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Brand is from Old English brand, brond "fire, flame, destruction by fire; firebrand, piece of burning wood, torch," and (poetic) "sword," from Proto-Germanic *brandaz "a burning" (source also of Old Norse brandr, Old High German brant, Old Frisian brond "firebrand; blade of a sword," German brand "fire"), from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm." Meaning "iron instrument for branding" is from 1828. Meaning "mark made by a hot iron" (1550s), especially on a cask, etc., to identify the maker or quality of its contents, broadened by 1827 to marks made in other ways, then to "a particular make of goods" (1854).
Brand identification is one of the five decision drivers. It does make sense. Where there is fire and burning there is action and decision. Shaping the brand is part of the customer experience. The customer experience shapes the brand as an artist shapes a sculpture. Branding is an art and a science. Customer experience in our culture is becoming increasingly science based. AI and blockchain are shaping future interactions with brands. Branding 2019 is very different from branding 1500.
Experienced brand, interact and intersect, follow the compass | <urn:uuid:48a5b975-1ba3-4c1e-b859-0890546e9b19> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.globalmesh.link/blog/brand | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368431.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304021339-20210304051339-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.956787 | 271 | 2.546875 | 3 |
SOLUTION: Rasmussen College Social Class and The Impact of Inequality Essay
SOLUTION: Rasmussen College Social Class and The Impact of Inequality Essay.
Social Class and Inequality
Social Medial Portrayal of Social Class and Inequality
➢ The social class portrayal, as well as inequality in the media to a certain degree,
represents fact although it does not depict truth at all times.
➢ The media, for example, depicts influential politicians and others who take the upper
class as some of the wealthiest in the country.
➢ The US politicians are wealthy and powerful, and so the presentation reflects the truth.
➢ All artists are often portrayed in the mainstream as too wealthy and dominators of the
upper social class.
➢ However, research reveals that many artists fall in the middle class considering their
➢ The degree to which the media illustrate the impact of inequality is by underlining the
suffering of the poor class a…
15 Million Students Helped!
Sign up to view the full answer | <urn:uuid:acf88a76-92d4-4b75-9c87-bb307e13b5d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://assignmentshelpus.com/2022/06/17/solution-rasmussen-college-social-class-and-the-impact-of-inequality-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100531.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204151108-20231204181108-00766.warc.gz | en | 0.946038 | 225 | 3.03125 | 3 |
As Principal of Robin Lechner Designs, I serve as your concierge for navigating the professional interior design world accessing the industries best manufacturers and providing exceptional customer service.
This blog is your online answer to all of life's interior decoration dilemmas. Send your questions or simply browse the site. I hope you'll be inspired!
Originally known as the Diocletian
Window in Rome (302 AD), the Palladian window is divided into three sections,
the center of which has an arched or semicircular head and is wider than the
other two (see photo below). It became popular during the 16th century Renaissance,
experienced a classic revival in the 18th century, and became an
important characteristic of Post Modern architecture in the 20th
A modern interpretation of a Palladium window.
Single section windows with an
arched head is often confused with the classic Palladian style. The proper descriptive
term is Fan window. (See photo above) | <urn:uuid:cde850c9-b657-4a84-8341-2de41c229742> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://robinlechnerdesigns.blogspot.com/2012/05/did-you-know-palladium-windows.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806309.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121002016-20171121022016-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.943374 | 202 | 2.515625 | 3 |
After 100 years of incremental change, in the coming decades we will witness a revolution on our roads. With more and more drivers going electric, the reign of the internal combustion engine will slowly but surely be committed to history. Once the preserve of only the most environmentally conscious, now EVs are going mainstream.
While most people don’t give too much thought to the type of energy that powers their homes, when it comes to purchasing a car, they have a clear choice to make. In a society where air quality is increasingly under the spotlight – particularly for those living in our towns and cities – polluting conventional vehicles are becoming less appealing.
In October, there was a 31% increase in sales of electric, hybrid, and plug-in hybrid vehicles when compared with the same month in 2017. The UK is one of the top European countries for EV sales, and the Government already supports their take-up.
But, as EVs become cheaper and more attractive, we need to have the right infrastructure in place to encourage drivers to make the switch from petrol and diesel. In our Assessment, the Commission has called for a truly national, visible charging network to give drivers the confidence they need.
One key deterrent is so-called ‘range anxiety.’ This is the fear that a driver won’t have sufficient range to get to their destination and could face being left stranded. This is a barrier which must be tackled if the popularity of EVs is to continue rising. That’s why we want the Government to subsidise the provision of rapid charge points in rural and remote areas by 2022, meeting the need where the market will not deliver in the short term.
But we also need to know that our infrastructure can keep up as demand for EVs grows – and councils are going to have an important role to play. We think the government should place a requirement on local authorities to work with charge-point providers to earmark a proportion of their parking spaces – including those that are on-street – to be converted to charge points. The local knowledge of those working at a community level will be crucial to make this a success.
We must also consider regulation. We have recommended that Ofgem should regulate the interaction between EV charge points and the electricity network immediately. This will ensure that charging contributes to the optimisation of the energy system – for example, by encouraging drivers to charge at night when demand for electricity is lower. It will also be necessary to set minimum standards for a network of interoperable, smart charge points – something that government, industry, and Ofgem should work together to achieve.
The Government has already committed to end the sale of petrol and diesel cars and vans completely by 2040. We believe that, as the costs of EVs reduce, the market may move more quickly than that, and so we should be preparing for close to 100% of new car and van sales being electric a decade earlier, by 2030. We can’t afford to underestimate the pace of technological change, nor to forego the benefits that an earlier switch to electric would bring.
For that reason, as the public’s attitude towards EVs begins to shift, we need to provide certainty that we have chargers in the right places to address range anxiety and our charging infrastructure is able to cope with increased demand. Having more EVs on our roads will help us meet our carbon targets and improve the health of our communities. Ministers need to take decisive action to show that we’ll be ready for them.
This article first appeared in Public Sector Executive | <urn:uuid:32f181fe-ffb9-43d8-8f9c-124aee8799ab> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.nic.org.uk/going-electric-rolling-out-an-ev-charging-network/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999946.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625192953-20190625214953-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.959602 | 719 | 2.5625 | 3 |
If you have never waited tables, you probably do not understand how servers get paid and why tips are very important. In 43 states in the nation, restaurant workers get paid far less than minimum. While the federal minimum wage is $7.25, an employee at restaurant waiting tables probably makes around two dollars and change per hour.
As the worker goes through the day, he or she serves people and gets tips. At the end of a shift, a worker goes into the manager’s office with his or book. The manager tells the server how much money they owe the house for the day, and whatever is left over (tips) the server keeps. However, before he or she can leave, the server must “tip out” other people, like bartenders who make the drinks, bussers, bar backs, hosts and hostesses, and server assistants. This is based on a percentage in sales.
In other words, if someone doesn’t tip you, but you still have to tip out the other workers at the end of the night, with only making around two dollars an hour, it can actually cost you money to wait on that table.
A recent news article from KQED not only discusses this but also looks at in historical context. At turn of the 20th century, Americans went to Europe and learned that people tip workers. They tried to do this in the states, but apparently it was viewed as un-American, and several states passed laws forbidding tipping staff. However, companies that ran restaurants and railroads wanted to hire freed slaves and make them live on tips so they could literally pay their employees nothing.
As the practicing of working for tips became standard, there was a federal labor law enacted requiring workers to be paid at lest the federal minimum wage if they did not make it up in tips that shift. However, as is often common in the restaurant industry, laws are not always followed, and people did not make minimum wage at slow times.
To combat this, legislature in the State of California and a few other states have enacted a single minimum wage for every worker, regardless of whether he or she is working for tips or only hourly pay. While one might expect restaurant owners to be unhappy about this, and they probably claim they are, restaurant sales are higher in California and six other states with a single minimum wage, and there are also higher employment rates in the industry.
Again, while California employees at restaurants should not have to worry about making less than minimum wage, as discussed above, labor laws are not always strictly followed in this industry, and many employers have been trying to take advantage of their employees. For reasons that do not entirely make sense, many chain restaurants measure a manager’s success at how low their labor costs are, and if managers want to become general managers one day, it is often the servers who suffer. For this reason, if you think your employer is not paying you fairly according to the law, you should contact a Los Angeles labor lawyer as soon possible.
Contact the employment attorneys at Nassiri Law Group, practicing in Orange County, Riverside and Los Angeles. Call 949.375.4734.
Big Think: Give Restaurant Workers One Fair Wage, January 11, 2016, KQED News, By Laura Klivans
More Blog Entries:
Hillary Clinton to Crack Down on Worker Classification, July 18, 2015, Orange County Employment Lawyer Blog | <urn:uuid:e3bb6307-5ae2-4e28-b9d5-903b0ab673a1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.orangecountyemploymentlawyersblog.com/one-wage-restaurant-workers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00738.warc.gz | en | 0.974084 | 706 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Fig. 1: Map over the site of Vlochos (Basemap: Google maps satellite image).
The archaeological site of Vlochos is situated three kilometres north of the town of Palamas in western Thessaly, and consists of the large hill of Strongilovouni and its immediate surroundings. An archaeological field programme (The Vlochos Archaeological Project) was carried out here in 2016–2018 as a collaboration between the Ephorate of Antiquities of Karditsa and the Institute, aiming at surveying the extensive multi-period ancient remains found here. Only limited rescue work had been conducted on site prior to the Greek-Swedish programme, which aimed at employing non-invasive methods, including geophysics, high-precision GPS documentation, and extensive aerial photography.
Fig. 2: The hill of Strongilovouni at Vlochos.
The results indicate that the site contains the remains of four major and discrete building programmes, spanning roughly 1200 years of history. On the hilltop there are extensive remains of a large fortification, possibly late Archaic in date, with impressive walls still preserved to more than 2 metres in height. Two monumental-size roads connect this fortified space with the surrounding plains below, ascending the steep slopes in a serpentine fashion.
Fig. 3: Serpentine road leading to the hilltop from the plains.
This fortification was partially destroyed in the fourth century BCE, when a sizeable Classical-Hellenistic city was established in the flat area immediately south of the hill. The remains here have all been covered by erosion masses from the hill and silt from the nearby river Enipeus, but can be discerned with great detail in the geophysical results. Among the buried remains there are clear outlines of streets, squares and houses, as well as the city wall with over 20 towers. This city wall is also well-preserved above ground on the large akropolis on the top of the hill, and must have been an impressive sight in the surrounding area. The large city of this period – the name of which is still unknown – was abandoned at some point in the early second century BCE, possibly as a result of the devastating Second Macedonian War that severely struck this region.
Fig. 4: Fortifications of the Classical-Hellenistic akropolis.
The geophysical survey gave strong evidence for a third urban settlement in the flat area below the hill, with magnetometry producing the clear outlines of what appears to be a Late Roman town. This was much smaller than its Classical-Hellenistic predecessor, and protected by a heavily fortified ring-wall. Exactly when this town was established and later abandoned is unknown at present, as very little of it is visible in the ground.
The fourth and final settlement phase at Strongilovouni consists of the remains of what was possibly a fortified Byzantine village on the southern slopes of the hill. Most of the houses and other buildings have been obliterated due to the strong erosion, but large sections of the Classical-Hellenistic city wall were repaired at this time, and still stand nearly three metres tall on the slope.
Fig. 5: Classical-Hellenistic fortification walls with Byzantine repairs.
At some point in the early Middle Ages, the settlement was abandoned again, and we see no further indications of it being re-inhabited. Today, the site is empty of habitation, except for two small chapels and sheep-pens.
The full results of The Vlochos Archaeological Project will be published in Opuscula, the annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome, in late 2020. The institute will continue its collaboration with the Ephorate of Antiquities of Karditsa at this fascinating site, and an application for continued fieldwork permissions has been submitted to the Hellenic Ministry of Culture.
Vaïopoulou, M., H. Whittaker, R. Rönnlund, F. Tsiouka, J. Klange, D. Pitman, R. Potter, L. Shaw, J. Hagan, E. Siljedahl, M. Forssén, S. Chandrasekaran, S. Dandou, V. Forsblom Ljungdahl, A. Pavilionytė, H. Scott-Pratt, E. Schager & H. Manley (submitted). ‘The Vlochos Archaeological Project: Report on the 2016–2018 seasons of Greek-Swedish archaeological work at Vlochos, Thessaly’, Opuscula 13.
Vaïopoulou, M. et al. (forthcoming). ’The Vlochos Archaeological Project 2016–2017: the first two years of Greek-Swedish collaboration at Vlochos, Karditsa Prefecture’, in Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Θεσσαλίας και Στερεάς Ελλάδας 6, ed. M. Mazarakis-Ainian.
Vaïopoulou, M. et al. (forthcoming). ‘Βλοχός’, ADelt 69 Chron.
Parikh, T. 2019. ‘Newsround’, AR 65, 35–36.
Efa 2017. ‘Vlochos 2017 (Record 6788)’, Archaeology in Greece Online. | <urn:uuid:65c854c9-60a8-4d15-b870-3ab7779d0c59> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=113 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154798.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804080449-20210804110449-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.934283 | 1,161 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Woody Guthrie sang about this little-known piece of history.
A one-man drill operation
In July 1913, over 7,000 miners struck the C&H Copper Mining Company in Calumet, Michigan. It was largely the usual issues of people who worked for a big company during a time when capitalists ran roughshod over their workers — a time when monopolies were a way of life. Strikers' demands included pay raises, an end to child labor, and safer conditions including an end to one-man drill operations, as well as support beams in the mines (which mine owners didn't want because support beams were costly but miners killed in cave-ins “do not cost us anything.") | <urn:uuid:7afc3081-89fd-4b8d-82ca-e33e9e8f446e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.upworthy.com/u/brandon-weber | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374391.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306035529-20210306065529-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.984419 | 147 | 3.390625 | 3 |
What point on Earth is farthest from its center? Mt. Everest comes to mind, but its summit is the point highest above sea level, not the point farthest from the center. These are not the same because the Earth is not perfectly spherical.
Our planet bulges slightly at the equator due to its rotation. The equatorial diameter is about 0.3% larger than the polar diameter. Sea level at the equator is about 20 kilometers farther from the center of the Earth than sea level at the poles.
Mt. Everest is about nine kilometers above sea level and located about 28 degrees north of the equator. Chimborazo, the highest point in Ecuador, is seven kilometers above sea level and 1.5 degrees south of the equator.
So how far are Mt. Everest and Chimborazo from the center of the Earth? To answer that, we first need to how far sea level at latitude θ is from the center of the Earth.
Imagine slicing the Earth with a plane containing its polar diameter. To a good approximation (within 100 meters) the resulting shape would be an ellipse. The equation of this ellipse is
(x / a)2 + (y / b)2 = 1
where a = 6378.1 km is the equatorial radius and b = 6356.8 km is the polar radius. A line from the center of the ellipse to a point at latitude θ has equation y = tan(θ) x. Solving the pair of equations for x shows that the distance from the center to the point at latitude θ is
d = sqrt( a2b2 sec2 θ / (a2 tan2 θ + b2 ) )
For Mt. Everest, θ = 27.99 degrees and so d = 6373.4. For Chimborazo, θ = -1.486 degrees and so d = 6378.1. So sea level is 4.7 km higher at Chimborazo. Mt. Everest is 2.6 km taller, but the summit of Chimborazo is about 2.1 km farther away from the center of the Earth.
Update: See my next post for a slight correction. A more accurate calculation would compute sea level is about 4.65 km higher at Chimborazo than Mt. Everest. | <urn:uuid:583ba61b-098d-4d24-a8f9-47cdb2808f92> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2011/09/16/chimborazo-vs-everest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462898.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00027-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894671 | 486 | 4.09375 | 4 |
“A new study from Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki and the Finnish Cancer Registry shows that survival after glioblastoma has improved since the millennium. The improvement in survival was, however, modest in elderly patients, raising concerns whether current treatment strategies are optimal for this patient group.
“Glioblastoma is the most common brain cancer, and one of the deadliest cancers known. Unfortunately, there is no cure for these rapidly progressing tumors.”
If you’re wondering whether this story applies to your own cancer case or a loved one’s, we invite you to get support from Cancer Commons. | <urn:uuid:5a312e0d-4cee-47e6-a673-7673b10982f4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://cancercommons.org/news-item/brain-cancer-survival-has-improved-but-not-much-for-elderly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587794.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026011138-20211026041138-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.891052 | 130 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Suburban Hills Lawn and Garden Tips
By Glenn Conatser
(Glenn is deceased)
Pruning is one of the most important cultural practices in the landscape. Rarely will you find a tree, shrub or vine that does not need some pruning each year. Proper pruning will help produce a more attractive, vigorous and well-formed plant. In many cases flowering will increase. Pruning stimulates new growth and development of the plant. Pruned plants develop new growth where cuts are made, unless a branch is cut back to the main stem. Correct pruning may add years to the usefulness of the plant. Begin pruning when plants are young. Early pruning on shrubs will increase the branching structure near the ground and develop a more compact plant. Pruning young trees correctly will ensure a straight center leader and scaffold branching. Trees need to be pruned correctly as they grow to eliminate massive corrective pruning when they mature.
There are 5 good reasons to prune.1-To maintain plant health by removing dead or diseased plant tissue. This is necessary to maintain the health and vigor of the plant. Make the pruning cuts into healthy tissue. 2- To remove branches that are misshaped, crowded, rubbing together or drooping onto other branches for support. 3- To stimulate or increase flowering or fruiting. Many flowering plants will produce more flower buds the following season if old flowers are removed when they lose their attractiveness. A common phrase for this type pruning is dead-heading. 4-To improve the appearance of the plant by training to a particular shape or size. Pruning can shape or train plants in unnatural forms such as hedges or espaliers. 5-To rejuvenate old, overgrown shrubs to restore their shape and vigor.
When to Prune
As a general rule, plants that flower before July 1 should be pruned immediately after flowering. Plants that bloom after July 1 should be pruned in late winter or early spring before growth starts. The best time to prune trees and non-blooming plants is late winter or early spring, before buds start to swell and open. The worst time to prune is when the plant is in the spring growth period and late summer, early fall, or early winter. Plants pruned in early winter will not heal until spring, inviting desiccation. Do not prune when the temperature is below 20 F.
Pruning Mature Trees
The pruning of large shade trees by the homeowner should be
to the branches that can be reached from the ground. If large
need to be removed, enlist the professional services of a certified
arborist with the proper skill, equipment and insurance.
cuts should be made for a reason and with the knowledge of how the
will respond to the cuts. A common practice called "topping" is an
severe, unfortunate problem in Tennessee. Topping is used to
height of trees around homes and utility lines. Topping is not the
pruning method as crown or height reduction. Crown reduction does
leave stubs like topping. There is never a good reason to top
Topping removes the tree’s main leader and branches, resulting in
stubs. After topping, the new growth is disfigured, with
and weak limbs that form a dense canopy where very little light
can penetrate. Insects and disease organisms thrive in this
environment. The initial large wounds never heal properly and the
subsequent growth is very weak. New limbs that are generated will
out easier than the branches that are removed. Topping drastically
shortens the life of the tree. Topped trees are an eyesore in the
landscape and continue to be an eyesore as trees slowly decline.
Copyright © 2002-2018 Glenn Conatser, Suburban Hills Homeowners Association | <urn:uuid:d5738500-5e64-4b66-b713-7a534476e366> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://www.suburbanhills.org/garden/pruning.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990449.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514091252-20210514121252-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.927749 | 789 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Create a Win-Win Situation
Estimated Lesson Time: 3 minutes
There is only one kind of successful negotiation; it is the kind where both parties come out ahead. I really do not like using the word “win” because that implies a game of some sort where there are winners and losers. Negotiation occurs everywhere in life and life is not a game. To be a successful negotiator, you must have the other person’s interests in mind as well as your own.
People negotiate with their spouses, family members and friends as well as in business. Consider this all too common negotiation session between my 4-year-old daughter and me.
My Daughter: “Daddy? Can I have some ice-cream?”
Me: “You have barely eaten your dinner. If you want dessert, you need to finish your dinner.”
My Daughter: “But I am not hungry. My tummy says ‘No more food!’“
Me: “Then your tummy does not want dessert either”
My Daughter: “No, there is room in there for ice-cream only.”
Me: “Okay, then just finish your chicken.”
My Daughter: “How about three more bites?”
Me: “Seven bites!”
My Daughter: “Four bites!”
Me: “Five BIG bites and finish your milk.”
My Daughter: “Okay, Daddy.”
You can see, in this negotiation session both parties came out ahead. My daughter got her dessert, and I made sure she had eaten most of her meal, which she would otherwise not have eaten. This was a successful negotiation.
If you are the type that went “for the jugular” and got as much as you could from a negotiation, you may THINK you have “won,” but you will end up losing in the long run. Here are a few reasons why this is true.
- Resentment. This is especially important to avoid in a negotiation with someone with whom you are in regular contact. When you have the upper hand in a negotiation, and you abuse that power by forcing a win-lose outcome, ill feelings and resentment ultimately follow resulting in a poor relationship. These “grudges” are often very damaging later on in the relationship.
- Short-lived victory. When one is pressured to give away more than one can actually afford, disaster ultimately follows. For example, you may one day be in a negotiation with a poor negotiator who does not think well under pressure. This person may agree to give you all you are asking for, only later not being able to deliver on the promise. A good example of this is a partner in business who negotiates a much larger share of the business than deserved. The “losing” partner later realizes that she cannot make it with such a small share and is forced to quit. The business then collapses, and both parties lose big because of the greed of the other.
- What goes around, comes around. You may be able to get away with taking advantage of someone once, maybe even a few times, but eventually it will come right back to you.
The key is to approach each negotiation as a partnership rather than a competition. Treat those you are negotiating with as partners and not adversaries. Remember that you are interested in the same common goal—a mutually beneficial arrangement or a win-win situation.
Take Your Year To Success To the Next Level
If you like what you are reading, please consider these options in addition to this free course. They include a hardcopy of the book and an intensive course with action steps, assignments, and personal coaching from Bo.
- Buy the Book. Year To Success - Available in hardcover, signed by the author. Also available in ebook, paperback, and audio from Amazon.com.
- Enroll is the Enhanced Version of this Course - 366 Days To Greater Personal, Professional, and Financial Success. These lessons but with videos, narrated slides, assignments, and quiz questions. For the instructor-evaluated version, Bo is there for you each day!
- Enroll in Bo's Life Mastery Online Course. This is a course that covers hundreds of life-enhancing topics that they never taught in school, but should. This is more than a course on self-improvement; it is a course on mastering life.
- Business Consulting / Life Coaching. Schedule your complimentary 15-minute evaluation coaching session with Bo.
Have a podcast or know someone who does? Putting on a conference? Dr. Bennett is available for interviews and public speaking events. Contact him directly here.
Some discussion questions (some may not apply to this lesson):
- Have you implemented this idea in your life? How has it been working for you?
- Do you have any interesting stories related to this lesson? Do tell!
- What do you admire most about this person? (success biography days) | <urn:uuid:cb0f756e-82ec-4894-8786-c54730d74a76> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.bookstocourses.com/tools/oc/b2c/yeartosuccess/wB6PGGViV7/Create_a_Win_Win_Situation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866326.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524131721-20180524151721-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.970094 | 1,049 | 2.703125 | 3 |
After reading about and participating in discussions of dreams this week, I decided to talk about dreams. Everyone wants to know either what their dreams mean or how to stop the nightmares or simply how to have a dream. I will get to the how-to in a minute.
Dream interpretation dates back somewhere between 5000 – 3000 B.C. when dreams were recorded on clay tablets. Like the aborigines of today, primal societies did not make distinctions between the dream world and reality. It was all woven together, like a conversation with nature, the soul or the god(s). The realm of dreams was a more powerful reality, heightened by symbolic interpretations.
There must be
hundreds of dream books, well dozens anyway, for interpreting your
dreams, but I have come to the conclusion that you are the only one who can
accurately interpret your own dreams. Dreams are from your mind
and no one else knows your mind like you do.
Having said that, some dreams transcend the individual mind and are prophetic in nature. The dreamer dreams of something outside himself that is about to happen in our three dimensional world.
Sometimes we can have the same dream repeatedly because a conflict depicted or symbolized in the dream remains unresolved or ignored. Once a solution to the problem has been found, the recurring dream usually ceases.
For an explanation of all the different types of dreams visit Dream Central .
More modern ideas about dreams are that they are emanations from the unconscious or subconscious—telling us something or reflecting back our frustrations or as an explanation for the stresses of our life and a dream can be useful as a guide to help us in critical situations (as in PTSD).
Because of his extensive study of myths and archetypes, be sure to check out Joseph Campbell’s thoughts on dreams.
Each of the early cultures (Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Middle Eastern) had their take on dreams, as do the modern philosophers (more detailed information on that at Dream History)
And then there is lucid dreaming, which simply put, is knowing you are dreaming while you are asleep. When you are in that state, you can control your dreams. I’ve had a few lucid dreams in my life, usually just before waking up, where I knew I was dreaming and could choose to wake up or continue dreaming while making conscious choices as to where the dream would go. (The way I induce lucid dreaming is to impress upon my mind the thought that I will have a lucid dream, as I fall asleep.)
For more detailed instructions on how to induce lucid dreaming go to Reality Shifter.
If you want to achieve a dream incubation, (which is to plant a seed thought in the mind that you want to dream about, usually for creative reasons or to solve a problem—or just to remember your dream), then apply this technique: repeat several times to yourself that you will dream about the problem or issue just before going to sleep—do this over a period of time (days, weeks).
When you finally get results and have a dream about what you programmed, be sure to have paper and pen handy to jot down your thoughts because as soon as we awaken and move, our dream images can easily slip away. It may take time, so be consistent. And try to awaken slowly in the morning, not jump into your conscious mind instantly.
For many years I have kept a dream diary. I don’t remember my dreams every night, but I still write down impressions and creative ideas that are evoked as soon as I get up. I have gotten many images for paintings with this technique so I know it can be your own personal fertile storeroom from which to retrieve creative ideas, images and instruction.
I hope this helps you tap into your creative side.
- dream a lot?
- have a repeating dream?
- have lucid dreams?
Do you keep a dream diary?
Have you ever been inspired creatively by a dream? | <urn:uuid:9d1f134e-380b-4cf0-818d-8194b4ea2b51> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://coraramos-cora.blogspot.com/2012/03/tapping-into-your-creative-dreamtime.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319575.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622135404-20170622155404-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.957793 | 812 | 2.515625 | 3 |
SIMON CEPHAS (better known as PETER):
The first of the Twelve Apostles; the chief disciple of Jesus and head of the early Church. His life became at an early stage the subject of popular legends, which extended even to his name. Besides the name of Simon, which had come into use in place of the Biblical "Simeon," he had, in accordance with the custom of the time, the second name of "Kaipha" (Aramaic equivalent for "rock"; whence the Latin "Petrus," from "petra" = "rock"). As legend would have it afterward, Jesus gave him this second name to signify that upon him, as upon a rock, his church should be built (Luke vi. 14; Matt. xvi. 18; John i. 42; Mark iii. 12 significantly omits the reason; comp. Midr. Yalḳ. i. 766 on Num. xxiii. 9: "Upon Abraham as top of the rocks God said I shall build my kingdom"). Simon, the son of Jonah (John i. 42; Matt. xvi. 17), was, like his brother Andrew, a fisherman of Capernaum, or of Bethsaida near by (John i. 44), on the Lake of Gennesaret in Galilee.
According to John i. 35-42, Jesus, at the time of his own baptism in the Jordan by John the Baptist, met the two brothers as disciples of John, and afterward bade them follow him to Galilee. According to the synoptic Gospels, which slightly differ from one another (Matt. iv. 18-22; Mark i. 16-20; Luke v. 1-11), Jesus met them on the Lake of Galilee at the beginning of his career, while they were casting nets from their boats, and told them to follow him and become "fishers of men." The house of Peter in Capernaum is represented by the synoptic Gospels as the starting-point and center of Jesus' activity. Peter's mother-in-law is the first person mentioned as having been cured by Jesus, and to Peter's house all the sick and demoniacs were brought in the evening of the Sabbath to be healed (Mark i. 29-34 and parallels). "Simon and they that were with him followed" Jesus thence throughout Galilee (Mark i. 36-39), and the latter, on his return, again stayed in Peter's house, and ever afterward did there his work of healing in Capernaum (Mark ii. 1, 15; iii. 20; ix. 33). Peter is the favorite disciple, who is always found at the side of Jesus (ib. v. 37; ix. 2; xiv. 33, 54), and who is foremost in addressing him or acting for him (ib. ix. 5, xiv 29-31; Luke viii. 45, xii. 41, xxii. 8).He Pronounces Jesus the Messiah.
As the main reason, however, for the prominence (Matt. x. 2) and, afterward, the primateship accorded to Peter, the fact is stated that in answer to Jesus' question, "Whom say ye that I am," he, alone of all the disciples, declared him to be the Messiah, "the anointed of God" (Matt. xvi. 13-20; Luke ix. 18-21; Mark viii. 27-30); and, according to Matthew, the "keys of the kingdom of heaven," with the power of Binding and Loosing, were given to him by Jesus on that occasion. The real history underlying this legend is that Peter is mentioned by Paul (I Cor. xv. 5) and in older traditions (Mark xvi. 7; John xxi. 1-21; comp. Matt. xxviii. 16; Luke xxiv. 12, 34) as the first among the disciples who "saw" the departed Christ. On the other hand, while Jesus was alive Peter is represented as having encountered severe rebukes from his master for his lack of faith and his false zeal, as well as for his listlessness, for his antagonistic attitude at first, and for his cowardly fear at the critical hour (Mark viii. 32, xiv. 30-42, 54-72; Luke xxii. 31; John xviii. 10-11). As a matter of fact, Peter early became as much an object of popular legend as did Jesus his master. Thus, in Matt. xiv. 22-33 Peter walks on the water in the same manner as Jesus does (the original legend is found in John xxi. 1-24; comp. Luke v. 3-9); in the transfiguration story (Matt. xvii. 1-8) he stands out prominently; and he plays the chief rôle in the story of the coin found in the fish's mouth (Matt. xvii. 24-27). Both Matthew (xv. 15, xvii. 21) and Luke (viii. 25, xxii. 8), representing the older tradition, put him in the foreground, while the Pauline and Johannean traditions pushed him more and more into the background (John xiii. 24, xxi. 21, et al.).Head of the Church.
While the acts recorded of Peter (in Acts i. 15, ii. 14 et seq., iii. 1-11, iv. 8 et seq., v. 29 et seq., viii. 14 et seq., ix. 32, x. 1-xi. 18, xv. 4 et seq.) can not claim historical character, the fact can not be questioned that he occupied the position of head of the Church of Jerusalem. As such, with his authority as the foremost disciple of Jesus, he exerted a determining influence upon thecharacter and organization of the Church; so much so that the Judæo-Christians in Corinth called themselves, in opposition to the church Paul had organized there, the church "of Cephas" (I Cor. i. 12). At the same time he was regarded only as one of the Twelve Apostles (Acts i. 14, ii. 14, v. 2, vi. 2), and in their name he speaks (Acts iv. 8, 19; v. 2, 29) in defense of the Church and hurls forth his anathemas against the transgressors (Acts viii. 20), the Holy Spirit always prompting his speeches and his acts. But he was also sent forth as a missionary through the land of Judea and Samaria (ib. viii. 14, ix. 32, x. 9), where many stories circulated among the people of the supernatural cures he performed, of his miraculous escapes from prison (ib. iii., ix., xii.), and of conversions of Gentiles: these could hardly have been inventions of the writer of the Acts. From I Cor. ix. 5 it may be learned that he, like other apostles, used to travel with his wife on his missionary journeys while he was supported by the Church.
Regarding the encounter of Peter with Simon Magus (Acts viii. 14-25) see Simon Magus. The story of the conversion of Cornelius, the Roman centurion in Cæsarea (Acts x. 1-45), in anticipation of which Peter was told in a vision to partake of the food of the heathen in order to win him to a belief in Christ, seems to indicate an early split in the Judæo-Christian Church rather than an intention on the part of the writer to identify Paulinism with that Church. It was probably independently of Paul that the question arose among the Judæo-Christians as to whether certain concessions to the proselytes of the gate were not advisable in the interest of the Church propaganda. Both the traditional and the progressive currents of thought in the Church find expression in the Cornelius story on the one hand, and, on the other, in the rather mythical account of the apostolic council presided over by James, the leader of the conservative side, in which Peter appears as the prime mover (Acts xv. 7 et seq.), and by which the observance of the Noachian laws is insisted upon as the condition of admitting proselytes.A Jewish Teacher, According to the Clementines.
The representation of Peter found in the Clementine writings, especially in those parts based upon older sources (the "Kerygma Petri" [?]; see bibliography in Herzog-Hauck, "Real-Encyc." s.v. "Clementinen"), is quite different from that given in the Acts. The speeches of Peter in Acts iii. 13-26 and elsewhere are animated by the same spirit of hostility to the Jews which pervades the Gospels (see New Testament); the Peter of the Clementines is, in speech and mode of living, a Jew. He departs from Judaism only in that he recognizes in the crucified Jesus the "Prophet" predicted by Moses (Deut. xviii. 15), and through whom sacrifice was abolished and baptism substituted therefor("Recognitiones," i. 36-39, 43, 50), and through whom the heavenly Jerusalem was to be brought down as a habitation of the saints (ib. 51). He lays all possible stress upon the Law, while the Prophets are secondary (ib. 68). On the other hand, he calls Paul "an enemy" of the Church, who acted in the interests of the high priest while pursuing the faithful, and who, in his fury, while he was hastening to Damascus with the expectation of seizing Peter, came near killing James, the brother of Jesus. In his dispute with the high priest Caiaphas, who finds special fault with "the good tidings for the poor" brought by Jesus, he admits that he is himself but "an unlearned fisherman and rustic" (ib. 61-62). He declares the object of baptism to be the remission of sins ("Homilies," vii. 8, xi. 19, 26-29). The articles of his faith are the worship of God as the Maker of heaven and earth, belief in the True Prophet (Jesus), and love coupled with practical benevolence ("Recognitiones," iii. 66; comp. "Homilies," vii. 8). "We. worship one God, the Maker of the Universe, and observe His law, by which we are commanded first to worship Him and reverence His name [comp. ib-xvii. 7]; and then to honor our parents and to preserve chastity and uprightness" ("Recognitiones," vii. 29). But he is especially insistent on the prohibition against eating with the Gentiles, unless they be baptized, and on "abstaining from the table of devils," that is, from food offered to idols and from dead carcasses, from animals suffocated or torn by wild beasts, and from blood. He insists also upon washing after every pollution, and upon the observance of the Levitical purifications by both sexes ("Homilies," vii. 8, viii. 23, xiii. 4; comp. "Recognitiones," iv. 36).Peter and Paul.
It is also of interest to note his declaration that the greatest commandment is "fear the Lord thy God . . . and serve Him" (Deut. x. 12), and to observe the harmony between his teaching and that of the Jewish Didache and Didascalia: "As you would not like to be murdered yourself, nor to have your wife commit adultery, nor to have your things stolen from you, so do not these things to others" ("Homilies," vii. 4, xvii. 7). In the original "Preaching of Peter," thirty, or sixty, or one hundred commandments for the Jewish converts are singled out (comp. Ḥul. 92a; Midr. Teh. to Ps. ii. 5; Gen. R. xcviii. 14). "Man is the true image of God" (not Christ only!); "The pure soul bears His likeness"; "therefore we must honor God's image by offering food to the hungry and clothing to the naked, caring for the sick, sheltering the stranger, visiting him who is in prison, and affording the "needy all the help we can" ("Homilies," xi. 4, xvii. 7). Accordingly, Peter acts in regard to food, prayers, fasts, and ablutions exactly as does a pious Jew or Essene ("Recognitiones," i. 19; ii. 19, 72; v. 36). Many similar passages show the close relation of this teaching, attributed to Peter, to that of the rabbinical schools.
Little value can, according to this, be attached to Gal. ii. 9 (a spurious epistle; see Saul of Tarsus), where Peter is charged by Paul with hypocrisy. That a disagreement in certain matters arose between the two disciples is certain; but whether it was Peter or Paul who was inconsistent and wavering still remains a matter of dispute.
According to the Clementines, Peter stayed at Cæsarea a long time, and then went, by way of Tripolis, to Rome. In John xxi. 19 his martyrdom is predicted to him by Jesus (comp. I Epistle of Clement of Rome, v.). Regarding his stay in Rome, reliance must be placed upon Eusebius ("Hist.Eccl." ii. 1; comp. iii. 39, 15); certainly the account of his meeting Philo (ib. ii. 17) and Paul in Rome is mythical.His Supposed Writings.
According to the testimony of Papias (Eusebius, l.c.), Peter was not able to write expositions of his system of faith; the epistles that bear his name are products of the second century. The First Epistle, addressed to the (Pauline) churches of Asia, betrays the style and influence of the Pauline school; it was written during the persecutions of the Christians in the East in the second century, and, judging from iv. 3, the writer was a converted Gentile, not a born Jew. Possibly the whole epistle is based upon an older Judæo-Christian document (ii. 11-iii. 16, v. 1-12) that addressed its monitions to "the strangers and sojourners" (ii. 11; comp. i. 1). The epistle claims to have been written in Rome (v. 12). The Second Epistle, which shows in iii. 1 its dependence upon the First, and an acquaintance with apocalyptic literature, is a strong arraignment of the abuses of the Church due to Gnostic libertinism preached in some of the Pauline churches (i. 16, ii. 1-2, iii. 14-18); at the same time it endeavors to reconcile Paul's teachings with Peter's (iii. 15).
The so-called Gospel of Peter, of which fragments were found in Akhmym, Upper Egypt, in the year 1886-87 (see Harnack, "Bruchstücke des Evangelium und der Apocalypse des Petrus," 1893; Zahn, "Das Evangelium des Petrus," 1893), is of peculiar interest to the Jewish reader, inasmuch as, to judge from the fragments containing the story of the crucifixion, the whole is a product of fierce hatred toward the Jews, even to a greater extent than is the Fourth Gospel. Peter the Jew was made the mouthpiece of the Church at a time when hostility to his kinsmen had become the distinction of the orthodox Christian.The Apocalypse of Peter.
The Apocalypse of Peter, a fragment of which was found at Akhmym together with the fragments of the Gospel of Peter, has been identified by Harnack (l.c.) with the one known to Clement of Alexandria ("Eclogi," 41, 48, 49) and other Church Fathers. It seems to have drawn its material from a similar Jewish apocalypse (see Kohler, "Pre-Talmudic Haggadah," in "J. Q. R." vii. 605). It shows no traces of Jew-hatred. In it Peter speaks as having, with the other apostles, had intercourse with the departed Jesus on the mountain, and as having been shown by him the reward of the just in Paradise and the punishment of the wicked in Gehenna. Among those subjected to great torture by fire and by scourging are mentioned "those that made idols of wood for themselves and worshiped them instead of God"; also the usurers, the rich that fail to aid the needy, and those "who have forsaken the way of God." The excruciating pains which the wicked suffer wrest from them the confession: "O God, Thy judgment is righteous" (ed. Harnack, l.c. pp. 25, 33, 34). The whole work furnishes proof that its writer was still under Jewish influence, if he did not, indeed, simply take his material from a Jewish apocalypse and adapt it to the new creed. | <urn:uuid:7c386167-1b0e-45de-a587-49fc56fd678c> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13739-simon-cephas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137145.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00096-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968913 | 3,615 | 2.75 | 3 |
Welcome to the next generation of power. Green Power, the clean, renewable energy alternative that powers our future has arrived in South Carolina!
Green Power is power electrically generated by renewable resources such as solar, wind and methane gas from decomposing garbage in select landfills. These resources are replenished naturally and minimize harm to the environment.
Lynches River Electric Cooperative is offering the Green Power Program to its members in response to increase interest in renewable energy and concern for the environment. By voluntarily participating in the Green Power Program, you are taking the initial step to meet and encourage the growing demand for renewable energy. You are also helping to reduce the reliance on limited resources while improving and preserving the environment for future generations.
At this state of Green Power development, the primary source of renewable energy comes from methane gas located in landfills. In addition, a small part comes from solar and wind energy, all located right here in South Carolina.
Costing less than a dime a day, each 100 kilowatt-hour block will add a mere $3 to your monthly electric bill. One block (100 kWh) is approximately 10 percent of a typical household's monthly energy use. Even better there is no equipment to buy, and you won't have to change your lifestyle one bit. You can sign up for as many blocks as you like.
How do I enroll: Members just need to fill out our form and return it to Lynches River either by mail or bring it to our office, or call LREC and tell us you are interested in our Green Power Program.
Join the Green Team and make a commitment to our environment - the cost is small but the impact is large. | <urn:uuid:09f93316-b3ac-4f01-9936-eb64cd2ff95b> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://lynchesriver.com/members/the-extra-services/greenpower.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919024323-20180919044323-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.949446 | 343 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Question Why does the EHV say “John the Baptizer” in Mark 6:24 and “John the Baptist” in Mark 6:25? Which one is correct?
Good question! Both are correct. The reason is that there are two different Greek words used here in the original Greek.
