines forever the splendour and glory of Moghul structures. Shah Jahan wanted to build, on the opposite bank of the Jumna, his own tomb in black marble as a facsimile of the Taj. This was to be connected with that of his beloved queen with a bridge, but it was not to be.
In 1658, five years after Taj Mahal was completed, he was overthrown by his own son, Aurangzeb, and incarcerated in the Red Fort of Agra. His only consolation was that he could look from one of the Fort’s windows on his masterpiece, the Taj Mahal. During the ensuing years of confinement he never became reconciled to Mumtaz’s loss and in 1666, 36 years after his wife had passed away, he died, still in prison it is said while gazing at the reflection of his beloved wife’s white and noble Taj, across the river. He was laid to rest by the only woman he had ever loved.
Until our times, this architectural marvel, declared by UNESCO as a building of outstanding universal value, has inspired poets and writers. Many of the some 10 million annual tourists like to view it in the early morning when the first pale rays of the sun give a soft sultry lustre to the marble, twinkling in a coat of blue, mauve and pink. However, at any time of the day or night it is a breath-taking structure. It alters in appearance, colour and character with every shift of sunlight – blinding white at noon, mellowing at dusk and a deathly blue-white at night. One can truly say, “It is a tomb-palace like no other. | <urn:uuid:dfbc3972-d0a5-41b2-9b76-8b286c31cc4f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.arabamerica.com/extravagant-monument-love-ever-built/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.977054 | 1,243 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Acupuncture is one of the oldest, most commonly used medical procedures in the world. Originating in China more than 2,000 years ago, acupuncture began to become better known in the United States in 1971, when New York Times reporter James Reston wrote about how doctors in China used needles to ease his abdominal pain after surgery. Research shows that acupuncture is beneficial in treating a variety of health conditions.
In the past two decades, acupuncture has grown in popularity in the United States. A Harvard University study published in 1998 estimated that Americans made more than five million visits per year to acupuncture practitioners. The report from a Consensus Development Conference on Acupuncture held at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1997 stated that acupuncture is being "widely" practiced--by thousands of physicians, dentists, acupuncturists, and other practitioners--for relief or prevention of pain and for various other health conditions.
Although the general term Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) usually refers to Chinese Acupuncture, other quite similar modalities include Five Element Acupuncture, Japanese Acupuncture, Korean Acupuncture, and Auricular Acupuncture.
NIH has funded a variety of research projects on acupuncture. These grants have been awarded by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM, NCCAM's predecessor), and other NIH Institutes and Centers.
This fact sheet provides general information about Chinese Acupuncture, Japanese Acupuncture, Korean Acupuncture, Five Element Acupuncture, Auricular Acupuncture, research summaries, a glossary that defines terms underlined in the text, and a resource section.
Traditional Chinese medicine theorizes that there are more than 2,000 acupuncture points on the human body, and that these connect with 12 main and 8 secondary pathways called meridians. Chinese medicine practitioners believe these meridians conduct energy, or qi (pronounced "chee"), throughout the body.
Qi is believed to regulate spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical balance and to be influenced by the opposing forces of >yin and yang. According to traditional Chinese medicine, when yin and yang are balanced, they work together with the natural flow of qi to help the body achieve and maintain health. Acupuncture is believed to balance yin and yang, keep the normal flow of energy unblocked, and maintain or restore health to the body and mind.
Traditional Chinese medicine practices (including acupuncture, herbs, diet, massage, and meditative physical exercise) all are intended to improve the flow of qi.
Western scientists have found meridians hard to identify because meridians do not directly correspond to nerve or blood circulation pathways. Some researchers believe that meridians are located throughout the body's connective tissue; others do not believe that qi exists at all. Such differences of opinion have made acupuncture an area of scientific controversy.
Five Element Acupuncture
Based on the five elements of natural phenomena (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water) the Five Element Acupuncture focuses more on the ability of a person's psycho-spiritual nature to heal disease. As a specialty practice it requires extensive training beyond the Traditional Chinese Acupuncture. The style of the needling is similar to Japanese Acupuncture, which uses minimum stimulation.
The Japanese Acupuncture also requires advanced training beyond the Traditional Chinese Acupuncture. The techniques are focused on providing the greatest effect with the least stimulation. This typically involves using thinner needles on fewer acupuncture points. The stimulation is minimal, with shallower insertions and sometimes just barely touching the skin with the needle. The abdomen is used as a basic diagnostic tool by many practioners of Japanese Acupuncture.
Korean Acupuncture emphasizes one's basic constitution or body type for diagnosis. In addition to techniques which are unique to Korean Acupuncture, practioners utilize techniques from the Japanese Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine, along with the Five Element Acupuncture.
In Korean Hand Acupuncture, a subset of Korean Acupuncture, the hand is seen as a microsystem of the body, with each part of the entire body represented in the hand. A diagnosis may be made of any part of the body, and conditions anywhere in the body may be treated by treating only the hands.
Auricular Acupuncture has developed into both a specialty area of its own and an adjunct area to the other acupuncture modalities. Using the ear as a representation, or microcosm, of the whole body, practioners of Auricular Acupuncture can diagnose and treat the entire body, including psychological issues, by focusing on the ear. This method is successfully and extensively used in alcohol and drug detox centers to help people overcome additions.
Mechanisms of Action
Several processes have been proposed to explain acupuncture's effects, primarily those on pain. Acupuncture points are believed to stimulate the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to release chemicals into the muscles, spinal cord, and brain. These chemicals either change the experience of pain or release other chemicals, such as hormones, that influence the body's self-regulating systems. The biochemical changes may stimulate the body's natural healing abilities and promote physical and emotional well-being. There are three main mechanisms:
- Conduction of electromagnetic signals: Western scientists have found evidence that acupuncture points are strategic conductors of electromagnetic signals. Stimulating points along these pathways through acupuncture enables electromagnetic signals to be relayed at a greater rate than under normal conditions. These signals may start the flow of pain-killing biochemicals, such as endorphins, and of immune system cells to specific sites in the body that are injured or vulnerable to disease.
- Activation of opioid systems: Research has found that several types of opioids may be released into the central nervous system during acupuncture treatment, thereby reducing pain.
- Changes in brain chemistry, sensation, and involuntary body functions: Studies have shown that acupuncture may alter brain chemistry by changing the release of neurotransmitters and neurohormones. Acupuncture also has been documented to affect the parts of the central nervous system related to sensation and involuntary body functions, such as immune reactions and processes whereby a person's blood pressure, blood flow, and body temperature are regulated.
Preclinical studies have documented acupuncture's effects, but they have not been able to fully explain how acupuncture works within the framework of the Western system of medicine.
According to the NIH Consensus Statement on Acupuncture:
Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely practiced in the United States. While there have been many studies of its potential usefulness, many of these studies provide equivocal results because of design, sample size, and other factors. The issue is further complicated by inherent difficulties in the use of appropriate controls, such as placebos and sham acupuncture groups. However, promising results have emerged, for example, showing efficacy of acupuncture in adult postoperative and chemotherapy nausea and vomiting and in postoperative dental pain. There are other situations such as addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma, in which acupuncture may be useful as an adjunct treatment or an acceptable alternative or be included in a comprehensive management program. Further research is likely to uncover additional areas where acupuncture interventions will be useful.
Increasingly, acupuncture is complementing conventional therapies. For example, doctors may combine acupuncture and drugs to control surgery-related pain in their patients. By providing both acupuncture and certain conventional anesthetic drugs, some doctors have found it possible to achieve a state of complete pain relief for some patients. They also have found that using acupuncture lowers the need for conventional pain-killing drugs and thus reduces the risk of side effects for patients who take the drugs.
Currently, one of the main reasons Americans seek acupuncture treatment is to relieve chronic pain, especially from conditions such as arthritis or lower back disorders. Some clinical studies show that acupuncture is effective in relieving both chronic (long-lasting) and acute or sudden pain, but other research indicates that it provides no relief from chronic pain. Additional research is needed to provide definitive answers.
Acupuncture and You
The use of the various acupuncture modalities, like the use of many other Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) treatments, has produced a good deal of anecdotal evidence. Much of this evidence comes from people who report their own successful use of the treatment. If a treatment appears to be safe and patients report recovery from their illness or condition after using it, others may decide to use the treatment. However, scientific research may not support the anecdotal reports.
Lifestyle, age, physiology, and other factors combine to make every person different. A treatment that works for one person may not work for another who has the very same condition. You as a health care consumer (especially if you have a preexisting medical condition) should discuss any CAM treatment, including acupuncture, with your health care practitioner. Do not rely on a diagnosis of disease by an acupuncture practitioner who does not have substantial conventional medical training. If you have received a diagnosis from a doctor and have had little or no success using conventional medicine, you may wish to ask your doctor whether acupuncture might help.
The Sensation of Acupuncture
Acupuncture needles are metallic, solid, and hair-thin. People experience acupuncture differently, but most feel no or minimal pain as the needles are inserted. Some people are energized by treatment, while others feel relaxed. Improper needle placement, movement of the patient, or a defect in the needle can cause soreness and pain during treatment. This is why it is important to seek treatment from a qualified acupuncture practitioner.
Glossary of Terms
Data based on reports of usually unscientific observation. Anecdotes are often accounts of an individual's personal experience.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
A syndrome primarily found in children and teenagers that is characterized by excessive physical movement, impulsiveness, and lack of attention.
Tests of a treatment's effects in humans. Clinical trials help researchers find out whether a promising treatment is safe and effective for people. They also tell scientists which treatments are more effective than others.
A variation of traditional acupuncture treatment in which acupuncture or needle points are stimulated electronically.
The minute electrical impulses that transmit information through and between nerve cells. For example, electromagnetic signals convey information about pain and other sensations within the body's nervous system.
A chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and multiple tender points. "Tender points" refers to tenderness that occurs in precise, localized areas, particularly in the neck, spine, shoulders, and hips. People with this syndrome may also experience sleep disturbances, morning stiffness, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, and other symptoms.
Major Depressive Episode
A period of depression during which a person experiences a combination of symptoms that interfere with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities. Symptoms vary, but may include persistent feelings of sadness, anxiety, "emptiness," hopelessness, guilt, restlessness, or suicidal thoughts. People may also experience persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment, such as headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain.
A traditional Chinese medicine term for the 20 pathways throughout the body for the flow of qi, or vital energy, accessed through acupuncture points.
The use of dried herbs in acupuncture. Generally, moxibustion in the United States involves the use of sticks of compressed herb(s) and is an adjunct to acupuncture rather than a part of acupuncture.
Chemical substances made by tissue in the body's nervous system that can change the structure or function or direct the activity of an organ or organs.
Biochemical substances that stimulate or inhibit nerve impulses in the brain that relay information about external stimuli and sensations, such as pain.
Synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals in the brain that may reduce pain and induce sleep.
An inactive pill or sham procedure given to a participant in a research study as part of a test of the effects of another substance or treatment. Scientists use placebos to get a true picture of how the substance or treatment under investigation affects participants. In recent years, the definition of placebo has been expanded to include such things as aspects of interactions between patients and their health care providers that may affect their expectations and the study's outcomes.
Preclinical studies provide information about a treatment's harmful side effects and safety at different doses in animals. These studies are normally performed in animals.
The Chinese term for vital energy or life force. Pronounced "chee."
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
A type of clinical trial using two groups of people; one group (treatment group) receives the treatment and the other (control group) does not. Participants are assigned to either the treatment group or the control group at random, to prevent bias in the research.
The Chinese concept of positive energy and forces in the universe and human body. Acupuncture is believed to remove yang imbalances and bring the body into balance.
The Chinese concept of negative energy and forces in the universe and human body. Acupuncture is believed to remove yin imbalances and bring the body into balance.
This document has been excerpted from source material provided to the public by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. NCCAM has provided this material for your information. It is not intended to substitute for the medical expertise and advice of your primary health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any decisions about treatment or care with your health care provider. The mention of any product, service, or therapy in this information is not an endorsement by NCCAM. NCCAM Publication No. D003 - December 2004. | <urn:uuid:14e358e2-f5f3-45ae-b15c-6ab3f2d01ecb> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://vocationalschools.com/resources/acupuncture-overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824325.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020192317-20171020212317-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.92859 | 2,818 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Is it better to do your exercise outdoors?
In the world of health research, exercise is one of the few things that pretty much everyone agrees on.
Regular physical activity improves heart health, reduces your risk of cancer, keeps your bones healthy, improves mental health, and the list goes on.
But does it matter where you do your exercise? Will a gym work-out have the same health benefits as a bootcamp in a local park?
The bottom line is any exercise is better than no exercise, doctor and researcher Sandro Demaio tells ABC Life. So if exercising indoors works for you, stick with it.
"But there is some interesting evidence that running on a treadmill does not give the same mental health benefits as running outside, and it may not give you the same happy hormone boost as running outside," Dr Demaio says.
"That makes sense because you're not just running to improve your heart health and get the blood moving around the body and improve your fitness. You're also outside seeing things, smelling things and getting fresh air. All those things will have an effect."
Time in nature can boost mental health
It turns out, simply 'being' in a beautiful, natural environment really can benefit your mental health.
Levi Wade is a University of Newcastle PhD student studying the effects of outdoor exercise on mental health and cognition in teenagers.
"There's a big evidence base on its effect on concentration and stress reduction. Those are the two big effects you'll find," Mr Wade says.
Broadly speaking, we can exert two different types of focus: hard and soft. Doing homework, checking over a spreadsheet, or crafting a pithy email all require hard focus.
Being immersed in a beautiful natural environment, on the other hand, can stimulate our soft focus. You might acknowledge the rustling of the leaves, or pay attention to the bird life.
Switching to soft focus allows your hard focus to recover: this is referred to as the restorative effect.
"If you're walking in a forested environment or just somewhere that's fascinating and beautiful, then a lot of the mechanism behind that effect on stress and mood is due to that environment taking your mind away from your own problems and whatever stress you are experiencing," Mr Wade says.
"Your focus goes to what's external to you, and that gives you a chance to recover from any attentional fatigue you might be experiencing.
"It's just relaxing your mind because you're not focusing on those thoughts."
Much of the research around these benefits of outdoor exercise has been conducted on walking — specifically, walking in forested environments in Japan. It's a popular activity there (not surprising given that 65 per cent of the country is covered in forest) and it's termed shinrin-yoku, or "forest-bathing".
One of the world's leading shinrin-yoku researchers is Professor Yoshifumi Miyazaki, who has been conducting research on the physiological relaxation effects of nature since the early 1990s.
"The most important thing is to make use of nature that you like," he says.
"During our research, we found that even small elements of nature that you personally like, like plant aromas, flower arrangements, potted plants, or bonsai can have a physiological relaxation effect."
Of course, sitting next to a potted plant for halfa won't have the same effect on your health (physical or mental) as a 5k run. But if you're feeling overworked, then taking some time away from the city is likely to make you feel better.
Then there's vitamin D boost
Exercising outdoors is also a great way to get your vitamin D, which you need for healthy bones, muscles and other vital body functions.
If you have fair skin you need roughly around 5–15 minutes of sun exposure a day, but this can vary depending on the time of year, and where in Australia you are.
For those with darker skin, or who have to cover their skin for religious or cultural beliefs, it can actually be tricky to get enough vitamin D through sunlight alone. So talk to your GP about your options and whether you need supplementation.
But the sun can also be the very thing that puts many of us off exercising outdoors.
So don't forget to slip, slop, slap and slide if you're going to be exercising at times when your chances of UV exposure are high.
The best exercise is the type you do
As simple as it sounds, when it comes to choosing the best kind of exercise for you, the most important thing is to find something you actually like doing.
If you love going for a walk or run outdoors, then go for it.
"If you enjoy it you are so much more likely to stick to it and that is the most important thing," explains Mr Wade.
"Getting any form of exercise is better than nothing, and that's where you are going to get the biggest benefit."
But if you've already got your gym routine down pat, and the idea of venturing to your local beach is extremely off-putting, then it's probably not worth forcing yourself into a change of habit.
Article from ABC Life | <urn:uuid:381a1b66-db6f-46da-a622-f25cccd672f1> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.sunburychiropractor.com.au/post/2019/08/23/exercise-outdoors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178347321.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224194337-20210224224337-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.960813 | 1,073 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Legal system, laws and strategies - NCSD
Legal system, laws and strategies
The first National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) of Hungary was accepted by the government in June 2007. The main objective of the National Sustainable Development Strategy is to help shift domestic social, economic, and environmental processes (these priority fields are equal to the dimensions of the SD), i.e. Hungary’s development onto a path that is sustainable in medium and long-term, taking into account both domestic realities and external and global processes and conditions. The Strategy has been worked out with a view to the guiding principles and key objectives laid out in the EU’s Sustainable Development Strategy. Since Hungary’s Strategy integrates domestic sectors, it is coherent with the goals of sectoral strategies and programmes.
After the establishment of the National Council for Sustainable Development by the National Assembly in 2008, the Parliament also adopted a decree on the renewing process of NSDS. The renewed SD strategy was prepared in a wide based public consultation process from 2009 to 2012. In March 2013, the Hungarian Parliament adopted the new National Framework Strategy on Sustainable Development (NFSSD) for the period 2012-24. However the adaptation of this national framework strategy was earlier than the adaptation of the Agenda 2030 (the Sustainable Development Goals) by the UN’s General Assembly, the Hungarian national SD framework strategy is containing all relevant implementation linkages to the SDG’s. The compliance was analysed in the 2015 Progress Report of the NFSSD. | <urn:uuid:6919fdda-651b-4b7c-9c0b-31be10ca8dda> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.nfft.hu/web/ncsd/legal-system-laws-and-strategies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894175.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027111346-20201027141346-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.92913 | 307 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Few (?), a. [Compar. Fewer (?); superl. Fewest.] [OE. fewe, feawe, AS. fe , pl. fe we; akin to OS. fah, OHG. fµ fao, Icel. far, Sw. f, pl., Dan. faa, pl., Goth. faus, L. paucus, cf. Gr. . Cf. Paucity.]
Not many; small, limited, or confined in number; -- indicating a small portion of units or individuals constituing a whole; often, by ellipsis of a noun, a few people.
"Are not my days few?"
Job x. 20.
Few know and fewer care.
⇒ Few is often used partitively; as, few of them.
A few, a small number. -- In few, in a few words; briefly.
- No few, not few; more than a few; many.
- The few, the minority; -- opposed to the many or the majority.
© Webster 1913. | <urn:uuid:0660e545-9b5f-4e61-86e6-8f1d07dbd356> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://everything2.com/title/FEW | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877644.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00223-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854112 | 229 | 3.375 | 3 |
Root Aphid Control - Natural Control
Root Aphid Control
Root aphids are commonly found feeding on the roots of plants.
Like other aphids, the root aphid feeds on a plant’s circulatory system.
Damage from root aphids typically results in droopy, wilted, curled, and yellow leaves, the plant may look like it is nutrient deficient. Fruits and blossoms on root aphid infested plants will be small and undesirable.
Root aphids will likely leave plants susceptible to other growth issues like root rot, mildew, and diseases!!
What works best for Root Aphid control?...
Preventative.. Preventative... Preventative....
Root aphids are very difficult to get rid of once they are established. Preventatively releases are crucial. Regular releases of Nematodes Steinernema feltiae, Dalotia coriari (Rove beetle) and Hypoaspis miles (Stratiolaelaps scrimitis) is recommended for Root Aphid Control.
Dalotia coriaria: Fungus Gnats, Shore Fly, Thrips, Springtails, and Root Aphids.
Hypoaspis miles / Stratiolaelaps scimitus: Fungus Gnat Larvae, Thrips, Sciarid Flies, Shore Flies, Root Aphids, Springtails, Root Mealybugs and Poultry Mites.
Stenernema feltiae: Fungus gnat larvae, Root Aphids, Leaf Miners, Shore Flies, and Thrips. | <urn:uuid:61f6b0b1-b6ad-49d1-88f1-e682671c19fd> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://tiptopbiocontrol.com/pages/root-aphid-control | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348509264.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606000537-20200606030537-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.785357 | 325 | 3.078125 | 3 |
When using SolidWorks to design a part to be waterjet cut, you will need to create a drawing file from the part.
Let's take a look at a part designed in SolidWorks which we want to cut. The part is open in SolidWorks in the picture below.
Illustration : A part in SolidWorks
To turn this into a drawing, choose File | Make Drawing from Part from the menu.
Illustration : Creating a drawing
A dialog box will appear. Make sure you have un-checked the “Display sheet format” box, then click the OK button.
Illustration : Removing the sheet format
The drawing sheet will appear. Drag the drawing view (1) onto the drawing (2). You will typicaly want the Top or Bottom view. You should then press the escape key or click the green checkmark to indicate that you are done adding drawing views.
Illustration : Adding the part view (1) to the drawing (2)
You then need to make sure that the drawing scale is set correctly. Click on the drawing view within the drawing. Then choose the “Use custom scale” radio button and pick “1:1” scale from the drop down list on the panel.
Illustration : Setting the part scale in the drawing
Finally, you should save the file in a format that's compatible with the waterjet cutting system. Most waterjet cutting systems accept the DXF file format. Choose File | Save As... from the menu. Pick DXF from the “Save as type” drop down list. Enter the file name and click the Save button.
Illustration : Saving the drawing
At this point, you now have a file which can be used to turn your SolidWorks design into a real part. | <urn:uuid:10084318-a9c9-4680-952e-6cb397d49e1e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bigbluesaw.com/articles-list/big-blue-saw-designing-for-waterjet/solidworks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721142.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00122-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.856462 | 369 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Schöne Müllerin - The Beautiful Miller Girl
What is die schöne Müllerin?
Franz Schubert’s song cycle for voice and piano,The Beautiful Miller Girl, tells the story of first love and lost innocence. A young miller sets out to follow a stream, which leads him to opportunity and possibility, but also disappointment and disillusion. At the end of the cycle, he returns to the stream to ask it the ultimate question.
Schubert wrote the songs in Vienna in 1823, and they were published in 1824. Set to texts from a set of poems of the same title by Wilhelm Müller, Schubert’s The Beautiful Miller Girl was originally published in five parts, each of which corresponds to a distinct stage in the young miller’s life. Now we know the piece as a song cycle of 20 songs, typically sung in succession in a single concert.
In this incarnation, the story of the miller takes on a special musical and dramatic complexity. Performers and audience alike wander along a babbling brook in a simple forest and meet a series of characters who act out a simple play. At the same time, the piece as a whole embodies a much greater story – that of a young man’s travels into adulthood, and the acute disappointment that knowledge, truth, and awareness can bring.
Schubert was himself a tenor with an unusually high voice, and, like his other cycles, the songs were originally written in high keys. They have since been transposed to accommodate both medium and low voices, and the cycle can be sung by a man or a woman.
The Schubert Song Project on die schöne Müllerin
During Schubert’s lifetime, he wrote music to publish, and the majority of his scores were purchased by amateur musicians. Our project reunites this wonderful music for the pianists and singers who would have been Schubert’s earliest performers.
Students on The Schöne Müllerin Project study the songs across a period of two months, with group sessions taking place on weekends in April and May, 2017. Students work in pianist-singer duos, and give a joint presentation of the song cycle in two performances on the last weekend in May.
Students attend group sessions, including masterclasses, workshops, and lectures, and also take solo and duo coachings with our instructors, Kathryn Whitney and Anna Cal. The course finishes with a faculty performance of the full cycle at the end of the first week of June.
In the opening three songs, the young miller follows a path laid out for him by nature – a stream that flows in the forest. He asks the stream what it will make of him, and it answers him by flowing toward a mill. He takes a position at the mill and soon becomes acquainted with the miller’s daughter, a fair maid whose voice the young man believes he heard foreshadowed in the soft murmuring of the stream. The miller maid inspires in him a powerful love, and he is swept away with the fantasy that she represents his hopes, and embodies all that may be good in the world. The girl befriends the young miller, but her eye falls elsewhere – she is already in love with a hunter, a much more powerful man. The young miller is heartbroken, and sings of his heartbreak. At the end of the story, the young miller again turns to the stream for guidance. Will it lead him to complete his earthly journey?
We hope you will consider joining us for the Schubert Song Project.
Please follow the links above to learn more about our Course Elements, our Faculty, Fees and course offerings.
