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A public disturbance is a legal offense that involves a person or people engaging in behavior that causes an unreasonable nuisance to others. Disturbances are typically classified as misdemeanors, and the specific offenses that qualify are usually governed by local laws. Often associated with excessive noise, they can also include some types of inappropriate language, physical behaviors, or the generation of offensive odors.
The most common type is excessive noise, and there are numerous possible sources. Social gatherings that generate overly loud conversation or where music is played at a high volume are one common cause. Vehicles and other machines with extremely loud motors running in highly populated areas may cause a disturbance. Yelling, screaming, and other noisy types of verbal communication can be considered a nuisance. Some other potential sources include car horns, sirens, or loudspeaker systems.
Certain types of inappropriate language may also qualify as a public disturbance. Threatening another person in a manner that he or she may reasonably feel to be in danger may meet the criteria. Public fighting, which may also generate loud noise, can impact other people in the area. Cursing and other offensive language, especially if it may provoke violence in others, can fall under such laws as well.
Not all public disturbances are related to sound; other behaviors that negatively impact people can fall under the umbrella, too. One example is something that creates a widespread foul smell, like an excessive buildup of garbage on a person's property. Physically obstructing other people from going about their business may lead to charges as well.
When a person is charged with and convicted of creating a disturbance, the associated punishment will mainly depend on what class of misdemeanor it is considered in that locale. Certain misdemeanors only require that the person convicted pay a specified fine. In other cases, a certain amount of time in jail may be required, though in most misdemeanor cases it is two years or less. Sometimes, a fine and confinement in jail are both ordered.
Some activities may cause loud noise and other inconveniences to people but are typically exempt from prosecution under public disturbance laws. Public events that are held after receiving the appropriate authorizations are not included. Sirens and other noise from emergency vehicles are another example. The noise of aircraft in the vicinity of an airport, motor vehicles on public highways, or railroads are generally excluded as well. | <urn:uuid:43bea29e-1b5b-4533-80fe-4619530fa41a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.mylawquestions.com/what-is-a-public-disturbance.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337663.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005172112-20221005202112-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.957499 | 472 | 3.25 | 3 |
Researchers at the UPM have found that real contribution to emissions targets is positive even in energy markets with high penetration of wind energy.
The finding has generated the first comprehensive analysis on interaction between wind parks and thermal power plants in Spain and has concluded that global balance of CO2 reduction is still significant. Besides, the study suggests how to enhance effectiveness of potential sources that can be helpful for promoters of renewable technologies.
Renewable energy is capable of replacing fossil fuels and to reduce emissions dramatically. However, the fuel economy and emissions in electrical systems established are not proportional to the generation of intermittent sources due to the "cycling" of thermal plants that provide the balance to the network.
"Cycling" is related to the changes produced by gas or carbon plants for diverse reasons including renewable generation resulting in spending more fuel per MWh. Therefore, intermittence of wind energy can affect negatively the expected reduction of emissions because even still replacing each MWh of energy, they are not lowered in equal proportion that when efficiency decreases at partial loads.
Certain reports bring into question even if wind energy supported by traditional thermal energy could produce more emissions than the most efficient gas plants operating by themselves. Those debates highlight the independent analysis of the electrical system, overall countries with high penetration of wind energy aiming to clarify their real contribution to emission targets.
Thus, researchers at the School of Industrial Engineering have studied the interaction between wind production and thermal plants in Spain by establishing the extra consumption of fuel in affected units, they assessed all the combustion plants in 2011 by observing scenarios where wind power caused relevant drifts in their programmes and by defining a procedure to quantify the CO2 reduction based on emission factors and efficiency curves of the functioning facilities.
The Spanish Electric Network aims to use the highest renewable energy production by ensuring the reliability of their facilities in the same way that they publish detailed data of analysis.
In general terms, the low factors of use of gas and carbon technologies have indicated that they are not used strongly as a base load. Researchers studied real scenarios without wind in the relative to generation of 36 carbon plants (10.8 GW) and 51 gas plants (25.6 GW) that are the major thermal potential installed in Spain. Thanks to the net production of each installation we can calculate the fuel ratio of diverse charge regimens which are multiplied by nominal factors to obtain total emissions.
The results(1), along with data of 2011, show lower emissions when wind power generation replaces the conventional power, but with a decreasing slope indicating that reductions are not equivalent: every wind MWh introduced in the network allows us to avoid all the CO2 of each displaced thermal MWh at a low penetration. When penetration levels are as high as 50%, the wind effect is accumulative and reductions would reach just 80%. However, this reduction is still significant and there are no negative cases as mentioned by other reports.
Finally, the report suggests some recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of potential sources such as modeling, management of electric systems or energy storage. Promoters of renewable technologies must be aware of the issues derived from their integration in the electrical network, in a way that the leadership shown so far in the early stages of transition of fossil energies should orientate searching for solutions accordingly to the European targets for the future of sustainable energy.
The report was conducted within the ERMA Master (UPM) and was presented at The Sustainable Energy and Environmental Protection conference (SEEP 2012, Dublin) and published on Energy Journal (2013).
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:08022a2c-df46-4315-bc16-63173edd04e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131016100114.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171629.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00256-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947061 | 707 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Seeing the processions in Popayán, in which the Guambiano community participates with their colorful attire, was an unforgettable experience.
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Holy Week in Popayán
Holy Week celebrations are very similar to the ones in Sevilla and Valladolid in Spain, and date back to colonial times. The main events are the famous processions. This tradition, brought directly from the Iberian Peninsula, was transmitted to the inhabitants of this Colombian region by the conquistadors who brought with them to America their Catholic rites and beliefs and implemented these cultural expressions in the occupied lands.
Popayán is the religious center of Colombia, with the highest number of churches per capita. These were built during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Holy Week processions in Popayán are a 400-year long tradition. According to the Spanish chroniclers of the time, religious parades began to appear around 1566; that is, 30 years after the foundation of Popayán. Since that time and up to the present, the right to participate in the procession as an effigy bearer is generally passed from fathers to sons and is considered a privilege.
In the course of the years, the Holy Week processions in Popayán became enriched with the arrival of beautiful images by artists from Spain and Quito who devoted their inspiration to the different scenes of the passion of Christ.
The processions in Popayán are shorter than average, but they follow the city's main streets and are quite a spectacle.
These are processions where the bearers are not adults, but children between the ages of five and eleven. Their effigies are small-scale replicas of the effigies carried by adults.
Just like their parents in the big processions, the children dress in the traditional attire of the bearers; the smallest ones act as priests, policemen, the mayor, and councilmen.
These small processions follow a shorter route, but they also walk along the main streets in the city, and are a show in themselves.
In addition to the parades, the city organizes a festival of religious music. Musical groups of the genre come from other parts of Colombia and from foreign countries to perform in the beautiful colonial temples. | <urn:uuid:11b29d53-f176-4390-b204-b030fccdf2ac> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.colombia.travel/en/international-tourist/sightseeing-what-to-do/history-and-tradition/fairs-and-festivals/march/holy-week/holy-week-in-popayan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892806.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00077-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964373 | 464 | 3.125 | 3 |
The success of data sharing among natural-history collections may alleviate the fears about capacity and cooperation expressed in your special issue (Nature 461, 145; 2009, Nature 461, 160–163; 2009 and Nature 461, 168–173; 2009). Our social and information-technology (IT) infrastructure provides open access to millions of records from hundreds of repositories, thanks to broad participation and funding from the US National Science Foundation. However, this success story also exposes some new challenges.
Key to this success has been the development of a distributed publishing system that conserves full rights of contributors to data and access. Data are curated at source and then made available to the community for use and improvement. The Mammal Networked Information System (MaNIS) was established in 2001 to provide hardware, data standards, transmission mechanisms and stakeholder support for open access to specimen data.
Since then, more thematic, taxonomic and regional networks have been created. Each of these feeds into a growing biodiversity-informatics community, including the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, which serves users with up to 189 million plant and animal records. The vertebrate-based biodiversity networks — including MaNIS, HerpNET, ORNIS and FishNet 2 — serve some 4% of their combined holdings each day to users hungry for these data.
Sustaining these resources is difficult. Growth has led to problems with scalability and sustainability, including difficulties in keeping resources running, slow provider response times and complicated installations and maintenance. The National Biological Information Infrastructure has provided support, and the vertebrate networks are consolidating into a platform called VertNet. In order to reduce IT costs, VertNet will move from institutional servers to a cloud computing platform, providing nearly unlimited room for growth.
But solving technological challenges is not enough. Our success has depended on strong engagement with our contributor and user community. Capacity building in biodiversity informatics is especially important. Success requires willing participation, robust technology choices and a commitment to engage fully with the communities these repositories will serve.
Contributions may be sent to email@example.com and will be edited before publication. Please see the Guide to Authors at http://go.nature.com/cMCHno.
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Guralnick, R., Constable, H., Wieczorek, J. et al. Sharing: lessons from natural history's success story. Nature 462, 34 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/462034a | <urn:uuid:eeebe70e-93b1-4598-a056-0c397fa35b42> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.nature.com/articles/462034a?error=cookies_not_supported&code=513df577-1eab-439d-b64c-9899fb1a3d1e | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711396.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209112528-20221209142528-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.899234 | 549 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The first full-length study of the impact of the discovery of the Americas on Italian Renaissance art and culture, Imagining the Americas in Medici Florence demonstrates that the Medici grand dukes of Florence were not only great patrons of artists but also early conservators of American culture.
In collecting New World objects such as featherwork, codices, turquoise, and live plants and animals, the Medici grand dukes undertook a “vicarious conquest” of the Americas. As a result of their efforts, Renaissance Florence boasted one of the largest collections of objects from the New World as well as representations of the Americas in a variety of media. Through a close examination of archival sources, including inventories and Medici letters, Lia Markey uncovers the provenance, history, and meaning of goods from and images of the Americas in Medici collections, and she shows how these novelties were incorporated into the culture of the Florentine court.
More than just a study of the discoveries themselves, this volume is a vivid exploration of the New World as it existed in the minds of the Medici and their contemporaries. Scholars of Italian and American art history will especially welcome and benefit from Markey’s insight.
Penn State University Press | <urn:uuid:8b479351-815a-450d-98a8-404f7a6d0ded> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://bookslibland.net/imagining-the-americas-in-medici-florence-pdf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141197593.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129093434-20201129123434-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.93532 | 256 | 2.984375 | 3 |
There are a number of interesting lessons to emerge from the vegetable cases. Many of these lessons are common across vegetables, fish and maize and so are captured in the final chapter. However, there are two lessons drawn specifically from the case and two mini-cases in vegetables, that emerge particularly strongly and so merit dedicated focus here.
1. Partnership principles are vital to intervention success
Katalyst adopted a range of different tactics in deciding on their partners in order to change different supporting functions at different times, and this proved vital to success. The structure of the market in terms of number and size of firms, the micro political economy of different government and private sector actors, and the risk profile involved in facilitating the desired change were all vital parts of Katalyst’s analyse which allowed for a bespoke negotiation of deals. Analysis revealed incentives and capacities, and experimentation was employed where these were not clear.
Market leaders were useful where there was a high technical requirement and higher level of risk in engaging in a pilot, and a portfolio approach was used where there were no clear capacities within the sector, so that these capacities would be revealed through the short pilot period. In partnering with market leaders, Katalyst had a clear view of how this model could be drawn upon by other firms and emulated, usually through an information or technology transfer function.
Part of deciding on appropriate partnership models is knowing which type of actor is best placed to perform a function, which can vary over time. In many cases, it was necessary to engage government to play a role in the early stages of the process, to perform a function which they may not eventually be best placed to perform. This helped secure the buy-in and generate the learning necessary to give the interventions a chance of future success. It is necessary in doing so to look beyond commercial incentives to incentives around power and social incentives in order to make strong propositions to partners.
2. Importance of the nature of the market – reducing transactions in the core market
An interesting and unusual feature of both the crop nutrition and crop protection cases, is that one of the primary objectives was to reduce the transaction in the core of the market system; to persuade people to use less of a product, service, or behaviour rather than more. This has more in common with health and security related sectors rather than agriculture, and is something that is conceptually underexplored. In IPM for example, it is possible to view the system as an input supply system where there are underperforming market information, marketing, distribution and regulatory components. It is also possible to view the system as an IPM system in which, in essence, none of the supporting functions or rules existed, which was the strategy opted for by Katalyst.
The fundamental difference in such markets is the nature of incentives. Where firms stand to increase sales from changing practice, there is a clear incentive for them to do so. Even where the desired changes will result in neutral economic returns, there can be strong incentives around social returns or reputational benefits. However, when the objective is specifically to reduce use of a product, identifying actors with an incentive to do so is more difficult.
In crop protection and crop nutrition, the situation was slightly different. In crop protection, firms wanted to sell their product and that was harming the crops long-term. Developing and promoting an alternative product in IPM gave companies – either those that sold the chemical pesticides or others – an incentive to market that product instead, which could be complementary to their existing business. In crop nutrition, the problem was different as, by and large, products which are actually complementary are seen as competitive, as they are sold by different companies. There is a typical market failure as it should be in everyone’s interest for companies to promote balanced fertiliser usage as, in the medium term, it will be detrimental to all firms if soil fertility is damaged. Katalyst’s strategy here was to introduce a new product which would improve the quality of one of the three components of crop nutrition so as to make it more competitive and more likely to lead to balanced usage.
3. Interventions to increase resilience
In crop protection and crop nutrition, there was a challenge in attempting to change behaviours which would not realise a gain but minimise a potential loss in the medium or long-term. Considering not only interventions which are seen to increase productivity but also decrease losses requires different tactics as the potential advantages to a target group are less obvious. People do not, by and large, have an accurate perception of risk nor the information to improve decision making around risk taking behaviours. How can a farmer justify an expenditure on a pesticide without knowing how likely it is that they will be affected by the pest, and the impact on productivity if they are.
In addressing these challenges, Katalyst were able to leverage local trust networks and demonstrations in order to change these longer run behaviours. | <urn:uuid:f69180fa-bf9f-4210-9e3f-158e632254bb> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.agoraglobal.org/post/lessons-from-katalyst-s-work-in-the-vegetable-sector | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647639.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601074606-20230601104606-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.971253 | 989 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Polyhedra and intersecting planes
A polyhedron is a closed solid figure formed by many planes or faces intersecting. A polyhedron has at least 4 faces. The faces intersect at line segments called edges. Each face is enclosed by three or more edges forming polygons.
The polyhedra above are an octahedron with 8 faces and a rectangular prism with 6 faces. Each edge formed is the intersection of two plane figures.
3D coordinate plane
When three planes intersect orthogonally, the 3 lines formed by their intersection make up the three-dimensional coordinate plane.
A point in the 3D coordinate plane contains the ordered triple of numbers (x, y, z) as opposed to an ordered pair in 2D. With a 3D coordinate plane, it is easier to define points, lines, planes, and objects in space.
See also intersect. | <urn:uuid:d62338aa-bc3d-4008-9cff-3272e75dea07> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.math.net/intersecting-planes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304915.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126041016-20220126071016-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.94669 | 188 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Many people assume that the primary focus of Chiropractic care benefits only those people who suffer from back and neck pain. This misconception takes root through word of mouth, past experiences, and even false information. The truth powerfully attests to a much greater purpose for Chiropractic care. The spine shares an intimate connection to all functions in the body through the wiring of the nervous system.
Chiropractic adjustments improve so many aspects of health and performance for children of all ages. The functional capacity of the body extends far beyond the limits that people tend to set for this powerful creation. Tiny misalignments in the nervous system lead to health malfunctions. Vertebral misalignments (known as subluxations) tend to be pain-free in their onset. They operate like high blood pressure and cavities by manifesting long after damage exists. As subluxations accumulate in the spine and nervous system, the fight or flight part of the nervous system (sympathetic nervous system) becomes dominant. As the sympathetic nervous system tone remains increased over a period of time, the risk of chronic visceral disease increases.
Setting The Tone
Specific testing locates and detects vertebral misalignments. Chiropractors assess and correct subluxations to allow the body to heal and improve performance. This in turn decreases the tone of the sympathetic (fight or flight) part of the nervous system and increases the tone of the parasympathetic (calming) part of the nervous system. It is interesting to note that the parasympathetic part of the nervous system does not start to develop until after the 30th week of gestation. When a mother gives birth before the full 41 weeks of gestation, the parasympathetic part of the nervous system is not fully developed, starting the baby off in fight or flight. Research shows the majority of children are born before full-term and 40% are born via traumatic C-section. Fast-forward now to that child being unable to focus and perform in school and the parents being told they need to put their child on medications for ADD/ADHD, further driving that problem deeper into the nervous system.
Did you know that Chiropractic adjustments have been proven to:
- Calm the nervous system
- Increase concentration
- Improve immunity
- Balance hormones
- Increase short-term memory
- Increase growth hormone
- Decrease blood glucose and insulin resistance
Chiropractic adjustments increase the calming (parasympathetic) part of the nervous system while decreasing the fight or flight (sympathetic) part of the nervous system. Almost every child labeled as ADD/ADHD has a fight or flight dominated nervous system.
The benefits listed above would profoundly impact young students and their parents. As parents, one of our biggest desires is for our children to be happy. And obviously, good health is one of the largest contributors to that happiness.
Chiropractic does not focus on treating particular diseases, conditions, or symptoms. Chiropractic adjustments serve a singular purpose to optimize function of the body and central nervous system communication through better spinal alignment and mobility. The delicacy of the spine suffers from the physical stressors of life. Interference occurs when the body loses the ability to keep vertebrae aligned and moving correctly. Imbalance in the nervous system usually leads to symptoms, both physical and hormonal which lead families to seek assistance through drugs and pills that do not fix the source of the problem. A chiropractic adjustment improves function of the entire body by releasing stress from the central nervous system. Chiropractic adjustments now serve as one of the most important health interventions which anyone can implement into their routine. Chiropractic serves as a pain-free, drug-free intervention that maximizes health and function by utilizing the healing power within the body.
Optimizing spinal health and nervous system function provides greater health potential for every member of the family. | <urn:uuid:0421a277-c46c-4929-8f90-bfd3e3d229fa> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.peppernaturalhealth.com/the-key-to-unlocking-a-childs-potential/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669795.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118131311-20191118155311-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.938481 | 802 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In Utilitarianism, Mill proposes that the only intrinsic good is pleasure.
Some can argue that this would merely make humans equivalent to being animals, with the intent to fulfill our own desires.
However, Mill counters this form of argument by stating that no amount of animal pleasure can equal even the smallest of human pleasure. For example, a pig which is constantly fed food cannot compare to a homeless person who can enjoy the sound of classical music (or any music, for that fact).
Any being would choose the happiness which fulfills the highest faculties that being has. Humans would not want to stoop down to the level of contentedness (that is a word) swine would have. In a sense, this can be seen as a sort of human dignity. If you take the previous example about homeless people, it sort of explains why people wouldn’t commit suicide simply because they were sad. It’s an inherent form of human dignity.
Another example: Animals eat simply to obtain energy to continue performing regular activities. Human beings, however, have the capacity to enjoy food in a different sense, by actually savoring the flavor of different foods.
Our professor gave us a simple challenge: next time we eat a burger, we were to take a bite, savor it, and then spit it back out. I could see where he was going with this idea. Obviously, the pleasure of food (for humans, anyway) comes from swallowing the food as much as it is putting it in your mouth. You would feel a bit dejected by spitting it out. Hence, in the words of my professor, “you really would have to swallow to enjoy the experience. If you don’t, it would just be a major let down.” | <urn:uuid:21afa4f6-b55f-4dac-a1f7-634a32302061> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://nighthart001.tumblr.com/post/10224439881/philosophy-105-you-really-have-to-swallow-to-enjoy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697442043/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094402-00072-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980067 | 362 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Plastics and rubber
The use of plastics is commonly widespread throughout industry. Its differentiating characteristics are introduced in a controlled manner during the production process with the addition of filters, fibers or other additives. During those production processes additional emissions are created containing adhesive particles, bi-products of carbon combustion, or fumes. The piping and ductwork at extraction or discharge points can easily clog because of the composition of the emissions. Downstream filtration separators cannot resolve the situation. An additional problem requiring a solution is the creation of dust during the handling of bulk solids. For example, powder/fibers can be weighed, combined or added to a dosing device. Due to variable processes and different combinations, mobile collection devices are required for uninterrupted operation. | <urn:uuid:b434e770-f115-48f7-af9a-eb9fe8096388> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.keller.be/en/products/industrial-dedusting/plastics-and-rubber | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887054.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118012249-20180118032249-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.932131 | 153 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The idea behind spaceports is along those ranges. The industry for commercial space transportation and individuals space travel shall likely grow exponentially Iran Vows To Nuke Golf course Region Kim Jong Il Nukes HiIlary Clinton’s Pantsuit , and the demand for spaceport sites can grow as well. The unveiling by SpaceX, an American aérospace vendor and space transport services company, is part of NASA’s commercial resupply tasks to the Meeting place Space or room Section. In a new examine appearing in the June release of the record Icarus, researchers used images collected over severaI years by NASA’s Cássini spacecraft to discover that thé heat from within the earth forces the jet channels.
Our solar yard lights technique has unrestricted opportunity for fiscal gain as mineral deposits from asteroids and the móon supply a fiscal purpose to creating a spacé-centered economy (Crawford). The Place Pursuits Action review submissions were accepted and the entire legislation shall be overhauled. Most people believe through panspermia which is without a doubt the primary idea that life in earth originated through the super stars. Together with developing air crafts to revolutionize space trip, their platform consists of medical testing to much better the real journey vehicle to exit Earth’s atmosphere.
When astronauts reached again to Earth, and NASA heard the taking of the ‘room tunes’, it shelved the taking and transcripts just as private. The pilot could use ány one of the three thrustér systems and fuel them fróm either of the two fueI tanks to provide spacecraft attitudé control. EVA operates – for the 1st period, Usa astronauts would perform “spacewalks” (in any other case identified as extravehicular action, or EVA) during Job Gemini. The moon Io was confirméd to have extensive volcanic áctivity that is 100 times greater than that found on Earth. This is a carbon dioxide atmosphere Mostly, and the pressure generated simply by this greatly deep gas at ground Ievel is 92 moments greater than that in planet Earth.
The President’s Payment on Enactment of United Expresses Living space Seek Insurance policy outlined plans to send á real human expedition to the moon by 2020. In March of 2009, European scientists began a 520 day simulated flight to Mars by putting a team of 6 researchers in a placed of capsules designed to bé like a space people today to receive an important right up start looking worries Mars end. But this project created the internationaI living space station( 1998) which is the most well known manmade object in orbit in these days. The New Horizons spacecraft béing spin-tested in 2005, seven months before launch.
NASA’s famed Voyager 2, the only spacecraft to take pictures Neptune and Uranus, left out the informative post heliosphere – the protecting ‘bubbIe’ of dirt and magnetic domains (solar blowing wind) created by the sunrays – on December 5, and entered the heliopause actually. While azure can help people experience considerably more productive, do not necessarily create an office design that uses one color mostly. Thus, the Individuals, EU, and other developed places should funnel extra solutions towards minimizing the consequences of climate transformation throughout Photography equipment, Southwest Usa, and pieces of Japan of Mars tasks and the query of the whole world instead. | <urn:uuid:8bdeff2f-bf23-4866-b4fc-7f49ea2c7831> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://4jio.com/astronauts-information-and-current-updates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487616657.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615022806-20210615052806-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.926594 | 702 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Monday, May 27, 2013
Warbler Guy, how do I ID western warbler songs from each other? Will sonograms of warbler songs help my effort?
Jasper (in Washington state), to help you, check out some western USA warbler sonograms:
Using them in combination with audio recording of each species’ song may be a good strategy to successfully “reading” corresponding sonogram for a given species.
Two sound-alike western species sonograms — the Hermit and Black-throated Gray Warbler — are shown here. Where their nesting ranges overlap (e.g., Mendocina County in northern California, among other places), you can sometimes hear them singing in the same forest.
In addition to these sonograms, my solution is to listen carefully when afield. Both species appear to possess dialects that may vary be region. But, for what it’s worth,
my description of the Hermit’s song is that it’s more wheezy and less articulate/focused than the Black-throated Gray’s.
At http://www.pacifier.com/~mpatters/archive/warbler/sonoguide.html, the author has his own description of how to distinguish each warbler’s song.
In addition: Donald E. Kroodsma’s book “The Singing Life of Birds” provides clues on how to “read” a sonogram as does his chapter “Vocal Behavior in the Cornell Lab of Ornithology produced “Home Study Course” that you can purchase (See:
Ultimately, it’s my humble opinion that getting out as often as possible during the breeding season and listening is the best remedy. Simply: What You Sow, Yee Shall Reap by listening carefully each time you’re afield where the warblers sing.
Saturday, May 18, 2013
Warbler Guy, which is the most common warbler to see in my suburban wooded backyard near Madison, WI after the peak of migration is over? In the Santa Cruz area where we have a winter home?
The answers for my peripatetic birder friend, Robert, (in Madison), are short and long.
Let’s stay with the brief ones so you can get back to birding outdoors (where I’d rather be now, truthfully (!) )
In Dane Co. where Madison lies, and depending on your yard’s habitat and its nearby vegetational makeup, you can often see Common Yellowthroat (in moist thickets and/or wetland areas where emergents occur), American Redstart (in forests), and Yellow Warbler (also most often in moist thickets and riparian areas).
As for the Santa Cruz area of California, the leading suspects during the non-breeding season (winter) include Townsend’s Warbler (a non-breeding season visitor only), Common Yellowthroat (a resident), and Yellow-rumped Warbler (non-breeding season only), with less likely visits from Hermit, Yellow-breasted Chat, Black-throated Gray, Wilson’s, and Orange-crowned, (with the latter often the most typical “winter” sighting among the final five listed above.