In Mark 6:24, the Greek text reads τοῦ βαπτίζοντος [tou baptizontos].
• This is a present active participle from the verb “βαπτίζω” [baptizo].
• In this verse, John is described as “the Baptizer.”
In Mark 6:25, the Greek text reads τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ [tou baptistou].
• This is a genitive form of the noun βαπτιστής [baptistes].
• In this verse, John is described as “the Baptist.”
The EHV shows that there are two different Greek words here. Since the Greek New Testament used two different forms of expression, the EHV seeks to do the same in the English translation. As usual we lean toward respecting the stylistic variations chosen by the inspired authors. That is why it is appropriate to call John “the Baptizer” or “the Baptist.” | <urn:uuid:3c2227c0-d7df-4fa4-97a0-66392fcf9abb> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://wartburgproject.org/sp_faq/18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400210996.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923113029-20200923143029-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.915476 | 308 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Why must you mislead those who actually invest their time into reading these articles? I just read one about how Pasteurized milk is healthier and has more benefits. In reality, if farmers maintained a healthy grass-fed diet for the cow, there would be no need for Pasteurization. The process of heating the milk only does damage to the nutritional benefits of the raw milk. For instance, the bodies of people who are lactose-intolerant are incapable of producing an enzyme which is meant to break down the lactose. Heating the raw milk up, which already has this enzyme in it, is killing the enzyme. Also, the true reason the government requires milk to be Pasteurized is to create a longer shelf-life for stores. Most cows are fed grains and their bodies do not appreciate it. Raw milk digests easier and is excellent for muscular growth. You will never find a case where a grass-fed cow has produced any milk or beef that made anyone sick. I have been raw grass-fed beef for years and it has not negatively affected me, nor will it affect anyone negatively. If cows are getting sick and yielding bad product due to their horrible diet, then I would advise people to stay completely away from all dairy.
Greene County Ohio
You may wish to read what the Centers For Disease Control say about raw milk consumption. The web page includes information about raw milk disease transmission and nutritional health benefits claims. The web page is more extensive than the quotes below.
Your claim that raw milk has never harmed anyone is incorrect and the CDC data below indicates that is the case. Salmonella can be transmitted by wild turkeys on dairy cattle forage through their feces. When dairy cattle eat that contaminated forage , salmonella can then be transmitted to the milk and consumed unless pasteurized.
"What are the risks associated with drinking raw milk?
Raw milk can carry harmful bacteria and other germs that can make you very sick or kill you. While it is possible to get foodborne illnesses from many different foods, raw milk is one of the riskiest of all.
Getting sick from raw milk can mean many days of diarrhea, stomach cramping, and vomiting. Less commonly, it can mean kidney failure, paralysis, chronic disorders, and even death.
Many people who chose raw milk thinking they would improve their health instead found themselves (or their loved ones) sick in a hospital for several weeks fighting for their lives from infections caused by germs in raw milk. For example, a person can develop severe or even life-threatening diseases, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, which can cause paralysis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome, which can result in kidney failure and stroke.Illness can occur from the same brand and source of raw milk that people had been drinking for a long time without becoming ill.
A wide variety of germs that are sometimes found in raw milk, can make people sick, including bacteria (e.g., Brucella, Campylobacter, Listeria, Mycobacterium bovis (a cause of tuberculosis), Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli [e.g., E. coli O157], Shigella, Yersinia), parasites (e.g., Giardia), and viruses (e.g., norovirus).
Each ill person’s symptoms can differ, depending on the type of germ, the amount of contamination, and the person’s immune defenses. "
How many outbreaks are related to raw milk?
CDC collects data on foodborne disease outbreaks voluntarily reported by the state, local, territorial, or tribal health departments. The health departments conduct most outbreak investigations reported to CDC. The data reported may change frequently as reporting agencies enter new records and modify or delete old ones.
Among dairy product-associated outbreaks reported to CDC between 1998 and 2011 in which the investigators reported whether the product was pasteurized or raw, 79% were due to raw milk or cheese. From 1998 through 2011, 148 outbreaks due to consumption of raw milk or raw milk products were reported to CDC. These resulted in 2,384 illnesses, 284 hospitalizations, and 2 deaths. Most of these illnesses were caused by Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, or Listeria. It is important to note that a substantial proportion of the raw milk-associated disease burden falls on children; among the 104 outbreaks from 1998-2011 with information on the patients’ ages available, 82% involved at least one person younger than 20 years old.
Reported outbreaks represent the tip of the iceberg. For every outbreak and every illness reported, many others occur, and most illnesses are not part of recognized outbreaks.
Are there more outbreaks related to raw milk in states where it is legal to sell?
Yes. States that allow the legal sale of raw milk for human consumption have more raw milk-related outbreaks of illness than states that do not allow raw milk to be sold legally."Source: http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/rawmilk/raw-milk-questions-and-answers.html
Your claim that raw milk is better for lactose intolerant individuals has been studied as well and found to be incorrect. The study used as it test product raw organic milk and found that lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance symptoms were higher in subjects that consumed raw milk.
In fact the FDA web article summarizes that there is no lactase, the enzyme you refer to, in milk. | <urn:uuid:dc9ade7c-a28f-4467-a9e3-1f754e4c0859> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://ask.extension.org/questions/198767 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195745.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128184858-20201128214858-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.952996 | 1,144 | 2.875 | 3 |
Environmental education centering around on various issues often begins in schools encouraging the students to understand and create associations with their direct environs. The understanding, awareness, and skills needed for the conservation of House Sparrows, provide a base for moving out into larger systems, broader issues, and a more sophisticated comprehension of causes, connections, and consequences. Recent fast changing human life style have severely affected the nesting sites and food availability for the House Sparrows. This is a serious issue that needs awareness so that we do not lose our little friend as we lost Dodo and other species.
On the occasion of “WORLD SPARROW DAY”, an Oral Presentation entitled “The House Sparrows: Concerns and Conservation” was given in Himalayan Progressive School (HPS), Kichha-Uttra Khand. The presentation was given by Dr. Sonika Kushwaha from Indian Biodiversity Conservation Society, Jhansi. The presentation is summarized as below: The little chirruping House Sparrow (Passer domesticus indicus) is one of the commonest
birds that every Indian comes across. It has been a childhood friend, nesting and singing around humans. As the name ‘House Sparrow” suggests, its habitat are human dwellings with small crevices for nesting. But due to recent fast changing human life style have severely affected the nesting sites and food availability for the House Sparrows. This is a serious issue that needs awareness so that we do not lose our little friend as we lost Dodo and other species. There are 26 species of sparrow all over the World while India has 5 species of sparrows which includes migratory and residential species: Migratory species: Passer hispaniolensis (Spanish Sparrow); Residential Species: Passer pyrrhonotus (Sind Sparrow), Passer rutilans (Russet Sparrow), Passer montanus (Eurasian Tree Sparrow) and Passer domesticus (House Sparrow). Before the implementation of conservational strategies it is of vital importance to know about the behavior, status as well the threats of the species concerned. The conservational measures are fruitful when planned according to the behavior of the House Sparrows. House sparrow is a gregarious bird. Dust bathing is a very important behavior of House sparrow. Until and unless the status and threats are known, the conservation plans cannot be undertaken. A number of hypotheses have been put forward as possible causes of the decline of House Sparrows in Rural, urban and suburban habitats. These include lack of nest sites, depleting food resources for adult house sparrows and chicks, lack of safe roosting sites, urban sprawling, change in human life style, competition with other birds, change in agricultural practices, predation, use of insecticides/pesticides, public intolerance, people misconception, lack of public knowledge. Strategies and efforts for their conservation are being implemented throughout the country so as to put a halt to the dwindling population before urbanization leads them to the category of Critically Endangered. Artificial Nest boxes have proved extremely valuable for the house sparrows because they provide alternative safe nesting sites to them. We are doing remarkable efforts for sparrow conservation through Research work, supplementary feed and artificial nest Boxes, Sparrow Census, Awareness Programmes and workshops in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Students are involved through various events during Wildlife Week and World Sparrow Day. Besides various competitions for students, the volunteers spot the Sparrows in the aforesaid areas and create awareness by distributing flyers, pamphlets,posters and calendar on sparrows to the local people. The workshops bring together all the local people. Awareness has been also created through social media and press media. Therefore, by adopting these initiatives we can easily bring back the house sparrows in our lives, so that our further generation can also enjoy the pleasure of watching these small and chirping lives in our homes. There is still time to start their conservation and maintain their population in all the landscapes. Sparrows can be conserved by every individual with little efforts.
In continuation, a workshop was also conducted on preparation of artificial nest boxes for House Sparrows The material could be cardboard, wood or earthen pots. No metallic items were to be used. The entrance hole had to be between 3.0-3.2 cm. The nest box had to be prepared as well as installed. Selection of safe location for installation was important so that it could not be approached by predators. It had to be under shade, away from predators, supported by wall, at an average height, tied properly so that it didn’t swayed by wind.
1. Short presentation on Preparation and installation of Artificial House Sparrow nest boxes (Resource Person: Dr.Sonika Kushwaha ) -Need and importance of Artificial House Sparrow nest boxes -Preparation according to scientific measurements -Installation: dos and don’ts
2. Requirements for nest box preparation included Shoe boxes or any other cardboard box or Earthen pots (small) and stationary like Brown tape for shoe box/cardboard box, Scissors, Cutter, Marker and White fabric colour brush for earthen pots
The workshops and activities brought together all the students, teachers and volunteers. Therefore, by adopting these initiatives we can easily bring back the house sparrows in our lives, so that our further generation can also enjoy the pleasure of watching these small and chirping lives in our homes. There is still time to start their conservation and maintain their population in all the landscapes. Sparrows can be conserved by every individual with little efforts.
Submitted by : Dr. Sonika Kushwaha
Indian Biodiversity Conservation Society, Jhansi-U.P. | <urn:uuid:0b74d463-1056-4ea8-8ea1-4f1fe2a30b14> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://hpskichha.com/read/world-sparrow-day-celebration-in-himalayan-progressive-school-20th-march-2021 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152168.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727010203-20210727040203-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.938721 | 1,180 | 3.25 | 3 |
Cultural Translation _Plants Symbolism Ⅴ
In late autumn, when hoar frost has already formed and the temperatures in the early morning dip below freezing, the chrysanthemum flourishes. It is regarded by Chinese people as strong, graceful , and with no egotistical desire for fame or gain.
Peony is another flower prized in Chinese culture. It is enjoyed for its stately color and heavenly fragrance. Due to its grace and poise, it is fitting symbol of splendor, wealth, and happiness. Among others, it was proposed as the national flower of China.
The most highly regarded classical piece of writing about peony is Notes on Peony in Luoyang City. This was written by Ouyang Xiu, a Song Dynasty man of letters. He elaborated on the peony’s history, methods of planting , varieties, and related customs. Literary figures of the Song and Ming dynasties also composed similar works.
Read Also: Translation of Double Negation
There is a legend that describes how peony came to be associated with the city of Luoyang. The Empress Wu Zetian planned to visit her Upper Garden in early spring. At the time, the plants were budding but not yet in bloom. The fussy monarch issued an imperial decree in the form of a poem:
I will visit the Upper Garden tomorrow,
Spring shall be let known in time.
All flowers shall overnight bloom and grow
And wait not for vernal wind.
The Empress had her wish- almost. Althoug the other flowers did as commanded, peony declined, due to its pride. Wu Zetian was furious and ordered peony be demoted to Luoyang. Peony has been endowed with the quality of indifference to the powerful and the influential, and the strength to stay true to its own principles.
Narcissus, the water fairy, is considered special because it grows in clean water and exudes an elegant and pure fragrance. Due to these attributes it is regarded as possessing pure and refined qualities. Similar to the other flowers mentioned in this chapter, it has been subject matter for many poems.
There are still many other flowers that have symbolic value in Chinese culture. Peach blossoms are thought to represent pretty ladies. Due to the fact it grows in mud but manages to achieve to be visually pleasing, lotus stands for grace and purity. The broad-leaved epiphyllum represents a brief duration, according to the expression “lasting as briefly as the broad-leaved epiohyllum”.
The seed of the red bean shrub is a token of love. Interestingly, with regards to love, sometimes Chinese refer to one’s wife as a flower at home. On the other hand, wild flower describes a woman one has an affair with. A popular Chinese song includes the line “Don’t pick a wild flower by the roadside”, meaning it is better to stay faithful to one’s love.
Grasses also have their place in the Chinese cultural realm. They are admired because they do not seek fame or attention, but are content with their lot in life. The resilience of grasses is also admired by the Chinese people. The lyrics of one song note:
I am a nameless piece of grass,
I never feel lonely,
I am never disturbed,
I have friends
At the most remote corners of the earth.
The Tang Dynasty’s Bai Juyi penned the most famous lines regarding grass:
Balefire never extinguishes grasses,
They continue to grow in the vernal wind.
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Over 95% of our clients recommend our language services to others | <urn:uuid:f555900b-4474-4ef4-833c-1a7b442c1319> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.ccjk.com/cultural-translation-_plants-symbolism-%E2%85%A4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036077.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625160220-20220625190220-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.964561 | 799 | 3.21875 | 3 |
We’ve all heard the importance of removing plaque from our teeth and how over time, the sticky film of bacteria on our teeth can harden into tartar, which is much more difficult to remove and damaging to our teeth and gums. Dental plaque also contains the bacteria that converts sugar into acids that wear away tooth enamel and cause cavities. Here are some oral care tips to keeping your teeth clean and free of plaque.
- Floss before you brush. Especially right after eating, it’s important to remove the food particles from between your teeth before the bacteria can get to them. Flossing is a crucial component of great oral hygiene that’s often neglected. You should floss at least once a day between your teeth, using a gentle sawing motion. When you do, make sure you use a clean section of floss for every section between teeth.
- Brush twice a day. Although there are lots of fancy toothbrushes available in stores, the best ones are soft-bristled nylon brushes with rounded bristles. Hard bristled toothbrushes can wear away tooth enamel. Also, when you brush you’ll need a good fluoride toothpaste. The fluoride helps strengthen your tooth enamel and protect from decay.
- Use mouthwash that helps remove plaque. Although they’re not very effective all by themselves, mouthwashes can help loosen plaque buildup on teeth when used in conjunction with brushing and flossing.
- Have your teeth cleaned regularly. Regular cleanings are the most effective way to get rid of the more hard-to-reach plaque and the plaque that has hardened into tartar. Dentists usually recommend a cleaning every six months, but may say that you need cleanings more often if you have special issues.
Despite all of the advances in dentistry, tooth decay still remains a prevalent problem in the U.S. Following these tips will help ensure that your teeth are protected. If it’s time for a tooth cleaning, make an appointment today. | <urn:uuid:3f75d277-d196-4f84-a4ad-75e74448c155> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://mydcdental.com/tips-on-removing-plaque/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663035797.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220529011010-20220529041010-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.939674 | 418 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Single Crochet Lesson
Lesson 3 – We begin the foundations and starting points of crochet by showing you each stitch step by step. In this tutorial, you will learn how easy it is. We begin by reviewing how to chain again and then single crocheting on top of the chain. Make sure you don’t throw out this sample after this tutorial. We are going to continue to build onto this sample in the next several tutorials. Our goal is for you to have a Swatch that shows you all the different sizes of stitches from Single Crochet to Triple Crochet. Single Crochet in pattern books is known as SC.
©2013 The Crochet Crowd, Michael Sellick | <urn:uuid:c6db1acc-f5b3-483a-b1ef-66380e969b56> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://thecrochetcrowd.com/single-crochet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998724.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618123355-20190618145355-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.929481 | 141 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Amazon is home to 10 percent of all animal species in the world and some have adapted to niche habitats of the forest like the Milton's Titi monkey and the Toucans. There are fears that the raging forest fire might have led to the extinction of a few species and endangered others.
The Amazon forests are on fire, and no one seems to be bothered by this catastrophe, least of all the Brazillian government. The Amazon is considered to be one of the biggest lung spaces in the world, and people aren't concerned that 1 in 10 living species of animals on earth live here whose natural habitat has been destroyed. The environmental implications of the fires will manifest itself in all kinds of ways very soon in the future. A large part of the forests fall under Brazil but the country's Prime Minister, Jair Bolsenaro has clearly stated that his government does not have the resources to fight the fires - a clear dereliction of duties as a leader of the country but frankly no one is surprised.
Shortly after coming into power, Bolsenaro indicated that he planned to open up the Amazon for business. Some believe that the fires were deliberately started. Species of animals in the Amazon are not adapted to face forest fires unlike those in the USA and Australia where fires are necessary for the ecosystem there according to National Geographic. For example, the black-bellied woodpecker, found in western USA only nests in burnt-out trees and eats beetles inside burned wood. Eucalyptus trees in Australia would die without regular fires, say experts.
While forest fires have occurred in the Amazon before, it has not been witnessed on such a massive scale right now. Since last week, at least 9,000 wildfires have been raging at the same time and these also include the areas under Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru. There are fears that many species of animals that are native to these forests could have even gone extinct due to the fires, or their status in the endangered list could have been fast-tracked because of it. In 2011, the Milton’s titi monkey species was discovered for the first time in the southern Amazon that’s currently beset by fire and one fears for the worst for the animals.
The Mura’s saddleback tamarin, another monkey species, found in central Brazil could have also been affected by the fires, researchers believe. Carlos César Durigan, director of the Wildlife Conservation Society of Brazil said, "I (fear) we may be losing many of these endemic species." Amphibians that partially dwell in small water bodies and creeks will also be threatened since raging fires burn right over these small water bodies. Additionally, they could also change the water chemistry to make it unsustainable for life in the short term, said Mazeika Sullivan from the Ohio State University.
Sullivan, an associate professor at the School of Environment and Natural Resources, has done fieldwork in the Colombian Amazon. Many 'specialists' species adapted to the niche Amazon habitat like Toucans who eat fruits that other animals can’t access could also be severely affected them since the wildfire could destroy their food supply. Spider monkeys could also suffer the same fate. "What happens when you lose the canopy? They’re forced into other areas with more competition. Once you take the rainforest away, (you lose) 99 percent of all species," said Sullivan.
The only animals who could escape or benefit from the fires are fast-moving ones like Jaguars and Pumas who are very mobile and could move away from the fires. Raptors are other species who would benefit but these are very small in number. Others like sloths, lizards, and frogs would quickly die. "In the Amazon, nothing is adapted to fire. Basically, the Amazon hadn’t burnt in hundreds of thousands or millions of years," said William Magnusson, a researcher at the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) in Manaus, Brazil who specializes in biodiversity monitoring and added. | <urn:uuid:55423ad4-fa6f-4ad4-8122-af899965fa77> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://read.ilovehalloween.net/the-amazon-forest-fires-may-have-already-decimated-thousands-of-animal-species | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144111.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219092153-20200219122153-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.968208 | 819 | 3.3125 | 3 |
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Tropical savanna climates have monthly mean temperature above 18°C (64°F) in every month of the year and typically a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than 60mm (2.36 in) of precipitation. In essence, a tropical savanna climate tends to either see less rainfall than a tropical monsoon climate or have more pronounced dry seasons than a tropical monsoon climate. Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa, Asia and South America. The climate is also prevalent in sections of Central America, northern Australia and North America, specifically in sections of Mexico and the state of Florida in the United States.
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "As". (Tropical Savanna Climate).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Honolulu - Hala Terrace is 39.6" (1005.8 mm). The month with the most precipitation on average is March with 6.4" (162.6 mm) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is June with an average of 1.1" (27.9 mm). There are an average of 173.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in July with 18.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in January with 11.0 days. | <urn:uuid:370d26bd-f01d-4d36-8007-32f47f4f9215> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=71815&cityname=Honolulu+-+Hala+Terrace%2C+Hawaii%2C+United+States+of+America&units= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737867468.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221747-00138-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938886 | 276 | 3.265625 | 3 |
If today’s smartphones are as powerful as our desktop machines were 5 years ago, the question emerges – why do smartphones have all of these apps written for them, whereas traditional desktop and laptop computers usually have a much smaller number of more generalized, less specialized programs installed?
Compared to the traditional laptop or desktop computer, the smartphone is with the user much more of the time. The smartphone has built-in location awareness, which the typical full-fledged computer does not have.
The smartphone has a very different interface than the full-fledged computer, dictated by its pocket form factor. That pocket form factor dictates a different interface interaction that demands bits and pieces of software to make specific uses easier. Because of always-on Internet access, smartphones can easily pull just the data they need instantly on demand for very specific purposes.
Here’s what can be surmised about the ideal future smartphone devices:
Ultimately, it’s a phone slash computer that fits into a pocket with an always-on connection to the Internet. The touch screen should be as large as possible, but still be able to fit into a shirt pocket. The battery life should be as good as possible. The memory should be as large as possible, the Internet access should be as fast and as reliable as possible. The processing, camera and phone performances should be as good as possible. The device should contain all of the current popular consumer wireless protocols. Overall the device should be as light as possible, and be as rugged and durable as possible.
In short, the smartphone should be able to do everything we expect, and do it well. Surprisingly, some of these devices are getting closer to meeting some of these ideals. | <urn:uuid:840366b8-1e7d-43a1-82f2-cbb59d49f382> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://geeknewscentral.com/tag/uses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096991.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00213-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963452 | 345 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Epidemics contributed to the difficulties of survival for the first settlers in British America and later hampered the growth of the American colonies.1 Epidemics struck with relentless regularity, leaving a train of death and debility in their wake. The cyclic waves of disease can be explained in part by poor understanding of the causes which led to inept or erroneous therapies. Basic infection control practices such as hand washing and basic sanitation practices such as sewage disposal were not practiced. Principles of sanitation were for all intents absent. Environment, too, contributed to epidemic disease; frequently settlement sites were less than ideal, e.g. near low tide water areas, or stagnant and marshy ground. Dietary deficiencies were legion owing to the privations experienced by the immigrants on their ship passage to the new world. At least initially, these food shortages would have continued until working farms could be established and sufficient food production organized.
Philadelphia, planned by William Penn to be a spacious green country town, was born in 1682. It was settled on low marshy ground in an area where summers were and are sultry and hot. Mosquitoes naturally bred in such a suitable setting and, as we have learned during the twentieth century, are vectors of some of the most devastating diseases. Benjamin Rush, a renowned physician as well as climatologist once remarked, "We have the humidity of Great Britain in the spring; the heat of Africa in the summer; the temperature of Italy in June; the sky of Egypt in autumn; the snows of Norway and the ice of Holland in the winter; the tempests of the West Indies in each season; the variable winds of Great Britain every month of the year." 2 Philadelphia was one of the hottest and dampest towns on the American east coast.
The absence of proper sewage and waste disposal must have been singularly unsavory in itself during the summer months, but the inadequacies also invited a number of unpleasant gastrointestinal and febrile illnesses. Powell describes the Philadelphia of 1793.
Before Penn’s second visit to the colony in 1699, people had begun to divide the large blocks in half by introducing narrow streets called alleys. The tiny, dark, airless row houses erected along them invited filth and disease. Middleton cites Noah Webster’s comment that the position and alterations made in Philadelphia doomed the city to calamity. Webster believed that the cross streets and back alleys should be destroyed. 4 In addition, Philadelphia was a port city where importation of foreign diseases such as Dutch distemper and Palatine fever came by ship with the new colonists.
Philadelphia experienced more than fifty epidemics, on average about one every two years, from 1699 to 1799. This paper traces and catalogs those epidemics, defines the diseases in terms by which they were known from a contemporary observer’s account if possible, and looks at the estimated mortality in relation to the population of the city when these figures are available.
Smallpox was a highly communicable European disease imported to the colony by the early English, Dutch, and Swedish settlers. Although officially eradicated today, it was a dreaded disease among the first several generations, easily recognized by the skin eruptions that sometimes led to pitting and scarring. The incidence of smallpox throughout the century 1699-1799 was cyclic, striking when the numbers of susceptible, unexposed individuals increased. Philadelphia experienced more than ten outbreaks during this time.
Smallpox was seasonal, usually appearing during the winter months and extending into the spring. Based on today’s statistics, classic smallpox must have resulted in a thirty percent to fifty percent mortality rate among unvariolated individuals, while variola minor, a milder form, in only one percent to 1.5 percent. It seems probable that colonial mortality closely paralleled 1950-1960 third world country rates.5 There is some indication that a more virulent type may have affected some Indian tribes, however, their decimation by smallpox may have been related to lack of seasoning or lack of natural immunity. 6,7
Smallpox was highly infectious and transmission from person to person occurred by direct contact. The disease presented with fever, headache, muscle ache, backache and arthralgias. Nausea and vomiting were often noted with onset. Between the second and fourth days, the typical smallpox skin eruptions appeared and lasted through its several stages for twelve to twenty days. Permanent pockmarks and scarring were often visible evidence of smallpox visitation. Complications might be as fearsome as the disease itself, resulting in bacterial skin infections and fatal pneumonia. 8
The treatment, once the disease was contracted, would have been optimally achieved through hygienic conditions. Prevention was obviously the best option, but variolation (introduction of the live virus to produce a mild illness) was not without danger or controversy. This new preventative carried the threat of mortality either because the illness it produced was too virulent or because people who were inoculated went about their daily business while carrying an active, albeit mild, case of the pox to all those with whom they came in contact. In 1736, John Kearsley, a Philadelphia physician and an advocate of inoculation, recognized that the procedure seemed to spread the disease. 9 Nevertheless, Doctors Kearsley, Zachary, Hooper, Cadwalader, Shippen, Bond, and Sommers continued to support inoculation 10 as did Benjamin Franklin through his newspaper.
In her diary, Elizabeth Drinker reported the inoculation of her children Sally (1763), Nancy and Polly (1765), Henry (1773) and Molly (1779) by Dr. John Redman. None of the Drinker children contracted smallpox naturally but the ordeal of inoculation meant nearly two months of illness. It began with preparation, using emetics and purges, followed by the introduction of the smallpox into an incision on both arms. In about four to five days a rash appeared, accompanied by fever and generalized illness that lasted about five to six weeks before the patient achieved full recovery. 11The early smallpox epidemics resulted in large numbers of fatalities 12 and control in Philadelphia was difficult because of the constant influx of immigrants; 288 died in 1731 and 158 in 1736. The 1756 outbreak was rendered more serious by the presence of British troops under Colonel Bouquet quartered in the city; mortality was estimated at between 800 and 900. 13 In 1759, between 500 and 600 succumbed and another 300 died during the 1773 epidemic. 14 During the Revolutionary War, General Washington mandated inoculation for all troops in 1777 which included all Continental troops in Philadelphia. 15 From that date to the end of the century, Philadelphia was spared any further smallpox of epidemic proportions.
Elizabeth Drinker reported that her daughter, Nancy, contracted measles about October 15, 1772 and the other children succumbed shortly thereafter.
Benjamin Rush provides a contemporary description of a measles outbreak in "An Account of the Measles as they appeared in Philadelphia in the Spring of 1789" in Medical Inquires and Observations. 17
The measles appeared in December and spread slowly throughout January. By February and March, the disease was universal in the city. The onset of measles was preceded by a gumboil and then pains in the head, swelling eyelids, toothache, nose bleeds, tinnitus, deafness, coma, and convulsions. Other symptoms noted were sore throat and hoarseness, painful cough, pneumonia-like signs, vomiting and possibly diarrhea. In general the disease interval from contact to fever was fourteen days. Fever usually began on the third or fourth day accompanied by skin rash of red blotches or eruptions like smallpox, "rubiola varioloides," of between three or four to nine days duration. Symptoms after recession (of the rash?) included cough, hoarseness, aphonia and diarrhea. Measles were fatal to one of three children. Rush noted that measles – like smallpox – were more superficial the second time. "From these facts, I have taken the liberty of calling it internal measles, to distinguish it from those which are external. I think the discovery of this new state of this disorder of some application to practice." 18Rush prescribed treatments including bloodletting, vomiting, demulcent and diluting drinks, blisters, and opiates.
Benjamin Rush provided "An Account of the Influenza as it appeared in Philadelphia in the Autumn of 1789 - In the Spring of 1790 - and in the Winter of 1791" in Medical Inquiries and Observations. 19
In October 1789, Congress arrived in Philadelphia much indisposed with colds, which they ascribed to fatigue, night air and travel. The influenza rapidly spread through the city. Symptoms included the following: hoarseness, sore throat, fatigue, chills, fever, head pains, swollen eyelids, watery eyes, ear ache and possible abscess of the frontal sinus. Sneezing was universal ("no less than fifty times in a day") 20 as was cough. Other complaints were nose bleeds, nasal discharge, loss of appetite, nausea and sometimes vomiting, limb pain - especially back and thighs, sweating and a remitting fever.
Both sexes were equally affected but it usually passed children under eight years of age. It crossed all occupations but seemed to attack those who worked out of doors more severely than those indoors; surveyors of the eastern woods suffered terribly with influenza. There was no previous disease protection and many people were reinfected. It was usually fatal only to older people, drinkers, asthmatics and those with tuberculosis.
Common treatments included bleeding, antiphlogistic medicines, cordial drinks, and diet, but no cathartics.Rush made the following observations about influenza: 1. It was as contagious as the smallpox, 2. It spread very rapidly, and 3. Neither climate nor state of society produced any change in the disease.
Scarlet Fever and Scarlatina Anginosa
Scarlatina anginosa refers to scarlet fever with tonsillar enlargement and/or peritonsillar abscess.
William Douglass, a colonial Boston physician, is best known for his work on scarlet fever entitled "The practical history of a New England epidemical eruptive military fever, with an angina ulcusculosa, which prevailed in New-England in the years 1735 and 1736." He estimated that 4000 people in Boston had the disease and 114 died. 21 Douglass called this disease fever with angina ulcusculosa but noted that it was also called "plague in the throat." He said that "some died of a sudden or acute necrosis; but most of them by symptomatic affection of the fauces [throat] and neck… by sphacelations [gangrenous] or corrosive ulcerations in the fauces, or by an infiltration and tumefaction [swelling] in the chops and forepart of the neck, so turged, as to bring all upon a level between the chin and sternum, occasioning a strangulation of the patient in a very short time." 22
Douglass noted that patients had "soreness in the throat, tonsils swelled and speckt [speckled], uvula relaxed, slight fever, flush in the face, and an erysipelas-like efflorescence on the neck, chest and extremities." 23 It was called scarlet fever. The symptoms he described were (1) great prostration of strength, (2) listlessness, (3) chill, (4) headache, (5) nausea (6) inflamed and tumified uvula and tonsils, (7) flushed face, (8) furred tongue, and (9) fever. Flushing, he noted, receded gradually with itching and scaling of the extremities and cream colored sloughs in the throat. Douglass described three patient classes of the distemper: those who die on the first through third day of illness; those where the disease follows an ordinary course with universal dark reddish eruptions which resolve in six or seven days; and those in whom there are "consequential ails" or complications of having survived the disease. 24
The disease occurred year round and did not appear to be personally infecting like plague or smallpox. 25
Parenthetically, Rush observed in his essay on the scarlatina anginosa epidemic of 1783-1784 in Philadelphia, "A considerable shock of an earthquake was felt on the 29th of this month at ten o’clock at night, in the city of Philadelphia; but no change was perceived in the disease, in consequence of it." 26 In December the disease abated but reappeared with great violence in January, finally disappearing altogether in the spring. The disease recurred in Philadelphia in 1786, 1787, and 1788. Rush’s treatment consisted of emetics, calomel, purges, gargles, perspiring and diluting drinks.
Without doubt, yellow fever epidemics in Philadelphia were among the most fearsome and deadly of the early American plagues. Two in particular have achieved notoriety through the writings of contemporaries as well as medical historians, those of 1762 and 1793.
Yellow fever is one of a number of the arbovirus diseases carried by arthropod vectors, especially mosquitoes and ticks, to man. Overwintering of mosquitoes can carry the virus from one year to the next, but breeding depends upon suitable amounts of rainfall. 27 Other diseases that closely resemble yellow fever are malaria, which was endemic in Philadelphia during 1699-1799; louse-borne relapsing fever, sometimes called Palatine fever because it was recognized in German immigrants; infectious hepatitis, spread by the fecal-oral route possibly through polluted wells; and leptospirosis, a spirochetal disease acquired from infected animals, sewers or abattoirs. Philadelphia physicians ceased to consider other diseases during the crisis of 1793. Benjamin Rush declared that it was a "monarchical disorder" and that it had chased influenza from the city. All diseases were treated as if they were the yellow fever. 28
Only two accounts of the Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic of 1762 were written, one by Dr. John Redman and the other by his apprentice, Dr. Benjamin Rush. On August 28, 1762, Dr. Redman saw his first yellow fever patient. The disease peaked in September and nearly ceased by the end of October. Dr. Redman believed that the fever originated in the following areas:
Dr. Redman discussed the symptoms of the fever and his method of treatment. He used saline purgatives, cordials and wine with antiemetics to control the gastrointestinal symptoms. He used a stomach plaster throughout the illness and kept a bowl of vinegar in the patient’s room to lessen the contagion. 30
Rush published his notes on the 1762 yellow fever epidemic in "An Account of the Bilious Remitting Yellow Fever, as it appeared in the City of Philadelphia in the year 1793" in Medical Inquiries and Observations. 31
Several cases of yellow fever in August appeared to have been caused by a quantity of damaged coffee "thrown upon Mr. Ball’s wharf and in the adjoining dock…and which had putrefied there to the great annoyance of the whole neighborhood." 32 The 1793 symptoms reminded Rush of the bilious remitting yellow fever epidemic of 1762.
On August 24, 1793, Rush sent a letter to Dr. Hutchinson, port physician for Philadelphia, about the fever and its presumed origin in damaged coffee putrefying on the wharf near Arch Street. He wrote, "I have not seen a fever of so much malignity, so general, since the year 1762."
The College of Physicians responded by adopting a series of eleven preventive measures for the city of Philadelphia on August 26, 1793:
Rush noted that certain factors predisposed to yellow fever, and these he called indirect debility (fatigue, intemperance, and heat) and direct debility (fear, grief, cold, night air, wet feet, sleep, and immoderate evacuations.)
Yellow fever symptoms include hemorrhage from the nose and mouth, pain in the liver, copious expectoration from lungs, dilatation of the pupils, nausea and vomiting (black vomit), costive dry-gripes and at other times bloody diarrhea, apoplexy, coma, convulsions, inguinal and parotid swelling, and jaundice by the third to the fifth day. The fever usually remitted about the third day, but was back violently on the fourth, followed by death on the fifth to seventh day.At first, the Rush method of treatment consisted of purging, but not mercurial, moderate bloodletting, and low diet. As the disease continued unabated into September, physicians began to dispute therapeutic effectiveness of the various regimens available. The Rush method of treatment became more aggressive, employing violent purges of mercury and jalap along with copious bloodletting, low diet, and fluids. Using Rush’s correspondence from the time of the epidemic, Holmes was able to identify fifty people who were patients and another twenty-two who were probably patients. Of the fifty, thirty-nine recovered, ten died and one was lost to follow-up. Of the twenty-two probables, twenty died and two were lost to follow-up. The combined mortality rate for these patients under Rush’s treatment was forty-two to forty-six percent. 35
Matthew Carey’s A Short Account of the Malignant Fever, Lately Prevalent in Philadelphia 36 differs from Rush’s scholarly presentation in that it is a collection of brief observations about the disease written for public consumption. The chief recommendations of the pamphlet are the burial lists compiled by churchyard, the alphabetical list of the names of the 4041 deceased and David Rittenhouse’s weather tables for August, September, October, and November 1793. Rush also used the Rittenhouse charts in his volume.
Benjamin Rush also gave accounts of the yellow fever epidemics of 1797, 1798, and 1799 in Philadelphia. In each of these, the reported symptoms were similar to those of 1793. In "An Account of the Bilious Remitting and Intermitting Yellow Fever as it appeared in Philadelphia in 1797," the origin of the fever was traced to "foul air of a ship which had just arrived from Marseilles, and which discharged her cargo at Pine-street wharf." 37 The fever of 1798 was also attributed in part to the coming of a ship from the West Indies. "The origin of this fever was from the exhalations of gutters, docks, cellars, common sewers, ponds of stagnating water, and from the foul air of the ship formerly mentions." 38 In addition, Rush, as was his custom, observed the effects of weather on the course of disease.
Yet again in 1799, the recurrent yellow fever was attributed to the coming of a vessel from the West Indies. In July several cases of yellow fever appeared at Penn-street near the water. Rush assumed that the disease did not spread by contagion because it gradually disappeared from the city in July and August, but he noted that the weather was dry throughout those two months and sickly animals and flies died in great numbers. "In no year, since the prevalence of the fever, was the desertion of the city so general." 40
Yellow fever continued to plague Philadelphia into the early part of the nineteenth century.
The author, Suzanne M. Shultz is Director of Library Services Philip A. Hoover, M.D. Library York Hospital. | <urn:uuid:ffe0d3ff-997d-4c48-a5af-0256f7ab8a2b> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2007_winter_spring/epidemics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558067648.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150107-00284-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97145 | 4,105 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Topic: Motor Aphantasia
Motor aphantasia is a fascinating cognitive phenomenon where individuals are unable to mentally simulate physical movements. These resources delve deeper into the realm of movement-free imagination, exploring the experiences of those who cannot envision themselves performing actions, from walking to dancing. It serves as a platform for discussions, personal stories, and research on this lesser-known type of aphantasia. Discover how motor aphantasia impacts activities that typically rely on the mental rehearsal of movements, such as sports or dance, and understand its effects on daily life, learning, and physical coordination. These resources offer a glimpse into the lives of individuals navigating a world where imagined physical actions are absent, providing valuable insights into the diverse ways our minds can function and perceive. Join in to explore the intriguing aspects of motor aphantasia and its influence on the human experience of movement and imagination. | <urn:uuid:9168c0f8-19b5-440f-b27b-5d6300c213b8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://aphantasia.com/topic/motor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948234904.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305092259-20240305122259-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.912105 | 176 | 3.234375 | 3 |
MM / MM[n]
The number of lines to be moved. If you do not type a number, or if the number you type is 1, only the line on which you type M is moved For the MM command, n is the number of copies of the MM block to be moved, which is assumed to be 1 if omitted.
The n operand cannot be used on the MM command if it is participating in a line swap with a W/WW block.
Note: The C/CC and M/MM line commands are also used to mark lines for the use of various primary commands. When used for this purpose, you may not also enter other non primary related line commands during the same interaction. e.g. if using CC/CC to mark a range of lines for use by the CREATE primary command, you may not, at the same time, enter other line commands such as I Insert, D Delete, etc.
When used to "mark off" a line range for use by a primary command, CC is usually the line-command of choice. MM can also be used, but it causes the marked range of lines to be deleted after the primary command is performed.
Note: In order to be ISPF compatible, the FIND command will not use a pending C/CC or M/MM block to define a line range, because of the long-standing custom of ISPF users to keep such blocks pending while using FIND to search for a place into which to move or copy that block. To use FIND and have a C/CC or M/MM block to define a line range, use the FIND alias of FF.
See FIND - Find a Character String for more information.
M/MM can also be used in conjunction with W/WW to swap two blocks of lines. When a swap is performed, the two blocks need not contain the same number of lines.
To move one or more lines within the same file:
To move a block of lines within the same file:
Note: See Word Processing Support for information about text swaps.
Example of using M/MM and W/WW to swap lines:
Created with the Personal Edition of HelpNDoc: Easy EPub and documentation editor | <urn:uuid:13f5020d-5d7a-4386-ab34-c50db64cc3c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.spflite.com/HtmlS/M.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889798.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121001412-20180121021412-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.903015 | 463 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The border properties allow you to specify the style, width, and color of an object's border. For most object's the border style can be configured in the 'Style' properties. The available options may be different per object. For example, not all objects do support custom borders or border images.
Border Color Specifies the color of the border. It is also possible to set the alpha value of the color (opacity).
Border Width Specifies the width of the border (in pixels).
Border Radius The border radius property is used to add rounded borders to an object.
Border Style The border style property specifies what kind of border to display.
The following values are available: • none - display no border. • dotted - display a dotted border. • dashed - display a dashed border. • solid - display a solid border. • double - display a double border. • groove - display a 3D grooved border. The effect depends on the border color value. • ridge - display a 3D ridged border. The effect depends on the border color value. • inset - display a 3D inset border. The effect depends on the border color value. • outset - display a 3D outset border. The effect depends on the border color value. • custom - specify a different border for each side. • image - use an image as border.
For many objects you can also set the individual style, width, color and radius for each side for the border. Select 'custom' and then click 'Settings'.
Border Image Border images (also known as 'frames') can be used to create complicated, visually rich borders around elements like text, images, layers, layout grid etc. Set the border style to 'image' to activate border images, then click 'Settings' to control the appearance of the frame.
Slice Specifies how to slice the images at each side. You can either enter a number (pixels) or percentages (eg. 33%).
Width Specifies the width of each border side.
Fill Causes the middle part of the image to be displayed.
Repeat Specifies how to repeat the border image. stretch - The image is stretched to fill the area. repeat - The image is tiled (repeated) to fill the area. round - The image is tiled (repeated) to fill the area. If it does not fill the area with a whole number of tiles, the image is rescaled so it fits. space - The image is tiled (repeated) to fill the area. If it does not fill the area with a whole number of tiles, the extra space is distributed around the tiles.