To book your audition, follow the link above to online booking calendar. | <urn:uuid:1da65c5a-eed7-416e-b70a-7116ad1ce699> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://schoenemuellerinproject.ca/music/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107887810.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025041701-20201025071701-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.961876 | 786 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Jacquard scroll and other figures are printed upon the white dimity to create elaborate patterns. Dimity is always woven with a plain weave 2-j, and by printing fancy floral designs upon the white surface of the cloth, that compactness of texture Is retained which the plain weave alone can give. If, for instance-, the floral effect were woven into the cloth, ends and picks remaining the same as for the plain weave, there would be created loose places warpwise of the cloth, due to the warp floats in forming figures. Dimity, being a light-weight fabric composed of very fine yarns, is therefore best adapted to the lightest running looms. A plain or dobby loom would be the most suitable for this fabric; one capable of weaving from two beams, as these are usually woven. Dimity is. made in grades having from 64 ends and picks per inch to 100 and more ends and picks per inch, the count of the yarn varying in accordance with the degree of texture desired. Dimity as a dress fabric has a rather soft feel, and so receives but very slight amount of starch in finishing, which process includes washing, drying and calendering the goods, which are afterward rolled or lapped Into bolts, "each cut or piece constituting a bolt." Each bolt or piece is then folded, the paper bands put on, and the goods are ready to pack and ship.
Carding and Spinning Particulars.
Dimity, or rather the counts of yarn required to make this style of cloth, requires first-class machinery and it is, therefore, made in the third divisionof mills asgiven in aprevious article. The grade and length of staple of the cotton used varies with the weight per yard of the cloth being made and may be composed of 1%-inch. Allen cotton to 2-inch Sea Island cotton. For this lesson we will consider the counts to be 80 and the cotton used to be 1%-inch Sea Island. The mixings should be large and cotton allowed to dry out before being worked.
As Sea Island cotton is comparatively a clean cotton it will consider the counts to be 80 and the cotton used to be 1 5/8-inch Sea Island. The mixings should be large and cotton allowed to dry out before being worked. As Sea Island cotton is comparatively a clean cotton it REQUIRES LESS CLEANING than other cottons, and another reason for putting It through less processes in the picker room is because of its length. If run through too many beaters the cotton Is apt to be filled with neps. For Sea Island cotton of medium to long staple, I. e., from 1% to 2% inches, it is better to use only opener and one process of picking as compared with two processes of picking for other grades of cotton.
Dimity does not yellow easily and can stand up to a lot of wear and tear. Originally Dimity was made of silk or wool but since the 18th century it has been wooven almost exclusively of cotton. it is commonly employed for curtains and bed upholstery.
According to Abraham Rees (The Cyclopedia ,Philadelphia 1810-1824) Dimitry is a kind of cotton cloth originally imported from India and now manufactured in great quantity in various parts of Great Brtitain. | <urn:uuid:cec01568-fac1-4f57-a26c-3bfc15a23390> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://belovedlinens.net/TextilePedia/dimity.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163051476/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131731-00095-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957792 | 683 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Challenge: Build accurate clocks
Page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
was the portable clock made?
Making a portable
clock or wrist watch, with no small springs, no battery and no precision
tools ruled out making a mechanical clock, so we opted for a mini-sundial.
To make sure that the sundial wristwatch was accurate, the gnomon had
to point at the correct angle. This meant that the wristwatch had to be
kept level using a plumb line or spirit level. The gnomon also had to
face north so a compass was needed.
Roll up Mike Leahy's
'compact two-piece time-piece': a ridiculous contraption that looked like
a miniature radar station. Amazingly, it worked, and even more incredible is
the fact that during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries people actually
used to carry portable sundials around, complete with compasses and they're
still made in India! No doubt they looked a little smarter than the Rough
Science creation though!
The producers are not responsible
for the content of external websites.
a sundial from the book on the Web "From Stargazers to Starships"
by David P. Stern on the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics page
on the NASA site
Links about sundials
on The North American Sundial Society site
Sundials on the Internet
- information about all aspects of sundials
about sundials on Jack Aubertís webpage
from Reesís Clocks, Watches and Chronometers, 1819 on Gordon T.
Uberís Home Page
do Clocks Keep Time? on the Physical Science Lessons page on the Reach Out! Michigan website
Theory and Practice by RRJ Rohr, Dover Publications 1996, ISBN 0 4862
Making a Clock-Accurate Sundial Customized to Your Location (for the
Northern Hemisphere) by Sam Muller, Naturegraph Publishers, 1997;
Time by A.
Waugh, Headline 1999; ISBN: 0747221782 Longitude by Dava Sobel, Fourth
Estate 1998 ; ISBN: 1857025717
Longitude by Dava Sobel Fourth Estate, 1999 ; ISBN 1841152331
by E. G. Richards, pub Oxford 1998, ISBN 0 19 286205 7
Albert Waugh, pub Dover 1973, ISBN 0 486 22947 5 Sundials by Christopher
St J. H. Daniel, pub Shire Album 1986, ISBN 0 85263 808 6
Challenges main menu | <urn:uuid:6e2d2079-728a-4555-ba1b-6458455793dc> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.pbs.org/weta/roughscience/series2/challenges/time/page8.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815500.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224073111-20180224093111-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.705542 | 526 | 2.703125 | 3 |
History at Western is not simply about dates or memorizing names and events.
All around us the past is evident and we interact and struggle with it constantly through memory and stories, commemorations, traditions, restorations and relics. The past tells us who we are, what we value and where we may be going. The study of history brings meaning out of time and helps us to realize the complexity of human affairs from many perspectives.
Our History faculty members share a passion for the past and seek to instill in students not just a love of the discipline but also an understanding of its importance in the world, today and tomorrow.
What Will You Learn? What Skills Will You Acquire?
All things result from what has come before. Those who study history better understand the past and are prepared for the challenges the present raises both for themselves and their communities. We cannot know what the future holds, but understanding history can increase the number of tools we have to meet whatever may arise.
Such tools include opportunities to grasp the importance of context and complexity, and how cause and effect play out in human affairs. Our many courses create opportunities for heightened cultural awareness and understanding of world affairs.
Beyond the Classroom
Students step outside the classroom to engage with the past and how history represents past events.
Seniors travel to key historical locations, such as the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site and Bent’s Old Fort to study the role of commemoration and memory, as well as historical reenactment.
Students can join one of Western’s oldest academic honors societies, Iota Nu Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta. We have also developed a History internship option, most recently with the Crested Butte Heritage Museum. We seek to help students develop historical mindedness, which opens students’ eyes to how much they interact with the past on a day-to-day basis, so the lessons and ideas of the classroom are integrated with their daily lives.
What do you do with a History degree? One option is to each high school and coach football right? In reality, while a history degree from Western prepares you to be an excellent teacher and coach, it also can help you in almost any career.
If you're interested in Western's History Program, we invite you to take the next steps towards becoming a part of the Mountaineer family.
Share your interest with friends and family:
- Get more information about the program.
- Schedule a campus visit so you can meet professors, see the beautiful Gunnison Valley, and find out if Western is the perfect school for you.
- Start the online application process - apply online now.
- Find scholarships, grants, or financial aid that match your interests and situation. | <urn:uuid:ee5bb535-ba48-4881-88af-a6ba0b785711> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.western.edu/academics/undergraduate/history-program | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869320.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00196-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944925 | 559 | 2.953125 | 3 |
You know that ants are happy to make themselves at home on your picnic table, dining on your hamburger and potato salad, sipping your lemonade. But what is it that they really crave? And what can you do to keep them from being interested in your food?
Not much, it turns out. The truth is, ants will eat just about anything. Most of them are omnivorous foragers, and ants have been known to trek the distance of two football fields in search of something to eat. Food scouts lay down a trail of pheromones for others in the colony to follow, and soon an army of ants is marching in an unswerving line to reach the food before other ant colonies pick up the scent.
With more than 12,000 ant species around the world, one type of ant or another is bound to take an interest in just about any food source that’s out there. Thanks to this dietary flexibility, ants munch their way across every continent except Antarctica (even ants have to draw the line somewhere).
Most ants have a particular fondness for sweet things, from sugar to honey to your soft drink. They’ll eat almost any fruit or vegetable. For many ants, the central ingredient of their diet is a substance called honeydew—not the melon, but a sweet, sticky secretion produced by aphids and other plant-sucking insects. (You’ll find it on leaves and other plant matter, or on your car if you’ve parked under a tree.) Some ant colonies actually kidnap, care for, and “milk” aphids to ensure themselves of a continuing supply of honeydew.
ant eating honeydew
ants and snail eating orange
Some species, such as the common pavement ant, prefer meats and greasy foods. Insects, dead or alive, are protein-rich banquet fare for many species. Aggressive carpenter and fire ants have been known to prey on eggs, baby birds, and even mice. And yes, there are cannibalistic ants: some will attack and eat other—smaller—ant species.
Nuts and seeds are among other protein sources for ants, and ants are credited with dispersing the seeds of a number of tropical plants. Cheese, breadcrumbs, pet food—if they come across it, ants will eat it. Contrary to common belief, though, the carpenter ants that often find their way into our kitchens don’t actually eat wood. They do dig their way into it to build their nests, but at mealtime they look for sweets or insects.
Leaf-cutter ants living in tropical and subtropical forests are fungus-eaters, and they’ve developed an efficient system for farming their own fungi. These ants cut plant leaves and haul them back to their nests, then chew them up to become part of a composting mass on which the fungus grows.
And that ant farm you have at home for watching ants build their tunnels? Some bits of fruit and vegetables every few days, along with a few drops of water each day, should keep the residents satisfied.
As for your own food, it’s best to keep it under cover. If ants can get to it, they’ll eat it. | <urn:uuid:29ad4c53-4f9e-492e-b25f-2e5ec593d338> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.pestnet.com/ants/what-do-ants-eat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628001014.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627075525-20190627101525-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.967067 | 676 | 2.921875 | 3 |
I couldn’t resist this post. Five-year-olds memorized facts in seven subject areas along with 1) the names of all the U.S. presidents 2) 24 verses of a chapter from the book of Ephesians and 3) enjoyed hands-on explorations in science, art, and music. Middle and high schoolers also wrote papers, redrew the map of the world from memory, analyzed text, and debated. These activities have kept the kids in our local homeschool community busy since the fall. I had to give you a glimpse of what some of this work looked like. My first grader loved every minute with our weekly small group. I have played the audios of songs and recitations almost every day the last eight months to drive them in nice and deep, and never has he tired of them.
Classical Conversations is a Christian version of the approach to education that draws its roots from the ancient Classical world. The Classical model takes its cue from the developing mind. We take advantage of the tremendous capacity for information the early years offer. We then encourage kids to draw relationships among the facts they’ve retained. Older teens integrate principles and articulate their reasoning. The students work hard. They even get a bit overwhelmed in transitioning between the levels as public schoolers moving on to high school do. But our students rise to the challenge and don’t see the memorization as such. It is doable, palatably apportioned week to week. As you can see, it’s fun.
The clips are from the cumulative memory work of 24 weeks that the students presented before family and friends two weeks ago. Turn up the volume for the indefinite pronouns rap:
The kids closed the event with the 204-point timeline of human history; here are the first 40 seconds. The hand motions include American Sign Language for tactile learners. Yes, the kids recited every word of the timeline you see listed. I think the best part is their enthusiasm in the learning. | <urn:uuid:0efcf297-ae1e-436c-bdd0-46aca8f5bd15> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://holisticwayfarer.com/2014/04/16/we-underestimate-the-human-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154099.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731172305-20210731202305-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.962018 | 412 | 2.59375 | 3 |
“Writing is easy. All you do is stare at a blank sheet of paper until drops of blood form on your forehead.” -Gene Fowler
Fowler conveys that writing is a difficult, exacting task. The purpose of writing is to put our thoughts into words, and to make our words move our readers. Many writers are frustrated by their inability to put their thoughts onto paper. I have always had a difficult time writing. I find that I have good ideas, but that putting my thoughts into words is challenging. I find this problem in all kinds of writing, even projects I enjoyed like a short story we wrote in the 7th grade. I enjoy reading science fiction; it is the most interesting to me. I have always had a hard time picturing what I am reading in my head, but science fiction is easier to visualize. I dislike non-fiction the most because I find it uninteresting.
“Human speech is like a cracked kettle on which we tap crude rhythms for bears to dance to, while we long to make music that will melt the stars.”
Flaubert’s message is that human speech is imperfect and inelegant. Many people strive to speak fluently but aspects of their speech like word choice and grammar are imprecise. One way to express yourself when words do not work is body language. For example, if somebody doesn’t understand that you are trying to be sarcastic you can use body language to convey your message. You can also express yourself through art, like paintings or music. Some people also try to express themselves through the way that they dress. One advantage to using these methods is that you do not have to say anything but people can simply interpret your message. This can also act as a disadvantage because they might interpret it the wrong way.
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:628f3c95-6eb8-450c-8769-437e8728dca2> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Literary-Criticism-Quotes-And-Explanation-1690487.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863570.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520131723-20180520151723-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.971913 | 382 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A situation analysis is a key foundation for any sound intervention. It helps to ensure a programme’s relevance and to find out the best course of action (e.g. strategies, entry points, partnerships) by learning about community attitudes and practices regarding violence against women; identifying what has already been done to address violence against women and what results and lessons were obtained, as well as who the main actors have been and who might be key to engage. In addition to ensuring the appropriateness of the intervention to the local context, carrying out a situational analysis will help avoid duplication of efforts.
What are the objectives of a situational analysis?
Define the nature and extent of the problem in the local context;
Map the perceptions and experiences of key stakeholders in relation to the problem;
Identify existing strategies and activities which address the problem;
Identify the actors and organizations that are already active in the area;
Identify the actors and organizations that could be important partners; and
What factors should be considered to determine the type of situational analysis to undertake?
The goal of the initiative (e.g. Is it to affect change in gender norms? Is it to raise awareness of violence as a public health problem and a human rights violation? Is it to raise awareness of legislation?);
The scope and scale of the initiative ( e.g. Is it focused on reaching a particular group of men in the community, a specific setting or institution, or a large and/or multi-sectoral effort intended to reach many diverse groups of men? etc.)
The amount of time available for this step;
The expertise available in the group; and
The amount of available resources, financial or otherwise.
What are some of the issues that a situational analysis for an initiative on engaging men and boys to end violence against women and girls might want to explore?
The general context of the problem:
In general, what is known about the problem of violence against women in the programme’s coverage area? Have any studies on the prevalence, forms and/or patterns of violence against women been carried out in the target region? Country? State/province? Community? Institution?
Have any studies explored knowledge, attitudes and practices of men in relation to violence against women in the target region? Country? State/province? Community?
Have there been any studies or surveys on perpetrators or on identifying high-risk factors that can contribute to violence against women?
Have there been any studies or surveys on identifying protective factors that contribute to a decrease of violence against women?
Does the government have a national plan to address the issue of violence against women? At the national level, are there policies, plans or programmes (e.g. in the health, education or judicial sectors) to address the problem of violence against women? What are these policies and how are they applied in the community of intervention? Are there any policies that relate specifically to men and violence against women or are men addressed in the other existing frameworks?
Boys and men’s perceptions about violence against women and girls:
What does the community think about violence in general?
Are men aware of the magnitude of the problem? Of its consequences?
What are boys’ and men´s main concerns regarding violence in general?
What are boys’ and men’s main concerns regarding violence against women? What are their concerns regarding related issues (e.g. education of girls, women in formal or informal employment, women’s safety in public spaces, sex work, sexual relations, child marriage and parenting, reproductive and sexual health, HIV and AIDS, among others)?
What are the prevailing norms related to masculinities and gender in the community? For instance, are boys and men expected to be aggressive towards women? Are they expected to have multiple sexual partners?
How do these norms affect relations between men and women?
Are there opportunities for change through ‘voices of resistance’? For instance, there may be individuals, community leaders or groups who differ from the prevailing gender norms and who can be tapped to promote wider change.
How do boys and men assess the types of interventions (if any) that have been carried out to address violence against women in their communities or country?
Are there particular forms of violence against women or girls that are of greater community concern or of greater concern to men and boys?
Have they been involved in any such intervention? Would they like to be?
What role do men and boys think they could play in preventing violence against women?
How do they suggest that the programme reach additional men and boys?
The community’s perceptions and existing actions on the issue:
What does the community think about violence against women? What are the community’s perceptions on the forms and prevalence of violence against women, against girls? About men’s involvement in this work?
Is there support in the community for an initiative to address violence against women prevention? If not, why?
In the surrounding community, what types of organizations are active in the area of violence against women? What are their core areas of work? What are their strategies? What types of violence do they address? Who do they work with?
Are any of these organizations working with men? If so, which groups of men do they work with (e.g. young men, men from rural areas, fathers, boys in school or out of school, traditional leaders, religious leaders, labour unions, others)?
In the surrounding community, are there organizations active in areas related to violence against women?
In the surrounding community, are there places that boys and men congregate, such as sports clubs?
Are schools carrying out any work in the area of violence prevention? If so, what type of work?
Is the private sector involved in anyway? Do businesses address the issue with employees?
The nature of the existing legal/administrative framework:
Are there laws in the country that criminalize violence against women?
What types of violence does the law address and what specific actions does it penalize?
Are men, including young men, (as well as women and the community at large) aware of the legislation and its content?
How effective is this legislation? Is there data on the number of reported crimes compared to the number of prosecutions and sentences handed down?
Are there institutions or programmes that follow up on the effectiveness and the impact of laws against violence?
Does the law address perpetrators?
Are the health, police and justice services prepared to address survivors’ needs?
Are there services for perpetrators?
What is the experience and expertise of the implementing and partner organizations in working with men and boys?
Is there experience working with men and/or boys in the area of violence against women? What were the lessons learned?
Has there been training for staff members in the area of gender or masculinities, human rights, and/or violence against women? If so, when and what types of training, and how do they relate to the goals of the planned intervention?
Is there written information or audiovisual materials related to violence against women? Has this information been made available to staff in the organization?
Has there been collaboration between organizations to address violence against women? What were the lessons learned from those partnerships?
Is there information about staff members’ attitudes, beliefs and knowledge about violence against women, about men’s roles?
What are potential barriers to establishing and implementing a plan to address violence against women with men and boys in the organization?
What human and financial resources are available to address violence against women by partnering with men and boys?
(Adapted from Bott et al. 2004; Promundo and UNFPA 2007).
See these brief case studies on the use of qualitative assessment techniques:
Tools that can help programmes carry out situation analyses:
International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) - IMAGES is one of the most comprehensive survey instruments covering gender, quality of life, violence, sexual and reproductive health, childhood and family issues. It is a complex, large-scale population-based survey instrument with up to 300 questions that can be asked, requiring technical and trained staff and a considerable amount of resources for implementation. It is also being used on a smaller scale to collect baseline data before policy and programme interventions, so that it can be used again at the end of an intervention period to measure change. The survey tool is a valuable reference for smaller scale and lower-budget applications (i.e. in terms of selecting a shorter list of questions most relevant for the intervention). There are separate questionnaires for men and women, each taking approximately 45 minutes to complete. The survey is being piloted in seven countries. The men's survey is available in English and Portuguese. The women's survey is available in English and Portuguese.
Gender-Equitable Men (GEM) Scale – This scale seeks to assess how much a given group of adult or young men adhere to or believe in a rigid non-equitable and violent version of masculinity. How men respond to the scale is highly associated with their self-reported use of violence against women. The tool is useful in assessing men’s knowledge, attitudes and practices in establishing the baseline and for post-intervention evaluation of changes.
For a detailed description of how the GEM Scale was developed, please look for “Measuring Attitudes Toward Gender Norms among Young Men in Brazil ” by Julie Pulerwitz and Gary Barker in Men and Masculinities, Volume 10, Number 3, April 2008.
Review a brief summary of the GEM scale in English.
Measures for the assessment of dimensions of violence against women. A compendium. Flood, M. 2008. Unpublished. Melbourne: Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University.
This is a compendium of measures for the assessment of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to violence against women. It includes measures regarding gender and sexual norms, but does not cover measures related to child abuse, child sexual abuse, or sexual harassment. Available in English.
Measuring Violence-Related Attitudes, Behaviors, and Influences Among Youths: A Compendium of Assessment Tools (2nd edition, 2005). Linda L. Dahlberg, Susan B. Toal, Monica H. Swahn, and Christopher B. Behrens. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
This compendium provides researchers and prevention specialists with a set of tools to assess violence-related beliefs, behaviours, and influences and to evaluate programmes to prevent youth violence. It may be particularly useful for those new to the field of youth violence prevention. For more experienced researchers, it may serve as a resource to identify additional measures to assess the factors associated with violence among youth. Available in English.
Mobilising Communities to Prevent Domestic Violence: A Resource Guide for Organisations in East and Southern Africa (2003). Michau and Naker.
Developed by Raising Voices in Uganda in collaboration with UNIFEM and Action Aid, this Resource Guide is a tool for community-based organizations working to prevent domestic violence. The first chapter on community assessment includes a series of activities to help assess common beliefs and attitudes about domestic violence held by various groups and to begin to build relationships with community members and leaders. Available in English.
Researching Violence Against Women: A Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists (2005). World Health Organization and Program for Appropriate Technology in Health.
This manual is directed at researchers and activists interested in the intersection of violence and health in developing countries. Chapter 5, which focuses on qualitative approaches to research and offers examples of rapid assessments that may be useful. Available in English (PATH) and Spanish (Alianza Intercambios).
Feel! Think! Act! Guide to Interactive Drama for Sexual and Reproductive Health with Young People (2008). International HIV and AIDS Alliance Secretariat.
This toolkit provides guidance on using participatory learning action to encourage young people to think about and take action to improve their sexual and reproductive health, including prevention of violence. Available in English.
Inner Spaces, Outer Faces developed by the ICRW and CARE is a toolkit for learning and action on gender and sexuality. The toolkit offers guidance on a wide range of needs assessments and participatory learning methods, for example, stakeholder analysis, force field analysis, seasonal diagram and social mapping, among others. The toolkit is available in English. | <urn:uuid:8a1e461f-71bc-42a1-b11d-f24bd22a05d7> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/212-situation-analysis-.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701162808.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193922-00041-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941961 | 2,574 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The tree is one of the most potent of symbols. Its roots delve into the underworld its trunk links the earth to the heavens - it transcends all three spheres. It symbolizes birth, maturity, death and rebirth embodied in leaf, bud and fruit. The tree of life is one of the most common motifs used by the artisans. Versions of the tree of life are manifold.
Here, the tree of life is transposed as a vase containing flowers and a variety of leaves. The flowers are those associated with fertility. Generally, a tree of life is flanked by worshippers, birds or animals, which could vary locally. Here the tree is flanked by a couple of peacocks. It is relevant to note that in Indian mythology, peacocks occupy a prominent place. They symbolize immortality, love, courtship, fertility, regal pomp and protection. When the auspicious tree of life and the important motif of a peacock come together, this painting's worth is doubly elevated.
Colours like blue, yellow and green are more commonly used. Red is liberally used in the border giving a bright frame to a sober, meaningful painting promising prosperity and good luck. | <urn:uuid:35f98907-35ab-4382-a143-f3c6f2c3e2cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://cdn.exoticindia.com/product/paintings/large-tree-of-life-PB77/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524290.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715235156-20190716021156-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.946748 | 242 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Genus Lagenodifflugia Medioli & Scott, 1993
Diagnosis: shell pyriform, often with a constriction of the neck, frequently circular in cross-section but sometimes slightly compressed, composed mainly of agglutinate mineral particles bound by an organic cement: aperture terminal, circular: internally the shell is partitioned into two regions by a diaphragm constructed as part of the shell wall but having a single central orifice. For the function of this diaphragm, see rotifers.
For more information of the differences between Pontigulasia, Lagenodifflugia and Zivkovicia look here.
See for the species described by Penard here.
Type species Lagenodifflugia vas (Leidy, 1874)
Lagenodifflugia bryophila (Penard, 1902) | <urn:uuid:acba6007-c2b6-45a8-ae58-ef4e19104111> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.arcella.nl/lagenodifflugia/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347400101.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528201823-20200528231823-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.841543 | 187 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Merchandising Types and Examples
Introduction to Merchandising
What is merchandising? Merchandising is the practice and process of displaying and selling products to customers. Whether digital or in-store, retailers use merchandising to influence customer intent and reach their sales goals.
Note: For a more in-depth definition, see What is Merchandising?
Establishing the right merchandising strategy can depend on a variety of factors, such as sector, product qualities, available space, and whether the retailer is displaying in a physical or digital store. Additionally, there are various schools of thought on which types of merchandising are most effective in particular industries and departments.