Hope this helps. Now back to our regularly scheduled program, meaning I’m outta here with my binos.
(male Common Yellowthroat,
below/right; photo by
Saturday, May 4, 2013
Warbler Guy, which warbler species are the most likely to mate together to produce hybrid (intergrade) individuals?
Whoa, Jennifer (in Houston): This is not an easy question.
And the answer requires me to put on my professor's cap.
So here goes:
Lawrence's Warbler (right, above)
In general, Golden-winged X Blue-winged Warbler intergrades and Hermit X Townsend intergrades are two cases worth mentioning.
In the former, genetic shuffling may result in individuals called Brewster’s Warbler that express field marks from both the Golden-winged and Blue-winged. These hybrids show yellow underparts and a dark throat and head area behind the eye. In most cases, a Brewster’s results from the pairing of a “pure” Golden-winged and “pure” Blue-winged, though, in some cases, a Brewster’s is produced from the crossing of a Golden-winged and Brewster’s.
The Lawrence’s Warbler as a hybrid is less likely when a Golden-winged and Blue-winged mate. That’s because genetic traits involving an understanding of dominant and recessive traits come into play.
For example, the white underparts of the Golden-winged are considered a dominant trait. So is the reduced head pattern of the Blue-winged. When these two dominant traits are seen in an individual, we call it a Brewster’s expressing the two dominant traits from its Golden-winged/Blue-winged parents.
Recessive traits include the yellow color of the Blue-winged’s underparts and the bold head pattern (throat and head area) of the Golden-winged. Newborns produced from these two types of warblers result in a Lawrence’s. Lawrence’s may also occur from the pairing of two Golden-wingeds expressing recessive genes as their underpart colors or, more rarely, the mating of two Brewster’s Warblers.
Got it? If you’re still with me and understand this explanation, then consider yourself a genius and an ardent warbler fan.
Other warbler species that often create hybrids are crosses between Hermit and Townsend’s Warblers, especially in Washington state. Here the breeding ranges of these two species overlap. In many cases, hybrids between Hermit and Townsend’s express the face pattern of Hermit and the underpart colors of Townsend’s, with the back of hybrid individuals more green than a pure Hermit. In addition, the black on the rear crown of male hybrids extends farther forward than on a pure Townsend’s. | <urn:uuid:44c63a89-691d-4e29-9851-7f9f36fe9065> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://warblerwatch.blogspot.com/2013/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867417.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526112331-20180526132331-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.928192 | 1,317 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Listen To The Article
The prices for cereals, which contain the world’s most important food crops, rose by 12.1% over the past year.
The cost of cereals, which include grains, corn, rice, and soybeans, has been increasing because of dryness in the United States, the United Food Agriculture Organization reported. The United Nations tracks cereal prices with an index that rose by 165.3 points or 2.3%, in March 2018.
Dry conditions in the United States, wet weather in Europe, and deteriorating crop prospects in Argentina all lowered crop yields and drove prices up. The UN Index indicates that the ongoing drought in the USA is affecting food prices.
Severe Drought In America’s Breadbasket
A significant cause of the rise in cereal prices is apparent; parts of America’s breadbasket are experiencing severe and extreme drought.
Most of Kansas is suffering from extreme and severe drought, as The University of Nebraska’s Drought Monitor Map for April 12, 2018, indicates. A small portion of Kansas is suffering from the worst kind of dryness on the map, which is listed under the category of “exceptional drought.”
Almost all of Kansas is suffering from some drought. The dryness also extends into neighboring states. An area of moderate drought spreads into Missouri, Nebraska, and even parts of Iowa. Northwestern Missouri and Southern Nebraska are also abnormally dry for this time of year.
Other parts of the breadbasket suffering from severe and extreme drought include the plains of Eastern Colorado, Oklahoma, the Texas Panhandle, and West Texas. About a third of Oklahoma is suffering from severe or extreme drought, making it the driest state. According to the monitor, the drought in Oklahoma is worse than in Arizona.
The drought is also afflicting some of the northern grain-growing areas. Most of North and South Dakota are experiencing either moderate drought or abnormal dryness. A significant portion of South Dakota is also experiencing severe drought. That drought extends into the plains of Eastern Montana.
Another state feeling the heat is America’s Dairyland: Wisconsin. A broad swath of Wisconsin is suffering from abnormal dryness.
The Drought Will Affect Food Prices
America’s breadbasket is facing a drought that is affecting food prices. Long-term effects are hard to determine, but the results of the drought are likely to be felt at supermarkets within the next year.
It will take some time for increased cereal prices to affect retail costs because of the time it takes grains to reach shelves in the form of processed foods. A likely scenario will be slowly increasing food prices over the next year.
Meat prices are directly affected by cereal costs because corn and grain are used to feed livestock. Meat prices might fall in the short run as farmers slaughter animals in an attempt to control costs. While this action will initially increase the meat supply, it will assuredly fall later on. That will lead to higher prices eventually because there will be less meat on the market.
At this time, stocking up on cereals and flour, as well as on products made from them such as pasta, might be a good strategy for those trying to control food costs. Another smart approach might be to change your diet and eat more vegetables, meats, and other foods that are easier to grow yourself.
Expanding our vegetable gardens and raising more livestock will be a wise move for all of us. | <urn:uuid:463735ec-1023-42de-950b-943811aab384> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.offthegridnews.com/financial/ongoing-drought-affecting-world-food-prices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585671.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023095849-20211023125849-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.951206 | 707 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Navigate to chapter
► Chapter 1: Arthritis in Focus
► Chapter 2: The Symptoms of Arthritis
► Chapter 3: Common Forms of Arthritis
► Chapter 4: Other Types of Arthritis
► Chapter 5: Causes of Arthritis
► Chapter 6: Diagnosing Arthritis
► Chapter 7: Complications of Arthritis
► Chapter 8: Remedies and Treatments
► Chapter 9: Alternative Pain Management
► Chapter 10: Summary
Chapter 1: Arthritis in Focus
Medical science and experts of the disease have identified about two hundred forms of rheumatic conditions and diseases which affect the joints of an individual suffering from arthritis. The alarming bit about arthritis is that it can affect not only the joints of a patient; it can also involve the various internal organs of an individual and impair the immune system of the body. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the United states have determined a staggering 54.4 million adults who have been diagnosed with the debilitating condition that is reason for the immobilization of a big chunk of the population the country. Although arthritis is believed to be more apparent and widespread in individuals over 65 years old, children and young people are not spared of the disease. It can affect anyone, young or old.
The symptoms of arthritis not only has the patient experiencing pain it can also literally stop one in their tracks and immobilize them because of the pain that comes along with the disease, resulting in the deterioration of their quality of life. Many people who suffer through the physical pain of the symptoms of arthritis also go through mental turmoil, because of the effects of the pain that not only limits but inhibits their daily activities and preventing them from earning a living, contributing positively to society, or exploring new avenues they would have otherwise been able to enjoy.
The factors that contribute to the development of arthritis can stem from the abnormal metabolism of an individual; therefore proper diagnosis is crucial to discovering the origins of the disease in order for treatment to zero in on the intended target. It can also come from a host of infections and from the dysfunction of a person’s immune system. Arthritis can also detected back to the genetic makeup of a person making an individual whose family has history of the disease, more prone to the condition that lowers the quality of life of the individual.
A patient suffering from swollen joints and joint pains will need to get the expertise of a specialist in order to determine the origins of the symptoms so as to get the proper treatment that would target the cause and reason of the disease. Treatment aims to control the pain a patient suffers and there are, thankfully, a number of avenues a patient can take in terms of pain management. With proper diagnosis and the right treatment administered, the chances of a patient suffering from arthritis can greatly improve their quality of life and curb further deterioration. The possible treatments available to a patient (depending on the diagnosis of the arthritis) range from the administering of medications to non-pharmacological therapies.
Treatment of a patient with arthritis can include physical or occupational therapy, which encourages rehabilitation of the patient through the carrying out of specific activities needed in their daily life.
In some cases, patients are recommended to go on supervised, specific exercise regimens that would serve as an initial step to recovery and wellness. But in some cases, arthritis patients who exhibit more severe forms of the disease may be advised to use assistive tools and aids that allow them for better mobility. Splints, canes, walkers, and braces, are just some of the tools some patients are advised to use alongside pharmacological medication. Surgery is the ultimate recommendation for arthritis patients whose disease is far too serious and grave for medication and therapy to combat. Let’s delve a little deeper and get to know more about what can be done to arrest arthritis before it gets any worse.
It is difficult to pinpoint the factors that cause arthritis just by looking at an affected area alone. Most times, especially during the onset of the disease, there are no telltale signs that would give indication of the disease.
Want to read the entire thing? | <urn:uuid:d6c9513d-187b-4753-8f64-b2d16d33a439> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://nrbpublishing.com/arthritis-explained/chapters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500080.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204012622-20230204042622-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.94333 | 834 | 3.203125 | 3 |
This article is showcasing the lasting nature of tsarist samoderzhaviye (often translated into English as ‘tsarist autocracy’). It proposes atypology based on principal characteristics of this phenomenon — both those widely accepted and those not included in different definitions offered by existing accounts. To discuss disagreements in the literature, such as temporal boundaries of this form of government, historical judicial acts are considered, which is anovel addition to the literature. This allows the author to reconstruct the historical, official conceptualizations of this form of government. The article also compares samoderzaviye with other forms of totalitarian and autocratic government. | <urn:uuid:84c35793-d3d4-44d2-b9d6-0648f1da1a95> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://sfzh.sjol.eu/product/-8449 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203947.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325112917-20190325134917-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.936882 | 129 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Pipeline to Overcoming the Water Crisis
As we wrap up the Students Rebuild Water Challenge, our partner charity: water discusses one of the biggest obstacles to overcoming the water crisis and how your work is helping provide much-needed solutions to water safety and sustainability around the world.
Over the past few weeks, Students Rebuild has generously shared their blog space with charity: water to lay out all of our innovative approaches to tackling the water crisis. To date, we’ve brought clean water to 4.2 million people, and we believe that we’ll end the water crisis in our lifetime.
There’s one major obstacle in the way of our goal: wear and tear. Eventually everything breaks, and wells are no exception. The numbers differ, but everyone agrees that huge amounts of wells are no longer functioning. (Current estimates are around 1 in 3 or 27%).
charity: water does not accept this. Our goal is to keep the water flowing. In 2014 we created Pipeline as a way to make clean water a sustainable goal.
Our generous donors opt into Pipeline for $35/month or more and join the movement to keep wells up and running. Their monthly donations provide local maintenance and repairs, tools and training.
charity: water finds local mechanics to support and service between 50-100 water projects each. We equip them with tools, spare parts, bikes, fuel and salaries so that they can effectively serve their communities. When a water project breaks, these specialists are called to the rescue.
Google is another amazing partner of ours. They provided us with a $5 million grant to create our first-ever remote sensor! These innovative sensors attach to our wells and measure how much water is flowing from them. When something breaks or gets clogged, we know right away! We’ll expand the remote sensor reach to all of our projects over time, but for now it’s a great launching point for our field technicians to know exactly where they’re needed most.
charity: water would like to extend a final thank you to Bezos Family Foundation, Students Rebuild, and everyone who made paper beads to fund our work in Tanzania. None of the 11,000+ water projects we’ve built would be possible without passionate donors like you to further our work. You’re incredible!
The Students Rebuild Water Challenge, in partnership with charity: water and Global Nomads Group, is helping bring clean, safe drinking water to those who need it most. Every 20 handmade beads provides access to clean water for one person in a village. This school year, your handmade beads will provide more than 16,000 people clean water in Tanzania because the Bezos Family Foundation through Students Rebuild has matched your beads with funding for 41 water projects that serve schools and communities. | <urn:uuid:23c24527-8b8a-4f7f-bd52-e6cc39632f3c> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://studentsrebuild.org/blog/2014-09-26/pipeline-overcoming-water-crisis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321536.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627185115-20170627205115-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.946144 | 573 | 2.53125 | 3 |
If we accept Darwin’s theory of evolution, which I do, then we accept that we are the way we are as a result of a very period of gradual changes brought about by the pressures that our species has experienced through emergence and during process of its existence.
But let’s take a step back. All organisms have so called genetic material, stuff within them which encodes the way they are and the way that their offspring will be. The genetic material is copied as a part of the process of living, of growing and of repairing the organism if it sustains damage.
If that were all there was to the process, then organisms would be static, with no changes and no evolution. In fact the process is not perfect and both minor and major changes to the genetic material happen all the time, by all sorts of means.
Obviously, if too many changes or major changes occur in the genetic material, then the organism may not grow properly and may not repair itself properly when damaged. Also if the genetic material is passed to the organism’s descendants, they may they may not be viable or they may be disadvantaged and be unable to thrive and reproduce.
To counter this, our bodies have mechanisms to repair our genetic material, our DNA. If our bodies did not have this ability, it is unlikely that we would last long, as our body cells could experience millions of cases of damage to our genetic material per cell per day. That’s an awful lot of damage!
As described in the Wikipedia reference above, the errors in our genetic material could result in cell death or unregulated growth resulting in tumours. The DNA repair mechanism in our cells do a good job, but they are only effective if the DNA strands are broken or incomplete. If a change is minor, and is properly reflected on both strands of our double helices, then the repair system will not notice the change.
This allows small changes to slip through, and provided they don’t cause life threatening problems, they may get passed to our descendants. The same applies to organisms other than ourselves of course.
Some major changes do slip through and organisms may end up with extra chromosomes or with damaged chromosomes. Sometimes these issues may not cause too many problems for the organism, while in other cases the descendant organism may not survive long enough to breed.
The minor errors mentioned above may affect the descendant organism to some extent, making it more or less successful than its parent organisms. The theory of evolution suggests that if the change in the genetic material makes it more successful than its siblings who don’t have the small errors, then, over generations, organisms carrying the new DNA changes will eventually replace those who don’t carry the change.
This could lead to problems for an organism. If we consider a stable population with few pressures, that has plenty of resources, there is little that would cause any permanent changes to the population, and small genetic traits could appear and disappear over time and not have any measurable effect.
If the environment then changes, such that one trait provides a large benefit to those individuals who have this trait, then over time there will be a tendency for the trait to be found in more individuals and the number of individuals without it would fall.
If the environment changes back again, then those with the trait may be disadvantaged and those without the trait could then come to dominate the population. However if enough time had passed and all the individuals without the trait in their genetic material had died out, then the population would be stuck with the trait.
It would be extremely unlikely but not impossible for the change in the genetic material to be reversed by chance as this would require another minor error to exactly reverse the original error. In effect, evolution as reflected in the genetic material never (or astronomically rarely) reverses.
If a group of organisms gets isolated from the rest of its species, some of the genes that are present in the population at large will not be present. In addition, some of the genes in the isolated population will also die out, either by chance, or because the trait that they confer is not beneficial in the isolated environment.
This can cause problems for the population if the environment changes dramatically to the detriment of the organisms. While the population at large may have genes which would enable the population to survive the changes, but those genes may have died out in the isolated environment, and the population may fail.
Of course, a mutation may arise which would enable organisms to survive in the new conditions, but environmental changes would almost certainly be faster than the rate of evolution through mutation.
Some species have different behaviours and appearance while still remaining the same species. Some of Darwin’s finches are an example. At least two varieties of one of the species feed on the Opuntia cactus, but they have different ways of feeding on them. One variety has a long beak and can punch holes in the cacti, while the other variety, with a short beak, break open the cacti to feed.
The birds can and do interbreed, so they are indeed the same species. This is similar, I presume, to the variation in skin colour in humans or the various blood types in humans. Such species have the same genes, but have slightly different versions (alleles) of it. This is called genetic polymorphism.
A species, like the finches, has to adapt. If its environment changes and it is unable to respond, then it will die out as innumerable species have done and are still doing. However, a species needs time to respond to environmental changes. For instance, polar bears may die out because the sea is is not freezing over as it usually does, and as a result there are no seals for the bears to hunt.
Whether or not you attribute the warming to mankind’s actions or not, the lack of freezing is a fact, and the bears are so far unable to adapt to the new conditions, and are often becoming a nuisance to arctic communities. | <urn:uuid:18acc31d-6d5c-4185-9503-48cef4f169b5> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://cliffp.com/tag/nucleic-acid-sequence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896905.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708062424-20200708092424-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.951816 | 1,230 | 3.234375 | 3 |
TROPICAL STORM BERYL
|Tropical Storm Beryl Approaches the Gulf Coast
On August 9, after a period of inactivity lasting nearly a month, a large low pressure developed just to the north of Puerto
Rico. The low moved west over the next few days and organized slowly. On August 13, the low entered the Gulf of Mexico where
it developed at a quicker pace and became Tropical Depression Two on August 14 while located about 115 miles south of Pensacola,
Florida. Due to the depression's close proximity to land, it was slow to develop as it inched slowly to the north over the
next six hours. However, it still managed to strengthen into Tropical Storm Beryl at about 7 AM EST on August 15 after beginning
to drift eastward. Beryl curved to the north-northeast just later that day, which caused a landfall near Panama City, Florida
at 7 PM EST on the 15th at Panama City with winds of 50 mph and a pressure of 1000 mbar which would be the storm's peak intensity.
Beryl quickly accelerated to the northeast after landfall, and weakened to a depression just as fast as it interacted with
land. Further weakening however was not so slow, and the depression maintained tropical characteristics as it made a trek
that took it up the eastern seaboard before it finally dissipated over central Massachusetts on August 19. The effects of
Beryl were relatively minor, when compared to Tropical Storm Alberto that struck the same area about a month previous. Heavy
rains and tornadoes occurred as the depression slowly dissipated on a line extending from Georgia all the way into New York.
Thankfully, no deaths were reported due to Beryl, but 37 injuries did occur. The total damage estimate stands at 73 million
dollars; most of it surprisingly occurring in a single county in South Carolina where a tornado wreaked havoc. | <urn:uuid:ae875ec9-f804-4e7d-b0a6-ef0729a1d35f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://hurricanehut.tripod.com/id277.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.972184 | 391 | 2.90625 | 3 |
'colloquial' is an adjective that means a word or phrase which is used in an informal manner. These adjectives involve slang, shortened phrases or even made-up words. For example, in the UK, 'brill' is a word used to express happiness or admiration, while in the US, 'sick' is often used to mean great or cool. It is important to note that colloquial adjectives are not typically used in formal settings, and one should avoid using them in professional documents or conversations.
1. 'That’s totally brill!' (brill is a colloquial)
2. 'He looks so sick in that suit!' (sick is a colloquial)
3. 'That’s a real bummer.' (bummer is a colloquial)
be mindful of the context when using colloquial adjectives, as they are generally not appropriate for formal speech or writing. | <urn:uuid:8260f368-b427-4b89-aa7f-7fa3217a79e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://promova.com/what-part-of-speech/colloquial | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.897803 | 197 | 2.96875 | 3 |
At the beginning of the event, Liron Dinovitz and Martina Lebert present excerpts of their Web performance The night when Faust went kosher, shown on the night of February 3 to 4 at Kunsthaus Dresden (it can still be viewed in the archive at www.kunsthausdresden.de/faustwentkosher). A Jewish turtle and a contemporary Faust test themselves. Faust is on a mission, trying to answer the most difficult of all questions: What is Judaism? It has one night to study 3,000 years of history and culture. The Jewish turtle is skeptical. It is not interested. It knows the answer. It is convinced that only a real Jew can know what it means to be a Jew.
Afterwards, the writer Vladimir Vertlib (Vienna) and the fine artist Claire Waffel (Berlin) discuss Jewish self-understanding beyond traditional definitions. Both address unclear, seemingly contradictory senses of belonging and self-images in their works; their biographies are connected by different approaches to Judaism. Moderation: Lea Wohl von Haselberg.
Jewish is someone who is the child of a Jewish mother or who has converted. That is the simple definition of Jewish religious law. From the perspective of non-Jewish, German society, Jews often appear foreign or different. It is obvious that clear definitions and attributions from the outside often do not correspond with the self-understanding of people who grasp themselves as Jewish due to their descent or religious convictions. And such ambiguous affiliations and self-conceptions are by far not seldom: In Germany, around 50% of the Jews live with a non-Jewish partner. Not only, but mainly when there are children in these relationships, ‘mixed’ identities arise that question unambiguous affiliations as well as conversions, for example, that do not lead to a new, ‘unambiguous’ religious affiliation, but one that is simultaneously shaped by another cultural or possibly religious socialization. | <urn:uuid:2101a9dd-6882-42c0-ae97-ced41a51fcae> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://votkenyoumach.de/event/echt-judisch-irgendwie-judisch-anders-judisch-diskussion-um-judische-selbstverstandnisse-jenseits-von-definitionen/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687582.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920232245-20170921012245-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.959383 | 408 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Eczema in Infants and ChildrenI think my child has eczema. What now?
Before you visit your child's doctor, try a few self-care measures and make lifestyle adjustments to see if your child's skin clears or symptoms lessen.
- Soothe the itch. Reduce inflammation and itch by applying cool compresses to inflamed skin. Give an over-the-counter, age-appropriate dose of antihistamine to reduce the itch during a flare-up. Apply a gentle moisturizing lotion at least twice per day.
- Follow a gentle bathing routine. When it comes to the extremely dry skin of eczema, water can be the enemy. Ask your pharmacist to help you choose delicate, non-soap products to cleanse your child's skin, avoiding potentially irritating bath products, like detergent soaps, bubble bath, or products containing fragrance. Oatmeal-containing bath products are soothing. Pat-dry your child's skin and apply a thick lotion to lock in moisture while skin is still damp.
- Trim your child's nails. Keep those tiny nails trimmed short to prevent injury from over-zealous scratching. You might also give your child light gloves to wear at night to keep from scratching, which can let bacteria get beneath the skin and cause infection.
- Choose itch-proof clothing and diapers. Shun fabrics that are itchy or binding. Loose-fitting cotton clothing will let your child's skin breathe and help to prevent overheating or excessive sweating, both of which can trigger a flare-up. Wash clothes in hypo-allergenic laundry detergent. Notice if your choice of diapers seems to cause any irritation and make a switch to see if symptoms lessen.
- Keep cool - and be careful at the pool. Heat can worsen the symptoms of eczema. When spending time outdoors or in the sun, be sure your child takes breaks from the heat. Chlorine from the pool can inflame skin, but you can minimize the risk by cleansing your child's skin right after swimming. And if you are hesitant to slather sunscreen on your child's sensitive skin, shop for formulas specially designed for sensitive or eczema-prone skin.
- Clear out dust mites. Children's symptoms may be reduced if you can keep dust mites from accumulating in your home. Clean your child's room each week, wiping surfaces with a damp cloth and airing the room once you have finished. To limit the amount of dust in your child's room, limit the number of surfaces in the room, meaning minimal furniture and a no-furry-pets policy. Place plastic covers over your child's box spring, mattress, and in between pillow and pillowcase. Hardwoods can be easier to keep dust-free, but carpets and rugs should be fine if they're diligently vacuumed.
- Track your child's triggers. See if you can pinpoint a pattern in your child's skin flare-ups. You may note that your child's skin worsens after playing with a certain toy or when wearing a particular outfit. Triggers include detergents, soaps, fragrances, smoke, some foods, and emotional stress. Knowing what might cause your child's skin irritation could also help with diagnosis if you do decide to see a doctor. If food might be a trigger, talk to a dietitian about the safest way to eliminate foods from your child's diet without increasing the risk of nutritional deficiencies.
Make an appointment with your child's doctor if your child's skin does not improve after self-care steps and trigger-tracking or if the condition suddenly worsens. Seek prompt care if you notice signs of potential skin infection, including fever; redness or warmth on or around affected skin; pus-filled papules; or areas on skin that look like cold sores or fever blisters.
Did you find what you were looking for on our website? Please let us know. | <urn:uuid:1642b8a4-c329-4a44-93a9-b1640e95efa4> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.medbroadcast.com/channel_health_features_details.asp?health_feature_id=658&article_id=1647&channel_id=2003&relation_id=10373&rot=24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928486.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00344-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925588 | 812 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Reactionary behaviour can work for a while, it can (rarely) achieve short term goals, but can you really live your life, and subsequent generations, by reacting to others? Black people seem to have a thing for reacting and not acting upon. This stretches into our identity, the one drop rule, who were are, where we come from, who we affiliate with etc.
Black people continue to bring mulattoes and other multiracials into the fold due mainly to reactionarism. No other reasoning stands out for most blacks than ‘well society people treats them the same as us’. It is a blatant fallacy, why do people (falsely) claim colourism is an issue if the treatment is exactly the same. Regardless most people aren’t leaders, most aren’t attempting to critically think. These people are not thinking but are reacting to something. Regardless of the fact that no other group of powerful peoples allow people who are half-something else to dominate their history books, leadership class, be overrepresented in the media ect. The lessons aren’t been learnt. Responding constantly doesn’t allow for lesson learnt to sink in. People often also react to the good things that mixed people have done to blacks, which is foolish. An individual is a member of a group, how many mixed people have highlighted the fact that historically they have not rebelled against the white racial and pigmentocratic order. How many mulattoes today even bother to talk about the reason they are overrepresented in the ‘black history months’ is because powerful whites give them better access to opportunities? (Pigmentocracy.) As a group mixed people can opt and be trained differently, blacks don’t have power enough to change how mixed people think. That is the issue, not whether one or a bunch of individuals has supported blacks, but whether black people can create the identity and mind frame of the next generation of mixed people (the collective). Mixed people from Latin America as a whole certainly don’t think like mixed people who originated in the USA. Group identity not individuals. Individuals can’t do as much as a group.