WYSIWYG Web Builder has many built-in styles which can be select via the 'Gallery' option.
Image A border image is a single image that will be sliced into nine sections: four corners, four edges and the middle. The "middle" part is treated as fully transparent, unless the fill property is set. | <urn:uuid:354e14b7-89cc-4d9f-b778-a684f77e28ac> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://wysiwygwebbuilder.com/borders.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529007.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723064353-20190723090353-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.740868 | 615 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays.
Evaluate the business model of Apple’s itunes. In particular you should address:-
1. To what extent can the itunes business model be described as an ecosystem and what is the role of IT in enabling the collaboration between Apple, its economic partners and consumers?
2. How does itunes compare with competitors?
3. What new technologies could disrupt the current market by enabling a new form of business model?
Business model in a basic sense deals with the method of doing business in order to generate revenues by which a company sustains itself in the competitive market place ( (Rappa, 2009).According to (Amberg & Manuela) analysis on music industries, there are lots of media websites and companies following different business models fallen prey to file sharing tools and peer-peer networks which allow consumers to illegally copy and share the content for free. As a consequence , companies like Apple iTunes and Sony Connect have come up with internet based business models based on pay-per-download and dependent on the technology of the supplier for whom long-term customer relations are very crucial and customers are allowed to use the digital media content particularly with regard to technology of the supplier thus getting advantage and benefitting from selling hardware components because the offer of digital media content advances it. These business models replace the traditional business models which are generally based on selling physical media.This paper shows the fair understanding of Apple iTunes business model for its dominance over the current music market and tries to describe the business model with respect to ecosystem and compares iTunes with its key competitors in the market. The biological term ecosystem in this paper refers to the IT ecosystem. (Iansiti & Richards, 2005) describes IT ecosystem as network of organizations that drives the creation, innovation and delivery of Information Technology products and services. According to (Cusumano, 2008) the term ‘Platform’, is defined as “ Foundation product or key technology in a system like the PC or a web enabled cell phone and should have relatively open technical interfaces and easily licensing terms in order to encourage other firms to contribute complementary product and services”. So this can be accounted to an ecosystem around the platform and the platform becomes more valuable when the external entities creative more innovations around it. This should cause more users to adopt the platform and more complementors to join the network.
iTunes as an ecosystem
Online music hit a new milestone after Apple computer,Inc.(Apple) launched the iTunes application in January 2001 follwed by launch of 1st generation iPod and 2 years later online music store in April of 2003.The two businesses, the production of MP3 players and the online music shops were initially considered as different units and after the invention of new hardware iPod these two businesses were merged. iTunes is a software designed with an intuitive and user friendly interface and iPod is an hardware designed with an eye on fashion. These two together helped Apple to enter and succeed in the music player market infact actually cross promoting the iPod hardware device. Because of their service and innovation Apple retained to grow in the online music field in a better way when compared to its key competitors like Dell, Sony and Samsung( (Li & Chang). According to (Schonfeld, 2009) statistics, iTunes have now sold 6 billion songs and 10 million different tracks are now available on iTunes. iTunes is software and iPod is hardware as said by (Li & Chang) are two different business units and Apple conjucts these two different products into one new business model. Using ecology to analyze this model(iPod and iTunes) it has set a nice example for ecotone between two species to drive the music industry into new ecosystem. A strong platform is apparent from the combination of both the software and the hardware. The below ‘ shows the evolution of new ecosystem with combination of two stand-alone ecosystems.
‘’Most companies today inhabit ecosystems–loose networks of suppliers, distributors, and outsourcers; makers of related products or services; providers of relevant technology; and other organizations that affect, and are affected by, the creation and delivery of a company’s own offering…..’ as said by (Iansiti & Levien, 2004) shows how business industry can be closely compared to biological ecosystem. Like every individual in the biological ecosystem every organization in the business ecosystem shares the fate of the network as a whole regardless of that member’s apparent strengths. Comparing this with the Apple business, iPod is not really an innovative technology by itself but the company creates a new ecotone for digital music where all the hardware(iPods) and software(iTunes) are related to it enhances its platform. According to (Koster, 2007) There is a continuous decline in the traditional sale of music sources like retail music stores and the on-going music industries are restructuring themselves by merging with other partners to face the loss of revenues and to adopt with the new business strategies and models in the music industry to compete with the counterparts. Even in the digital music world today, legitimate music downloading is continuously changing. Initial music sites have very strong limitations on access catalogs of music, on what could be done with the downloaded music, number of copies, time limits, where to copy. Though Apple iTunes works on this model, it is successful in negotiating a very large music catalog from the four labels from its music site. He says that one large advantage and success for Apple is because of its hardware device iPod where normally music is stored and playback. The revenues from iPods sales continue to grow after the introduction of iTunes. Though Apple had gotten permission from four majors to store their music on its website for consumers to download by promising the copyright protection authority DRM, it is now planning to get away with DRM because they make the downloaded or recorded music very cumbersome for the consumer. This is evident from (Johnson, 2009) article on web which says “By the end of the quarter all 10 million songs will be DRM free in iTunes and iTunes plus,” said Phil Schiller, Apple’s senior vice president of worldwide product marketing. The blog witten by (Vitalari, 2009) clearly examines at the 21st century business model adopted by Apple to become successful in the market. He believes that business platforms are the root cause for cumulative business performance. Apple’s competitive business platforms is the main drive for innovations like community formation, mass collaboration, social networking, ecosystems, real time analytics, transparency etc. The iPhone App store was launched in July 2008 and today iTunes store is a total set of all forms of the digital media including music, games, software application, podcasts and video assets . As his explanation, the driving factors for Apple success and points out that the effective business platforms have few key ingredients:
· iPods, iphones are not just products instead they represent individual business platforms and they create an ecosystem surrounding the product which means they create a common understanding for business transactions, technical specifications, interface standards and requirements. With the iPhone this includes all of the sub-contracted manufacturers, but more importantly it includes iTunes, the app store and app developers.This results in creating a transparency which enables and facilitates hundreds of participants to collaborate asynchronously and independently.
· This leads directly to the second point, which is that the business platform then helps to generate untold business analytics for the platform’s owner.This is because of the elements of the business platform are networked and generates valuable information about the product, ecosystem and participants. Apple used this analytics to fix, improve and enhance the product and finally delighting the customers.
· This in turn creates a community of practice surrounding the business platform, as the collaborators learn how to make better things.
IT in enabling collaboration with partners and consumers
As a cofounder of Apple, Steve Jobs’s vision was to create new and different products to consumers and his notion of “one person-one computer’ became visionary responsible for Apple’s reputation for innovation and mission became changing the world by bringing the computers to masses (Richard D & Vohr, 1998).Apple came back with reinvention of personal computer with Macintosh in 1980 after igniting the computer industry revolution with inventing Apple II and it is commited to bring the best computing experience to all the fields starting from students, educators, professionals and consumers all around the globe with its innovative software hardware and internet offerings. This Apple’s mission statements indicates it focuses on innovation and personal computing experience( (Pearlson & Saunders, 2009). Apple From 1987-1997 the company suffered due to some major internal problems which affected the strategic leadership and its operations but after Steve Jobs’s second turn as CEO, company fixed operational problems and regains its innovative leadership dramatically. Few changes like manufacturing outsourcing and improving inventory became straight forward matching Dell, the industry leader.It moved to open industry standards rather than proprietary hardware interfaces that it had maintained for 15 years and thus in a minor way Apple’s product strategy became more open( (West & Mace, 2007).As per ( (Apple Computer, 2006) Apple derives its competitive advantage again by its innovation giving iPod as an example. Apple entered the market with iPod in 2001and by end of fourth quarter of fiscal year 2005, iPods sales gained 33% of the total revenues. The factors which are accountable to their success and uniqueness are its computers based on its own operating system, which enabled further area of innovation.Its Mac OS operating system focuses on more simplicity and seen as graphically sophisticated. (West & Mace, 2007)Recent trends have seen increasing strategy convergence between Apple and Microsoft .For its video game business, similar to its rivals Sony and Nintendo Microsoft buys the processor but designs its own hardware and software without licensing them to others.Meanwhile ‘Zune’, Microsoft’s music players try to compete successfully to attain equality with Apple’s iPod. This shows Apple pursued a vertically integrated strategy in its music business. Vertical strategy is single firms controlling the entire platform. Apple leveraging its Macintosh installed base to establish iTunes music store and building iPod business on top of that and now iPhone business shows its expansion into adjacent markets and this loyal installed base makes any company easier to branch into a related market and this becomes a lesson for the other companies and Apple aims at satisfying the costumer not just upgrading the costumers what they have today like the other companies do. When AT&T decided to make offer to iTunes many other mobile industries criticized it for making too many concessions to Apple. Due to this offer AT&T gets benefit from Apple in two ways , one is Apple increases the average monthly bills for the customers who switch from AT&T to iPhone and the second one is it causes existing people to switch from existing carriers to AT&T as it’s the exclusive carrier for iPhone( (The Apple iPhone:Successes and Challenges for the Mobile Industry, 2008). Digital Record Management systems are uses to encrypt the data does not allow illegal or non authorization download of music and currently there are two main formats used for protect downloading of music. One is fairplay and the other is WMA. Fairplay is Apple’s proprietary technology where it secure the data encrypted in AAC( Advanced Audi Coding) format. WMA is Microsoft’s Window’s media audio video encoding platform. iPods can play only those stuff which are secured through fairplay format and Apple has refuse to lincense this fairplay to other retailers and so it is difficult for iPod users to download music from other retailers other than iTunes music store. But recently Realnetworks in US came up with a package which allows iPod users resident in US to play secures music from Realnetworks’s music store Rhapsody. Apple got furious with this and accused Realnetworks of ‘Hacker tactics and Ethics’ and reported to investigating on that for violating the intellectual rights. If apple is capable of putting an end to such violations then the indispensability of fairplay could be established( (The iTunes music store: does competition law hold the key to closed shop?, 2004)
According to insights into IDC’s lifesciences by (Swenson & Golden, 2005) Apple products are getting attracted by the life science researchers who actually migrated from linux and unix platforms because of the dual nature of Mac OS and its estimated historically that the life scientists have been twice or thrice more likely than the average computer user to Apple’s Mac platform as client computer thus representing attractive market for Apple. It has announced about its collaboration with airlines which includes Air France, Continental, Delta, United and KLM to integrate the in flight entertainment systems with iPod and taking the current entertainment provided in these airlines to a next level for better travel experience( (Apple_Partners_with_Airlines_for_iPod_Integration, 2006). Sets Apple as an interesting example for not being an open source model in its business strategies but is thought b of being a highly proprietary company from its earlier years. Now it has jumped into open source and have started projects both inside and outside its corporate firewalls. Apple’s OS X was a open source because it was based on Darwin. Its developer website said that Apple’s open source projects let key developers to customize and enhance Apple software and through this open source models it allows Apple engineers to collaborate with open source community to come up with better and more reliable products (Goldman & Gabriel, 2005). On September 2007, Apple and Starbucks announced their collaboration on Apple letting costumers at Starbucks wirelessly browsing, previewing, buying and downloading music from iTunes music stores at Starbucks on their iPods enhancing Starbuck’s retail coffee experience by helping customers with discovering new music instantly (Rothman, 2007). These examples shows how Apple is spreading the digital media revolution with its technologically profound products. Apple believes in fully integrated and completely digital learning environment which makes contents to move from from application to another and easy to collaborate and share ideas. Integration even reduces the burden of technology challenge. So Apple’s IT team rather than spending time and money on how to get things working feels it worthwhile to dedicate the same on providing capabilities, innovations and resources for its institution (Everything Apple means everything just works).
iTunes and Competitors:
The majors competitors for Apple are Google and Microsoft Corporation and other competitors include Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Fujitsu, Samsung Electronics, Sony and Toshiba. Apple is designing software and hardware systems that delivers a greater user experience. Google is giving away operating systems to companies that license windows mobile today. Microsoft needs to think about their business models to compete in such a race where it probably has to decide whether it wants to compete in devices or operating systems and doing both is again at a risk which requires business models that are outside its core competencies( (The Apple iPhone:Successes and Challenges for the Mobile Industry, 2008). There is a partial collision between Apple and RIM in smartphone business in which Apple’s device is a entertainment centric whereas RIM’s product is a communication centric.Though each company is growing into each other’s space Apple is got the advantage because infrastructure establishment would be too large for RIM and beside that RIM’s image is all wrong for that instead it is much better to defend and grow its market by adding more features and types of business communications to Blackberry. Comparing it with Nokia, Nokia’s challenges are more about challenges. They sell hundred of millions handsets every year at low costs. But without it, Nokia will be really hard pressed to match with the iPhone’s user experiences. Competitors such as Diamond multimedia, with its Rio brand portable media players were successful in the market until Apple displaced them and all the credits for such a domination goes to the business model of the company by offerings users a seamless music experience by combining its iPod devices with iTunes and online iTunes store. Users were taken away by its value proposition and Apple had to negotiate deals with the major record companies to establish the world’s largest online music library, there giving the twist for the company to earn most of its revenues by selling iPods while using the integration with the on online music store to protect itself from the competitors( (Osterwalder & Yves, 2009).Smartphone users are going to increase in number in the next few years increasing in the PC functionalities supporting data services and voice and this is going to drive smartphone markets and Apple launching the iPhone which meets most of the required functionalities made it to third position in the global smartphone market in the third quarter of 2008. As there is rapid change in the technology there is introduction of new products with competitive prices, features and performance characteristics by all the competitors and out of all, mobile communication industry highly competitive with well funded and experienced competitors. For example in 2009, Nokia launched a new online media store in competition to Apple and this has resulted in price erosion which is now threatening to lessen the market share of the company( (DATAMONITOR, 2009).
What new technologies could disrupt the current market by enabling a new form of business model.
Apple has become the leader in the music world revolution and it justifies for its closed source system, keeping its digital music platform proprietary making it incompatible by other system by saying that it was the main reason in convincing its music labels and artists allowing them to sell their songs through iTunes assuring that those would not be pirated. But many analysts claim that that closed system was the reason for its previous failure in the computer business and Microsoft gained the masses with their open systems and now that is being seen as a gamble in this highly cometetive technology world (Williard, 2005). According to survey done by Rubicon Consulting Inc on the Apple iPhone users shows that about 43 percent of the iPhone users feels that the device would be more elegant if there is a physical change to the iPhone by adding adding a keyboard or a keypad either by making the device smaller or larger and about 40 percent of the users complain about the browser problems and the notably with those using Adobe flash and this shows that mobile data devices has always been segmented and its impossible for any single hardware design to please everyone. This could be an opportunity to Apple to increase its share by serving those customers by giving more importance to value propositions for their products which is again a part of business model and at the same time its an opportunity for its competitors to steal that share by addressing segments Apple failed in( (The Apple iPhone:Successes and Challenges for the Mobile Industry, 2008). Apple corporation itself has many problems but loss of competitive differentiation due to its Enterprise sytem is not counted in that because of its strong brand and its distinct operating system. For many of the other computer manufacturers cost and service are more vital for their differentiation than their products but for Apple this seems to be a unusual case says (Davenport, 1998). ‘’Disruptive Business Models are emblematic of our generation. Yet they remain poorly understood, even as they transform competitive landscapes across industries” (Osterwalder & Yves, 2009).
According to Sankar Dhinu, Apple’s senior manager of Emerging Technology, to be competitive in world’s high tech industry, one should make use of the facilities like available economic advantage of the manufacturing and distribution and Apple success goes with its interaction with dozens of trading partners , starting from resellers to distributors and OEM manufacturers which in turn helped it to form a global supply chain. Due to increased competition Apple is also facing many pressures and already working towards less limitation and freer access of digital music. Thus majors themselves are getting involved in those changes and Apple’s CEO Steve Jobs has called for an end to DRM because they make use of downloaded and recorded music very inconvenient and cumbersome for the consumer.( (Koster, 2007)
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Cusumano, M. (2008). Technology Strategy and Management, The Puzzle of Apple.
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Davenport, T. H. (1998). Putting the Enterprise into the Enterprise System. Harvard Business Review OnPoint .
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Goldman, R., & Gabriel, R. P. (2005). INNOVATION HAPPENS EVERYWHERE. In R. Goldman, & R. P. Gabriel, Open source as business strategy (pp. 3-5). San Francisco: Morgan kaufmann.
Iansiti, M., & Levien, R. (2004). Strategy as Ecolgy. Harvard Business review.
Iansiti, M., & Richards, G. L. (2005). Information Technology Ecosystem Health and Performance.
Johnson, B. (2009, January 6). Apple drops DRM copy protection from millions of iTunes songs. Retrieved from www.gaurdian.co.uk: http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/jan/06/apple-drops-itunes-copy-protection
Koster, A. (2007). Music Industry: Toward A New Business Model? Journal of Business and Economic Research .
Li, Y.-R., & Chang, Y. Is the success of iPod Purely Accidental or Inevitable – A Business Ecolgy Perspective.
Osterwalder, A., & Yves, P. (2009). Business Model Generation. Self Published.
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Rothman, W. (2007, september 5). Apple partners with Starbucks for free WiFi Access to iTunes Music Store. Retrieved december 1, 2009, from www.gizmodo.com: http://gizmodo.com/296696/apple-partners-with-starbucks-for-free-wi+fi-access-to-itunes-music-store
Schonfeld, E. (2009, January 6). iTunes sells 6 billions songs , and other fun stats from the Philnote. Retrieved from www.techcrunch.com: http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/01/06/itunes-sells-6-billion-songs-and-other-fun-stats-from-the-philnote/
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(2008). The Apple iPhone:Successes and Challenges for the Mobile Industry.
(2004). The iTunes music store: does competition law hold the key to closed shop?
Vitalari, N. (2009, August 10). Apple and the Rise of Competitive Business Platforms – What Other Companies Must Know. Retrieved from www.wikinomics.com: http://www.wikinomics.com/blog/index.php/2009/08/10/apple-and-the-rise-of-competitive-business-platforms-what-other-companies-must-know/
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Williard, C. (2005). Apple worms its way into the music industry.
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More than 3,300 people were killed in 2011, and 387,000 were injured in crashes involving a distracted driver, according to separate National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration data. In 2010, motor vehicle crashes caused 36 percent of the fatalities in Texas trauma centers and transportation-related injuries are the leading cause of traumatic brain injury among individuals ages 15 to 64.
At any given daylight moment across America, approximately 660,000 drivers are using cell phones or manipulating electronic devices while driving. Although cell phones are a major culprit, anything that takes your mind and attention away from your driving is a distraction.
Recognizing the importance of Texas EMS and trauma professionals speaking out on the dangers of distracted driving, the Injury Prevention and Pediatric Divisions of TETAF selected this as the focus for the organization’s 2013-14 injury prevention campaign. Since that time, TETAF has continued to support this important initiative through both education and action at the Texas Capitol.
TETAF has developed a statewide pledge drive to challenge communities to pledge to not drive while distracted. By asking leaders as well as community members to “take the pledge,” the goal is to bring awareness to the dangers of distracted driving and encourage both teen and adult drivers to eliminate all distractions and “Just Drive.”
To implement the pledge drive in local communities, sample materials are provided here. A Step-by-Step Guide will help you create a local pledge drive campaign. The Idea Sheet provides suggestions for local activities/events to get your community involved. Modify the suggested timeline to make the dates coincide with your pledge drive. Local drives may be scheduled at any time that is convenient for the schools/community, and the timeline may provide guidance. For more information please contact Robin Garza, RN.
A first step is contacting school and community leaders to gain their support for the pledge drive and generate conversation. Contact these possible target audiences:
Sample letters to facilitate making contact are provided. Then, message dissemination needs to occur. Use distribution channels appropriate for your community to make sure the public hears about the pledge drive and knows how to participate. TETAF has posted downloadable news releases, articles and social media messages as well as the actual pledge forms. See the Pledge Drive Materials on the right. | <urn:uuid:c96de99c-5a64-4143-b44d-ca90c20fcaa0> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://tetaf.org/injury-prevention/just-drive/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687834.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921172227-20170921192227-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.943578 | 462 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This article explains about the difference of ip address and the mac address in the communication technology of internet.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IP ADDRESS AND MAC ADDRESS
IP ADDRESS :
The term IP address stands for “INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS”. An IP address is a 32 bit decimal number that is normally written as four numbers between 1 and 255, each separated from the other by a decimal point. An example of IP address is
The above form of representing the IP address is called “dotted decimal notation.”
Deep understanding of IP Address concepts
An internet is made up of combination of physical networks(LAN or WAN) connected by routers. When a host communicates with another hosts, the packets may travel from one physical network to another using these routers. This suggests that communication at this level also needs some global identification system. A host must be able to communicate with any other host without worrying about which physical network must be passed through. This means that the hosts must be identified uniquely and globally at this layer also. N addition, for efficient and optimum routing, each router must also be identified uniquely and globally at this layer.
The identifier that is used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol is called the INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS OR THE IP ADDRESS.
It is a 32-bit binary address, implemented in software, that uniquely and universally defines a host or a router on the internet.
The IP addresses are unique. They are unique in the sense that each address defines one, and only one, device(host or router) on the internet. Two device on the internet can never have the same IP address.
Each IP address consists of four bytes(32 bits), defining two parts: netid and host id
Where net id : Identifies a network
Host id :. Identifies host on that network.
For example in the IP address 127.255.255.255 (class b address), the first 2 bytes 127.255 defies the netid and the last 2 bytes 255.255 defines the host id.
The hosts and routers are recognized at the network level by their logical address. Every protocol that deals with interconnecting networks requires logical address (i.e IP address).
However , packets must pass through physical networks to reach these hosts and routers. At the physical level, the hosts and routers are recognized by their physical address. A physical address is a local address. Its jurisdiction is a local network. It should be unique locally, but not necessary universally. It is called physical address because it is usually( not always) implemented in hardware. Examples of physical address are 48 bit MAC address in Ethernet and token ring protocols, which are implemented on the NIC installed in the host or router.
The physical and logical addresses are two different identifiers. We need both of them because a physical network, such as Ethernet can be used by two different protocols at the network layer such as IP and IPX(Novell) at the same time. Likewise , a packet at the network layer such as IP may pass through different physical networks such as Ethernet and Local talk.
Therefor in order to deliver a packet to a host or router we need 2 kinds of addressing, one is logical and the other one is physical.. The logical address is IP address and the physical addresss is MAC address. | <urn:uuid:3de66f20-10b5-4d96-9989-7eee25030f25> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://webupon.com/web-talk/difference-between-ip-address-and-mac-address/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304598.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00040-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94197 | 698 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Since I was a kid, we had a UV purifier at home, as most Indian homes in the 90’s had one. In the late 2000’s , as RO purifiers became popular, we started using those instead.
Most people in countries like the US and UK won’t know a lot about water purification since over there, the tap water is good enough to drink. That’s not the case in India though, and you naturally end up knowing a lot about RO, UV water purifiers since you use them everyday.
Additionally, at a previous job, I was in charge of designing a portable water purifier- so I got to learn a lot about Ultrafiltration(UF) and hollow fibre membranes as well.
So, since I know a lot of people have questions regarding the differences between RO, UV and UF online, and there wasn’t a good enough article- I decided to create this resource.
Let’s get started.
RO Vs UV Vs UF- Quick Summary
|Specifications Overview||Reverse Osmosis(RO)||
|Removes all contaminants from water?|
|What contaminants can’t it remove?||–||Cysts and turbidity||Doesn’t remove small viruses|
|Makes Hard Water Soft?|
(~60% water wastage)
|Suitable For?||Water that’s hard, contains heavy metals or other dissolved impurities||Soft water without heavy metals or dissolved impurities||Soft water without heavy metals or dissolved impurities|
What is Reverse Osmosis and How Does It Work?
Reverse Osmosis is the most comprehensive water filtration process out of these 3. And that isn’t necessarily a great thing.
But more on that in a minute. First- how does an RO filter work?
Well, a RO purifier basically has two chambers separated by the RO membrane or sheet. The first chamber- containing hard water- is subjected to pressure inside the purifier, due to which the water migrates across the membrane into the other chamber.
The hard water minerals and other impurities- such as viruses, bacteria, etc are unable to cross the membrane barrier, get left behind and voila! You get pure water.
This is why the Reverse Osmosis process needs electricity- because pressure needs to be formed inside the machine to desalinate the water.
As for what material an RO membrane is made of- According to this paper published by the University of Bath-it usually is Thin Film Composite polyamide.
How To Maintain A RO Water Purifier
The RO filter membrane will need to be changed every couple of months or so because the membrane gets clogged over time, as impurities are filtered out.
I’ve been using a RO purifier for the last 10 years, and on average, I’d say a filter cartridge should last you 3-4 months, depending on how hard your water actually is.
I also get the pre-filters changed as well whenever I’m getting the RO filter changed. The pre-filters are responsible for extending the life of the RO membrane and bear the brunt of the filtration load.
Usually, the prefilters used will be a Microfilter(MF) + Carbon filter(useful for enhancing taste and to remove chlorine), but in some RO purifiers-the MF might be replaced by a UF(Ultrafilter) membrane.
Maintaining a RO water purifier is costlier than a UV or UF water purifier. You can expect to shell out ~70-100$ or about 4000-6000 Rs every year, depending on how high-end your purifier is, and how many replacable parts it has.
I also find that getting paying your purifier company for a year’s worth of servicing in advance turns out to be cheaper than paying for every single visit by the service guys. They also tend to treat you better.
Apart from this- it’s also good to sanitize the filter body by washing it with water on the inside while the parts are getting serviced. But if you’re lazy, maybe do it twice a year, if not every time.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RO Water Purifiers
The biggest advantage of an RO purifier is that it’s very effective at making hard water soft by reducing Total Dissolved Salts(TDS- a measure of how many minerals are dissolved in water, i.e: how hard is the water) as well as removing viruses, bacteria and any other contaminants that may be present in your water.
RO water purifiers can reduce TDS(Total Dissolved Salts) too much. So much so, that the water becomes unhealthy to consume(anything below TDS 50).
As a solution to this – See if there is a mineralizer in your RO purifier, which adds some minerals back and makes the water fit to consume. Or a TDS adjuster, which allows you to manually choose the TDS of your purified water.
Secondly, as mentioned above, the maintenance costs are way higher than a UV or UF water purifier.
Third, RO purifierswaste a lot of water. Roughly 60% of the input water gets rejected as a part of the reverse osmosis process. That means you’ll waste 6 L of water for every 4 L you drink- which, by the way is how much water an average person consumes daily.
This means that in a year– a single person will end up wasting 2190 L of water!
If you have hard water supply and need something to ease your conscience- here’s what I do:
I have a small bucket to collect the reject water as it flows out. This water can be used for a variety of things such as:
- Mopping Floors
- Watering Plants
- Flush water for the toilet
- Filling up water coolers
What you should not do with the reject water is wash clothes or utensils as the hard water minerals tend to leave a calcified residue over time.
You shouldn’t bathe in it as well, as some online articles suggest, because hard water can be harmful for your hair and skin(I personally use a shower filter to protect myself)
So, if you have a RO purifier at your place- make sure you’re collecting the waste water and putting it to good use. Here are some of my recommendations for the best water purifier brands in India
What is UV Water Treatment and How Does It Work?
There are basically 3 types of UV light – UVA, UVB and UVC.
- UVA has the lowest frequency and is the least effective in killing germs
- UVB is found in sunlight and is slightly more germicidal. It also causes tanning.
- UVC has the highest frequency and is used for purifying water.
UV water purifiers contain a mercury vapor bulb, also called germicidal bulb, that emanates UVC light.
And while UV rays are not visible to the human eye, they are very effective at killing viruses and bacteria in water. According to Scientific American, UV light damages the DNA of viruses and bacteria in water, which eventually makes their cells unable to function and leads to their death.
Let me make something clear here- UV purifiers do not physically filter out viruses and bacteria in water- they just kill them, making the water safe for consumption.
Advantages and Disadvantages of UV Water Purifiers
Let’s talk about the biggest disadvantage first because it’s more important here:
For a UV water purifier to be truly useful in your home, it needs to have a pre-filter attached that can remove visible dirt or turbidity in water. UV light becomes increasingly inefficient at purification if the water is cloudy or contains mud, silty, sand, etc.
Also, the pre-filter needs to have a pore size smaller than 0.1 micron(Thousandth of a metre) in order to be effective enough to remove cysts- the only contaminant that UV rays cannot kill due to the hard protective shell around them.
As long as your UV purifier has an adequate pre-filter(such as a microfilter or ultrafilter) you should be good.
Advantages of UV water purifiers:
Lower maintenance costs as compared to RO purifiers. You can expect to spend 1/5th of an RO purifier’s yearly maintenance costs with a UV system. On average, you’ll just need to change the UV bulb once a year and it also uses less electricity as compared to the RO purifiers.
What is UF and How Does It Work?
Ultrafilters(UF) are a type of hollow fibre membrane. In simple terms- hollow fibre membranes are a physical filtration media that contain small pores on their outer surface.
Anything bigger than these pores gets filtered out- anything that’s smaller- passes through.
Not all hollow fibre membranes are made equal though. There are 3 types based on pore size:
- Has a pore size of roughly 10 micron(10 thousandth of a metre)
- Can filter out all contaminants except viruses.
- Generally used in portable water filters and as a pre-filter.
- Pore size of about 1 micron(millionth of a metre).
- More efficient than MF, it can even remove some viruses
- Used in gravity filters for home, portable straw and hiking filters.
- Pore size of about 0.005 micron(5 billionth of a metre).
- The most efficient hollow fibre membrane, it can filter out all contaminants and even reduce TDS by 80-90%.
- Used as a pre-filter for RO membranes, for water softening in some applications and in the dairy industry.
As with any filtration membrane, over time, the particles that get filtered out will start clogging the filter. This decreases the filtration efficiency and flow rate of water as it gets purified.
Once you start to notice a decreased flow rate- it generally is time to backflush your UF filter membrane.
Here’s how you do it:
Open your UF water purifier and remove the filter membrane. Now place it back upside down and pour purified water into the input end of the water purifier.
What this does is, since the filter is placed in reverse, the pure water carries away all the clogged particles with it and you’ll see a stream of dirty water pouring out of the output end of your water purifier.
You should repeat this backflushing process 2-3 times until the stream of water coming out clears up, i.e: all the clogged particles have been removed.
After this, you can place your filter back in the normal position and resume normal usage.
So, whether you have a Microfilter or Ultrafilter- backflushing periodically is important.
Also, every 3-4 months or so, you should change the filter cartridge. Over time you’ll notice that even backflushing won’t help increase the flow rate, and that’s when you’ll know it’s time to change the filter.
Advantages and Disadvantages of UF Water Purifiers
- No chemicals used
- No electricity needed
- Low maintenance costs- only the UF membrane needs to be changed every 3-4 months
You should only use a UF purifier if you’re confident your water won’t contain viruses. Most urban water supplies across the world don’t but where I live in India, you can’t count on it.
Conclusion: RO Vs UV Vs UF- Which Water Purifier Should You Get?
If you have a hard water supply or water that contains dissolved impurities(heavy metals, chlorine, etc), you pretty much have no choice but to buy a RO water purifier.
But if you get soft water, I implore you to get a UV+UF or a UF water purifier. It’s way better for the environment and it’s going to cost you less as well.
And while it’s nice to know the top purifier brands, don’t go crazy on a particular brand-choose a purifier according to your needs and it’ll serve you well. | <urn:uuid:b677b4c4-8859-484e-b8f3-4b6ecf26d20e> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://urbanlifeguide.com/ro-uv-uf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337490.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004085909-20221004115909-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.917775 | 2,702 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Puffins (Fratercula arctica) are arguably the North Atlantic’s most iconic seabird, being the official bird of Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada, featuring on stamps across the globe and lending their name to one of the largest publishers of children’s books in the world. Puffins are beloved for their comical appearance and quirky behaviour, being voted one of Britain’s favourite birds.
The puffin’s characteristically colourful bill is made up of nine distinct horny plates that only adorn its wearer during the breeding season, being shed in the winter months revealing a much smaller dull beak. Both males and females have these flashy ornaments and it is thought that both sexes might choose their mate based on how brightly coloured their beaks are, showing their health and indicating how good a mate they would be. It is because of their colourful beak, striking eye makeup, rotund stature and waddling gait that puffins look unusually comical, gaining them their nickname of the ‘clowns of the sea’. But this name does the puffin a bit of a disservice, while undeniably entertaining, they are tremendously hard working parents, highly adapted to their specialist lifestyle and not the bumbling fools their nickname would suggest.
Each breeding season, puffins return to the coast from a winter spent at sea. Unlike most seabirds that nest on cliff edges, puffins nest inside burrows on grassy cliff-tops, making their home inside old rabbit warrens or excavating their own if no ready-made burrows exist. There, just one egg is laid, and the mammoth task of bringing up a baby puffin, adorably known as a ‘puffling’, begins.
After 40 days of incubation, with both the male and female taking 32 hour shifts to keep their precious egg warm, the hungry puffling will hatch and require the undivided attention of both its parents for a further 44 days. You might think that two adults feeding one chick would be a piece of cake, but food is hard to come by in the open ocean, and the parent puffins must fly 50-100km to reach fishing grounds rich in their favourite food, sand eels.
Like many seabirds, puffins are more at home out in the open ocean then on the cliff tops where we usually see them. Their likeness to penguins is no mistake, these birds are adept swimmers, using their short stiff wings to dive to depths of up to 60 metres. If Nelson’s Column was inverted and plunged underwater, they would easily be able to fetch his hat. Not bad for a bird that only stands 25 cm tall! Puffins are famed for their ability to catch and carry multiple fish at the same time. Their beaks are equipped with backwards pointing barbs, allowing them to carry around 20+ sand eels back to their chick in one mouthful.
If flying 50 km to catch a mouthful of sand eels and carrying them all the way back home again, six times a day, didn’t sound hard enough, puffins still have one last gauntlet to face. Puffin colonies are plagued by pirates. Not of the Blackbeard or Captain Jack variety, but gulls. These wily opportunists watch out for the exhausted puffins loaded down with fishy booty, ready to make chase and attempt to snatch an easy meal straight out of the puffin’s mouth.
Once the puffling is old enough, around 40 days and 48,000 km of flying after hatching, the parents simply stop coming back to feed their chick. Hunger soon drives the puffling to leave its burrow and set off on its own journey out to sea. If it manages to survive, the puffling will one day return to the cliff-tops as an adult, ready take on the difficult task of raising its own young.
They may look the part, but these little auks aren’t clowning around! While enjoying their clown make-up and amusing antics, just remember the incredible feats these pint-size hard-workers achieve every day! | <urn:uuid:407921e8-8b45-42db-9e98-ba9838ea63aa> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://billyclapham.co.uk/wildlife-2/meet-puffin-clown-name-not-nature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578605510.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423134850-20190423160850-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.961229 | 858 | 3.15625 | 3 |
tyle=”text-align: justify;”>write a critical appraisal that demonstrates comprehension of the research study conducted, and respond to each of the action items listed under the headings below. Successful completion of this assignment requires that you provide a rationale, include examples, or reference content from the study in your response.
CRITICAL APPRAISAL GUIDELINES: QUANTITATIVE STUDY
• Develop a topic sentence in which you will define the purpose of the Research Critique, Part 2
• Formulate a thesis statement which briefly provides a broad indication of your point of view in composing this assignment.
• Include a summary outline to describe the organization and main topics you will include in the body paragraphs of the assignments (see below sections).
Protection of Human Participants
• Identify the benefits and risks of participation addressed by the authors. Were there benefits or risks the authors do not identify?
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects or participants?
• Did it seem that the subjects participated voluntarily in the study?
• Was institutional review board approval obtained from the agency in which the study was conducted?
• Are the major variables (independent and dependent variables) identified and defined? What were these variables?
• How were data collected in this study?
• What rationale did the author provide for using this data collection method?
• Identify the time period for data collection of the study.
• Describe the sequence of data collection events for a participant.
Data Management and Analysis
Describe the data management and analysis methods used in the study
• Did the author discuss how the rigor of the process was assured? For example, does the author describe maintaining a paper trail of critical decisions that were made during the analysis of the data? Was statistical software used to ensure accuracy of the analysis?
• What measures were used to minimize the effects of researcher bias (their experiences and perspectives)? For example, did two researchers independently analyze the data and compare their analyses?
Findings / Interpretation of Findings: Implications for Practice and Future Research
• What is the researcher’s interpretation of findings?
• Are the findings valid or an accurate reflection of reality? Do you have confidence in the findings?
• What limitations of the study were identified by researchers?
• Was there a coherent logic to the presentation of findings?
• What implications do the findings have for nursing practice? For example, can the study findings be applied to
general nursing practice, to a specific population, to a specific area of nursing?
• What suggestions are made for further studies?
• Emphasize the importance and congruity of the thesis statement
• Provide a logical wrap-up to bring the appraisal to completion and to leave a lasting impression and take-away points useful in nursing practice.
• Incorporate a critical appraisal and a brief analysis of the utility and applicability of the findings to nursing practice.
• Integrate a summary of the knowledge learned.
Burns, N., & Grove, S. (2011). Understanding Nursing Research (5th ed.). Elsevier. ISBN-13: 9781437707502 | <urn:uuid:fa0930cf-61f3-46df-98c9-3fde841aac52> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://bestnursingpapers.com/nursing-critical-appraisal-that-demonstrates-comprehension-of-the-research-study-conducted/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500456.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207102930-20230207132930-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.904648 | 663 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Egyptian name, A-wabe, is very accurately rendered by Diodorus' Upbv
irehiov (Diod. 1/22). Schafer, A. Z. xli. 141.
Schafer interprets a passage in Diodorus as indicating a resemblance
between the names of Thebes and of the goddess Nut, and concludes that
the former was Nu, not Ne. A. Z. xli. 140.
New name for Gebelen (reading unknown, with worship of Hathor) and
another Ta anti from Mendes. Daressy, Rec. de Trav. xxvi. 133.
Note on the spelling of the names Gurob and Dendera. Petrie, A. Z. xli.
The name and monuments of Letopolis. Spiegelberg, Rec. de Trav.
The Survey Department of the Egyptian Government has issued the
report on the Topography and Geology of the Faiyum province of Egypt,
by Mr. H. J. L. Beadnell. Of the immense importance of the results to
geology and palaeontology we must not speak here; but attention may be
drawn to remarks on the prehistoric remains in the Faiyum, and to
photographs such as that which represents the tamarisk stumps still
standing in the desert where they grew at the edge of Lake Moeris before
its reclamation by the Ptolemies.
R. Weill writes on Asia in the Egyptian texts of the Old and Middle
Kingdoms, with an index of geographical and ethnical terms, and copies of
some fresh inscriptions from Sarabit el Khadem. Spliinx, viii. 179, ix. 1,
C3. Levy follows with a note on Eetnu = Lotan (Gen. 3G/20). ib. ix. 70.
Breasted retranslates the report of Unamun. He considers it an
authentic report, not fiction, the implied long-standing use of rolls and
papyrus in Phoenicia shows that Egyptian hieratic had displaced cuneiform
in 1100 b.c., the Phoenician scribes forming an alphabet by discarding all
the miscellaneous signs of Egyptian by the tenth century. He attributes
the date of the document, year 5, to the reign of Eameses XII. Amer.
Journ. of Sem. Lang. xxi. 100.
In Aegyptologische Randgloxsen zum Alton Testament, Spiegelberg
has put together a number of notes, some revised from previous publications,
touching on Biblical matters:
(1) Suggests that the list, Cush, Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan (Gen. x. 6),
belongs to the time of Ethiopian dominion in Egypt.
(2) Finds Jacob and Simeon amongst the names of the Hyksos kings
known from their scarabs, and comparing Josephus, supposes a relationship | <urn:uuid:53afc68d-292b-494b-9da3-d4df973701bb> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/archaeological_report1904_1905/0057/text_ocr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541556.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00070-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839059 | 640 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How do you find a rate of change, in any context, and express it mathematically? You use differentiation. Tutorials in differentiating logs and exponentials, sines and cosines, and 3 key rules explained, providing excellent reference material for undergraduate study.
Differentiating sines and cosines
This unit covers the differentiation of sin x and cos x from first principles. Video tutorial 14 mins. | <urn:uuid:a6808184-b3b9-4a2b-b2df-cff29716458d> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.mathtutor.ac.uk/differentiation/differentiatingsinesandcosines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806720.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123031247-20171123051247-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.831653 | 83 | 2.8125 | 3 |
BRCA1 mutations account for only 5% of breast and ovarian cancers, but loss-of-function mutations in the BRCA1 gene confer up to an 82% risk of breast cancer and up to a 54% risk of ovarian cancer. Because BRCA1 is involved in DNA repair, loss of a functioning BRCA1 gene may make a cell more vulnerable to chemotherapy agents that damage DNA, such as platinum-based compounds. In addition, BRCA1 has also been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell division, and loss of the gene has been proposed to protect a cell against spindle poisons, a group of chemotherapy agents, such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids, that disrupt cell division.