The history of merchandising is as vast as the history of trade itself—even the ancient Ebla tablets (dated ca. 2500 BC to ca. 2250 BC) are predominately about the trade and commerce of the time. For this reason, it can be helpful first to understand the basic types of merchandising before seeing merchandising examples.
Types of Merchandising
Before exploring the merchandising types listed below, please re-read the original definition of merchandising. This will provide a base for what’s to come.
Please note that these are only a few common types of merchandising. This is not meant to represent an exhaustive list.
For a deeper dive into apparel merchandising, I recommend Apparel Merchandising: The Line Starts Here by Jeremy A. Rosenau and David L. Wilson.
If you want to explore all aspects of in-store visual merchandising, check out Visual Merchandising: Windows and in-store displays for retail by Tony Morgan.
And if you need other book or resource recommendations on any of the merchandising topics listed below, feel free to message me (Cameron Conaway) on Twitter or LinkedIn.
Lastly, for ease of navigation, you can click on each of the questions below to be taken to the answer further down the page.
Let’s jump in. Here are a few types of merchandising:
- What is product merchandising?
- What is retail merchandising?
- What is visual merchandising?
- What is digital merchandising?
- What is omnichannel merchandising?
What is product merchandising?
Product merchandising involves all promotional activities used to sell a product. Product merchandising can refer both to in-store or online products.
Although often incorrectly used as a synonym for service merchandising (the promotional activities used to sell services), product merchandising can also refer to either physical or digital products.
For example, the definition of product merchandising applies whether you are merchandising shoes in-person or online, and even if you are merchandising a product that isn’t physical, such as an eBook.
Additionally, because product merchandising refers to both in-store and digital, it includes all promotional activities that take place in a store (such as shelf displays and end caps) and online (such as web design and on-site search).
What is retail merchandising?
Retail merchandising refers to all promotional and marketing activities that in some way contribute to selling products to customers in a physical retail store.
The definition here is limited to the physical, but it can be applied to a variety of merchandising venues—from traditional brick-and-mortar malls to annual pop-up events.
However, with the continued rise of digital merchandising, the term retail merchandising is increasingly being used to describe digital merchandising as well. This trend is likely to continue, especially because research suggests that 2017 will be the first year in history that digital retail sales will surpass in-store retail sales.
What is visual merchandising?
Visual merchandising in the retail industry refers to all of the display techniques used to highlight the appearance and benefits of the products and services being sold.
Visual merchandising can include elements of spacing, lighting, and design, and is a term that can be applied both to in-store merchandising and online merchandising.
In regards to the in-store retail experience, visual merchandising includes aspects such as floor plan layout, color palette selection, three-dimensional displays, and product and banner alignment.
In regards to the digital retail experience, visual merchandising includes aspects such as web design, the use of GIFS and video, and any other visual design element used to highlight the features and benefits of a product or service.
What is digital merchandising?
Digital merchandising involves all promotional activities used to sell a product online. Often referred to as eCommerce or online merchandising, digital merchandising can include everything from site performance and digital product displays to digital marketing and email marketing initiatives.
Unlike terms such as retail merchandising, which were originally used to describe the in-store experience but are now expanding in their definition, digital merchandising is rooted 100% in the digital retail experience.
That said, as the in-store and digital experiences continue to merge, the digital experience may also occur in physical stores.
Take, for example, Bonobos. They started out as an eCommerce store, but now also offer physical stores referred to as Bonobos Guideshops. No physical merchandise is sold in these stores. Instead, associates help customers find clothes and discover their fit before asking the customer to place a digital order.
What is omnichannel merchandising?
Omnichannel merchandising refers to creating a unified customer experience across all possible touchpoints of the customer journey.
For retailers with physical and digital stores, omnichannel merchandising involves creating a seamless customer experience—even if the customer moves from one to the other (as in the Bonobos example above).
Omnichannel merchandising (also referred to as omnichannel retailing) is a topic of increasing interest and research—especially because physical stores are increasingly embracing digital.
Additionally, omnichannel retailing is often used to describe all of the elements within a single customer journey—regardless of where each element takes place.
Let’s create an example here:
A customer visits a digital store through finding an organic piece of content via a Google search. From there, they search the online store and build out their cart, but then at the last minute they abandon their cart. In the next 30 minutes, the digital retailer sends a personalized behavioral email showing the customer what’s in their cart and offering a 5% discount to complete the purchase. The customer accepts the offer and completes their purchase.
This experience could be referred to as an omnichannel merchandising experience because the customer moved from a search engine, to on-site, to their email, and then back to on-site.
The types of merchandising (and certainly the merchandising examples covered below) can be understood on a deeper level when paired with knowledge of a few merchandising techniques.
Consider the technique of cross-merchandising, where items that are in some way related are displayed in close proximity to encourage additional sales (such as bread with peanut butter).
Again, this is not meant to be a complete list of merchandising techniques, but it can serve as a base from which to improve your overall merchandising knowledge.
- First impressions in merchandising
- Lighting in merchandising
- Traffic in merchandising
- Merchandising metrics
- Science in merchandising
First impressions in merchandising
Making a strong first impression in merchandising is a critical aspect—whether it is to entice window shoppers at a physical store or those who have recently landed on the home page of your website.
Let’s first look at the in-store experience.
Retail merchandisers try to control as many variables as possible, knowing that those first initial moments are what may influence the customer to stay and browse around.
While these physical first impressions may certainly impact that first step into the store, first impressions are increasing formed digitally—through an advertisement on television or Instagram, for example.
Similarly, making a strong first impression in digital merchandising is about controlling a variety of variables. Take site speed, for example. Research from Google found that “53% of mobile site visits are abandoned if pages take longer than 3 seconds to load.”
Speed is also a critical component when it comes to customers searching on your site. Site search is often one of the first ways a potential customer engages with a site, so making a strong first impression here can lead to a better customer experience and even revenue increases.
Unfortunately, many digital retailers are still asking customers to type in their product search, click submit, and then hope that they stumble on something relevant.
For the above reasons, more and more retailers are taking site search seriously. Our own research revealed that intelligent site search is one area where elite retailers are separating themselves from the pack.
Lighting in merchandising
Manipulating light is an important part of all types of merchandising. Just as a theatre production uses light to convey moods and highlight characters and scenes, modern merchandisers use light to display products, highlight particular promotions, and even influence the mood and energy of their potential customers.
The use of color plays an important role in purchasing decisions, and lighting can be used to highlight certain colors and even steer customers in certain directions.
Apple, for example, is known for using clean white backgrounds to display their steel gray computers—and they keep this consistent whether you are in their physical store or shopping on their site. This color and lighting contrast conveys modernity and mechanical or technological precision—elements that many people would associate with the Apple brand.
Additionally, just as casinos in Las Vegas create a well-lit, diversely colored experience that makes you feel as if you’re outside and do not need to leave, lighting can be used to make customers feel a variety of sensations that may influence customer intent or otherwise create a memorable brand association.
Traffic in merchandising
Every type of merchandising is influenced by traffic. This can include everything from the foot traffic of customers walking into your retail store to the digital traffic of potential customers visiting particular product pages.
Physical traffic can be influenced by end caps, floor plans, and product displays. Digital traffic can be influenced by search engine optimization, social media, and other digital marketing initiatives.
Traffic, however, can also be considered part of a merchandiser’s technique. Consider how many major supermarket chains place the milk in the back of the store.
Some grocery merchandisers refer to this as “building the basket.” Knowing that many customers are coming in and will purchase milk, they put it in the back of the store in the hopes that the customer will “build their basket” either on their way to the milk or on their way back to the register.
Likewise, digital marketing leaders such as Andy Crestodina often talk about the importance of understanding your site’s traffic. “Think of your website like a highway,” Crestodina often tells his audiences. In this metaphor, Crestodina says that understanding your digital traffic flow is critical to understanding how to optimize your site for the customer journey.
There are many merchandising metrics, and merchandising techniques can be determined by which merchandising metrics are considered the most important. The sales-per-square-foot metric, for example, is one popular efficiency metric. It determines the ratio of sales to total floor and shelf display space.
There are many other metrics, including CAC (the cost of acquiring a new customer) and RPV (revenue per visit).
For a deeper dive on merchandising metrics, Merchandising Mathematics for Retailing by Cynthia R. Easterling, Ellen L. Flottman, Marian H. Jernigan, and Beth E.S. Wuest may be a helpful resource.
Science in merchandising
As you’ve probably gathered at this point, merchandising types and techniques are not simply influenced by the aesthetic leanings of each individual merchandiser.
Science plays a large role as it relates to influencing which merchandising techniques will work the best in particular environments and sectors. The field of merchandising science is about solving retail challenges through the application of data science.
Responsive merchandising, the real-time understanding and attentiveness to a potential customer’s wants and needs, also demands that merchandisers are using the latest advances in data science to understand and influence the intent of each customer.
As alluded to in a few sections above, successful retail strategy demands a fundamental understanding of human psychology. Additionally, research from Forrester and others is showing that the rise of eCommerce merchandising means that retailers are increasingly turning to artificial intelligence not only to automate mundane tasks but to deliver more relevant, personalized experiences for their digital customers.
This had led to a phenomenon referred to as “AI-washing” whereby solutions providers are losing sight of showing how their product helps customers because they are blinded by the hype and excitement around artificial intelligence.
Now that we’ve covered several types of merchandising and various merchandising techniques, let’s round out our knowledge base.
Seeing examples of merchandising is a great way to pull all of your knowledge together. Many of the examples mentioned below are those that will be familiar to you. Rather than describe in-depth what they are, I’ll highlight a few key points that make them unique in the retail industry.
- What is fashion merchandising?
- What is toy merchandising?
- What is technology merchandising?
- What is grocery merchandising?
- What is eCommerce merchandising?
What is fashion merchandising?
Fashion merchandising is the promotion and sale of clothing and accessories from brands and designers. As such, fashion merchandising involves all marketing-related activities—from building relationships with brands and designers to promoting and selling an array of clothing and accessories.
Some separate the term fashion merchandising from apparel merchandising. To them, fashion merchandising refers to more high-priced, trend-setting products.
Like other types of merchandising, fashion merchandising can encompass a variety of aspects that may not typically be viewed as promotional—such as fabric production and purchasing directly from suppliers.
Fashion Retailing: From Managing to Merchandising by Dimitri Koumbis may be a helpful resource.
What is toy merchandising?
Toy merchandising is the promotion and sale of products meant for children to play with. Toy merchandising at once has to enthrall and engage children while influencing the adult decision-makers to make a purchase.
For this reason, it’s an interesting field because the end-user is likely far apart in age from the purchaser.
As it relates to in-store retailing, toy merchandising is often about creating an immediate and powerful first impression for the child in the hopes that this leads the child to influence the adult to make a purchase.
One unique hook is seen in the educational toy sector, where children are influenced to want and play and parents are influenced by their wanting an educational experience for their child.
What is technology merchandising?
Technology merchandising is the promotion and sale of products and services associated with the technology space. Products can include smartphones and computers, and services can include data storage and cloud services.
Technology merchandising holds a unique position in that it’s essential to convey the end-user benefit while also positioning the brand or company as a technology leader.
Many brands focus too much on positioning themselves, which can lead to basic promotional failures—such as neglecting to show the customer the benefits of their service or product.
Likewise, technology companies can get lost in their own lingo or language. Unlike most toy companies which are hyper-focused on conveying their product’s value in as clear a way as possible, technology companies can fall into the trap of speaking in a way that doesn’t resonate with their targeted audience.
What is grocery merchandising?
Grocery merchandising is the promotion and sale of all products housed within a traditional grocery store or supermarket. Grocery merchandising can also include the display and layout of farmer’s markets as well as other food and drink related spaces and events.
Additionally, grocery merchandising can also take place inside gas stations or other small non-grocery specific venues where food and drink items are displayed.
A fantastic (and dare I say must-read) resource on this topic is Grocery: The Buying and Selling of Food in America by Michael Ruhlman.
What is eCommerce merchandising?
Ecommerce (electronic commerce) merchandising describes any and all types of business or commercial transactions that involve the purchase and sale of goods and services via the Internet.
Ecommerce merchandising, then, involves all activities surrounding the promotion and sale of products and services that are sold digitally.
In an eCommerce transaction, products can be delivered physically or digitally.
eCommerce has transformed all business operations, and as a result many predict the term itself will have a short shelf-life. As Steve Dennis wrote at Forbes, when most everything becomes eCommerce, we’ll simply refer to all types of commerce as commerce.
And as Amazon is of course a pioneer in this regard, The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon by Brad Stone may be a helpful resource for learning about the rise of eCommerce.
Like all sectors, merchandising is undergoing a rapid period of change. While many principals—including some dating back to the aforementioned Ebla tablets—remain the same, the industry is being transformed by technological advancements and what’s being referred to as “the age of the customer.”
For some additional reads on the future of merchandising, check out these articles on our blog: | <urn:uuid:25983e83-5e07-4a20-b43c-ed3cc214da21> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://reflektion.com/resource/merchandising-types-and-examples | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584415432.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123213748-20190123235748-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.935774 | 3,788 | 2.78125 | 3 |
2018 is the 200th anniversary of the birth of Karl Marx. In order to mark this bicentenary, the Center for Global Justice presented a staged reading of the play, Marx in Soho by the acclaimed radical historian, Howard Zinn.
The play takes place soon after the dissolution of the Soviet Union when much of the world was proclaiming that the end of history had arrived and that Marx (and his ideas and the struggles his ideas inspired) was dead. A decade and a half on it seems that they were mistaken.
In the play, due to a bureaucratic mix up by the powers that rule the underworld (not Dante’s underworld, more like that of the classical Greeks), Marx finds himself in Soho in New York (not in London where he actually lived). He is allowed, after he strenuously protests (with some support from other worthies), to travel to the land of the living. Here, in our world, he regales us with stories of his life: his relationship with his wife and children, his political fights and the all too human struggle just to get by. How can he feed his family while trying to study and write and organize politically? It seems that anything pleasant or diverting comes with a price…and don’t forget the torment of boils! He understands all too well the trials he puts his family and himself through in order to put his writings in the public eye.
So, Marx has come back from the dead (so to speak) in order for us to see the man behind all those weighty tomes he has produced. He has a sense of humor, he is angry; he is sad and grieves the loss of his children at an early age. He reluctantly appreciates the criticisms that his wife and daughter are not hesitant to express. In other words, he is human, all too human; a man of many talents with many faults. | <urn:uuid:59fac249-b39b-41f4-9a30-b7e8660e2d7f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://globaljusticecenter.org/videos/marx-soho | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.989563 | 388 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In 1998, a now debunked study claimed that there was a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. The fiasco that surrounded this study eroded trust in science and was blamed for a drop in vaccination rates and a sharp increase in cases of measles.
In circumstances like this, study results can be removed from academic journals to stop the spread of untrustworthy evidence. This is called “retraction”. Retracted studies are rejected by the scientific community, and, in theory, can’t play any role in clinical or policy decision-making. Retraction can happen for a range of reasons, from scientific fraud (about 60%), to honest mistakes or not following proper ethics procedures.
We’ve seen just how damaging it can be when unreliable research results grab people’s attention, but how effective is retraction as a way of stopping that?
For retraction to be effective, we must know which research is retracted. But it can be hard to spot retracted papers. Once a paper is “out there”, it’s hard to take it off the internet, so journals often rely on publishing retraction notices reporting the new status of the paper.
The problem with this is that to know the paper is retracted, you have to see the notice. This is where Retraction Watch comes in. The passion project of two American medical journalists, Retraction Watch brings together retracted studies in one freely available database.
But does this help? A recent study investigated how often retracted studies are included in clinical practice guidelines (such as Nice guidelines in the UK) and systematic reviews (a form of research that involves systematically searching for and combining the available evidence on a topic to get a more reliable answer than using individual studies alone). Both are highly respected forms of evidence and are heavily relied on by doctors and policy decision-makers.
In this latest study, researchers in Japan looked for reviews and guidelines that included retracted randomised controlled trials (the gold standard of clinical research) from the Retraction Watch database.
Worryingly, they found 127 reviews and guidelines that cited already retracted trials without caution. And none of them corrected themselves over the following two years. They also found a further 239 that included trials that were later retracted. Of these, less than one in 20 corrected themselves.
These results are pretty striking, and it’s alarming to imagine decisions being made based on reviews and guidelines using untrustworthy results. But how worried should we be? There are some questions we can ask.
Are the reviews and guidelines in question the kind of high-quality studies that affect clinical and policy decision-making? A 2016 study highlighted the rapid acceleration of publication of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, stating that many were of poor quality, misleading or irrelevant. They found 28,959 new reviews published in 2014 alone.
Another study estimated that the rate of publication of reviews in 2019 was twenty times that of 2000 and that in that period over 160,000 reviews were published. Compared with such large numbers, the proportion citing retracted studies is very small indeed. And we must question how likely it is that they are the high-quality reviews and guidelines that affect decision-making.
Does the inclusion of these retracted studies make a material difference to the results of those reviews or guidelines?
Reviews and guidelines often rely on a statistical method called “meta-analysis” to combine the results of studies to get a weighted average result. This can be extremely helpful for getting reliable results from lots of smaller studies that may not be very informative on their own. This also means that individual studies in a meta-analysis don’t always make a big difference, as they’ve been combined with other results.
Systematic reviewers often test the effect of removing studies that have very different results, or that they think were of lower quality, and this further decreases the risk of a retracted study having a big effect on the overall result.
Is it always a bad thing to include a retracted study? A study by Cochrane (a global non-profit group that reviews all the evidence on healthcare interventions and summarises the findings) investigated how their reviews handle retracted studies.
The authors said that it is important to carefully consider why a paper was retracted. For example, a paper may have been retracted because the researchers didn’t have permission to use the data. They concluded that a blanket policy of excluding retracted studies might bias the results of guidelines by missing out on relevant data.
While we absolutely must pay attention to the issue of retracted studies and how they’re treated, how worried we should be about their inclusion in some reviews and guidelines depends on the answers to these questions.
And as for that fraudulent MMR study, a 2005 Cochrane review excluded it because of the study design, but it was such a small study (only 12 children) that even if it had been in the review, it probably wouldn’t have affected its conclusions.
Jonathan Livingstone-Banks receives funding from The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) | <urn:uuid:2c8cb29b-1823-4a84-9bc0-709ca616c9ea> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://twenty47healthnews.com/retracted-papers-are-used-in-clinical-guidelines-how-worried-should-we-be/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500837.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208155417-20230208185417-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.96535 | 1,036 | 2.640625 | 3 |
While genetics and environment are among the factors that play a role in the development of HS, the exact cause of the condition is still unknown. HS is a lot more than just what you can see and feel on the outside. In fact, it’s believed to be related to a problem in the immune system. That’s why people sometimes use the term “autoimmune disease” to describe HS—though research has shown it's actually a systemic inflammatory condition related to the immune system.
While there are many things still not understood about HS, let’s take a deeper look at what medical research has uncovered. Watch the video below for an inside look at HS:
To better understand HS, let’s go from the inside, out—starting with the immune system.
Once you understand the science behind HS, you can easily see how this condition is nobody’s fault—especially your own. The good news is that medical research has been growing rapidly in recent years—with many strides being made in the understanding of HS and how to care for it. | <urn:uuid:02d98a87-eca5-45f4-b80a-16844d6f7cb5> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.nobsabouths.com/what-is-hidradenitis-suppurativa/what-causes-hs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889173.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025125131-20201025155131-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.964335 | 222 | 3.078125 | 3 |
It is a necessary procedure to polish after prototype machined by cnc. When the prototype is being machined, there will be some burrs and tool marks. The surface is not smooth. So it requires handcraftsmen to polish the parts with sand paper.
There are 3 methods to polish the parts, which is mechanical polishing, wet grinding and dry grinding.
Mechanical grinding: When the parts are big, in order to improve the working efficiency, we will use mechanical grinding method such as electric grinding machine or disc type and vibrating grinding machine.
Dry grinding is to use sand paper to polish. It is suitable for hard and brittle lacquer. But its disadvantage is that the operation will produce a lot of dust which will cause air pollution.
(3) Wet grinding: water sandpaper dipped in water or suds burnish.Water can reduce the grinding crack, and improve the smoothness of coating. But after water polishing, we should pay attention to the lower layer of paint, one point is to paint after the parts completely dry, or else it will become blushing. Another point is that water polishing can not apply to material with strong water absorption.
Main purposes of polishing is :
1. Deburr and polish the parts
2.Increase the surface smoothness
3.Make the painting on the parts more adhesive | <urn:uuid:10e48e1c-4b99-4144-8814-005922988e2d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.tuowei-mockup.com/The-polishing-of-rapid-prototype | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573988.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920092800-20190920114800-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.934382 | 280 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Distracted driving poses a danger to everyone on the road. In 2018, more than 2,800 people were killed in auto accidents involving distracted driving throughout the U.S., according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
In an attempt to save lives and minimize driver distraction, many states enacted laws restricting drivers from using hand-held cell phones while driving. Yet, even hands-free cellular devices cause significant driver distraction.
Distraction study on behind-the-wheel tasks
A study published by AAA set out to measure the amount of distraction drivers experience while engaging in certain tasks. These tasks included the following:
- Listening to the radio
- Listening to an audiobook
- Maintaining a conversation using a hand-held cellphone
- Maintaining a conversation using a hands-free device
- Talking to a passenger in the vehicle
- Composing an email using voice-activated technology
Researchers measured drivers’ heart rate, eye movement, brain activity, and response time while participants drove a car equipped with monitors, as well as a simulator vehicle.
A look at the results
Studies showed that even hands-free cellphones presented a significant amount of driver distraction. Even though hands-free devices allow drivers to keep their hands on the steering wheel and eyes on the road, they create a cognitive distraction.
Cognitive distraction occurs when the brain attempts to concentrate on two tasks simultaneously. Rather than focus on both tasks at once, the brain switches back and forth from one task to the other. As a result, there are moments in time where the brain is not focused on driving at all. This presents serious danger and increases the risk of a deadly car accident. | <urn:uuid:658f4c9e-3bfa-4668-8265-b943f037cd7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.mcginnlaw.com/blog/2020/may/distracted-driving-are-hands-free-cellphones-the/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662594414.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525213545-20220526003545-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.940359 | 343 | 3.375 | 3 |
What is memory consolidation?
Memory consolidation involves taking the component parts of a memory and combining them into one unified whole. In the first few months after an event occurs, it is still fragmented into its component parts. After that the different parts of the memory come together into more of a single whole entity.
What does the term "overconsolidation" mean?
When a memory is overconsolidated, it is continually re-activated by reminders and does not fade with time. Traumatic memories are often overconsolidated into flashbacks. Every time a flashback occurs, it reinforces the overconsolidation of the memory, making it more and more resistant to change.
What is meant by reconsolidation?
It was previously believed that the consolidation process occurred just once, but research findings indicate that memory retrieval activates reconsolidation, a process that either reinforces or alters memory.* Reconsolidation of the memory means that the whole memory network is altered because of new information. Younger and weaker memories are more easily reconsolidated than older and stronger memories.*
How does EMDR facilitate reconsolidation?
EMDR reprocessing involves brief retrieval of a traumatic memory with delineation of all of its component parts (sensory, cognitive, affective and somatic aspects). Bilateral stimulation is added to facilitate reprocessing that updates the memory with new adaptive information. This reconsolidation of the memory puts it in a different perspective, so that reminders no longer trigger flashbacks or fight/flight/freeze reactions.
Trauma-based memory networks are like files in a filing cabinet that are isolated from the other files. With EMDR, the isolated files are able to access files with information needed to put a traumatic event in time perspective, create a coherent narrative and find meaning in the experience.
How is this different than what happens with prolonged exposure (PE)?
With PE, extinction is achieved by repeatedly re-exposing subjects to the feared situation without the feared result. In this way, over time, the feared situation no longer elicits the fear-based response. In my understanding, extinction does not involve the elimination of the original association, but involves new learning that competes with the original conditioning to weaken the conditioned response. Therefore, extinction of emotional arousal and urges does not eliminate the underlying traumatic associations, just the symptoms.
With EMDR reconsolidation, the original association appears to be unlinked and the new learning is linked to the original events and resulting beliefs, feelings and body-based symptoms.
In summary, the EMDR and Prolonged Exposure methods of treating trauma involve two different approaches to therapeutic memory retrieval and initiate two different processes: reconsolidation and extinction. According to recent studies using crab and medaka fish, the duration of the re-exposure may be an important factor regarding the type of memory processing that is elicited: brief retrieval led to reconsolidation, while more prolonged retrieval resulted in memory extinction.*
What does the EMDR experience look like?