This is a picture from The Source a Hip Hop magazine for an article on the origins of black history month. Never mind the fact this magazine was created by two white Americans who went to Harvard University and has never been owned by any black people. 5 out the 14 people are multiracial in this photomontage, yet on average, 5 out of any 14 self-proclaimed Afrikan Americans picked out haphazardly on the streets of New York, Chicago, Dallas, Kansas City, Atlanta etc. would not be. That is a radical misrepresentation of Afrikan Americans.
The identity issue of blacks in the West are continual due to reactionaryism, we are not focusing on current causes. We are going with white approved and acknowledged origins for problems. Although enslavement has caused limbos in our behaviour, blaming literally everything on enslavement and reacting to events centuries ago does not resolve ALL of what is going on today. To compound problems, the narrative on slavery is very inaccurate.
The true roots of the problems are reactionary behaviour and a lack of grasp on reality. The ancestor Amos Wilson often said ‘we could not be in the position we are in unless we are out of our minds’. The same issue occurs in the reality that black equals African. There are different ethnicities of black people who will fight each other due to historical enmity, close proximity and basic differences. Many Afro-Caribbeans and Afro-Americans tend to reject Afrikan as a label due to certain immigrants that they have met been against them. This is a justifiable reason behind problems between the groups but rejecting your own ancestral right due to reacting is plain foolish. It is damn near delusional. Afrikan people are people who genetically and phenotypically originate from Afrika. Genetically these people are Afrikan, this is biological fact, regardless of the social conditioning surrounding us. This is really something that we should be defining ourselves around, not countering to ethnocentric and racist behaviour. Moulding yourself around your enemies is always a good way to poison yourself, you aren’t in complete control. Biology is part of science it is part of reality something that can’t be socially rearranged. Claiming there is no race within humanity ignore the fact geographical race is an alternative term for subspecies, in fact this term has never been rescinded fully in genetic biology. Race does not and has never been another term for species, this is a lie promoted by mainstream society.
There are mixed people in Afrika, who originate from admixture, an admixture can appear anywhere on the planet therefore has no homeland. Their physical appearance wasn’t created to due to physical environmental origin or degenerative, atrophy mutations. There are Afrikans in Afrika with a handful non-black ancestor just like many in the Americas. There were Eurasian traders in important West Afrikan cities several centuries ago, there were offspring from European colonists, there was incursions south of Sahara by white and mixed Arabs hundreds of years ago. None of this is new. Genetically having one or two non-Afrikan ancestors from 200 of years ago doesn’t make someone multiracial. Genetically having scores of non-black ancestors scattered across the both the matrilineal and patrilineal lines will create a similar phenotype regardless of place of origin. The coloured people of South Afrika, ‘light skin’ people in the USA, both much older groups than a mulatto born today in Germany or Switzerland are all examples. Similar gene expression will result in a similar phenotypical appearance regardless of where people are born. Grasp on reality, accurate history.
Colin Kaepernick and Nessa Diab. Colin Kaepernick is a mulatto American footballer, birthed from a white female. Nessa, his girlfriend is a multiracial Egyptian; a people who are a product of millenniums of migrations and invasions. Many people have commented that they could be brother and sister based on gene expression.
Vincent and Carla Kompany. A married couple, Vincent is a Belgian footballer born to a Congolese father and Belgian mother, his wife is a British-born multiracial of Caribbean and British heritage. Without the commentary, I have just given they could have passed for a Dominican couple.
Creating self-identity based on reacting fails to look at reality as a whole. Ones genetic origins, hence phenotype, ones ancestral home should be factored in. Regardless of how the people who live there now treat you, YOUR OWN ancestors came from there, those ancestors own families shed tears for them when they went into enslavement. Casting off your own identity in reaction to rejection by modern-day negroes from the motherland ignored that reality. This also ignores the fact that these nations such as Nigeria, South Afrika, Uganda, Angola etc. were founded by Europeans so even those people don’t actually have true ethnic identities. Unlike those of us from the Americas, they have no biological backing behind claiming those titles. This resulted in many Afrikans trying to be accepted by Arabs, Europeans, mulattoes and other non-blacks born on the continent.
Nigeria for example, a nation which many claim pride in, is actually a hotbed of ethnic tensions due to its non-ethnically designated perimeters. Tribes have a truer impact than nationality. Demonstrating in countries immigrated the mostly Islamic ethnicities such as the Hausa and Fulani expatriating to Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf states, Igbos who are largely Christianised primarily migrate to the USA then Europe and the Yoruba mainly move to the Britain. The people Afrika were subsequently colonised by the same Europeans after the racial enslavement period closed. They come over to Western Europe, North America and East/Southeast Asia today speaking forms of English, French, Portuguese, Arabic etc. Most view Afrikan ancestral religions, which both of our ancestors believed in, as satanic now due to Abrahamic religions. Many have kids that can’t even speak their own languages.
The trouble is that many London Yorubas have neglected to pass their traditions on to their children. A few insist on Yoruba being spoken at home, but many have given up the struggle of teaching Yoruba to unenthusiastic children, and English has become the family language.
True, they take their children home on holidays; true, a few surreptitiously slaughter chickens for the deities in their back yards. But basically Yoruba culture and language, as known in Nigeria, are on a steep decline.
Dubi Imevbore, an expert on Yoruba language, deeply regrets this.
He says that if a language dies, so does the human spirit. A people without a culture will lose their self respect, even go mad.’
This is from a 2005 article about Peckham, the neighbourhood with the highest concentration of black people in London. The district is working class and is home to an older prominent Afrikan Caribbean population but Afrikans have been entrenched since the late-80’s. Peckham is often ascribed as a mix of Kingston, Lagos and Accra by social commentators. It is a neighbourhood with a high ratio of social housing, child poverty, low income wages and a major gang problem. The Westernisation of the Afrikan identity is the issue here. Many people, particularly Americans, who have had little contact with young, westernised Continental Afrikans seem to think that these people are not affected or shouldn’t be by European propaganda. The UK, specifically Greater London and Manchester, encapsulate Continental Afrikans taking on a race-centric and not ethnocentric behaviours and ideologies. This is due to westernisation (culture) which causes race to become the primary social divider versus ethnicity as black people aren’t the dominant inhabitants or majority of the society. Many 1st and 2nd generation Afrikans are rejected themselves by people from where their parents and grandparents come from due to this process. As they get cut-off from Afrika itself, they become increasingly divergent from their countries of origin as they do not wire funds to the countries of origin and are not welcome upon arrival.
Another impact of the European colonisation of Afrikans in the motherland was the creation of powerful non-representative multiracial classes birthed by political leaders across Afrika. An example is the Khama family in Botswana. The Kharmas are now a multiracial family, who look very similar to the multiracials of Latin America, it is also a based of AFRICOM for the USA, this has helped their infrastructure and is artificially kept stable by taking on a significant amount of aid from the West.
Seretse Khama and Ruth Khama. Seretse is the original sellout of Botswana, a king of the Bamangwato people a substantial tribe in Botswana. Ruth was a bank clerk in London, since when does royalty marry ordinary people much less foreigners of a different race?
His son, Ian Khama, current president of Botswana.
Tshekedi Khama, another child of Seretse and his family, he is a minister of Botswana. It is disgusting that whites and don’t see a problem with an Afrikan tribe, an Afrikan nation controlled by non-Afrikans. For those who claim race isn’t real, well what is this? But this also reveals a disturbing truth hidden by many blacks, many don’t have a problem with their own descendants not been black yet demand to speak on and control the fate of people whose descendants will be.
This is, in fact, a case of two brain dead groups or black people knocking heads. Many Afrikans and Afro-Caribbean immigrants value Europeans and their culture, that is why they disrespect other blacks, this includes those in their own countries. Unlike other immigrants black ones seem to not bother with developing their own country’s infrastructure, they are thankful of whites, and many aren’t even able or interested in keeping their own culture. With this in mind, why would these type of people try to fix messed up black neighbourhoods and communities in a country which isn’t even their own?
Shunning your own ancestor’s identity due to not been accepted by some of these people is problematic as these people themselves have patently undergone a brainwashing process. Seeking conformation from other brainwashed people exposes one of the numerous fictitious worldviews of many blacks in the Americas. Continental Afrikans are not entirely untouched; a group who ‘should know better’, in fact, evidence suggests the current culture exhibited is to the contrary, Afrikans from the Americas are not all feeble-minded, Europeanised individuals. Identity should be rooted in the real world, not in preconceived, canned notions and thought processes. | <urn:uuid:752142f6-1a1a-4595-aee5-6d62a9a07f0d> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://afrikaneedstoownitsresources.wordpress.com/2017/02/06/reactionary-identity-versus-the-reality-of-identity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058589.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928002254-20210928032254-00629.warc.gz | en | 0.963549 | 2,716 | 2.625 | 3 |
Waste packaging and food leftovers from this Christmas alone will have cost councils £72 million.
In England, local authorities spend around £300 million every year dealing with waste packaging and, after rising steadily since 2001, England’s recycling rates went down for the first time in 2015. But, despite councils having no control over how products are designed or packaged, or how residents use recycling services, they still get the blame when issues like unrecyclable glittery Christmas cards blow up
Local authorities currently have an unfair share of the responsibility for reducing waste and increasing recycling, and have the finger pointed at them when these objectives are missed.
New research from think tank Green Alliance on behalf of the Circular Economy Task Force
shows that a fairer recycling system would cut costs to local authorities of dealing with waste and increase recycling rates. In Recycling reset: how England can stop subsidising waste
, it recommends that:
• Councils should standardise recycling collections, to improve the quality of the material collected. This will help to stop the confusion over what can and can’t be recycled and cut costs.
• Councils that standardise their service should have some of their costs covered by the companies that create the packaging in the first place, via redirected producer responsibility payments.
• Responsible companies that use recycled materials, design their packaging for recyclability and inform their customers on recycling should pay lower producer responsibility fees, while those that don’t should pay more.
• To be fairer to people who recycle properly, councils should be able to charge households if they don’t recycle everything they can. These recommendations are based on proven policies from abroad.
For example, Belgium’s system of dealing with waste packaging costs 25 per cent less per person than in England. And, in California, a focus on improving plastic recycling since 2007 has led to a fivefold increase in the amount of plastic recycled in the state.
Commenting on the report, author Jonny Hazell said:
“Recycling in England has become dysfunctional. Businesses blame local authorities, local authorities blame businesses, and householders blame both. The only certain thing is that hard pressed councils are having to pick up an unfair share of the bill, despite their obvious financial constraints. But they have no power to bring down the costs. Falling recycling rates show that a new approach is needed.
A more consistent system would cost less and be fairer for all. It would also guarantee that British manufacturers get more of the high quality recycled materials they need and reduce their dependence on imports.”
Jonny Hazell, senior policy adviser, Green Alliance (available for interview)
020 7630 4529
The £72 million cost comprises a £63 million cost for dealing with waste packaging and a £9 million cost for dealing with Christmas food waste that is not recycled. The figure for packaging is based on the share of the ca. £300 million annual cost to local authorities for waste packaging attributable to Christmas based on the Christmas period’s share of annual retail sales (21%).The figure for food waste is based on the difference in average gate fees for treating food waste using anaerobic digestion (£40/tonne) as opposed to the weighted average of landfill (£102/tonne) or energy from waste (£86/tonne) for the 170,000 tonnes of Christmas food waste that aren’t recycled (assuming 193,200 tonnes of Christmas food waste in England and a 12% recycling rate).
Recycling reset: how England can stop subsidising waste
is published today by Green Alliance.
Green Alliance is a charity and independent think tank focused on ambitious leadership for the environment. Since 1979, it has been working with a growing network of influential leaders in business, NGOs and politics to stimulate new thinking and dialogue on environmental policy, and increase political action and support for environmental solutions in the UK.
The Circular Economy Task Force is a business group convened by Green Alliance. It is a source of new thinking and policy recommendations on resource efficiency in the UK. | <urn:uuid:40a8dcc1-7e64-41d7-98d9-ba5fdd1c8397> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://green-alliance.org.uk/christmas_waste_costs_council.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.944255 | 836 | 2.921875 | 3 |
During your U.S. citizenship test, you have the right to ask the officer to repeat or rephrase a question until you fully understand the question, unless you simply do not understand English. It is much better than trying to guess his/her question and take the risk of answering incorrectly.
You could say:
“Would you please repeat that using different words?”
“Will you please repeat the question?”
“Could you please speak a little slower?”
If you can’t remember the answer and you need more time, you could say:
“I know the answer but I just can’t remember it right now. May I have a moment to think about it?”
“I know the answer but I just can’t remember it right now. May we come back to the question later?”
Do you need hep preparing for your U.S. citizenship test? We offer a FREE U.S. Citizenship Test online training program. Check it out! | <urn:uuid:52302358-0ec6-4622-a3ef-ee67c498c61c> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://uscitizenshipsupport.com/us-citizenship-test-tips/us-citizenship-test-how-handle-questions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038067870.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412144351-20210412174351-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.956084 | 217 | 2.546875 | 3 |
For the Birds – Long-billed Bird Syndrome
A bird’s beak is a remarkable structure. The shape of the beak tells us much about the type of food a bird eats. It’s obvious that a hawk’s bill is adapted for tearing, that a heron’s bill is adapted for spearing and that a finch’s bill is adapted for crushing seeds.
The lower jaw or mandible of a bird is composed of a pair of dentary bones that fuse at the tip. The upper jaw or maxilla is made up of nasal bones near the base and premaxillary bones at the tip.
Unlike the upper jaws of mammals (including us) that are fused to the skull, the upper jaw of a bird attaches to the skull at a flexible hinge. When a bird opens its mouth, the lower jaw moves downward and the upper jaw moves upward relative to the skull. Birds can therefore open their mouths wider than a mammal.
The beak of a bird is covered by a sheath called the rhamphotheca. The sheath is made of keratin, the same material that makes your fingernails. In most birds, this sheath is hard but in waterfowl and shorebirds the sheath is soft and leathery.
As a bird feeds, abrasion causes the sheath to wear away at the tip. The skin overlying the bones of the maxilla and mandible continuously lays down new keratin to replace the lost material.
It’s interesting to note that the beak length of some birds changes from winter to summer. As an example, House Sparrow beaks are longer in the summer. During the summer, House Sparrows eat softer foods compared to the winter when hard seeds are the staple of the diet. Feeding on the hard seeds breaks down the sheath more quickly and the winter bill length therefore is slightly reduced.
Birds kept as pets often are not given hard enough foods to allow the birds to wear down the tips of their bill. That is why parakeet owners provide their birds with cuttlebone.
In the past ten years, a serious and even grotesque condition called long-billed bird syndrome has been documented. Bud Anderson, a hawk biologist at the Falcon Research Group in Bellingham, Washington noted a Red-tailed Hawk in 1996 with an overgrown beak. Since then, Anderson has recorded 86 hawks with deformed bills; all but nine were Red-tailed Hawks.
The condition is caused by hypergrowth of the sheath. The hypergrowth can take a number of forms but the end result is that the function of the bill is severely compromised. Examples can be seen at: http://www.frg.org/frg/lb_syndrome.html
The condition is lethal without intervention. Hawks with the condition are underweight because they cannot process prey with their bill. They are usually plagued with feather lice, presumably because their deformed bill does not allow them to preen.
Long-billed hawks are easily captured. They quickly come to a prey lure because they are desperately hungry. A rehabilitator can remove the excess sheath and release the bird after it recovers its weight.
The long-billed hawk syndrome has mostly been documented along the west coast of North America, from San Jose north to Richmond, British Columbia.
However, the long-billed syndrome is not restricted to hawks. Recently, a biologist near Anchorage, Alaska documented over a thousand Black-capped Chickadees with overgrown bills. Biologists in Montana have found the syndrome in Red-winged Blackbirds.
Julie Craves, a Michigan bird bander, and Colleen Handel, a biologist with the U. S. Geological Survey, have compiled records of the long-billed syndrome in North America. They found records of overgrown bills in over 110 species of birds, mostly songbirds. Records of this condition have been reported from places as far-flung as Florida, Baja California, Maine and several Canadian provinces.
At this point, the cause of the syndrome is not known. We do not know if the condition results from the same cause in all the species that have been reported to have these deformed bills.
For hawks, the condition is found in both young and adult birds. Blood tests of afflicted hawks show that white blood cell counts are normal; one would expect elevated counts if the birds harbored some of disease organism. Veterinarians tested affected birds for thyroid disorders and beak and feather disease, two diseases that cause deformed growth in parrot beaks. The tests for both diseases were negative.
Currently, veterinarians are looking for pathology of the cells that produce the keratin sheath in long-billed birds. Perhaps some clues to the cause of the syndrome will be forthcoming.
You can help by reporting any birds you see that have long bills to Bud Anderson at: email@example.com
[Originally published on September 17, 2006] | <urn:uuid:43018e87-f4b6-4e27-95db-444b45920a9c> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://web.colby.edu/mainebirds/page/33/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578716619.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425094105-20190425120105-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.959953 | 1,039 | 4.0625 | 4 |
The Many Uses of Solar Energy in the Home
It’s no secret that our homes are full of devices that put a drain on our power — and on our wallets. Seasons change, we cook, we clean, and go about our daily lives in a way that cannot help but to consume energy. Utilizing solar power gives us the opportunity to continue living as we normally do, but without the waste that comes with using large amounts of electricity. The difference between using solar power and using the traditional electric grid is normally hundreds of dollars per year, which sounds like quite a bit of money, but is understandable. The average consumer does not spend very much time considering the impact of their energy consumption, but there are certainly ways that using solar power can help with better energy usage and habits overall.
We often like leaving porch lights and other outdoor lights on for security purposes, or simply to admire the home in which we live. Having lights on helps us to see, and makes us feel safe. Children may use nightlights into their teens, so it is understandable that so much electricity is consumed by lights alone. Lights alone are enough reason to consider a solar power system for your home, as savings over the first year can be substantial.
In a nation where eating is often a rushed, convenient affair, the microwave is king. Some microwaves are used for hours per day, with usage going up with when adults work from home, or children are home for academic break in summer and winter. High-wattage microwaves are a particular problem, and their answer has come in the form of solar power options, and energy-efficient microwaves slowly becoming easier to access.
Utility bills can explode during hot, sweltering summers. When all you want is a little relief, your energy company takes this opportunity to cash in on your needs, with many Americans seeing a significant rise in electricity costs for their homes in the summer months. Central air is always the preferred choice of many, but drier states often have enough wind that fans are enough to make a home comfortable. Fans usually require less power than central air conditioning, and have been modified over the years to be sleeker and quieter.
The use of electricity to heat homes in winter is on the rise. Where oil-burning and coal-burning heaters used to be, space heaters now keep the sweeping majority of Americans comfortable in winter. While the trend of buying and using space heaters may not be one that will be broken anytime soon, it is possible to rise to the occasion of the bills that they produce by using solar. Heating costs across the nation tend to overpower cooling costs. Cooling costs can be high, and frustrating, but heating costs tend to be higher as more people in the nation live where cold weather prevails. Solar energy can be utilized when the sun is not out, making the option a real possibility for saving money and lessening winter energy consumption.
Solar Panels are an Excellent Choice for Any Home
Most people are aware of the immense energy of the sun, and that utilizing the energy produced by the sun is good for the planet, and cost-effective over time. | <urn:uuid:a852b8fc-3de5-4c4a-89aa-9b4840442baa> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.purepointenergy.com/blog/2016/september/the-best-reasons-for-solar-energy-at-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514162.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021161035-20181021182535-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.953559 | 643 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In the 21st century, almost all web applications use web services to communicate or interact with each other. Most modern day web services are built on Representational state transfer (REST) architecture; REST has gained a lot of popularity and it will continue to do the same due to its simplicity in comparison with other technologies.
It is very important for software QA engineers, automation engineers and software developers to understand the importance of REST testing and more importantly how to automate these tests. Automating Application Program Interface (API) tests is critical and crucial for most projects due to the fact that API tests are far more stable, reliable and fast.
In this course, you will be provided with the tools and techniques needed to be successful with REST API Automation using Rest Assured Library in Java & JUnit. We will be focusing on the important topics listed below:
****You will be provided with a Students Application, that you can run locally on your machine**** | <urn:uuid:3b1e3fef-ac0a-4433-b9a1-a5fa06badf2d> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://deal5star.com/rest-api-automation-rest-assured-introduction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827175.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216003916-20181216025916-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.931196 | 193 | 2.859375 | 3 |
General: According to The Audubon Society the Northern Cardinal was given its name because the deep red color of the males resemble the color of the robes of Roman Catholic Cardinals. Both sexes sing clear, song patterns, which are repeated several times, then varied. Some common songs are purdy-purdy-purdy, whoit-whoit-whoit and wheet-wheet-wheet.
The female lays three to four eggs pale green eggs that are spotted red/brown in a cup shaped nest. Incubation takes 12 to 13 days. When hatched the chicks are naked except for sparse tufts of grayish down and eyes closed. Young fledge 10 to 11 days after hatching.
In the United States, the Northern Cardinal is the mascot of a number of athletic teams. In professional sports, it is the mascot of the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League. In college athletics, it is the mascot of many schools, including the University of Louisville, the State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Ball State University, Illinois State University, Lamar University, the Catholic University of America, Wesleyan University, Wheeling Jesuit University, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, North Idaho College and Saint John Fisher College. It is also the state bird of seven states, more than any other species: North Carolina, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Virginia.
Identification: The Northern Cardinal is a mid-sized songbird that is 8” – 9“ long with a wing span of 10” – 12“. As can be seen from the pictures, the Northern Cardinal has a distinctive crest on the head and a mask on its face which is black in the male and gray in the female. The male is a brilliant crimson red with a black face mask over the eyes, extending to the upper chest. The color is dullest on the back and wings. The female is fawn, with mostly grayish-brown tones and a slight reddish tint on the wings, the crest, and the tail feathers.
Young birds, both male and female, are similar to the adult female until the fall, when they molt and grow adult feathers.
Territory: It can be found in southern Canada – Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia and east, through the eastern United States from Maine to Texas and south through Mexico.
Migration: Cardinals are year round residents and really don’t have formal migratory patterns.
Food: Cardinals primarily eat seeds, grains, and fruits, however; they do eat insects to a lesser extent. Parent birds feed nestlings mostly insects. | <urn:uuid:0b2d38ca-4266-47ce-8fae-0eaccf1bc89b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://traderscreek.com/tag/northern-cardinal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587926.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026200738-20211026230738-00696.warc.gz | en | 0.944391 | 553 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Planet “Makemake” Reveals Its Secrets For The First Time?
November 26, 2012 in Science
“Makemake was initially known as 2005 FY9. It was discovered a few days after Easter in March 2005, earning it the informal nickname of Easterbunny. In July 2008 it was given the official name of Makemake. Makemake is the creator of humanity and god of fertility in the myths of the native people of Easter Island. Makemake is one of five dwarf planets so far recognised by the International Astronomical Union. The others are Ceres, Pluto, Haumea and Eris. Dwarf planet Makemake is about two thirds of the size of Pluto, and travels around the Sun in a distant path that lies beyond that of Pluto but closer to the Sun than Eris, the most massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System. Previous observations of chilly Makemake have shown it to be similar to its fellow dwarf planets, leading some astronomers to expect its atmosphere, if present, to be similar to that of Pluto. However, the new study now shows that, like Eris, Makemake is not surrounded by a significant atmosphere.” | <urn:uuid:9bb111bd-6441-4af9-9571-286fd46d78ad> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://planet.infowars.com/science/planet-makemake-reveals-its-secrets-for-the-first-time | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703788336/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112948-00045-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962916 | 236 | 3.078125 | 3 |
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- v. To defeat (especially in an argument), get the better of, achieve a success over, gain an advantage or win points over, make a point to the detriment or at the expense of, make appear foolish. Sometimes with particle on (someone).
- v. To delete or remove (especially from a list); to score out, strike out or strike off, cross out or cross off; to draw a line through.
- v. Used other than as an idiom: see score, off. To score from.
From score + off. (Wiktionary) | <urn:uuid:af788a9f-5526-4c85-9bf9-f65524823e03> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.wordnik.com/words/score%20off | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163956743/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133236-00074-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889825 | 135 | 2.75 | 3 |
Purpose: Designed for assessing cognitive development in children.
Population: Children, ages 2.5-12.5.
Score: 16 subtests.
Time: (40-85) minutes.
Author(s): Alan Kaufman and Nadeen Kaufman.
Publisher: American Guidance Service.
Description: The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) is a clinical instrument for assessing cognitive development. Its construction incorporates several recent developments in both psychological theory and statistical methodology. The K-ABC also gives special attention to certain emerging testing needs, such as use with handicapped groups, application to problems of learning disabilities, and appropriateness for cultural and linguistic minorities. The authors rightly caution, however, that success in meeting these special needs must be judged through practical use over time. They also point out that the K-ABC should not be regarded as "the complete test battery"; like any other test, it should be supplemented and corroborated by other instruments to meet individual needs, such as the Stanford-Binet, Wechsler scales, McCarthy scales, or neuropsychological tests.
Scoring: The 16 subtests are grouped into a mental processing set and achievement set, which yield separate global scores. The mental processing set is then grouped into those requiring primarily sequential processing of information and those requiring simultaneous processing, with separate global scores for each.
Validity and Reliability: Odd-even reliabilities within one-year age groups averaged in the .70s and .80s for subtests; for global scores, the averages were in the high .80s and .90s. Test-retest reliabilities were computed within age groups spanning 3 or 4 years, retested after intervals of 2 to 4 weeks. For subtests, these reliabilities ranged from .59 to .98, clustering in the .70s and .80s; for global scores, they ranged from .77 to .97. In general, reliabilities were higher for the achievement than for the mental processing tests. Concurrent and predictive validity (6- to 12 interval) against standardized achievement tests, were investigated in several small groups of both normal and exceptional children. The correlations vary widely, but most appear promising, and the patterns of correlations with subtests tend to fit theoretical expectations. Analyses by ethnic groups yielded closely similar validities for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites.