To determine whether the level of BRCA1 function in a patient could be used to predict response to chemotherapy for breast and ovarian cancers, D. Paul Harkin, B.Sc., Ph.D., and Richard D. Kennedy, M.D., Ph.D., of The Queen's University of Belfast in Northern Ireland, and colleagues reviewed published preclinical and clinical evidence. Preclinical studies included research in both animal models and cell lines. Clinical studies were all retrospective in nature, because no prospective trials have been designed to study the role of BRCA1 in chemotherapy response.
The researchers found that BRCA1 inactivation through mutation appears to confer sensitivity to DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic drugs commonly used to treat breast and ovarian cancers. However, preclinical evidence suggests that BRCA1 function is necessary for spindle poisons to work. The authors recommend that prospective studies be conducted to evaluate BRCA1 expression and chemotherapeutic res
Contact: Sarah L. Zielinski
Journal of the National Cancer Institute | <urn:uuid:57fa1690-833d-4b4a-8491-cb1aa2e54781> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-3/Researchers-call-for-studies-on-role-of-BRCA1-mutations-in-chemotherapy-response-13868-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702810651/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111330-00004-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945086 | 365 | 2.78125 | 3 |
How to measure distance on the map
You can use the interactive map to measure the distance between two points or along a route. The controls that you need for this are in the measure section on the left of the map.
We don't recommend using the measuring tool with Geographers' A-Z maps. You can tell if the interactive map is displaying a Geographers' A-Z map because the bottom edge of the map will contain the words "Reproduced by permission of Geographers' A-Z Map Co Ltd".
How to measure the distance between two points
- Make sure that the map shows both of the points that you want to measure between (you may need to move or zoom the map to do this)
- Click on the distance option. The background of the option will turn yellow to indicate that you have selected it. A yellow section will appear at the top of the map showing two boxes; total and segment (both will be set to zero to start).
- Click on the first point on the map. There will be a short pause and then a red dot will appear on the map where you clicked. This is the starting point for your measurement.
- Click on the second point on the map. There will be another short pause and then a red line will be drawn from the starting point to where you have just clicked. The yellow area at the top of the map will display the distance between the two points.
- If you want to measure another distance, click the reset distances option and then repeat the steps above.
How to measure the distance along a route
- Follow the instructions above to measure the first section of the route (to the route's first change of direction).
- Instead of resetting the measuring tool, click on the map at the route's next change of direction. This will measure the second section of the route and add it to the total displayed in the yellow area at the top of the map.
- Continue clicking on the map at each point the route changes direction. The yellow area will continue to update, showing you the distance for that section of the route and the total for the route. | <urn:uuid:6127cec8-eb6b-4e32-88ab-b31357f24fb7> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.surreycc.gov.uk/land-planning-and-development/interactive-map/surrey-interactive-map-help/how-to-measure-distance-on-the-map | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141737946.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204131750-20201204161750-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.908217 | 440 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Poor memory and memory lapse is a common problem for most people today. It was once believed that the older you get the weaker your memory becomes but these days it’s not the case anymore. Poor memory is caused by different factors related to lifestyle. It is thus difficult to understand how the memory works if you rarely pay attention to the tiny details in your lifestyle that slow down your memory growth. Here are some things that can massively improve your memory over time;
Practice a healthy lifestyle
Research today has shown that memory is not an isolated body part but a function of the brain. The food you eat greatly influences Nueroplasticity. Fresh fruits and animal omega 3 are strongly recommended. Research shows that people who observe the Mediterranean diet have a higher memory. Though as much as a generally good diet is helpful, it also good to know and emphasize on foods specifically known to improve memory. Drinking enough water for the day also keeps your brain hydrated thus avoiding brain shrinkage which adversely affects your memory.
Exercising optimizes our brain capacity to work by stimulating multiplication of nerve cells. It also improves blood flow to the brain thus ensuring optimum brain functioning. Research has indicated that people who do more exercise have a better memory than those who don’t.
This can do wonders for your memory. Practicing playing computer games, puzzles, Sudoku, chess, brain yoga and other brain games improve the ability of your brain overwhelming. Be it short term or long term memory these games will do. Try the shopping game where you memorize all the shopping items and write them down with their order. Compare your memory list with the original list. This builds your short term and long term memory and with time you’ll realize it helps
Engage your mind in learning activities
One benefit of the internet today is that it has brought information closer to us and we can learn anything from it. Learning is not only meant for social or practical use but also for health benefits. It keeps your brain active which improves its memory. As
Albert Einstein once said “when you stop learning you start dying,” the brain plays a major role in that. Things like music, playing a musical instrument are also known to improve your memory and increase concentration.
Improving your memory is not a difficult task but requires determination and patient since it’s not a thing you get medication for. It is a process that requires time to time evaluation. By these tips, be sure to improve your memory. | <urn:uuid:62aa0706-a9af-4444-9012-3a1bed04f94d> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.bakedblog.com/how-to-improve-your-memory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480472.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216125709-20190216151709-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.961423 | 508 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Did you know that the Surgeon General reported recently that at least 80% of American adults have gum disease? Gum disease can cause heart disease, high blood pressure and stroke. People with gum disease are twice as likely to die from heart disease and three times as likely to die from stroke. So how do you know if you have gum disease?
First simply ask yourself the following questions: Do my gums bleed when I brush my teeth? Are any of my teeth loose? Do I have receding gums? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you may have gum (periodontal) disease. A trip to your dentist and a very simple, painless examination will confirm your findings.
So, now what do I do about it? Your dentist and dental hygienist will develop a treatment plan to support you in re-establishing your oral health. The plan will consist of a series of periodontal therapy appointments and a saliva test to determine the type of bacteria that is causing your disease. You may also be prescribed antibiotics and other therapeutic agents to help eradicate the disease. Additionally, your dental professionals will review your flossing and brushing habits and make the appropriate suggestions to help you clean your teeth like never before.
There is a lot at stake here. Since periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease, diabetics that have difficulty maintaining close blood sugar controls, may find that gum therapy will bring their sugar levels back under control.
Up to 93% of people with gum disease are at risk for diabetes. And if you have diabetes and bleeding gums, your risk of premature death increases by 400 to 700 percent. A recent Harvard study stated that gum disease increases kidney and pancreatic cancer by 62%.
So, just ask yourself the questions, make a dental appointment with either Dr. Higham or Dr. Sauchelli, and get the appropriate therapy and you can add 6.5 years to your life.
Now isn’t that a great idea! | <urn:uuid:8574029a-9942-4916-a602-5e504cd0e361> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://jupiterdentist.wordpress.com/2011/07/06/gum-disease-a-medical-problem-with-a-dental-solution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891750.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123052242-20180123072242-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.946225 | 407 | 2.875 | 3 |
September 14, 2022meditationmindfulness
What is Mindfulness?
Mindfulness is paying attention to our experience in the present moment. It is a form of meditation or attention training that can be learned through regular practice.
Research shows that mindfulness is associated with a range of mental health benefits. Specifically, mindfulness practice is associated with reductions in anxiety, prevention of depression relapse, stabilization of mood, improved pain coping, and can help with healing following traumatic brain injury.
Mindfulness and Mental Health
Mindfulness is an important part of treatment for a wide range of conditions, including:
- Social anxiety
- Fear of going out of the house alone (agoraphobia)
- Worry and stress
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Chronic pain
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD)
- Borderline personality disorder
Our Psychologists can help. | <urn:uuid:fe61be2f-8ca1-440b-a528-deb7c625be10> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.brooksidetherapy.com/terminology/mindfulness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945183.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323194025-20230323224025-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.923494 | 192 | 3.796875 | 4 |
General Carlin’s lasting mark
Gen. William Carlin
| May 22, 2020 1:00 AM
On the eastern side of Lake Coeur d’Alene is beautiful Carlin Bay. It is approximately 10 miles from Fort Sherman. Who was the man honored by having such a beautiful place named in his memory?
William Passmore Carlin was born on Nov. 23, 1829, in Rich Woods, Ill. He graduated from West Point in 1850. Out of a class of 44, 18 of his classmates fought for the Confederacy.
His early military career included the Plains Wars and the Utah War in 1858. By the time Carlin arrived in Utah, hostilities between the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the United States government had cooled to a period of negotiations and not open warfare. While in Utah, Carlin was promoted to captain.
From 1859 to 1860 he was the commanding officer of Fort Bragg, in California. When the South fired on Fort Sumter, S.C., in April of 1861, provoking the start of the Civil War, he was called east to assume command of combat troops. For the next four years he would be involved with some of the bloodiest battles of the war.
His command abilities were noted and his upward promotions came from repeated victories. His final actions were as a battle-hardened general supporting General Sherman’s bloody march through Georgia, capturing Savannah and presenting the city to President Lincoln as a “Christmas gift.” Carlin’s close relationship with Sherman would portend a later more pleasant assignment.
After the war, General Carlin’s rank was reduced to major.
His career led him westward, eventually to Coeur d’Alene, where he became the commander of Fort Sherman in July 1886. He held that post for 10 years.
In 1892 the Silver Valley erupted into rioting due to the miners being unhappy with work conditions. Col. Carlin was called to establish martial law. A steamer transported the troops to Harrison and then on to Wardner by rail. They occupied the region from July to September. The troops assisted local authorities in making arrests and restoring order.
It is unclear how and when the bay was formally named after Col. Carlin. However, by the late 1880s Carlin Bay was known as a popular place for recreation by Fort Sherman soldiers. It is rumored that Carlin owned property around the lake.
From the early 1890s to the 1920s, Carlin Bay was a regular stop for steamboat traffic. A local road provided access to a bayside dock as late as 1930. Prior to construction of Highway 97 in the early 1930s, vehicles were able to reach Carlin Bay via the Carlin Creek Road. Vehicular travel from the north, along the shore of the lake, was not possible until construction of Highway 97 was completed.
The Museum of North Idaho is proud to sponsor tours of Fort Sherman led by Robert Singletary. Robert is a highly respected and widely published historian whose historical focus is on North Idaho history. When he leads these tours he takes on the persona of General Carlin by wearing a period uniform similar to the general’s.
These tours will resume when the museum reopens. Call 208-664-3448 for more information on how to make a tour reservation or join the museum.
Reviewed and edited by Robert Singletary and Deborah Mitchell. | <urn:uuid:9bd4b8e5-92e9-4fad-9b0c-7f03dd2e36a5> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://cdapress.com/news/2020/may/22/general-carlins-lasting-mark-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648000.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601175345-20230601205345-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.981335 | 718 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A current account deficit occurs when the value of imports (of goods, services and investment incomes) is greater than the value of exports.
There are various factors which could cause a current account deficit:
1. Fixed Exchange Rate
If the currency is overvalued, imports will be cheaper and therefore there will be a higher Q of imports. Exports will become uncompetitive and therefore there will be a fall in the quantity of exports.
2. Economic Growth
If there is an increase in national income, people will tend to have more disposable income to consume goods. If domestic producers can not meet the domestic demand, consumers will have to import goods from abroad. In the UK we have a high Marginal propensity to imports mpm because we do not have a comparative advantage in the production of manufactured goods. Therefore if there is fast economic growth there tends to be a significant increase in the quantity of imports.
3. Decline in Competitiveness.
In the UK there has been a decline in the exporting manufacturing sector, because it has struggled to compete with developing countries in the far east. This has led to a persistent deficit in the balance of trade.
- Higher inflation
This makes exports less competitive and imports more competitive. However this factor may be offset by a decline in the value of sterling.
- Recession in other countries.
If the UK’s main trading partners experience negative economic growth then they will buy less of our exports, worsening the current account.
- Borrowing money
If countries are borrowing money to invest e.g third world countries
This shows a deterioration in the UK current account from the early 1980s
The UK current account as a % of GDP 2001-2015. This shows a deterioration in the current account since 2011. This was due to
- UK economic recovery quicker than Eurozone, leading to higher import spending, but slow growth in UK exports
- Appreciation in the Pound Sterling, making exports less competitive and imports cheaper. | <urn:uuid:8dd3e299-865a-4d00-9501-97d2f1f63359> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.economicshelp.org/macroeconomics/bop/cause-of-deficit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607786.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524035700-20170524055700-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.932024 | 402 | 3.375 | 3 |
Consisting of both letters and hieroglyphs, in Humanese, the sign:
is the letter „umeter“ which is associated with life and the life principle that infuses all living things. Humanese features 23 letters and an accent or aspiration, that as in Ancient Greek, imparts an „h“ sound to any vowel that it is combined with. This is the sign:
which combined with „umeter“:
reads as „hu“ and stands for the breath, not of life but of conscious apprehension and intelligence. Though the possession of hu is not an attribute that is exclusive to human beings, no other creature has as much hu as a human being does. With hu there is the capacity for humour and in animals, evidence of humour has been detected in elephants and dolphins. Along with honesty and humility, we must re-learn that humour is a much-needed counter against the temptations of vanity to which we so readily succumb as well as the dogma and narrow-mindedness that characterise intolerance.
Deriving from umeter is „manna“:
This conveys the sound „m“ and in its uppercase form is also a hieroglyph for „manna“, the food that in the Bible, fell from the sky and sustained the people of Israel during their forty years of wandering in the desert. Thus in its uppercase form it resembling two loaves of bread whilst in in its lowercase form it recalls a bird in flight. The hieroglyph hints at the lofty heights that, through perseverance, things endowed with life and fed with manna, may attain. The hieroglyph:
denotes „ayen“, this being the third person plural of a semi-verb that imparts the concept of „would“ to an infinitive, noun or phrase, as in „they would do such and such“. This can either be a condition of being, a general disposition or, or can refer to a group of people’s doing such and such if they had the means and where withal. Combined with „manna“, on a literal level „ayen“ denotes „they who would (have) manna“:
Yet as seen „manna“ also hints at a yearning for greater things and the hieroglyph and so represents humanity and the disposition of our species to achieve great things and attain great heights if we but have the manna and where withal at our disposal.
Resembling a figure with open arms, the hieroglyph „osmache“:
represents the concept of welcoming. Meanwhile the sign:
is the letter „ana“ which standing alone is a preposition that corresponds to „to“, „towards“ and „in the direction of“. The hieroglyph:
is the verb reinkarne which means to revive, reanimate, recharge or reload something. Thus the message:
reads as: osmache ana reninkarne humanna ayen and translates as „welcome to they who would reload humanism“.
From a biological point of view, the phenomenon of life is a result of the fact that the nuculoid acids are capable of doubling-up and of performing not one function but two. This enables them to carry out specific tasks such as manufacturing a protein or checking whether a protein has been properly manufactured and in addition, to replicate themselves. In this way they can execute specific functions and grow. Without this ability, life as we know it would never have come to be. In Humanese, hieroglyphs can likewise be made to double-up and from the signs, two-dimensional shapes may be formed, which folded around onto themselves in three dimensions, result in spatially defined forms. Some of these, such as the hieroglyph „akinemene“:
which stands for “beginning, end, definition and enclosure”, are self contained as from the cross shape, a cube made be readily formed:
Taking the phrase, „an’akine akenemenos pleis“:
and from „ana“ making a sphere, from the two swords or cross shapes of „akine akinemenos“, making two cubes and from „pleis“, making a pyramid, results in a tower with a sphere rolling towards it.
Others however are incomplete and need to be added to another in order for a three-dimensional object with a closed surface to be brought into being. In Humanese, the meanings of signs are supported and underlined by the forms of the three-dimensional objects that can be made from them. In the case of:
if from the letters and hieroglyphs, shapes are formed:
and these are then folded around onto themselves to result in four three-dimensional forms and these in turn are combined to make a whole, a form is brought into being that underlies the ethos inherent in the signs. Humanese is thus a cabbala of shapes and forms and in this way one arrives at an image that looks both back towards our past and forward into a future for which we must selflessly and unrelentingly fight if it is to be secured. In the figure, the hieroglyph for hu forms the head whilst the hieroglyph for “manna” forms the lower part of the body and legs. Meanwhile the hieroglyphs that denote welcoming and regeneration form the middle part of the figure – where anatomically the heart is. The message is that it is up to us, with our hearts, to underwrite and give meaning to, not only the signs of Humanese but to all things in the world around us. For without people who care about things there can be no welcome, no regeneration and no future.
Towards the end of the age of migration, people began to live in settlements in which defensive structures were built as places of refuge in times of attack. In addition, towers were built so that potential attackers could be identified from far away. If an unknown band of people were seen, the lookout manning the tower would sound the alarm by blowing a horn. Taking a cue from the exhortation „an’akine akinemenos pleis“ it is time to accept our role as watchmen for the health of our planet and blow the horn or „orsana“ that sounds the alarm. | <urn:uuid:02ad3383-22d2-463e-9e2e-093a07152c16> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.reloading-humanism.eu/humanese/an-introduction-to-humanese/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369721.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305030131-20210305060131-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.953261 | 1,371 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Appendix C The Executive Office of the President
Upon the recommendation of the Brownlow Committee, chaired by prominent political scientist Louis Brownlow, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Executive Office of the President (EOP) by the authority of the Reorganization Act of 1939, and in accordance with Reorganization Plan No. 1 and Executive Order 8248. The EOP, designed to improve executive-branch operations by bringing them under better control, came into existence on 1 July of that year. It comprised five divisions: the White House Office (WHO), the Bureau of the Budget, the Office of Government Reports, the National Resources Planning Board, and the Liaison Office for Personnel Management. In addition, the president was empowered to open a sixth division: such office for emergency management as he might deem necessary "in the event of a national emergency, or threat of a national emergency."
The Executive Office of the President (EOP), today enormously expanded from what its founders anticipated, is operated by a total of 1,800 aides, and is concerned with lending support to the president in coordinating the far–flung undertakings and responsibilities of the departments of the executive branch. The EOP is composed of:
1. The White House Office (WHO) which was established to serve the president "in the performance of the many detailed activities incident to his immediate office." Until it was created, the president had no senior aides on his own payroll. He had to rely on the willingness of Congress to provide him with a few clerks and with the housekeeping staff of the White House. At its inception, the WHO consisted of eight officials, three with the title "secretary to the president," four with the title "administrative assistant," and an "executive clerk." At present the number of aides is generally about 500.
The WHO has become the political as well as policy arm of the chief executive, aiming to protect and enhance his public standing and image, and to energize the whole EOP. The WHO is almost invariably staffed by the intimates and insiders who helped the president to reach the White House. Beginning with President Eisenhower in 1953, presidents have usually appointed a chief of staff to organize and direct the work of the WHO. The holder of this position is often a leading spokesperson for the initiatives and policies of the executive branch.
Of all the divisions of the WHO, the Press Office is probably most familiar to the public because its head, the Press Secretary, is frequently seen on television. A highly publicized new division is the Homeland Defense Council. Its director is Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. Other divisions of the WHO are concerned with presidential appointments and scheduling—including those of the First Lady, the management of national security and foreign matters, the development of economic, scientific, and technological policies, the recruitment of high officials, and the arranging of social functions. President George W. Bush created a new Deputy Assistant to the President who would be Deputy Director for Faith–Based and Community Initiatives. The Office of the Cabinet Secretary administers the affairs of the cabinet, known traditionally as the president's "official family." The White House Counsel gives the president legal advice. Subunits are engaged in writing speeches, conducting the president's correspondence, and communicating with governors, mayors, and the media. The Military Office, which handles the "football," the valise containing codes for under taking the use of nuclear weapons, and which superintends the uniformed personnel attached to the White House as military and naval aides, is considered to be part of the WHO. Also so regarded is the White House physician and the medical facilities in his or her charge. The vice–president's office and residence, staffed by about thirty people, is not formally a part of the WHO.
2. The Office of the Vice President, which serves the Vice President in performing the many detailed activities incident to his immediate office.
3. The Council of Economic Advisers, which was established in the Executive Office of the President by the Employment Act of 1946. It now functions under that act and Reorganization Plan No. 9 of 1953. It consists of three members appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The president designates the chairman from among the three members. The Council analyzes the economy and advises the President on economic developments, appraises on–going programs, and prepares the economic reports of the President to Congress. It issues the Annual report of the Council of Economic Advisers.
4. The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), which was established in the Executive Office of the President by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. The Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970 established the Office of Environmental Quality (OEQ) to provide professional and administrative support for the Council. Together the CEQ and the OEQ constitute the Council on Environmental Quality. The chair of the CEQ serves also as Director of the OEQ and is appointed by the President. The Council's mission is to develop policies which bring together the nation's social, economic, and environment priorities with the goal of improving the quality of Federal decisions in the field of environmental protection.
5. The National Security Council (NSC), which was established by the National Security Act of 1947 and placed in the Executive Office of the President by Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1949), is chaired by the President. The Council advises and assists the President in integrating all aspects of national security policy as it affects the United States. The statutory members, in addition to the President, are the Vice President and the Secretaries of State and Defense. The statutory military advisor to the Council is the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the intelligence advisor is the Director of Central Intelligence. The Secretary of the Treasury, the U.S. Representative to the United Nations, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, and the Chief of Staff to the President are invited to all meetings. Other officials are invited as deemed appropriate.
6. The Office of Administration, which was established by executive order of 12 December 1977 to supply support services to all units within the Executive Office of the President.
7. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB), formerly the Bureau of the Budget (BOB), which was established in the Executive Office of the President by the Reorganization Plan No 1 of 1939. The OMB monitors and coordinates the budget requests of the various executive departments and agencies and assists the President in preparing the national budget and formulating fiscal policy. It also assists the President in developing and maintaining effective government by reviewing the organizational structure and management procedures of the executive branch to ensure the intended results are achieved.
When President Nixon in 1970 reorganized the BOB making it the Office of Management and Budget, and staffed it with his own people, it began to serve the president in a partisan way. Quickly its credibility became suspect with Congress, which established the Congressional Budget Office to provide what it regarded as more balanced or non–partisan fiscal and financial data. Today the OMB continues to be regarded as being in the president's control.
8. The Office of National Drug Control Policy, established by the National Narcotics Leadership Act of 1988 and the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1988), coordinates Federal, State and local efforts to control illegal drug abuse, and devises national policy and strategies to effectively carry out anti–drug activities.
9. The Office of Policy Development, which is composed of the Domestic Policy Council which was established 16 August 1993 to oversee the development and implementation of the President's domestic policy agenda, and the National Economic Council which was established 25 January 1993 to coordinate the economic policy–making process and provide economic policy advice to the President.
10. The Office of Science and Technology, which was established in the Executive Office of the President by the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976. It serves as a source of scientific, engineering, and technological analysis and judgment for the president with respect to major policies, plans, and programs of the federal government.
11. The Office of the United States Trade Representative, which was created by the Office of the Special Representative for Trade Negotiations by Executive Order on 15 January 1963. The Office was established as an agency of the Executive Office of the President by the Trade Act of 1974. The Office is responsible for setting and administering overall trade policy.
12. The Office of Homeland Security, which was created by Executive Order dated 8 October 2001, is charged with the mission of developing and coordinating the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks.
Outside the influence the President exerts through the EOP, he or she exercises power by Executive Orders. These are official documents through which the Chief Executive manages the operation of the Federal Government. The number of EOs issued by a president is one measure of an administration's activity. The tally for the last 13 presidents follows:
|Herbert Hoover 1929–33||1,010|
|Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933–1945||3,728|
|Harry Truman 1945–1953||896|
|Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953–1961||486|
|John F. Kennedy 1961–1963||214|
|Lyndon B. Johnson 1963–1969||324|
|Richard Nixon 1969–1974||346|
|Gerald R. Ford 1974–1977||169|
|Jimmy Carter 1977–1981||320|
|Ronald Reagan 1981–1989||381|
|George Bush 1989–1993||166|
|William J. Clinton 1993–2001||364|
|George W. Bush 2001 through April 2002||59|
* * * *
The President appoints and receives advice from a vast array of boards, committees, and commissions, some created by Executive Orders, some by acts of Congress. Their membership may carry over from one administration to the next. The range of subjects they study and report upon is as wide as the concerns of government itself. A list running into the high hundreds of such federal executive agencies—including a history of each—which have been terminated, transferred, or changed in name since 4 March 1933, the first day of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, may be found in the United States Government Manual on the World Wide Web. (wais.access.gpo.gov). At present there are fifty–seven active boards, committees, and commissions. Their scope speaks to some of the matters that the President must deal with aside from those that make daily news:
Administrative Committee of the Federal Register
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
American Battle Monuments Commission
Appalachian Regional Commission
Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board
Arctic Research Commission
Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Interagency Coordinating Committee
Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Foundation
Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee
Commission on Fine Arts
Committee on Foreign Investments in the United States
Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements
Committee for Purchase From People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled
Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Delaware River Basin Commission
Endangered Species Committee
Export Administration Review Board
Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
Federal Financing Bank
Federal Interagency Committee on Education
Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer
Federal Library and Information Center Committee
Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation
Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor Commission
Indian Arts and Crafts Board
Interagency Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities
Interagency Saving Bonds Committee
J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board
James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
Japan–United States Friendship Commission
Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries
Marine Mammal Commission
Medicare Payments Advisory Commission
Migratory Bird Conservation Commission
Mississippi River Commission
Morris K. Udall Scholarship and Excellence in National Environmental Policy Foundation
National Commission on Libraries and Information Science
National Council on Disability
National Park Foundation
Navajo and Hopi Relocation Commission
Northwest Power Planning Council
Panama Canal Commission
Permanent Committee for the Oliver Wendell Holmes Devise
President's Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities
President's Council on Integrity and Efficiency
President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
Social Security Advisory Board
Susquehanna River Basin Commission
Textile Trade Policy Group
Trade Policy Staff Committee
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
United States Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board
Veterans' Day National Committee
White House Commission on Presidential Scholars | <urn:uuid:c62f9e49-b957-429c-8b9d-aa742c46adf7> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.presidentprofiles.com/General-Information/Appendix-C-The-Executive-Office-of-the-President.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174124.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00179-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949832 | 2,593 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California’s Mojave Desert and is the largest national park in the USA. Over 130 miles long and 12 miles wide, the baron desert and rocky ridge landscape of Death Valley sits on the east side of the Sierra Mountains. Funeral Mountains, Coffin Peak, Hell’s Gate, Starvation Canyon and Dead Man Pass are just some of the illuminating features of Death Valley National Park. Named to reflect the troubles and misfortunes of the pioneers who mined, travelled and lived in the area during the end of the last century, today the haunting names contradict this place of exquisite beauty. See the colourful rocks, a diverse range of wildlife and relics from a hundred and fifty year history that gives an insight into the harsh life of the early settlers. | <urn:uuid:701e5d63-a266-4b10-8809-a547ba2bacd1> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.northamericatravelservice.co.uk/destination/death-valley/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896905.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708062424-20200708092424-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.90088 | 162 | 2.8125 | 3 |
empowering the severely brain injured and their families via support, understanding and a network of care
Speech & Language SLT
Speech and Language Therapists (SLTs) work as an integral part of the Multidisciplinary team (MDT) alongside other allied health professions such as doctors, nurses, psychologists, physiotherapists and occupational therapists. The team aim to provide a holistic care package to best suit an individual’s needs.
SLTs are responsible for the assessment, diagnosis and management of disorders of speech, language, communication and swallowing. They work with adults with brain injury (ABIs) during the acute phase in hospital, throughout rehabilitation and as outpatients or in the community. ABIs (see stories link) may require speech and language therapy intervention in the following areas;
SLTs assess and treat speech and language difficulties aiming to empower ABIs to communicate their needs and interact with others. This not only increases their quality of life, but also promotes independent living. Dysphasia is a language impairment which can result in an individual having difficulties understanding and/or expressing themselves. For example, AbIs may have difficulty understanding instructions and may have trouble finding the right words in conversation. Reading and writing are similarly affected.
Cognitive communication disorders are common in brain injury as they affect more than just language function but a range of cognitive functions such as memory, processing and attention. Cognitive communication disorders can be mild or severe as in low awareness states where awareness of environment and self is impaired and communication is limited and variable to mild and minimally visible. ABIs may also experience speech difficulties such as slurred speech.
The terms dysarthria and dyspraxia may be used to describe a motor speech disorder. This can be caused by muscle weakness and/or impaired co-ordination between the brain and the muscles used for speech. SLT’s may work on strengthening these muscles through exercise or consider compensatory strategies such as Total Communication. SLTs work to improve communication utilising a Total Communication approach.
Total Communication refers to the use of gesture, drawing, pictures, writing and low and high tech communication aids to assist with conveying a message. They will advise what strategies are most effective with everyone involved in an individual’s care or treatment.
Communication difficulties can range in severity, from profound difficulty with little or no ability to communicate or understand, to mild impairment. The impact can affect many aspects of life including simple tasks such as smiling to a relative, understanding questions to conversing with friends. Later on it can affect an individual’s ability to participate in / return to work or education.
For individual’s in a low awareness state SLTs aim to assess and review their response to a range of different stimuli. These assessments aim to establish if the individual has some awareness of themselves and their environment and to identify any responses which could be used for communication purposes. They will use a range of assessments to identify communication behaviours such as the Wessex Head Injury Matrix.
They will often use everyday tasks such as teeth cleaning or taste trials to work on assessment and development of communication skills as these are more likely to elicit spontaneous responses in natural situations.
SLTs need to take into account a number of factors that may impact on communication such as vision, hearing, physical ability and thinking known as cognition. Some of these are likely to be present in a severe brain injury. As a result assessment and development of reliable and functional responses for communication involves the whole team to identify the optimum position and movement and how to help the individual to understand and respond optimally. SLTs will wish to involve the families of individuals by asking them for information about the individual’s lifestyle or to bring in favourite things that are meaningful and may trigger a response.
The term dysphagia is used to describe swallowing difficulties. Oral feeding difficulty is also used to describe wider issues than just swallowing and includes difficulty in the following tasks:
· Initiating eating and drinking
· Recognition of food, drink, cup, spoon etc.
· Getting the food or drink to the mouth
· Opening the mouth
· Difficulty moving the food in the mouth to trigger a swallow.
Often sensation can be affected after brain injury and may affect the face and mouth leading to hypersensitivity where the individual is extra sensitive to touch. This can affect ability to resume eating and drinking again and can make it difficult to perform oral care which is very important to reduce risk of infection.
You may see oro-facial hypersensitivity during face washing, teeth cleaning and eating. It manifests itself in hypersensitive responses such as: facial grimaces, lip pursing, biting, teeth grinding, or turning away. It can even affect other parts of the body leading to spasms, flexing or extending arms and legs. In extreme cases it can lead to gagging when the spoon is placed in the mouth.
The SLT will set up a desensitisation programme and include this prior to any oral activity in order to diminish the hypersensitivity and encourage more normal responses. This why it is important for individuals to be well supported and positioned in bed and their wheelchair.
For adults with brain injury SLTs assess swallowing ability to establish a) whether they can swallow their saliva (see next section on tracheostomy management) or b) begin to eat and drink something by mouth. They often make modifications such as altering consistency of food/fluids to increase safety when eating and drinking or changing position for eating or teaching special swallowing exercises to improve swallowing function If an individual is unsafe for oral intake they may receive their nutrition and hydration via an alternative route such as a feeding tube down the nose called a nasogastric tube or in the stomach.
SLTs also make use of assessments such as nasendoscopy using a tube through the nose into the throat and videofluoroscopy where food and drink is mixed with barium contrast using x-ray conditions. Both provide visual examinations of which help aid swallowing management. Individuals may move from full tube feeding to a combination of food, drink and tube feeds and full oral intake depending on how they progress in rehabilitation.
At times decisions are made about what is in the individual’s best interests taking into account their quality of life. For example, an individual may have tastes for pleasure even when the risks of this have been acknowledged.
SLTs work with the medical team, nursing staff and physiotherapists to determine if a patient is able to manage without a tracheostomy and if tracheostomy removal is not possible either now or later, in identifying the best tracheostomy tube for their needs. SLT’s take an active role in saliva management and voicing.
Tracheostomies are not used solely because someone cannot eat or drink and removing them will not necessarily enable someone to talk again.
SLTs are responsible for managing cuffed tracheostomy tubes which are used for management of saliva and preventing this from entering the lungs which can give rise to chest infections. SLTs will undertake swallowing assessments to determine whether the individual can swallow their saliva and cough to protect their airway (passage to the lungs). A cuff deflation programme may start and eventually the tube can be changed for a cuff less tracheostomy tube. A one way valve or cap is used next as part of the process towards removing the tube and is particularly useful if the individual is trying to talk as it allows air to flow through the voice box once more. If the person has the ability to speak then with the tracheostomy tube capped they will be able to vocalise again. Their speech may still be slurred and difficult to understand or they may have difficulty speaking in full sentences.
Rehabilitation and management of communication and eating and drinking in ABIs may extend over a long period and the type and amount of intervention can vary accordingly. Most SLT is provided from within the NHS particularly in the acute phase however other organisations provide rehabilitation and care for ABIs including private and charitable organisations and individual SLTs via the Association for Speech and Language Therapists in Private Practice. | <urn:uuid:0b2f87cc-4270-4425-bf0c-5b2a78e561e1> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.braininjuryisbig.org.uk/therapies/speech-language-slt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038860318.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418194009-20210418224009-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.949104 | 1,664 | 2.84375 | 3 |
WEEK 5 - The Compassionists
Cultivate Love and Compassion to Connect with Yourself and with Others
Positive Health Principle #31
In today's class you will learn:
1. What is the science based link between positive mindset and health
2. How positive and negative thoughts, feelings and emotions influence your physical state
3. What is the connection between depression and cardiovascular disease
Enjoy watching short video for inspiration and self-reflection, take one small inspired action to stay on track.
“Empathy is the antidote to shame.”
TODAY'S DOSE OF POSITIVE HEALTH
"A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in
every difficulty.” Winston S. Churchill
Some of us are naturally optimistic, others not so much. Optimists always try to find something to be happy about; pessimists usually have something to worry about, for example, their health. How do these states relate to our physical wellbeing do they translate into medical outcome?
Well-designed meta-analyses have been carried out by the American Heart Association to answer the following question: is emotional and mental state of people with cardiovascular disease associated with their physical condition and if so, how does it impact their treatment and life expectancy?
A systematic review of prospective studies analysing the relationship between a positive mindset and health-related outcome among patients with coronary heart disease has shown that so-called positive wellbeing helps decrease the level of inflammation and is directly associated with a shorter hospitalisation time and lower mortality in 12 month follow-up.
A study carried out by scientists in the Netherlands has found that naturally optimistic people are 45% less likely to die of heart disease and other causes than those with a high level of pessimism. Researchers have found that optimistic patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing bypass surgery experience fewer complications, recover faster and are in a better shape than pessimists. All these factors contribute to a lower rate of re-hospitalisation.
Scientists investigated further looking to find if pessimists have perhaps shorter life expectancy than optimists because they are simply depressed.
The link between depression and cardiovascular disease has been well established. A solid medical evidence has shown that certain mental states, like depression, are associated with a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular death. Several well-designed studies have proven that depression can increase the relative risk of having the first heart attack by more than 50%, independently of other risk factors and for those who have already been diagnosed with heart disease, depression increases the risk of death about threefold.
People with depression and cardiovascular disease are also more likely to be readmitted to a hospital than those who are at a positive state of mind. A few studies have shown that positive social attitude described as optimism, hope, gratitude and general sense of wellbeing translate directly into our cardiovascular health.
After a thorough analysis of basic risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking and alcohol consumption, it turned out that even if all these variable above were well controlled, there was still a significant excess of both mortality and morbidity in the pessimistic group compared with the optimists.
Assuming that these findings are reliable, and optimists have a survival advantage, what mechanism could explain it?
One possibility is that optimists have well-developed resilience and may, therefore, be able to cope better with adversities. In fact, optimism is strongly associated with seeking social support and coping better with stress.
At this point, there is no medical evidence that pessimism in the absence of clinical depression is a risk factor for developing heart disease. Nevertheless, there is a strong evidence that psychotherapy and serotonin-enhancing antidepressants can enrich our natural personality traits like social engagement, even in people without depression.
Pessimists have constant worries and endless reasons to feel unhappy. If there is anything they should be worried about, however, is that they may have an undiagnosed, but treatable depression. Although treating depression may not guarantee a longer life expectancy, it can definitely make their life brighter and more enjoyable.
The Power of Positive Mindset
TODAY'S INSPIRED ACTION
YOUR WEEKLY SESSION
Get ready for your weekly session.
In your fourth session you will explore the benefits of practicing self-compassion and set the following intentions:
1. Gain more clarity around the concept of self-compassion
2. Find three simple ways to practice self-compassion daily
3. Start your self-compassion journal
Answer the questions in the Self-Compassion test (download No1), and go through the exercises (download No2) before your next session. Evaluate your session in the Self-Evaluation Worksheet (download No3).
1. Please make sure that you choose a convenient time and a quiet place for your Skype conversations.
2. Let the members of your household know when you need time for yourself, so you are not being interrupted.
3. Check your wifi connection and show up on time.
4. If you are unable to attend, you can still reschedule within the next few days before the Monday of the following week, if your guide has a free time slot.
5. Your one-to-one sessions are an integral part of the Grace School curriculum. It is, therefore, fundamental that each session is in synchrony with the weekly Grace School module.
YOUR WEEKLY DOWNLOADS
All files attached below have been created to support and enhance your learning experience.
These are available for download for the next 7 days. Please make sure that you create your account to answer the questions in the Self-Compassion test (No1), and do the exercises (No2) before your next session.
Use the Self-Evaluation Worksheet (No3) after your session. At the end of the week reflect on your experiences and challenges. Summarise your week with the Self-Reflection Worksheet (No4).
Your WEEK 5 Downloads:
1. Self-Compassion test - identify your level of self-compassion (approx. time 5 minutes)
2. Exercise Worksheet - do the exercises before your next session (approx time 10 minutes)
3. Self-Evaluation Worksheet - evaluate your session and learn from your experience (approx time 10-15 minutes)
4. Self-Reflection Worksheet - at the end of the week reflect on your experiences and challenges (approx time 10-20 minutes)
If you have any questions, comments or technical problems, please write: firstname.lastname@example.org and we will be happy to help.
We strive to respond within 24 business hours Monday-Friday 9am-5pm GMT. No personal information will be released or exposed.
If you want to interact with others, leave a comment, follow us on social media and join the Grace School Closed Group on Facebook. Take action daily! | <urn:uuid:5fbc6305-9cda-4d7f-b082-86a1c6b2687a> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.thesilverlinedheart.org/class-31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143695.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218120100-20200218150100-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.931282 | 1,427 | 3.296875 | 3 |
For many pupils, cross-country running is a great chance to get outside the school gates and to try a different activity for once.
It is certainly very different from running around a track. It involves running across the countryside, perhaps using different terrain and steep slopes as well as following small trails and paths across fields. It certainly tests your skills as a runner and helps keep you active and alert, since you have to be aware of where you are going.
School cross-country injuries are very uncommon but that doesn’t mean they don’t occur. You may already have experience of this if your child has been injured in this sport at school. While many injuries will resolve themselves and heal in due course, some may be problematic and could keep them off school for a time.
What caused the accident to happen in the first place?
This is probably the first thing you will ask yourself if your child receives school cross-country injuries. Were they just unlucky? Or did negligence have a part to play in what happened?
Whenever a school plans to take a class cross-country running, they should first do a risk assessment. This is designed to assess the proposed route to ensure it is safe. For example, if the route goes very close to a railway line this would be a potential hazard and the route should be moved.
Alternatively the route may go down a steep embankment that would not be safe for a child to run down. If such hazards were ignored or a risk assessment was not done in the first place, negligence could then be proven.
Enjoying cross-country running
This type of running tests a very different set of skills to track running. As such it is a good learning experience for all children to try this out.
However there are some instances where children may run into problems and sustain an injury through no fault of their own.
If someone else was at fault there might be a chance for a compensation payment to be fought for.
Accident Advice Helpline deals with cases like this all the time. With 15 years’ experience we can provide you with no-obligation advice so you can find out whether you might be able to claim on behalf of your child. Why not call us now on 0800 689 0500 free to learn more?
Date Published: July 8, 2015
Author: Rob Steen
Category: Accident at school | <urn:uuid:ff0616d0-91d4-4ab0-8b49-8560f5445c90> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.accidentadvicehelpline.co.uk/blog/compensation-school-cross-country-injuries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889567.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120102905-20180120122905-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.976395 | 491 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Courtesy John DownerHave you ever wondered why people honk at you .02 seconds after the light turns green? Or why some people take Connect Four a little too seriously? Well, it may be the length of their fingers. That’s right, the difference in length between your 2nd finger (or pointer finger) and your 4th finger (or ring finger) is thought to be an indirect measurement of testosterone levels you were exposed to during fetal development. The more testosterone, the longer your ring finger compared to you pointer finger.
In a recent study, researchers from the University of Liverpool and Oxford used this measurement to link aggressiveness in primates with the levels of prenatal testosterone in utero. They found that Old World monkeys tended to have a low 4th digit (4D) to 2nd digit (2D) ratio (i.e. their ring fingers were longer than their pointer fingers) and also exhibited aggressive, competitive, and promiscuous behavior. New World monkeys (like gibbons), on the other hand, along with Great Apes (like chimps and orangutans) tended to have a higher 2D:4D ratio. These species were found to exhibit much more cooperative and tolerant behavior. The results of the study have implications for our own social behaviors. We live in large multi-male, multi-female groups and are (usually) quite cooperative. This study, and more like it, could start to shed light on the origins of our sociality.