For a taste of what EMDR therapy is like, here is a link to a CBS News report on Healing Post Traumatic Stress about a gulf war soldier who received EMDR from San Diego trauma therapist Sara Gilman, past president of the EMDR International Association (EMDRIA).http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LM_nw5N3n-I
Source:Suzuki, A., et al. (2004). Memory Reconsolidation and Extinction Have Distinct Temporal and Biochemical Signatures. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24(20):4787-4795. http://www.jneurosci.org/content/24/20/4787.full | <urn:uuid:cc93add8-7cf1-497b-a596-5ddc362f7003> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://andreabgoldberg.blogspot.com/2012/02/answers-to-questions-about-emdr.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704134547/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113534-00010-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911015 | 761 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Oxfam shares key principles of responsible energy development with the US House of Representatives.
This post is based on his remarks last week at a hearing of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, the Subcommittee on Energy and Power.
Today, the House Foreign Affairs Committee is marking up the Electrify Africa Act, an important piece of legislation which, like President Obama’s Power Africa Initiative, aims to address energy poverty in Africa. With many of our NGO colleagues, Oxfam believes that this legislation should reflect key principles of responsible energy development, including:
1. Prioritize not just energy production, but quality “access.”
“Energy access” should focus on households and services such as healthcare and education in poor, rural, and marginalized communities, where access is limited. While strengthening the stability and reliability of electricity supply for industrial development connected to the centralized power grid is also important for economic growth, we should be clear that addressing energy poverty requires a tailored strategy.
2. Prioritize renewable energy development.
In expanding energy access, legislation should prioritize clean, renewable energy sources, including off-grid and mini-grid solutions. There are several reasons this prioritization makes sense:
- First, exploitation of fossil fuels carries with it long-term costs—for the climate, for human health, and often for the ecosystems, natural resources and communities from which they must be extracted. Unfortunately, these costs typically aren’t recorded in the ledgers of the corporations that profit from fossil fuel development, but instead are borne by all of us.
- Second, those who live without access to energy live in remote, rural communities that aren’t reached by the conventional electricity grid. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has indicated that conventional grid extension is viable for urban areas and only about 30% of rural areas, leaving 70% of rural areas in need of mini-grid or off-grid solutions. In my own experience in rural Afghanistan, I saw small businesses starting and girls doing their homework at night under light-bulbs that would not have been there if we had opted for centralized power schemes. Renewable energy is better suited for such decentralized power needs, and in fact, in the scenario developed by the IEA for universal access to energy, 65% of that energy comes from renewable sources. The Overseas Private Investment Corporation, for example, has advanced a renewable resources portfolio that is making it a development investment leader.
- Finally, renewable energy capital costs have plummeted in recent years and are expected to drop still further. According to a 2013 market research paper by Deutsche Bank, in South Africa solar energy for residential use is already capable of being deployed more cheaply than the current price of electricity from the grid.
3. Strengthen governance institutions.
The promotion of energy access should also support inclusive, transparent, and accountable processes for planning, implementation, and management. Investments should ensure compliance with international best practice fiduciary standards and social and environmental safeguards. In cases of potentially significant environmental and social impacts, communities must have the right to free, prior and informed consent to projects.
While renewable energy technologies present many advantages over fossil fuel development, we recognize that a mix of energy sources will be needed to fully address energy poverty around the world. When natural gas investment is part of the solution, its development needs to be under the same best practice economic, environmental, and social safeguard assessments to ensure clear public interest that benefits the poor.
The United States must take preventive action to achieve a dramatic and immediate reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change. We also must support affordable, available clean energy technologies that benefit communities today and in the future. That is why we want more investment, innovation and leadership focused on 21st century solutions to our energy and climate challenges. | <urn:uuid:3ac667a5-c1f1-4d0d-a045-b7a6a7005a73> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://politicsofpoverty.oxfamamerica.org/2014/03/can-us-extend-first-time-energy-access-worlds-poor-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463425.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00263-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94997 | 773 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A Civil War Soldier With A Repeating Rifle
John J. Dunphy
(Originally published in the 4/25/20 edition of The Telegraph of Alton, Illinois under the title “Godfrey marker recalls Civil War bravery”)
I was at St. Patrick’s Cemetery in Godfrey when the grave of a Civil War veteran caught my eye. Why? The graves of men who fought in that long-ago conflict typically bear no decorations. This particular grave had a small American flag in front of its tombstone. Perhaps it had been left there by a descendant.
The obituary of John Hale, Sr. appeared in the Feb. 10, 1908 edition of the Alton Evening Telegraph. “He was 62 years old,” the obituary informed readers, “and he spent nearly all of his life in Alton.” Hale “was a good man, a hard working, honest and conscientious man” and left behind a wife and four children. He died at St. Joseph’s Hospital following surgery “for relief of a malady from which he had been a sufferer for years.” Hale’s funeral was held at “the cathedral,” as Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church on State Street was then known since it served as the See for the Diocese of Alton.
Hale’s obituary contained no information about his Civil War service beyond noting “When the war broke out he enlisted and served bravely and faithfully until the close.” His tombstone notes that Hale served in Co. F of the 7th Illinois Infantry. My research revealed that he enlisted on Feb. 21, 1864 and was mustered out on July 9, 1865. Since Hale was just 62 at the time of his death in 1908, he would have been about 18 at the time of his enlistment.
The Illinois 7th was a proud regiment. It was assigned the number 7 because, according to the Illinois Adjunct General’s Report, the Prairie State “sent six regiments to the Mexican war, by courtesy the numbering of the regiments which took part in the war for the Union began with number seven.” The report states that recruitment for men to serve in Company F took place in “Bunker Hill and vicinity.”
The Adjunct General’s report underscored this unit’s distinctions. “It will not be improper to say that the Seventh Infantry takes great pride in the fact that it was the first organized regiment from this Stated (sic) and mustered into the United States service in the war to save the Union, and the first to return to the capital of the State and re-enlist as veterans.” As one who appreciates antique firearms, the report’s next assertion really piqued my interest. The 7th was “the only regiment in the whole army that purchased its own guns — the Henry rifle, 16-shooters — paying $50 each for them out of their meager pay of $13 per month, thereby increasing their effective force five-fold.” Fifty dollars in 1860 equaled $1,555 in today’s money.
The breech-loading, lever-action Henry rifle was a much more effective battlefield weapon than the government-issued muzzle-loading muskets that were carried by most Union troops. The muskets, which took paper cartridges that contained black powder and a lead ball, had to be reloaded after each firing. The tubular magazine of a Henry rifle contained 16 rounds of metallic-cased .44- caliber rimfire ammunition.
Produced by New Haven Arms, the Henry rifle was a formidable weapon for that era. An article on the web site of the company that manufactures modern replicas of this weapon notes, “After an encounter with the 7th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, which had the good fortune to be armed with Henrys, one Confederate officer is credited with the phrase, ‘It’s a rifle that you could load on Sunday and shoot all week long.’ “
Those Henry rifles of the 7th Illinois Infantry belonged to the men who had purchased them, not the government, and could be brought home when the war ended. We can only speculate what happened to the Henry purchased by John Hale.
John J. Dunphy is the author of Abolitionism and the Civil War in Southwestern Illinois and Unsung Heroes of the Dachau Trials: The Investigative Work of the U.S. Army 7708 War Crimes Group, 1945–1947. | <urn:uuid:87a06515-26c0-4056-8dfd-ec2ef9c7520d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://johnjdunphy.medium.com/a-civil-war-soldier-with-a-repeating-rifle-23e47118d007?source=post_internal_links---------2---------------------------- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446708046.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126180719-20221126210719-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.976855 | 957 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Update April 2nd, 2009
This alert has already led to partial success, as the decision on whether to increase the corn ethanol blend from 10% to 15% has been delayed for a year. It is highly likely this protest was instrumental in delaying what had appeared to be certain approval for the proposal. Let's use this reprieve to continue organizing to resist agrofuels at the expense of food, people, ecosystems and climate.
Please support US environmental and social justice groups calling upon the new Obama administration to halt financial and policy support for large scale biofuel production. In particular, the Obama government's potential support for agrofuel expansion -- making of transportation fuels from food -- runs counter to their aim to urgently address climate change and threatens to cause more deforestation, hunger, human rights abuses, and degradation of soil and water.
The Obama administration promised to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to support renewable energy. Unfortunately, a large part of their solution involves further boosting agrofuel production, both in the US and abroad. The new administration must heed the overwhelming evidence that agrofuels worsen climate change through further deforestation and the destruction of other ecosystems; drive food prices up, forcing more and more people worldwide into hunger and malnutrition; and decimates biodiversity and ecosystems.
Corn-based ethanol fuel is ranked at the bottom of alternative energy sources "with respect to climate, air pollution, land use, wildlife damage and chemical waste." And it is morally abhorrent that in a hungry, impoverished world, it diverts food from people to cars. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack is aggressively seeking to increase the amount of ethanol in gasoline from 10 to 15 percent. Corn ethanol receives billions in subsidies despite conclusive science indicating its inefficient production provides little or no additional energy other than what is used for its production, and its ecological destructiveness in terms of land, water and climate.
So called "next generation" advanced fuels from non-food plants and plant parts, including forest biomass, will not resolve these problems. All industrially produced biofuel crops, edible or not, still require land, soil, water, fertilizer and other finite inputs. Biofuels based upon further expansion of unsustainable, industrial agriculture policies will intensify deforestation, toxic pollution and dependence upon fossil fuel based fertilizers worldwide. It is clear that industrial biofuels are not "renewable energy" given that soils, water, land and fertilizers are all in limited supply.
This is the first instance of the Obama administration violating their pledge to base policy upon science. Obama and farm-belt Democrats are serving the political agendas of agribusiness, rather than honouring commitments to address climate change and bring science based change to Washington. Science based biofuel policy will be further weakened if the Renewable Fuel Standard grants waivers to emissions from indirect land use change. If Obama's "New Green Economy" runs on agrofuels it will further lead to a dangerous "Ecological Bubble" of unrealistic promises from unsustainable industries.
Rainforest Rescue and Ecological Internet are concerned with America's growing ethanol industry, and the implications it has in setting a precedent for massive agricultural industrialisation of the world's remaining rainforests and other natural wildlands. We concur with the growing ecological consensus that large-scale industrial production of transport fuels and other energy from plants such as corn, sugar cane, oil palm, soya, trees, grasses, or so-called agricultural and woodland waste; threatens forests, biodiversity, food sovereignty, community-based land rights and will worsen climate change.
Environmental and social justice groups in the US have written an Open Letter to Barack Obama and his government, calling for policy makers to repeal rather than expand US biofuel targets. Instead of supporting biofuel industries, they propose alternative policies such as investing in genuinely clean decentralised wind and solar energy, dramatically reducing consumption, and protecting forests, biodiversity and the rights of indigenous peoples as just and effective solutions to climate change.
This email alert supports the call made by those groups and also calls on the US government to drop pursuit of further agrofuel expansion in collaboration with Brazil and throughout Latin America as envisioned by a “Western Hemisphere Energy Pact” and an “Energy Partnership of the Americas”. Social movements and organisations throughout Latin America, including MST and Via Campesina in Brazil, have condemned the export-oriented sugar-cane ethanol model for their impacts on Brazilian land reform and agriculture.
Indeed, US agrofuel policies are already a major cause of Amazon deforestation, as US farmers switching from soya to corn is boosting soya expansion in Brazil and other South American countries. And increasingly the scourge of oil palm is poised to decimate the Amazon as well. In spite of these impacts, Obama, in a recent visit with Presiduent Lula provided assurances that cooperation to expand ethanol markets would be forthcoming.
Please respectfully request that expansion of biofuel industries be halted, policies and incentives driving this expansion be eliminated, beginning immediately with rejection of the proposed increase of the ethanol blend.
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YOUR NAME, EMAIL & COUNTRY ADDED AUTOMATICALLY | <urn:uuid:aa0224ea-4896-4058-83ae-5e671ae680b6> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://forests.org/shared/alerts/send.aspx?id=corn_biofuel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115899686.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161139-00020-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931251 | 1,095 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Pictures are still filtering back from NASA’s New Horizons close-up of Pluto last year and one of the biggest surprises so far comes from the region informally known as Sputnik Planum. There’s a lack of craters on its surface, making it a unique area on Pluto and a rare spot in the solar system — it turns out it could be very young terrain indeed.
“What I did was take the pictures that we have seen — the amazing pictures! — and calculate, based on Pluto’s orbital environment, what the impact rate and therefore the surface age of Sputnik Planum must be,” wrote planetary scientist David Trilling in an email to Discovery News.
“There have been lots of press releases describing various aspects of Sputnik Planum, but, as far as I know, this is the first time that the age estimate of 10 million years or younger appears in the peer-reviewed literature,” added Trilling, an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Northern Arizona University.
Trilling’s study, which is in press at PLOS One, mentions three ways the resurfacing could take place:
- Nitrogen ice on the surface could be “relaxing” if it is viscous, getting rid of any craters created by meteroids.
- Ice on the bottom could be rising up and replacing ice at the top, somewhat like how a lava lamp works.
- The ice could be partially melted at its bottom and from time to time, erupt on to the surface as cryo-lava.
As for where the meteorites are coming from, Trilling points out that Pluto is in a zone filled with smaller Kuiper Belt objects. From time to time, these small bodies crash into Pluto. Trilling’s math shows that this happens roughly every 10 million years, which would explain why Sputnik Planum appears so young.
Trilling’s research is mostly focused on near-Earth asteroids, but Pluto caught his attention not only because of the “astounding” images, but also the lack of craters. He’s also hopeful that New Horizons will be funded to look at another Kuiper Belt object up close in 2018. If that happens, Trilling will be on the lookout for more “crater-free patches” to nail down more information about the solar system’s evolution.
Originally published on Discovery News. | <urn:uuid:8f3d8260-4b9c-4a0c-b7c1-650584a6f14a> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.space.com/31708-young-at-heart-plutos-ice-only-10-million-years-old.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+spaceheadlines+%28SPACE.com+Headline+Feed%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292734.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00018-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946714 | 513 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Are you an avid coffee drinker? If so, do you know how your coffee is harvested? Actually, most people have no idea where their favorite delicious drink comes from! A coffee tree will produce its first full crop when it is about five years old. With the proper care and attention, it should produce consistently over the next 15 to 20 years. On average, most trees yield about 1 pound of coffee cherries annually. At harvest time (this will vary depending on the region of the world the coffee is grown), the coffee trees are filled with coffee cherries. They will be ready for picking when they are bright red, glossy, and firm. An un-roasted coffee bean is basically the pit of the coffee cherry.
The coffee cherry has a skin that is very thick and has a slightly bitter flavor to it. The fruit under the skin is very sweet, having a texture very similar to that of a grape. Under the fruit layer is the parchment, which is covered by a thin, slippery, honey-like layer, called mucilage. This parchment serves as a sort of protective area.
After removing the parchment, there are two translucent bluish-green coffee beans, which are coated with a thin layer called the silver skin. Most coffee cherries have two beans, but 5% to 10% of the time only one bean is produced. When a coffee cherry has only a single coffee bean, is called a peaberry.
The ripe cherries are harvested from the coffee tress by using one of the following methods: selective picking, stripping, or mechanical harvesting. Selective picking involves picking by hand only the ripe cherries from the tree and leaving behind the unripe beans to be harvested at a later time. On the other hand, stripping involves collecting the ripe and unripe cherries. The third method, mechanical harvesting, collects all the beans using a harvesting machine. The method used will depend on many factors, such as time, cost effectiveness, availability of workers, length of the harvest, difficulty of harvesting conditions, and availability of water.
After being harvested, the coffee beans must then be processed either by dry-process, wet-process, or the pulped natural method. In the dry-process, the coffee beans are allowed to dry while they are still in the cherry. This produces a coffee heavy in body - sweet, smooth and complex. A relatively new method is wet-processing. This process removes the four layers surrounding the coffee bean, which results in a coffee that is cleaner, brighter, and fruitier.
The pulped natural method involves "pulping" a coffee bean, but emitting the fermentation stage to remove the silver skin. This method offers a coffee that is sweeter than wet-processed coffee, yet has an acidity of a wet-processed coffee. The pulped natural method can only be utilized in countries where the humidity is low.
Coffee is harvested during the dry season, which will vary from country to country and region to region. Coffee in Brazil, for example, can be harvested between March and October; however in Columbia it is harvested between October and February and then between April and June.
More Coffee Articles at http://Coffee-Today.com. Learn how to operate a Successful Adsense Website Network at http://eWebCreator.com. Matthew Hick has been designing profitable Niche Adsense Websites for over 5 years. Award winning Adsense Website Service at http://eWebCreator.com | <urn:uuid:24f17714-7445-47bd-8994-2a99aa6f56e7> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.bidazi.com/coffee_harvesting_the_process_358097a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315174.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820003509-20190820025509-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.96085 | 717 | 3.171875 | 3 |
When analyzing conflict in African, many experts consider ethnicity as a major cause of conflict, but few consider it as a potential tool for lasting peace. Past and ongoing crises in Africa like the Rwandan genocide, the crisis in Darfur, the civil wars in Nigeria, the quarrels between the whites and blacks in Zimbabwe or Tutsi and other rwandophones in Eastern in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) show evidence of the role that ethnicity plays as a trigger of conflict in some parts of Africa. This paper will try to explain why this is the case, how this situation evolved from colonial times to after independence and which are the successful stories of stable African multiethnic States.
First of all, what is ethnicity and what does it mean within the frame of a State ? An ethnic group is a group of people whose members identify with each other through a common heritage, often consisting of a common language, culture, religion, ideology or geographical area. Ethnicity is an identity. As a result, it inevitably occupies a great space within the political arena and also it is the easiest and most natural way for people to mobilize around basic human needs such as security, food, shelter, economic well-being, inequality, land distribution, autonomy, and recognition . This is why ethnicity is a powerful catalyst of violence.
Ethnicity, an artificial process in Africa during colonial period …
In Africa, countries are territories whose borders were drawn artificially at the Berlin Conference in 1885 by colonial powers to fit their economic conveniences. In the pre-colonial period, African communities followed the natural process of ethnicization with overlapping and alternate identities with significant movement of peoples, intermingling of communities and cultural and linguistic borrowing.
The Africa encountered by European colonizers in the 19th century was multi-ethnic with different forms of self governing. The colonial power destroyed those ancient African societies with slavery. After claiming landownership, the colonial power defined, classified, numbered and mapped African ethnic groups to create administrative units to facilitate better political and institutional control. Colonization also created inequalities between ethnic communities based on the manner and degree of involvement in the colonial political economy. This “decentralized despotism” meant the use of traditional and local chiefs through patronizing relationships where their loyalty was rewarded through access to resources controlled by the colonial power. These sources of wealth and power were distributed unevenly and permitted colonial powers to establish their legitimacy through the strategy of divide and rule.
The impact of these policies was new cleavage of class exacerbating existing internal differences of gender, generation and clienthood. Power was given to some at the expense of others creating frustration and competition only serving the colonial power. In a same manner, the extensive use of patron-clients networks left little basis for the development of modern States . Even if we try to make generalizations, one must understand that the African experience of colonialism extremely varied across the continent.
… but a natural political tool for its leaders after the independence
In the first decade of independences up to the end of the 1970s, the political discourse was about nation-building, development and nationalism. But this lasted a short time in most sub-Saharan African countries. Colonial patron-clients relationships remained a currant political practice and developed. The lack of governance experience and political maturity of the new African leaders was obviously due to the lack of preparation of the latter by colonial powers before and during the decolonization process . A consequence of this neopatrimonial system is the creation of single party political systems to offer a “national” arena where distribution of resources between ethnic communities could be negotiated between the leaders of various groups, without having to resort to the public mobilization of their supporters. In addition, competition for power was high. Statistically until 1991, 59,4 % of the 485 post-colonial African heads of states were either killed, put in jail or forced to exile . The price of the neopatrimonial system is high because the State apparatus gets hollowed out from resources and serves personal enrichment. Its administrative capability is drastically reduced and so is its reach to its own population. Therefore, state leaders saw this system as the best way to retain control
When other ethnic groups could not be bribed, ethnicity was used to denounce them as scapegoats. It was also used to distract public opinion from important issues. Examples are numerous : the expulsion of wealthy Indians and Pakistanis by President Idi Amin Dada in Uganda or the attempt of former President of Zambia Chiluba to bar his predecessor Kauda from political contest on grounds that his parents were from Malawi exemplifies this issue . Also, the ongoing issue of Rwandophone (Hutu and Tutsi) in Eastern DRC is worth mentioning.
Following the classic divide-to-conquer strategy, Mobutu refused Tutsi Congolese nationality and used them as scapegoats to strengthen his regime that was losing legitimacy early 1990s. It worked because during that time violence erupted between ethnic groups in eastern DRC . The second Congo war (1998-2003) although it has been proven to be a war of natural resources predation, it was ethnically motivated .
In Rwanda, for example, power has always been ethic centered. As a consequence, between 1959 and 1962, there is record of ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi. The Hutu-led political forces succeeded to abolishing the Tutsi monarchy in 1961, and the colonial administrator, in concert with Hutu politicians, led Rwanda to independence by July 1, 1962. Hutu authorities used each attack as an excuse to strengthen their authority by massacring Tutsi civilians, causing a wave of Tutsi refugees into neighboring nations . In 1990, the Tutsi exiled decided to come back home by force and this war ended in 1994 with genocide of Tutsi and unprecedented massacre of Hutus in retaliation by the newly Tutsi regime in Rwanda.
In 1947, Nigeria was divided into three political regions including the three main ethnic groups: the North with the Hausa-Fulani, the West with the Yoruba and finally the East with the Igbos counting for respectively 30, 20 and 18 % of the population. As the nation marched towards independence, the issue was reduced to the quest for ethnic dominance with minority groups rebelling and fighting for ethnic dominance. At this time, ethnic and sub-ethnic loyalties threatened the survival of both East and West, while the North was religiously divided between Christianity and Islam. It was a period of politicized ethnicity and competition for resources which worsened the relationships between ethnic groups. There was a high degree of corruption, nepotism and tribalism. Military intervention culminated in the gruesome ethnic war from 1967 to 1970 involving the Hausa-Fulani and the Eastern Ibos (Biafrans) and the Yoruba and Hausa, the minorities of the oil producing states of the South .
One must know that the rise of ethnic conflicts in Africa responds also to external influence that some describe as neocolonialism. Throughout the Cold War, many African leaders were blindly assisted and this gave them a total liberty to manage ethnic differences as they wanted to, and often in violence. In the ‘80s, the States’ capabilities to provide social services weakened further more. It was under pressure by International Monetary Fun (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) reforms and the loss of public revenues led to more predation on the leader’s behalf. In this chaotic context and with the Cold War, ethnically-based movements started challenging the state for effective control .
Beginning of the 1990’s, a wave of democratization hit Africa. Popular protests and foreign pressures pressed authoritarian regimes for political reforms and multi-party elections. Western powers and financial institutions, alarmed at the decay of African states, pushed better governance and the implementations of neo-liberal reforms. The end of the Cold War also signified the end of support to authoritarian regimes. But by the end of the 1990s, however, the tide of democratization was ebbing and many governments were receding back into ‘semi-democracies’ and a reassertion of elite control revealed serious limits of the process.
Actually, the competition between ethnically based patronage networks for access to state resources and power was intensified by open electoral competition and was now done through elections. Votes were now exchanged for a political position and expected redistribution of material benefits. Furthermore, the major use of majority elections in Africa tends to enhance this trait. What’s more is that the little variation in ideology or program between parties leaves little but their ethnic base for politicians to appeal to .
Politicizing and mismanaging the rich ethnic African diversity continues to be one of the causes of political crises and is often followed by ethnic wars. In a state where consciousness of nationalism is weak and ethnic rebellions prevail, only democracy is an option to bring unity.
Ethnicity as a way to unified and harmonious nations
How can we build a unified nation with many ethnicities peacefully coexisting? One of the steps is infrastructure development and economic growth. These tools have shown to be effective in fostering social harmony in places where poverty is a trigger of ethnic tensions. Also a strong state can transform ethnicity from a negative force into a positive one with democracy as a superstructure. But as we have seen, democracy in Africa has been manipulated by those who crave for power. This is why democracy means more not only elections which can be taken over by dominant ethnic groups, but a government by the people and for the people whereby citizens’ rights, duties, and representation are honored. It also means independent courts, strong civil society participation, robust institutions, rule of law, property rights, free press and especially tolerance and open space for minorities. The process to this ideal of governance is nation building which means the subordination of all competing ethnic interests and loyalties to the state provided that it give to all a sense of security and a national identity.