Norms: Norms for the battery are based on administration of the tests to representative samples of 100 children at each 6-moth age interval from 2.5 to 12.5, a total of 2000 individuals. A variety of supplementary norms are provided, some requiring the testing of additional subjects. Sociocultural norms are provided based on a cross-tabulation by race (black-white) and by parental education (less than high school education, high school graduate, and one or more years of college or technical school).
Suggested Uses: Recommended uses of the K-ABC include integration
as a component of a cognitive assessment battery in clinical situations. | <urn:uuid:3ebf80b1-6e15-4cc6-a6f7-ed074894dccc> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.cps.nova.edu/~cpphelp/KABC.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999670852/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060750-00040-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94238 | 622 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The Square Root Of 2 Is Irrational. And Here Is The Simplest Proof!
The square root of 2 is irrational. That means there exists no fraction equivalent to the exact value of root 2. We can establish this fact using indirect proof. In this video, we explore two extremely simple proofs that even a 10-year-old boy would understand!
Do you have a mathematical question to ask? Do you need assistance to get some concepts right? Do you want to learn more? Approach us with your queries and we would be happy to help! | <urn:uuid:74b94c01-eae2-4504-8a89-c245c5557a95> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://teslaeducation.in/the-square-root-of-2-is-irrational-and-here-is-the-simplest-proof/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650201.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604161111-20230604191111-00733.warc.gz | en | 0.927824 | 116 | 3.078125 | 3 |
September is Pain Awareness Month
The month of September has been declared Pain Awareness Month. Pain Awareness Month is a time when various organizations work to raise public awareness of issues in the area of pain and pain management.
The first Pain Awareness Month was in 2001, when the AmericanChronicPainAssociation (ACPA) led a coalition of groups to establish September as Pain Awareness Month. ACPA established Partners for Understanding Pain and 80 organizations, both health care professionals and consumer groups, including the NAACP supported the effort.
The key to raising awareness is to get involved. There are many things that you can do to help promote Pain Awareness Month.
- Talk with Friends & Family: Let them know that September is Pain Awareness Month. “Like” the ACPA on Facebook. Encourage your friends to do the same
- Talk with your Healthcare Provider: Let them know that September is Pain Awareness Month. You also can share the tools to better communicate with your healthcare team found at the links below:
What We Have Learned
Going to the ER
Pain Management Programs
- Call your local government and community leaders to let them know about Pain Awareness Month and issues of pain and pain management. Tools to communicate with governmental and community leaders are available Click Here
- Call your local media and ask them if they are doing a story on Pain Awareness Month. Tools to communicate with media can be found here
- Donate to the ACPA: Your contributions allow us to help fulfill our mission and work year-round to raise awareness and support for those with chronic pain. Click hereto donate
- Take care of yourself! Take time out for yourself this month. Tools to help take care of yourself are below: Relaxation Video
ACPA Communication tools to increase your interaction with your health care
professional. Click here
Medication Safety Video
If you know me, if you love me, you will take time today to educate yourself to the resources I have available and to the fact that I must implement many just to finction through out the day.
And I am one of the lucky ones. | <urn:uuid:fb22620b-f7f1-4e4d-8ea1-70f86a292c2b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://barefootbaroness.org/2011/09/04/september-chronic-pain-awareness-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.938575 | 425 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Electrical circuits and components are rated to withstand a certain amount of current flow. Excessive current in a circuit results in overheating and destruction of components. Various protective methods can prohibit the occurrence of overheating by creating a weak link in the circuit that will fail under certain conditions. A commonly used protective device is the fuse.
This module takes 30 minutes to complete. At the end of this module, you must obtain an 80% or higher on the Test Your Knowledge for it to be marked as complete. You have unlimited attempts and the highest attempt is recorded. | <urn:uuid:2c392113-3f3c-47c2-b46d-1ec832449575> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.myodesie.com/store/module/id/195 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875149238.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229114448-20200229144448-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.933695 | 113 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Genome of aquarium sea otter to contribute to research, conservation efforts
UCLA graduate student Annabel Beichman said she thinks she was the first researcher to acquire a sea otter genome. (Lauren Man/Daily Bruin)
By Anushka Jain
Feb. 18, 2019 11:39 p.m.
A UCLA graduate student sequenced a sea otter genome to understand how the species almost went extinct hundreds of years ago.
Annabel Beichman, the graduate student leading the project, sequenced the genome of Gidget, a sea otter from the Monterey Bay Aquarium who passed away Feb. 3 from chronic health problems originating from osteoarthritis.
She said she hopes the research will show what genetic variation has been lost in the sea otter population since the 19th century – when the species was almost driven to extinction as a result of fur trading – and how it will impact conservation efforts. Gidget’s genome, along with Beichman’s research, will be published within a few months.
“Even posthumously, (Gidget) still is the face of our otter genome project, and I think it’s really amazing that her legacy continues on,” Beichman said. “She’ll help with pretty much any future genetic research people want to do (on sea otters).”
Researchers chose to sequence Gidget’s genome because she was the first otter at the aquarium to have a full veterinary examination, during which the veterinarian drew some extra blood from her to use during sequencing.
Beichman said she thinks she was the first to acquire a sea otter genome for her project, even though the British Columbia Cancer Agency was the first to publish a sea otter genome in 2017.
Gidget’s genome will be used as a template to help sequence specific genomic regions of other otters. Beichman spent a year or two sequencing Gidget’s entire genome from scratch, said Kirk Lohmueller, Beichman’s supervisor for the project and associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at UCLA.
After Gidget’s genome was coded, Beichman was able to study the genes of other otters quicker since she was simply identifying target regions from Gidget’s sequence, rather than rebuilding the entire genome.
Beichman is also studying ancient DNA of otters from before the fur trade, which she extracted from skeletal remains, said Robert Wayne, an ecology and evolutionary biology professor at UCLA and Beichman’s other supervisor.
Around the 19th century, when the sea otter population was extensively hunted for their fur, the species experienced a genetic bottleneck – a rapid reduction in population size – which resulted in a loss of genetic diversity, Wayne said. Beichman said throughout the project, she partially sequenced the genomes of approximately 150 otters from around the world to piece together her research.
“You try to sort through all that gibberish and try to find all the stuff that codes for genes that can actually code for proteins and make something functional,” Beichman said. “Then, you can start to think about things like genetic adaptations over time, harmful genetic variants that may have arisen in the population, and … the history of the population.”
By studying the genomes of sea otter populations before they were nearly hunted to extinction, Beichman said she will be able to better understand the effects of the fur trade on sea otters’ genetic diversity. Genetic monitoring of sea otters, along with data before the fur trade, will help plan conservation approaches to manage the population, she said.
Wayne said if he and Beichman find that many genes were lost or find important variation that still exists in sea otter populations, they can incorporate that information into population management plans.
Beichman said ultimately she hopes to see an increase in genetic diversity and a decrease in harmful variants in the future. Based on the research, scientists may be able to find ways to induce gene flow between sea otter populations or restore historical migrations to continue increasing genotype varieties.
Sea otters are classic trophic cascades, meaning they are essential to entire marine habitats, Beichman said, and are therefore critical to healthy coastal ecosystems. She said Gidget played an active role in helping the sea otter population because her genome will be a resource for any future conservation geneticists in the field.
“There’s this weird feeling of feeling like I knew (Gidget) from afar through her genetic code. I’d always try to pay her tank a visit because it was really inspiring to see all that DNA coming together,” Beichman said. “It’s not just a big data dump of letters on my screen – all these letters somehow create this remarkable animal that’s very important to coastal ecosystems.” | <urn:uuid:a6f77437-2818-4c4e-a980-83915960f531> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://dailybruin.com/2019/02/18/genome-of-aquarium-sea-otter-to-contribute-to-research-conservation-efforts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304471.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124023407-20220124053407-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.95543 | 1,026 | 2.90625 | 3 |
inside Junagarh Fort, India
Junagarh Fort (Rajasthani: जुनाग्द क़िला) is a fort in the city of Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The fort was originally called Chintamani and was renamed Junagarh or "Old Fort" in the early 20th century when the ruling family moved to Lalgarh Palace outside the fort limits. It is one of the few major forts in Rajasthan which is not built on a hilltop. The modern city of Bikaner has developed around the fort.
The fort complex was built under the supervision of Karan Chand, the Prime Minister of Raja Rai Singh, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611 AD. Construction of the walls and associated moat commenced in 1589 and was completed in 1594. | <urn:uuid:fa8a9d5f-1667-4207-a09a-64b35243c1b9> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.flickr.com/photos/phil_marion/28676085330/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487649688.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619172612-20210619202612-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.976709 | 195 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Hypertext Markup Language or HTML is a markup language of World Wide Web. It is a standard text formatting language which is used to create webpages and display website pages on the web. You can save the HTML pages by adding .htm or .html.
HTML5 is the fifth version of HTML. It is a standard for structuring content on the web pages. HTML5 has removed or modified many elements. It also handling inaccurate syntax.
Many new elements are added in HTML5 like nav, audio, embed, progress, command, time, summary, video, output, figure, meter, data, section, time, aside, canvas, rp, rt, details, figcaption, header, footer, article, hgroup, bdi, mark, source, track, section etc.
Most tags must have two parts: opening tag and closing tag and text are written inside these tags. But closing tag needs an additional forward slash( / ).
<h1>text goes here…</h1>
There are six types of heading <h1> to <h6> you can used in HTML. <h1> display largest heading and <h6> display small heading to the web page.
<h1> First heading</h1> <h2> Second heading</h2> <h3> Third heading</h3> <h4> Fourth heading</h4> <h5> Fifth heading</h5> <h6> Sixth heading</h6>
No, there are two tags which don't have an end tag <img> and <br> tag.
HTML5 ‘nav’ tag represents the menu bar on the top of the web page. It helps user easily go to the page where he want to go.
These are the common list you can use in HTML:
Note: Each list item starts with <li>tag.
Attributes are used inside the HTML tags. You cannot use attributes in all tags but some tags needs attributes like-
'Src' and 'type' are called attributes in HTML.
Comments are used by developers in understanding the code functionalities. It is also helpful for other developers to easily read the code.
There are two types comments used in HTML:
<--single line comment-->
Multiple line comment- <! -- Text goes here…. Text goes here -->
<! DOCTYPE> is an instruction to the web browser about the version of markup language in which the HTML page is written in. the <! DOCTYPE> tag does not need an end tag and it is not case sensitive.
By using © and © in an HTML file, you can insert a copyright symbol on a browser page.
No, the browser is not be able to read the page that the document is written in HTML or HTML5 that’s why tags do not function properly.
It is used to create a clickable button on the web page. The button tag is introduced in HTML 5. Generally button is used in forms to submit or cancel the details.
Three types of video formats supported by HTML 5:
Marquee tag is used for scrolling the text or image on the web page. It is helpful to scroll the text or image up, down, left, or right. You can put the text or image within the marquee tag which you want to scroll.
Let's see examples: <Marquee> text goes here…. </marquee>
Placeholder helps the user to easily understand that what can be entered in the field. Placeholder does not take extra space, you can see it inside the input field.
Provide useful information to our web pages are known as meta tags.
Meta tag includes following:
This tag is used to add an image in the document of the web page.
<Output> tag is used to display the different output and result.
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <h2>Video</h2> <video width = "350" height = "300" controls> <source src = "MyMovie.mp4" type = "video/mp4"> </video> <h2>Audio</h2> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <audio controls> <source src = "song.mp3" type = "audio/mpeg"> </audio> </body> </html> </body> </html>
Hyperlink is a link that allows the user to move from one page to another by clicking the link. You can apply hyperlink on text as well as images.
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title> Hyperlink </title> </head> <body> <a href = "https://www.google.com/" target = "_blank"> <img src = "google.png" alt = "google" border = "0/"> </a> </body> </html>
These are the following formatting tags in HTML5:
SVG stands for Scalable Vector Graphics. It helps to describe two-dimensional vector and raster graphics. SVG images are defined in XML text files. It is mostly used for vector type diagrams like pie charts, 2-Dimensional graphs in an X, Y coordinate system.
<svg width="100" height="100"> <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" stroke="blue" stroke-width="4" fill="green" /> </svg>
It displays the text in inline, doesn’t break line. You can use it for adding color, background color, highlight the text in the web browser and also you can use it for adding the icons to your text.
<p> <span style="color: #cccccc ;"> In this page we use span. </span> </p>
Style sheet is an external file for styling the template. It is consistent and transportable. It stored all the styling of the template in one file.
Nested represents a webpage within a webpage. For nesting the web page you can use the <iframe> tag.
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <h2>Nested webpage </h2> <iframe src="https://www.phptpoint.com/" height="300" width="400"></iframe> </body> </html> | <urn:uuid:4aa5e8be-56eb-4951-8fef-f91d8af0538f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.phptpoint.com/html-interview-questions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.778735 | 1,340 | 3.875 | 4 |
People use different coping strategies to deal with stressful events, and some people use coping strategies more than others. Three techniques for keeping perspective through the ups and downs of life that have been studied are:
Mindfulness: Staying aware in the present moment
Reappraisal: Finding ways of reinterpreting negative events to give them more positive meaning
Emotion Suppression: Putting negative emotions out of side and out of mind
To learn more about how these strategies work on a day-to-day basis, a team of researchers recently performed a study of 187 participants looking at how use of these strategies affected people’s moods.
Overall, different strategies had different benefits for different people.
Mindfulness helped people keep their emotions balanced in two ways. It both increased people’s levels of positive emotions and decreased their levels of negative emotions.
Emotion suppression turned out to have the exact opposite effect. When people used more emotion suppression, they reported higher levels of negative emotions and lower levels of positive emotions.
For reappraisal, the picture was a little more nuanced. For about half the people in the study, reappraisal seemed to be of no use in regulating their negative emotions. Overall, appraisal tended to be more helpful for people who were older: for older participants, using appraisal was associated with lower levels of negative emotions while for adolescents, it was linked to higher levels of negative emotions!
These results indicate that there’s no one-size-fits-all coping strategy that works for everyone. Finding whatever way of dealing with stressful situations works best for you is the way to go.
That said, some strategies seem like promising places to look. Mindfulness is an especially promising candidate while for many emotion suppression will do more harm than good. And reappraisal? You’ve probably got about a fifty-fifty chance on that one.
This guest article originally appeared on PsychCentral.com: Mindfulness, Reappraisal, Emotion Suppression: Which Coping Strategies Work? by Neil Petersen .
Brockman, R., Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P., & Kashdan, T. (2016). Emotion regulation strategies in daily life: Mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal and emotion suppression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1218926
Vía Brain Blogger http://ift.tt/2ez3KIt
via WordPress http://ift.tt/2ez6xRY | <urn:uuid:15923ab7-97b6-4c98-8d06-090060930d78> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.aharonhershfried.com/blog/best-strategy-to-manage-stress-depends-on-the-person5136363 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577259.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524203438-20220524233438-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.921813 | 533 | 3.5625 | 4 |
According to the elders of the Kara people, since before the grandfather of their grandfather’s grandfather, pastoralist people have lived in the Omo Valley of Southwest Ethiopia. The very existence of these people depends upon livestock, farming and rain. Protecting these most cherished elements of life sometimes involves harmful customs and beliefs.
Omo Child: The River and the Bush traces the story of the Kara and their beliefs that some children are born cursed or become cursed. Cursed children are called mingi and are killed. The Kara people believe mini children bring disease, drought and death to their families and to the community. one young educated man, Lale Labuko, decided he would challenge this ancient tradition. This is his story.
When Lale was 15, his life was changed when he witnessed a shocking and unforgettable event. Some elders forcibly removed a child from her mother’s arms and took the child to the river. Amidst the cries and protests of the mother and other villagers, the child was killed. When Lale asked his mother what happened, of the first time he learned about the practice of mingi.
Filmed over a five year period, the film contains remarkable imagery from tribal Africa and an intimate look at the lives of the people whose first contact with the outside world was less than a generation ago. For the first time their story and their voices will be heard. We follow Lale’s journey along with the people of his tribe as they attempt to change an ancient practice. | <urn:uuid:38490fbd-2b6e-4eda-9ce8-0021d4592255> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lunenburgdocfest.com/film/omo-child-the-river-and-the-bush/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.981788 | 305 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Almost any calorie restriction leads to weight loss in the short-term but 95% of the time, the weight (and then some) returns within 2-5 years. The few who do maintain long-term weight loss through dieting must continue adhering to strict restriction. And even they are an anomaly like the smoker who lives until 90 – it doesn’t prove that smoking doesn’t kill.
Why Diets Don’t Work
- Just as with height, 50-80% of weight is determined by genetics – even the distribution of fat is 40% due to our genes. And just as there are average heights but no “ideal” heights, average or typical weights are likewise neither good nor bad.
- Nobody would diet without negative thoughts about one’s body, which perpetuates the diet-binge cycle. Fuelled by shame, dieters experience depression, fatigue, weakness, irritability, social withdrawal, reduced sex drive, low sex-drive, low self-esteem, and low ability to concentrate and think clearly.
- Though a “typical” woman generally expends around 2,000 calories per day to sustain basic life functions, perform physical activities, and digest food, the “caloric deficit” approach to dieting does not work because there are so many other factors at play, i.e. genetics, age, weight, body composition, stimulants like caffeine, exposure to cold, exercise, nutrient absorption, gut bacteria, environmental toxins like plastic, etc. Not to mention, reported calorie content is an approximation – food labels in the US are allowed a 20% margin of error.
- Twin studies prove that, even given the same weight-loss program and full compliance, different people show different results.
- Food restrictions almost always lead to overeating “forbidden foods” because (1) just a taste of forbidden foods disinhibits restrains, even when deprivation is only perceived, and (2) restriction leads the body to increase hunger and make high calorie foods (especially carbohydrates) more enticing for evolutionary purposes – this is proven by increased “hunger hormone” gherlin and decreased peptide YY and leptin’s hunger suppression. Chronic dieting leads to chronically less leptin release, which may explain why yo-yo dieters usually gain weight over time. Overeating after dieting is akin to breathing deeply after physical exertion – a natural response, not a sign of weakness.
- Our ancestors were able to reproduce because their – and now our – bodies hold onto more fat after famine.
- Within 24-48 hours of restriction, metabolism (i.e. fat burning) slows 15-30% and it stays low for as long as the body is at a lower weight. As restriction continues or repeats, this reaction is quicker and more severe each time.
- While both fat and muscle are burned in total weight loss, only fat is put on from weight gain – meaning body size is larger and metabolism is slower.
- If you constantly try to override your body’s natural ability to maintain weight with diets and binges, your body fights harder by setting a higher weight to maintain, i.e. a “settling point.”
- Yo-yo dieters are at higher risk of heart disease and diabetes, regardless of current weight, and are 25-100% more likely to die prematurely.
- Calorie restriction increases inflammation, even more so with cycles of weight loss and gain.
- Dieting can lead to fatigue, poor sleep, mood changes, depression, obstructed menstrual cycle, reduced mental acuity, and obsession over food and weight loss, as demonstrated in Keys’ study.
How to Naturally Reach a Healthy Weight Continue reading | <urn:uuid:6894dca8-4e08-4af0-a09c-a98d04f39b8a> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://conscientiousintrovert.wordpress.com/2014/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812871.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220010854-20180220030854-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.936451 | 783 | 2.796875 | 3 |
When traveling on Taungoo,one of the most attractive tourist destinations is Myasigone Pagoda which famous for not only religious values but also historical values.
Although less well-known than Shwesandaw Paya, Myasigone Pagoda still attracts lots of visitors every year, especially during the festive season. Beneath the stupa, an impressive brick pavilion sparkled glass mosaic dome has stored an ancient picture painting grand Myanmar kings and a giant sitting Buddha in royal costume with his face casted from the silver and bronze. Around this statue are seven Buddhas representing specific planets as well as seven days of the week. There are cabinets made by transparent glass nearby displaying smaller ancient Myanmar Buddhas which were excavated or donated by Buddhists and devotees. Opposite the sitting statue, two Chinese bronze goddess images stand in the majesty against a pair of pillars, one riding an elephant, one sitting on a Fu dog.
Located in the pagoda complex, a small museum features bronze sculptures of Erawan- a standing Buddha brought from Thai Land by Myanmar King Bayinnaung along with two British cannons from the invasion in 1897.
Until now, Myasigone Pagoda is still considered the highlight of Taungoo town, characterizing Buddhist culture in this land. | <urn:uuid:cff2518e-7130-4590-b2e1-9c5d8d9f11fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.toursinmyanmar.com/Myasigone-Pagoda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662601401.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526035036-20220526065036-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.950423 | 265 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Home Asia Pacific South Asia Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Buddhist nuns long for equality
By P K Balachandran, New India Express, 8 March 2013
COLOMBO, Sri Lanka -- Buddhism was brought to Sri Lanka by Emperor Ashoka’s daughter Sangamitta and her twin brother Mahinda in 288 BC.
<< Ven Bodichitta, a Sri Lankan Buddhist nun
A nun herself, Sangamitta had ordained a number of Lankan women. Before long, most Lankans had embraced Buddhism and monasteries for monks and nuns sprouted across the island.
But the Saivite Chola invasion in 1017 AD put the order of the nuns in total disarray. The Bhikkhuni Sasana collapsed, and sadly, never to be revived.
The religious order came to be dominated by the male monks. Despite that, lay women continued to play a critical role in sustaining Buddhism. Many took to the religious life, shaving their heads and living in nunneries. Today, there are 427 nunneries with 1,200 novices and over 100 nuns with higher ordination.
Yet, a nun is not recognised as a ‘Bhikkuni’. She is only a Dasa Sil Matha (a mother practising the Ten Precepts). Higher ordination is denied to them. So, they are not on par with the ‘Bhikkus.’
Nunneries do not enjoy the patronage of the Buddha Sasana as represented by the Siam, Amarapura and Ramanna Orders. The Ministry of Buddhist Affairs does not recognise them or fund them. The monk’s identity card is denied to the nuns.
In 1998, a progressive monk, Sri Sumangala Thero of Dambulla, ordained 22 women as ‘Bhikkunis’. But they are yet to get official recognition. | <urn:uuid:4badb0f7-7925-4028-a4bb-6dd61f0a29e7> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=43,11349,0,0,1,0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657140890.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011220-00163-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934101 | 394 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A question I would love to hear students asking in response to these kinds of findings might be, Why do you think roughly half of Americans believe that God created people sometime within the last 10,000 years? This question isn't so much to make an argument against anything, but it is important to realize the underlying assumptions of both sides in this debate.
When teachers make any kind of statements about religion, the Bible, or creationism, it should be fair for a student to ask, What does taking the Scriptures (or tenets of said faith) literally teach us about creation and the origin of life?
Some things to ponder when considering source evidence:
- New discoveries and understandings lead to changes in the theory of evolution. The creation story as told in Genesis has never had to be revised due to new findings.
- The Bible is written by about 40 different authors over a 1500 year time span on three different continents from people of all ranks of society. There is simply no other work, sacred or secular, that has even close to such an incredible story of formation and preservation.
- The Bible is the best selling book in the world. Its historical accuracy is remarkable. Archaeologists uphold its claims time and time again. | <urn:uuid:1571cd70-b671-439a-83bf-16885fda7052> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://howmuchgreater.blogspot.com/2012/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121453.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00049-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968346 | 248 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Imagine walking through the narrow alleys of Hinnuni, or Bab el-Shargi, two of the many Jewish neighborhoods of Baghdad, on a Thursday afternoon sometime in the first half of the 20th century. No doubt you would be engulfed by the fragrance of kitchri simmering in every kitchen. Thursday’s main meal was always dairy — a simple dish that they called ‘the meal of the poor.’ This was how the community eased into Friday, when each household would serve a festive Shabbat meat dinner.
Thursday was also laundry day. On Wednesday afternoons laundry women, known as ghassalas, would flock to the Jewish neighborhoods from the outskirts of the city, where they would be hired to wash the laundry of the large Jewish families. The ghassalas would sleep in their employers’ houses in order to be able to get up before dawn to begin their day by squatting in the inner courts and tending to the huge tanks of boiling water sitting on top of kerosene burners. They would spend the rest of the day grating blocks of laundry soap, scrubbing, washing, rinsing, and finally wringing piles of linens and clothing. Their strong hands would be immersed in sudsy hot water up to their elbows, their fingers like prunes, their bracelets chiming gently. The ghassalas’ teenage daughters would join them in the morning and spend the day running up and down the stairways carrying the heavy loads of wet laundry to hang on rooftop lines to dry. While the ghassalas tended to the laundry, the women in the kitchen prepared kitchri.
Jewish Iraqi cuisine is very conservative and prescribed. Recipes are followed to the letter. The repertoire is impressive, but no deviations are allowed. Every Iraqi woman makes the same aruk (griddle cakes), kubba burghul (bulgar kubba), kubba hamodh (sour kubba), kubba shwandar (kubba in root beet sauce), the same mukhallala (pickled root beet) and the same babe btamar (date cookies). Yet, when it comes to kitchri, each household follows its own tradition. The common ingredients are rice, red lentils and cumin. Most garnish their kitchri with garlic fried in butter. Some begin by frying an onion. Some include tomato paste, others turmeric. No matter which tradition you follow, the fragrance is irresistible. My mother, Ora Sasson (née Mun?ra Darzi, who was born in Baghdad and now lives in Holon, Israel), begins by sautéing an onion in butter, oil, salt, and tomato paste. She then puts in rinsed rice and red lentils, adds water and simmers until the lentils are dissolved and the rice cooked. She melts butter, garlic and cumin in a frying pan for garnish. After the rice and lentils are cooked, she pours the garnish on top and mixes thoroughly.