The use of digit ratio as a measurement of prenatal testosterone is not new, however. Many researchers have used it even in humans (we are primates after all) to try and predict various behaviors, aptitudes, and personal characteristics. For example, some of the traits suggested to correlate with low digit ratios (ring longer than pointer) include greater male fertility, assertiveness in women, and greater musical and athletic ability. These studies looked at the increased competitive nature brought out in individuals with exposure to high levels of prenatal testosterone.
So the next time someone cuts you off, just know it might be the case that their 4th digit is longer than their 2nd… so try to leave your 3rd digit out of it. | <urn:uuid:5d928b4c-f4bd-470b-8c2e-f57ebcd306b2> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.sciencebuzz.org/blog/finger-length-indicator-behavior | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609530895.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005210-00390-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963873 | 450 | 3.1875 | 3 |
PTSD: National Center for PTSD
The National Center for PTSD's educational initiatives have two aims. The first is to synthesize research information and coordinate communication among top scientists in the field of PTSD. The second is to disseminate that information to those who can put it to use: clinicians, policymakers, educators, Veterans, trauma survivors, and their families.
Center staff who are involved in education efforts are also in a prime position to gather feedback from clinicians in the field that can inform future research efforts. In this way, research and education activities compliment and reinforce one another.
The major focus of the Center's education activities has always been America's Veterans and Servicemembers. To this end, as we develop educational products and services, we leverage the close relationships between the Center's education staff and their counterparts in other VA services and the Department of Defense to benefit to those critical populations.
Over the years, it has become clear that the educational materials and training programs produced by the National Center for PTSD can also be of help to others who have experienced traumatic stress: disaster survivors, crime and accident victims, and first responders; in short, anyone who has been exposed to traumatic events.
- VA Dissemination & Education The educational initiatives conducted by the National Center for PTSD within VA ensure the best possible care for Veterans with PTSD. Efforts include the PTSD Consultation Program, the PTSD Mentoring Program, and dissemination of evidence-based treatments.
- Training and Workshops We develop and deliver in-person training to clinical and other providers who care for Veterans and others who have experienced trauma.
- Online Education Resources The National Center for PTSD creates and disseminates an array of educational materials, including mobile apps, self-help tools, videos, courses, handouts, fact sheets and newsletters. | <urn:uuid:a32de8e5-ab6a-41b3-a2f9-d48785d149b1> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.ptsd.va.gov/about/mission/education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982969890.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200929-00141-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950855 | 366 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Over fluxing protection is recommended for
Right Answer is:
Generator transformer of the power plant
The transformers in generating stations need protection against the risk of damage, which may be because when they are operated at flux density levels significantly greater than the designed values. These conditions are most likely to arise when the unit is on an open circuit with the generator field energized, the speed of the machine is considerably below the synchronous speed and the regulator is trying to bring the voltage to the normal rated value. This may result in an unduly large value of V/f and hence a flux.
The flux density in the transformer core is proportional to the ratio of the voltage to frequency i.e. V/f. The power transformers are designed to work with a certain value of flux density in the core. In the generator transformer unit, if full excitation is applied before the generator reaches its synchronous speed then due to high V/f the over fluxing of the core may result. Higher core flux means more core loss and overheating of the core. The saturation of the magnetic circuit is also the probable cause for the over fluxing operation.
Over fluxing is a phenomenon by which the flux linked with the primary and the secondary of the transformer increases to an abnormally high value. This can have a profound effect on the efficiency and life of a transformer mainly because of the heating and magnetostrictive effects.
An increase in magnetic flux densities increases the iron losses and magnetizing current of the transformer. The core and core bolts, as a result, get heated and the insulation of laminations is affected. This can lead to permanent core damage and short circuit faults due to damaged insulation.
Over fluxing Relay
This is used for the protection of power transformers from over fluxing which is a result of overvoltage and causes heating of the transformer and saturation. The winding temperature relay can detect heating but cannot detect the saturation of the core. The transformer will fail to operate if saturated. This protection is one of the functions in the comprehensive transformer protection relay used on power transformers. The setting is based on the ratio of voltage and frequency. The flux is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to the frequency. Therefore the relay setting is a volts/hertz ratio. | <urn:uuid:26344984-c841-40e5-a117-87c1c8654f17> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.electricalexams.co/over-fluxing-protection-recommended/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510097.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516073101-20220516103101-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.929723 | 477 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Why Fund Research?
Investing in research may not be sexy and may not provide immediate gratification, but it’s vital to the discovery of better treatments and cures.
Your donations fund the research that explores why children develop brain tumors, how to improve care and produce better outcomes. Because of you, we’re changing the landscape of pediatric cancer.
Less Toxic Treatments, Cures Needed
Pediatric cancer research is 15 years behind adult cancer research. Our kids are our future and worth more! Research has improved care and led to some better outcomes for kids, but there is so much more that needs to be done.
- Brain tumors are the #1 cause of death by all disease in children.
- Cancer kills more children than AIDS, asthma, diabetes, cystic fibrosis and all birth defects combined.
- Every day 13 children are diagnosed with a brain tumor.
- The U.S. Government’s annual research budget, through the National Institute of Health (NIH), gives only 4% to all pediatric cancer research. Adult cancer research gets 96%.
- Pediatric cancer research is 15 years behind adult cancer research.
- Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPG) are terminal for every child.
KRF invests in research where experts from various disciplines are collaborating, sharing data and specimens to accelerate discovery and reduce the duplication of efforts. KRF is responsible for over two million dollars in the past twelve years for the pursuit of improving the lives of children with brain tumors.
Supporting research doesn’t’ bring immediate satisfaction. It may take years of research to truly understand the causes of brain tumors and discover better treatments and cures. But funding the collaboration of researchers around the world so they can share their failures and successes is vital and made possible with your donations to The Kortney Rose Foundation. | <urn:uuid:810d5506-b9f8-4b22-b2e9-09b843949e1d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.thekortneyrosefoundation.org/why-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510671.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930082033-20230930112033-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.912082 | 390 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Is there an unknown species of hominid lurking in the woods ? Image Credit: CC BY-SA 3.0 Donar Reiskoffer
A toenail allegedly belonging to the legendary hominid is being hailed by some as proof of its existence.
Researchers have been attempting to find conclusive evidence of Bigfoot, a tall ape-like biped said to roam the wilds of North America, ever since the infamous Patterson-Gimlin footage brought the idea of the creature in to the mainstream.
Now an unusual discovery by a homeowner outside of Seligman has resparked interest in the legend - an alleged Bigfoot toenail that DNA tests suggest belongs to something that is a cross between a human female and some other unknown species.
"Everybody has a desire to know the unexplained and to find the truth," said Alex Hearn of the Arizona Cryptozoological Research Organization. "The toenail is proof that the creature is there. But it's not the definitive proof yet, we still have work to do."
Source: KPTV.com | Comments (82) | <urn:uuid:7d4bb0a4-7069-43f8-8f0a-2662358b8909> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.unexplained-mysteries.com/news/262487/toenail-of-bigfoot-discovered-in-arizona | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646178.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318224057-20180319004057-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.957813 | 222 | 2.625 | 3 |
As the UAE implements a new teacher licencing system and new national teacher standards, it is timely to reflect on what it is that actually makes a teacher great, explains Sue Mainey, Pearson’s Middle East Director of Marketing.
When it comes to defining what makes a teacher great, who better to ask then teachers themselves? Along with teachers, Pearson has recently asked parents, policymakers, administrators, researchers, and of course, learners, what they believe makes a teacher most effective.
This Global Survey of Educator Effectiveness questioned thousands of stakeholders from across the globe, asking participants to list, in their own words, between three and fifteen qualities that they felt were most important in making a teacher “effective”. Participants were asked to indicate what type of teacher they were thinking of in making this list, that is, what level of education the teacher taught at, and what subject the teacher taught. The survey did not define “effective” for participants, other than that it meant “good,” allowing respondents to define what an effective teacher meant for themselves. The majority of survey participants in the UAE came from Dubai (54%), followed by Abu Dhabi (39%), with the rest of the Emirates making up the remaining 7% of participants.
A coding system to categorise responses was developed, based on earlier research about competencies of effective teachers. This coding scheme was then reviewed by teachers, principals, education policymakers and researchers, and revised as additional responses were coded, resulting in a final list of 32 categories. These categories covered a range of areas, including professionalism, subject knowledge, teaching skills and pedagogy.
So what do you think respondents in the UAE listed as the most important quality for making a teacher effective? Well, the UAE was in line with all of the other 23 countries where the survey was conducted. There was general agreement in the UAE that effective teachers build trusting relationships, and are patient, caring and kind individuals. Respondents prized good teacher-student relationships, given the importance of such relationships to creating safe, positive and productive teaching and learning environments.
The top ten characteristics survey participants in the UAE believed make a teacher most effective were:
1. Ability to Develop Trusting, Productive Relationships
2. Subject Matter Knowledge
3. Patient, Caring, Kind Personality
4. Teaching Skills/Pedagogical Practices
6. Engaging Students in Learning
7. Ability to Make Ideas and Content Clear
8. Knowledge of Learners
9. Dedication to Teaching
10. Emphasis on Developing Students’ Non-Cognitive Skills
The results of the survey are timely for the UAE, as the Government takes steps to improve education outcomes by elevating the quality of teachers across the Emirates. While in no way do we suggest that the above list should be an exhaustive “checklist” of effective teaching, the results are nevertheless useful in how we should recruit and train teachers in the UAE. They are useful first and foremost because how can we possibly create effective teachers if we don’t even know what effective looks like? The survey results give us a good starting point for what we want to achieve by defining teacher effectiveness. By having a model to work towards we know what we want – and don’t want – in our teachers.
The results have implications for the type of people we need to be bringing into the profession in the UAE. The study could be useful for reducing the UAE’s teacher shortage, which is in part due to a difficulty attracting good teachers, and in part due to high turnover rates. If we focus more on hiring teachers in the UAE that have the character traits that allow them to build strong, positive relationships with students, then perhaps these people would be more likely to stay in the profession (and extract better outcomes from their learners in the process). The survey also suggests that we could be doing more to ensure teachers are receiving ongoing professional development that emphasises the importance of student-teacher relationship building, and that provides teachers with the skills they need to foster robust, relationships with those that they teach.
The results of the UAE Survey hold so much useful data for us as we look to improving learner outcomes through enhanced teacher effectiveness. To find out more about the results of the survey, in the UAE or the other countries surveyed, you can access the full reports by visiting: https://www.pearson.com/efficacy-and-research/schools-education-research/research-reports/global-survey-of-educator-effectiveness.html
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the policy or position of Pearson. | <urn:uuid:0b392b27-80fa-421c-a5dd-d86146c386ff> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://middleeast.pearson.com/Blogsocialmedia/blog/2017/01/what-makes-an-effective-teacher--uae-educators--parents--policym.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658662.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117000104-20190117022104-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.959719 | 957 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The previous article in this four part series about moving beyond the P Mode on your DSLR explained what your camera assumes about the quantity of light when being used in Program mode and that combinations of shutter speed and different apertures can result in the same amount of light reaching your DSLR’s sensor. This article explains how to choose the ideal combination of shutter speed and aperture. It also introduces ISO, which allows you to vary the sensitivity of your DSLR’s sensor.
Imagine two very different scenes you want to photograph: your son standing resolutely in the mountains, a backdrop of glorious scenery, and your daughter dancing at a party, a distracting background of chairs and tables behind her.
In the photo of your son, the mountains behind are sharp whilst in the photo of your daughter, the distracting background is a blur.
What is your camera assuming about the importance of the background in P Mode so it can decide whether or not to blur the background? Your camera generally has no idea about what’s in the background. Depending on the model, a camera may have thousands of images of scenes, and the ideal shutter speed and aperture for each of those scenes, stored in its memory and will try to match your scene with its memory so it can then impose the ideal shutter speed and aperture. This ‘memory’ approach can never match what you know about the scene. So once you have decided whether or not you want the background, how do you communicate this to your camera?
You control how much of the background will be in focus by changing the aperture of your camera. The larger the aperture (e.g., f/5.6 instead of f/11), the more the background will be blurred. In the two photos imagined above, your son’s photo has an aperture of f/16 while your daughter’s photo has an aperture of f/4.
Why does your camera give you so many apertures when you only need f/4 and f/16? The answer is complex – aperture essentially affects the plane of focus or how much is in focus in front of and behind your subject and different lens lengths and your distance from the subject will affect the plane of focus. For the purpose of this article, which is written for anyone seeking to move beyond the P mode, use the largest aperture possible when you want to blur the background and use either f/11 or f/16 when you want to preserve the details of the background.
But how do you change the aperture on your camera? The answer is to change your DSLR’s command dial from P to A (Aperture priority) and once you have done this, you simply dial in the aperture you want; the camera will automatically select the appropriate shutter speed. This sounds so easy, and it would be if we didn’t have to worry about shutter speed. With a very small aperture, only a tiny amount of light is able to register on your camera’s sensor, which means you have to keep the shutter open for longer than you would if you had used a very large aperture. In the two photos imagined above, the boy is stationary so the actual shutter speed of 1/180 second is not a problem, but the girl is dancing and had I used a shutter speed of 1/180 second, she would have been blurred. In actuality I used a shutter speed of 1/1500 second. So what shutter speeds will give you the best results?
If you are photographing a landscape, your shutter speed should be 1/60 of a second or faster (e.g., 1/250 of a second). If you are photographing a stationary person in a landscape, then your shutter speed should be at least 1/180 of a second or faster. If you are photographing a dancing girl in a landscape, then your shutter speed should be 1/500 of a second or faster. If you want to be artistic when photographing a running girl and want her to be blurred, you should ensure the shutter speed is about 1/15 of a second.
Say you want to take a photo of your daughter dancing in the mountains. In Aperture priority mode, you select a very small aperture, say f/11, to make sure the mountains behind her aren’t a blur. But disaster—your camera’s read out indicates the camera has selected a shutter speed of 1/125 of a second, which is nowhere near fast enough since it is only a third as fast as what you need (1/500 of second is twice as fast as 1/250 second, which is twice as fast as 1/125 of a second), so what to do? You could increase your aperture to f/5.6 (remember from the first article that f/11 lets in half the amount of light that f/8 does, which in turn lets in half the amount of light that f/5.6 does).
But a f/5.6 aperture would make the mountains blurred. What to do? Ask your daughter to stop moving and somehow make her dance in Photoshop when you get home? No, what you need to do is make your camera’s sensor more sensitive to light. If you make it three times as sensitive, then at f/11, your shutter speed will be what you want—1/500 of a second.
But how to make your camera’s sensor more sensitive? In the dark era before DSLRs, you would use a faster film in your camera. Films were rated on their sensitivity to light with an 800 ISO (ISO is also known as ASA) film being twice as sensitive as a 400 ISO film which in turn was twice as sensitive as a 200 ISO film. This meant that an 800 ISO film required only a third of the light required by a 200 ISO film to register the same amount of light information on the film.
So why is this relevant in the digital era? Because you can easily change the sensitivity of your DSLR’s sensor ‘mid-roll’ so to speak. Going back to wanting to photograph your dancing daughter on the hillside, if your camera’s ISO was 200 when you found out the camera selected 1/125 second when you selected f/11, all you have to do is increase the ISO from 200 to ISO 800 and your daughter will be beautifully sharp as will be the mountains behind her.
So why don’t cameras use a very high ISO all the time? The faster the camera’s ISO, the more ‘noise’ there is—little dots start appearing in the darker or shadow areas of the picture where there shouldn’t be any dots, and this isn’t aesthetically desirable. Furthermore, sometimes you want a combination of slow shutter speed and small aperture.
In summary, for a given ISO, a large aperture will blur the background and require less light than a small aperture which will preserve detail in the background but requires more light. Increasing the ISO will make your DSLR’s sensor more sensitive to light, which will then allow you to use an appropriate shutter speed for a desired aperture.
The next article will explain how your camera focuses in P mode and what you need to know to ensure your subject is perfectly in focus.
About the Author:
This article was written by John Slaytor. “I find it difficult to narrow my photographic interest. This inattention to detail gives me plenty of subject matter. My range of work includes Macedonian Weddings and Christenings, Nigerian 21st Birthday parties, Presbyterian and Catholic funerals, Indian and Greek family portraits, Chinese and Ghanaian football supporters, Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps, and Sydney Opera House.
I live and work in Sydney but can and do travel anywhere for my vocation. I would like to think I have been positively influenced by Werner Bischof for his quiet humanistic vision, Jane Bown for her minimalist approach to technology, Eve Arnold for her compassion and Peter Dombrovskis for his pristine imagery. After visiting Auschwitz I came across Michael Kenna whose work has helped me understand how buildings can have mood.
(I avoid formality and artificial lighting believing these things draw far too much attention to the process of photographing people. I have no qualms about making buildings endure long exposures with a tripod.)
I use Nikon cameras and process my images (RAW only) using DXO. I print with an Epson 4800. My computer is a Mac and my screen is an Eizo.”
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Many people don’t realize that Faulkner Hall was an addition to the church made during the period of the 2nd church (1815-1848). The inside has been remodeled, the latest in 1999 with Aim 2000. The outside has changed – from a Dutch design evident in pictures early in the 20th century to today’s design.
Since our Vestry minutes for most of the 2nd church were destroyed in the Civil War we don’t have the Vestry discussion or decision leading to the building of Faulkner Hall. However there are three letters in the Virginia Herald (July 12, 16, 23) that place Faulkner’s creation in 1823. There was no grand opening story for this building.
The building was created during the McGuire years to be used for Sunday Schools and Vestry meetings. It is still used as a place of Christian education and Vestry meetings.
The term “Sunday School” was not Christian education for the church members but literally schools: they were places were poor children could learn to read. The Sunday school movement began in Britain in the 1780s. Sunday was the only day children didn’t work, working often 12 hours a day on the other days. Thus “Sunday Schools” provided reading of the Bible by copying passages as well as religious-type instruction- prayer and hymn singing.
By the mid-19th century, Sunday school attendance was a near universal aspect of childhood. Even parents who did not regularly attend church themselves generally insisted that their children go to Sunday school. In both Britain and America, universal, compulsory state education was established by the 1870s. After that, reading and writing were learned on weekdays at school and the Sunday school curriculum was limited to religious education.
The reason for the original letter was the concern over building this building over graves (which it was). Apparently, the writer and a friend were walking by the church lying around and noticed timber around. Enclosed grave yards the way we know it was a product of the mid-1850’s though the graveyard did have fences as early as the 1770’s. The building of Faulkner was “violation of the Sanctuary of the Grave.” The writer thought the church was going to rent out the building since funds were low and the “minister badly paid.” The writer appealed to the trustees to end the work.
A response said the writer was badly informed and that it was 3 or 4 years since the Vestry began to consider the building. It was postponed due to the expense. The purpose was to erect a Sunday School to educate the “poor children of our town and neighbourhood in the principles of knowledge and religion.’
The second letter provides some interesting details that are unconfirmed 1. He mentions a donation of a lot. Did the church not originally have this lot with the first church ? 2. The building will be a stock company with investors who will be paid dividends until paid.
The first writer wrote the 3rd letter that the current Vestry are “comparatively strangers among us, and few, if any, have relations buried in our Church Yard.” They may be indifferent but that doesn’t exclude the way they have acted. Why can’t the Sunday School be kept in the church? This writer forecasts “the grave-yard will become a play-ground for the boys; the tombstones be mutilated and broken and the market-house and lot will be a constant scene of tumult and noise during play hours.”
“Sunday Schools” were important during the McGuire years (1813-1858). The Episcopal Sunday School was the first church Sunday School established in this region in 1816. McGuire reported 3 to 5 Sunday Schools, reaching a high point of 350 “scholars” in 1846 taught by 30 teachers.
They were integrated. By 1846 he noted that 2 of 5 Sunday schools were composed of 80 “domestic servants.” and “often taught by the rector.” In Annual Convention, he noted 1 African American communicant.
John Washington, the Fredericksburg slave turned freeman and who grew up across the street at the former Farmers’ Bank (National Bank building), did not have a high opinion of the Sunday Schools in 1852. The schools were in the afternoon and the students were taught the catechism and “verses of the Bible were read to us by heart.” “I do not think much good resulted from this school for we was not permitted to learn the ABC’s or to spell” though he was sent other places where did he learn the skill.
July 12, 1818
July 16, 1818
July 23, 1818 | <urn:uuid:50497433-4d74-452a-9595-93115073061d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://history.churchsp.org/te/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400214347.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924065412-20200924095412-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.989181 | 1,001 | 2.796875 | 3 |
February 22, 2017 Creating Magic with Mind in the Making
Editor’s Note: In this series, Mind in the Making facilitators share their experiences guiding workshops for parents, educators, caregivers and healthcare professionals throughout the Suncoast. In May 2016, The Patterson Foundation funded training for 31 people through the Mind in the Making Facilitator Institute, which breaks down executive functions into seven essential life skills that help children achieve their goals.
Last fall, a diverse group of sixteen individuals came together to embark on a journey to learn how to help the children in their lives be successful. They met for six weeks to explore topics from Ellen Galinsky’s life changing book, Mind in the Making. In her book, Ellen Galinsky presents research on the seven essential life skills every child needs.
- Focus and Self Control
- Perspective Taking
- Making Connections
- Critical Thinking
- Taking On Changes
- Self-Directed Engaged Learning
The topics are presented in ways that are accessible to parents and caregivers and provide practical strategies for increasing children’s skills in these areas.
This group, appropriately named Team Magic, was truly magical. One of the unique aspects of this group was that it crossed county lines and drew from different areas of both communities. The group, comprised of parents, grandparents, foster parents, early childhood educators, and professionals from various community agencies drew people from both Manatee and Sarasota counties. Everyone arrived a little apprehensive about not knowing what to expect, but they quickly engaged in thought-provoking discussions and fun activities and left commenting on newly formed friendships and the knowledge they gained. In the words of one of the participants, “Mind in the Making helped me learn from other people’s ideas and helped everyone become a community of learners.”
MAIN POINTS FROM MIND IN THE MAKING
- Children are born engaged in learning, but this engagement fades for far too many of our children.
- Children are also born wired to understand different kinds of knowledge. For example, infants have a statistical-like capacity to pick out which sounds go together in their own language (a language sense) or to tell the difference between large and small numbers of things (a number sense). Children can also sense people’s intentions — the differences between people who are helpful and hurtful (a people sense).
- While we may be aware of how important it is to build on these inborn capacities and teach children the information they need to know, it is also necessary for them to gain the essential skills for a lifetime of learning.
- Each of the essentials skills takes place in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. These skills are as important as IQ to children’s success now and in the future. | <urn:uuid:56c231bb-955a-4872-b9f5-d36d1bc2945a> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.gradelevelreadingsuncoast.net/creating-magic-with-mind-in-the-making/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997731.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616042701-20190616064701-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.954458 | 566 | 2.828125 | 3 |
1. Let’s distinguish between intentional goodness and effective goodness. Any of us can intend something good without that intention being effective, either because: (1) we don’t know or understand what we need in order to accomplish a good end; (2) we lack the power or resources to bring about the good end.
2. By intentional goodness, I mean something that intends concrete performance, and thus intends effectiveness. An intention unconcerned with effect is no intention at all — it is merely a sentiment.
3. Sentimental goodness is a state of feeling approving of some (apparent) good. Such sentiment is not in itself a bad thing; it is even a good thing if it leads to the intentional good. Sentimental goodness is blameworthy when it mistakes the pleasant feelings of the apparent, prospective good with the satisfaction that ought to attend the achievement of an actual good. Sentimental goodness is the good-felt-in-prospect stripped of the difficulties of actually being effectively good. It confuses itself with good intention, when it is nothing of the sort. Sentimental goodness is usually (and prematurely) self-congratulatory.
4. Intentional goodness is still a very good thing, but not as good as effective goodness, since an ineffective intentional goodness would include as one of its aims the cultivation of effectiveness and would consider itself defective until the effective good is achieved. Intentional goodness is a dynamic mean between sentiment and right action.
5. One cannot be effectively good without intelligence and good judgment. It is a duty of intentional goodness to recognize that fact and to act upon it. Intentional goodness that does not concern itself with an education that would make it effectively good is not sufficiently intentional — in fact it is merely sentimental.
6. An intentional goodness that has not reached a level of knowledge or power sufficient to be effective is not blameworthy; in fact it is praiseworthy, provided: (1) it is willing to strive for the requisite intelligence, good judgment, etc. that it lacks, and (2) it defers from acting carelessly outside the sphere of its own competence. If it must act, it should act very carefully, conscious of its ignorance and alert for the means of correcting it.
7. An effectively good person is the only adequate rule of right action. Against such there can be no valid law. | <urn:uuid:591de1a0-292f-4e19-929e-2ff09a5ea55b> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://woodybelangia.com/2014/03/20/some-thoughts-on-goodness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195069.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128040731-20201128070731-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.954472 | 488 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Let us take an example where we are trying to find the minimum value in a range of cells.
In example 1, it is clear that among the range of values, the minimum value is found in Cell A3 with the value of 1. Using Excel formula:
This formula would return 1 which is the minimum value in the range selected
In example 2, it is clear that among the range of values, the minimum value is again found in Cell A3 with the value of 0. But what if, for the purposes of calculating the minimum value, you were to exclude the zeros? If the zero were excluded, the minimum value would no longer be Cell A3 but Cell A1 with the value of 5.
The following formula, to be entered as an array formula (‘CTRL’+’Shift’+’Enter’), will return the value of 5 which basically exclude anything with the value of 0. | <urn:uuid:c68b6e3f-6cd4-4f32-9fc1-54f694e0204f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.blisslogicaccountants.com.au/excel-tip-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888135.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119204427-20180119224427-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.872571 | 195 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Montessori sensorial materials helps in awakening your child’s senses. In this stage they will be familiarized with mathematical concepts such as length, width, and height with the pink tower, the brown stair, and the red rods. We pick the color schemes to guide them because it will help them in remembering. They can quickly point things out if taught this way. The children will be working with the Knobbles Cylinders, The Binomial cube, and the Geometric Cabinet and Geometric Solids. While for some of these activities, the child will be asked to close their eyes or wear a blindfold to totally experience the activity like working with the Touch Boards, Thermic and Baric tablets, Sound Cylinders and the Smelling Bottles. The children will gain a concrete knowledge of their shapes and colors while also working on their visual, auditory, touch, taste and smell sense. | <urn:uuid:fd7967ba-ade9-4bfa-942f-71d94cafa375> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.nannysnursery.net/preschool-latch-key/montessori-preschool/sensorial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578675477.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424234327-20190425020327-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.940979 | 185 | 3.75 | 4 |
One (or perhaps eight) more from Jim, showing the progression of the eclipse, with two curious traits.
These were taken with a fixed camera, shooting with a wider field of view than the images from the earlier post. An intervalometer was used to snap a frame every 150 seconds, and the resulting eight frames were stacked together into this one image. The camera didn’t move, the frames were not shifted – the moon actually moved this far between each image. As I have said before, the moon and sun move their own width across the sky in 150 seconds, just two and a half minutes. Actually, it’s the rotation of the Earth that’s (mostly) responsible, but you get the gist.
Then they should all be contacting one another, like beads on a string, right? Certainly – the only reason they do not appear so is because of the shadow hiding one of the contact edges. If we were to take one of the images and rotate so its non-shadowed side faced its neighbor, we’d see them touching.
Don’t bother trying, because I already did, and it doesn’t work – there really is a gap between them. Turns out, the whole “150 second” thing is not entirely accurate. The moon’s orbit is elliptical, which means at times it’s farther away from the Earth than at others, and of course this makes it appear smaller in size. Apogee, the time when the moon was farthest, occurred April 8th, while perigee (the closest) will be April 23rd. Thus it was roughly one-third of the way up from its smallest size. Note also that the moon is not perfectly fixed in the sky, only showing apparent movement because of the rotation of the Earth. It’s moving too, otherwise the phases wouldn’t change, but this movement is tiny compared to the rotation of the Earth.
I played around with angular size and time and all that, always a risky thing for someone who’s pretty bad at math, then got smart and booted Stellarium again, which will show the sky’s motion at any speed you like. A sticky note attached to the monitor confirmed that 150 seconds takes the moon more than its own width, producing a pretty good match for this image. In fact, using Stellarium to plot the time needed for an exact ‘beaded line’ is probably a pretty easy way to plan a cool photo sequence.
That was all trait one. Trait two is, the shadows are going the opposite way than what you’d expect. The moon is moving right, but the shadow is overtaking it from the left.
Most of what you are seeing is the moon’s own orbital motion as it revolves around the Earth in a little over 27 days. But a very small part of it is Earth’s orbit around the sun, which shifts the shadow it throws. This doesn’t account for much, since the whole orbit takes a year to accomplish, but it affects the speed and duration of the eclipse nonetheless.
The video found here illustrates this to a certain extent, but the scale for all bodies and distances are way off; the sun is loads bigger than that but much, much further off, while the moon is also significantly more distant. Thus the shadows thrown by the Earth and the moon are much smaller, and coupled with the inclination of the moon’s orbit, this means it only catches the shadow sporadically, thus the rarity of both lunar and solar eclipses (rather than occurring every new and full moon.) If you want to see the actual shadow cast by the moon during a solar eclipse, well, thank the Mir 27 crewmembers. | <urn:uuid:19a271dd-28cc-435c-83de-ae8fe0e71def> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://wading-in.net/walkabout/2014/04/oh-now-he-sends-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100499.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203094028-20231203124028-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.963405 | 781 | 2.765625 | 3 |
SOFIA/GREAT spectrum of oxygen [O I] superimposed on an image of Mars from the MAVEN mission. The amount of atomic oxygen computed from this SOFIA data is about half the amount expected.
Credits: SOFIA/GREAT spectrum: NASA/DLR/USRA/DSI/MPIfR/GREAT Consortium/ MPIfS/Rezac et al. 2015. Mars image: NASA/MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission)
An instrument onboard the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) detected atomic oxygen in the atmosphere of Mars for the first time since the last observation 40 years ago. These atoms were found in the upper layers of the Martian atmosphere known as the mesosphere.
Atomic oxygen affects how other gases escape Mars and therefore has a significant impact on the planet’s atmosphere. Scientists detected only about half the amount of oxygen expected, which may be due to variations in the Martian atmosphere. Scientists will continue to use SOFIA to study these variations to help better understand the atmosphere of the Red Planet.
“Atomic oxygen in the Martian atmosphere is notoriously difficult to measure,” said Pamela Marcum, SOFIA project scientist. “To observe the far-infrared wavelengths needed to detect atomic oxygen, researchers must be above the majority of Earth’s atmosphere and use highly sensitive instruments, in this case a spectrometer. SOFIA provides both capabilities.”
The Viking and Mariner missions of the 1970s made the last measurements of atomic oxygen in the Martian atmosphere. These more recent observations were possible thanks to SOFIA’s airborne location, flying between 37,000-45,000 feet, above most of the infrared-blocking moisture in Earth’s atmosphere. The advanced detectors on one of the observatory’s instruments, the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies (GREAT), enabled astronomers to distinguish the oxygen in the Martian atmosphere from oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. Researchers presented their findings in a paper published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics in 2015.
SOFIA is a Boeing 747SP jetliner modified to carry a 100-inch diameter telescope. It is a joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace Center. NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, manages the SOFIA program, science and mission operations in cooperation with the Universities Space Research Association headquartered in Columbia, Maryland, and the German SOFIA Institute (DSI) at the University of Stuttgart. The aircraft is based at NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center’s hangar 703 in Palmdale, California.
SOFIA Science Center, NASA’s Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. | <urn:uuid:1a5ec1af-097f-4201-93ce-205e2922d9e6> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://sciencebulletin.org/flying-observatory-detects-atomic-oxygen-in-martian-atmosphere/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886865.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705023910-20200705053910-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.854582 | 584 | 3.6875 | 4 |
What are Connective Adverbs?
A connective adverb as its name suggests links sentences to other sentences.
Common examples of connective adverbs include:
- moreover, and
Connective adverbs express a wide range of meanings, including addition, as shown below.
- The use of hydrogen would reduce the price of fuel for vehicles. Additionally, it would be good for the environment.
Connective adverbs can also express concession, as the following example show.
- It has been reported that the company has received several new orders from Asian countries. However, company officials would not confirm this.
In addition, connective adverbs also express contrast, summation, result, and transition. | <urn:uuid:93fc5a5b-a865-4f8d-81c4-297cfbfa1ef6> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.ifioque.com/parts-of-speech/adverbs/connective-adverbs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303385.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121131830-20220121161830-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.98243 | 162 | 3.796875 | 4 |
For more interesting stories, please check out our latest book, “FilipiKnow: Amazing Facts & Figures Every Pinoy Must Know.”
Was Spanish rule of the Philippines really that bad? Did their 300-plus year occupation of the country consist of nothing but abusing and exploiting the Filipinos for their own dastardly ends?
While it’s easy to answer yes to that question, the truth is a lot more complex. While wrongdoings did happen, the Spanish weren’t exactly pure evil. Our perception of them only turned out that way due to the massive propaganda campaign conducted by Filipino nationalists and later on by America.
Although this list won’t condone the abuses committed by the Spanish, it will go through some of the common myths Filipinos over the years have come to believe about Spanish rule in the Philippines.
1. The Friars Did Nothing But Oppress The People.
Probably one of the most widely-used images to depict the Spanish excesses in the Philippines is that of the lecherous, self-righteous friar.
While it is true that there were indeed friars who abused their positions, we must not also forget the numerous good things friars did for the country. To name a few, they helped build bridges, hospitals, schools and other buildings, many of which we can still see even today.
Notwithstanding the negative stereotypes, a number of good friars also actually protected the Filipinos from exploitation and abuse. Among them were Domingo de Salazar, the first bishop of Manila who campaigned for the abolition of slavery and just compensation for indentured Filipinos during the 1582 Manila Synod; Friar Martin de Rada who complained to the Mexican viceroy about the abusive behavior of the conquistadors; and Friar Diego de Herrera who protested the encomienda system.
Unfortunately, for all their good deeds, the friars—as one of the most visible Spaniards on the archipelago—provided Filipino nationalists and propagandists the perfect fodder with which to demonize the Spanish. The end result is the Filipinos’ negative perception of friars, a sentiment which can still be felt even in the modern era.
2. Only The Rich And Powerful Could Speak Spanish.
Contrary to popular belief, many Filipinos—including the masses—could actually speak and write in Spanish. After all, Spanish was a worldwide lingua franca for several hundred years, making it necessary for Filipinos to know the language.
And as we’ve already mentioned before, the introduction of the public school system which mandated free compulsory education for Filipinos made Spanish easily accessible. It is estimated that when the Americans arrived, at least 60 percent of the Filipino population wrote and spoke Spanish.
Also Read: 30 Filipino Words With No English Equivalent
Ironically, Spanish-influenced Filipino literature flourished during the start of the American period as a result of greater freedom of the press. However, when the Americans arrived, they began phasing out Spanish in favor of the English language. Coupled with the propaganda which derided everything Spanish, the language soon slowly faded out of use among Filipinos.
3. Mother Spain Did Not Care About Or Ignored The Filipinos’ Plight.
To say that Spain, situated thousands of miles away from the Philippines, did not care about its colony at all is only one-half of the story. In truth, Spain’s government regularly kept itself appraised of any news in the archipelago.
Far from being uncaring, Spain regularly sent a number of decrees ordering for the better treatment of Filipinos. For example, King Philip II issued a decree as early as 1574 forbidding the abuse of native rowers and ordering their just compensation. Twenty years later, his successor Philip III also condemned the numerous abuses being heaped on the Filipinos.
Unfortunately, decrees and orders calling for the better treatment of Filipinos went unheeded or were outright ignored by the local Spanish. Also, while Spain knew of its colony’s situation, it was wracked with its own problems, including invasions, rebellions, and calls for reform of its own governmental system. To put that in perspective, both ruling country and colony experienced similar tumultuous events time and again.
4. All Spanish Officials Abused The Filipinos.
True, cases of corruption and abuse committed by Spanish officials in the Philippines are well-documented. Same as with the friars, however, not all Spanish officials abused their stations. In fact, two governor generals, Emilio Terrero and Carlos de la Torre, were well-loved by Filipinos due to their liberal views and implementation of popular reforms.
It was Terrero who protected Jose Rizal and resisted pressure from the friars to ban the dissemination of Noli Me Tangere in the Philippines. De La Torre, on other hand, opened the doors of the government for the masses, eased press restrictions, and allowed Filipinos to voice their concerns without fear of reprisal. For his efforts, the latter even received a spontaneous serenade by Filipino nationalists—an unprecedented show of thanks to a governor general.
Recommended Article: 10 Most Infamous Traitors in Philippine History
Also, upper-class Filipinos and those mandated by the Spanish to govern the populace themselves were also guilty of abusing their fellow Filipinos. Specifically, those at the local level of government acted as a sort of middlemen for the Spanish who were usually content to overlook any abuse as long as they received their tribute and taxes.
5. Filipinos Had No Representation In The Spanish Cortes.
Although we already know Filipino nationalists and reformists often protested the lack of representation in the Spanish Cortes (Parliament), little-known is the fact that the country actually sent two representatives to Spain in the early 1810s.
At the time, Napoleon and the French occupied most of Spain and imprisoned King Ferdinand VII. However, a Spanish government-in-exile composed mostly of liberals operated in the city of Cadiz where they promulgated the Cadiz Constitution in 1812. The Constitution provided for unheard-of freedoms and provided Spanish citizenship for people who lived in the colonies. It also allowed the colonies to field representatives to the Spanish legislature.
The first Filipino representative, a peninsulares named Don Pedro Perez de Tagle, represented the archipelago in 1809 while his successor, an insulares named Ventura de los Reyes filled the post in 1811. During his term, de los Reyes earned a reputation as a fierce defender of Filipino rights. Unfortunately, King Ferdinand VII—upon his return to the throne after Napoleon’s forces were driven out of Spain—caved in to the conservatives and had the Cadiz Constitution repealed. Incidentally, this would foreshadow Spain’s own internal struggles for reform just like that of its colony.
6. Spanish Rule Was Unified.
To presume that the Spanish ruled the Philippines like a giant, united monolith would be an oversimplification. The truth is, the Spanish themselves were divided into differing factions looking for ways to undermine each other.
For example, friars often liked to report the abuses committed by the encomenderos, so much so that the encomienda system was largely replaced by administrative provinces by the end of the 17th century. Another good illustration would be the constant power struggle between friars and government officials. Both sides—either in good or bad faith—often kept monitoring each other for any misdeeds or goof-ups.
An even more pronounced rivalry involved the insulares (full-blooded Spanish born in the Philippines) and the peninsulares (full-blooded Spanish born in Spain). Tensions between the two classes ran high especially with the influx of the latter into the archipelago during the late 1800s.
Recommended Article: 10 ‘What If’ Scenarios That Would Have Changed Philippine History Forever
The insulares—having established themselves at the top of the social hierarchy in the Philippines—resented the arrival of the peninsulares who thought of themselves as the superior class. As a result, both classes often fought for almost anything from government posts to commercial ventures.
7. There Were No Checks On Spanish Abuses.
With all the abuses committed by the Spanish, one may think there was no justice at all for the Filipinos. However, the natives did get some form of protection in the guise of the visitador-general and juicio de residencia (trial of residence).
The first, visitador-general, was essentially a royally appointed investigator tasked to secretly scrutinize the governor general and other public officials for signs of abuse and corruption. Afterwards, he would then submit his report directly to the king. Unfortunately, visits by a visitador-general were infrequent owing to the great distance between Spain and the Philippines.
Did you know? Some our outdated laws are still dated to the Spanish era. Find out which ones
The second (and arguably the more effective) juicio de residencia involved requiring an outgoing governor general and other officials to undergo a trial at the end of their term and give a full account of their performance. Much like a truth commission, the official’s actions were subjected to intense review, a process which would sometimes last for half a year. If found guilty of wrongdoing, he could be penalized with a stiff fine, imprisonment, or a combination of both.
Ironically, the residencia system was abolished after the 1812 Cadiz Constitution came into effect and even after the same was repealed—a fact lamented by Jose Rizal in his “The Philippines A Century Hence.”
About the Author: When he isn’t deploring the sad state of Philippine politics, Marcus Vaflor likes to skulk around the Internet for new bits of information which he can weave into a somewhat-average list you might still enjoy. Contact him at: [email protected]
David, R. (2011). ‘Residencia’. Inquirer.net. Retrieved 13 January 2015, from http://goo.gl/DaGXO2
Juan, C., & Molina, C. (2012). A Pinoy in the Spanish Cortes. InterAksyon.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015, from http://goo.gl/QqDAEp
Ocampo, A. (1998). The Spanish friar, beyond the propaganda. Retrieved 13 January 2015, from http://goo.gl/5ncKXY
People’s Journey with God 2007 Edition (Church Renewed & Her Sacraments) by Joseph F. Ines, Esteban T. Salibay, Jr., Bernardo N. Sepeda, Ed.D., Felinore Angelica H. Valera, Ed.D.