The process to this ideal form of government, nation building, must be the center of all efforts. It means the subordination of all competing ethnic interests and loyalty to the state provided that the latter offers to citizens the necessary climate conducive to build a strong sense of national identity . It follows the idea of governmentality developed by the French philosopher Michel Foucault who suggests thats a State should treat its own population as its most valuable asset in the same way as a good father would take good care of his family. It doesn’t seek to put in place hastily institutions that can easily be shattered but to resolve the problem at its core.
There are examples of countries whose nation building policies have prevented ethnic violence. In Tanzania, the country’s first president, Julius Nyerere insisted on creating a nation of citizens who would only be identified as Tanzanians and banned ethnicity from official records. To this day, as multi-party state, Tanzania still doesn’t allow political parties founded on religion, race, color or gender. Under the “Ujuma” policy, people from different places were displaced and gathered in collectivized farms. While the moral and economic prospects of this plan may be controversial, it enhanced national unity and cohesion . Another factor which facilitated the cohesion of ethnic groups in Tanzania and later a national identity is Kiswahili, one of Africa’s languages widely spoken Eastern and Central Africa.
Kiswahili was not the language of a particular ethnic group, but it was a medium of communication between traders of different race and ethnic background namely Arabs, Africans and Europeans. It facilitated the establishment of social cohesion, peace and stability between different ethnic groups and religions. Colonial policies promoted the language but it was after independence that Kiswahili was able to evolve and develop as a national language under the government patronage .
At its independence, Ghana was deeply divided. Many negative stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes existed between ethnics groups from Southern and Northern parts of the country. The colonial and post-colonial political economy and the distribution of educational and development opportunities benefited more the resource-rich South. In addition, discrimination in employment, and the allocation of social services favored “southerners” . However, Kwame Nkrumah, the first President of the Republic of Ghana implemented an Accelerated Development Plan with in-built elements of corrective affirmative action. This plan included the construction of structures of development such as factories and schools, all of which aimed at facilitating the expeditious development of the North. Also, Ghana’s Fourth Republican Constitution (1992) provides the legal framework for the pursuit of socio-economic development and nation building.
Furthermore, on the list of other practical policies that permitted unity we cite the introduction of boarding schools which allowed inter-ethnic friendships to be forged and respect for religious diversity and tolerance to be fostered. Conflict resolution classes for young people were also introduced and cultural exchanges and courtesies between opposing traditional leaders were encouraged. Finally, Ghana has made a lot progress in nation-building by adopting democracy as their form of government and implementing decentralization .
As we’ve seen, the implications of ethnicity within politics can be extremely versatile and if it’s not well managed, it can destroy national harmony and cohesion. The frontier between nation-building and ethnic policies is very thin especially in less structured or mature African states. For example, in Ivory Coast, the recent violence as a result of contested presidential elections is in part rooted in ethnic political manipulation. In 1945 in Dakar, the concept of “Ivoirité” was introduced by students to push forward national pride. Their idea was to generate a national consciousness based on common cultural notions. This same nation-building political concept was reused by President Henri Konan Bédié in 1994 to foster a common identity in a nation of many ethnicities many of which are immigrant from neighboring nations. But this political tool got recycled by political opponents to fit their own nationalistic and xenophobe views by accentuating antagonism between Muslims in the north and Christians in the South. They also rejected internal immigrants from Mali and Burkina Faso. One of the outcomes was the disqualification of the northern presidential candidate, now Ivory Coast ‘sPresident, Alassane Ouattara twice in 1995 and 2000. This certainly explains in part current trends in this country .
The mismanagement of the richness of ethnic diversity is often linked to the absence of visionary, civic-minded and nationalist leaders. This is particular the case of apartheid in South Africa. However, the first black South African President, Nelson Mandela and Frederik de Klerk, the 7th South African white President were able to walk through the painful legacy of apartheid and chose the path of peace and democracy. Even if a country possesses one strong national identity, it doesn’t necessarily mean the absence of conflict. We continue to analyze violence through as many perspectives as possible.
In nations with long history of ethnic conflict, the search for the perfect framework to foster peace may seem out of reach, but it not the case. Democracy can be a solution to ethnic conflicts, but it must go beyond elections. It must be a true nation building tool with social, political and economic policies that promote social harmony. Leaders such as Mandela, Nkrumah and Nyerere have shown the path forward in their own nations and it is up to each generation to take their achievements to the next level.
By Sebastien Porter
Herbert Kelman. “Social-Psychological Dimensions of International Conflict” in Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques, ed. I. William Zartman, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, DC, 2007, p 64-65.
Bruce J. Berman, “Ethnicity and Democracy in Africa”, JICA Research Institute, No. 22, November 2010, p 6-10. Paper available here: http://jica-ri.jica.go.jp/publication/assets/JICA-RI_WP_No.22_2010.pdf
Idem, p 12-14.
William Reno, «Warlord Politics and African States», Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc, London, 1998, p 19
Paul Mbatia, Kennedy Bikuru & Peter Nderitu, “The Challenges of Ethnicity, Multiparty Democracy and State Building in Multiethnic States in Africa”, October 17, 2009, http://thefutureofafrica.wordpress.com/2009/10/17/the-challenges-of-ethnicity-multiparty-democracy-and-state-building-in-multiethnic-states-in-africa/
Denis M. Tull, « The Democratic Republic of Congo: Militarized Politics in a Failed State » in «Africa Guerrilas: Raging Against the Machine » edited by Morten Bøas & Kevin C. Dunn, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Bouler & London, 2007, p 123.
Berman, op.cit, p 28.
Ethnicity background and issues : The case of Rwanda” , October 16 2009, http://thefutureofafrica.wordpress.com/2009/10/16/ethnicity-background-and-issues-the-case-of-rwanda/
Emmy Godwin Irobi, “Ethnic Conflict Management in Africa: A Comparative Case Study of Nigeria and South Africa”, May 2005, http://www.beyondintractability.org/case_studies/nigeria_south-africa.jsp?nid=6720
Kidane Mengisteab, « Globalization and Autocentricity in Africa‘s Development in the 21st Century », Africa World Press, Inc., Trenton , 1996, p 30-35.
Berman, op.cit, p 22-26.
Commonwealth of Nations, “Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group: Tanzania General Elections”, 31 October 2010, p 3-9, http://www.thecommonwealth.org/files/232431/FileName/FinalReport-TanzaniaCOG.pdf
Huruma Luhuvilo Sigalla, “Ethnic Diversity in East Africa: The Tanzania Case. The role of Kiswahili language as a unifying factor”, October 16 2009, http://thefutureofafrica.wordpress.com/2009/10/16/ethnic-diversity-in-east-africa-the-tanzania-case/
Emily Wax, “Reaching out a cyber-hand from Africa to the workd: Ghana’s vice president seeks to broadcast thye country’s benefits”, The Washington Post, June 22nd 2011.
Agyemang Attafuah, “Ethnic Diversity, Democratization and Nation-Building in Ghana”, October 16 2009, http://thefutureofafrica.wordpress.com/2009/10/16/ethnic-diversity-democratization-and-nation-building-in-ghana/.
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As heart disease caused unhealthy lifestyles continues to rob years from the lives of many individuals throughout the United States and world, people are seeking pathways to healthier and happier lives.
With diseases like type two diabetes and obesity so prominently on our minds in society today, things like a healthy diet and amble exercise are become the new trend in healthy living (thankfully). And, of course, while eating properly and getting enough physical exercise are endlessly important, there are also many other things a person can do to live a longer and happier life.
Become a truly healthy and happy person while trying out these three strategies to a longer life expectancy.
While this may sound crazy, flossing and strong oral hygiene can actually play a major role in your overall health and wellbeing. Regular flossing does two things for you: it prevents gum disease (we all know this) and it prevents heart disease (something many don’t actually know).
Heart disease (as we mentioned earlier) is an extremely serious problem and is the leading cause of death throughout the developed world. While it may sound odd that flossing can actually help prevent heart disease, it’s true.
Here’s how it works: flossing keeps your gums from becoming inflamed. When they are inflamed it is because there is some kind of chronic bacterial infection occurring in your mouth. This can cause serious damage because the bacteria can find their way into your arteries causing plaques and your body’s immune system response can cause your arteries to narrow. Both of these things (plaques and narrowed arteries) make it more difficult for your heart to function properly. Make flossing a part of your everyday oral hygiene routine to live a healthier life.
More Time Out With Your Friends
While this method of elongating your life is a little less scientifically based, it is nonetheless shown that hanging out with friends and loved ones more can increase your lifespan. Individuals who live connected lives full of positive relationships live longer and happier lives.
There are several theories out there about why this is. Some think that individuals with healthy relationships are less likely to participate in risky (life threatening) behavior, while others believe that living a connected life full of friends and family helps reduce the effects of stress on your health. Either of these theories may be plausible. Whatever the exact cause is, the truth remains that those who are engaged in meaningful relationships are healthier and happier and, therefore, have longer life expectancies.
Get out and have fun with the people you love. It could save your life.
Caring for a Loving Pet
In much the same way that having healthy relationships with friends and loved ones can improve your life expectancy, so too can having a healthy relationship with a pet. Stress plays a major role in how long you are expected to live.
Stress can do two negative things to a person’s body: it can have actual physical effects on your body that are unhealthy and it can cause negative behaviors in the individuals that it plagues. Relaxation is an extraordinarily important aspect of leading a healthy and happy life. It has been shown time and time again that owning a pet can greatly decrease the effects of stress on your body and mind.
Loving pets help relax an individual in ways that only an animal can. While the exact reasons for this are unknown, pets help relax individuals, help create a healthier lifestyle for many, and bring joy to their owners. All of these thing help to increase your life expectancy.
Whether it is the mere effort of caring for another being or it is the meditative love that pets give back, owning a pet can be a great way to live a rewarding and healthy life. | <urn:uuid:28d99fe9-dc48-4818-9a6c-889401343b29> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://dailyhealthcare.net/3-things-that-can-help-you-live-a-longer-and-happier-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945111.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421090739-20180421110739-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.938809 | 753 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Naturally, butterflies survive by consuming the nectar provided by different types of flowers. Or fresh Butterflies can be fed in a variety of ways. Monarch butterflies raised indoors as caterpillars don't head south towards Mexico when they emerge from their chrysalises, researchers at the University of Chicago have found. Think about it, the monarchs you release will be making an incredible journey that could take them thousands of miles from your butterfly garden to wintering grounds in Mexico or coastal California. Since it only takes 3-5 days for eggs to hatch, timing is crucial. They also do not live very long and do poorly in captivity, so I agree with others here that you should release it. **At this point, I'd like to mention that you must teach your butterflies to eat from any artificial feeder. Fresh cut flowers can be placed in containers and put in the cage, a small dish or jar lid containing a sponge saturated with a 20% honey/water solution can be set in the cage. Monarch butterflies purchased from a commercial breeder did not fly in a southward direction, even in offspring raised outdoors, in a new study conducted by scientists at the University of Chicago. Monarch Butterflies Reared in Captivity Lack a Crucial Ability A scientist hoped commercially raised butterflies would be identical to their wild ⦠They cannot survive without plants in the genus Asclepias . Here's how to feed a caterpillar, care for it, and pick it up without harming it, plus which caterpillars you should avoid touching. Citation: Monarch butterflies bred in captivity may lose the ability to migrate, study finds (2019, June 24) retrieved 9 November This document is subject to copyright. I have done so successfully many times before. Monarch Butterflies Born In Captivity Have Trouble Migrating South, Study Says A researcher made the discovery after ordering monarchs from a breeder. In the Kronforst lab, where I am doing my graduate work, we feed our adult butterflies Birds Choice Butterfly Nectar from fake flowers that we make from readily available lab supplies. Monarch Butterflies are sometimes called Milkweed Butterflies because of their symbiotic relationship with milkweed. Milkweed, zinnias, and marigolds are popular with butterflies -- try planting these in your yard to attract and feed butterflies. You'd need an enclosure that is large enough, however, and a fish tank is not big enough. Feed butterflies a sugar solution. The tropical milkweed comes in two colours -scarlet (which has a gold centre) and [â¦] You CAN mate Monarchs in captivity. Monarch feeding and breeding by: JS I was wondering the same thing about breeding. When ET Three summers ago, Ayse Tenger-Trolander, a ⦠Frequently Asked Questions 21. Monarch Watch is a cooperative network of students, teachers, volunteers and researchers dedicated to the study of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus and its spectacular fall migration. Monarch butterflies reared in captivity are weaker than their wild counterparts, scientists have said. If you want to feed the butterflies, either because it's too cold to release them or you'd like to watch them eat, you can set out a small sponge soaked with a solution of one part sugar to four parts water. How often are butterfly's known to be hungry? The best sign is to watch for adult Monarchs stopping at milkweed plants. The best kind of food you can give them is this nectar. I have 4 females and one male. Giving Life to your Garden and Hope to Future Monarch Generations Releasing butterflies for the fall migration is one of the greatest joys of raising. New research suggests, however, that they and their progeny may have lost the ability to migrate. Continually, but if you have one in captivity you must feed it ⦠These are large butterflies and they need a lot of However, if for some reason you cannot do that, you can feed it sugar water (1 part sugar to 3 parts water, same as for This setup made the butterflies fly in place inside the cylinder, with a rotating dial recording the direction of each monarch every two milliseconds. Monarch butterflies have made their way to Texas, but unfortunately not much milkweed greets them upon arrival. Monarch Butterflies Born In Captivity Have Trouble Migrating South, Study Says By NPR June 24, 2019 Share: Updated at 5:45 p.m. Monarch butterflies raised in captivity donât migrate By Elizabeth PennisiJun. âI need to feed male butterflies in captivity to have them successfully mate. 24, 2019 , 3:20 PM In what may be a cautionary tale for citizen scientists trying to save North Americaâs iconic monarch butterfly, new research has found that butterflies raised in captivity are sometimes unable to migrateâsome as a result of missing genes and others for want of the right environmental cues. "It's easy to mess up their development, it seems like, in becoming migratory butterflies," said Ayse Tenger-Trolander, lead author of the study published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of ⦠A harsh, dry winter preceded by drought and schizophrenic weather have left the sought-after perennial a no-show in many Texas gardensâand on roadsides and ranch land. Butterflies feed on the nectar provided in flowers. Milkweeds, that is, any Asclepias species, are the Across much of North America, nature-loving people are helping imperiled monarch butterflies by raising eggs harvested from captive-bred monarchs. Monarch butterfly eggs are somewhat difficult to find in the wild. I placed a milkweed plant in the net cage, but see no activity. At the same time, if you live in a migration zone within the U.S. and Canada, and are interested in how to find and take care of wild painted lady caterpillars, click here . Wild-caught monarchs bred Some monarch butterflies raised in captivity are refusing to migrate. A new study from researchers at the University of Chicago suggests captivity alters butterflies' migratory patterns. ⢠Monarch Butterflies: Increase the Eastern population of the monarch butterfly to 225 million butterflies occupying an area of approximately 15 acres (6 hectares) in the overwintering grounds in Mexico, through domestic However, a full answer to the question of butterfly nutrition, considering all the sources of nourishment the insects take in during the four stages of the Monarch Butterfly life cycle, goes beyond milkweed, even though. A new research has found out why. Provide flower nectar for butterflies in nature. Painted lady caterpillars feed on many plants; but, if you decide to purchase them online, it becomes practical to feed them the artificial diet provided in the jar. In NZ the natural food species of the monarch (Danaus plexippus) larvae is the Asclepiadiae family â milkweed which includes swan plant (Gomphocarpus fruticosus) and giant swan plant (G. physocarpus) as well as Asclepias species such as tropical milkweed/bloodflower (A. curassavica). A female will usually lay The Monarch Butterflies of North America remains to be one of the most iconic species of butterflies, but new research shows that those grown in captivity may never learn to migrate. What do I feed them?â âI need eggs from a few butterflies for a school project. Monarch butterflies born in captivity show signs of having difficulty migrating south, according to a study from a group of researchers at the University of ⦠If you're raising monarch caterpillars in the hope that when they become butterflies, they'll fly to Mexico and help replenish endangered populations, a new study offers some warnings and advice. Monarch butterflies reared in captivity are weaker than their wild counterparts, scientists have said. Monarch butterflies raised in captivity donât migrate By Elizabeth Pennisi Jun. | <urn:uuid:671c42b8-a1dd-4f8b-a84b-65b139107746> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://wiki.rtm-lvl.org/su439lcz/viewtopic.php?aa2099=what-to-feed-monarch-butterflies-in-captivity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992514.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513204127-20210513234127-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.947415 | 1,616 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The contribution of anammox and denitrification to sediment N2 production in a surface flow constructed wetlandEnvironmental Science and Technology
AbstractThis study used anaerobic slurry assays and intact core incubations to quantify potential rates of anammox (anaerobic ammonia oxidation) in sediments along the flow path of a surface flow constructed wetland receiving secondary treated sewage effluent. Anammox occurred at two of the four sites assayed with a maximum rate of 199.4 ± 18.7 μmol N·m -2·hr-1 (24% of total N2 production) at the discharge end of the wetland. Denitrification was the major producer of N2, with a maximum rate of 965.3 ± 122.8 μmol N<·m-2.hr-1 at site 2. Oxygen was probably the key regulator of anammox activity within the studied CW. In addition to anammox, we found evidence that nitrifier-denitrification was potentially responsible for the production of N2O. Total production of N2O was 15.1% of the total gaseous N produced. Limitations to the methodology for quantifying anammox in CW's are outlined. This study demonstrated that denitrification is not the only pathway for gaseous production in constructed wetlands and that wetlands may be significant sources of greenhouse gases such as N2O.
Citation InformationErler, DV, Eyre, BD & Davison, L 2008, 'The contribution of anammox and denitrification to sediment N2 production in a surface flow constructed wetland', Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 42, no. 24, pp. 9144-9150.
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Successful Development of an Artificial Photosynthesis System Which Uses Visible Light and Separates Evolved Hydrogen and Oxygen
Research Press Release | July 17, 2014
・Hydrogen and oxygen was evolved by splitting water which was performed by exciting the localized plasmon resonance with a 450-850 nm visible and near-infrared light.
・Hydrogen and oxygen was successfully separated and evolved from a reaction chamber installed on the front and back of the SrTiO3 substrate.
Research in artificial photosynthesis which can stably store renewable solar energy and convert it into chemical energy (chemical substance) which can be easily transferred, is expected to be a key technology to solve environment/energy issues currently facing humankind.
The research group headed by Professor Hiroaki Misawa and associate professor Kosei Ueno of the Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, in collaboration with Haruo Inoue specially appointed professor of Tokyo Metropolitan University, and Professor Kei Murakoshi of the Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, have successfully developed artificial photosynthesis using 650-850 nm visible far-red light, which could not be used in conventional artificial photosynthesis until now, and an oxide semiconductor substrate that can support metal nanoparticles which functions as a light antenna.
Furthermore, using an extremely simple system by setting a different metal on the front and back of the substrate, the researchers successfully performed water splitting, and separated hydrogen and oxygen from each side. The research group demonstrated the possibility of separating hydrogen using a method which differs from conventional thinking.
Hiroaki Misawa, Professor, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University
|Publications||Angewandte Chemie International Edition (Die Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker) (web edition 2014.7.2 )| | <urn:uuid:958623f2-5db6-46a5-ba44-3c5141177e22> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.global.hokudai.ac.jp/blog/50/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922221246-20180923001646-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.867293 | 373 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A Validated Methodology for Genetic Identification of Tuna Species (Genus
Tuna species of the genus Thunnus, such as the bluefin tunas, are some of the most important and yet most endangered trade fish in the world. Identification of these species in traded forms, however, may be difficult depending on the presentation of the products, which may hamper conservation efforts on trade control. In this paper, we validated a genetic methodology that can fully distinguish between the eight Thunnus species from any kind of processed tissue.
After testing several genetic markers, a complete discrimination of the eight tuna species was achieved using Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing based primarily on the sequence variability of the hypervariable genetic marker mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA CR), followed, in some specific cases, by a second validation by a nuclear marker rDNA first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1). This methodology was able to distinguish all tuna species, including those belonging to the subgenus Neothunnus that are very closely related, and in consequence can not be differentiated with other genetic markers of lower variability. This methodology also took into consideration the presence of introgression that has been reported in past studies between T. thynnus, T. orientalis and T. alalunga. Finally, we applied the methodology to cross-check the species identity of 26 processed tuna samples.
Using the combination of two genetic markers, one mitochondrial and another nuclear, allows a full discrimination between all eight tuna species. Unexpectedly, the genetic marker traditionally used for DNA barcoding, cytochrome oxidase 1, could not differentiate all species, thus its use as a genetic marker for tuna species identification is questioned.
Citation: Viñas J, Tudela S (2009) A Validated Methodology for Genetic Identification of Tuna Species (Genus Thunnus). PLoS ONE 4(10): e7606. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007606
Editor: Manfred Kayser, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
Received: July 27, 2009; Accepted: September 29, 2009; Published: October 27, 2009
Copyright: © 2009 Viñas, Tudela. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was done thanks to funding from OAK Foundation and Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
The genus Thunnus, which belongs to the family Scombridae, is comprised of eight species that are commonly known as tunas –. Of these, several species are widely traded at the international level, including the Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT; Thunnus thynnus), Pacific bluefin tuna (PFBT, Thunnus orientalis), Southern bluefin tuna (SBT, Thunnus maccoyii), bigeye tuna, (BET, Thunnus obesus), yellowfin tuna (YFT, Thunnus albacares), and albacore (ALB, Thunnus alalunga). Other species of the same family that are also traded as commercial commodities are, among others, skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) . Morphologically, the three bluefin tuna species look very similar, particularly Atlantic and Pacific bluefin tuna, but they are easily distinguishable from bigeye, yellowfin, albacore and skipjack based on external attributes (body shape and other morphometrics, characteristics of the fins, number of gill rakers, etc.). Identification of these species in traded forms, however, which are typically dressed, gilled and gutted, or loin and belly meat, and either fresh/chilled or frozen, is difficult. Especially the three bluefin tuna species, bigeye and yellowfin are almost impossible to distinguish from each other in these forms.
Several protocols have been described for species identification of marine products in recent years, based on different technologies such as isoelectric focusing, high performance liquid chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulphate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and starch gel electrophoresis [reviewed in 5,6]. Among these, DNA-based methodologies are one the most promising approaches since they provide very precise tools, and due to their robustness, they can be applied to all the different life stages of marine species. In addition, they can be used on almost all kinds of samples, including whole individuals, fin clips, and canned and dried tissue –. The methodology is usually based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which targets a specific genetic marker that is able to discriminate species. Some of the methodologies described to date focus on reducing protocol steps and avoiding DNA sequencing . However, most studies require detailed knowledge of the DNA sequences from target species prior to setting-up the methodology and in insecure cases the final assignation should always be validated afterwards by DNA sequencing , .
Tuna species can be identified using several genetic markers that have been used in species relationship studies –. However, species misidentification can occur if the genetic marker is not appropriate. For instance, species identification based on nuclear genetic markers cannot distinguish between Atlantic and Pacific bluefin tuna . Furthermore, the low genetic distance among the species belonging to the Neothunnus subgenus (T. albacares, T. atlanticus, T. tonggol) , , can easily confound results if the marker with low genetic variability is used. Therefore, several premises should be considered before attempting the identification of tuna species using mitochondrial genetic markers. Another consideration is that some albacore and Pacific bluefin tuna are so close genetically – that depending on the methodology used (i.e., RFLP-PCR of the mtDNA Cytochrome oxidase b) , it may be unfeasible to distinguish these two species. Finally, introgression has been described among several tuna species. For instance, about 2–3% of Atlantic bluefin tuna individuals are extremely similar (less than 5% divergence) to Pacific bluefin tuna (NBTAφ) (though in this case the resultant lineages can be separated from proper T. thynnus specimens). The same situation occurs vice versa, with about 2–3% of Pacific bluefin tuna individuals having mtDNA extremely similar to Atlantic bluefin tuna (NBTPφ) (about 4.5% genetic distance using mtDNA control region sequencing data) . Introgression also occurs between albacore and Atlantic bluefin tuna, with about 2–3% of Atlantic bluefin tuna individuals having an identical sequence to some albacore. Although several one-step protocols based on mitochondrial DNA that avoid the sequentation of the genetic marker – have been validated for tuna species identification, to our knowledge none of these methodologies can distinguish all the tuna species in a single reaction, and none of them takes into account the possibility of having mtDNA introgression in some of the individuals analyzed.