Tomato paste, like most other condiments in Iraq in those days, was home made. In the summer, when tomatoes where abundant, the man of the house would go to the market and bring home boxes of them. They were washed thoroughly and then whoever was available, mostly children, would spend hours squeezing them with their little hands. The crushed tomatoes would then be put into large metal bowls and taken to the roof to dry in the sun. At night they would be covered for protection from debris and pollutants, and in the morning someone would remove the cloth and stir the thickening mush. This was repeated for a few days until the right consistency was reached. Then the paste would be put into smaller ceramic bowls called burniyyis and taken to be stored in the cool basement.
The kitchri of my aunt Shula Darzi (née Suh?m Shammai, who was born in Amara, southeast Iraq, and lives in Holon), comes out yellow, not orange like my mother’s, because she uses turmeric rather than onions and tomato paste. So, too, is the recipe that my friend Elie Yeshua (née Liyy?hu Shua, born in Hanaqin, northeast of Baghdad, and living in Teaneck, New Jersey) follows, his mother’s legacy. My friend Hagit’s mother, Aliza Goral (née Louise Dudi, born in Basra, south Iraq, living on Kibbutz Beeri), remembers that in her family they used purified butter made of buffalo milk.
Thursday evening, the ghassalas would be paid their wages, and given a big bowl of kitchri to feed their own families. Jewish families would gather around their dining-room tables and the kitchri would be served. Kitchri is not merely a dish; it is an entire meal, always served with creamy yogurt on top, alongside fried eggs, and accompanied by a salad of finely chopped tomatoes, cucumbers, red peppers, and lots of parsley, dressed with sesame oil and lemon juice, salt and pepper. To show their appreciation, people at the table would thank the cook saying, “ashtidek” (may your hands live).
Jews lived in Iraq for 2,500 years. The Iraqi diaspora is the oldest Jewish community outside the Land of Israel. Soon after they arrived, the exiles took heed of the Prophet Jeremiah’s advice:
“Thus says the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, to all the exiles whom I have sent into exile from Jerusalem to Babylon: Build houses and live in them; plant gardens and eat what they produce. Take wives and have sons and daughters; take wives for your sons, and give your daughters in marriage, that they may bear sons and daughters; multiply there, and do not decrease. But seek the welfare of the city where I have sent you into exile, and pray to the Lord on its behalf, for in its welfare you will find your welfare” (Jeremiah 29:4-7).
The Jews lived peacefully among their non-Jewish neighbors. Their communities prospered. The first Jews exiled to Babylon in the fifth century BCE were Hebrew speakers, but they quickly adopted the local language, Aramaic, including its writing system. Hebrew script, or square script, is not really a Jewish invention, rather it is credited to the gentile Aramaic speakers of antiquity. The Jews can only be credited as the guardians of this script. First used as a secular language, Aramaic eventually was used in liturgy and prayer as well. Soon after the spread of Islam, in the seventh century CE, when Arabic replaced Aramaic, Iraqi Jews adopted the new language, spiced with terms and vocabulary from Hebrew and Aramaic. Jews retained their medieval Arabic as they remained a constant entity in a land that went through population shifts and migrations. As a consequence, it was the Jews who held on to the language of the past.
After 2,500 years of sojourn, Jews left Iraq in the early 1950s. Most of those whose mother tongue was that unique dialect of Jewish-Iraqi Arabic are now departing this world one by one. But the Thursday kitchri tradition is alive and well. Perhaps not in the narrow alleys of Hinnuni or Bab el-Shargi, but in households all over the world, the fragrance of kitchri continues to fill the air. It was indeed on a recent Thursday afternoon that my 24-year-old son called from across the continent and asked me to guide him through the preparation of kitchri. I knew I had done something right.
Join in the tradition with these kitchri recipes provided by Dr. Sasson! | <urn:uuid:24022a69-c760-4f9f-985d-97d8f17b1f65> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.cjvoices.org/article/odetokitchri/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.969986 | 1,620 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Roca Sagrada (Sacred Rock) is a monolith located at the northern end of Machu Picchu. Right next to Roca Sagrade is the entrance to the road to Huayna Picchu – the iconic mountain representing the nose of the face looking at the sky.
The Sacred Rock has a height of 3 meters and the length of 7 meters. The monolith is seated within a rectangular perimeter with two adjacent chambers called huayranas, which have the peculiarity of having only three walls.
The anthropology experts say that the monolith resembles the profile of a feline on a carved granite podium. They interpret it as the representation of the puma (sacred animal in the Inca civilization) in the hill Pumasillo in Machu Picchu, on the eastern slopes of the Vilcanota mountain range. Cerro Pumasillo, which lies in the background, displays certain resemblance with the form in which the Sacred Rock was carved.
The location of the Sacred Rock at the center of two huayranas located one in front of the other separated by a high ceiling patio suggests the use of the rock for religious ceremonies. Apparently, this rock would be an altar, central and important element in a worship area, intended for the worship of the Apu “Yanantin“.
The Incas worshiped the mountains, which acted as tutelary gods (Apus). Even at present, the Andean man continues with the conception coming from his ancestors, which teaches him to live in harmony with Mother Earth (Pachamama). For this reason he also continues to perform rituals, offering his Apus respect and veneration.
The Inca Bridge is a rather unamazing secret access route to Machu Picchu. Given that the citadel is visited by thousands of people every day, only a handful make it to the bridge. I went during a break in the rain, which eventually resumed, forcing me to seek shelter for half an hour, but during the entire time I only came across a middleaged couple that paid the bridge a visit.
The access to the Inca Bridge is by walking up toward the Machu Picchu Mountain – that’s the mountain opposite the Huayna Picchu Mountain, which is the one resembling the nose pointing toward the sky, forming the background to the citadel. Machu Picchu Mountain is taller than Huayna Picchu, but it’s hardly ever photographed because the citadel sits at the foot of Huayna Picchu. Both can be climbed – for a steep fee, of course.
Luckily, whereas the Inca Bridge doesn’t draw the hoards of tourists, access to this partially-inspiring feature is free. At least up to my visit is has been. There is however a small wooden hut at the beginning where everyone wishing to access the bridge needs to sign in with their credentials and the time of entry. Then upon leaving, you check out, allowing the wardens to know that you have not fallen off the cliff and they don’t have to send a crew to recover your corpse.
What makes the Inca Bridge partially inspiring is the fact that the trail to it was built into the utterly sheer cliff. The Incas literally had no slope to work with, so they had to take out enough mountain to make the trail a reality.
The drops are at times stomach-churning, but the trail is always wide enough to not feel vertigo. Unless you suffer some truly uncontrollable fear of heights, I don’t expect you’d have issues walking the cliff side.
The walk is not very long and is for the most part flat with only minimal inclines. It took me about 15 minutes to reach the end, and that’s with frequent stops to take photos.
Unfortunately, the bridge itself cannot be reached. There is a gate that stops you a bit of a distance before the bridge, but you will still have the views of it from the final stretch of the walkway. But then again – if access to the bridge was allowed, Machu Picchu would be recording fatalities on regular basis, so I see why they would not let tourists on the planks.
All the Inca Bridge is, is a gap in the stone path traversed by a few planks of wood. This way, if an invading force found the secret access trail and tried to invade Machu Picchu, the inhabitants would just need to drop the planks into the vertical abyss below, or simply raise them, and the crossing over would become pretty much impossible.
Having been constructed around 1450 AD, but not rediscovered until 1911, Machu Picchu remained hidden to the invading Spaniards, preserving its authenticity for the modern world.
Still, many questions surrounding the Lost City of the Incas remain unanswered.
In Quechua, the language of the Incas, Machu Picchu means “Old Mountain“. On the contrary, Huayna Picchu (the mountain peak forming the nose of the face looking up to the sky) means “Young Mountain“.
Located at 2430m, Machu Picchu was designated world heritage site of UNESCO in 1983.
The famous way of building the Incas used in the construction of Machu Picchu is called Ashlar. The stones are cut in such a way that they fit perfectly with the other stones without having to stick them with some kind of glue.
Machu Picchu also served as an astronomical observatory. The sacred Intihuatana Stone indicates the two equinoxes and twice a year the sun is perfectly aligned with the stone without creating any shadow.
Professional cameras are not allowed in Machu Picchu. Permissions for professional cameras are sold for more than $300, so it’s best not to bring an SLR camera with a big lens. I only had a Samsung Galaxy S5 cell phone and a GoPro Hero 4.
At Machu Picchu, the rainy season lasts from November to March. For this reason, in order to avoid getting soggy while exploring the Lost City of the Incas, and the cloud cover obstructing the view of the iconic “face looking into the sky” mountain (Huayna Picchu), the best time to visit Machu Picchu is from April to October. Regardless, even if you time your trip for within those months, you could still get rained on. That’s exactly what happened to me.
I visited Machu Picchu exactly on September 24, 2018. So even though I was well within the so called “dry season“, it rained quite a bit on that day and the clouds kept getting in the way of scoring good pictures. Either way, the entire experience of getting to Machu Picchu was disappointing enough to make it clear that there is no way in hell I would be visiting the place ever again, and after shelling out the heavy 152 Soles (about $46 US) for half the day entry to the Inca citadel, that notion was further strongly enforced.
So in my case, even though the weather remained nice and sunny throughout the entire unplanned “Inca Trail” hike, when I got to visit the actual Machu Picchu, the day got cloudy and during a hefty part of it, it also rained. But what do you do if you visit Machu Picchu on a cloudy day? You make the best of it nevertheless. You can’t choose or command the weather.
Unfortunately, even though the entrance to the citadel is mighty steep, you are rather restricted in how you get to enjoy it. In my case, it was cloudy and it rained for the best part of the afternoon, but at around 4:30, or about an hour before the allocated time to see Machu Picchu for which I paid a hefty fee ran out, the rain stopped and the sky started to clear up, but when I started retracing my steps back through the citadel in order to use the remaining hour on snapping a new set of pics of this time nicely illuminated mountain peaks and ancient architecture, I got yelled at by the guards who demanded that I continue on out of the complex, barring me from utilizing the remaining hour of my visit.
Obviously, because while it rained, I wasn’t able to be very active with the camera, so I lost a lot of time for picture taking, and had to keep moving along because for one I was getting rained on, and secondly, the mass of people within the complex was being yelled at to keep moving forward through the alleys of the man made sections of Machu Picchu.
So to reiterate what I have been congruent about throughout moment I started writing about Machu Picchu – no matter how you look at it, if you take into the account the cost as well as the overall headache of visiting the citadel, and put it against what you get if you go through the cost and the headache of getting there, it’s simply not worth it.
There are places that are far more interesting, incomparably less expensive to visit, and which are not deliberately kept inaccessible in order to force the would be visitor to get absolutely screwed on the means to arrive, that would give the visitor more in terms of visual and spiritual experience.
I started questioning the worth of Machu Picchu as soon as I got dropped off at the road block, and wish the whole time I had listened to my got and turned around instead of toiling my way toward the citadel. But as I kept on going, and fooling myself that perhaps in the end it turns out being worth it, each new experience proved that I was wrong and should have absolutely listened to my gut telling me to turn around as soon as we did not arrive at Hidroelectrica with the van.
Even in Peru itself there are far more interesting places than Machu Picchu, and unlike Machu Picchu, they will not burn a hole in your wallet. There’s no other way to put it – Machu Picchu does not live up to the hype and with the involvement of the high cost to see it, I have no option but to recommend the readers to avoid it as not worth your time, effort and money.
Even though the super costly ticket to Machu Picchu permits the visitor to enter the Lost City of the Incas for only half a day, you lose part of the half-day to standing in line at the office selling tickets in Aguas Calientes, because even when they’re open, they refuse to sell the tickets any sooner than 2 hours before the permitted visit begins.
If you factor in the fact that you will spend at least 2 hours in line because thousands of people will show up to get the ticket, and unless you shell out an additional $12 US for the bus ride up there, you will also need another hour of ultra strenuous hike up a steep hill to reach the gate of the ancient citadel, despite shelling out $46 US for the half-day entry, you will have lost one-fourth or one-third of that limited time allowance trying to get the paperwork for the entry in order.
That was certainly the case with me, but whereas I already stood in line and shelled out 152 Soles for the entry ticket, once I had it, I hit the road to get up there. And let me tell you, ascending that hill is no walk in the park.
It involved about 15 minutes of backtracking through Aguas Calientes back toward Hidroelectrica, until one reaches the metal bridgeS over the Vilcanota River shortly after which a sign will direct you off the windy road used by the buses and onto the trail for hikers with an apparent wish to spit out their lungs on the super steep hill.
Let me say that again – that hike is steep. The stone steps laid on the slope to make the hike possible will force you to raise your feet up high to make each step, and it will squeeze every bit of energy out of your thigh muscles so you better have some if you decide to undertake the hike instead of taking the bus. Your heart will be pounding along the way too, as from the moment you take the first step up, all the way to the last, you will be going through some serious cardio exercise with high demand for oxygen.
And as you go up, you realize that once you go down, the strain will be moved from your heart onto your knees. Because the hill is really steep, there is a significant height difference between individual steps so going down will force you to land really hard on your feet, putting high strain on your knees right from the start. And that will last all the way down. I think in my personal case, the way down wore me out more, because my knees really took the beating there. My thighs were trembling by the time I got up, but the muscle exhaustion wore out after a while. The wear to my knees however accompanied me for months after descending Machu Picchu.
Also, you better wear a pair of quality hiking boots with strong soles, because going down those steep stone steps will put their durability to the test. And without strong soles on your shoes, it will be the soles of your feet that will take the beating.
As with any challenging hike, make sure you hydrate well before the start and tag along a bottle of extra water to keep yourself hydrated along the way. Some light snack could also be helpful, even though I didn’t bother with one myself.
Whereas the hiking trail follows the right side of the road made for the buses, it intersects with the road on a few occasions, so the option to avoid the steep trail and follow the switchbacks on less steep, but longer road exists. I considered that option a few times, especially while going down because the steep steps were really making it hard on my knees, but whereas it rained on the day of my visit to Machu Picchu, the frequent buses turned the road to muddy hell so continuing along the incomparably cleaner stone trail was much sounder at the time. Moreover, the Peruvian drivers are not particularly known for being respectful of pedestrians so sharing the narrow road with multiple buses squeezing in from both direction could be potentially hazardous to one’s life.
There is one intersection of the hiking trail with the bus road that will force you to walk up the road a bit anyway, and look for the spot where the trail continues. It’s somewhat marked, but not immediately obvious after initially getting on the road.
Along the upper sections of the trail you will encounter a few local women selling refreshments and whereas the majority of the people take the bus up and down the mountain, they are rather aggressive with the few who take the mountain on foot.
Overall, if you like to challenge yourself, I’d recommend that you take the hike. Though fact of a matter is that this hike would be done for the challenge, not for the views, as there are hardly any due to the vistas being blocked by trees, but you’ll get the views once you get up to the citadel. If however you’re not somewhat physically fit, or you have sensitive knees, you’re probably better off taking the bus. Although it will likely have been the most expensive bus ride of your life. But then again, everything about Machu Picchu is expensive and it’s purposefully maintained that way.
The Aguas Calientes office that sells entrance tickets to Machu Picchu is located at the foot of Avenida Pachacutec, next to Centro Cultural where there is the iPeru office (iPeru is a helpful government tourist information service with offices in many cities around the country). It is on the north side of Plaza de Armas.
After I arrived in Aguas Calientes, I went to buy the ticket for the afternoon (segundo turno) of the following day, but even though the office was open, the clerks told me the tickets for the afternoon can only be purchased in the morning of the same day.
That seemed a bit strange, as there are many tourists who have had their entrance tickets bought days in advance, plus because only a limited number of tourists is allowed entry each day, there often are stories of people not being able to buy tickets for the desired day, it got me a bit concerned. However whereas none of the two clerks was willing to give me any answer but to come back at 10am the following morning if I wanted to buy a ticket for that afternoon, I had no option but to let it go and intend to come back in the morning.
At that time, I was already pretty on the edge about the whole Machu Picchu, having had to endure an extensive walk through one village to another, because the locals set up roadblocks with the sole goal to make the lives of economy supporting foreigners difficult, so as the reasons to give Machu Picchu a pass kept piling up, my doubt about the worth of the place kept rising.
With each passing minute I kept wishing I had turned around the moment the van dropped me off in the middle of nowhere and said “screw it” to Machu Picchu. Sadly, the well sold idea that the Inca Citadel is worth it has been itched deeply enough into my mind to keep me on the path. In hindsight, I can securely attest that Machu Picchu is not worth it at all.
Still, whereas I already got as far as Aguas Calientes, meaning I was literally at the foot of Machu Picchu, and I already had a room in a hotel paid for, doing anything other than getting some rest after a lot of walking to wake up in the morning and buy that damned ticket as the clerks selling them instructed me to seemed like the only viable option given the circumstances. So that’s what I did.
When I woke up in the following morning, I went to get breakfast and intended to combine it with a trip to the ticket office to buy my entrance to Machu Picchu for the same day’s afternoon. Even though they told me to come at 10am, I assumed it was an approximate time and whereas come 8am the office was already open, I popped in and asked for the ticket for the afternoon.
As before, I got a cold shoulder and was told to come back at 10am. None of it made sense, and to this moment it doesn’t, so the only explanation for why they do it is to literally spite the tourists some more. I mean – the office is open, they could be using the time they are there for sale of the tickets, but no – they put everyone off until 10am, so if you factor in the more than an hour long hike up the hill to get to the gate of Machu Picchu, you will barely make it there by 12pm, which is when the beginning of your overpriced visit begins.
Still, whereas the clerks were refusing to sell me the ticket before 10am, I went to grab a breakfast and returned back to hotel to wait until 10am comes. Shortly before it came, I walked back down to the office only to find a major line of people waiting there. It became clear that everyone who wanted to visit Machu Picchu in the afternoon was told to buy their ticket at 10am, so when that hour came, everyone – hundreds of them – turned up.
At this stage, the frustration with the whole Machu Picchu deal was reaching its peaks.
The Peruvian government keeps Machu Picchu purposefully isolated so that the only convenient way to get there is by way of a train, which is priced at up to $485 US each way – absolutely ridiculous and a major rip off, especially if you consider that the locals are charged an equivalent of $3 (10 Soles) for the ride. As such, in order to get to Machu Picchu, a visitor needs to permit the Peruvians to rip him the hell off, or undertake an arduous, a likewise expensive Inca Trail trek through the mountains.
If you are not willing to spend a fortune on either of the excessively expensive options, you need to go through the complicated process of combining multiple rides with a 10 km hike from Hidroelectrica to Aguas Calientes to eventually get to the foot of the hill housing Machu Picchu, but if like me you encounter road blocks on the way, you will be forced into an arduous Inca Trail against your will anyway.
Then if you go through it all, like the foolish me did, you get to Aguas Calientes, where you will be expected to shell out 152 Soles (about $46 US) for a half day access to Machu Picchu, which would entitle you to enter, as in my case, at 12pm and stay until 5:30pm, but whereas they won’t start selling the tickets until 10am, and refuse anyone the sale until 10am, by the time 10am comes there is a major line up, so you’ll end up shelling out the high entrance cost, but by the time you get the ticket, it will already be 12pm, but you will still have more than an hour before you get to the gate of Machu Picchu, or use an option to pay $12 US for a one way bus ride to take you up there (which itself lasts about 20 minutes).
In other words – the Peruvians make visiting Machu Picchu a major pain in the butt, and milk you hard core along the way like you were just born yesterday, but will not sell you the ticket early enough to get to the place on time, and when you finally get there, you realize it’s really not as mindblowing as they make it out to be.
Yes, I did eventually go to Machu Picchu, but I still keep asking myself why have I not followed my inner voice and given up on this place while there was time. Instead, I spent all this time, energy and money on visiting what is a well promoted, but over-hyped and truly unworthy place. There are many much more interesting, rewarding and uplifting places one can visit around the world, and they cost a fraction of Machu Picchu, or even are free to visit.
All things considered, given the high cost of entry and arrival, Machu Picchu does not deliver.
Having been made into the tourist trap that it is, the city of Aguas Calientes is stuffed full of restaurants. But they all have one thing in common – they are geared for tourists and offer food at tourist prices.
But a smart traveler realizes that all those locals who stick around Aguas Calientes in order to take advantage of the tourists lured by the overblown promotion of Machu Picchu also need to eat, and they surely don’t dine in any of the tourist restaurants.
Here’s where the Central market of Aguas Calientes, otherwise known as Mercado de Abastos (Food Market) comes to play.
Located close to the train station in the Machu Picchu Pueblo (the name into which the Peruvian government is trying to rebrand Aguas Calientes), Mercado de Abastos towers rather inconspicuously a little bit up the stairs, in a building that hardly attracts any tourists, despite thousands passing in front of it literally on a daily basis.
On the main floor of Mercado de Abastos one can encounter sellers of fresh fruits, however just as everything in Aguas Calientes, these are all heavily overpriced, having been shipped to the pueblo by train. Once done asking fruit sellers for prices but not buying anything because of the ridiculous price, an unlikely tourist can walk up the stairs to reach the market’s upper floor, and encounter stalls selling cooked dishes for the locals who work in the many of Aguas Calientes’ tourist establishments.
Even though at 12 Soles for a menu consisting of a soup and a main dish, the prices up there are still high by Peruvian standards, Mercado de Abastos is the cheapest place to get fed in Aguas Calientes, and truly the only somewhat economical way to eat while waiting to go up to Machu Picchu.
I definitely took advantage of it, and even though during my 3 day stay in Aguas Calientes I was the only tourist who took said advantage, it didn’t bother me one bit being surrounded by locals slurping loudly their food and chewing it with their mouth open like a pack of cows on a field, because it came with the good feeling that I wasn’t allowing the overpriced services of Aguas Calientes take advantage of my being there entirely.
When it comes to the problems with the overpopulation of street dogs, pretty much every third world country I have visited has it. Including Peru. Many street dogs one encounters while roaming the third world are sickly, with various skin conditions. But when it comes to the Peruvian Hairless Dog, the loss of his hair as he ages is natural and not a sign of a disease.
Known locally as “Perro Sin Pelo de Perú” (Dog Without Hair of Peru), the Peruvian Hairless Dog is a country’s native species.
Just as there are many theories about the settlement of America, there are many other hypotheses about the appearance of the hairless dog in Peru. Some historians say that they accompanied the man when he passed through the Behring Strait and others say that it was introduced in later times by Chinese settlers who arrived at the time of President Ramón Castilla (half of the 19th century).
There is however evidence of the presence of hairless dogs since there is culture in Peru. Images on ancient pottery found in Peru suggests cultures as old as Chavin (800 BC), Moche (600 AD), Wari (700 AD), Vicus (300 AD), Chimu (1100 AD), Chancay (1100 AD) and Inca (1450 AD) lived with hairless dogs in their company. Whereas the motifs involving hairless dogs show the animals in everyday situations, including giving birth to puppies and the puppies suckling, it is believed the dogs were mostly considered as pets.
As part of its history it is worth mentioning that in pre-Hispanic times there was a custom of eating dogs in ceremonial acts, in replacement of human flesh, especially in the Huanca culture (central highlands) and it is believed that these dogs were the favorites for the feasts, according to the chroniclers.
In the time of the Incas, the flesh of these dogs was valued for its effects to calm the stomach ache, to warm the feet and to perform magical rituals.
On June 12, 1985 the International Cynological Federation, a Thuin, Belgium based organization which is responsible for the registration or acceptance of new breeds of dogs, recognized and recorded the Hairless Dog of Peru as a breed with the number 310, classifying it in Group V, Spitz type, which are athletic and agile dogs ideal for racing, as well as in section 6, where Primitive type dogs are located. This means that they are pure breeds, ie they do not arise from the mixtures of other breeds like the buldog or poodle, but nature made them as they are, not having varied their morphological characteristics in thousands of years.
The Peruvian Hairless Dog was officially recognized as National Heritage of Peru by the Congress of the Republic on October 22, 2001 and is recognized as a race originating in Peru, through decree law No. 27537. It is also known as El Viringo Peruano, Calato Dog, Chimú Dog, Peruvian Inca Orchid, or Viringo.
Due to the lack of hair, this breed keeps his body warmer to protect himself from the environment, which has been the basis for attributing medicinal properties to the dog – for example to relieve rheumatism.
Because the Peruvian Hairless Dog has no hair, it is also said to be suitable for people with allergies, bronchial problems and asthma. The lack of hair also means it has no fleas nor ticks, since these have nowhere to nest.
My first encounter with the Peruvian Hairless Dog was in Aguas Calientes, where locals appear to have them on display for all visiting tourists to see. I have come across a number of them during my subsequent travels through Peru and have often seen them dressed up in dog suits in order to protect their skin from sunburn. They have always been peaceful and friendly. I think they’d make for a great companion for a person looking for a non-aggressive companion to their home.
Aguas Calientes is the closest town and the access point to the National Park of Machu Picchu. Even though the Peruvian government is working hard to rebrand the town as “Machu Picchu Pueblo” (Machu Picchu Town), the name of Aguas Calientes sticks because it’s been known thus for years, and the fact that its original name (meaning “Hot Waters” in Spanish) reflects the fact that at the back of the city, in a small nook of the mountain, you can find “thermal-medicinal waters” only further assists in maintaining the old moniker.
The government of Peru is deliberately ensuring that Aguas Calientes remains an island on the land, isolated from reasonable road access, so that the only way to reach the lost city of the Incas is by way of the train, which allows the government to brutally overcharge the tourists for the access (upward of $480 each way for a ride that the locals pay an equivalent of $3).
Aguas Calientes is for all intents and purposes a tourist town. It’s purpose of serving as the final rest stop for foreigners on their way to and from Machu Picchu seems so obvious, that if it weren’t for Machu Picchu, it would most probably not exist at all.