Towards A New Life by Rufina Barola Legaspi
The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars by Spencer Tucker
State and Society in the Philippines by Patricio N. Abinales, Donna J. Amoroso
Philippine History by Maria Christine N. Halili
The Filipino Moving Onward by Rosario S. Sagmit, Ma. Lourdes Sagmit-Mendoza, Amparo C. Sunga | <urn:uuid:5ce97b94-e4e2-47ae-8b7e-e159907dce8c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.filipiknow.net/7-myths-about-spanish-colonial-period-in-the-philippines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426639.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726222036-20170727002036-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.952471 | 2,343 | 3.125 | 3 |
Guitar construction can be divided into to major sections: The body and the neck. Neck construction begins with gluing up a blank. Although some guitar necks are made from one solid piece of wood, many builders make necks using a laminated blank. This adds visual appeal to the neck as well as making it stronger and more resistant to warping. One or two laminations of contrasting wood are used. The Monarch neck is made from a blank that has two Maple stringers. The neck is bandsawn from the blank and the fretboard is made and glued on. The peghead is shaped, tuner holes are drilled, and the neck profile is carved and shaped. Finally, the neck is set to the body, leveled, and fretted. See all of what goes into making a Monarch neck in the gallery below. | <urn:uuid:dd74280d-9f2c-4962-ad58-a0ca59d09095> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://dogwoodguitars.com/building-a-monarch-the-neck/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103922377.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701064920-20220701094920-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.96853 | 168 | 2.6875 | 3 |
ambassador. 1. A diplomatic officer of the highest rank, usu. designated by a government as
its resident repre-sentative in a foreign state. • Ambassadors represent the sovereign as well as the
nation and enjoy many privileges while abroad in their official capacity, including immunity.
Ambassadors are distinguished from ministers and envoys, who represent only the state where
they are from and not the sovereign. Ambassadors are also generally distinguished from certain
legates who have only ecclesiastical authority. But the papal nuncio and some legates, such as the
legate a latere, bear the rank of ambassador. See NUNCIO; LEGATE. [Cases: Ambassadors and
Consuls 1–8. C.J.S. Ambassadors and Consuls §§ 2–32.] 2. A representative appointed by
another. 3. An unofficial or nonappointed representative. — Also spelled (archaically) embassador.
— ambassadorial,adj. — ambassadorship,n.
ambassador extraordinary.An ambassador who is employed for a particular purpose or
occasion and has limited discretionary powers. Cf. ambassador plenipotentiary.
ambassador leger.See resident ambassador.
ambassador ordinary.See resident ambassador.
ambassador plenipotentiary.An ambassador who has unlimited discretionary powers to act as
a sovereign’s or government’s deputy, esp. to carry out a particular task, such as treaty negotiations.
— Also termed minister plenipotentiary; envoy plenipotentiary. Cf. ambassador extraordinary.
ordinary ambassador.See resident ambassador.
resident ambassador.An ambassador who resides in a foreign country as the permanent
representative of a sovereign or nation. • A resident ambassador has the right to request a personal
interview with the host nation’s head of state. — Also termed ambassador leger; ordinary
ambassador; ambassador ordinary. [Blacks Law 8th] | <urn:uuid:336369da-0b4f-42f9-a858-7b016eec3d13> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://dictionary.sovereignconnection.com/ambassador/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703529080.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122020254-20210122050254-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.887978 | 413 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Update: NuSTAR was successfully launched over the Pacific Ocean at 9 am Pacific Standard Time on 13 June and is now in low Earth orbit
Original article, posted 12 June 2012:
You don’t have to be big to hunt black holes. NASA’s telescope NuSTAR, which was due to take off from an island in the South Pacific on 13 June, is small enough to fit beneath the belly of an aircraft, even including its launch rocket. Once in orbit, it will unfold to the length of a school bus.
The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array will be the first telescope to bring high-energy X-rays into focus, letting astronomers map and study the extreme physics around black holes and the explosions of massive stars. Its images of these objects will be 10 times crisper and 100 times more sensitive than those of previous telescopes.
To make such sharp images, the telescope needs to focus X-rays with energies of up to 100 kiloelectronvolts – 10 times as energetic as those sought by previous X-ray telescopes – onto a small area. Visible light telescopes can manage this with a focusing lens relatively close to the eyepiece. But because the X-rays are so energetic, NuSTAR’s camera needs to be 10 metres away from the focusing lens.
NuSTAR is on a tight budget: the whole mission should cost only $170 million. As the team could not afford to launch a 10-metre-long telescope, NuSTAR got scrunched up.
“It’s no ordinary-looking telescope,” says NuSTAR’s principal investigator, Fiona Harrison of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. Its “lens” is made up of 133 nested shells of fingernail-thin glass. At launch, the cameras will sit right next to the lenses. A week after it settles into orbit, NuSTAR will push the lenses away from the camera on a thin scaffold.
Harrison, who conceived of NuSTAR in the 1990s, thinks the cheap, ingenious scope could be a new model for budget-bedevilled NASA. “It shows you can make huge advances with a relatively small mission,” she says.
More on these topics: | <urn:uuid:b0c17fd9-f25d-4c3d-bbeb-491b21054206> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21911-small-cheap-black-hole-hunter-could-be-new-nasa-model/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823817.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212091014-20181212112514-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.937144 | 464 | 3.546875 | 4 |
For many, coffee DOES cause acid reflux.
More Info: Unfortunately, one of America’s favorite beverages is on the watch list of many high profile medical facilities. When it comes to coffee and acid reflux, it seems, that moderation is key, as many people with acid reflux can tolerate coffee. The key is first understanding if coffee is a particular trigger and if so knowing how much is enough and how much will trigger symptoms.
A Large Study Clears Coffee as a Trigger
A study published in the journal Gut examined the triggers of acid reflux through lifestyle habit surveys given to a large group of people, some of whom suffered from acid reflux, some of whom did not. The studied concluded that tobacco smoke and table salt seemed to be important triggers while expected irritants including coffee were not as relevant as anticipated.
Acid Reflux Diagnosis Designed Exclusively for You
GERD is exacerbated by different stimuli for each person. The best way to tell what is stimulating the overproduction of stomach acids is to keep a journal that includes what and how much you consumed, what time of day, activities immediately following eating, and what symptoms you experienced.
“The GERD Diet.” McKinley Health Center. University of Illinois, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. www.mckinley.illinois.edu/handouts/pdfs/gerd_diet.pdf
Nilsson, M, R Johnsen, W Ye, K Hveem, and J Lagergren. “Lifestyle related risk factors in the aetiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux.” Gut 53.1 (2004): 1730-1735. Print. | <urn:uuid:7be006eb-2c0f-4ab1-a62b-a758db145173> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.sophisticatededge.com/does-coffee-cause-acid-reflux.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541773.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00323-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945653 | 357 | 2.75 | 3 |
The visible portion of the tooth is the crown. The outer surface of the crown is made of enamel. Just beneath the enamel is dentin, a substance harder than bone. The gum surrounds the base (root) of the tooth.
The root of the tooth extends down into the jaw bone and provides circulation and sensation to the tooth. The root contains blood vessels and nerves, which supply circulation and sensation to the entire tooth. This area is known as the "pulp" of the tooth.
The jaw bone is attached to all of the teeth and provides stability and mobility for the mouth and teeth for chewing. The lower jaw bone is called the mandible and the upper jaw bone is called the maxilla.
Lingen MW. Head and neck. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, eds. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:chap 16.
Reviewed by:David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. follows rigorousstandards of quality and accountability. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information andservices. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorialpolicy, editorialprocess, and privacypolicy. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch.)
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatmentof any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions.Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 2014 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication ordistribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. | <urn:uuid:612c6053-9be3-401f-859a-834556a69d06> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.walgreens.com/marketing/library/contents.html?docid=002214&doctype=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500804220.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021324-00138-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896159 | 502 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States (Artist: signed C.J. Fox (painted by others))
Earl Warren was an immensely popular Republican governor when President Dwight Eisenhower appointed him to the Supreme Court. Ike later regretted his choice; he had hoped toappoint a moderate conservative; Warren proved to be an unabashed liberal.
Warren joined the Court in the midst of one of its most important issues: racial segregation in public schools. The new Chief proved an effective leader (unlike his predecessor) by bringing the Brethren from division to unanimity on the issue of racial equality. At the end of his service, Warren concluded that his greatest contribution to government was his opinion in the reapportionment cases. However, his contribution to racial equality still stands as a testament to his role as a leader extraordinaire.
In November 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson called on a reluctant Warren to serve as a member of the special committee to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. When first approached by the Attorney General Robert Kennedy (brother to the slain president), Warren declined. He was concerned that such service would tarnish the Court's legitimacy. But in this secretly recorded telephone call, Johnson explained to Sen. Richard Russell how he persuaded Warren to serve.
In a public address following his retirement for the Court, Warren articulated his strong commitment to the principle of equality and admonished Americans that they face continued strife and upheaval by failing to heed the rightful demands for equality.
|Clerk||Law School||Terms Clerked|
|John W. Keker||Yale (1970)||1970|
|Scott Bice||USC (1968)||1968|
|Earl C. Dudley, Jr.||Virginia (1967)||1968|
|C. Boyden Gray||North Carolina (1968)||1968|
|Paul J. Meyer||Notre Dame||1968|
|Tyrone Brown||Cornell (1967)||1967|
|J. Larry Nichols||Michigan (1967)||1967|
|Phillip E. Johnson||Chicago (1965)||1966|
|C. Douglas Kranwinkle||Michigan (1965)||1966|
|Benno C. Schmidt, Jr.||Yale (1966)||1966|
|James T. Hale||Minnesota (1965)||1965|
|Michael E. Smith||Michigan (1964)||1965|
|Kenneth Ziffren||UCLA (1965)||1965|
|John Hart Ely||Yale (1963)||1964| | <urn:uuid:306c1250-4f5a-4b1a-884a-93233b2bd6a4> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.oyez.org/justices/earl_warren | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640124.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00230-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942344 | 533 | 3.625 | 4 |
Mount Mitchell is the highest peak in the Appalachian Mountains, and on the mainland of eastern North America. No land is higher than Mount Mitchell in the vast area between the Black Hills of South Dakota, the Arctic peaks of Greenland, and the Dominican Republic in the Caribbean. The closest higher peak is over 1,200 miles away, in New Mexico's Rocky Mountain foothills. Of all the peaks in the contiguous United States, only Mount Whitney in California is further away from higher ground than Mount Mitchell.
Mount Mitchell was named for Dr. Elisa Mitchell, who became involved in a controversy with Senator Thomas Clingman over who first recognized this peak as the highest in the Appalachians. In 1857, while making further measuremnts, Mitchell fell to his death near the summit now named for him. Clingman had to make due with getting his name on the highest point in the Great Smokies, as well as on Clingmans Peak (6520') just to the south of Mount Mitchell.
Most people get to Mount Mitchell on the 3.5 mile spur road from the Blue Ridge Parkway, which leads to a large parking lot, a concession stand, the grave of Dr. Mitchell, and an observation tower that allows far-ranging views over the trees. For hikers who don't mind a steep 5.4-mile, 3600 foot gain walk through thick forest to get to this overly civilized mountaintop, the Mount Mitchell trail begins in the valley to the east, at Black Mountain Campground off of NC Route 80. | <urn:uuid:75232358-24ad-4ebf-96ea-d5ff7f9cb8d9> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=7822 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660493.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00087-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968617 | 313 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Fuses are an overly abundant electrical component, and they come in all sorts of shapes and sizes. This would make picking out a replacement easy, except there are so many types of fuses out there that the likelihood of two aesthetically identical fuses having the same operating specs is pretty low. This identity crisis can lead to mistakes in selecting a new or replacement fuse, which puts workers and equipment at risk.
For example, control circuit fuses have a variety of different voltage ratings, ranging from 32 V to 600 V and interrupting ratings of up to 100 kA. As the physical size of these fuses does not vary with voltage or interrupting rating, the most common cause of misapplication is due to improper voltage or interrupting rating selection. When a system fault occurs and an improperly sized fuse tries to interrupt an overcurrent event, there can be adverse consequences. If the fuse is too small in rating, it will trip too easily, leaving you with unexpected down time. However, if the fuse is too large, it won’t trip in time which can cause heat spikes and fires as the circuit is stuffed with more current than it can handle.
Although it is evident your control circuits and employees' safety are a priority, you cannot intentionally pick low-rating fuses hoping to skip a fiery ordeal—this would only result in breaking fuses left and right.
Making the Right Choice
When choosing your fuse(s), there are three main things you need to look at: fuse type, voltage rating, and interrupting rating. Finding the right control circuit or supplemental fuse is easy when you take each of these into consideration.
There are all kinds of fuse types from time-delays for inductive loads to fast-acting fuses for resistive loads. Making sure you are providing the right style of protection is a matter of first determining what your control circuit requires and then picking the type of fuse that suits that need.
The voltage rating must be equal to or greater than the circuit voltage for the proper application of an overcurrent protective device. If such a device is applied beyond its rating, there may be potential for fire and arcing energy, posing a severe fire risk to other components in the panel and to workers on the outside. It is important to make sure you know the voltages that will be across your fuses so you can buy a properly rated fuse.
Interrupting RatingThe interrupting rating must be equal to or greater than the available short-circuit current. An overcurrent protective device must be able to safely interrupt short-circuit currents to which the equipment can be subjected. If the fault current exceeds a level beyond the capacity of the protective device, the device may rupture, causing additional damage. Therefore, it is important to use a fuse that can sustain the largest potential short-circuit currents. Failure to apply fuses with the appropriate interrupting rating can be a serious safety hazard. | <urn:uuid:e24a9f48-4144-42c8-bba6-338add83d865> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://info.panelshop.com/blog/selecting-the-proper-fuse-for-control-circuit-protection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824570.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021043111-20171021063111-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.939321 | 596 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Generally each curved surface of a lens is made as a portion of a spherical surface. The center of the sphere is called the center of curvature of the surface; every point on the surface is equidistant to it, this distance being the radius of curvature. The line joining the two centers of curvature also passes through the optical center of the lens and is called the principal axis. Any other line through the optical center at an angle to the principal axis is called a secondary axis. In converging lenses all rays entering parallel to the principal axis are bent toward a point on the principal axis called the principal focus. The distance from the principal focus to the optical center of the lens is the focal length of the lens. It varies with different lenses, according to the curvature of the surfaces and index of refraction of the lens material. Conjugate points are two points on opposite sides of a lens in such position that rays from one, after passing through the lens, will converge at the other. Light rays are not always brought to a focus at one point; this condition of inexact focus is known as aberration and may be of two types: spherical, resulting from the shape of the lens, and chromatic, resulting from the fact that different colors are refracted by different amounts (see aberration, in optics).
Lenses have long been made of glass; a piece roughly approximating the desired size and shape of the lens is cut from a glass block and then ground and polished to the correct curvature. Great skill and accuracy are required in this process and also in mounting the lenses so that the principal axes of all the lenses fall on the same line. A number of transparent plastics that permit the lenses to be cast in a mold are used as substitutes for glass.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:162be959-3a42-41a3-856a-7b545c998acf> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/science/lens-optics-design-production-lenses.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702018134.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195338-00147-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951806 | 383 | 4.25 | 4 |
Al-Farghânî, known in the West as Alfraganus , was one of the most famous astronomers of the 9th century. His book, Elements of Astronomy, written in 833 CE remained as the most popular text book on astronomy until the 15th century, both in the West and in the East.
|Figure 1. An image of Alfraganus' Crater on the moon.|
Al-Farghânî, known as Alfraganus in the West, was one of the famous astronomers of the 9th century. His book, Elements of Astronomy, written about 833 was the most popular book on astronomy until the 15th century in both the West and the East and was used as a textbook in astronomy. The book was translated into Latin in the 12th century and exerted a great influence upon European astronomy before Regiomontanus. Although Alfraganus' Elements of Astronomy was a summary of Ptolemy's Almagest, Ptolemy's views are questioned, because there are some differences between the two works. This paper firstly shows those differences and secondly demonstrates why Elements of Astronomy had such an immense and lengthy influence on Western as well as Eastern astronomy.
The Elements of Astronomy
This book was written by Alfraganus about 833 (certainly before 857 CE). It was about celestial motions, including a complete study on the science of the stars and consisted of thirty parts. The Introduction of the book reads as follows; "This book named as The Elements of Astronomy is one of the books prepared for this science and the most compact of that. It is classified by Ahmed b. Muhammad b. Kasîr al-Fargânî al-Hâsib". The book consists of thirty chapters.
Alfraganus did not repeat some mistakes which appeared in the Almagest. For example, looking at the distances of planets from the earth given by Ptolemy, there is empty space between Venus and the Sun. This is contrary to Aristotelian cosmology. On the other hand, Alfraganus does not make such a mistake. There is no empty space in The Elements of Astronomy.
|Figure 2. The cover page of the Latin translation of Alfraganus' book of astronomy.|
The Elements of Astronomy was one of the most popular books on astronomy in both the East and West, and was used as a textbook on astronomy until the 15th century. Alfraganus was perhaps the first Muslim astronomer to write on astronomy. By summarizing and simplifying the Almagest Alfraganus had a major influence on Islamic astronomy. Islamic astronomers accepted his ideas, especially the value of precession which was different from Ptolemy's value and the distances and diameters of planets in his work. Ikhwân al-Safâ and al-Battânî made use of Alfraganus' book.
The Elements of Astronomy greatly influenced Western Astronomy and it was translated several times. The first translation of the book into Latin was made by John of Seville in 1137 under the title of Differentia Scientie Astrorum.
The Elements of Astronomy exerted a great deal of influence upon European astronomy before Regiomontanus. There are many references to it in medieval writers and there is no doubt that it was responsible for the spread of Ptolemaic astronomy, at least until this role was taken over by Sacrobosco's Sphaera. Even then, The Elements of Astronomy continued to be used until the 15th century.
Alfraganus influenced the Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1261-1321) whose main source of astronomical knowledge he was. Dante studied it in the Latin translation. Dante's cosmology in the Il convivio and the Divina Commedia was adopted from Alfraganus' Elements of Astronomy. Dante quoted Alfraganus or his book only twice in the Convivio. Dante's son Jacopo di Dante Alighieri also used Alfraganus.
Alfraganus also greatly influenced Columbus who used Alfraganus' value of the measurement of the earth. Columbus' theoretical basis for the assumption that the western ocean was not vast was borne out by his practical experience as a sailor. According to a note in his own hand in his copy of "Imago Mundi," Columbus navigated by using the erroneous calculations of Alfraganus. Using Alfraganus' value of 56 2/3 land miles per equatorial degree, Columbus assumed that he had only to sail approximately 2,500 miles westward from the Canary Islands in order to reach the Orient. Columbus asserted that his voyages had confirmed the cosmography of "Imago Mundi" and the calculations of Alfraganus. Columbus himself thought that he was navigating according to Alfraganus' value and he wrote: "Observe that in sailing often from Lisbon southward to Guinea, I carefully measured the course ... and in agreement with Alfragan I found that each degree answered to 56 2/3 miles. So that we may rely upon this measure." | <urn:uuid:28a424db-8e03-4710-af93-66c12c6bce05> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://muslimheritage.com/article/alfraganus-and-elements-astronomy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257514.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524044320-20190524070320-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.970988 | 1,078 | 3.828125 | 4 |
This summary presents a description of the analysis of recommendations made at working sessions of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII). The study also reviews the implementation of these recommendations by United Nations Member States.
The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) was created in 2000 as an advisory body to the United Nations Economic and Social Council on indigenous issues. It has since held more than 17 working sessions.
The study evaluates progress made in implementing the Permanent Forum’s recommendations. It also aims to better understand the achievements, limits, barriers and scope of the proposals and to improve their implementation.
Undertaken in collaboration between CHIRAPAQ, the Center for Indigenous Peoples' Cultures of Peru and UNFPA, the study focuses on recommendations involving sexual and reproductive health and gender-based violence affecting indigenous women. It is complemented with information on the implementation of recommendations in nine countries: Australia, Canada, Guatemala, Kenya, Mexico, Norway, Peru, the Republic of the Congo and Thailand.
To access the full report click here. | <urn:uuid:25434a51-d203-4b48-a23b-452deda45c4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.unfpa.org/resources/executive-summary-recommendations-un-permanent-forum-indigenous-issues-regarding-srhr-and?page=3%2C0%2C7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335059.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927225413-20220928015413-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.920448 | 219 | 2.8125 | 3 |
How a teacher learned to live a better life through interaction with her students.
Co-founder, executive director and language arts teacher for the Ron Clark Academy, Bearden shares the important life lessons she learned from teaching for three decades. Grouped into 17 categories—including tenacity, bonding, generosity, creativity and love, the author brings readers into her classroom and into the lives of the students she taught, using real-life examples to deliver the overarching message that adults often have as much to learn from their students as vice versa. Having designed the academy to emphasize “passion, creativity, and rigor in the classroom,” where “the halls are filled with the sounds of the students’ happiness—the music of laughing, singing, hands clapping, and drums beating in celebration,” Bearden’s stories are full of the magic and playfulness that can occur when a teacher strives to connect with each individual pupil. She transformed her classroom into a Chinese restaurant to teach students about gerunds, had her scholars become Grammar Police and hand out citations for comma splices, run-on sentences and faulty parallelism, and built an entire lesson centered on fishing, just so one particular student would be engaged. Humorous and sensitive, Bearden’s narratives bring to life the many issues inherent in public school teaching—e.g., how to engage and interact with students who come from broken homes, who feel invisible, who are shy or who believe that they are worthless. Thousands of superintendents, administrators and teachers have visited the academy to learn these techniques, and Bearden provides helpful “class notes,” which summarize each lesson, and “homework” so parents and teachers can use the lessons she learned in their own situations.
Thoughtful and entertaining tales of how students influenced and changed one teacher’s perspective on life. | <urn:uuid:3c173190-281f-46a5-b345-6188172fa451> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://kimbearden.com/kirkus-review/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644867.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529141542-20230529171542-00641.warc.gz | en | 0.965692 | 386 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Red pepper (Capsicum annuum), including the Solanaceae family and is one of the vegetables that have a lot of benefits, high economic value and has an attractive market prospects. Fruit than can be consumed fresh chili for seasoning mix can also be preserved for example in the form of pickles, sauces, chili powder and dried fruit.REQUIREMENTS GROW
Red chili fit cultivated, both in lowland and upland, wetland or upland at the altitude of 0-1000 m above sea level. Good soil for planting chili is structured crumb or loose, fertile, rich in organic matter, soil pH between 6-7. Soil water content is also noteworthy. It is associated with a growing pepper plants (field or moor). Pepper plants grown in paddy fields should be planted at the end of the rainy season, while in fields planted during the rainy season. With the selection of appropriate planting season, is expected at the time of plant growth, water content fields are not excessive and in dry land is still enough water for growing peppers.RAISING PLANT
1. Recommended varieties
Varieties that can be used for chili cultivation include Lembang-1, Tanjung-2, Hot Chilli, Hot Beauty, and so forth. Seed requirement of 250-350 g / ha.
Before sowing, the seeds were first soaked in warm water (50°C) or N Previcur solution (1 cc / l) for one hour. Seed spread evenly on nursery beds with a mixture of soil media and manure / compost (1:1), then covered with banana leaves for 2-3 days. Nursery beds are kept under shade / roof of screen / mesh / transparent plastic nursery then covered with a screen to prevent pest attacks. After the age of 7-8 days, the seedlings were moved into bumbunan banana leaf / plastic pots with the same media (soil and manure sterile). Watering is done every day. Seedlings ready to be planted in the field after the age of 4-5 weeks.3. Land Management
a. Dry land / moor
Land dug as deep as 30-40 cm to loose and made beds-beds with 1-1.2 m wide, 30 cm high and 30 cm spacing between beds. Planting hole made with a spacing (50-60 cm) x (40-50 cm) or 50 cm x 70 cm, so that there are 2 beds in each row of plants.b. Wetland
Hoe up soil loose and made beds-beds with a width of 1.5 m and between beds made trench 50 cm deep and 50 cm wide. Created planting holes with a spacing of 50 cm x 40 cm. When the soil pH is less than 5.5 performed using Kaptan liming / dolomite at a dose of 1.5 tonnes / ha at 3-4 weeks before planting (along with tillage distributed manner at ground level and mix evenly).4. Fertilization
a. For chili in monoculture planting in dry land
Given basic fertilizer in the form of a horse or cow manure as much as 20-40 tonnes / ha and fertilizers TSP 200-225 kg / ha was given before planting. Supplementary fertilizer such as Urea 100-150 kg / ha, ZA 300-400 kg / ha, and KCl 150-200 kg / ha was given 3 times at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after planting.b. For planting chillies are overlapping shifts with shallots
Shallots: horse or cow manure 10-20 tonnes / ha and 150-200 kg TSP / ha was given 7 days before planting, then Urea 150-200 kg / ha, ZK 400-500 kg / ha and 150-200 kg KCl / ha given at 7 and 25 days after planting, respectively ½ dose.
Red chili: horse or cow manure 10-15 tonnes / ha and 100-150 kg TSP / ha given a week after planting. Urea 100-150 kg / ha, ZA 300-400 kg / ha and KCl 100-150 kg / ha was given at the age of 4, 7 and 10 weeks after planting.c. For planting pepper intercropped with cabbage or tomatoes
Horse or cow manure 30-40 tonnes / ha and NPK 15:15:15 as much as 700 kg / ha was given a week before planting by way of spread and mix it to the ground. Given in the form of supplementary fertilizer NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer diluted (1.5-2 g / l of water), with a volume of 4000 l spray solution / ha. The fertilizer is given from the age of 6 weeks before planting and repeated every 10-15 days.5. The use of mulch
Mulch is used to retain moisture, soil microbial stability, reduce nutrient leaching by rain and reduce pests. Mulch can be straw thickness of 5 cm (10 tons / ha) in the dry season, which was given two weeks after planting or in the form of plastic mulch for dry season and the rainy season.6. Maintenance
Stitching done at least 1-2 weeks after planting seedlings to replace dead or diseased. Irrigation is given by way of dileb (flooded) or by flushing perlubang. Scarify the soil or fertilizer pendangiran performed in conjunction with a second or subsequent fertilization. Giving marker made to sustain crop establishment. Shoots growing under the main branch should be pruned.7. Pest Control (OPT)
Important pests that attack crops such as chili whitefly, thrips, aphids, armyworms, tomato fruit worm, fruit fly, antraknose, wilt disease, viral yellow, and so on. Pest control is done depends on the attacking pests. Some ways to do, among other things:
8. Harvest and Postharvest
- The use of maize border rows 4-6
- The use of natural enemies (predators: Menochilus sexmaculatus)
- The use of traps (yellow, methyl eugenol)
- The use of botanical pesticides
- The use of chemical pesticides as needed with the appropriate dosage instructions. Control with pesticides should be done with a really good selection of the type, dose, spray volume, application method, time interval and its application
Red peppers can be harvested the first time at the age of 70-75 days after planting in the lowlands and at the age of 4-5 months in the highlands, with a 3-7 day harvest interval. Fruit damaged caused by anthracnose fruit flies or preferably immediately destroyed. To be sold fresh fruit should be harvested ripe. Fruit that is sent to remote harvested ripe green. Dried fruits to be harvested when fully ripe.
Sorting is done to separate the red chilies healthy, normal shape and good with fruit quality is not good. Packaging chili to use traditional long-distance transport packaging should be given sufficient vent or use a mesh sack. When will be stored should be kept in a dry storage area, cool and ventilated enough. | <urn:uuid:d7e1838e-c701-4829-ba53-d2bd3bd23d89> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://hortikultura.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php?bawaan=teknologi/isi_teknologi&id_menu=4&id_submenu=19&id=47&bhs=english | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936535306.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074215-00150-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920401 | 1,476 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In the summer of 1718 a large army was gathering in Åredalen. These were the soldiers of King Carl XII of Sweden. Under the command of General Carl Gustav Armfeldt the army was to invade and annex Trondheim and the surrounding region. When the army left Duved in August, it comprised 10,073 soldiers, 7,000 horses and 3,300 beef cattle. The campaign ended in disaster. During the march back to Sweden a dreadful snowstorm broke out during the New Year of 1718-1719, leaving 3,000 soldiers dead in the mountains between Tydal and Handöl.
Sweden – a great European power
In 1697, at the age of 15, Karl XII acceded to the throne of Sweden, at the time a major European power with its heartland in Northern Europe.The king was facing a difficult task in preserving unity within in his vast kingdom. Positional warfare with Russia, Poland, Great Britain and Denmark was inevitable. As a result of losing the battle of Poltava in 1709, Sweden not only lost control of vast tracts of land but also suffered a significant decline in political power.
Sweden was subjected to a trade blockade, and in 1718 Karl XII again called up an army. His intention was to attack and take Norway in order to secure a stronger bargaining position for Sweden in future peace negotiations, or, alternatively, to strengthen the country’s military position in the event of continued warfare. The strategy chosen was to send the main body of the army, 40,000 men under the command of the King himself, to southern Norway. At the same time, an army of some 10,000 was to attack Norway from Jämtland with the aim of capturing the city of Trondheim.
Mobilising in Duved
Lieutenant General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt, aged 52 and born in Finland but of Frösö decent, was appointed commander of the army.
The King’s order was for Armfeldt to take Trondheim within six weeks. The campaign was to start at Duved. The area had seen several years of famine, and 1718 was another bad year. The summer of 1718 had also been very wet, which made roads and paths in Jämtland difficult to negotiate. The difficult task of scuring provisions and materiel for the army was given to Johan Henrik Friesenheim.
The march to Duved was a long and strenuous one for the regiments. Many soldiers were also war-weary from earlier campaigns.The army that set out on the march towards Trøndelag in Norway comprised 10,073 people, 6,721 horses, 2,500 cattle, and 727 farmers with horse and cart. More than half of the force was drawn from the Finnish regiments. Each man was allocated provisions to last for six weeks. As often as not, other equipment was worn and well used.
Stene redoubt was the first target in the Trøndelag area. The road from Skalstugan across Sul was held and barricaded by Norwegian units. Therefore Armfeldt chose to take the unbeaten track to towards Fersdalen in Meråker and continued the march past Hermansnasa towards Stene, having allowed the troops two days of rest at Lake Feren.
While troops feigned an attack on Stene from the east, the main body of the army moved around the fortification, attacking the Norwegians in the flank and rear. Major General Vincent Budde, newly married and 57 years old, commanded the northern mountain troops in Trøndelag. Budde was a seasoned commander with experience gained in campaigns in Denmark and Pommerania. He soon realised the Swedish army’s superiority in battle. He ordered a quick retreat from the redoubts of Stene and Skåne, which the Swedes were thus able to take without suffering any significant losses.
Failure to reach Trondheim
The army continued to march south towards Trondheim. The roads were in poor condition and repeated sorties by small groups of Norwegian soldiers delayed the advance of the Swedish troops. The mountain pass at Langstein, where around 300 Norwegian soldiers had taken up position, was particularly difficult. Armfeldt described the Langstein crossing as “a sum of bad roads”. At Stjørdalselven river the water level was so high that a crossing was deemed impossible.
The soldiers were exposed to cold, wet, hunger and disease, and the shortage of provisions was fast becoming a serious problem. For a while, Armfeldt waited here for food supplies from Duved to arrive, but to no avail. Armfeldt finally decided to turn back to Verdal, where food was expected to be easier to obtain. The civilian population had suffered great hardships during the famine years. Now, with the Swedish army ravaging the area in search for provisions, the situation was becoming intolerable.
The king is not pleased
It is now late October. The king is dissatisfied with developments in Trøndelag and decides on immediate departure for Trondheim. Progress was good, and the army reached Trondheim within a week. While Armfeldt lingered at Verdal, Budde had managed to obtain reinforcements and mobilise the defence of Trondheim. Because of the wet and soggy roads, Armfeldt’s heavy artillery had been abandoned on the road to Skalstugan. With no artillery, Armfeldt was unlikely to be able to breach the defences of Kristiansten and take the city of Trondheim.
There followed a long wait. Both sides suffered greatly because of sickness and shortage of food. Armfeldt did not have the equipment needed to take the city, so Budde decided to out-wait the enemy.
Captain Långström and General de la Barre
The irregular troops under the command of Captain Peter Långström frequently operated in support of Armfedt’s main army. The captain and his men, handpicked for the purpose, spread terror in Trøndelag with their fearless raids and scouting sorties. On 24 November, Peter Långström was ambushed and killed at Forradalen. General Reinhold Johan de la Barre was Armfeldt’s next-in-command and “director of operations”. De la Barre and his cavalry are known for their fearless pursuit of a Norwegian cavalry unit south across the mountains of Dovre. He also captured Røros and its important copper deposits.
The King is dead
In mid-December, the Norwegians had confirmation of rumours that Karl XII had died on November 30, shot at the fortification of Fredriksten. Armfeldt, who had probably not been officially informed about the king’s death, took the army south towards Haltdalen.
The death march begins
On Christmas Eve, the poorly clothed soldiers assembled at the small stave church at Haltdalen to celebrate the birth of Christ. The morning service concluded with the soldiers singing the traditional hymn “A mighty fortress is our God”.
They suffered greatly from the cold, and in desperation the soldiers plundered the farms in the area for anything that could be consumed or used to protect them from the cold. Sometimes, farmers who resisted were shot. Despite the plunder of the civilian population, many soldiers died from cold at this stage of the campaign.
The soldiers were retreating across Bukkhammeren mountain when a snowstorm hit, killing at least 200 men. Finally, under constant surveillance and at times under attack from Budde’s ski units, the troops reached Tydal. Here, the poorly clothed and exhausted troops ravaged and plundered to stay alive, taking everything in the way of food, clothing and firewood that could be found and causing great suffering in the area.
The fateful retreat across the mountain to Handöl began on New Year’s Eve. The cold was severe. The wretched state of the soldiers and their substandard kit would have made crossing the mountain a hazardous project even under more favourable conditions. Armfeldt took some women hostages in Tydal in order to force the Norwegian farmers to show them the best route across the mountain.
No sooner had the army reached the barren mountain slopes than a cruel snow storm set in. The women hostages were set free. The number of soldiers dying in the cold continued to rise. There was no shelter to protect them from the biting wind, there were no skis, no firewood, and the men were weak, their clothes in rags.
Everywhere there were bodies of soldiers killed by the cold, like statues, frozen in different positions.
Lying down, standing, crawling…
The relentless blizzard scattered the soldiers over the mountain terrain. It took three days for the first soldiers to reach Handöl. At the time there were only three farms in Handöl, and the people could do little to help the exhausted troops. Most of the soldiers had suffered frostbite, keeping the field surgeon busy with amputations. A soapstone tablet, found later, bears witness to the tragedy:
Anno 1719 the 20 January there were buried here 600 people.
Consequences of the campaign
A total of 3,700 soldiers died, 3,000 of them while crossing the mountain. Another 451 soldiers were dismissed after the campaign as the frostbite damage they had suffered made them unfit for military service. The civilian population in Jämtland as well as in the Trøndelag region also suffered greatly from starvation and disease as a result of the war.
A large number of people, many of them children, died as a direct consequence of the campaign. The war was a matter for kings, far beyond the understanding of ordinary people. Armfeldt’s Norwegian campaign, in which few actual battles were fought, caused great military and civilian losses and had far-reaching consequences for the Trøndelag region. | <urn:uuid:0a13e01e-9613-4164-b0e6-b97a7f130a82> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://karoliner.com/for-skolan/general-armfeldt-and-the-soldiers-of-king-carl-xii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202781.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323101107-20190323123107-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.977676 | 2,093 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Agile Engineering Practices
This course presents practical techniques for building software in an agile environment. We aim to minimise the time between the conception of an idea and its implementation in working software released to users. We aim to embrace the changes thrown at us by a continually changing market, and to mitigate the associated risks by using technical practices to ensure quality - of our software and of the processes that we use to develop it.
|16th January 2017||Oxford University Department of Computer Science||07 places remaining.|
|10th July 2017||Oxford University Department of Computer Science||09 places remaining.|
|15th January 2018||Oxford University Department of Computer Science||16 places remaining.|
|2nd July 2018||Oxford University Department of Computer Science||16 places remaining.|
At the end of the course, students will have an understanding of and practical experience in the techniques used to support building software in an agile environment. We will look at the technical practices described by eXtreme Programming, such as continuous integration and pair programming. We will also look at various types of quality assurance techniques, and how they may be applied to greenfield or existing projects. We will explore techniques relating to requirements analysis, core development, QA and operations. The taught material will be supported by hands-on practical exercises demonstrating tools and techniques.
- introducing the fundamentals of agile development, the aims, and how technical practices support these
- Extreme Programming
- development practices from extreme programming: pair programming, test-driven development, continuous integration
- Continuous Delivery
- version control; continuous integration; automated build and release
- preserving internal code quality; technical debt; automated refactoring techniques and patterns
- Working with Legacy Code
- mitigating risk when working existing codebases; introducing tests to legacy code;
- Test-Driven Development
- TDD with unit tests; mock objects
- Specification by Example
- closing the communication gap between business and development; acceptance testing; specification by example tools (e.g. FIT)
- Release and Deployment
- strategies for frequent and reliable release; case studies
- Lean Product Development
- the Lean Startup movement; continuous deployment
This is a practical course, with programming exercises. Most of the exercises will use Java, so students really should have some familiarity with Java (or C#) before taking the course. Some familiarity is assumed also with agile methodologies: the Agile Methods course would be an ideal preparation. | <urn:uuid:eb8163df-80ca-4bd3-a1b2-bab8833b0bcf> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/softeng/subjects/APE.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542244.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00372-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911131 | 511 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The achievements of our ancestors sometimes defy belief and never has that been more so than when it comes to the vast marshland area of the Vendée, known as the Marais Poitevin. Stretching across three departments (namely the Deux Sevres in the east, down to the Charente Maritime in the south and right across the southern Vendée to the Atlantic coast) this is an area which has a unique story to tell, an abundance of historical hotspots and an unusual and charismatic personality.
A potted history of the Vendée’s largest marshlands
Divided as it now is into the wet marshlands in the east and the dry in the west, in Roman times this entire area was a silty gulf into which drained 10 rivers and from which protruded various rocky islands. With the area being of little use to anyone, by the 5th century Benedictine monks began to build Abbeys on the various island outposts, the remains of which can still be visited today. And by the end of the 10th century the monks had started the enormous project of digging canals and ditches in order to drain the area and develop it into the highly fertile and cultivable area it is today.
As a project, it took quite literally hundreds of years, interrupted and to a great extent destroyed by the 100 years war of 1337 to 1453 and the religious wars thereafter. By the end of the 16th century and in the face of the enormous damage done to the French economy, Henry IV employed the Dutch, with their engineering skills and wealth, to continue and revive the monk’s work.
But it was only at the end of the 17th century that the dry marshland area began to take its current form and it’s ironic that today it is viewed by some tourists as the poor relation. The wet marshlands which were eventually to evolve into the pretty and popular attraction now known as Green Venice, remained a lawless place well into the 19th century, with swampy conditions causing disease and poverty as well as providing a haven for villains.
So what of the Marais Poitevin of today?
The Marais Mouillé
The wet marshlands or Green Venice is now renowned for its picture postcard charm, its complex but compelling labyrinth of canals criss crossing idyllic meadows and its enchanting riverside villages, each with their own little port. Lush, rich vegetation bursts with wild life, while willow trees sigh over lazy waterways and lines of poplar trees grace your route. When visiting, if you’re very lucky you’ll see the tradition of transporting cattle by flat bottomed boat and at the very least you’ll fall in love with the dozens of delightful little houses nestled into the landscape.
If you zigzag west from Niort, Coulon is one of France’s prestigious “plus beaux villages” and home to white washed houses with bright and cheerful shutters and flowerbeds groaning with colour. It’s also home to an eco-musem, La Maison des Marais Mouillés (where you can learn about the region) and a small Aquarian. There are a dozen water side cafés and restaurants here and like all the villages in the region, it has its own pace and is a great place to hire one of the flat bottomed boats to enjoy the waterways.
La Garette south of Coulon and Le Mazeau are two other places that ooze charm with traditional old houses backing onto the canals and the work of local artisans begging for a browse. And don’t miss Arҫais, home to the cultivation of Angelica, with its beautiful little port, caressed by the shadow of a 19th century chateau.
The Marais Désseché
It’s hard to describe this vast area of dry marshland to the west of the region as pretty and it certainly lacks the blatant charm of its neighbour, yet in its flat and bare desolation with its few trees shaped to the wind, there is something hauntingly poignant and uniquely beautiful about it which makes it a must visit. In homage to the watery world it was, you’ll find what was once a cliff face just outside Le Gué de Velluire and at Chaillé les Marais there’s another small museum which offers you a glimpse into the past.
There are numerous other points of interest in this area including Lucon’s gothic cathedral and stunning “Jardin Dumaine” (rich with lakes, waterfalls, alleyways) or head further east to the landlocked Port of Moricq with its historic tower and restored remains of its once defensive castle.
Of course to the far west of this area you reach the Atlantic coast with the mudflats, salt beds and mussel beds of the Bay of L’Aguillon where you’re a stone’s throw across the water from La Rochelle and the Ile de Ré. You’ll also find l’Aguillon sur Mer and La Faute sur Mer, charming estuary and seaside towns with the ubiquitous whitewashed houses and both enveloped in eye watering and panoramic vistas.