In this study, we validated a methodology based on Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing (FINS) , which takes into account these premises and can fully distinguish among all eight Thunnus species. We tested the validity of Thunnus species identification for three genetic markers, based on the availability of sequences for all species, previously published phylogenetic studies, and inclusion of nuclear and mitochondrial markers. According to this, we tested mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA CR) , mtDNA Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), commonly used in DNA barcoding , and the nuclear fragment rDNA first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) . Finally, we applied this methodology to cross-check the species identity of 26 processed tuna samples collected at Japanese markets and restaurants in March and June 2008, as an example of the suitability of the methodology for the routine identification of fish samples. The existence of a reliable genetic methodology to identify species of Thunnus at any step of the trade chain is essential for the conservation of some highly overfished species, particularly the Atlantic bluefin tuna which is subject to dramatic levels of illegal fishing .
Validation of genetic marker for species identification
The comparison of intraspecific genetic variability for each species among molecular markers (Table 1) indicates that the mtDNA CR has about ten-fold greater nucleotide diversity than the other two markers. However, larger sample sizes particularly for the COI and nuclear ITS1 are needed to determine if these differences are meaningful.
Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the mtDNA CR data resulted in a very consistent phylogenetic tree with monophyletic and well-supported clusters for each species, with bootstrap values ≥ 70% and an average of 5.3 fixed positions (Figure 1). As expected from the study of Alvarado Bremer et al. , all Thunnus species, including the ones belonging to the subgenus Neothunnus (T. albacares, T. atlanticus and T. tonggol), were well separated and in consequence easily identifiable by the use of FINS. Furthermore, the mtDNA CR allowed a complete discrimination between the introgressed mtDNA of T. thynnus and T. orientalis (NBTPφ and NBTAφ) with a bootstrap support of 81% and 92% respectively. However, the mtDNA CR sequences of T. thynnus similar to T. alalunga (NBTAα) could not be differentiated from T. alalunga, as some haplotypes were shared between species.
The phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI sequences was less consistent than the one based on mtDNA CR (Figure 2). For instance, the three Neothunnus species were not grouped together, although all species were clustered separately and in turn, identifiable using this mitochondrial marker. However, COI failed to differentiate the T. thynnus similar to T. orientalis (NBTAφ), with all sequences grouped in a single cluster with a 98% bootstrap support.
Finally, the gene tree based on the nuclear marker ITS1 was the least consistent of all genetic trees (Figure 3). This can be seen in the Neothunnus species relationship where all three species belonging to this subgenus were grouped in a single cluster and were indistinguishable from each other. A similar situation occurred between T. orientalis and T. thynnus, as these two species were monophyletic with a bootstrap support of 94%. However, the use of a nuclear marker allowed differentiation between T. thynnus with albacore like sequences (NBTAα) from T. alalunga. In this case, these introgressed individuals fell in the T. thynnus + T. orientalis cluster.
The 26 tuna samples were evaluated based on mtDNA CR. In all cases the identification was unambiguous (Table 2 and Figure 4) and in consequence, validation with the nuclear ITS1 was not necessary. Nevertheless, samples S1, S3 and S4 were resequenced with the nuclear ITS1 (Figure 4). S1 and S3 were clustered in the T. orientalis + T. thynnus group, and S4 was placed in the T. obesus cluster, confirming the identification based on mtDNA CR. Twenty-four of the 26 samples were identified consistently with the species information on the label (Table 2). Two samples, however, S21 and S24, were identified as T. thynnus, despite the label on their package showing that they were T. orientalis.
There is a wide array of molecular methodologies currently available for species identification , but they all require that the molecular methodology used is fully validated prior to its application . In the case of the genus Thunnus the validation of the genetic marker is even more critical, not only for the importance of these species in the commercial trade, but also due to the observed introgression between Thunnus species –, that can confound the results, depending on the genetic marker used. In this study, we report on an assessment of the validation of several genetic markers used for Thunnus species phylogeny based on the FINS methodology. The selection of genetic markers tested in this study was based on the availability of sequences for these markers for all Thunnus species together from previous phylogenetic studies. After an exhaustive literature search, genetic markers were tested: mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA CR) , mtDNA Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), commonly used in DNA barcoding , and the nuclear fragment rDNA first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) . The mtDNA CR was considered ideal for species validation because previous population-based studies based on this genetic marker had already analyzed hundreds of tuna individuals and had detected mtDNA introgression among T. thynnus, T. orientalis and T. alalunga species . No mtDNA introgression was detected, however, among any other Thunnus species (e.g. T. alalunga ; T. albacares ; T. obesus , . Therefore, mtDNA CR has excellent potential as a genetic marker for species identification. Secondly, the mtDNA COI marker was tested based on the premise that this marker has been chosen for DNA barcoding and, in principle, has been validated for Thunnus species identification . Finally, the use of a nuclear marker was also tested in order to overcome the possible introgression of the mtDNA genome observed between several tuna species. To our knowledge, the ITS1 was the only nuclear marker used to assess the phylogeny that included all tuna species . Other potential markers, such as the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase b, which have been applied for Thunnus species identification in phylogenetic studies based on PCR-RFLP , sequence data , , and FINS species identification , were discarded due to their lower genetic variability compared to the mtDNA CR , and due to the fact that only a limited number of species of the genus Thunnus had been characterized. A similar situation occurred with the nuclear gene Tmo-4C4 , with which only three of the eight Thunnus species were analyzed.
Genetic marker validation consisted of analyzing individuals with the introgressed signal detected in the study in the study of Alvarado Bremer et al. (2005) , and comparing them to new sequences of individuals of T. thynnus, T. alalunga and T. orientalis for the three chosen genetic markers. After a close inspection of the phylogenetic tree for the three markers, only the mtDNA CR gene tree allowed a full discrimination of all species (Figure 1), probably as a consequence of its greater genetic variability (Table 1). All species were monophyletic with a strong bootstrap support (≥70%) (Figure 1). Furthermore, the mtDNA CR differentiated the Pacific-like T. thynnus (NBTAφ) from the T. orientalis (bootstrap support 92%), and the Atlantic-like T. orientalis (NBTPφ) from the T. thynnus (bootstrap support 81%). On the contrary, neither the mitochondrial COI (Figure 2) nor the nuclear ITS1 (Figure 3) were able to discriminate individuals with introgressed mtDNA from the counterpart species. One question that remains unresolved is the 3% of T. thynnus individuals that presents mtDNA CR sequences similar to T. alalunga (NBTAα). In this case, any of the two genetic mtDNA markers can distinguish these introgressed T. thynnus individuals from T. alalunga. However, using the nuclear ITS1 these individuals are clustered together with T. alalunga (Figure 3). Therefore, in the case of a positive identification of individuals as T. alalunga using mtDNA CR, a second validation is recommended using the nuclear marker ITS1 to distinguish between T. alalunga or T. thynnus with introgressed T. alalunga mtDNA.
Another point to consider is the use of COI as a genetic maker for Thunnus species identification. Hebert et al. proposed the use of 648 base pair (bp) portion of the mtDNA COI as a standard genetic marker for species identification through the establishment of DNA barcoding. Since then, COI has been widely used in fish species identification including Thunnus species . However several criticisms have risen mainly related to the use of a single genetic marker , . In this study we also raised the question about the appropriateness of the COI as the genetic marker for Thunnus species identification. As mentioned before, the COI is less robust than the mtDNA CR in differentiating all Thunnus species. This is more evident in the Neothunnus subgenus, where the T. albacares sequences were polyphyletic. Furthermore, this genetic marker could not distinguish the introgressed T. thynnus sequences similar to T. orientalis (NBTAφ), which can be differentiated by the mtDNA CR.
Based on these premises, to prove the applicability of our methodology to commercial samples, we cross-checked the species identity of 26 tuna samples collected at Japanese markets and restaurants, using the mtDNA CR. In all cases the identification was unambiguous (Table 2 and Figure 4), and in consequence the validation of the samples with the nuclear ITS1 was not necessary. Nevertheless, the individuals S1, S3 and S4 were resequenced with the nuclear ITS1 and the results coincided with the mtDNA CR. In 92% of the cases, we identified the samples consistently with the information given on the labels. Samples S1 and S2, however, were revealed to be T. thynnus despite their labels claiming them to be Japanese farmed tuna (Thunnus orientalis). We attributed this difference to mislabeling.
In summary, in this study we propose a method for the complete identification of all eight Thunnus species using the FINS approach. This methodology is based in the mtDNA CR sequence variability, followed by a second validation with the ITS1 nuclear marker only in the cases that the mtDNA CR classifies the individuals as T. alalunga. Once these two markers are fully established, an optimization of the protocol to a single-step protocol avoiding the expensive DNA sequencing and based on the detection of SNPs, such as PCR-RFLP, multiplex PCR, Real-time PCR, or other, can be realized. However the high variability of the mtDNA CR (119 parsimony informative sites and an average of approximately 5.3 fixed positions for each cluster of sequences) complicate the set-up of the methodology. Furthermore, we also highlighted the importance of analyzing several individuals, and if possible, representing the full range of the species' distribution, to increase the validity of the method . The methodology described here has an immediate application for the conservation of Thunnus species and, particularly, the Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, which is being subjected to widespread overfishing and illegal trade .
Materials and Methods
Genetic marker validation
We validated the genetic methodology that is most appropriate for Thunnus species identification by testing three different genetic markers: mitochondrial control region (mtDNA CR), mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and the nuclear Internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal RNA (ITS1). All three of these genetic markers have been used in previous studies, to study the phylogenetic relationships of tuna species belonging to the genus Thunnus , , . See Table 1 for a summary of samples used in the validation methodology.
Source of sequences
The mitochondrial control region data set was comprised of 42 sequences that included the eight recognized species of Thunnus. In all possible cases sequences were extracted from population-based studies where hundreds of individuals from all ranges of the species' distribution were analyzed. Only a few representative individuals were included to not collapse the phylogenetic analysis. Thus, the 5 individuals of T. albacares were extracted from the population-based study by Ely et al. (Genbank Accession number AY899520–AY899524), the four sequences of T. obesus were extracted from the study by Martinez et al. (Genbank Accession number DQ126342–DQ126345) and the four T. alalunga sequences were from the study by Viñas et al. (Genbank Accession number DQ126342–DQ126345). The 16 T. thynnus sequences were extracted from the study by Alvarado Bremer et al. . Of these, six sequences had the real phylogenetic signal of the T. thynnus (Genbank Accession number AY650409–AY650414), five were albacore-like T. thynnus (from NBTAα1 to NBTAα5) (Genbank Accession number AY650737, AY650494, AY699944, AY650619, AY650594) and five were Pacific-like T. thynnus (from NBTAφ1 to NBTAφ5) (Genbank Accession number DQ087593, DQ087541, AY650425, AF390425, AF390384). In the case of T. orientalis, two of the T. orientalis (Tori1 and Tori2) individuals were newly sequenced since comparison with the sequences of the study by Alvarado Bremer et al. gave inconsistent results; the third T. orientalis (Tori3) (Genbank Accession number AB185022) individual was obtained from the complete mitochondrial sequence of the study by Takashima et al. . Furthermore, the T. orientalis mtDNA CR data set was complemented with two sequences of the introgressed mtDNA, Atlantic-like T. orientalis (NBTPφ1 and NBTPφ2) . Finally, T. atlanticus (n = 5), T. tonggol (n = 2) and T. maccoyii (n = 3) sequences were obtained from the phylogenetic study by Alvarado Bremer et al. .
For the Cytochrome Oxidase I mitochondrial gene (COI) 49 sequences were used that included the eight recognized Thunnus species. Sequences of T. maccoyii (n = 5) (Genbank Accession number DQ107637–DQ107641), T. obesus (n = 5) (Genbank Accession number DQ107629–DQ107630, DQ107642–DQ107644), T. albacares (n = 5) (Genbank Accession number DQ107648–DQ107652), T. tonggol (n = 5) (Genbank Accession number DQ107632–DQ107636) and T. atlanticus (n = 4) (Genbank Accession number DQ107582–DQ107584, DQ107588) were obtained from the study by Ward et al. . For T. alalunga, four sequences of the study by Ward et al. (Genbank Accession number DQ107645–DQ107647, DQ107658) were complemented with two newly sequenced individuals (Tala1 and Tala2) (Genbank Accession number GQ414565, GQ414571). These same individuals were also included in the mtDNA CR data set. Similarly, five T. orientalis sequences from the study by Ward et al. (Genbank Accession number DQ107590–DQ107592, DQ107631, DQ107581) were complemented with the sequences of COI of the same individuals that were also included in the mtDNA CR data set (Tori1 and Tori2) (Genbank Accession number GQ414564–GQ414570), plus the sequence obtained from the complete mitochondrial sequence of the study by Takashima et al. (Tori3) (Genbank Accession number AB185022). Finally, the T. thynnus data set was comprised of four sequences from the study by Ward et al. (Genbank Accession number DQ107585–DQ107587, DQ107589), two newly sequenced individuals that were identified as T. thynnus (Thty1 and Tthy2) (Genbank Accession number GQ414568, GQ414569) with the mtDNA CR, the sequences of two individuals with mtDNA similar to albacore, albacore-like T. thynnus (NBTAα1 and NBTAα2) (Genbank Accession number GQ414567, GQ414572), and two individuals with mtDNA similar to T. orientalis, Pacific-like T. thynnus (NBTAφ1 and NBTAφ2) (Genbank Accession number GQ414570, GQ414573) .
The nuclear segment ITS1 data set was comprised of 60 sequences. The sequences of T. maccoyii (n = 4) (Genbank Accession number AB127399, AB212013–AB212015), T. obesus (n = 12) (Genbank Accession number AB127398, AB212016–AB212026), T. albacares (n = 13) (Genbank Accession number AB127395, AB212027–AB212038), T. tonggol (n = 2) (Genbank Accession number AB127396–AB212039) and T. atlanticus (n = 3) (Genbank Accession number AB127397, AB212040–AB212041) were obtained from the study by Chow et al. . In addition, the nine T. alalunga sequences from the same study (Genbank Accession number AB127402, AB211999–AB212006) were complemented with two new sequences of the same two individuals used for the mtDNA markers (Tala1 and Tala2) (Genbank Accession number GQ414556, GQ414557). In addition, the two T. orientalis sequences from the same study (Genbank Accession number AB127400, AB212007) were also complemented with the sequences of the two T. orientalis individuals (Tori1 and Tori2) (Genbank Accession number GQ414558, GQ414559). Similarly, the T. thynnus data set consisted of five sequences of the study by Chow et al. (Genbank Accession number AB127401, AB212009–AB212012) in addition to two new sequences with the “real” T. thynnus mtDNA phylogenetic signal already included in both mtDNA markers (Tthy1 and Tthy2) (Genbank Accession number GQ414554, GQ414561), and the sequences of two individuals with the alalunga-like mtDNA phylogenetic signal (NBTAα1 and NBTAα2) (Genbank Accession number GQ414560, GQ414555) and two individuals with the Pacific-like mtDNA (NBTAφ1 and NBTAφ2) (Genbank Accession number GQ414562, GQ414563).
We collected three samples of tuna from a restaurant (S1 to S3 – Table 2) and 23 from markets (S4 to S26 - Table 2) in Tokyo during March and June 2008. Information on the labels was recorded, and samples were preserved in 96% alcohol until analyzed in the laboratory. Methods for DNA extraction followed the protocol described in Viñas et al. . Briefly, total genomic DNA was isolated from each specimen from a small piece of tissue (approximately 100 mg). Tissue was digested overnight at 37°C in a 1.5 ml micro centrifuge tube containing 600 µl of TENS buffer (0.05 M Tris-HCl pH 8; 0.1 M EDTA; 5 M NaCl and 5 M SDS) and 20 µl of Proteinase K (10 mg/ml). Total DNA was extracted with two washes of phenol and one of chloroform isoamyl (24:1) followed by ethanol precipitation. Finally, the DNA was resuspended with 100 µl of deionized water.
PCR and sequencing of mtDNA control region, mtDNA cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) and ITS1 nuclear marker
For the mtDNA CR approximately 450 base pairs (bp) of the first (left) domain of the mitochondrial control region was obtained using the primer combination of L15998 (5′-TAC CCC AAA CTC CCA AAG CTA-3′), with e H-strand primer CSBDH (5′-TgA ATT AGG AAC CAG ATG CCA G-3′) . The amplification was carried out in 25 µl volumes using approximately 50 ng (0.5 µl) of the isolated DNA as a template. In addition, each PCR reaction contained 1X Taq DNA polymerase buffer (supplied by the respective Taq DNA polymerase manufacturer), 1.5–2 mM of MgCl2, 200 mM of each dNTP, 10 pMols of each primer and 0.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Platinum Taq DNA polymerase, Invitrogen). Thermal cycles involved an initial denaturing step of 5 min at 94°C, followed by 35 cycles of denaturing at 94°C for 45 s, annealing at 50°C for 45 s and extension at 72°C for 1 min. Negative controls were included in all PCR runs to ascertain that no cross-contamination took place. Double-stranded products were checked in agarose gel electrophoresis and purified with the Qiaquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and subsequently sequenced with the ABI PRISM BigDye3.1 Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturer's recommendations. Finally, sequences were read by an ABI Prism ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Cytochrome oxidase 1 sequences were obtained using the primer combination of universal primers FishF1-5′ TCA ACC AAC CAC AAA GAC ATT GGC AC-3′ and FishR1-5′ TAG ACT TCT GGG TGG CCA AAG AAT CA.-3′ described in Ward et al., (2005) with the same PCR profiles and sequencing procedures as described above. Nuclear ITS1 sequences were obtained following the protocol described in Chow et al. using the primer combination of ITS1-F-5′ TCC GTA GGT GAA ACC TGC GG-3′ with the ITS1-R-5′-CGC TGC GTT CTT CAT CG-3′ using the same reactive described above. PCR profiles consisted of an initial denaturing step of 5 min at 94°C, followed by 35 cycles of touchdown PCR with a denaturing at 95°C for 1 min and initial annealing step of 10 cycles for 1 min at 65°C with a decrease of 1°C/cycle followed by 25 cycles of 55°C and an extension at 72°C for 1 min with a final extension for 10 min at 72°C. The sequencing procedure followed the one described above, but in this case all individuals were sequenced for both strands.
For each genetic marker the sequences obtained were optimized by eye in BIOEDIT in alignment with the orthologous sequences described in the previous section. Intraspecific genetic variability was estimated by nucleotide diversity (π) in MEGA version 4 using the Kimura 2-parameter distance . Phylogenetic relatedness among sequences was reconstructed in MEGA version 4, with neighbor-joining using the Kimura 2-parameter distance. All positions containing alignment gaps and missing data were eliminated only in pairwise sequence comparisons (Pairwise deletion option). Evaluation of statistical confidence in nodes was based on 1,000 non-parametric bootstrap replicates .
We thank Eszter Z. Hidas for comments on this manuscript, and Mr Guillermo Gómez for providing samples of T. orientalis from the California fishery. We also appreciate the suggestion made by the Associate Editor, Manfred Kayser, and three reviewers to improve previous versions of this manuscript.
Conceived and designed the experiments: JV ST. Performed the experiments: JV. Analyzed the data: JV. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JV ST. Wrote the paper: JV ST.
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- 45. Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791. | <urn:uuid:6f43f21d-2ca3-4f7f-817f-7eba523874be> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://journals.plos.org/ploscollections/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007606 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645366585.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031606-00269-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875864 | 9,526 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Flashcards in Lecture 14 Deck (73)
___________ is responsible for producing iridescent coloring.
• White light hits the surface at an angle and is partially _______
Some light enters the wax/covering and is _______, then
_______ by the boundary at the bottom wax layer, and _________
again as it exits the layer
refracted, reflected, refracted
In birds, why do some appear to be very shimmery and color changing?
Primary and secondary
reflections will be in phase
for certain colors and out
of phase for others
resulting in the
appearance of very
shimmery changing colors
What are iridescent feathers?
coloring is produced by the
structure of the feathers
• … • Damage to feather structure
results in decrease of iridescence
• Small particles with a different________ ______ from the general
medium can cause some wavelengths to scatter
What causes light scattering in animals.?
Animal’s surface is coated with transparent material that contains
a matrix of tiny dense particles considerably smaller than 300 nm
• Underneath this surface is a layer of melanin
Tiny air pockets in the bards of feathers causes what?
scattering of incoming light, resulting in a specific non iridescent color.
Blue is always produced in this manner.
Placing a thin yellow carotenoid layer above this
arrangement, violet and blue wavelengths are
absorbed and _______ is the only wavelength
How is white coloring made?
produced by scattering particles that
are larger than wavelengths of light
(resulting in multiple wavelengths
being reflected = white)
T/F: Pigment, scattering and interference produced coloring cannot be changed quickly
What is the purpose of badges?
used to communicate
information and are very noticeable | <urn:uuid:0cfbe831-1f10-442b-99dd-2a7688f58a94> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/lecture-14-5513645/packs/8071170?page=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487608856.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613131257-20210613161257-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.850086 | 380 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Despite being 10,000 miles from their native land of Australia, a group of wallabies has made Lambay Island home for the last 25 years.
In the 1980s, Dublin Zoo had a sudden and uncontrollable rise in wallaby reproduction. As the kangaroo-like creatures filled their area to capacity, zoo officials were grasping at straws as to where to relocate the growing family of wallabies. Armed with a plan to move them to the wild, the zoo took a group to Lambay Island just off the coast of Ireland, and a little less than an hour from Dublin.
Since their big move the wallaby population has thrived on the small island, and has grown in size since first introduced. Given their breeding habits, it is likely that the island will host a sizable population in the near future. | <urn:uuid:4fc4b9cf-b1eb-4b5f-89a0-a4f4f6312a75> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/lambay-island | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462313.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00153-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982103 | 167 | 2.9375 | 3 |
I rather liked the distorted effect given through the old glass window of Chatsworth House looking out into Chatsworth Park. Hope you do too.
Though crown glass (the kind with a bullseye centre) was made up to the 1850s, it could not supply the need for bigger panes created by a growing population. The glass that could was cylinder glass (also called broad glass or sheet glass), and it dominated this industry for the rest of the century.
To make cylinder glass, the glassworker blew a large tube of glass. After cracking off the blowpipe, the glassworker cut off the ends and slit the tube down one side. From here these shawls were transferred to a special oven where they could wilt and unfold into a flat sheet.
By the 1870s, glass manufacturers were adding pits dug deep in the floor of the glass factory to allow blowers to swing the glass as they blew. The resulting cylinders were up to 18 inches in diameter and a remarkable 7 feet in length.
Two decades later, some manufacturers had mechanized the steps with cranes and compressed air. These cylinders made possible by the Lubbers process - the last before the switch to drawn-sheet glass manufacturing in this century - were several feet in diameter.
You can determine whether you have crown or cylinder glass simply by eye and feel. In crown glass, the spinning process leaves subtle curved swirls or ripples in the panes that appear when you look obliquely at the glass. In cylinder glass there are faint parallel ripples - the clash between the different inner and outer circumferences of the cylinder as the shawl is unfolded.
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KristinsCamera (2373) 2014-01-13 20:24
i love this shot, marion, and am surprised i'm the first to comment on it.
your note is very interesting, especially just now that i've had all the windows in my 100-year-old house cleaned for the first time in many years, i suspect (i've only been here a year.) we love the way the sun coming through the old glass makes ripple patters on the walls, and so your photograph is especially pleasing to me. it has all the appearances of a water color illustration, almost magical. nice one, marion! | <urn:uuid:50ed1ed2-a26b-4679-9b92-c294ace0ff79> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Derbyshire/Chatsworth_House/photo1447871.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676092.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00178-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963283 | 475 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Avoiding Plagiarism When Building Your Own Website:
A Guide to Citing Electronic Sources
Most of us have heard the term “plagiarism” and understand both the meaning and the consequences of committing plagiarism. To plagiarize as defined by Merriam-Webster is “to use (another's production) without crediting the source, to commit literary theft, to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own original material, and to present existing material as new and original an idea or product derived from a source.” If a student is caught plagiarizing serious consequences can occur. Students will fail the course, depending on severity of the crime, they can be suspended or expelled from school with their academic record marked. Students caught plagiarizing may not be able to get in graduate school. Professionals on the other hand can face much more serious consequences, in some cases they may face serious fines and possibly even jail time.