But because of Machu Picchu, Aguas Calientes receives thousands of people from all over the world every day.
As a matter of fact, according to the official statistics, the city has 3,400 residents and receives an average of 1,500 daily tourists. I was one of them suckers.
Because its primary purpose is to serve as the last stop for tourists heading to Machu Picchu, Aguas Calientes is replete with hotels and restaurants, as well as convenience shops selling heavily overprice goods, plus you would find there offices of banks with ATMs, the sales office of entrance tickets to the archaeological zone of Machu Picchu, police station, the IPerú office, post office, pharmacies, small medical center (Health Center), cybercafés, public telephones, shops of souvenirs and gifts, and adjacent to the train station a crafts market with handicrafts of dubious origin and quality.
All travelers from and to the Inca citadel of Machu Picchu must pass through Aguas Calientes. The actual Machu Picchu archeological site is located 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) up the hill – about 1 hour 30 minutes walk if you decide to avoid shelling out $10 USA for the bus to take you up the windy road to the lost Inca city.
When I arrived, I was pretty sweaty from the 10km long walk in the mostly unshaded sun. As I was making my way deeper into the city in order to come across more economical accommodation option, I was being repeatedly approached by touts trying to lure me into a restaurant for a lunch, as well as women trying to lure me into a massage parlor to get a massage.
I was pretty adamant that first I need to secure myself with a room, leave my luggage there and take a shower before entertaining any of the offers, so I resolutely declined any and all approaches. As for the massages – I knew from Cusco that it makes no sense getting a massage in South America, and I was sure the prices would be even more aggressive in the entirely touristy Aguas Calientes.
Aguas Calientes has accommodation options for all pocket depths, but expectedly, the cheapest ones also provide the adequate quality. I initially got myself a room for 40 Soles (about $12 US), which had moldy walls and was overall very crummy and dark, but I was ready to suffer through it in order to avoid paying too much in a place like Aguas Calientes, but whereas the internet just didn’t work in said hotel, after a couple hours of frustration trying to get online, I had to resolutely cancel my stay there and look for a room elsewhere.
Eventually I got me a room for 50 Soles (about $15 US), which even though located in a really loud place, both internally and externally, was reasonably comfortable and came with a queen sized bed, and whereas the staff could care less about manning the reception properly, I sneaked in a Brazilian girl I met while getting lost looking for the Temple of the Condor at Machu Picchu, and spent the night with her without anyone in the hotel noticing.
Hidroelectrica, as the last place accessible by a car on the way to Machu Picchu, always has some locals hanging around trying to sell the hoards of tourists passing by stuff. There are also a few restaurants and shops selling fruits and water along the way, but they are all very overpriced. One restaurant I passed also had a sign that they exchanged money, so I asked what kind of rate they offered for US dollars, and the woman told me she’d give me 3 Soles for each Dollar. The official exchange rate at the time was 3.39 Soles for a Dollar, so like everything else, changing money at Hidroelectrica was not worth it.
From where you get dropped off, the foot trail follows a train track, but if you follow that one, you will soon hit a dead end. There is a rather inconspicuous turn heading steep up hill to the right after a couple minutes of walking, which looks like it’s a way to one of the restaurants. And it indeed is, but it also gets you to the other train tracks which are higher up. Those are the tracks that go around the hill all the way to Aguas Calientes.
So basically, if right at the beginning of your trek from Hidroelectrica to Aguas Calientes you did not get your heart pumping by following a trail heading steeply up the hill to your right, you’re going the wrong way and will have to backtrack because the trail you are on leads nowhere. I did it too.
Once on the upper tracks, you’re good to go. Several minutes in and you will pass under a short tunnel, and a few more minutes later, you’ll hit a bridge over the Vilcanota River which has carved the canyon that forms the base for Machu Picchu.
There are several signs along the tracks informing you that it’s prohibited to cross the tracks, but at a number of locations, the tracks cross over creeks giving the hiker no option but to actually walk on the tracks. Besides, the trail that follows the tracks is at one point on the left, and at the other on the right, so like it or not, you will cross on the tracks several times.
Even though the trail is at the bottom of the canyon carved by the Vilcanota River and follows the hill housing Machu Picchu, you will not get any reasonable glimpse of the lost citadel from down there. Still, unless it rains on you, the walk is scenic and the nature as well as the surrounding hills spectacular. You may even get passed by one of the trains.
There are a few restaurants along the trail as well, but as with everything in this proximity, they are expensive. One fellow with a stall was selling young coconuts, but wanted way too much for them so I gave it a pass. It would have been nice to recharge with natural electrolytes, but not at 10 Soles a pop.
If you’re a fast walker and keep your foot steady on the rocky trail, you should get to Aguas Calientes in about an hour and a half from Hidroelectrica. Except for the short uphill steep hike at the beginning, the trail is flat, so it’s not that brutal on your cardio. It’s just a bit hard on the feet, because it’s rocky, so make sure you have good hiking boots on.
But then, once you get to Aguas Caliente, unless you’re cool staying in one of the priciest hotels at the beginning of the town, your trip will finish you off with forcing you to hike steep streets of the town to get to the more economical hostels. There is a tone of them in Aguas Calientes, as the town is as touristy as it gets. But if you’ve made it there, you’ve made it to the foot of Machu Picchu.
Other than in Aguas Calientes, the only way to stay any closer to Machu Picchu would be to book a room at Belmond Sanctuary Lodge, where a night costs $1,000+. If you’re one of the poeple who can afford to shell out this much for a night in a hotel, then you will sleep outside the entrance to the Inca Citadel. For the rest of us, there is Aguas Calientes, or Mchu Picchu Pueblo, as the Peruvian government is trying to rebrand the town.
Here’s also a short video of a PeruRail train that passed me by about three quarters of the hike to Aguas Calientes. This seems to have been just a locomotive that didn’t have any couches transporting people hooked on: | <urn:uuid:4534067b-2c02-4890-b833-13256398f444> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.travelingmark.com/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066568.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412023359-20210412053359-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.968099 | 7,951 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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Unlike everyone else in attendance at this important assembly and celebration, Hamlet is dressed in black mourning. Both Claudius and Gertrude are trying to persuade him to stop mourning for his dead father, which would mean giving up his black clothing. Hamlet tells his mother
'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother,
Nor customary suits of solemn black
That can denote me truly
But I have that within which passeth show.
These but the trappings and the suits of woe.
In other words, his mourning clothes are only customary and obligatory symbols of feelings of grief, but he has real feelings of grief for his dead father which he cannot show or express. One reason he cannot express them is that they are involved with what he considers his mother's adulturous and incestuous union with the new king.
Both Claudius and Gertrude seem unable to understand why Hamlet should be experiencing such strong emotions of grief for such a long time after the event. Claudius suspects that Hamlet has other reasons for being so depressed and withdrawn besides mourning for his father. Claudius will spend the rest of the play trying to figure out what is going on inside his stepson's heart and mind. He is pretty sure that Hamlet is harboring bitter resentment at having the crown snatched away while he was still at Wittenberg, and he can tolerate that resentment as long as his stepson isn't going a step further and plotting against him. That is what he wants to find out. Gertrude only thinks her son is unhappy because of his father's death and what she calls her "o'erhasty marriage." She is not suspicious of her son's political intentions, and at this point he probably has no thoughts of usurping Claudius.. He only wants to go back to school at Wittenberg, but Claudius refuses him permission because he wants to keep him where he can watch him closely and have others watch him closely as well. At this point Hamlet has not met with his father's ghost.
We’ve answered 319,360 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:12790733-191d-4744-8cf8-5c65e26da85c> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/act1-scene2-what-does-hamlet-mean-whe-he-says-but-366172 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170380.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00519-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983227 | 448 | 3.21875 | 3 |
European physicists have measured tiny particles called neutrinos moving just faster than the speed of light--only a smidgen faster, but enough to raise a serious possibility that Einstein's physics need a major overhaul.
The scientists sent a beam of neutrinos from CERN, on the Swiss-French border near Geneva, to the INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) Gran Sasso Laboratory in central Italy, 730 kilometers (454 miles) away, in a research project called OPERA. The physicists had planned to study a rare event, the transformation of the muon variety of neutrinos into the tau variety. Instead, they found the extraordinary result that the neutrinos appeared to travel faster than the speed of light.
From CNET archives: A century later, Einstein's first ideas still hold power
But over the last three years, the OPERA experiment has gathered high-precision data on exactly how long it took for the neutrinos to make a journey that should last about 2.4 thousandths of a second. The neutrinos, though, arrived about 61 billionths of a second sooner than would light traveling in a vacuum, where its speed is at a maximum.
That's about 2 thousandths of a percent faster than the speed of light--not much, but more than enough to throw a major wrench into the workings of physics if the result is validated.
The dry language of a paper, written by 174 authors, describes the result this way: "We cannot explain the observed effect in terms of presently known systematic uncertainties," referring to factors within the equipment that generates and detects the neutrinos. "Therefore, the measurement indicates an early arrival time of...muon neutrinos with respect to the one computed assuming the speed of light in vacuum."
'A complete surprise'
In the official announcement comes the more human reaction from a profession for whom the speed of light's unbreakability has been a core belief for generations.
"This result comes as a complete surprise," said Antonio Ereditato, spokesman for OPERA and a professor a the University of Bern, in a statement.
But he didn't dwell on the research's implications: "The potential impact on science is too large to draw immediate conclusions or attempt physics interpretations."
No doubt plenty of speculation will begin. But first things first: it's time for other physicists to try to figure out if the measurements could have been wrong and to see if they can be reproduced.
If the results hold up, it won't be the first time scientific beliefs have been upended. But Einstein's work has held up superbly under decades of verification and challenge.
The researchers will detail their results today at CERN, and they've published the results in a paper at Arxiv, a site for research that's not yet passed the peer-review scrutiny required for publication in academic journals.
"After many months of studies and cross checks we have not found any instrumental effect that could explain the result of the measurement. While OPERA researchers will continue their studies, we are also looking forward to independent measurements to fully assess the nature of this observation," Ereditato said.
It's another surprise from neutrinos, particles that lack any electrical charge and that interact only rarely with anything else. For decades, physicists thought neutrinos had no mass, but in the 1990s, research showed they actually are very light.
Neutrinos constantly stream through the earth, only rarely fazed by what they encounter. The sun produces them, but people also have figured out ways; CERN does so by smashing protons into a graphite target.
The rarity of neutrino interactions makes it hard to perform scientific experiments involving them. The physicists, though, measured 16,111 neutrino interactions over three years--enough to narrow the error bars that show the statistical uncertainties that plague smaller data sets.
Much of the paper, naturally, dwells on just exactly how the scientists measured the neutrinos' time of flight. To do so, they used very precise GPS measurements and atomic clocks to sychronize timing between the two facilities. Ultimately, the distance from the neutrino source to their detection was measured with an accuracy of 20cm.
Combining it all, the researchers concluded they had enough precision in their measurements. The ultimate finding was that the neutrinos arrived 60.7 nanoseconds faster than light in a vacuum would have, with a statistical uncertainty of only plus or minus 6.9 nanoseconds and measurement uncertainty of plus or minus 7.4 nanoseconds.
The researchers know their work isn't done when it comes to convincing the world that a supposedly unbreakable law has been broken.
"Despite the large significance of the measurement reported here and the stability of the analysis, the potentially great impact of the result motivates the continuation of our studies in order to investigate possible still unknown systematic effects that could explain the observed anomaly," the paper concludes. "We deliberately do not attempt any theoretical or phenomenological interpretation of the results." | <urn:uuid:29b8cd14-d88b-401d-a7f4-46dea60db672> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.cnet.com/news/physics-shocker-neutrinos-clocked-faster-than-light/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583517376.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023195531-20181023221031-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.946771 | 1,047 | 3.765625 | 4 |
February 2015: Demand for many resources already exceeds what the planet can supply. A rapidly growing global population and rising incomes in many parts of the world means more people, consuming more resources: Food, water, and energy, as well as goods and services. Already we are well past the point where the Earth can replenish the resources we consume and if current consumption trends continue, by the mid-2030s analysts suggest the world’s population will demand twice as many resources as the planet can supply – risking disasters and conflicts as people and nations compete for ever scarcer resources.
Water is now being referred to as the “new oil.” Increased per capita use in rapidly developing economies (RDEs) and greater scarcity of freshwater worldwide, exacerbated by pollution and climate change, means individuals and businesses will need to reassess the value of what has been to date a “free” resource. There will likely be increased geopolitical tensions over control of water supplies, given that well over half the world’s countries share critical water resources with other nations. In this briefing we explore the challenges around increasing water scarcity as well as some innovative ways that these are being tackled.
Living in a world of water insecurity
Water is crucial for all aspects of life, but fresh, accessible water is a scarce and unevenly distributed resource that does not correspond well with patterns of human development. Due to demographic, economic, and social changes global freshwater consumption rose at twice the rate of population growth in the 20th century – today around 1.2 billion people live in areas considered to be water stressed and, by 2025, the UN estimates that 1.8 billion people will be living in severely water-stressed areas.
In water stressed areas, insecurity over access to safe drinking water and pollution are major issues. Conserve Energy Future has compiled a list of 40 troubling facts about water pollution, some of which are below. For the complete list, click here.
- 80% of water pollution is caused by domestic sewage, for example throwing garbage on open ground and into water bodies.
- Around 70% of industrial waste is dumped into water bodies where it pollutes the usable water supply.
- Leather and chemical industries are major contributors to water pollution, in particular in emerging markets.
- 20% of the groundwater in China is used as drinking water. However, the water is highly contaminated with carcinogenic chemicals which cause high levels of water pollution. The World Bank claims that China’s water crisis costs the country more than 2% of GDP, mostly because of damage to health.
- Groundwater in Bangladesh is contaminated with arsenic; about 85% of the total area of Bangladesh has contaminated groundwater.
- In the U.S., 40% of rivers and 46% of lakes are so polluted that they are considered unhealthy for swimming, fishing and aquatic life.
The impact of water stress and insecurity
From Africa to the Middle East and California, freshwater resources are drying up, leaving many millions of people without sufficient access to safe drinking water. Access to water is a serious threat to the world – think how water issues impact food production, energy supply, increased poverty, and escalating social tensions. According to the World Economic Forum Global Risks 2014 report, water insecurity is now one of the top 3 highest risks to global development, only outpaced by financial crises and climate change.
The political challenge – Raising the potential for conflict/war
Water is increasing becoming a competitive resource; according to The Pacific Institute, which studies the impact of water on global security, there has been a fourfold increase in violent confrontations over water within the last decade. Peter Gleick, president of the Pacific Institute believes “…the risk of conflict over water is growing – not shrinking – because of increased competition, because of bad management and, ultimately, because of the impacts of climate change.” (Source: The Guardian). Below are just some examples of such violent conflicts. Click here for a more complete list.
- Iraq/Syria 2014: Fighters with the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) advanced on the Haditha Dam raising the possibility of catastrophic damage and flooding. The ISIS militants are also fighting for control of the Euphrates River Dam as government forces seek to halt their advance. (Source: Pacific Insitute)
- Mexico 2014: In a village in Mexico a confrontation over a water spring between 1,500 police and residents left more than 100 police injured and five people arrested. And it’s just the latest in a series of clashes. Local governments say they are trying to extend municipal water supply to the area while residents are afraid the objective is to take control over a local water source. (Source: Pacific Insitute)
The societal challenge – Putting strain on vulnerable populations
The lack of access to clean water is putting a strain on millions of already vulnerable people, in particular, in less developed countries. Co-founder of Water.org Matt Damon says, “Access to water isn’t an end in itself. Access to water is access to education, access to work, access – above all – to the kind of future we want for our own families, and all the members of our human family.” (Source: water.org)
- 783 million people do not have access to clean water and almost 2.5 billion do not have access to adequate sanitation. (Source: UN Water)
- 6 to 8 million people die annually from the consequences of disasters and water-related diseases. Water and sanitation claims more lives through disease than any war claims through guns. (Source: UN Water)
- Women and children spend 200 million hours per day collecting water. (Source: water.org)
The economic challenge – Threatening economic growth trajectory
As soon as 2030 global water demand could exceed supply by up to 40% if no action is taken to secure sufficient water supplies. The threat is real and smarter water management is necessary to sustain sufficient economic growth in the future. In 2011 Veolia Water released a report showing the pro and cons of “business as usual” and “sustainable” water management.
The environmental challenge – Increasing the threat to natural ecosystems
Protecting the environment means protecting the human race. However, despite greater environmental awareness some people still dispose of non-degradable rubbish such as furniture, metal, and plastic items in in the world’s natural waterways, ignoring the risk of contaminating water supplies and posing hazards for wildlife. The main threats to freshwater wildlife are habitat loss and fragmentation, pollution, and invasive species.
- Falling by 76%, populations of freshwater species declined more rapidly than marine (39%) and terrestrial (39%) populations.(Source: Living Planet Report 2014)
- The most dramatic regional Living Planet Index (LPI) decrease occurred in South America, followed closely by the Asia-Pacific region. (Source: Living Planet Report 2014)
- Fourteen billion pounds of garbage, mostly plastic, is dumped into the ocean every year killing marine life and polluting oceans. (Source: Conserve Energy Future)
How the world is responding to the water challenge through innovation
Water is a shared responsibility between societies, governments, businesses, individuals and other stakeholders but the implications of our current and future water challenges seem, from time to time, quite overwhelming. The water quantity challenge, in addition to the water quality challenge posed by increasing threats from wastewater, will demand significant shifts in global attitudes to water from all these players, in terms of usage, pricing and ways of living and operating. In parts of China, just one example amongst many countries, incidents of pollution and shortages of supply have paralyzed business operations. This disrupts global value chains, putting pressure on business and corporate reputations, even if regulatory requirements have been met. It’s time to go beyond compliance to develop radical new approaches to agriculture, water recycling, infrastructure, industrial processes, and wastewater management – and consumption habits of individuals – to ensure sufficient quality and quantity of future water supplies. The vital nature of water, a resource which is often viewed as free, will increasingly confer political and economic power on those who have and/or control access to supplies, as well as those nations and organizations who are most efficient and effective in water usage.
Changing water consumption through innovation
- The Solar Sponge: Desalination is one way to provide clean, safe drinking water. However, it is often a very energy-intensive and costly process. Taking on the challenge, MIT has come up with a new technology that could change how we desalinate water. It looks a little like a sponge but it is black material, made from graphite and filled with tiny holes. It floats on top of water while soaking up sunlight. As the material heats up, it heats up a small area of water around it, and a layer of foam at the bottom keeps everything hot. The water then turns into steam that can be captured for multiple uses from drinking water to sterilization in places off the grid. (Source: Fast Company)
- Going waterless: Since the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation invited the world to participate in its Reinvent the Toilet challenge a number of innovative approaches to waterless toilets have resulted, offering a cleaner and healthier environment and less pollution in waterways. The next big thing could be waterless or close to waterless washing machines. Today, Xeros Bead Cleaning has a commercial version of a washing machine on the market using polymer or nylon beads to clean. The beads gently rub against the clothes and up to 70% less water is needed to wash the clothes. The company hopes to market a domestic washer-dryer by 2016 that will also be able to handle dark colors and whites in the same load. (Source: CBS News)
- Game-changing technologies: The Global Cleantech 100 has identified the for-profit companies that are most likely to have a significant impact on water innovation in the next five to ten years. Click here to see the list of technologies.
Corporations in a SmartWater world
- Nestlé: In Jalisco, Mexico, Nestlé has opened its first ‘zero water’ manufacturing site in the world. It saves the water-stressed area enough water to meet the average daily consumption of 6,400 people in Mexico. Water is extracted from the factory’s dairy operations and is recycled and reused. Nestlé plans to open more ‘zero water’ manufacturing site around the world. (Source: Nestlé)
- Levi’s:In February, 2014, Levi’s announced its Chinese production partner made 100,000 pairs of Levi’s® women’s jeans with 100 percent recycled water. It saved an estimated 12 million liters of water, enough to fill almost five Olympic-size swimming pools. The company’s goal is to expand the initiative across all of its collections. Levi’s also announced that the company will share the recycled water standards with key industry stakeholders for other suppliers to use. (Source: Levi Strauss & Co)
Governments pushing better water management
- eThekwini Water & Sanitation: In the past 14 years, 1.3 million additional people in greater Durban have been connected to piped water and 700,000 people have been provided with access to toilets. eThekwini Water and Sanitation is also at the forefront of exploring technical and social solutions. One example is a mini hydro-power project: Instead of using pressure-reducing valves in pipes running down steep hillsides, the company is installing mini-turbines, using the excess pressure to generate electricity for the city’s low tension grid. The eThekwini municipality is also pioneering solutions to translate urban wastewater challenges into agricultural opportunities, as well as harvesting rainwater. Winner of the 2014 Stockholm Water Awards (Source: SIWI)
- Imposing regulations: Around the world, environmentally conscious and water stressed governments are passing new regulations on water management. Recently China, which is experiencing serious water shortages, has passed new regulations on water management, imposing extra costs for use on farmers – improving water efficiency in agriculture is considered the most effective way to achieve significant water savings in China. Elsewhere, California is experiencing the worst drought in decades and some communities are actually out of water. In July the State Water Resources Control Board imposed new restrictions on outdoor water use starting on August 1, 2014 that could result in fines of up to US$500 per violation. These are the first ever statewide rules to punish water wasters. (Source: WorldWatch Institute, San Jose Mercury News)
Working together to make a difference
- H&M & WWF: In 2013 H&M entered a three-year partnership with WWF to develop a global water strategy that will be implemented across the fashion retailer’s 48 national markets and 750 direct suppliers. (Source: The Global Trends Fieldbook: From Data to Insights to Action)
- Coca-Cola & WWF: Since 2007, they have worked together to conserve and protect priority river basins and catchments around the world; to improve water efficiency and reduce carbon emissions across Coke’s manufacturing operations; and to promote sustainable agriculture throughout the company’s supply chain. (Source: The Global Trends Fieldbook: From Data to Insights to Action)
UN Water awareness campaigns on freshwater and sanitation
- World Water day, 22 March: Focuses on the importance of freshwater and advocating for the sustainable management of freshwater resources.
- World Toilet Day, 19 November: The purpose is to make sanitation for all a global development priority and urge changes in both behavior and policy on issues ranging from improving water management to ending open-air defecation.
- Sanitation for All – The Drive to 2015: Is an advocacy campaign working to meet the Millennium Development Goals’ sanitation target and end open-air defecation.
Give us your opinion on water scarcity! Take our 2 minute survey at https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/GTwater210115
We will share the findings with you on our website http://www.globaltrends.com/ and in our March briefing.
In March: Look out for trends in action on Upstarts: Driving the entrepreneurial economy | <urn:uuid:952a4075-55bc-408d-8e4c-eefa37892ad6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.globaltrends.com/2015/01/30/gt-briefing-february-2015-the-water-challenge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499829.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130201044-20230130231044-00776.warc.gz | en | 0.941214 | 2,924 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Click to viewThis Russian Proton rocket, looking like something out of a 60s sci-fi novel, launched yesterday from Baikonur Cosmodrome carrying one of the largest satellites ever built. Arguably the best heavy boost rocket in the world, the Proton is a Cold War relic that's still a workhorse (despite some recent failures) more than forty years after the first one was launched. How did this rocket, one of the deadliest weapons ever created, end up helping North Americans watch European football matches via satellite?The first Proton was launched in 1965. It was originally designed as one huge freaking Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, with a massive range and terrifying nuclear payload. Since the East coast of the U.S. is not currently a smoking radioactive crater, you can be sure it was never actually used this way. Instead, it was put to work hauling satellites into orbit, as well as chunks of the Mir space station. Despite some recent mission failures, Protons are still regularly contracted out by international companies who need to get something heavy into space. In this case, British company Inmarsat hired a Proton to put their 6-ton Inmarsat-4 (I4-F3) telecommunications satellite into orbit. By the time you read this, we'll know if it was deployed successfully. This photo by Flickr user alexpgp shows a Proton being lifted into launch position at Baikonur.
If you head over to his Baikonur Campaigns page, you can see a huge gallery of cool insider photos taken inside Baikonur as engineers prepare for various launch missions (apparently alexpgp is an engineer with one of the companies that hires Proton rockets). Top image by: BBC News. Proton rocket in return to flight. [BBC News] | <urn:uuid:7e617c97-e641-47fd-a8ff-028b5ae03ed4> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://io9.gizmodo.com/5038657/the-russian-cold-war-rocket-that-still-does-heavy-lifting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109525.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821191703-20170821211703-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.966772 | 374 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Keeping in mind that everyone is individual and unique, a healthy lifestyle diet is embodied by 3 meals and 1-2 snacks per day.
Timing of each meal:
Breakfast – 6-8am It is important to consume the first meal ½ an hour upon rising as this is the time that the metabolism will start to work. Consuming a meal with protein and fibre is most optimal in the morning
1st snack – 10am Although not always needed, this morning snack can be important to satisfy hunger until lunch by raising the blood sugar level in order to prevent a complete drop
Lunch – 11:30-1pm Never skip a meal! Lunch is required to keep energy and stamina going. A great suggestion would be soup, salad or sandwich – always with a healthy source of protein. Vegetables and fruit are a must at this meal as well.
2nd snack – 3-4pm Mandatory! Studies have shown that consuming a snack between lunch and dinner has effectively lowered the occurrence of over eating at nighttime. As well it has been shown successful with weight loss and weight management
Dinner – 6-7pm The timing of dinner is imperative to a healthy lifestyle. Eating before 7pm is optimal for blood sugar balancing and digestion. For dinner focus on consuming protein and vegetables paired with a healthy fat. If possible skip any high carbohydrate foods as these will spike blood sugar levels and they will ultimately drop late in the night – triggering hunger sensors and late night eating
Mindful eating involves paying full attention to the experience of eating and drinking, both inside and outside the body. I have learned about this way of eating from nutrition experts Joyous Health and Kris Carr – feel free to check them out for more information! We pay attention to the colors, smells, textures, flavours, temperatures, and even the sounds (crunch!) of our food. We pay attention to the experience of the body. Where in the body do we feel hunger? Where do we feel satisfaction? What does half-full feel like, or three quarters full?