The Abbeys of the Marais Poitevin
A major feature in the regions past are the imposing and intriguing remains of three notable Abbeys in the region. The Abbeye Royale of St. Michel en l’Herm in the west has a history that dates back to 682 and includes Gauls and Vikings and although battered, bruised and restored many times over the centuries, you can still see the 11th century church and 12th century chapter house.
Moving east you come to the imposing and impressive remains of Abbaye Saint Pierre towering above the village of Maillezais on what was once an island. Built in 1003 you can still see the cloisters, cellars, kitchen and sleeping quarters and throughout the year, it hosts some very special events including an arabesque style Christmas market and sound and light shows in the summer.
Finally and slightly north east of Maillezais is the Abbey of Saint Vincent at Nieul sur l’Autise with its Romanesque carvings, sculptures and cloisters. Birth place of Eleanor of Acquitaine (mother of Richard the Lionheart), Nieul is a really delightful village and one of the region’s “Petite Cité de Caractere” and the Abbey itself is one of the best preserved in the region.
The nature reserves of the Marais Poitevin
Apart from its fascinating past and diverse landscape, the region also has an abundance of wildlife. In the heart of Green Venice is Les Oiseaux du Marais Poitevin – an ornithological park (at St.Hilaire La Palud) where you can discover the many species of birds by way of foot or by barge. And further west in the dry marshlands, you’ll find another nature reserve at St. Denis du Payré where walkways on stilts will help you discover some of the 120 different bird species.
The reserve at Nalliers Mouzeuil Saint Martin (half way between Luҫon and Fontenay) is particularly beautiful and offers not just an opportunity to see hawks, kestrels, moorhens and water shrews amongst many other species but also has two observatories and gives you a glimpse of a time gone by. And if that’s not enough, Le Baie de l’Aiguillon is a national nature reserve of major importance for hundreds of thousands of migratory birds.
Walk, cycle or sail
The Marais Poitevin is without doubt unique and curious as well as being a great place to relax and unwind whilst enjoying life’s simple pleasures. In Green Venice the obvious choice of enjoying its delights must be by water and you can hire a barge in almost every small town, with or without a guide. But it’s also an ideal place for walking or cycling with 850 km of accessible routes. You’ll find lots of free information at the local tourist offices including the “Marais Poitevin: Carte Découverte” and bikes can be hired throughout the region. Of course both Green Venice and the Atlantic coast tend to get very busy in the peak season and my recommendation would have to be a visit in the early months of summer, to really enjoy the tranquillity and slower pace of life that this corner of the Vendée has to offer.
If you’d like more information about the Vendée and the Marias Poitevin visit www.vendée-tourisme.com and www.marais–poitevin.com
For information about bike hire, cycling and walking routes visit www.emotion-marais-poitevin.fr and www.maraispoitevin-bicyclette.com
Lucy Pitts is a freelance writer | <urn:uuid:f72e6ea7-cada-4841-a718-00bed5bbdaf8> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://thegoodlifefrance.com/dries-lows-marais-poitevin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949331.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330132508-20230330162508-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.941864 | 1,901 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) governs and regulates how personal data must be collected, stored, processed, and erased. The “right to be forgotten, generally calls Process Right to Erasure” which contracted a lot of press after the 2014 judgment from the EU Court of Justice, set the precedent for the right of erasure provision contained in the GDPR.
The Right to Erasure
Right to be forgotten also known as the right to erasure, the GDPR gives individuals the right to ask organizations to delete their personal data. But organizations don’t always have to do it. Here we explain when the right to be forgotten applies and when it doesn’t. The right to be forgotten is much more problematical than an individual simply wishing that an organization erase their personal data.
Right to Erasure is the Right to be Forgotten
The right to be forgotten looks in Narrations 65 and 66 and in Article 17 of the GDPR. It states, “The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller the erasure of personal data concerning him or her without undue delay and the controller shall have the obligation to erase personal data without undue delay” if one of a number of conditions applies. “Undue delay” is considered to be about a month. You must also take reasonable steps to verify the person requesting erasure is actually the data subject.
People’s Right to Access
The right to be forgotten amalgamates with people’s right to access their personal information in Article 15. The right to control one’s data is worthless if people cannot take action when they no longer consent to processing when there are significant errors within the data, or if they believe information is being stored needlessly. In these cases, an individual can appeal that the data be erased.
When Does the Right to be Forgotten Apply?
Article 17of the GDPR outlines the specific situations under which the right to be forgotten applies. An individual has the right to have their personal data erased if:
Personal data is no longer necessary for the purpose an organization initially collected or processed it.
An organization is relying on an individual’s consent as the lawful basis for processing the data and that individual withdraws their consent.
An organization is relying on legitimate interests as its justification for processing an individual’s data, the individual objects to this processing, and there is no overriding legitimate interest for the organization to continue with the processing.
An organization is processing personal data for direct marketing purposes and the individual objects to this processing.
- An organization processed an individual’s personal data unlawfully.
- An organization must erase personal data in order to comply with a legal ruling or obligation.
- An organization has processed a child’s personal data to offer their information society services.
However, an organization’s right to process someone’s data might override their right to be forgotten. Here are the reasons cited in the GDPR that trump the right to erasure:
- The data is being used to exercise the right of freedom of expression and information.
- The data is being used to comply with a legal obligation.
- The data is being used to perform a task that is being carried out in the public interest or when exercising an organization’s official authority.
- The data being processed is necessary for public health purposes and serves in the public interest.
- The data being processed is necessary to perform anticipatory or professional medicine. This only applies when the data is being processed by a health professional that is subject to a legal obligation of professional secrecy.
- The data represents important information that serves the public interest, scientific research, historical research, or statistical purposes and where erasure of the data would likely impair or pause progress towards the achievement that was the goal of the processing.
- The data is being used for the establishment of legal defense or in the exercise of other legal claims.
Right to be Forgotten Request Prototype
The GDPR does not stipulate what a valid request to erasure entails. An individual can make a request for erasure verbally or in writing. This request can also be made to any member of your organization, not just to a selected contact. As long as a request meets the basics above, it is valid, even if it does not refer to “Request for Erasure” the “Right to be forgotten,” Article 17, or the GDPR.
SECTION 1: Details of the person requesting information
Contact telephone number:
SECTION 2: Are you the data subject?
YES: I am the data subject. I enclose proof of my identity (see below). (Please go to Section 4) or,
NO: I am acting on behalf of the data subject. I have enclosed the data subject’s written authority and proof of the data subject’s identity and my own identity (see below). (Please go to Section 3)
To ensure we are erasing data of the right person we require you to provide us with proof of your identity and of your address. Please supply us with a photocopy or scanned image of one or both of the following:
1) Proof of Identity
Passport, photo driver’s license, national identity card, birth certificate.
2) Proof of Address
Utility bill, bank statement, credit card statement (no more than 3 months old); current driver’s license;
If we are not satisfied you are who you claim to be, we reserve the right to refuse to grant your request.
SECTION 3: Details of the data subject (if different from section 1)
Contact telephone number:
SECTION 4: Reason for the erasure request
Given the sensitive nature of erasing personal data, GDPR Article 17(1) requires certain conditions to be met before a request may be considered. Please supply the reason you wish your data to be erased and please attach any justifying documents to this one.
You feel your personal data is no longer necessary for the purposes for which we originally collected it.
You no longer consent to our processing of your personal data.
You object to our processing of your personal data as is your right under Article 21 of the GDPR.
You feel your personal data has been unlawfully processed.
You feel we are subject to a legal obligation of the EU or Member State that requires the erasure of your personal data.
You are a child, you represent a child, or you were a child at the time of the data processing and you feel your personal data was used to offer you information society services.
SECTION 5: What information do you wish to erase or delete?
Describe the information you wish to erase. Provide any relevant details you think will help us to identify the information. Providing the URL for each link you wish to be removed would be helpful.
SECTION 6: Declaration
Please note that any attempt to mislead may result in prosecution.
I confirm that I have read and understood the terms of this subject access form and certify that the information given in this application to ______________ is true. I understand that it is necessary for ________________ to confirm my/the data subject’s identity and it may be necessary to obtain more detailed information in order to locate the correct personal data.
Signed: ………………………………………… Date: ……………..
Documents that must accompany this application:
Evidence of your identity
Evidence of the data subject’s identity
Authorization from the data subject to act on their behalf (if applicable)
Justification for the erasure of data | <urn:uuid:9e3b150d-9b56-476d-8704-49697e900cbf> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.cybersecuritylawsrc.com/process-right-to-erasure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.913932 | 1,570 | 3.125 | 3 |
Building a Bridge
What is this about?
A Mathematical Droodle
This one is a basic optimization problem. It's well known and serves as an easy illustration of the usefulness of the simplest of geometric transforms - translation.
Two points A and B are given on opposite sides of a strip defined by two parallel lines. The strip represents a river, and the points two cities on the opposite sides of the latter. The problem is to build the shortest possible road between A and B, assuming that the land parts of the road are straight line segments and the bridge is perpendicular to the banks.
Let C be a point on the upper bank and C' its mate on the lower bank, so that CC' is perpendicular to both lines. CC' defines a vector V and a translation transform in the plane. It is clear that the length of V enters all possible choices of C on the upper bank. The problem is thus equivalent to minimizing the "land" sum
Translate point B by -V to obtain B'. By the triangle inequality,
AC + CB' ≥ AB',
while CB' = C'B. Therefore, the shortest route is defined by the position of C where the line AB' crosses the upper bank.
Clearly, we could have translated A by V to A' and considered intersection C' of A'B with the lower bank. The result would have been the same.
Note: the problem admits extensions to more than one river seperating the two cities. The case of two rivers is discussed elsewhere at the site.
- I. M. Yaglom, Geometric Transformations I, MAA, 1962 | <urn:uuid:b3ce0b53-8111-4325-a7ae-1a1a5d897a82> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.cut-the-knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/BuildingBridge.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256958.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522203319-20190522225319-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.923604 | 339 | 3.625 | 4 |
You may handle hundreds of Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) inside your chemical plant. This is as the consequence of using hundreds of hazardous chemicals for the production process. All the MSDS should be managed properly; otherwise you and your workers could be in danger when handling these hazardous chemicals.
Proper management of MSDS means making those MSDS available at the points of use. They are usually used in areas of incoming inspection, production, warehouse, laboratory, etc. And the existence of MSDS binders could greatly help creating proper management of MSDS.
MSDS binders are made of a tough flexible and bright yellow polyethylene for durability and visibility in all environments. It comes with a chain to keep them at one location where they can be easily accessible.
There are several different ring sizes of MSDS binders, for examples 1”, 1½”, 2½”, and 3″. Each MSDS binder ring size has different capacity. And the ring size selection will depend on your MSDS quantity.
Some MSDS binders are also completed with training inserts, which include OSHA hazard communication standard highlight, compliance checklist, pre-written hazard communication program, A to Z index tabs, training booklet and etc.
The use of MSDS binders can help you have better MSDS management in your organization in order to make it readily available and easily accessible by all related workers wherever they work inside the chemical plant.
It had better to keep more than one MSDS binder in each point of use or workplace area. It is because each MSDS has to be readily available and easily accessible including in case of emergency situation.
Finally, do not forget to perform regular update on the content of MSDS binders, i.e. each MSDS inside it. It is much more important.Tags: regular update, better msds, material safety data sheet, compliance checklist, different ring sizes, training inserts, osha hazard communication | <urn:uuid:292c0096-6c19-4c81-88d7-a883fe4293c0> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.chemicalplantsafety.net/msds/a-better-msds-filing-with-msds-binders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171078.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00019-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913716 | 403 | 2.625 | 3 |
Background & Training
A painter in the classical tradition, Francis Dennis
Ramsay was born on 15 March 1925 in London
of Scottish descent. He was related to the Scottish artists Allan Ramsay
(1713–1784) and James Ramsay (1759–1854). Towards the end of World War II
, he served in the RAF
, and in 1952 he made a model of the State Coach which was, exceptionally, accepted by HM Queen Elizabeth II
. This model coach was built as part of an exhibition undertaken in collaboration with Clothilde Highton GMC (Guild of Memorial Craftsmen), an Australian painter and sculptor living in Arundel, Sussex between 1946 and 1952, whose husband, an officer of the Royal Navy, had been killed in WWII. (The late)Lavinia, Duchess of Norfolk gave Clothilde and Dennis the use of a room in Arundel Castle in which to carry out their work.
His formal training included reading Architecture at University College London and three years’ study in Florence (1953–1955) as a pupil of Pietro Annigoni
(1910–1988), the internationally renowned grande maestro portrait painter of the 20th century (Annigoni subsequently became a godfather to Ramsay’s younger son, Justin).
He died in Melbourne on 8 February 2009.
Mediums & Technique
Ramsay’s training included drawing, both in pencil and in china ink, as well as water colour. However, much of his time as a pupil of Annigoni involved oil tempera (or tempera
grassa, i.e. egg-oil) – originally a 16th century technique which entails... Read More | <urn:uuid:b3be0838-5923-45c6-91b2-b3cb2e7c9a45> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://pages.rediff.com/francis-dennis-ramsay/628048 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645235537.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031355-00018-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979921 | 359 | 2.671875 | 3 |
You may be surprised to learn that more than 200 species of hardy terrestrial -- ground -- orchids are native plants of North America. Lady slippers (Cypripedium), Chinese ground orchids (Bletilla striata) and grass pinks (Calopogon) are orchid species grown in the ground or in containers. Their root systems adapt to soil, and they do not produce long climbing stems or aerial roots. They can be found growing in diverse climates, from Alaska to the Southern states, and many adapt well to U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8 through 10.
Lady slipper orchids are named for the distinctive pouch or lip formed by the flower and backed by three long, dark-colored, twisted petals. Pink lady slipper (Cypripedium acaule) is found growing in acidic, well-drained pine or hardwood forests but can also be cultivated in USDA hardiness zones 2 through 8. Ground orchids do best when their growing conditions mimic those found in their native environment. The large yellow lady slipper (Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens) spreads by rhizome, forming a clump of 20-inch-tall stalks, each with a bright yellow flower. Cypridedium ground orchids need to be shaded in the hottest part of the day and grown in soil with good drainage and little ground moisture. Soil should be well aerated and not compressed. Most Cypridedium species are protected and should be purchased from a reputable orchid grower.
Chinese Ground Orchids
Chinese ground orchid (Bletilla striata) has small cattleya-orchidlike purplish pink flowers that bloom in spring on a 1 to 1 1/2 foot stalk. It does well when grown in partial shade in organically-enriched soil that drains well. This delicate flower can be grown in USDA hardiness zones 6 through 9. A yellow-and-white-flowered variety of Chinese ground orchid -- Bletilla ochracea -- can be grown in full sun in USDA hardiness zones 7 through 10. It develops into a large clump of stalks within a few years, each with a 24-inch spike with 10 to 20 flowers. All species of ground orchids are susceptible to root disease and do best with clean water, excellent drainage and good air circulation.
"Alba" is a white-flowered version of the grass pink (Calopogon tuberosus) genera of ground orchids. It is identical in growth requirements to the rose-pink blooming variety. Both plants are hardy in USDA zones 4 through 9. They are grown from tubers and thrive in a sunny location with well-drained soil. Grass pinks prefer sandy soil and constant moisture, and can be grown in full sun. Grass pinks can be found thriving under harsh conditions in wild open spaces and adapt easily to home gardens and containers. Plants should be purchased from reputable orchid dealers and not transplanted from wild areas.
The genus Cymbidium of the orchid plant family has more than 52 species and is one of the most easily grown orchids. It may be considered a semiground orchid, because it can be grown in porous bark planting materials but also thrives in the ground. Cymbidiums tolerate a temperature range from 29 degrees Fahrenheit to 100 degrees F. Their waxy, colorful, long-lasting flowers make them popular for corsages and flower arrangements. Cymbidiums bloom in a color range from green through brown, maroon, and all shades of pinks and reds. They prefer high, bright light conditions and do well as an understory to tall landscape trees. When leaves turn bright green, it indicates that the cymbidums are receiving too much sunlight.
- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:e86e4fb0-9e8c-44e8-a131-a1fd8c0f15fb> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://homeguides.sfgate.com/ground-orchids-culture-70606.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.925135 | 814 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Date of adoption: 1 July 2011
The Model Law on Public Procurement contains procedures and principles aimed at achieving value for money and avoiding abuses in the procurement process. The text promotes objectivity, fairness, participation and competition and integrity towards these goals. Transparency is also a key principle, allowing visible compliance with the procedures and principles to be confirmed.
The 2011 Model Law replaces the 1994 UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement of Goods, Construction and Services. While the 1994 text was recognized as an important international benchmark in procurement law reform, in 2004, the Commission agreed that the 1994 Model Law would benefit from being updated to reflect new practices, in particular those resulting from the use of electronic communications in public procurement, and the experience gained in the use of that Model Law as a basis for law reform. Nonetheless, the principles and main procedures from the 1994 text, the foundation of its success, have not been changed.
Why is it relevant?
The nature of procurement is that it involves discretionary decision-taking on behalf of government at all levels; procurement spending may represent 10-20 % of GDP and up to 50% or even more of total government spending. The nature of procurement necessarily involves a risk of abuse and the size of the market shows that potential losses could be significant, but also procurement involves important projects (health, education, infrastructure), which will have a major impact on economic performance and development. Accordingly, achieving value for money in procurement is critical. Responding to these key factors, the Model Law allows the enacting State to develop a procurement system that will both achieve value for money and avoid abuse.
The Model Law allows government purchasers to take advantage of modern commercial techniques, such as e-procurement and framework agreements, to allow it to maximize value for money in procurement. The Law contains procedures to allow for standard procurement, urgent or emergency procurement, simple and low-value procurement, and large and complex projects (in which, and where appropriate, the government can interact with potential suppliers and contractors to obtain the best solution to its needs). All procedures are subject to rigorous transparency mechanisms and requirements to promote competition and objectivity. All decisions and actions taken in the procurement process can be challenged by potential suppliers. While the government purchaser therefore has discretion in deciding what to purchase and how to conduct the procurement, that discretion is subject to safeguards that are consistent with other international standards - notably, those imposed by the United Nations Convention Against Corruption.
The Model Law allows the enacting State to pursue its domestic policy objectives - such as promoting economic development through the support of SMEs - to the extent that the government's international commitments allow.
The Model Law has also been prepared with a view to supporting the harmonization of international standards in public procurement, and takes account of the provisions of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement, the European Union Directives (on procurement and remedies), the UN Convention Against Corruption, the Procurement Guidelines and Consultant Guidelines of the World Bank and the equivalent documents of other IFIs.
The Model Law is aimed at assisting States in formulating a modern procurement law. Although developing countries and States whose economies are in transition were the main users of the 1994 text, the new Model Law reflects international best practice and is designed to be appropriate for all States. | <urn:uuid:aafb0af9-cb02-421a-bc65-73f5bcd1fb21> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/procurement_infrastructure/2011Model.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011237821/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092037-00019-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927104 | 667 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Mccarthyism vs the crucible essays: over 180,000 mccarthyism vs the crucible essays, mccarthyism vs the crucible term papers, mccarthyism vs the crucible research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access. The crucible straddles two different worlds to make them one, but it is not history in the usual sense of the word, but a moral, political and psychological construct that floats on the fluid emotions of both eras. ‘the crucible’ as an allegory for mccarthyism essay examples - ‘the crucible’ is an allegory an allegory is a story with an obvious meaning but if you look deeper into it, there is another meaning. The mccarthy era’s anti-communist trials destroyed lives and friendships in this essay published in this essay published in 2000, arthur miller describes the paranoia that swept america during this period and how it. The red scare and mccarthyism’s influence and radical approaches during the 1950’s, contributed to fear of the cold war because of the anti-communist hysteria and fear of attack from communist nations.
Essay on mccarthyism in the crucible/1984 mccarthyism in the crucible / 1984 throughout history millions of people have found themselves to be guilty for crimes they did not commit , with little to no evidence, and suffered the consequences of being scorned, arrested, and tortured , also known as mccarthyism. Summary: describes how the arthur miller play, the crucible, relates to the persecution of innocent americans during the mccarthy era in the early 1950s in the play, the crucible, the people were in search of a person accused of witchery many died because of the person that was indeed attempting. The crusade against subversion played a substantial role in the following: the activities and approaches of mccarthy, the reasons why miller and other musicians were goals of mccarthyism, and the relationship of his drama the crucible to the occasions of the late 1940's to the early 1950's (brinkley.
Cuny essay xml genetically modified tomatoes comparison essay sujet de dissertation humanisme et renaissance save fuel save money essay, body of research paper quizlet ways to describe yourself in an essay, essay on the principle of population (1798) essay om uret tikker jones, compare and contrast essay conjunctions. The crucible and mccarthy trials essays: over 180,000 the crucible and mccarthy trials essays, the crucible and mccarthy trials term papers, the crucible and mccarthy trials research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access. Arthur miller wrote his play, the crucible, a story about the salem witch trials, and the panic resulting from it, as an allegory to show people the insanity of the mccarthy hearings he wrote it as an allegory so that, if tried by mccarthy, he could say, it's just a play about the witch trials in salem. In the crucible miller creates an analogy of the witch hunts in salem to the investigation of communists by joseph mccarthy one of the many resemblance's that can be clearly seen is the way in which each of event, mccarthyism and the salem witch hunts, had the ability to ruin a persons life through a simple accusation. The crucible in history and other essays arthur miller methuen, £10, pp74 buy it at bol mccarthyism decisively reshaped american political discourse in the fifties rather as thatcherism.
These parallels are evident in joseph mccarthy’s, mccarthyism and in arthur miller’s, the crucible mccarthyism was the fear of communism that was created by the wisconsin senator joseph mccarthy this was a time of fear after the second world war in the years 1950 through 1954 we will write a custom essay sample on mccarthyism and the. Mccarthyism versus the crucible by arthur miller essay example 1174 words | 5 pages period of time was known for mccarthyism--a time of extreme anticommunism, lead by senator joseph mccarthy (mccarthyism. A+ student essay what role does sex and sexual repression play in the crucible part of the enduring appeal of arthur miller’s the crucible lies in its resonance with various contemporary events while the play is certainly a critique of the mccarthy era, it can also be read as a commentary on anti-feminism, fascism, or any number of other.
Arthur miller wrote the crucible in 1953, during the era of mccarthyism in the united states the play, which is a fictionalized account of the salem witch trials, is an allegory (or extended. The crucible is an allegory of mccarthyism or in other words the second red scare during mccarthyism the united states was petrified of communists influence many people in both the crucible and mccarthyism who feared the court provided names of suspects in an attempt to save themselves. Mccarthyism and the crucible essay mccarthyism and the salem witch trials mrs tolins march 2, 2013 during the 1950’s mccarthyism arose as paranoia about communism in the united states mccarthyism named after senator joseph mccarthy is the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for.
The crucible by arthur miller the novel, the crucible was written in 1953 by arthur miller, which was based on the salem witch trials existing in the late 1600s in the play, abigail and several other young women accuse innocent citizens of salem for the action of witchcraft. It’s not difficult to see the parallels between mccarthyism and the crucible's plot the abandonment of reason in the face of hysteria is a clear common theme arthur miller wrote an essay in 1996 entitled “why i wrote the crucible: an author’s answer to politics” that provides insight into his view of the play’s connections to the. In the crucible, arthur miller draws a parallel between the salem witch trials of 1692 and mccarthyism of the 1950s, when communism became the devil and a community of people used “evil” as an excuse to take out their personal spite on those they had always wished ill. Mccarthyism aka the red scare in herblock's the crucible 1003 words | 4 pages along with many other movies, books, art and music, have come out of that time to show the effect of mccarthyism aka “the red scare.
Although mccarthy is evident in both the crucible and 1 984, the authors convey mccarthy a bit differently in both stories one difference is that the crucible was set in a different time and with a different type of system or government controlling he society. Mccarthyism the main difference between mccarthyism and the crucible is that mccarthyism was a real political period in the united states when senator mccarthy tried to scare people that communism was leaking into our government but as for the crucible it was a group of people that was just accusing other people of witchcraft. More essay examples on witchcraft rubric the crucible is a metaphor for the accusations made in the 1950’s during the mccarthyism era senator joseph mccarthy led the series of allegations with a list of people he felt were related somehow to communism. The crucible allegorizes, of course, joseph mccarthy’s persecution tactics as the head of the house un-american activities committee with the salem witchcraft trials- both are instances, blackened by history, as mistakes that america does not want to repeat. | <urn:uuid:7f684d1c-7155-4ae4-b522-1791f5a59ec1> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://vjtermpaperewkg.alisher.info/mccarthy-crucible-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823303.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210034333-20181210055833-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.957421 | 1,684 | 2.8125 | 3 |
George Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 - October 29, 1885) was a United States Army officer in the 19th century. He served with distinction in the Mexican-American War and in various antebellum peacetime assignments, including one as a military observer of the Crimean War.
During the American Civil War, McClellan was promoted to General-in-Chief upon the retirement of Winfield Scott, a retirement which Scott had not tendered altogether willingly but which was pushed onto him in part by McClellan's political machinations. Over the winter of 1861-62, McClellan organized and trained the massive numbers of US Volunteers into an effective fighting force; however, when the spring campaign began, and McClellan took to the field in command of the Army of the Potomac, the Union's largest field army, he proved notoriously slow and reluctant to campaign. After repeated exhortations to begin military operations by President Abraham Lincoln, McClellan finally launched an amphibious landing on the Virginia Peninsula with the goal of advancing up the Peninsula to take Richmond. McClellan was timid on this campaign, frequently citing wild and incredible intelligence reports which claimed that the badly outnumbered Confederates were fielding as many as ten times their true numbers. McClellan finally allowed himself to be repulsed from the Peninsula and driven back to Washington, DC where he once again refused to take to the field. He was temporarily sacked but soon reinstated. Finally he was forced into a listless overland campaign when several corps of the Army of the Potomac were detached and assigned to the Army of Virginia under the command of McClellan's rival, John Pope. McClellan halfheartedly supported Pope as the latter endured a decisive defeat at the hands of Robert E. Lee at Manassas, Virginia in August 1862.
In the autumn of 1862 the Confederates invaded the loyal state of Maryland. McClellan benefited from the extraordinarily good luck of finding Special Orders 191, his enemy's marching orders, which told him that his enemy was not advancing as a whole force but was scattered across the countryside division by division, and the exact locations of each division were provided. Inexplicably, McClellan did not destroy the enemy in detail but allowed them to consolidate before offering battle at Sharpsburg, Maryland. After a day of extremely heavy fighting left the Union army with a clear advantage, McClellan refused to press the advantage despite strident encouragement to do so from his subordinates, incorrectly claiming that his reserves were exhausted, though in fact he had two entire corps held in reserve and a number of smaller units which equaled the size of a third corps. McClellan allowed the enemy to escape to rebel territory, claiming a decisive victory because he was in possession of the field. Indeed he continued to remain in possession of the field for weeks afterward, until it seemed the army would have to make winter quarters in Sharpsburg. After disobeying Lincoln's direct order to advance, McClellan was sacked for the second and final time.
Though he had commanded the United States' largest field army in its history up to this point, and enjoyed significant advantages over his enemy in materiel and supplies, he was among the most ineffective generals of all time. After being drummed out of the military, McClellan turned to politics and ran against Lincoln as the Democratic Party's presidential nominee in 1864. McClellan ran on the platform that the Union could not honorably defeat the rebels, when in fact, thanks to McClellan's having been sacked, a better caliber of US commanders such as Ulysses S. Grant, William Sherman, and George Meade had by now finally reversed the disadvantages at which McClellan had left them. Lincoln defeated McClellan in a landslide and he only carried 21 electoral votes from the three states of Delaware, Kentucky, and New Jersey.
Later in life McClellan served as Governor of New Jersey (1878-1881) and as a railroad executive. He one of several very prominent Americans swindled out of large amounts of money by a dishonest diamond investor.
George McClellan in The Guns of the South
|The Guns of the South|
POD: January 17, 1864
|Type of Appearance:||Contemporary references|
|Political Party:||Independent coalition (1864)|
|Military Branch:||Army of the Potomac (Second American Revolution)|
George McClellan commanded in the Army of the Potomac in 1861-2 during the Second American Revolution. His cautious nature worked against his own advantage, as he missed several opportunities to win a strategic victory during this time period. A few years later, Confederate politician Judah Benjamin compared this habit of McClellan to the Roman General Quintus Fabius Maximus, who was known for his strategic delays that weakened his enemies. The difference was that McClellan's delays only weakened his own army.
McClellan had already been relieved of command when the America Will Break provided the Confederate Army with AK-47s. Nonetheless, he still was one of several Union generals who were used as imaginary targets when the AWB men demonstrated the new repeater to Robert E. Lee and his staff.
McClellan sought the Democratic Party nomination in the 1864 presidential election. When he lost the nomination to Horatio Seymour, he ran as an independent on a platform calling for the invasion of the Canadas. Edward Everett was his running mate. Seymour won the close election while incumbent Abraham Lincoln came in second. McClellan came in third in the electoral college but last in the popular votes. He carried only the states of New Jersey (his home state) and Delaware.
George McClellan in Southern Victory
|Southern Victory |
POD: September 10, 1862
|Appearance(s):||How Few Remain|
|Type of Appearance:||Direct|
|Date of Death:||Unrevealed|
|Military Branch:||Army of the Potomac (War of Secession)|
George McClellan was commander of the Union Army of the Potomac in 1862. Before the War of Secession began he had had some success as a military officer and a railroad executive. He was also able to take credit for the success of an early campaign in western Virginia, in which forces under his command defeated those of Robert E. Lee. However, the real hero of that campaign was William Rosecrans.
In October 1862, McClellan was charged with defending Maryland and Pennsylvania against an invasion by Robert E. Lee. Due partly to the failure of Union intelligence to find the major columns of Lee's army and partly to McClellan's incompetence as a field commander, Lee was able to steal a march on McClellan and threaten Philadelphia. In desperation, McClellan was forced to offer battle at Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, a less than ideal position to defend (as McClellan had been warned by Ambrose Burnside). Caught on the shores of the Susquehanna River and hit with all the force the Army of Northern Virginia could muster, the Army of the Potomac was destroyed, and Lee took Philadelphia unchallenged, forcing President Abraham Lincoln to accept Britain's offer to mediate a peace agreement including recognition of the Confederate States.
McClellan commanded the largest army in the history of the world to that point, and should have easily defeated the badly outnumbered Confederates. However, though Abraham Lincoln was made to bear most of the blame for the Union's defeat, it was the serious shortcomings of McClellan's military leadership which snatched defeat from the jaws of victory. In ensuing generations of US soldiers, McClellan came to be considered among the worst generals in the nation's history. In fact, the most common criticism of Lincoln is that he did not sack McClellan and replace him with a more competent general.
George McClellan in "Lee at the Alamo"
|"Lee at the Alamo" |
POD: December 13, 1860
|Type of Appearance:||Contemporary reference|
As the war began to heat up in the summer of 1861, George McClellan commanded forces in Virginia's western counties, which were subject to invasion by Confederate forces who refused to accept the division of Virginia by the state's legally-recognized Unionist government. In one battle, McClellan's forces captured two Rebel officers who held the rank of colonel. The U.S. War Department exchanged one of these POWs for Robert E. Lee, allowing Lee to return to active duty, if he wanted to.
Colonel Lee knew of McClellan since they had both fought in the Mexican-American War, and recalled how McClellan had left the Army afterwards, went into railroading and done quite well for himself. He was impressed to learn that McClellan was back in uniform and accomplishing so much already.
- Brinton the Bold: An analog of McClellan in The War Between the Provinces.
- Horatio Seymour, the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in 1864 in The Guns of the South.
|Party political offices|
|Democratic Party Presidential Candidate
|Governor of New Jersey
George C. Ludlow
|Commanding General of the United States Army
Newly created office
|Commander of the Army of the Potomac | <urn:uuid:3a8de436-aebb-45b7-8ab2-c310cf35a333> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://turtledove.fandom.com/wiki/George_McClellan#George_McClellan_in_The_Guns_of_the_South | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304261.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123111431-20220123141431-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.97439 | 2,110 | 3.25 | 3 |
Due to the advancement of technology, online learning easily penetrates most institutional courses. However, this new mode of learning is not as easy as the conventional method of face-to-face learning. Many people in other parts of the world, including instructors or educators, students, and parents, experienced difficulties in adapting to this educational change.
The Perks of Learning Online
Despite the struggles of online education, it also entails numbers of advantages which include the following:
- The capability of attending to top-ranked or dream universities even the ones located abroad
- The convenience of learning with flexibility in schedule applicable to every lifestyle
- A viable option to face-to-face study
Generally, because of technological innovation, online learners and students are also allowed to socialize with other students, watch lectures and participate in online discussions. In return, institutions or organizations giving online education ensure that online learners can get a similar degree of support the same with the one that they get on on-site school.
Online learning is the education of tomorrow!
Online Learning Delivery
Again, big credits to technological development as it caters to different platforms in delivering online education. The platform of learning nowadays will highly depend on the software of the institution which primarily consists of an integral online platform that is accessible to all students. They have the ability to open it through the PC, smartphones or tablet. | <urn:uuid:b6615636-592c-4f97-9f4f-92e391261993> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.iracst.org/what-do-you-need-to-know-about-online-learning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104215790.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703043548-20220703073548-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.949318 | 278 | 2.625 | 3 |
Cold reading is a set of techniques used by mentalists, psychics, fortune-tellers, mediums and illusionists to determine or express details about another person, often to imply that the reader knows much more about the person than the reader actually does. Without prior knowledge, a practiced cold-reader can quickly obtain a great deal of information by analyzing the person's body language, age, clothing or fashion, hairstyle, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race or ethnicity, level of education, manner of speech, place of origin, etc. Cold readings commonly employ high-probability guesses, quickly picking up on signals as to whether their guesses are in the right direction or not, then emphasizing and reinforcing chance connections and quickly moving on from missed guesses.
Before starting the actual reading, the reader will typically try to elicit cooperation from the subject, saying something such as, "I often see images that are a bit unclear and which may sometimes mean more to you than to me; if you help, we can together uncover new things about you." One of the most crucial elements of a convincing cold reading is a subject eager to make connections or reinterpret vague statements in any way that will help the reader appear to make specific predictions or intuitions. While the reader will do most of the talking, it is the subject who provides the meaning.
After determining that the subject is cooperative, the reader will make a number of probing statements or questions, typically using variations of the methods noted below. The subject will then reveal further information with their replies (whether verbal or non-verbal) and the cold reader can continue from there, pursuing promising lines of inquiry and quickly abandoning or avoiding unproductive ones. In general, while revelations seem to come from the reader, most of the facts and statements come from the subject, which are then refined and restated by the reader so as to reinforce the idea that the reader got something correct.
Subtle cues such as changes in facial expression or body language can indicate whether a particular line of questioning is effective or not. Combining the techniques of cold reading with information obtained covertly (also called "hot reading") can leave a strong impression that the reader knows or has access to a great deal of information about the subject. Because the majority of time during a reading is spent dwelling on the "hits" the reader obtains, while the time spent recognizing "misses" is minimized, the effect gives an impression that the cold reader knows far more about the subject than an ordinary stranger could.
According to James Underdown from CFI and IIG "In the context of a studio audience full of people, cold reading is not very impressive." Underdown explains cold-reading from a mathematical viewpoint. A typical studio audience consists of approximately 200 people, divided up into 3 sections. A conservative estimate assumes each person knows 150 people. When a psychic asks the question "'Who's Margaret?' he is hoping there is a Margaret in the 10,000 people in the database of that section. If there is no answer, they open the question up to the whole audience's database of over 30,000 people! Would it be surprising for there to be a dozen Margarets in such a large sample?"
"Shotgunning" is a commonly used cold reading technique. This technique is named after a shotgun, as it fires a cluster of small projectiles in the hope that one or more of the shots will strike the target.
The cold reader slowly offers a huge quantity of very general information, often to an entire audience (some of which is very likely to be correct, near correct or at the very least, provocative or evocative to someone present), observes their subjects' reactions (especially their body language), and then narrows the scope, acknowledging particular people or concepts and refining the original statements according to those reactions to promote an emotional response. A majority of people in a room will, at some point for example, have lost an older relative or known at least one person with a common name like "Mike" or "John".
Shotgunning might include a series of vague statements such as:
- "I see a heart problem with a father-figure in your family, a father, a grandfather, an uncle, a cousin ... I'm definitely seeing chest pain here for a father-figure in your family." (a vast variety of medical problems have chest pain as a symptom, and heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide)
- "I see a woman that isn't a blood relative. Someone around when you were growing up, an aunt, a friend of your mother, a stepmother with blackness in the chest, lung cancer, heart disease, breast cancer..." (most or all people will know a woman who was diagnosed with one of these problems)
- "I sense an older male figure in your life, who wants you to know while you may have had disagreements in your life, he still loved you." (many or most people will have quarreled with such a person)
The Forer effect (Barnum statements)
The Forer effect relies in part on the eagerness of people to fill in details and make connections between what is said and some aspect of their own lives (often searching their entire life's history to find some connection, or reinterpreting statements in a number of different possible ways so as to make it apply to themselves).
"Barnum statements" (named after P. T. Barnum, the American showman) are statements that seem personal, yet apply to many people. And while seemingly specific, such statements are often open-ended or give the reader the maximum amount of "wiggle room" in a reading. They are designed to elicit identifying responses from people. The statements can then be developed into longer and more sophisticated paragraphs and seem to reveal great amounts of detail about a person. A talented and charismatic reader can sometimes even bully a subject into admitting a connection, demanding over and over that they acknowledge a particular statement as having some relevance and maintaining that they just aren't thinking hard enough, or are repressing some important memory.
Statements of this type might include:
- "I sense that you are sometimes insecure, especially with people you don't know very well."
- "You have a box of old unsorted photographs in your house."
- "You had an accident when you were a child involving water."
- "You're having problems with a friend or relative."
- "Your father passed on due to problems in his chest or abdomen."
Regarding the last statement, if the subject is old enough, his or her father is quite likely to have died, and this statement would easily apply to a large number of medical conditions. The list includes: heart disease, pneumonia, diabetes, emphysema, cirrhosis of the liver, renal failure, most types of cancer, and, for that matter, to any cause of death in which cardiac arrest precedes the death or destruction of the reptilian brain responsible for cardiopulmonary function.
Warm reading is a performance tool used by professional mentalists and psychic scam artists. While hot reading is the use of foreknowledge and cold reading is the use of general presumptions common to human experience, warm reading refers to the judicious use of Barnum effect statements (also known as the Forer effect).
When these psychological tricks are used properly, the statements give the impression that the mentalist, or scam artist, is intuitively perceptive and psychically gifted. In reality, the statements fit nearly all of humanity, regardless of gender, personal opinions, age, epoch, culture or nationality.
Warm reading is sometimes used to refer to "utilizing known principles of psychology that apply to nearly everyone" while doing a psychic reading. Michael Shermer uses the expression this way. What Shermer gives as an example of warm reading, Ray Hyman and Ian Rowland would give as an example of cold reading. Shermer notes that many grieving people will wear a piece of jewelry that has a connection to their deceased loved one. To claim to get some sort of message about a piece of jewelry belonging to the deceased while doing a reading will often shock a client, who will make the connection and take your message as a sign you have made contact with the other side.
The rainbow ruse
The rainbow ruse is a crafted statement which simultaneously awards the subject with a specific personality trait, as well as the opposite of that trait. With such a phrase, a cold reader can "cover all possibilities" and appear to have made an accurate deduction in the mind of the subject, despite the fact that a rainbow ruse statement is vague and contradictory. This technique is used since personality traits are not quantifiable, and also because nearly everybody has experienced both sides of a particular emotion at some time in their lives.
Statements of this type might include:
- "Most of the time you are positive and cheerful, but there has been a time in the past when you were very upset."
- "You are a very kind and considerate person, but when somebody does something to break your trust, you feel deep-seated anger."
- "I would say that you are mostly shy and quiet, but when the mood strikes you, you can easily become the center of attention."
A cold reader can choose from a variety of personality traits, think of its opposite, and then bind the two together in a phrase, vaguely linked by factors such as mood, time, or potential.
Contrasting claims of performers
Some performers who use cold reading are honest about their use of the technique. Lynne Kelly, Kari Coleman, Ian Rowland, and Derren Brown have used these techniques at either private fortune-telling sessions or open forum "talking with the dead" sessions in the manner of those who claim to be genuine mediums. Only after receiving acclaim and applause from their audience do they reveal that they needed no psychic power for the performance, only a sound knowledge of psychology and cold reading.
In an episode of his Trick of the Mind series broadcast in March 2006, Derren Brown showed how easily people can be influenced through cold reading techniques by repeating Bertram Forer's famous demonstration of the personal validation fallacy, or Forer effect.