While most people understand how serious of an offense it is, not everyone does so it is very important to understand the consequences of plagiarism and how easy it is to avoid it by citing your sources. It is important to note that there are many websites that are guilty of committing plagiarism. When researching try to use respected authoritative sources of work and sites that end in .gov, .edu, .org. However, on the other end of the spectrum you will find sites that offer plagiarized content to use as your own work. These are known as “plagiarism mills”. Plagairism.com references a survey by Education Week that found “that 54% of students admitted to plagiarizing from the internet; 74% of students admitted that at least once during the past school year they had engaged in "serious" cheating…” To combat this an increasing number of schools and even some companies are requiring written works to be turned in plagiarism detection websites like turnitin.com.
Below you find links to help you better understand plagiarism and how to cite your sources. You will also find information on the different style guides, how they are used and what they are used for. Under each of the style guides you will also find examples of each of them to give you a clear understanding of how and when to use the style guide of your choice.
Plagiarism and Citation
As noted above, plagiarism in its simplest form is theft whether it is done intentionally or unintentionally. In some cases it is considered a crime and severe consequences can follow. Citing a source should always be done and if you ever wonder whether or not you should cite, cite your source. It's easier to do when the information is in front of you than going back later and having to sift through all the information again.
How to Cite Your Sources
Citation is the act of referencing a source, letting your readers know that the idea and written work is someone else’s. It is giving credit where it is due. It is also fairly easy to do. When citing online sources you will need to make sure the work is quoted. You will want to make sure that what you are citing is easily found by putting in the author’s or website’s name, adding a direct link to the work and even giving a little information about the site/author you are citing from. You can also add at the end of your written work a separate reference page with the name of the author, date, title of article and a direct link. Be sure to put the date into parentheses and note in block quotes what type of reference it is.
Specific Citation Styles:
APA - stands for American Psychological Association, which developed a specific scientific way of writing. It is considered to be straightforward writing for the behavioral and social sciences. It focuses on the clear and concise use of punctuation, abbreviations, citation and presentation of statistics.
MLA - (Modern Language Association) is the documentation developed for humanities with an emphasis on language and literature. MLA focuses on text citation in parentheses and works cited page in alphabetical order.
AMA - (American Medical Association) is the predominantly used for those in the medicine, heath and biological sciences. It focuses on citation at the end of the paper, which is in the same order as seen in the paper.
Turabian - style citation was developed as a complement to Chicago style citation and is used predominantly by college students who are required by their professors. Turabian focuses on end notes and a bibliography.
Chicago - (Chicago Manual Style) is used by authors, in academia, online publications and published works such as magazines. It allows for the seamless use of a mixed style of citation. In-text and footnotes are both allowed. | <urn:uuid:6eae3b9b-f1e6-4e71-8a23-e2e345ff52ba> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.ebizwebpages.com/avoiding-plagiarism-guide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701806508/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105646-00085-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955798 | 984 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A human society is a collection of individuals who promise each other basic safety, freedom from fear, and who recognise their mutual dependence.
The essential promise at the heart of a society is the guaranteed provision of basic life sustaining services to everyone, unconditionally: Universal Services.
Those Universal Services are provided to the best of the society’s ability and capacity, and include:
- Legal Services
No one has to use the services, indeed many will not. They are there to provide a floor, to ensure access to a basic life.
Start with imagining an easy example: what if everyone has a free local bus pass?
Or free basic Internet access?
See UBS website for more details.
Reducing the cost of a basic life to zero money is the key to our sustainable future. | <urn:uuid:f28e30ac-e53c-4fa4-95ec-462551e6d6b7> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://properchange.org/2015/12/17/ubs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337723.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006025949-20221006055949-00648.warc.gz | en | 0.901389 | 184 | 3.03125 | 3 |
These days, fewer Americans grow up surrounded by extended family and friends. Thus, their contact with death and with the long-standing tradition of attending the funeral services of loved ones has been dramatically reduced. When death does occur, many people have little, if any preparation toward accepting it.
Overall, grieving is less ritualized today than it used to be, both during the funeral service and in everyday life. However, grieving is still a very important part of dealing with any type of loss, but especially the loss of a loved one.
Emotions caused by the death of a loved one are very powerful. If these emotions are not faced, experienced and dealt with, they may become a destructive force in a person’s life.
On the other hand, grief should not be indulged in to the exclusion of all other emotions. Avoiding sadness is not healthy, but you should also incorporate some celebration of the joy of this person’s life through the funeral service or in other types of commemoration.
Often, those who are busiest handling all the details at the time of death are the ones who do not take time to grieve and to say goodbye. Then, this grief often manifests itself later as illness or depression.
There appear to be three generally recognizable stages of grief that a person encounters after a loss. The first stage is shock and denial. The second is anger and depression. And the final stage is understanding and acceptance.
The numbness that many people experience following the loss of a loved one is created by the shock and denial one feels when first facing the news of a death. A sense of unreality may prevent tears and other outward forms of expression that we expect with grief.
Tears and anger often begin as a person reaches the second stage of grief. The loss now seems real and it is painful. Grief begins to affect you physically as well as emotionally. You may feel a loss of appetite, an inability to sleep, upset stomach and other physical reactions. These are all normal reactions that need to be addressed; however, turning to alcohol or drugs only makes the pain more difficult and prolonged.
The third and final stage of grief is understanding and acceptance. While no one can ever fully understand the loss of a loved one, reconciling ourselves to that loss is a necessary part of recovery. Facing and accepting the loss of a loved one many also help us come to terms with our own sense of mortality.
By living one day at a time and taking positive steps each day to reach the goal of reconciliation, you’ll find you are beginning to cope again. Your active participation in this process will speed the time of healing.
Suggested positive steps toward healing may include keeping up with friendships and attending support groups or related church activities. Also, take time to exercise, eat healthy and continue to participate in hobbies and interests once enjoyed. You might want to consider pursuing new hobbies, activities and friendships also as ways to start “living” again. | <urn:uuid:7edeeb25-5695-468c-a9a5-9f00d3a64036> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.cozine.com/dealing-with-grief | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923165408-20210923195408-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.966764 | 609 | 3.15625 | 3 |
There are many theories about Partition: relating to the fundamental questions of ‘Why?’ ‘Who?’ and ‘When?”.
Official histories of Pakistan subscribe to the ‘two nations’ theory and argue that the Pakistani nation was the inevitable crystallization of the desire of the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent to remain a distinctive community, separate from the Hindu population around them. A characteristic and particularly passionate articulation of this theory is to be found in Aitzaz Ahsan’s The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan. According to Ahsan, the Indian subcontinent is made up of two civilizations, Indus and Indic (or Gangetic), and ‘Indus has been one large, independent, politico-economic zone for the past countless centuries (…) [It has had] a rich and glorious cultural heritage of its own (…) [and is] a distinct and separate nation’.
Completely differently, the community of historians belonging to the main current of Indian nationalism blamed Imperialism for tearing the two communities apart, disrupting the bonds that had joined them together for centuries. According to this perspective, the Partition of the Indian subcontinent was the logical conclusion of the ‘divide and rule’ policy of the British by which they had insidiously played off the Hindus against the Muslims in India. According to some of India’s most notable historians (including A.K. Banerjee, Sumit Sarkar and Bipan Chandra ), this was a political strategy that the British had hit upon from the time of the Partition of Bengal in 1905 and had pursued with a single-minded zeal ever since. However, it is important to note that while both these theories, propounded as part and parcel of the ideology of post-colonial nation states, have had wide popular support, neither of them can provide an adequate explanation of the central event of the Partition in modern South Asian history. Many British observers, of course, saw the whole thing quite differently. British imperialists in particular prided themselves on their fostering of the unity of India during British rule, and blamed primordial divisions among the Indians themselves for the division and bloodshed that marked the last days of the empire.
Intimately related to the issue of why the Partition happened is the question of who was (or were) responsible for it. And among the most prominent Indian leaders of the time, more often than not, the finger is usually pointed at Mohammad Ali Jinnah. In India, he is seen not as the father of Pakistan but as a collaborator of the Raj; a man who, in his capacity as the leader of the All India Muslim League, precipitated the division of India by being willing to accept nothing short of a sovereign state for the Muslims in the subcontinent in the final negotiations with the British that led to the transfer of power in 1947. Rather differently, Pakistani historian Ayesha Jalal, in a pioneering study of the statesman , has proposed a counter-thesis to this notion by saying that the Partition was forced upon Jinnah by the Congress High Command in the penultimate phase of the British rule in India. According to her, the actual reason behind the Partition was not the scheme of the British but the constitutional tussle for greater representational power in the government that had gone on for close to four decades, between the Congress and the Muslim League.
Yet, the man who remains the most controversial figure of that epochal time on the subcontinent is not any Indian leader, but the British Viceroy himself, Lord Louis Mountbatten. From Alan Campbell-Johnson in the early 1950s and Philip Zeigler in the mid-1980s, down to Stanley Wolpert in 2006, Mountbatten continues to interest and intrigue historians (mostly British). However, over the past six decades, his reputation has suffered, a change that is reflected in the very titles of his biographies/portraits – from Alan Campbell-Johnson’s very earnest Mission with Mountbatten to Andrew Roberts’ sarcastic Lord Mountbatten and the Perils of Adrenalin.
The most recent attack on Mountbatten has been mounted by Sir Stanley Wolpert in Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India, where he declares:
“If for no other reason than to counter the many laudatory, fawning accounts of Lord Mountbatten’s ‘splendid’, “historically unique’, ‘brilliant and wonderful’ viceroyalty that have for more than half a century filled shelves of Partition literature and Mountbatten hagiography, I feel justified in adding my Shameful Flight to history’s list of the British Raj’s last years. [For among all the important players of that time] none (…) played as tragic or central a role as did Mountbatten.”
Yet another theory, advanced with great persuasion by Narendra Singh Sarila (who was ADC to Lord Mountbatten), claims that there was a crucial link between India’s Partition and British fears about the USSR gaining control of the oil fields of the Middle East. In other words, it was important to partition India to safeguard and consolidate British strategic interests in the Middle East. According to this theory, once the British leaders realized that the Indian nationalists (i.e. the Congress) would not join them to play the Great Game against the Soviet Union, they settled for those willing to do so (i.e. the Muslim League). In the process, they did not hesitate to use the Muslims of India as a political tool to fulfil their objectives.
The British historian, Nicholas Mansergh, interestingly has an entirely different take on the whole issue of the Partition. He is of the opinion that it was not so much the complexity of the communal situation as the nature of the political relations then existent in India that caused the catastrophe of 1947. To quote him:
“The more important of those [political] relations were without exception triangular. There were the three principal communities, the Hindus, the Muslims and the Sikhs, in descending order of magnitude; there were the three political groups, the princes, the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress in ascending order of importance; and there were the three arbiters of national destiny, the British, the Congress and the League. In each triangle there was the predisposition – it is almost a law of politics – of the lesser to combine against the greatest.”
It is interesting to note that not only is there disagreement about who or what was responsible for the Partition, there are also differences among historians as to when it all started – the journey towards Partition – and which province (i.e. Punjab or Bengal) played the more decisive role in the enfolding drama.
According to David Page, in Prelude to Partition: The Indian Muslims and the Imperial System of Control 1920-1932, the 1920s were a crucial period in the shaping of the subcontinent, in preparing the ground for the emergence of Pakistan and in casting the character of Indian nationalism. Page is of the opinion that a study of colonial strategy and structures at this time helps to explain how the building blocks of Pakistan were put in place, how it became possible for the various Muslim communities situated in different parts of India to see it as a common goal; and to understand the kind of contradictions involved during the Pakistan movement. The most startling proposition made in this book is, however, the argument that the development of representative institutions at this time (which provided first partial and later substantial provincial autonomy) should not be seen simply as concessions by the Raj to Indian nationalism but rather as a means of offsetting the nationalist challenge and the perpetuation of Imperial control.
Anita Inder Singh in The Origins of the Partition of India 1936-1947 puts forward the thesis that:
“1936 is a useful starting point [to discuss the Partition of India] as it furnishes the immediate background to the coalition controversy between the Congress and the League in UP in 1937, regarded by many as a milestone on the road to partition.”
While Singh concedes that the Muslim League’s demand for a sovereign Muslim state at its Lahore session in March 1940 was a great leap forward for the Pakistan cause, she argues that the most decisive step taken in this direction was the League’s election campaign in the Punjab and its attempt to gain power in that province between 1944-47. She is of the opinion that unlike Bengal (where the League ministry had already been able to cultivate grass-roots support during the Second World War), the greatest electoral battles of the mid-1940s were fought in the Punjab, because ‘the possibility of an inter communal coalition in the Punjab posed the greatest threat, in the eyes of the League, to the emergence of Pakistan’.
On a different note, Joya Chatterji, in her book Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition 1932-1947, focuses her research on the political scenario in Bengal, and identifies the 1930s as the decade when the communalization of politics reached a new high in the province. Chatterji shows clearly how the prospect of a permanent subordination to a Muslim majority converted many Hindus to the idea that Bengal must be partitioned, and that Nehru and Patel in opting for a truncated Pakistan had the strong support of the provincial Congress in Bengal. Overturning popular notions about the state of Bengal politics at this time, Chatterji argues:
“Bengalis were not passive bystanders in the politics of their province; nor were they victims of circumstances entirely out of their control, forced reluctantly to accept the division of their ‘motherland’. On the contrary, a large number of Hindus of Bengal, backed up by the provincial branches of the Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha, campaigned intensively in 1947 for the partition of Bengal and for the creation of a separate Hindu province that would remain inside an Indian union.”
It may be noted here that Bengal Divided was part of a new trend in partition studies (since the 1980s) which focused on regional instead of national politics; and where the primacy of all-India perspectives was replaced by a new importance given to regional and provincial contexts. As Chatterji succinctly puts it in her ‘Introduction’:
“This is not an argument that the determination of Bengali Hindus to see their province partitioned explains the decision to partition India. It suggests instead that the study of a provincial separatist demand may enrich our understanding of Partition, providing the subtext to a story too often reduced to an account of the priorities of statesmen in Delhi and London.”
All these diverse viewpoints notwithstanding, it is an indubitable truth that the Partition of the Indian subcontinent, apart from being tragic, was also profoundly ironic as none of the three major players got what they wanted. Shorn off eastern Punjab and western Bengal (including Calcutta), Jinnah only got the ‘maimed, mutilated and moth-eaten’ Pakistan which he had rejected out of hand in 1944 and then again in 1946. For the Congress, the final release from the British Empire came ‘only by compromising on the two main principles of the Indian nationalist creed since the late 1920s – unity and full independence.’ For not only was India partitioned when she finally gained her freedom (entailing a total reversal of all that the Indian National Congress had stood for), but her leaders also accepted ‘Dominion Status’ rather than the full independence to which they had been committed since the adoption of the ‘Purna Swaraj’ resolution at Lahore in 1929.
On their part, the British had definitely not envisaged the bloody transfer of power that eventually took place. The Partition of India was patently not in their interest, and neither the Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten nor the then Prime Minister, Clement Atlee, were in favour of it. However, when it became clear to them that Partition was inevitable, the British, confident about the strength of their administration in India, decided on an organized operation. This was a most deplorable lack of foresight on their part, for they did not take into consideration the primordial communal passions that would be (and came to be) involved in forcibly uprooting people from the land they had been attached to for generations, and it was too late when they realized that the drawing of arbitrary borders was much more than an administrative exercise. Consequently, they witnessed a complete breakdown of their own administration with most British officers of the British Indian Army and the Indian Civil Service having already left or in the process of leaving India, the Indian officers leaving their ranks (and sometimes joining the communal forces); and above all, the mass frenzy of the common populace, sworn to wreak havoc on each other. It brings to mind the very ironic words that Shahid Hamid (in Disastrous Twilight) quotes an unknown British Magistrate as saying: ‘The British are a just people. They have left India in exactly the same state of chaos as they found it.’ Indeed, if the possession of India was the crowning glory of the British Empire, the Indian dominions ‘the jewel in the crown’, then the relinquishing of this empire, the way that the power was transferred from British to Indian hands in 1947, represented the crowning failure of that most steadfast pillar of the British Empire – its administration. | <urn:uuid:7b010245-a72c-4fe8-b404-535df8dd53b5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://kolkata-partition-museum.org/history-capsule-theories-of-partition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474686.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227184934-20240227214934-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.967345 | 2,802 | 4.125 | 4 |
Many antiquities scholars think that the New Testament gospels are “mythologized history.” They think that around the start of the first century a controversial Jewish rabbi named Yeshua ben Yosef gathered a following and his life and teachings provided the seeds that eventually grew into Christianity.
However other scholars believe that the gospel stories are actually “historicized mythology.” In this view, those ancient mythic templates are themselves the kernel. They got filled in with names, places and other real world details as early sects of Jesus worship attempted to understand and defend the devotional traditions they had received.
Naturally, the notion that Jesus never existed is a minority position. For centuries all serious scholars of Christianity were themselves Christians, and modern secular scholars rely heavily on the groundwork that they laid in collecting, preserving, and analyzing ancient texts. Even today most secular scholars come out of a religious background, and many operate by default under the historical presumptions of their former faith.
The arguments on both sides of this question, mythologized history or historicized mythology, fill volumes, and if anything the debate seems to be heating up rather than resolving. A growing number of scholars are openly questioning or actively arguing against Jesus’ historicity. Many people, both Christian and not, find it surprising that this debate even exists, that credible scholars might think Jesus never actually existed, here are some of the key points that keep the doubts alive:
No first century secular evidence whatsoever exists to support the existence of Yeshua ben Yosef. In the words of Bart Ehrman:
“What sorts of things do pagan authors from the time of Jesus have to say about him? Nothing. As odd as it may seem, there is no mention of Jesus at all by any of his pagan contemporaries. There are no birth records, no trial transcripts, no death certificates; there are no expressions of interest, no heated slanders, no passing references – nothing. In fact, if we broaden our field of concern to the years after his death – even if we include the entire first century of the Common Era – there is not so much as a solitary reference to Jesus in any non-Christian, non-Jewish source of any kind. I should stress that we do have a large number of documents from the time – the writings of poets, philosophers, historians, scientists, and government officials, for example, not to mention the large collection of surviving inscriptions on stone and private letters and legal documents on papyrus. In none of this vast array of surviving writings is Jesus’ name ever so much as mentioned.” (pp. 56-57)
The earliest New Testament writers seem ignorant of the details of Jesus’ life, which become more crystalized in later texts. Paul seems unaware of any virgin birth, for example. No wise men, no star in the east, no miracles. Historians have long puzzled over the “Silence of Paul” on the most basic biographical facts and teachings of Jesus. Paul fails to cite Jesus’ authority precisely when it would make his case. What’s more, he never calls the twelve apostles Jesus’ disciples; in fact, he never says Jesus HAD disciples or a ministry, or did miracles, or gave teachings. He virtually refuses to disclose any other biographical detail, and the few cryptic hints he offers aren’t just vague, but contradict the gospels. The leaders of the early Christian movement in Jerusalem like Peter and James are supposedly Jesus’ own followers and family but Paul dismisses them as nobodies and repeatedly opposes them for not being true Christians.
Even the New Testament stories don’t claim to be first-hand accounts. We now know that the four gospels were assigned the names of the apostles Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, not actually written by them. To make matter even sketchier, the name designations happened sometime in second century, around 100 years or more after Christianity supposedly began. For a variety of reasons, the practice of pseudonymous writing was common at the time and many contemporary documents are “signed” by famous figures. The same is true of the New Testament epistles; except for a handful of letters from Paul (6 out of the 13) which are broadly thought to be genuine. But even the gospel stories never actually say, “I was there.” Rather, they claim the existence of other witnesses, a phenomenon familiar to anyone who has heard the phrase, my aunt knew someone who . . .
The gospels, the only accounts of a historical Jesus, contradict each other.If you think you know the Jesus story pretty well, I suggest that you pause at this point to test yourself with the 20 question quiz at ExChristian.net.
The gospel of Mark is thought to be the earliest existing “life of Jesus,” and linguistic analysis suggests that Luke and Matthew both simply reworked Mark and added new material. But they contradict each other and, to an even greater degree contradict the much later gospel of John, because they were written with different objectives for different audiences in mind. The incompatible Easter stories offer one example of how much the stories disagree with one another.
Modern scholars who claim to have uncovered the real historical Jesus depict wildly different people. They include a cynic philosopher, charismatic Hasid, liberal Pharisee, conservative rabbi, a Zealot revolutionary, and a nonviolent pacifist to name a few. A historical Jesus (if there was one) might well have been one or many of those things but he could not very well have been all of them at the same time. John Dominic Crossan of the Jesus Seminar grumbles that “the stunning diversity is an academic embarrassment.”
Jesus appears to be an effect, not a cause, of Christianity. Paul and the rest of the first generation of Christians searched the Septuagint translation of Hebrew scriptures to create a Mystery Faith for the Jews, complete with pagan rituals like a Lord’s Supper, Gnostic terms in his letters, and a personal savior god to rival those in their neighbors’ longstanding Egyptian, Persian, Hellenistic and Roman traditions.
We may never know for certain what put Christian history in motion. Only time (or perhaps time travel) will tell. | <urn:uuid:c28e2710-33c8-45b6-9c94-b9138be6b367> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://jeremydium.com/2014/10/08/mything-in-action/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703511903.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117081748-20210117111748-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.959443 | 1,288 | 2.859375 | 3 |
"The webcast of HD Earth video feed is also on space.com and will be accompanied by other live space broadcasts."
Washington, May 8 - Everyone has dreamt of looking at the 'Blue Plant' from up there. Now you can watch earth live - as viewed from space.
NASA is now live-streaming views of earth from space captured by four commercial high-definition video cameras that were installed on the exterior of the International Space Station last month.
If you find the screen black, do not worry - the space station is likely just on the earth's night side.
The station completes one orbit every 90 minutes, so you will not have to wait too long.
The cameras are enclosed in a temperature-specific housing and are exposed to the harsh radiation of space, NASA officials said in a statement.
Analysis of the effect of space on the video quality, over the time HDEV is operational, may help engineers decide which cameras are the best types to use on future missions, the statement read.
The webcast of HD Earth video feed is also on space.com and will be accompanied by other live space broadcasts.
The live HD views of earth from space can be accessed at http://www.ustream.tv/channel/iss-hdev-payload. | <urn:uuid:9e148691-cd73-444d-8bbd-0b498eb49996> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.nerve.in/news:2535002372695 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660208.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00121-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945382 | 265 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The essay should be a close reading of part of a poem
from the syllabus. Practice the skills of representation,
interpretation or commentary and analysis.
Make sure you provide a summary of what the whole poem is about, and then focus
your essay on a particular aspect of the poem or excerpt that you deem
significant. Also, be clear and specific in your references to the poem.
Some ideas to consider:
These ideas should be suggestive, but you are not limited to them.
Analyze a particularly complex metaphor in one of Donne's poems.
Examine the use of irony in any one of the poems.
How does the poet develop "voice" and "tone" in any one poem?
How is Charles I murdered twice in Philips' poem?
What does the symbol of the garden mean in Marvell's poem of that name?
Students will not be allowed to write on Donne's "Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" because we will
be doing a close reading of that poem as a class. One of the objectives of this exercise is for students
to demonstrate their ability to transfer the skills of reading poetry on their own.
Please consult the Sample papers from 3230 for some examples. | <urn:uuid:7179e06a-6d55-407b-b293-82862656d638> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~runge/3230_Essay1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826642.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023202120-20171023222120-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.932798 | 257 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Depression’s Main Types and Signs
Depression commonly entails the serious mood disorder and severe mood swings. Mood changes and swings commonly affects the way victims think and feel towards activities and how they handle and carry out activities. Depression is diagnosed mainly after a period of two weeks since many signs and symptoms are seen after this period.
Depression can result from a range of activities and circumstances in someone’s life. One of the most unique circumstances in depression is the persistent depressive disorder which lasts long for about two years. Within this time range, the symptoms of depression remain to be seen but they are not that severe. One of the most severe forms of depression is the postpartum depression.