We also pay attention to the mind. While avoiding judgement or criticism, we watch when the mind gets distracted, pulling away from full attention to what we are eating or drinking. We watch the impulses that arise after we've taken a few sips or bites: to grab a book, to turn on the TV, to call someone on our cell phone, or to do web search on some interesting subject. We notice the impulse and return to just eating. | <urn:uuid:9279eb0d-2aca-471f-a46a-40d2e88b26fe> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://healthbound.ca/2017/04/19/wellness-wednesday-mindful-eating/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648178.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323044127-20180323064127-00791.warc.gz | en | 0.955117 | 506 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Introduction to Chital Deer
Welcome to the world of Chital Deer, where nature’s wonders come alive! These beautiful creatures are a sight to behold with their striking features and graceful movements. If you’re curious about these fascinating animals, then this comprehensive guide is just for you. From their physical characteristics to their natural habitat, diet, behaviour, and reproduction – we’ve got it all covered! So sit back, relax and get ready to uncover the mysteries of Chital Deer in this exciting blog post. Let’s dive right in!
The Physical Characteristics of Chital Deer
Chital Deer are known for their strikingly beautiful appearance. They have a reddish-brown coat with white spots that vary in size, and their underbelly is usually white. The males, also known as stags, have antlers which can grow up to 90 centimetres long and typically have three tines or branches.
Their head and body length ranges from 1.5 to 1.8 meters, while the height at the shoulder varies between 0.7 to 0.9 meters tall; females are generally smaller than males.
Chital Deer’s physical characteristics allow them to move swiftly through dense forests due to their slender legs which makes them agile and fast runners with speeds of up to forty kilometres per hour when trying to escape predators such as leopards, tigers or wild dogs.
One distinct characteristic of Chital Deer is that they lack upper front teeth but instead possess a hard palate on the top of their mouth which helps in grinding food efficiently before swallowing it whole.
The physical characteristics of Chital Deer make them unique creatures found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka where they thrive in different habitats ranging from tropical forests to grasslands depending on seasonal changes or human settlements affecting wildlife populations over time.
The Natural Habitat of Chital Deer
The Chital Deer, also known as the Spotted Deer or Axis Deer, are native to the Indian subcontinent. They thrive in a variety of habitats ranging from tropical forests to open grasslands.
In India, they can be found in areas such as Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. In Nepal, they inhabit places like Chitwan National Park and Bardia National Park.
They prefer forested areas with plenty of water sources nearby. This is because their diet consists mainly of fresh green foliage that requires a lot of water for growth.
During monsoon season when vegetation is abundant, they tend to congregate in large groups near water holes or riverbanks. However, during dry seasons when food is scarce, they spread out and become more solitary.
Their natural habitat has been threatened by deforestation and human encroachment over the years. Conservation efforts have been made to protect them by creating wildlife reserves and national parks where their population can thrive safely without disturbance from humans.
Understanding the natural habitat of chital deer helps us appreciate their unique ecological niche and highlights why it’s important we preserve these habitats for future generations.
The Diet of Chital Deer
The Chital Deer is primarily a herbivorous animal, and its diet can vary depending on the availability of food in its natural habitat. These deer are known to feed on various types of vegetation such as grasses, leaves, fruits, flowers, and even bark.
During the dry season when food sources are scarce, Chital Deer have been observed to adapt their diet by feeding on fallen leaves and twigs from trees. They also tend to consume certain plants that provide moisture content for them to survive during hot weather conditions.
Chital Deer have a unique digestive system that allows them to extract all the necessary nutrients from fibrous plant material. They spend most of their time grazing or browsing and will often visit water sources frequently for hydration.
Their feeding habits play an essential role in shaping the ecosystem they inhabit since they act as seed dispersers for many plant species in their environment. As they move from one location to another while feeding, they inadvertently spread seeds through fecal matter which helps promote vegetation growth.
Chital Deer’s varied diet enables them to thrive in different habitats across South Asia and parts of China where they are naturally found.
The Behavior of Chital Deer
Chital deer are social animals that typically live in herds, consisting of females and their young. Males often form bachelor groups or solitary lifestyles outside the breeding season. These deer have a hierarchical social structure where dominant males compete for mating opportunities with females during the rutting season, which occurs between October and February.
Chital deer are known to be active during the day and rest at night. During hotter months, they may also be active during late afternoon hours to avoid peak temperatures. While grazing on vegetation is their primary activity, they can also use mud wallows as a way to cool down or mark territory.
When it comes to communication, chital deer rely heavily on vocalizations such as calls and grunts to maintain contact with other members of their herd or warn them about any potential threats nearby. They also use scent marking by rubbing trees with glands located around their eyes.
Observing the behaviour of chital deer is fascinating due to how social these creatures can be while maintaining an intricate hierarchy within their group dynamic.
The Reproduction of Chital Deer
Chital deer are polygamous animals, meaning that males mate with multiple females during the breeding season. The mating season of chital deer occurs from February to April in India and July to October in Australia.
During the breeding season, male chital deer establish territories and compete for dominance by engaging in sparring matches with their antlers. Once a dominant male is established, he will mate with several females within his territory.
The gestation period for chital deer is typically between 200-210 days. Female chital deer give birth to one or two fawns at a time, usually during the monsoon months when there is an abundance of food available.
Newborn fawns are born with white spots on their reddish-brown coat as camouflage against predators. They rely solely on their mother’s milk for nourishment until they are old enough to eat solid foods around three months of age.
As young males mature, they leave their mother’s territory and form bachelor groups until they reach sexual maturity at around two years old.
Chital deer have a lifespan of up to 20 years in captivity but generally live shorter lives in the wild due to predation and other factors such as disease and habitat loss.
FAQs About Chital Deer
Where is chital in India?
Chital is a city located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It’s around 258 km southwest of Bhopal and 195 km east of Indore.
Is chital an endangered species in India?
Yes, the Chital deer is considered an endangered species in India. There are various conservation efforts being made to help protect and preserve the Chital population.
Where are chital deer found in Australia?
In which country deer is found the most?
To sum it up, the Chital Deer is a fascinating creature that has adapted to its natural habitat in extraordinary ways. With their unique physical characteristics and behavior patterns, they have become one of the most recognizable animals in Indian wildlife.
Their gentle nature and striking appearance make them an ideal candidate for ecotourism projects throughout India. It’s important to remember, however, that these are wild animals and should always be treated with respect.
As we continue to learn more about the Chital Deer and other creatures like it, we can better understand our role as stewards of this beautiful planet. By working together to protect and preserve natural habitats around the world, we can ensure that future generations will continue to benefit from all the wonders our planet has to offer – including magnificent creatures like the Chital Deer.
- Uncovering the Mysteries of Axis Deer: Their Habits, Diet, and More
- The Majestic Sambar Deer
- Discovering the Elusive Beauty of Eld’s Deer: A Comprehensive Guide
- Vampire Deer: Do They Suck Blood Myth vs. Reality
- The Elusive Kashmir Stag: A look into the unique and endangered species
- Discovering The Fascinating World of Muntjac Deer: Everything You Need to Know | <urn:uuid:d781be88-bfde-4461-b3e1-2f07904477a3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://deerhabits.com/chital-deer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100452.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202203800-20231202233800-00738.warc.gz | en | 0.962432 | 1,699 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Monkey grass (Ophiopogon spp.), or mondo grass, is a fine-textured, low-growing ornamental grass that is a friend to lazy gardeners in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 6 through 11. Monkey grass adapts to sun or shade and requires little more than regular water in its first season. Once established, monkey grass slowly spreads, creating a carpet of green, arching blades 6 to 12 inches tall that doesn't require fertilizer, is rarely affected by insects or disease and only needs cutting back once a year.
Monkey Grass Culture
Monkey grass can be planted in any moist, well-drained soil. It prefers shade in climates with hot summers, and its foliage becomes a lighter shade of green with more sun. Plant monkey grass in spring or fall as a lawn in shady areas or slopes, as an edging, in rock gardens and even in containers. Watering it weekly in its first season -- more when the summer is hot-- helps establish a strong root system that can take it through many years of less vigilant care. Digging up clumps and dividing monkey grass every two to three years in the spring lets you economically spread the plant to other areas of the garden.
As an evergreen ground cover, monkey grass is a source of color through the winter where weather is mild. The blue berries that follow the small lavender flowers also often persist in spikes through the season. In the colder end of the plant's climate range, leaves can yellow at the tips and even die back to the roots. By the end of the winter, however, even foliage that stayed green all season can begin to look a little worse for wear. Before, or just as, new shoots begin to poke through the soil at the edge of the plant in early spring is the time to freshen up monkey grass with a good trim.
Small patches of monkey grass can be cut back with pruning shears. Depending on the age of the clump, you may be able to use grass shears, but older clumps can be dense and hard to cut through. Simply gather up the arching foliage in one hand, holding it up from the roots and trim it all off a couple of inches from the ground, being careful to avoid the tips of new shoots. Large sweeps of monkey grass can be cut back with the lawnmower on its highest setting or a string trimmer. Raking away the cut foliage not only makes the area look neat but eliminates a harboring place for anthracnose, a fungal disease that can affect new growth when springs are wet and air circulation around a plant is poor. (ref 1, 5)
Monkey grass is often mistaken for another grassy member of the lily family, lilyturf (Liriope muscari). Also perennial in USDA plant hardiness zones 6 to 11, lilyturf has all the same cultural habits and nearly identical physical characteristics as monkey grass, just on a larger scale. While the blades of monkey grass foliage are no more than 1/2 inch wide, lilyturf foliage is double that width. The plant grows taller as well, often reaching 2 feet, with more prominent flower spikes. The key difference, however, is the berries that follow the flowers -- blue for monkey grass, black for lilyturf. If you do happen confuse the two, no worries, the timing for cutting back lilyturf is exactly the same. | <urn:uuid:877a0d0a-1d69-4fe1-9f01-7a5f5e65d7b5> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://homeguides.sfgate.com/right-time-cut-back-monkey-grass-42013.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529839.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420140859-20190420162859-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.944187 | 713 | 2.765625 | 3 |
On June 12th, 2014, the world watched in awe as a young paraplegic kicked off the World Cup in Brazil with the help of a robotic exoskeleton controlled by his brain.
Now, the team behind the miraculous feat — the Walk Again Project — is back with an even more astonishing report. With a year of intense brain training, eight paraplegics regained partial sensation and voluntary control of their paralyzed body areas, despite having spinal cord injuries that were previously diagnosed as irreversible.
One participant, a 32-year-old woman, was even able to move her legs in a stepping motion with her body weight suspended by a harness. Prior to the therapy, she had been paralyzed for 13 years.
Up until now, no clinical study in patients with severe spinal cord injuries has ever reported any improvement in their lost sensory and motor abilities. Even Nicolelis was shocked.
“We couldn’t have predicted this surprising clinical outcome when we began the project,” he says in a press release, “until now, nobody has seen recovery of these functions in a patient so many years after being diagnosed with complete paralysis.”
The star of the training regime is a brain-machine interface (BMI) system coupled to virtual reality and two robotic walking systems.
BMIs are Nicolelis’ bread-and-butter. Previously, his team used similar interfaces in monkeys, allowing them to control robotic limbs, computer avatars and drive around electrical wheelchairs using just their thought.
As cool as that sounds, however, a lot of these previous systems were invasive — that is, they relied on electrodes directly implanted into the monkeys’ brains to record brain activity, obviously not a great selling point for human use.
The new study eschewed brain surgery, instead using an EEG cap embedded with multiple electrodes as the recording component of the BMI. Although EEG is not as sensitive as implanted electrodes at capturing flickers of neural activity, it’s good enough to monitor big waves of activation, like those produced when we move.
The caps were tightly fitted over the patients’ motor brain regions to intercept signals, which were then used to command virtual avatars and robotic exoskeletons.
In the first stage of the regime, the patients donned an Oculus Rift headset and were transported into a game in which they controlled a soccer player standing in the middle of a stadium. They were told to picture themselves as the 3D avatar and try to move it around by imagining the movements in their own bodies. The patients also wore a “tactile shirt” that covered their forearms, which lightly vibrated every time the avatar’s feet touched the ground.
“The tactile feedback is synchronized and the patient’s brain creates a feeling that they are walking by themselves, not with the assistance of devices. It induces an illusion that they are feeling and moving their legs,” says Nicolelis in a press release.
It seemed to work: after training with virtual reality, the patients were eventually able to walk with the help of brain-controlled robotic exoskeletons in just a short 12 months. That’s a feat in-and-of-itself, but the real surprise was this: somehow, the training had reawakened the patient’s slumbering nervous system, spurring the brain to regain control of their paralyzed body parts.
All the patients showed improvements, regaining some voluntary control over muscles below their spinal cord injury — muscles closest to the injury site experienced the best improvement. They also progressed from completely unable to feel anything to experiencing light touches, pain and pressure, although their paralyzed body parts still couldn’t sense temperature. What’s more, their bowels and bladder functions also improved, suggesting that the nerves connecting spinal cord to internal organs had also healed to an extent.
This reduces the patients’ reliance on laxatives and catheters, which lowers their risk of serious infections that are a leading cause of death in patients with chronic paralysis, explains Nicolelis.
Overall, the improvements were so dramatic that half of the patients’ diagnosis were happily reclassified from complete to incomplete paraplegia.
The team originally pegged their regime as assistive instead of rehabilitative, so the results were a welcome surprise. Why the training works so well, however, is still a mystery, though the team has some ideas.
When people become paralyzed, brain regions that represent the lost body parts are slowly reprogrammed to perform other functions — a sort of “use it or lose it.” Researchers can measure this by reading brain waves with EEG. And over the course of training, the participants’ EEG pattern clearly shifted.
“We began to see signs of plasticity in their cortical function,” says Nicolelis. “Our interpretation of these changes is that we were documenting the reassertion of a representation in the patient’ brains of the lower limbs and their movement.” In other words, the brain realized that the “lost” body parts were back online, and established new neural networks to regain control.
This reawakening of the central regulator, combined with muscle movement, may have propelled nerves in the spinal cord back into action.
Previous studies found that up to 80% of patients with complete paralysis still retain some nerve function past the injury sites. The nerves often lay dormant for years like abandoned cables, waiting for signals going from the cortex to the muscles to put them back in action.
We think that the training induced spinal plasticity because of the combined use of BMIs with virtual reality, physical moment and tactile feedback, says Nicolelis. When patients are walking upright again after many years, they excite receptors in their muscles, tendons and joints, which send electrical signals to the spinal cord prompting it to adapt accordingly, speculates Nicolelis.
More research is needed to validate these ideas.
Nearly all of the participants in this study have continued their rehabilitation, and the team plans to publish an update on their additional recovery in the next year or so. They also plan to try their regime on patients who suffered more recent spinal cord injuries, to see if they experience better or faster recovery.
The team also envisions a future where brain training and stem cell injections are used together to regrow and rekindle nerves to the point of a full recovery.
“Currently, once people with spinal injuries receive a diagnosis of complete paralysis, rehabilitation consist mainly of adapting them to a wheelchair,” says Nicolelis. “We believe that our results with this long-term, sustained brain-machine interface training can be not only critical itself in triggering recovery in our patients, but it can also serve as an important motivator for spinal cord patients worldwide.”
Image and video credit:AASDAP/Duke University | <urn:uuid:a765d05f-5902-4668-a963-e2486971cc60> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://singularityhub.com/2016/08/21/paralysis-partially-reversed-with-virtual-reality-tech-in-surprising-new-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203021.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323201804-20190323223804-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.963657 | 1,412 | 3.109375 | 3 |
What Materials Were Used to Construct the Taj Majal?
The Taj Majal was primarily made of white marble and red sandstone. Other construction materials used for the world-famous Indian monument include gray and yellow sandstone, black slate, different kinds of bricks, sweet limestone, reed glue and red clay. Molasses, curd, jute and fossilized soil were mixed with lime to serve as mortar and cementing material for the building.
The Taj Majal is also famous for its use of a wide variety of semi-precious stones as a decorative element of the building. The different semi-precious stones that were used in the Taj Majal are agate, turquoise, Lapis lazuli, coral, onyx, cat's eye, jade and bloodstone. Rare stones were also used and these are goldstone, Zahar-mohra, Ajuba, Abri, Khathu, Nakhod and Maknatis. Some of the semi-precious stones were imported from places as far away as Sri Lanka, China, Tibet, Afghanistan and Arabia.
The construction employed some 20,000 workers with expert craftsmen brought in from other countries. Calligraphers came from Syria and Persia, some sculptors were from Bukhara (Uzbekistan) and stone cutters were employed from Baluchistan (part of modern day Iran).
The construction of the Taj Majal took more than 20 years, with the construction of the plinth and tomb needing 12 years, while the remaining parts of the structure needing some 10 years more. The construction of Taj Majal was constructed from 1632 to 1653. It was commissioned by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in dedication to his third wife Mumtaz Mahal who died while giving birth. | <urn:uuid:36d0e249-e765-47b9-8ece-87f0cc837889> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.reference.com/world-view/materials-were-used-construct-taj-majal-105c181d1add2039 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141748276.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205165649-20201205195649-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.970661 | 367 | 3.421875 | 3 |
A University of Arizona scientist is looking deeper into the nation's forests to update the effects of drought on trees.
UA natural resources professor David Breshears examined reports of a tree die-off during a New Mexico drought in the 1950s and compared it to the current situation in Arizona and the Southwest. Breshears found people were concerned about warming of the climate more than 60 years ago.
"At the time, ecologists were really starting to think more about climate change, and how vegetation might change and thought they ought to look more at the ecotomes, the boundaries between the ecosystems, to see how big and fast these changes can be," he said.
Breshears says droughts now follow each other at a faster rate, keeping trees and forests from having the time they need to recover.
Scientists have found trees play a key role in pulling carbon out of the atmosphere, but if the trees can't survive global warming, they can't perform that function. | <urn:uuid:31090b58-aad4-4913-a422-65fe74e77026> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://news.azpm.org/p/news-topical-sci/2018/8/19/135301-researcher-finds-new-urgency-for-climate-solution-in-tree-recovery-lag/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039750800.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121193727-20181121215727-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.975916 | 202 | 3.59375 | 4 |
We started of today with a Bellringer that outlined our major topics of discussion for the next week, as well as reviewed some old vocabulary. Below is a Distinguished Student Sample of the Bellringer and Class Notes:
After the Bellringer, we watched a video from TED-Ed on "The Wacky History of Cell Theory" by Lauren Royal-Woods, paying special attention to the meaning or origin of the term "cell," the scientist responsible for coining the term, and the technological advancement that enabled scientists to first discover and investigate them.
This video also does an fantastic job of illustrating the Nature of Science in the real-world, as opposed to the idealized, sterile, step-by-step Scientific Method so often emphasized in class. A brief discussion on the occasional "messy" nature of scientific discovery and the history of Science followed.
Finally, students were provided a text-based passage on Prokaryotes, and we asked to carefully read, employing the Literacy Strategies learned in Language Arts class, and afterwards to follow the instructions to color-code the diagram of the prokaryotic cell. Ten Check-for-Understanding questions followed. Worksheets that remained unfinished were to be completed for HOMEWORK. These color-coded diagrams will be used later in class to draw comparisons and distinctions between other eukaryotic cells. | <urn:uuid:44267884-d376-4064-9ded-7b336c9a516c> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://franklinscience.weebly.com/blogold/tuesday-0219-intro-to-cell-biology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945082.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421071203-20180421091203-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.950711 | 281 | 3.359375 | 3 |
New evidence supports mitochondrial donation
News / Published: 8 June 2016
Wellcome researchers have found that a new IVF-based technique to reduce the risk of mothers passing on mitochondrial disease to their children is likely to lead to normal pregnancies.
Mitochondrial donation involves transplanting the nuclear DNA of a recently formed embryo into the egg of a donor which contains healthy mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial disease is devastating and often life limiting.
A vote in the House of Commons in February 2015 made the technique legal in the UK but no licence has yet been issued to a clinic.
In a large study involving over 500 eggs from 64 donor women, researchers have found that the technique is likely to lead to normal pregnancies.
There is also evidence that it will reduce the risk of babies having mitochondrial disease.
The results of this study will be considered by an independent expert scientific panel convened by the UK’s regulatory body, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA). The HFEA will then decide whether to issue the first licence to a clinic.
A licensed clinic would allow couples to decide whether to use mitochondrial donation to try to have healthy children. | <urn:uuid:b5bc371e-f74c-4625-a419-5fc1f049a959> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://wellcome.ac.uk/news/new-evidence-supports-mitochondrial-donation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803848.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117170336-20171117190336-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.955878 | 240 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Today in History
(National News ~ 02/23/13)
Today is Saturday, Feb. 23, the 54th day of 2013. There are 311 days left in the year. Today's Highlight in History: On Feb. 23, 1863, British explorers John H. Speke and James A. Grant announced they had found the source of the Nile River to be Lake Victoria. (This finding was disputed by Speke's colleague, Richard F. Burton, who felt that proof was lacking, but the lake is now considered the Nile's source.)...
Out of the past 2/23/13
(Out of the Past ~ 02/23/13)
Winds gusting to nearly 50 mph yesterday sent thermometers soaring to record and near-record highs in Missouri; in Cape Girardeau, a new record high for the date was set at 4 p.m., when the thermometer at the municipal airport reached 68 degrees. The Southeast Missouri State University Student Government is conditionally supporting the university's move to NCAA Division I athletics; among those conditions is that Southeast join the Ohio Valley Conference...
Stories from Saturday, February 23, 2013
Browse other days | <urn:uuid:9780a4c4-4d72-4160-8ed2-76205411f871> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.semissourian.com/search/browse/stories/2013-02-23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202671.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322135230-20190322161230-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.943974 | 243 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What sport loses the most teeth?
Sports that have the highest incidences of tooth avulsion are basketball and baseball, mostly due to the poor facial protection of these sports. Other sports with high rates include hockey, rugby, and soccer, and seem to effect kids around the ages of 8-12 the most. Again, we only get one set of permanent teeth.
Soccer: Another sport which kids get involved with early is Soccer, and the danger for tooth loss is real with this sport too, although a bit less common than Hockey or Baseball. Bodies collide in soccer and your mouth can be struck by elbows, knees, shoulders, or even feet when going for the ball.
The Sport with the Highest Rate of Dental Injuries
Today, fewer than 2 percent of football injuries are to the mouth and face. Hockey, boxing, lacrosse and other high-contact sports have a similar mandate.So which sport has the highest rate of dental injuries?Basketball.
When players scramble for the ball, they can throw their arms up and their raised elbows can do significant damage to another player's teeth or jaw! The types of injuries most commonly seen from a soccer or sports injury are a chipped tooth, loosened tooth, fractured tooth or knocked-out tooth.
Rugby by its very nature is very physical and accidents happen, sporting injuries are a leading cause2 of adults losing teeth. Wearing a mouthguard is a simple and cheap way of ensuring kids safety.
Sports that have the highest incidences of tooth avulsion are basketball and baseball, mostly due to the poor facial protection of these sports. Other sports with high rates include hockey, rugby, and soccer, and seem to effect kids around the ages of 8-12 the most.
Common oral injuries in basketball include chipped or cracked teeth, fractured roots, knocked out teeth, and tooth intrusion. They all require treatment from a dentist as soon as possible.
Some of the worst injuries include a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), concussion, hamstring injury, fracture and patellar tendon tear. ACL injuries are prevalent in all sports; however, basketball, soccer and football are the leading sports that can expose you to ACL injuries.
What Are the Most Common Sports Injuries? Believe it or not, basketball actually has more injuries than any other sport, followed by football, soccer and baseball. Common sports injuries include hamstring strains, groin pulls, shin splints, ACL tears and concussions.
Although keeping active is important for bone and muscle strength, participating in sports such as rugby league, soccer, netball, golf, tennis and skiing can lead to some of the most painful injuries. The majority of sports injuries are a result of trauma to ligaments, muscles, and tendons.
Do NFL players lose teeth?
About 10 percent of players will end up with a dental or facial injury in any given athletic season.
Over a quarter of the American population between the ages of 65 to 74 have lost all their teeth. Some of these teeth are extracted due to decay and others either fall out or must be pulled because of periodontal disease. Among older adults, periodontal disease is one of the main causes of tooth loss.
After a child's baby teeth fall out, their bodies will grow stronger, bigger and more permanent teeth. Your child will lose 20 baby teeth but grow 32 adult teeth called succedaneous, or replacement, teeth.
It isn't uncommon for a player to walk off with seven to nine teeth missing after a game. That is why NHL dentists specialize in trauma care. Their priorities are triage, speed, and improvisation. Their job is to do enough repair so a player can return to the game even if he's missing teeth.
Boxers and participants in martial arts can suffer blows to their mouths, leading to cut cheeks and lips, and potentially damage to their teeth. The good news is that boxers typically wear mouthguards, which protect them from the worst of any impact.
To begin work on a set of prosthetics, a special effects dental technician makes a customized mold of the actor's mouth and jaw. They use the customized mold to design a set of veneers, bridges, or orthodontic devices that fit over the actor's own teeth.
Duncan Keith lost seven teeth in all, three on the top and four on the bottom, when the puck came off Patrick Marleau's stick and hit him square in the mouth. That was with 12:30 remaining in the second period of Sunday's series-clinching win over the San Jose Sharks.
The data indicates Denmark has the best oral health of all the countries in the entire world.