Subconscious cold reading
Former New Age practitioner Karla McLaren has spoken about developing a system of cold reading without realising, saying in a 2004 interview that "I didn't understand that I had long used a form of cold reading in my own work! I was never taught cold reading and I never intended to defraud anyone; I simply picked up the technique through cultural osmosis." McLaren has said that since she was always very perceptive, she could easily figure out many of the issues that people brought into sessions with them. In order to reduce the appearance of unusual expertise that might have created a power differential, she posed her observations as questions rather than facts. This attempt to be polite, she realized, actually invited the other person, as McLaren has said, to "lean into the reading" and give her more pertinent information.
After some people have performed hundreds of readings, their skills may improve to the point where they may start believing they can read minds. They may ask themselves if their success is because of psychology, intuition or a psychic ability. This point of thought is known by some skeptics of the paranormal as the "transcendental temptation". Magic historian and occult investigator Milbourne Christopher has warned that the transcendental choice may lead one unknowingly into a belief in the occult and a deterioration of reason.
In movies and on television
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- The Wizard of Oz (1939). Professor Marvel (Frank Morgan) utilizes both cold reading and hot reading techniques on Dorothy (Judy Garland) in an effort to urge her to return home.
- Nightmare Alley (1947). Depicted ex-carny and aspiring cult leader Stanton Carlisle (Tyrone Power) using cold reading and other mentalist techniques to convince people he can communicate with the dead. The film was based on the William Lindsay Gresham novel of the same name.
- Leap of Faith (1992). Early in the film, revival tent evangelist and phony faith healer Jonas Nightengale (Steve Martin) uses cold reading on a police officer who has pulled over his tour bus, to dissuade him from writing a ticket.
- "The Biggest Douche in the Universe" (South Park episode, 2002). Stan Marsh, one of the main characters in the animated comedy series, has an encounter with self-proclaimed psychic John Edward after attending a taping of Edward's TV show Crossing Over. Stan then uses cold reading on some passers-by in an attempt to convince his friend Kyle Broflovski that Edward is a fake, only to be mistaken for a child psychic and given his own competing TV show. This leads to a "psychic showdown" between Stan and Edward. Eventually, aliens arrive and declare Edward "The Biggest Douche in the Universe."
- Psych (2007). Shawn Spencer, the main character in the show, uses cold reading to convince detectives that he has psychic abilities while actually using logic, reason, keen observation skills, and an eidetic memory to solve cases.
- The Mentalist (2008). The main character in The Mentalist plays someone who formerly used cold readings to pretend to be psychic, and now uses cold reading to assist him in solving criminal cases, especially when interviewing witnesses and possible suspects.
- Leverage (2010). In Series 2 Episode 13 "The Future Job", Dalton Rand (Luke Perry) is a con artist who uses both hot reading (information gathering) and cold reading to convince an audience that he can communicate with the dead. The cold reading methods he uses are exposed by the team.
- Sherlock (2010). The main character, Sherlock Holmes (Benedict Cumberbatch), uses cold reading very frequently in the series, as within the films and book series.
- Now You See Me (2013). One of the Four Horsemen, Merritt McKinley (Woody Harrelson), is a mentalist who uses cold reading (along with hypnotism) to assist in extortion and his illusion act.
- Confidence trick
- Confirmation bias
- Forer effect
- Hot reading
- List of parapsychology topics
- Shut eye
- Subjective validation
- List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
- Dutton, Denis (1988). "The cold reading technique". Experientia 44 (4): 326–332. doi:10.1007/BF01961271. PMID 3360083. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- "They See Dead People - Or Do They? An Investigation of Television Mediums". Skeptical Inquirer. Sep–Oct 2003. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
- warm reading
- The Dance by Brad Henderson, Brad Henderson and Henderson Productions, 2007
- Kari Coleman (2001). "My Psychic Adventure". Swift 2 (3&4). Retrieved 2006-12-11.
- Rowland, Ian (2008-04-01). The Full Facts Book of Cold Reading: A Comprehensive Guide to the Most Persuasive Psychological Manipulation Technique in the World (4 ed.). London: Ian Rowland Limited. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-9558476-0-8.
- Karla McLaren (May 2004). "Bridging the Chasm between Two Cultures". Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
- Paramiracles by Ted Lesley, Hermetic Press, 1994
- The Transcendental Temptation by Paul Kurtz, Prometheus books, 1986
- ESP, Seers & Psychics: What the Occult Really is by Milbourne Christopher, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1970
- Whitaker, Monique (March 8, 2009). "The devil is in the details". The Times. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- Walker, Chad (February 9, 2010). "TV Review: Leverage 2.13 - "The Future Job"". fandomania. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
- Austin Cline What is Cold Reading? Skeptical Perspectives
- Hyman, Ray. Guide to Cold Reading
- Colin Hunter. Cold Reading: Confessions of a "Psychic"
- Denis Dutton The Cold Reading Technique
- Dickson, D.H., & Kelly, I.W. "The 'Barnum effect' in personality assessment: A review of the literature," Psychological Reports, 57, 367-382, (1985).
- Stagnaro, Angelo. Something from Nothing. Manipulix Books. 2002.
- Stagnaro, Angelo. The Other Side. Manipulix Books. 2005.
- Shermer, Michael. (2001). "Deconstructing The Dead: Cross Over One Last Time To Expose Medium John Edward," Scientific American, Aug. 1.
- Hyman, Ray. "'Cold Reading': How to Convince Strangers That You Know All About Them," The Skeptical Inquirer Spring/Summer 1977.
- Hyman, Ray. The Elusive Quarry : A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research (Prometheus Books, 1989).
- Keene, M. Lamar. The Psychic Mafia (Prometheus, 1997).
- Randi, James. Flim-Flam! (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books,1982).
- The Art of Cold Reading - James Randi Educational Foundation
- Lecture à froid - Cold Reading - in French
- Cold Reading - Skeptic's Dictionary
- Cold Reading - Skeptic Friends Network
- Cold Reading: The Psychic's True Power (archived version) - Robert Novella
- The Cold Reading Technique - Denis Dutton
- Forer Effect - Skeptic's Dictionary
- Guide to Cold Reading - Ray Hyman
- How come TV psychics seem so convincing? - The Straight Dope
- Psychic sophistry - Tony Youens
- Shotgunning - Skeptic's Dictionary
- The Skeptic's Guide To The Paranormal - Lynne Kelly
- video Derren Brown Interview - Richard Dawkins - video Derren Brown explains how cold reading works
- Junior Skeptic Magazine - Daniel Loxton Junior Skeptic on cold-reading | <urn:uuid:39e5afdd-a606-4d82-abd7-58bb50ded3b5> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_reading | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447548035.129/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185908-00070-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931163 | 3,787 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What does it mean to be Black in America? Many Americans caught a glimpse of it on national television during the first of three presidential debates. The President look disinterested, annoyed, preoccupied, not on his “A” game as some analyst remarked. Other pundits suggested that POTUS appeared tired looking and too nice. Obama supporters and those tough independent voters wanted more.
(Image from here.)
Remember, it’s been four years since the man has had a debate-he’s rusty. But amidst the fight of his political career, few have considered the enormous psychological cost of being black that the President must feel each and every time he’s on the stage. President Obama is not just another president in the long history of white presidents we’ve had in this country. He’s the first black president, and with that comes additionally burdens that only blacks and other stigmatized minority groups can truly appreciate. His overall likeability ratings are indicative of his daily performance of hyper-politeness, which is what black folk must do when working in predominately white settings. It’s in black Americans’ best interest to keep white folks happy and content as to not upset the racial applecart.
It isn’t natural, by any means, to always have to pretend to be nice to white people-not because you aren’t a genuinely nice person, but because those relationships expend too much emotional energy by feeling like you’re always on stage, teaching whites, or deflecting the many dominate white racial frames they hold in their subconscious mind about African Americans and other groups of color. President Obama must maintain his discipline and his composure or risk being perceived as “too black” and angry, even when it’s well within his purview to launch a counter offensive against Mr. Romney on several key topics like the notorious 47% remark, Bain capital, and why a guy with his stock-pile of cash only pays 14% in taxes?
Unlike Mitt Romney, however, President Obama must present himself (unfortunately) at times as stiff and professorial in efforts to put the white voter at ease over the presence of a black man in the White House, even though only 43% of Whites actually voted for Senator Obama in 2008. So the President has to play it cool and maintain his well-known calm demeanor. He cannot be portrayed as “too black” in the stereotypical sense like raising his voice and showing outward displays of emotion. Otherwise, his actions have the potential to associate him with dominant ideologies of black males who are seen as sub-human, violent, criminal, and “bad”-ideologies that are deeply rooted within U.S. society (and, hence, in our perceptions, attitudes, reactions, and language).
These rules were not established by President Obama, or other Americans of color for that matter, but are a result of a 500 year-old process of domination involving the use of language (white racial knowledge production) around black bodies inscribed in law, politics, education, medicine and every other major institution in society through a collective experience of human suffering, violence, psychological mayhem and the exploitation of labor and land theft. President Obama must work within the established and contemporary racial order or risk the perception of him as a public danger in the White House because his race is a “liability”-the elephant in the room that no ones wants to talk about.
This may be to some extent why he avoids the question of race altogether (at least publicly) so far in his administration. And though the specifics of Romney’s plan for president never materialized throughout the debate, the Romney camp looses nothing by ruffling the President’s feathers in hopes of lighting a fire under him to get him a little more animated and, hence, a little more “black” to the average white viewer. President Obama has all the ammunition to reveal the facts and expose the loopholes of his competitor’s presidential platform that currently lacks in substance.
The President can even celebrate a bit today given the national unemployment rate has fallen to 7.8%. Mortgage rates are at an all-time low as well, which suggests that the nation is moving in the right direction for many middle-class Americans. So President Obama’s task in the next debate is to maintain a course of calculated assertiveness, “attacking” his opponent’s platform with these additional talking points. But don’t be too black, Mr. President. White America has shown they can’t handle that (at least 57% of them can’t). | <urn:uuid:f10d738e-a870-4b77-919e-7f347c7201f0> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.racismreview.com/blog/2012/10/09/dont-be-too-black-mr-president/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528430.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419220958-20190420002958-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.971716 | 957 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Despite the fact that there was a broad cross-party consensus in favour of adopting the metric system in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s, there have been a number of common objections raised to completing metrication in recent years. These include:
- The metric system has been imposed on Britain by Brussels bureaucrats
- Metric is foreign, Imperial is British. It is unpatriotic to use metric
- The World’s only superpower uses Imperial. Britain should do the same
- Older Britons cannot learn metric
- The market – not the Government – should decide which units are used.
For a more detailed discussion on the objections to metrication see our Myths page in the Why metric? section.
This oft-repeated objection to completing the metric conversion in Britain misrepresents history.
The timeline for Britain adopting the metric system comprehensively starts in the 19th Century. Britain’s scientists contributed to the development of the metric system as a modern set of units including electrical as well as mechanical measurements. Full adoption of the metric system was recommended by an 1895 Select Committee but failed narrowly in Parliament in 1904.
In 1951 the UK Board of Trade recognised that the metric system was a “better system” of weights and measures than imperial and saw its introduction as inevitable. In 1965 the decision to go metric was announced in Parliament at a time when the prospects of successful entry to the European Economic Community (EEC) were bleak due to General de Gaulle’s famous “non” to Britain’s membership applications. Thus Britain decided to adopt the metric system over 7 years before joining the EEC.
When Britain joined the EEC, its endorsement of the metric system was merely confirming previously agreed British policy.
To reject something simply because it is ‘foreign’ is both xenophobic and irrational. To reject metric units because they originate in France is like rejecting motor cars because they were invented in Germany or rejecting air travel because the aeroplane was invented in the United States.
Some metric units such as the kilogram, were first adopted in late 18th century France. However, since the Metre Convention of 1875, the development of the metric system has become a truly international effort. Britain has participated in the development of the metric system for over a century. So just as telephone standards are subject to international agreement through the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the metric system is subject to international agreement through the Metre Convention. The telephone system is not ‘foreign’; neither is the metric system.
Britain signed the Metre Convention in 1884. British scientists have significantly contributed to the development on the modern metric system.
Imperial units, like metric ones, have roots abroad. Although the name “imperial” refers to the British codification of units in 1824, imperial units have their origins further back in time. Many so-called imperial units are based on Roman units imposed across Europe as part of their Empire. Thus although the word pound is linguistically related to the modern German Pfund or Dutch pond, the abbreviation ‘lb’ comes from the Latin libra and the abbreviation for ounce ‘oz’ comes from the Italian onza. There are two variations on pounds and ounces in the imperial system: avoirdupois (“goods of weight”) comes from the time in the 14th Century when London merchants adopted a French approach to weighing; while troy measure is based on the system used in the town of Troyes in France. Thus, far from being truly home grown, pounds and ounces have their roots in Italy and France.
Similarly, the mile is Roman (from Latin mille, a thousand paces) and the Fahrenheit temperature scale was invented by a German who was born in Gdansk, Poland, and worked in the Netherlands.
Britain’s citizens deserve the best set of units. Metric is a better system so it is patriotic to support metrication.
It is true that the United States has been slow to adopt metric units. Nevertheless metric usage is increasing there (see the US Metric Association website).
To base Britain’s measurement unit policy on a single trading partner (even if it is a superpower) would be short-sighted. It would also run contrary to Britain’s economic interests as only about 12% of Britain’s trade is with the United States.
Furthermore fully metric nations such as China, Germany, Israel, Mexico and Japan have no difficulty in trading with the United States. For example, Mexico sends 82.7% of its exports to the US.
Some older people find it harder to cope with change. However, to block progress by saying that older people cannot cope is patronising. The same argument could have been used to stop the introduction of decimal currency.
If properly prepared, with practical information and help available, there is no reason why older people cannot adopt metric units, as many have done. The transition to decimal currency was a success with young and old alike because of a well planned transition and plenty of information. The fact that British governments have provided virtually no information when introducing metric units is appalling.
The populations of countries like Australia and South Africa – young and old managed to adopt metric; Britain should be no different.
A single set of measurement units has been a foundation of consumer protection in every country. The principle was even recognised in Biblical times.
To let the ‘market’ decide which units to use is to open the door to confusion marketing around measurement units. Prices cannot be transparent if different units are in use in parallel. How can a customer compare the price of 100 g of prawns with the price of 2 pints?
A market with no unit regulations simply gives every retailer an incentive to use the smallest available unit. This helps to explain the rapid adoption of the litre at filling stations (1 litre is less than 1 gallon) and the resistance to adopting kilograms (1 lb is less than 1 kg). | <urn:uuid:1adca453-cdd3-496c-9167-d13e06bcd371> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://ukma.org.uk/press/objections-to-metrication/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743714.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117144031-20181117170031-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.957281 | 1,238 | 3.46875 | 3 |
an industry leader in addressing the problem.
As the electronics industry has grown so has e-waste, and the ever-shortening upgrade and replacement cycle has only exacerbated the problem. According to a report from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the average computer lifespan has dropped from six years in 1997 to two years in 2005.
“It’s the largest amount of waste produced and dumped in landfills around the world,” said Zeina Al-Hajj, who is coordinating the e-waste campaign for Greenpeace International. “It’s also very toxic and hazardous, and it all seems to be ending up in Asia, where it is causing serious environmental and health problems.”
Al-Hajj said the problem is manufactures that are focused on production and marketing, without consideration for the toxicity of their products or where they end up.
“We want companies to change their design so their products don’t contain hazardous materials and don’t become waste in one or two years but can be upgraded and reused and when it does become waste, companies take responsibility for it,” says Al-Hajj.
Greenpeace has been working quietly on the issue for two years, securing commitments from Samsung, Sony, Sony Ericsson and Nokia to eliminate toxic flame-retardants and PVC plastic from some of their products
Al-Hajj said HP was targeted in the recent campaign — which included dumping a truckload of e-waste at HP’s Swiss headquarters in Geneva — because talks with HP failed to yield a similar commitment and scientific testing conducted for Greenpeace showed HP to be one of the worst offenders.
“HP’s Pavilion computer had the highest level of brominated flame retardant, one of the hazardous chemicals that is proven scientifically to cause harm for the workers who work in production and for recyclers who work in the scrap yards,” said Al-Hajj. “This is one of the hazardous chemicals we’re demanding companies eliminate.”
The public pressure led to a preliminary meeting between Greenpeace and HP, and Al-Hajj said negotiations and discussions are ongoing. Their goal is to secure a global commitment, down through HP’s supply chain, to be more environmentally friendly in its manufacturing and disposal practices.
“We don’t have a commitment yet, and we’ll keep watching their progress until they make one,” said Al-Hajj.
While they obviously disagree on HP’s role in the problem, both HP and Greenpeace share similar views on the problem of e-waste and what needs to be done to combat it. Frances Edmonds, manager of recycling, environmental health and safety for HP Canada, said HP has eliminated a whole range of substances from its products, including cadmium, arsenic, lead and a number of flame-retardants. Edmonds also said HP is a strong believer in extended producer responsibility.
“We believe very strongly there should be regulation in this area,” says Edmonds. “We’re actively working with government to look at e-waste and develop policy.”
She points to HP’s design for the environment program, which rests on three pillars: materials innovation, reducing hazardous content and making products lighter to ship; energy conservation, both during production and when in use; and designing for recycling.
Recognizing the issue 10 years ago Edmonds said HP partnered with Canada’s Noranda Recycling, committing to 100 per cent recycling of its products. Consumers can access HP’s suite of recycling services online, including free InkJet and LaserJet toner cartridge recycling. HP will also pick up its hardware or any hardware at your home or business for recycling, charging only a non-profit, cost-recovery fee.
“We’ve offered this as a stop-gap measure until there are regulations which require all manufacturers to do this,” said Edmonds. “Because it’s so expensive to do properly it’s very important all manufacturers are required to take responsibility for their waste.”
A number of different models are being implemented and advocated. California consumers pay a visible recycling fee when they purchase electronics, while in Alberta the fee is built into the price.
While Edmonds said most of the industry favours the California model, HP prefers a system beginning next year in Maine that will see municipalities collecting waste and bringing it to a consolidation centre where it is sorted by manufacturer. A company like HP can either take its waste to recycle itself, or pay the state a fee to recycle its share.
“We take these issues very seriously and spend a lot of money, not only promoting these issues across the industry, but also doing the right thing with our waste,” said Edmonds. “We spend top dollar promoting a Cadillac solution for all of our waste and anything customers want to send to us as well.”
A recent report from Gartner Research said vendors are beginning to look more seriously at e-waste disposal as more jurisdictions introduce e-waste legislation. Estimating it costs US$30 to safely dispose of a PC, costs will be an issue and Gartner said a new industry is beginning to grow around this opportunity. | <urn:uuid:3e774919-36d4-4dd6-a508-8552f315601c> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.itbusiness.ca/news/hp-canada-rebuts-greenpeace-e-waste-campaign/1081 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303717.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121222643-20220122012643-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.957743 | 1,120 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The telematic device uses a GPS receiver module to calculate the position of the device, and, in turn, the vehicle's position. This position data is then sent to the central server to allow the customer to track their goods. The central server will then use this data to report on the local weather and road conditions.
The GPS module that has been chosen for the telematic device is Motorola's M12 oncore module. This device was designed with low-power consumption in mind. The standard data link on the device is a TTL compatible serial channel allowing two different message protocols; the standard National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) protocol, or Motorola's binary protocol.
GPS module specification
|Power supply:||2.75 - 3.2 Vdc|
|Receiver:||12 parallel channels|
|Acquisition time:||<15 s when hot|
|<60 s when cold|
|Position accuracy:||100 m|
|Output messages:||Latitude, longitude, height, velocity, heading and time|
|Output format:||Motorola binary protocol @ 9600 baud|
|NMEA 0183 @ 4800 baud|
Level 1 data-flow diagram showing the data-flow between the telematic device and GPS module | <urn:uuid:d7e0584d-52d9-4131-aff9-2b175290e9cc> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://swannonline.co.uk/?q=gps_module | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141735600.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204101314-20201204131314-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.786791 | 267 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Critical discoveries and research that will help to transform health, science and industry are set to be the lasting legacy of the 19th International Microscopy Congress (IMC19), according to leaders of the scientific world.
Held every four years, IMC19 saw more than 2,100 of the world’s top scientists and researchers from 48 countries come together at ICC Sydney to network, collaborate and discover the latest high-tech instrumentation and systems in microscopy and microanalysis.
IMC19 also inspired the next generation of young scientists with its Schools Outreach Program, which welcomed 570 students from 19 schools. The program also featured a “Young Scientists Assembly” where 50 young scientists from around the world enjoyed the opportunity to discuss career planning with some of the most senior figures in the field.
Professor Simon Ringer, Congress Chair, said the impact of IMC19 would be revealed over time from the global scientific community.
“Innovations in microscopy enable us to extend our understanding of ourselves and the world around us. IMC19 brought together leaders in both the development and the application of microscopy in a huge range of disciplines,” he said.
“These connections will ultimately lead to breakthroughs, as researchers take the insights from advanced microscopy to develop a treatment for cancer, a vaccine for a virus, or a new 3D printed metallurgical alloy that improves our atmosphere by being strong and light and thereby fuel and greenhouse gas efficient.”
The week-long scientific program included presentations by four expert plenary speakers, two Nobel Laureates, 150 invited presenters as well as 26 pre-congress workshops and 463 oral talks, bridging the primary streams of Frontier Issues; Instrumentation and Techniques; Physical and Life Sciences.
The pioneering IMC19 Outreach Learning Program welcomed high school students to experience the very latest light and electron microscope equipment and a chance to meet with researchers and specialists in microscopy.
Mrs Diane Fairweather, Head of Science, Riverstone High School, said the program allowed students to access cutting-edge technology.
“This was a great STEM initiative by IMC19 and an amazing experience for the students who came. We don’t have these microscopes at our school and without the IMC19 Outreach Program, most of our students wouldn’t be able to use this equipment,” said Fairweather.
“Our students are engaged; they are learning directly from experts on things like using the lens to focus – it’s a real hands-on experience.”
The Outreach Program offered students access to the latest equipment including, VR, four scanning electron microscopes, 20 life microscopes and 3D printing. Equipment and demonstrations were supported by Zeiss, Leica, AXT, Keepad Interactive, NewSpec, ATA, Coherent, UNSW Art and Design and Me3D.
Citing recent examples of some of the life-changing advancements that have developed as a direct result of microscopy, Dr Alan Finkel, Australia’s Chief Scientist, inspired the audience at IMC19 and set the scene for a week of breakthroughs in his opening address.
“An investment in this field (microscopy) is an investment in nanoparticles that target such things as a drug directly to malignant cells; 3D printed lattices that act like tiny factories for T-cells; vital in the new generation of cancer immunotherapies and more,” said Dr Finkel.
“Without Microscopy, there is no modern science – end of story.”
Professor Paul Munroe, Congress Co-Chair, said IMC19 had laid the foundations for great things.
“We are excited to see where the collaborations from IMC19 take the industry, and what new technology and research will be showcased at the next congress in Korea in 2022,” he said.
For more information on IMC19 visit: http://imc19.com.
Supported by the Union of International Associations (UIA), the International Association of Professional Congress Organisers (IAPCO) and the Interel Group, the global public affairs and association management consultancy, Headquarters Magazines serve the needs of international associations organising worldwide congresses. | <urn:uuid:1bfde82e-5aa1-483d-94a0-c78c0236c58f> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.meetingmediagroup.com/article/imc19-brings-the-future-of-science-into-focus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986718918.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020183709-20191020211209-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.930001 | 883 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Since ancient times people wanted to know how they started their existing on our incredible and enigmatic planet - Earth. A lot of sciences like chemistry, biology and many others are trying to find the answer on the question about arising life on our planet and conduct hundreds or even thousands of researches studying different variants and ideas. Questions like: “Did people really germinated in the water?”;”Was it God who created the Earth and everything on it?” “What was first: chicken or egg?” All these questions were actual since the times when human got the ability to think. There are a great variety of theories about the world’s evolution and the most outstanding, well-known and worldwide recognized usually widely described in Charles Darwin theory of evolution essay.
Long time ago people noticed that everything in the nature changes from year to year, from decade to decade. Our ancestry transmitted knowledge from one generation to next ones but noticed that not always their experience accumulated during many years was actual. It was noticed that plants change their requirements to environment where they grow and animals change their behavior to adapt oneself to new conditions in the world around them, and actually to coexist with human society.
Of course there were no sciences in initial communities. According to sayings of ancient philosophers people believed that everything formed from four elements: fire, air, water and ground through their constant interaction. Later in XV-XVIII century religion ousted the science and the idea of creation the Earth and everything on it by God was the main and almost the only one. At that period people were made to consider that everything on the planet was created at once and nothing changes. But in parallel with religion biology started its development and a lot of descriptive materials were gathered. These were descriptions of flora and fauna of our planet. Together with birth of science were born many theories about changes in the environment – both: in nature and in society. Many scientists had their own explanation of changes which were on the planet, their own theories about origin of Earth and everything on it. First classifications of species of plants and animals were established; of course they were very inaccurate and combined only by the similarity in appearance because of absence of deep knowledge. At the same time it was allowed to make the autopsy and knowledge about contribution of human’s and animals’ bodies were significantly increased. The first complete concept of evolution was created by French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Lamarck. It was published in his "Zoological Philosophy: Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals" in 1809. He claimed that animal acquire new characteristics under the influence of environment. It was the pre-Darwin theory called Lamarckism.
It will be appropriate to start story about the world recognized theory of world’s evolution with the biography of its author – Charles Darwin. He was born on the twelfth of February in 1809, in England. All members of the family where he was born were doctors or philosophers or naturalists. In 1831 he went on the trip around the world on the ship “Beagle” as a naturalist. During his voyage he studied geology, animals, plants and peoples of the lands they visited. So that when he saw the fossil sloth in South America and compared it with the body’s structure of this animal in the actual time (which was rather smaller), he understood that living organisms adapted to the environment they live in during millions of years. So that when he came back from his trip he started researching on this theory and did it during nearly twenty years. He made his conclusions basing on the collection of fossil which was wide and diversified at those times.
The result of his researching was his outstanding book about world’s evolution: "On the Origin of Species". It was published in 1859. There were three main principles of his theory of evolution: heredity and variation of species; fight for survival; natural selection. He emphasized group and individual changes; also it was noticed that evolution is slow and gradual process. The idea of very slow but constant and continuous emergence of new species of plants and animals was so unusual that it was perceived not at once. Darwin affirmed that inside of animal’s population there exists competition and those who adapted to changing conditions of life can multiply. This mechanism of natural selection destroys those individuals which are less adapted to environment.
There were a lot of attitudes to Darwin Theory of Evolution. Religion mostly rejected this theory of development of human race and flora, fauna. But sometimes it considered that people really originated from monkeys though it was possible only regarding to human’s body but not soul! Charles Darwin on its own said that watching changes which were in the nature he become atheist and understood that creating the world described in Bible was not possible. And it was no more than imagination of savages.
Acceptance of Charles’ Darwin theory in society can be another topic for social Darwinism essay. British philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer was the first who transferred principles of nature evolution to society evolution. Many professors consider that Darwin’s theory let the racism spread on the planet and explained it. According to his theory some people were more developed and some less developed and were like monkeys. There were awful facts when hunters killed Australian aborigines to make scarecrow for museums. Darwin’s idea of Evolution was accepted in the world as foundation of struggle between social classes.
Charles Darwin essay describes one of the most accepted by society Theory of Evolution. But unfortunately the realization of these ideas of evolution had bad consequences. The motto: “survival of the fittest” caused the brutal struggle for life. Many dictators explained wars, killings and other offences by “natural selection”. So that its only up to you what version of arising life choose: Religious theory where they say that God created the world or Darwin’s Theory of Evolution of Human nation from primate. | <urn:uuid:5f42b680-8b02-483e-bb63-4f63c463d311> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://livecustomwriting.com/blog/exciting-evolution-in-charles-darwin-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103941562.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701125452-20220701155452-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.981765 | 1,223 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Exercise and high blood pressure
Written by: Emma Anius
High blood pressure is one of the most important preventable causes of premature death worldwide. It has become an increasingly significant problem for the Caribbean, as high blood pressure is more prominent in the black race than any other race. St. Lucia was ranked 45th in the world by the World Health Organization (WHO) for adult males with high blood pressure (2002), and 56th for females.
Since high blood pressure is treatable and preventable there is no need for so many people to suffer from it.
There are several risk factors that contribute towards developing high blood pressure. Being overweight is one of them, this is because the heavier you are the harder your heart has to work to circulate the blood you need around your body to supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. This leads to increased pressure on the artery wall, which increases the blood pressure.
Being inactive also contributes to having high blood pressure; this is because inactive people generally have higher heart rates. A higher heart rate forces your heart to work harder to get the blood around the body and this causes a greater pressure on the arteries.
Regular physical activity not only prevents the listed risk factors from occurring, it also makes your heart stronger. A stronger heart is able to pump more blood around the body with less effort. If your heart can work more efficiently, the pressure on your arteries decreases, which lowers your blood pressure.
Exercise can help prevent risk factors! You don’t have to become a professional athlete to help combat high blood pressure. Simple things such as household chores, scrubbing the floor, walking around the mall, even going down to the beach for a swim will help increase your activity levels.
Incorporating active living techniques into your daily routine such as walking up stairs or getting off a bus stop early and walking also helps.
For some people, getting some exercise is enough to reduce the need for blood pressure medication. If your blood pressure is at a desirable level — less than 120/80 mm Hg — exercise can keep it from rising as you age.
To keep your blood pressure low, you need to keep exercising. It takes about one to three months for regular exercise to have an impact on your blood pressure. The benefits last only as long as you continue to exercise.
Remember to start slow and listen to your body. If you are already involved in a sport, keep it up
Aim for at least 30 minutes of aerobic activity most days of the week. If you can’t set aside that much time at once, remember that shorter bursts of activity count, too.
Diet also plays a huge role in high blood pressure, adding extra salt to your meal can cause your body to retain fluid, which increases blood pressure.
Many traditional Caribbean dishes are loaded with seasoning and have salt added during preparation or cooking. Saltfish contains a high level of sodium, a 1 oz. serving of salted cod contains nearly 83 percent of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended 2,400 mg maximum daily sodium intake.
To reduce the amount of salt added to meals some alternatives are herbs and spices, peppers, chilies, ginger, cinnamon, lemon juice and vinegar. Other foods that help prevent high blood pressure are green peas, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, apricots, bananas, cantaloupe and leafy greens.
Looking after your body is the key to healthy living.
If you have any concerns and want to check your blood pressure then please contact your doctor.
If you have no time to exercise or don’t know where to begin:
Beginner: Push-ups x 10, sit-ups x 10, squat x 10, lunge x 10, jog on spot for 2 minutes
Advanced: Incline push-ups x 10, weighted sit-up x 10, squat jumps x 10, weighted lunge x 10, jog on spot for 5 minutes
For help with the exercises go to www.facebook.com/cyanfitness and view the photos
Note: Emma Anius is a Personal Trainer for Cyan Fitness promoting a ‘healthy life and a better you.’ Email: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:2221839e-6a45-46d5-b536-46d62f02664b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://stluciastar.com/exercise-and-high-blood-pressure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721174.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00188-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939855 | 867 | 3.09375 | 3 |
BOSTON — Using miniaturized chips that make snapshots of the activity of thousands of genes at once, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute scientists have divided lung cancers into new categories based on their gene functions rather than the cells’ appearance under a microscope.
The researchers say it’s a first step toward a more useful classification of lung cancers that could yield sharper diagnoses and better treatments for the number one cancer killer.
Because the technique groups tumors by the “off” and “on” patterns of tens of thousands of genes in the cancer cells, the scientists could capture distinctive genetic “signatures” of each cancer type. One such signature identified a type of tumor that on average would kill the patient nearly 1 ½ years earlier than a similar type with a different signature. Scientists also used the genetic signatures to distinguish between tumors originating in the lung and those that had spread from elsewhere in the body – a distinction that can be impossible to make with current methods.
“We’ve been able for the first time to develop a new biological classification” within adenocarcinomas, the most common lung cancers, “that we think will be clinically relevant” to treatment decisions, said Matthew Meyerson, MD, PhD, an assistant professor of pathology at Dana-Farber and Harvard Medical School. He is the senior author of the paper being posted online Nov. 13 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The report will appear in the journal’s Nov. 20 print edition.
The first author is Arindam Bhattacharjee, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in Meyerson’s laboratory. Other authors include William G. Richards, PhD, Todd R. Golub, PhD, of Pediatric Oncology and also at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, and David J. Sugarbaker, MD, at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Dana-Farber.
Compared with cancers of the blood, for example, lung tumors are more difficult to assign to various categories, says Meyerson, and even experienced pathologists often disagree. The problem is that there are fewer unique “markers,” or distinguishing traits that can be easily identified, in lung cancers than in leukemia or lymphoma. The same difficulty faces specialists trying to identify the basic characteristics of most solid tumors.
In the lung cancer experiment, the researchers obtained 203 lung tissue samples, 139 of which were adenocarcinomas. To determine which genes were active and which were silent, the researchers applied RNA extracts from the samples on to the gene chips. On each “chip” or “microarray” – a piece of glass the size of a fingernail – portions of 12,600 known genes were tethered at one end, floating free so that pieces of RNA from the tumor samples could bind with them. (The RNA pieces were copies of the DNA sequences from the tumor samples. They were labeled with a fluorescent chemical that would reveal their presence when the chip was “read” by a computer.)
The RNA from the cancer samples binds to an identical gene sequence on the chip, thus identifying the RNA and the gene it came from. The computer also records the intensity of the fluorescence in the RNA, which is a measure of how actively the gene is being expressed – that is, functioning to make a protein.
After complex mathematical analyses, the tumor samples’ genetic profiles can be compared side-by-side in a visual display. Those with similar genetic off-on patterns are assigned to similar categories. In general, the major categories of lung cancers defined by the gene analysis corresponded to the traditional pathological categories, said Golub.
However, “we also found evidence for subtypes [of adenocarcinomas] that are currently not recognized routinely,” he said. So far, they are only identified as C1, C2, C3 and C4. Each type is characterized by different groups of genes that are very active or markedly inactive. And biologically, the four types had differing behavior.
For example, patients who had the C2 adenocarcinoma had worse survival than those with any of the other three: their median survival was 21 months compared with 40.5 months for C1, C3 or C4. The categorizing also identified tumors that were less associated with smoking than others.
Because the analysis reveals which genes are most active in the different tumors, the researchers envision future drugs tailored to target one or more genes in each tumor, while leaving normal cells unharmed. None of the hoped-for benefits are close at hand, however.
“I want to emphasize that none of this is at the point of clinical use and these tests are not being currently done for patients,” said Golub. “We want to be very cautious not to alter the current standard of care until we’re very sure” that the new classification is superior.
The work was funded by the National Cancer Institute and also by Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Affymetrix and Bristol-Myers Squibb.
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (www.dana-farber.org) is a principal teaching affiliate of the Harvard Medical School and is among the leading cancer research and care centers in the United States. It is a founding member of the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (DF/HCC), a designated comprehensive cancer center by the National Cancer Institute.
Materials provided by Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:e39d033e-352e-49b6-bc4b-869222b8ac6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/11/011113070931.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187206.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00128-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951267 | 1,168 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The first condition for successful industrial training is the concentration of a large number of pupils old enough to benefit by such training in a single school plant. Only in this way is it possible to bring the cost of teaching, equipment, and material within reasonable limits and provide facilities for differentiating the work on the basis of the vocational needs of the pupils. The fact that this condition cannot be met in elementary schools is one of the strongest arguments in favor of conducting the seventh and eighth grade work under the junior high school form of organization.
WHAT THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS CAN DO
The most important contribution to vocational education the elementary school can make consists in getting the children through the lower grades fast enough so that they will reach the junior high school by the time they are 13 years old, in order that before the end of the compulsory attendance period they may spend at least two years in a school where some kind of industrial training is possible. That this is not being done at the present time the data presented in Chapter IV amply demonstrate. In recent years there has been a tendency to regard vocational training as a remedy for retardation. The fact is that the cure of retardation is not a subsequent but a preliminary condition to successful training for wage-earning. Vocational training is not a means for the prevention of retardation, but retardation is a most effective means for the prevention of vocational training.
THE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
In 1915 the Board of Education authorized the establishment of a system of junior high schools in the city, and at the beginning of the school year of 1915-16 the new plan was inaugurated in two schools. The Empire Junior High School, situated in the eastern part of the city, had an enrollment of about 700 children made up of seventh and eighth grade pupils formerly accommodated in the elementary schools of that section. The Detroit Junior High School on the west side had an enrollment of about 400 pupils. No decision has yet been reached as to whether the course shall include only two years’ work, or three years, as in other cities of the country where the junior high school plan has been adopted.
A comparison of the course with that for corresponding grades of the elementary schools shows some marked differences. Less time is devoted to English in the junior high school and considerably more to arithmetic, geography, and history. Mechanical drawing, not taught in the elementary schools except incidentally in the manual training classes, is given an hour each week. All boys receive one hour of manual training a week against slightly less than one and one-half hours in the seventh and eighth elementary grades, but they may elect an additional two and one-half hours a week in this subject, together with applied arithmetic during the first year, or with bookkeeping during the second. Girls may elect an additional two and one-half hours a week of domestic science, with bookkeeping. The manual training for boys comprises woodwork and bookbinding. | <urn:uuid:580f4e9b-ac6d-416f-9130-fa3811f2fd3b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/16964/20.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823605.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020010834-20171020030834-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.973218 | 592 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Part I: The MapBuilder
Remember at the start of every lab to do a "make" on your workstation
and then do "sendtekkotsu" so your robot is running the latest version
of the software.
- We will supply you with colored easter egg halves and rolls of
colored tape. Using the ControllerGUI's Seg viewer, determine which
colors the robot sees well, given the default RGBK color map.
- Compose a scene of several easter egg halves for the robot to
look at. Write a behavior that uses a MapBuilderNode to look at the
scene and extract ellipses, and another node to examine the results
and report how many ellipses the robot sees. Note that whenever you
write a behavior that uses the Tekkotsu crew (which includes both the
Pilot and the MapBuilder), the behavior's parent class must be
VisualRoutinesStateNode, not StateNode. The node reporting the
results should also be a VisualRoutinesStateNode.
- What happens if two easter eggs touch? Does the robot still see
them as two separate objects, or does it see them as one large
- Modify your behavior so that for every ellipse it finds in the
camera image, it constructs another ellipse, centered at the same
spot, but with axes that are 50% larger than the original ellipse.
The new ellipse should be the same color as the extracted ellipse.
When you look in camera space after your behavior has run, and select
the rawY image plus all shapes, you should see a collection of ellipse
pairs. Hand this in at the end of the lab.
Part II: Lines
- Use a strip of colored tape to make a roughly vertical line.
Arrange easter egg halves on either side of the line. Verify that you
can use the MapBuilder to detect both the line and the easter eggs (as
- Using the online reference pages, look up the pointIsLeftOf()
method of the LineData class. Remember to first select the DualCoding
name space from the main Reference page before trying a search.
- Also in the online reference pages, look up the getCentroid()
method of EllipseData. What type of object does this method
- Modify your behavior to report how many ellipses appear on each
side of the line. If there is no line visible, the behavior should
report that instead. If multiple lines are detected, just use the
first line. Use the setInfinite() method to convert the line shape
from a line segment to an infinite line, and notice how this affects
the rendering of the line in the SketchGUI.
Part III: Polygons
You can do this part either on the real robot or in Mirage.
- Read the documentation for the PolygonData class, focusing on the
constructor and the isInside() method.
- Write a behavior that looks for three ellipses of a given color
(your choice) and forms a closed polygon joining their centroids.
- Extend your behavior to look for a fourth ellipse, which will be
of a different color, and report whether that ellipse appears inside
or outside the polygon.
Part IV: Simple Geometric Reasoning
Consider the Mirage world you built for the ARTSI programming
competition, which contains a blue square 750 mm on a side. Based on
just the current camera image, how can the robot tell if it is inside
the square or outside the square? Run the robot around in the environment
to see what it perceives.
- Write a behavior that extracts blue lines from the camera image and
then says either "inside" or "outside" depending on whether the robot is inside
or outside the blue square. Hint: To make this determination, think about
the following image features:
By using some combination of these and similar features, you can
formulate a rule for determining whether the robot is inside or
outside the square.
- How many lines are visible in the image?
- What are the orentations of the lines?
- If two lines are visible, do they form a vee (v), a caret (^), or
a < or > sign?
- Do the lines extend across the vertical midline of the camera
image, or are they restricted to just one side of the midline?
- Are there situations where some piece of at least one blue line is
visible in the camera image, but there is not enough information to
decide whether the robot is inside or outside the square? Describe these
- Sometimes, if the robot can't see enough to answer the question,
it can get more information by turning its head, or in the case of the
Create, rotating its body in place. Modify your behavior to turn the
Create and take another camera image when more information is needed.
How far should it turn? Are there still locations where the robot
cannot answer the qestion, no matter how much it turns in place?
What to Hand In
Hand in your source code for all the above problems, plus screen shots
of the camera space SketchGUI showing the various cases your code is
handling. Due Friday, February 17.
Dave Touretzky and | <urn:uuid:acf9e09c-eae7-4ff0-8d56-661d6abea476> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/academic/class/15494-s12/labs/lab4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982950764.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200910-00199-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871754 | 1,140 | 3.203125 | 3 |
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