This type of depression is more serious than the depression resulting after giving birth. Full brown depression is expected in the postpartum depression during the pregnancy and after delivering. Some of symptoms here include sadness, anxiety and exhaustion. This depression affects the new mother that she even finds it hard to take care of themselves and the young one.
Psychotic depression is another form of depression that results when there is an instance of depression mixed with instances of psychosis. Psychosis involves a disturbing moment of untrue views and beliefs. Hallucinations are common in psychotic depression where on hears untrue sounds and sees false images. Illness, delusions of poverty and guilt are a common psychotic signs.
Seasonal effective disorder is also a type of depression which is commonly characterized at the start of a depression onset like during the start of a winter season. However, the depression shifts during the summer and the spring seasons. What results in this form of depression include public withdrawal, long sleeping periods, weight gain and heavy feeding. Additionally, this form of depression is likely to return and happen every year especially when the seasons come.
A feeling of emptiness which results because of sadness and anxious mood is common in depression. A feeling of hopelessness, guilt and helplessness is also common. One is likely to find no interest and lack of pleasure in activities. Depression also may cause fatigue, and exhaustion and the victim is also likely to have low energy to do things.
Many depression victims find it hard to concentrate and remember whilst also facing major difficulty in decision making. Oversleeping is common in depression but some victims may have difficulties while sleeping. Depression can cause appetite shifts to low and high. Under, the most severe cases of depression, victims can have suicidal thoughts and some may even attempt suicide. It is common for depression victims to suffer from pains and aches like headaches. | <urn:uuid:c1a98d0b-1ee0-4ece-9cdc-880202247356> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://readvillage.com/2019/01/14/a-simple-plan-for-investigating-services/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621519.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615180356-20210615210356-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.956838 | 513 | 3.40625 | 3 |
What is Honey?
“What is honey?” is a question often asked; and the simple answer usually given is something like “It is a complicated Sugar that the honeybees make and store for food, made from plant nectar.”
In reality the answer is much more complex, as the Honeybee has had 100,000 years to develop the way in which the colonies of Honeybees find, select, process, refine and mature such a splendid golden liquid. Throughout the world honeybees have refined this process to an efficient mass production spectacle, that has ensured the Honeybee has spread throughout the world; and they still retain the secrets.
Simply; honey starts as plant nectar, from trees, flowers and sometimes insects; although the latter is usually in hotter climates; the bees are very selective in what the choose to use, and in some cases they will overlook suitable plants closer to the Apiary in favour of other varieties further away. Exactly why they do this, like so many other things in Beekeeping, is known only to the Bees!
Pollen is collected as protein for “bee food”, for all castes of bees and grubs; inevitably it finds its way into the honey within the hive and can add its own distinctive flavour, smell and taste to the honey; so different Colonies can have different Honeys even within the same Apiary.
Honey is made from complex sugars, the main sugars are Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose, the complexity of the sugars in the mixture and the enzymes secreted from the bees change the basic sugars and “Invert” them, this means they retain more moisture and tend not to crystallise.
However the exact balance of sugars the bees harvest continually changes, and the added pollen grains can cause natural “local” honey to sometimes have a granular texture or “Set” (Solidify), this is actually a sign the Honey has not been treated or pressure filtered to remove the pollen and other subtle components by heating the Honey.
Shop bought Honeys are heavily processed and blended to remove this characteristic, and this heavily effects the fragrance, texture and taste of the Honey; it can also adversely effect the enjoyment of what is actually one of the most wonderful foods this planet has to offer.
Honey is refined from the nectar by the bees introducing enzymes into the mixture and reducing the water content, the bees transfer the maturing honey into cells, and when the process is judged as complete by the skilled workers within the Hive, the cells are sealed by wax secreted by the bees.
Unfortunately they are in some parts of the world “Fake” honeys that have never been near a Bee, made from flavoured glucose and other ingredients; there are also polluted and disease carrying honeys from foreign parts; these are to be avoided as they are of no use to humans or bees!
Natural or Local Honeys have been shown to have beneficial effects for some conditions like Hay-fever, and have been used for 1000’s of years in medicines and as a food additive.
It is the only food produced on this planet by ANY organism; including humans, that can be consumed by every other living thing with no ill effects, quite something don’t you think?
There is a vast amount of information about Honey in books and on the Internet, a few examples are listed below; however if you are really interested in Honey and how its made you need to ask the experts! – WebBee
British Beekeepers Association – Honey
The National Honey show – The National Honey website
Cornwall Honey – How Bees make Honey
Different Types of Honey
Honey is a very complex mixture of Sugars and other compounds all manufactured by the bees to ensure the quality of the Honey does not degrade with storage. This is the colonies life line through the winter months and periods of bad weather; they need to get this right and they spend a lot of … | <urn:uuid:aeda1e95-96c4-42d6-815e-76862b06a76f> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.tavistock-beekeepers.org.uk/resources/what-is-honey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583763839.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121070334-20190121092334-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.966634 | 818 | 3.46875 | 3 |
This resistivity-temperature probe was deployed in the 270°C hydrothermal vent called 'Escargot' at the summit of Axial Volcano in 2013. Resistivity is an analoge for chlorinity or "saltiness' of the hydrothermal fluids. Boiling is common in these venting environments, governing gas concentrations, metal deposition, and perhaps life. A cabled version will be installed in 2014 providing real-time 24/7 data.
ROPOS dive #1618, VISIONS '13, Leg 3. Photo credit: NSF-OOI/UW/CSSF.
The OOI Regional Scale Nodes cabled observatory reaches some of the most extreme environments on Earth:
- Hydrothermal vents on active submarine volcanoes that emit >300°C acidic fluids rich in carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
- Deep-ocean waters at pressures 300 times greater than those we experience on land
- Areas of gas hydrates with exposed methane-ice deposits on the seafloor
- An ocean basin where storms routinely produce >30-foot waves and sustained winds of >40-50 knots.
To understand the processes that operate in the oceans requires development of novel sensor arrays that can withstand harsh environments over time. With ocean science community input, a diverse suite of sensors has been chosen to be deployed on the OOI Regional Scale Nodes at Axial Seamount and Hydrate Ridge and on the full water-column moorings. The high power and bandwidth allow unprecedented data return from this sensor suite in real-time from the seafloor and over full-ocean water depths. Also enabled are returns of stereo high-definition video imagery and high-definition digital stills of vents, methane seeps, and the life that thrives in these extreme environments. Control of these sensors through the OOI Cyberinfrastructure and OOI Regional Scale Nodes Operational Center at the University of Washington will allow interaction with the sensors to change sampling rates, view angles, and response capabilities to dynamic events in the oceans. Such events could include an erupting volcano; large and small seismic events on the Cascadia Subduction Zone that may be linked to release of methane ice into the ocean; coastal and ocean storms; and El Niño and La Niña perturbations to ocean temperature. When completed in 2014, the RSN will host over 100 instruments that will allow monitoring of geophyscial, geological, chemical and biological processes within these dynamic ocean environments.
The confluence of nanotechnology, ever-increasing computational power, and installation of high-power and bandwidth cables into the oceans will likely lead to unprecedented advancements in ocean sensing within the next decade. High power within submarine environments allows sensors routinely used in land-based laboratories to be exported to the oceans. Example sensors include mass and raman spectrometers for detailed chemical analyses of vent, seep, and ocean fluids and in situ DNA sensors and flow cytometers for genomic analyses. Ample expansion capabilities on the OOI Regional Scale Nodes will allow scientists to adapt and deploy sensors such as these to deep- and shallow-ocean environments. | <urn:uuid:22da16f5-3197-40f3-805d-65df92c7228e> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.interactiveoceans.washington.edu/story/Sensors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768831.100/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00007-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885464 | 647 | 3.015625 | 3 |
14:00 21 November 2009
Next Tuesday is the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species. To mark the occasion, author Mary Ellen Hannibal and photographer Susan Middleton scoured the 20 million animal specimens preserved on the shelves of the California Academy of Sciences. They've presented the best in their new book Evidence of Evolution.
Image 1 of 7
These snakes were collected on a recent trip to Burma, a region whose impressive biodiversity means it's considered one of the world's ecological hotspots. Despite this, biologists still don't know exactly what riches the area holds.
For example, until this trip it was assumed that many snakes across south-east Asia, such as these, were members of the same family. Subsequent genetic analysis back at the lab showed that they are new species in their own right but looked alike because they had adapted to similar climate and geographical conditions.
The bluish specimens at the top of the left and right jar belong to the tree viper genus Trimeresurus but are different species. The live ones would have been green, but in alcohol the yellow pigment is the first to leach, giving them their present turquoise colour.
The banded black and white snakes in the middle and right jars are species of krait or Bungarus, a relative of the cobra.
(Image: © 2009 Susan Middleton) | <urn:uuid:08d29c46-3dfa-44dd-8c0f-1c8601ec4601> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.newscientist.com/gallery/evidence-of-evolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500829754.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021349-00250-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964538 | 281 | 3.515625 | 4 |
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2018. Education database. | <urn:uuid:f7eff0e7-3a27-44e4-bacb-f92973271cac> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://lhpaperghxq.tycoa.us/filipino-health-care-practices.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589757.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717164437-20180717184437-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.921631 | 791 | 3 | 3 |
A 27 page pamphlet of nearly 10,000 words was written by my great grandfather William Henderson Stevenson and “published” in 1887. He wrote: “having had the privilege of labouring among this interesting people [The Santals in India] for over nine years, we have been asked to tell something of their habits and customs…”
Stevenson’s booklet is titled (or was Number 21 in a series titled) Woman’s Work in Heathen Lands, and I have scanned my copy, then used (free) optical character recognition to create a text-searchable version, some extracts from which appear here. The whole text will appear online soon.
Stevenson was a Christian missionary in the presbyterian Free Church of Scotland in what was then called Bengal, specifically at Pachamba in the region of Giridih in North East India. (From independence until 2000 Giridih was in Bihar but is now in the state of Jarkhand, “land of forest”.)
There had been an uprising in 1855, because the Santals “had been groaning under the oppression of Hindu money lenders, and the Government had put forth no effort to understand the peculiar needs of this hill tribe; they therefore rose, and, in their extremity, murdered a number of their oppressors. Perhaps this is why the doubly-oppressed Santals became a group of particular interest to Scottish (and Danish) missionaries.
In describing the Santal people, their indigenous religion and some of their customs, his booklet focused on gender roles in work, family and marriage. It described missionary work, and how it could help to convert women in the communities they worked among. Conversion was partly religious, and partly social. The lives, behaviour and personalities of women were molded towards the ideal of the missionaries. Women could also be useful in easing access of missionaries to local communities, and thus could enhance rates of conversion.
Stevenson used stories of individuals as inspiration and to help in fund-raising at home. Indeed I think this work was written explicitly in connection with a fund-raising trip (and furlough) with his family back to Scotland. (The family were to suffer the following year, when he died of fever, and they had to return to Scotland.)
As just mentioned, Stevenson described the role and nature of religion in the lives of Santali people, as well as the work of his mission, its school and hospital. His booklet has a particular focus on women and girls, and the provision of education for them, I think because the particular form of education offered would prepare them for effective participation in western(ised) institutions. This was one means by which the missionaries could alter traditional social roles and cultural practices towards ones more compatible with the Christian religion and 19th century European value systems.
I’m not well-enough informed to point out the most important parts of this document for modern Santal people, or historians of Santals, India, Raj, local religions, missionaries, or whatever… nor can I spot even glaring errors or misinterpretations. So what comes next is a personal selection, largely un-commented. It is neither representative nor optimal. I’ve decided to focus on Stevenson’s comments on women – I find them accessible, though maybe they are too accessible for a modern reader like me who lacks sufficient knowledge of the historical context.
But I can’t resist picking out these peachy comments to whet your appetite!
The Santal wife has the utmost freedom, if she but yields proper respect and obedience to her mother-in-law and her husband.
The Santal man is lazy, working only when it is absolutely necessary; but the woman has to make up what is lacking in her husband. Not only has she to do her full share of out-door work, but when she returns to the house she has the rice to clean and cook for the family. All the cooking is done by the woman, except when anything specially good has to be prepared.
I’ll deal elsewhere with Stevenson’s ancestry, what his contemporaries said about him, his untimely death, and the Stevenson Memorial Church. I’ll also cover my great grandmother (his wife), and her ancestors. Also, the couple’s daughter (my grandmother), as well as their two medical sons and their descendants… with a brief “hurrah” for one very famous relative of theirs. See the Storyshelf for a growing index, under “Stevenson”, story number 9.
Finally, there’s a missing voice in this booklet, in what is an account of a missionary couple’s work: the voice of my great-grandmother Mary McKellar Black (aka Stevenson). I have no doubt she would have played a huge role in the work the couple chose to undertake, as well as by committing to being a mother in India, but she is almost silent on the written page, and it is necessary to read between the lines. They say only “My wife also greatly enjoyed teaching the girls sewing and knitting, as well as in taking general charge of them.” And “The missionaries’ wives for some time conducted a mothers’ meeting, principally for these Christian village women, and it was productive, we believe, of very much good. It is most important, we think, that the Christian women should thus meet together for fellowship and prayer; and as their numbers increase, the need for such efforts will become more pressing.“
When, some three thousand years ago, the Aryans or Sanskrit-speaking people entered India, they found it already inhabited by numerous tribes, who at some more remote period had migrated thither. These ruder and more uncivilized non-Ayran tribes were not able to hold their own against the newcomers, and so they either were made the slaves of their conquerors, becoming through time, as we now find them, the lowest castes in the all-absorbing Hindu system; else they were driven back into the more inaccessible forest and hilly regions, where, comparatively uninfluenced by the higher civilization of their neighbours, they are still to be found in their primitive ignorance and simplicity, with languages and religion quite different from the Hindus.
The Santali language
There are over 140 different languages and dialects spoken by these various tribes, and by a comparison of these languages, they are usually divided into three groups, viz. the Dravidian, the Kolarian, and the Thibeto-Burman. The Santals form the most numerous tribe of the Kolarian group…
This tribe inhabits an irregular hilly district of Bengal, lying from 140 to 250 miles to the north-west of Calcutta, and stretching southwards from the Ganges for about 350 miles. The country is in some parts very picturesque, the hills not rising to any great height above the general elevation of the country, the most of them being, moreover, wooded to the top. The highest hill in the Santal country is Pareshnath – a sacred hill of the Jains, the modern representatives of the Buddhists in India, who come in large numbers every year to visit the twenty-three shrines on its summit. This hill rises 4,479 feet above the sea, which is rather higher than Ben Nevis.
The Santals do not form the majority of the inhabitants in this region; along with them there are many Hinduized and semi-Hinduized descendants of other aboriginal tribes, as well as large numbers of Hindus and Mohammedans. But the Santals are such an homogeneous people, so distinct from those around them, not only in habits and customs, but in language and religion as well, that efforts to bring them to Christ must be specially adapted to their needs.
The Position of Woman in heathen lands always strikes one as being in marked contrast to what we are accustomed to at home. What we see among the Santals is no exception to this rule. The Santal woman, it is true, is not confined, like some of her Hindu sisters, to the Zenana. The Santal girl is not married when but an infant, like her Hindu sisters, to a man of whom she can know nothing. The Santal widow is not, like the millions of Hindu widows, compelled to live in widowhood all her days, working as a general drudge, and cutting her days short by enforced fastings, and the like. In these respects the Santal woman is in a better position than some of her neighbours.
The life of a Santal girl is on the whole happy and free. Her birth may not be looked upon with the same joy as her brother’s, for he lives always at home, and brings in a wife to add to the wealth of the family; but neither is it mourned over as among the Hindus, for as soon as she is able she will do her share of the work of the family, and when of age to be married, her parents will get a price for her.
As soon as the girl is able to walk by herself, she is sent out along with others to herd the goats and sheep, and she thus early begins to take her share of the work of the household. And even at the most tender age she is allowed to mix with the women of the village and to listen to all their conversation, which is often of the vilest description, and not the least restrained in the presence even of boys and girls.
On this very account we found it impossible to allow Santal women to mix with the girls of the school.
The village girl however, grows up in the midst of all this, and her mind from her very earliest years becomes polluted with ideas of which she should know nothing. She, also, soon begins to take her part in the amusements of the village. She joins her elder sisters and companions in the dance in the street, to the music of the one-stringed fiddle, and the bamboo flutes played by the young men; she joins with them in the songs which they sing to peculiar, quaint kinds of tunes; almost every night, indeed, these village maidens are singing or dancing. There is in every village one man whose duty it is to take charge of the young people in their amusements, and as a result, it may be said, that considering their circumstances, they behave very well.
Santals formerly did not marry young, but the example of the Hindus has not been without its effect; and marriages, of girls of ten or eleven are now not uncommon, although the usual age is fifteen or sixteen, and frequently even more than that. A great sensation is caused in a village when it becomes known that a man has come to see a girl with the view of arranging a marriage. The initiative in all the ordinary marriages is taken by the parents of the boy. Having seen a girl who would, they think, make a suitable wife to their son, they at once appoint an intermediary, who visits the girl’s parents and opens the matter to them. They will then visit the boy, and if satisfied will at once deal with the intermediary, as to the amount of money they are to receive for the girl. This is not, generally speaking, a large sum, though to a Santal it is always of importance.
The boy, with his friends, subsequently visits the girl, and as a sign of their betrothal, gives her a cloth, usually about five yards long. The giving of the money then follows, and on this occasion the day for the marriage is fixed, the number of days intervening being marked by tying knots on a. string, one knot for each day before the marriage, and the lapse of time is then observed by unloosing a knot each day.
In all the arrangements of the ordinary marriage the girl and boy have little or nothing to say in the matter; but there are certain ways by which a boy and girl, if they have formed a strong attachment for each other, can force the hands of their parents.
When the opposition is mostly or altogether on the part of the girl’s relations, the boy may meet her, with the previous consent of his own villagers, at the place where the village girls go for water, and there marking her forehead with red paint – the symbol of marriage – she goes home his engaged bride, and after that, according to the Santal custom, the marriage takes place regularly.
If the opposition be mostly on the side of the boy’s parents, the girl may force her entrance into the boy’s mother’s house, and if she can endure a night’s tormenting, their opposition goes for nothing, and the regular marriage takes place soon thereafter. Or the boy may lead the girl by the hand into his mother’s house as his bride, after which no objection will be shown.
These are not considered in any way to be disreputable marriages, but are quite according to Santal custom., From this it will be seen that the Santal girl is much more free with regard to her marriage than is at all common in Eastern countries, Of course, in the great majority of cases, neither the girls nor the boys take any part in the marriage arrangements, although the privileges referred to as allowed by Santal custom are readily taken advantage of whenever the special circumstances occur.
“Freedom” and work
The Santal wife has the utmost freedom, if she but yields proper respect and obedience to her mother-in-law and her husband. She walks about the village street, chatting and gossiping with her neighbours; she works in the fields, transplanting the rice, reaping the harvest, and carrying the grain on her head to the threshing-floor; she attends the neighbouring market, to and from which she carries on her head what her husband has to sell or what he has bought, while he himself walks before carrying the baby who sits on his haunch as on a saddle; and she visits her friends far and near during the hot season when work in the fields is at a stand still.
The Santal woman is always busy, working early and late. It may be said with truth, that the Santal man is lazy, working only when it is absolutely necessary; but the woman has to make up what is lacking in her husband. Not only has she to do her full share of out-door work, but when she returns to the house she has the rice to clean and cook for the family. All the cooking is done by the woman, except when anything specially good has to be prepared. If the husband has brought home a hare or part of a deer as his share of the village hunt in the jungle, the preparing of such a rare dish would be too great an honour for the wife. The husband himself sets to work and makes it into a nice curry. She gets a share, however, after her husband has finished, the wife always eating after the husband.
The Santal woman is usually very well clad, having on between five and six yards of calico. This is wrapped round the waist like a skirt, thrown over the one shoulder, brought under the opposite armpit, and fastened at the side. She wears some very ponderous brass ornaments – anklets, armlets, necklets, and toe rings – frequently weighing more than 16 lbs.
Interaction with western men
The Santal woman is very free and open in her manner, compared with the low caste Hindu and Mohammadam women whom one meets in India. She does not cover her face and turn her back as they do when spoken to. Although somewhat distant and reserved when spoken to in another language, she is at home as soon as you speak to her in Santali. She will then enter into conversation with you with the greatest freedom, and without any offensive boldness she will look you in the face while she talks.
Preaching the Gospel to Village Women, as distinct from the usual mixed audiences, has not hitherto been much attempted. … In our itinerating preaching tours we have frequently had a meeting like the following. We have entered the village about mid-day and found the most of the men away at a hunt in the jungle. A few lads were in the village, two or three old frail men, and the women.
In such a meeting one woman usually takes the lead in giving responses and asking questions. … “We do worship God”, tells us that she is thinking of the sun, which is saluted morning and evening in worship. “What sacrifices must we offer to God?”, reveals her ideas regarding worship. “Our forefathers were wise and good, and we just do as they did”. “How is God to be worshipped, and served?” “Why did you not come before to tell us this?” These are some of the questions and remarks heard during the preaching.
Those meetings, where the majority of the hearers are women, are most interesting, and some of them are very encouraging, shewing, as they do, with what intelligence these ignorant women are able to understand and follow the addresses that are given.
The great difficulty, however, in ordinary village preaching, is to get the Santal women to feel that religion has any concern for them. In their own religion their fathers, husbands, or village elders, attend to all that is necessary. They offer all the sacrifices, and the women have nothing whatever to do with the matter. Religion, they think, is outside their domain. And therefore it is no uncommon thing for a woman who has listened for a considerable time to what has been said, to reply that she will tell her husband when he returns what we have been saying; and this she thinks is the utmost that can be expected of her.
The sense of individual responsibility is not great even among the men, they honestly believing that all such matters should be settled by the community as a whole. They do not seem to have the slightest idea that what we speak of is meant for them as individuals.
I presume the general lack of response by adults to preaching is why a school was regarded as so important: to indoctrinate children from a young age.
The centre of our work among the Santal females is the Pachamba Girls’ Boarding School. This school was commenced early in the history of our mission – the year 1873, there being six girls on the roll at the close of that year. These were orphans and helpless girls that we were permitted to train for Jesus. Their number was considerably increased the two following years, as there was then a famine in the district. At the close of 1875, there were twenty-three girls in the school. During the past few years the attendance has been from thirty to forty, thirty-seven being the number at present on the roll. The Christian work among these simple, open-minded Santal girls is most interesting and encouraging.
Education, more broadly
My last quote from the booklet comes from near the end, after many passages that tell the stories of individual girls and women (named below). In it Stevenson connects the missionary school into the more general need for basic education.
But though we are thankful for what has already been accomplished, we are as yet but touching the fringe of the great mass of heathenism in the district where we labour. The work has hitherto been carried on almost exclusively among the Santals. But there are hundreds of thousands of others, who not less than the Santals are perishing for the lack of the living bread, which has been committed to this church to distribute amongst them. The district in which this work is carried on extends over a large area – about one hundred miles by seventy, with a population of almost 800,000 chiefly engaged in agriculture.
This, from an educational point of view, is the most backward district in the whole of Bengal. From the last Census Report it may be seen that in the Hazaribagh district (in which the Pachamba Station is situated) out of every 10,000 of the population of all castes and classes, 9,622 cannot read or write and are not being taught. Only 1.21 percent of the villagers are at school. Or to state it in another form out of every 100 boys who should be at school there are only 6.7 whose names are on any school roll. Even compared with other districts of India, this is truly a sad picture.
People and places named in the booklet
- Mr Boerresen, Danish missionary
- Mr Skrefsrud, Danish missionary
- Rev. Dr. Templeton, Scottish missionary
- Mr Campbell, Scottish missionary at Toondee
- Dr Dyer, Scottish missionary at Chukye
- Mary Campbell, orphaned Santal girl, later married in Toondee
- Babu Ram, her little brother and later an evangelist
- Bhago, orphaned girl and later wife of senior evangelist at Tondee
- Himia, a Hindi widow, later married to Bhorat, with whom she had two children
- Bhorat, a Hindi convert, one of the inspectors of the Christian village schools, living at Pachamba
- Dhibi, a Santal girl
- Tondee a village with a mission and a fledgling school.
- Kinduah, a village with a school
- Baromasia, a village with a school
- Chamerkho, a village five miles from Pachamba | <urn:uuid:c94b4fc7-a9b3-4f44-8e18-4e1af0af0cbc> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://noisybrain.wordpress.com/2019/06/21/heathen-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144979.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220131529-20200220161529-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.98056 | 4,460 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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