Impacted wisdom teeth are wisdom teeth that have failed to erupt properly. They are generally considered to be the most difficult teeth to extract.
Basketball is a rough sport, and Phoenix Suns forward Torrey Craig knows that all too well now. In the Suns' most recent game against the Milwaukee Bucks, Craig learned that lesson the hard way when he lost his tooth after Giannis Antetokounmpo rammed into him at full speed.
Who lost a tooth in NBA game?
Phoenix Suns forward Torrey Craig is "hockey tough." After taking a shot to the mouth from Milwaukee Bucks superstar Giannis Antetokounmpo, Craig had to pick up his own tooth off the court.
If your dental trauma caused minimal damage, the chances of the tooth healing by itself are high. Unfortunately, if the tooth suffers an internal injury, you will need further treatment to alleviate your problems.
Swimming is the safest sport to take part in. Its easy on the joints and can be an aid in recovery after an injury so making it the safest sport in America.
Serious injuries that are long-term or permanent in nature are considered “catastrophic injuries,” and they are the most difficult to recover fully from. Examples of catastrophic injuries include, but are not limited to, the following: Traumatic brain injuries. Spinal cord injuries.
- Traumatic brain injuries.
- Spinal cord and neck injuries.
- Broken bones.
- Internal organ damage.
- Paralysis (paraplegia / quadriplegia)
- Extensive burn injuries.
Andrew Gillen, a managing partner at a personal injury law firm in California, and his team analyzed 2021 data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) and concluded that basketball is the most dangerous sport in America.
According to Sports Virsa, the top 10 hardest sports in the world to play in 2022 are as follows: Boxing (hardest), American football, mixed martial arts, ice hockey, gymnastics, basketball, soccer, wrestling, rugby, and water polo.
1. Average Basketball Player Salary: $8.5 million. Basketball, particularly in the NBA, not only commands an immense global audience but also boasts the highest average player salaries among sports leagues. The NBA's revenue-sharing model, high-profile endorsement deals, and lucrative media contracts contribute to this ...
Sports with the highest rates of injury
The number of people injured while playing football is declining, but football is still the most dangerous sport by far. We found that people were three to four times more likely to be injured playing football than in other sports.
- Basketball causes the most injuries. ...
- Football injuries are common in teens. ...
- Soccer contact and collisions are common. ...
- Baseball and softball have risks. ...
- Ice hockey causes the most concussions. ...
- Golf is more dangerous than it looks. ...
- Snow skiing and snow boarding require a helment.
Are actors teeth fake?
FAQs About Dental Implants, Bridges and Veneers
Quite a few celebrities have veneers. Chances are, if you see a Hollywood A-lister with a perfect smile, that's their secret. Do celebrities have dentures? It's rare to see a celebrity who wears full dentures.
While a large percentage of movie stars and celebrities still use veneers to achieve the “look” they want, not all of them have dental veneers. Sometimes, a combination of aesthetic services is used for the best overall results.
A smile transformation is a trendy procedure in the celebrity world as it boosts the self-confidence required to make it big. Cosmetic dentistry has become a go-to solution for actors and other celebrities to get a beautiful, polished smile. Celebrities with dentures and veneers are more common than you think.
One week without brushing:
As soon as a week goes by, your teeth' enamel will start to break down. The plaque that hasn't been removed will make it easy for bad breath to grow. A dirty tooth will make it hard to clean. You will have a greater chance of getting cavities if you don't brush your teeth for a week.
Most children lose their last baby tooth around the age of 12. All non-wisdom teeth are typically in place around your child's 13th birthday. Wisdom teeth may wait until age 21 to make their presence known.
Among adults from 35 to 44-years-old, 69 percent have lost at least one permanent tooth. By age 50, Americans have lost an average of 12 teeth (including wisdom teeth). And among adults 65 to 74, 26 percent have lost all their teeth.
Seniors 65 years and older have an average of 20.7 remaining teeth.
Nearly 1 in 5 of adults aged 65 or older have lost all of their teeth. Complete tooth loss is twice as prevalent among adults aged 75 and older (26%) compared with adults aged 65-74 (13%).
How many people have no teeth? Approximately 40 million Americans have no natural teeth — and 30% of adults between 65 and 74 are missing all of their teeth. This is more common in economically disadvantaged populations.
Chiclets: teeth. Chirp: to trash talk the opposing team. Clapper: a slapshot. MORE: Men's ice hockey national championship history | USCHO rankings | Scores.
Does Wayne Gretzky wear dentures?
Gretzky's playing style as a professional hockey player was all about finesse. But as a kid skating on backyard ponds in Canada, gameplay with his friends was more rough-and-tumble. That explains why he wears a cosmetic dental bridge to this day.
While keeping missing teeth missing can be viewed as a badge of honor in the NHL, the truth is, it also eliminates a lot of pain, Watson said. "I don't know if it's so much a badge of honor, but it's generally acceptable in our line of work," Watson said.
Hockey, Baseball, & Lacrosse
In these sports, the puck, baseball, and lacrosse ball are hit or thrown at high speeds. Getting struck in the mouth can damage or knock out a tooth. You can spare yourself the hassle of replacing a missing tooth by wearing protective gear and a mouthguard.
The good news is that a loose tooth doesn't mean losing your tooth: in many cases, your dentist can save a loose tooth, but it's unlikely to get better on its own. If you have a loose permanent tooth, make an appointment with your dentist as soon as possible.
If enough teeth are lost, and as bone loss continues, the distance from nose to chin can decrease and the lower third of the face partially collapses. With a lack of structural support, the lips sag; that's why toothless people often appear unhappy.
Some celebrity examples include Tom Cruise, who had an implant inserted after having one of his front incisors replaced due to an injury sustained while filming Mission Impossible II; Jim Carrey, who has several implants along with bridge work; and Miley Cyrus, who recently underwent treatment to replace her missing ...
Porcelain veneers are a go-to cosmetic dental enhancement for many celebrities and athletes and for anyone looking to increase their self-confidence by improving their smiles. It's no wonder you see so many famous people with gleaming smiles because veneers are a quick way to give your smile a polished, beautiful look.
If an adult tooth is knocked out, try putting it back in place and go to a dentist immediately. Don't try to re-insert a baby tooth – take your child to a dentist immediately. If you can't put an adult tooth back into position, place it in milk and contact your usual dental practice.
Trauma to the tooth roots can cause a tooth to fall out days or weeks after an injury. This is because trauma to the roots damages the nerves, responsible for regulating tooth sensitivity, and the blood vessels, which nourish the tooth.
Losing a permanent tooth can be detrimental to your oral health. Not only does it affect the aesthetics of your smile, but it can also lead to problems with eating and speaking. Additionally, losing a permanent tooth can cause neighboring teeth to shift, leading to additional dental problems.
Does losing a teeth hurt?
Losing Baby Teeth – Loose tooth pain in a child usually resolves as soon as the baby tooth falls out. Most of the time, losing baby teeth doesn't hurt, however, occasionally, the permanent tooth can put pressure on the nerves or push against the gums as it gets ready to erupt.
Humans only get two sets of teeth in their lifetime: 20 primary (baby) teeth and 32 secondary (permanent) teeth. If you lose any of your secondary teeth, your teeth will not grow back a third time.
In most cases, the discomfort of a mobile tooth is minimal and will ease once the tooth has fallen out. If the discomfort is more than mild, cold compresses are one of the easiest ways to help reduce loose tooth pain in children.
Cracked teeth show a variety of symptoms, including erratic pain when chewing, possibly with the release of biting pressure, or pain when your tooth is exposed to temperature extremes. In many cases, the pain may come and go, and your dentist may have difficulty locating which tooth is causing the discomfort.
Boxers are unfortunately prone to a myriad of dental problems, so when they come in for exams or surgery, we're always very careful to check their mouths for abnormalities or signs of disease that could cause problems later on.
They are also well known for multiple oral health problems. The most common oral health concerns for Boxers are: supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth, dentigerous cyst, gingival hyperplasia, fibromatous epulis and attrition. Some of these conditions are genetic in nature and cannot be prevented.
An opposing tooth due to bite force can also cause fluid and possible blood to accumulate. The color of the tissue around the tooth is dependent on the amount of blood that accumulates. The gum tissue can be swollen and appear to be a translucent color, bluish purple, or even dark red and brown.
If the tooth is dry for more than 15 minutes, it's much less likely to be saved. However, if it's put in milk within five minutes of being knocked out, the tooth root's cells can survive for 30-60 minutes.
Non-removal of a dead tooth from your mouth is not wise because it can harm your remaining teeth and jaw, which is significantly dangerous. Depending on the extent and type of damage, the tooth may remain in your mouth for days, months, and even years before falling out by itself.
Occasionally, however, some baby teeth never fall out. In fact, some adults go decades without realizing that they have baby teeth sitting in their mouth. If you are one of these people, you might wonder if you should be worrying about being an adult with baby teeth.
Can you put a tooth back in with milk?
A knocked-out adult tooth can usually be saved by putting it back in place or in milk as soon as possible, before seeing a dentist.
Will an Adult Tooth Grow Back? No, your child's adult teeth will not grow back — we only have one set of these! If they lose a permanent tooth, your best bet is to save the tooth and bring it along immediately to the dentist, where there is a chance they can repair or replace it. | <urn:uuid:95999550-9659-4e4b-a3ce-5031162e9a2c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://w3prodigy.com/articles/what-sport-loses-the-most-teeth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100632.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207022257-20231207052257-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.958672 | 3,356 | 2.9375 | 3 |
School: Lindero Canyon Middle
District: Las Virgenes Unified School District
County: Los Angeles County
Region: Southern California
Grade: Elementary School, Middle School
Subject: Language Arts, History
Award Year: 1997
A small classroom alive with creativity, imagination, and enthusiasm of its occupants – this best described my class. On any given day, a visitor might have found students rehearsing for a play, choreographing a dance routine for an upcoming Get Healthy project, practicing a dirge for our dearly departed boring words, or putting the finishing touches on a mythological mask. In between all of this, we might have been involved in a heated discussion on the merits of artificial intelligence, analyzing the grammatical aspects of a sentence, writing furiously, or working in our class garden.
Several years ago I started teaching middle school language arts and social science in the middle of a school year. Previously I had taught elementary school and college. I quickly discovered many of my students were apathetic. I realized I had to make the curriculum relevant and exciting for these students, or I would lose them. It was a challenge at first, but I was determined to motivate these students to love literature, to understand what we learn in language arts we can apply to the arts, to history, to science, to the real world. I had students use their talents in other areas to create projects in language arts. We studied song lyrics that led to a better understanding of poetry. We read stories and dramatized them. We created puppets and put on plays. We wrote endlessly. Suddenly my most disinterested students began participating, frantically raising their hands, smiling, laughing, and even doing their homework, and I loved middle school!
Throughout my teaching career, I challenged my students while establishing a sense of camaraderie within the class. With an interdisciplinary approach, students became collaborative workers, creative problem solvers, thoughtful communicators, and economical managers of time and resources. My students participated in community service activities that often integrated the arts. They learned how important it is to give back to their community. Throughout the year students kept portfolios of their work. Bursting with ideas, they were tangible evidence of what students learned, a broadening of their aesthetic sensitivities, an acuity of perceptual skills, and an enhancement of self expression and communication. My students possessed the internal drive to achieve and derive self-satisfaction from both the learning process and the final product.
As a teacher, I have presented workshops, have been on numerous task forces, and have sat on many outreach boards. I was the English/Language Arts department chair as well as the gifted and talented coordinator at Lindero Canyon Middle School and the English/Language Arts mentor for the Las Virgenes Unified School District. I supervised student teachers and mentored new teachers in the BTSA/Induction Program for both my school district and Ventura County. In 2010 I received the Los Angeles Music Center Bravo Award for innovation and excellence in arts education.
Although retired, I continue to stay involved in education. I consult for the Las Virgenes Unified School District. In this capacity I mentor new teachers, instruct educators on how to teach writing, and work with students on learning to be good writers. It’s wonderful to continue to be involved! | <urn:uuid:8c81fc9b-8bdd-4bc1-a5fe-fd6c3d917484> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.catoy.org/teacher/carole-firestone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400193087.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920000137-20200920030137-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.969775 | 676 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Citizen Scientists Join Search for Earth-like Planets
Web users around the globe will be able to help professional astronomers in their search for Earth-like planets thanks to a new online citizen science project called Planet Hunters that launches Dec. 16. at www.planethunters.org.
Planet Hunters, which is the latest in the Zooniverse citizen science project collection, will ask users to help analyze data taken by NASA’s Kepler mission. The space telescope has been searching for planets beyond our own solar system—called exoplanets—since its launch in March 2009.
“The Kepler mission has given us another mountain of data to sort through,” said Kevin Schawinski, a Yale University astronomer and Planet Hunters co-founder. Schawinski also helped create the Galaxy Zoo citizen science project several years ago, which enlisted hundreds of thousands of web users around the world to help sort through and classify a million images of galaxies taken by a robotic telescope.
The Kepler space telescope is continually monitoring nearly 150,000 stars in the nearby constellation Cygnus, recording their brightness over time. Astronomers analyze these images, looking for any stars that show a slight dimming of their brightness. This dimming could represent a planet passing in front of its host star, blocking a tiny fraction of its light as seen from Kepler’s vantage point in space. Those stars that periodically dim are the best candidates for hosting relatively small planets that tightly orbit their stars, similar to Earth.
“The Kepler mission will likely quadruple the number of planets that have been found in the last 15 years, and it’s terrific that NASA is releasing this amazing data into the public domain,” said Debra Fischer, a Yale astronomer and leading exoplanet hunter. Although Planet Hunters is not tied directly to the Kepler mission, the website will serve as a complement to the work being done by the Kepler team to analyze the data.
Because of the huge amount of data being made available by Kepler, astronomers rely on computers to help them sort through the data and search for possible planet candidates. “But computers are only good at finding what they’ve been taught to look for,” said Meg Schwamb, another Yale astronomer and Planet Hunters co-founder. “Whereas the human brain has the uncanny ability to recognize patterns and immediately pick out what is strange or unique, far beyond what we can teach machines to do.”
After the success of the Galaxy Zoo project, the Yale team decided to enlist web users once again to create what they hope will become a global network of human computing power.
When users log on to the Planet Hunters website, they’ll be asked to answer a series of simple questions about one of the stars’ light curves—a graph displaying the amount of light emitted by the star over time—to help the Yale astronomers determine whether it displays a repetitive dimming of light, identifying it as an exoplanet candidate.
“The great thing about this project is that it gives the public a front row seat to participate in frontier scientific research,” Schwamb said.
The possibility of Earth-like planets beyond our own solar system has captured the collective human imagination for centuries. Today, astronomers have discovered more than 500 planets orbiting stars other than the Sun—yet almost all of these so-called exoplanets are large gas giants, similar to Jupiter, which bear little resemblance to Earth. Ever since the first exoplanet was discovered in 1995, astronomers have raced to find ever smaller planets closer to our own world.
“The search for planets is the search for life,” Fischer said. “And at least for life as we know it, that means finding a planet similar to Earth.” Scientists believe Earth-like planets are the best place to look for life because they are the right size and orbit their host stars at the right distance to support liquid water, an essential ingredient for every form of life found on Earth.
Yet Fischer is quick to caution that, even with the exceptional data from the Kepler telescope, it will be extremely difficult to pick out the weak signal created by such a small planet as it dims its host star. “Planet Hunters is an experiment—we’re looking for the needle in the haystack,” she said.
Still, Galaxy Zoo proved that ordinary people can make extraordinary discoveries. Several Galaxy Zoo users were listed as co-authors on more than 20 published scientific papers that resulted from the citizen science project, most of whom had no prior knowledge of astronomy.
“The point of citizen science is to actively involve people in real research,” Schawinski said. “When you join Planet Hunters, you’re contributing to actual science—and you might just make a real discovery.”
The Planet Hunters project was founded by Debra Fischer, Meg Schwamb, Kevin Schawinski, Matt Giguere, John Brewer, Michele Beleu and Julien Spronck at Yale University; Chris Lintott (Adler Planetarium); and Stuart Lynn, Arfon Smith and Robert Simpson (University of Oxford).
Watch Debra Fischer and Kevin Schawinski discuss the Planet Hunters project at http://streaming.yale.edu/cmi2/projects/planethunters/planethunters.mov.
Learn more about other Zooniverse citizen science projects, including Galaxy Zoo, at http://www.zooniverse.org. | <urn:uuid:47dccc3b-7f1a-483d-a5dc-2b5559c733f0> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://news.yale.edu/2010/12/16/citizen-scientists-join-search-earth-planets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424148.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722202635-20170722222635-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.92041 | 1,130 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Extreme differences in size of butterfly chrysalises are normally caused by other reasons that genetic variation. What are some of the other causes?
Butterflies within the same species naturally vary in size.
Natural (good) reasons for size variation:
1. Sex of the chrysalis:
~ Eastern Black Swallowtail female chrysalises are larger than male chrysalises.
~ Monarch male chrysalises are larger than female chrysalises.
2. Genetic reasons:
~ Just as with other animals, sometimes a gene will cause someone to be much smaller or much larger than other of the same species
Other reasons for size variation:
The caterpillar did not eat enough food.
~ Not enough food available
~ Aggressive caterpillars push passive caterpillars from the food
~ Temperature too cold or too hot for caterpillars to eat (they cannot regulate their temperature)
~ Caterpillar diseased, causing lack of appetite
~ Host plant, while acceptable, is not favored by the caterpillar (much like us being offered stale bread)
~ Food contaminated with other substances, changing flavor of food (sometime splashed or spilled or was sprayed on the food)
~ Tender leaves have been eaten and only old tough leaves remain on the plant | <urn:uuid:b74610f9-8af8-4697-8aac-df94bb20dc09> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://butterfly-fun-facts.com/butterfly-chrysalis-size-variation-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589537.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717012034-20180717032034-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.932556 | 269 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Operation and Supply Chain Management: An overview
Supply chain management is a process for assembling materials, manufacturing to turn them into a product, and finally delivering them to customers. The day-to-day activities and coordination required of the supply chain executive are with various departments. Having said that, they work closely with every touchpoint of the supply chain such as logistics, suppliers, manufactures, delivery agents, and so on. More often you will find companies handling supply chain activities of international giants like Amazon, Flipkart, and so on.
The Supply chain management PGDM course teaches you in-depth knowledge of the process required to conduct supply chain activities. Students learn how critical aspects of supply chain processes are resolved. The most critical part of the process is evaluating the risk involved and the security measures needed. Since now everything has shifted to digital, the main concern is to keep an eye out for any cyber-fraud incidents and make sure end-to-end encryption is present to keep the information discreet.
The responsibility of a supply chain manager is to keep track of all the activities, make sure there is an SOP in place, keep a check on the suppliers. They also play a vital role in forecasting demand for the future to look over inventory management. Students who opt for operations and supply chain management courses are briefed about the roles and responsibilities in the field of the supply chain.
In today’s world where everything has become online, it has given a rise to the business of the supply chain. Hence, the industry requires students who have the desired skills to work in this sector. Operations and supply chain management course focuses on brushing the skills of every student to prepare them for their roles and responsibilities. These individuals are also expected to add value to the supply chain processes of organizations.
Operations management handles more of the internal business processes of an organization. The main focus is to make sure that all the internal functions are smooth such as planning, maintenance of different departments, and analyzing various systems of the organization. A operations and supply chain management PGDM course gives a detailed overview of which departments are involved in operations. For example, an operations manager’s job is to keep the coordination intact between different departments of the organization. The purpose of this is to maintain the business operations.
The industry expects operations and supply chain course students to be skilled at knowing the recent trends of the industry. Simultaneously, they also require candidates who can improve the work efficiency of organizations by bringing innovative methods.
Choosing the right institute for Operations and Supply Chain Management PGDM course.
Since operations and supply chain management is a very critical part of business activities, the industry wants management students to have the right knowledge and skills required to do the job. As the industry looks at management students as future leaders/managers, they expect institutes to groom the personality and skills of every candidate. However, you will see very less institute that focuses on taking an extra step towards personality development, or, building the confidence of a student
ITM iConnect Program has a 2-year full-time course in Operations and Supply Chain Management. The program is designed to build confidence in students so that they can tackle business challenges. ITM has an intensive 5 months internship program that helps them to know the ground realities of businesses. The in-house placement cell of the institute guarantees 100% placement assistance. It also helps students acquire PPO during their internships. The curriculum of the Operation and Supply Chain Management course at ITM is tailor-made by industry experts.
What is the difference between Operations and Supply Chain Management?
The main difference between operations and supply chain management is that Supply Chain Management is more concerned with the external activities of the business such as distribution, manufacturing, logistics, delivery, and so on. Whereas, Operations management deals with internal operations of an organization such as maintaining coordination with the departments, planning and controlling, etc.
Operations and Supply chain management post-graduate course gives an in-depth understanding of the difference between the two. The role of an operations manager is to look at the daily activities of the organization. The role of a supply chain manager is to spend much of their time dealing and negotiating with the suppliers and distributors.
To build a successful career, students need to understand that the industry is looking for management graduates. They need to have accurate skills and knowledge about the roles and responsibilities of operation and supply chain. Hence, students are advised to do a PGDM course in Supply and operations management. This will give a competitive edge while entering the industry.
A operations and supply chain course will allow students to gain hands-on experience on various software and tools required to conduct business operations. | <urn:uuid:c2988189-f60b-436e-ad77-041591f9de4a> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.itm.edu/blog/operations-and-supply-chain-management-decoding-the-difference | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152129.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726120442-20210726150442-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.961245 | 953 | 3.125 | 3 |
THE SIXTIES is often perceived as an era of social upheaval and orgiastic revelry. But for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) folks in America, the efflorescence of sexual expression did not begin until the waning months of that decade in the heart of the nation’s then-largest bohemian enclave and gay ghetto, New York’s Greenwich Village. The Stonewall Riots that began in the wee hours of June 28, 1969,1 lasted six nights and catapulted the issue of sexual liberation out of the Dark Ages and into a new era.
The relative freedoms and social acceptance that millions of particularly urban American LGBT people experience today would have seemed as surreal to that earlier generation as the prospect of electing an African-American president. On the heels of the U.S. military’s postwar purge of gays, President Eisenhower signed a 1953 executive order that established “sexual perversion” as grounds for being fired from government jobs. And since employment records were shared with private industry, exposure or suspicion of homosexuality could render a person unemployable and destitute. “Loitering in a public toilet” was an offense that could blacklist a man from work and social networks, as lists of arrestees were often printed in newspapers and other public records. Most states had laws barring homosexuals from receiving professional licenses, which could also be revoked upon discovery. Sex between consenting adults of the same sex, even in a private home, could be punishable for up to life in prison, confinement in a mental institution, or even castration.
In 1917, foreign LGBT people were barred from legally immigrating to the United States due to their supposed “psychopathic personality disorder.”2 Illinois was the only state in the country, since 1961, where homosexuality was not explicitly outlawed. New York’s penal code called for the arrest of anyone in public wearing fewer than three items of clothing “appropriate” to their gender. And California’s Atascadero State Hospital was compared with a Nazi concentration camp and known as a “Dachau for queers” for performing electroshock and other draconian “therapies” on gays and lesbians. One legal expert argues that in the 1960s, “The homosexual…was smothered by law.”3
This repression existed alongside a growing acknowledgement of the existence of lesbians and gays in literature, theater, movies, and newspapers. Cultural outlets exposed an expanding gay world to people who may never have known of its existence, including those who would finally discover affirmation and a name for their desires. In an interview with NPR’s Terry Gross, Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) co-founder Phyllis Lyon recounts how when she met her lover and the group’s co-founder Del Martin in 1949 she had no idea there was such a possibility as lesbianism.4 By the 1960s, that would no longer be possible for an adult woman in urban America. Bestsellers like James Baldwin’s Another Country and Mary McCarthy’s The Group included lesbian characters in their plots. And the New York Times ran a front-page story on the city’s gay male scene as “the most sensitive open secret,” leading to a spate of feature articles—ranging from hostile to sympathetic—in Life, Look, Newsweek, and Time.5
The groups that formed to organize gays and lesbians in the 1950s remained small, largely disconnected, and conflicted in their political agendas well into the 1960s. Seven years after its New York City launch, the Mattachine Society’s local chapter had fewer than one hundred members in 1963, while New York’s DOB chapter had twenty-two voting members in 1965.6 The continued insistence on referring to their movement as “homophile,” to avoid any explicitly sexual connotations, betrayed their groups’ conservatism. Most telling was the internalized homophobia that dominated the homophile movement’s leadership, which looked to medical professionals who deemed their sexuality “deviant” and requiring a “cure.” DOB’s publication, the Ladder, was still urging its members “to stop the breeding of defiance toward society” and to exhibit “outward conformity.”7 Donald Webster Cory, a pseudonym for a leading Mattachine activist, took on a handful of younger militants advocating public protests and a rejection of the medical pathologizing of gays for “alienating [the movement] from scientific thinking…by its constant, defensive, neurotic, disturbed denial” that homosexuals were sick.8 It was a milestone, therefore, when militants like Frank Kameny won over the Washington, D.C.’s Mattachine chapter in 1975 to approve a resolution proclaiming that “homosexuality is not a sickness…but is merely a preference, an orientation, or propensity, on par with, and not different in kind from, heterosexuality.”9 Another signpost on the road ahead appeared when students at New York’s Columbia University founded the first university-chartered gay organization, the Student Homophile League in 1967, declaring equality between all sexual orientations.10
Imagine the Black civil rights movement of that era having to challenge white supremacist ideas within its ranks and one begins to grasp the enormous ideological obstacles that permeated the thinking of many LGBT people.
But the involvement of many mostly closeted gays and lesbians in the civil rights, women’s, and anti-Vietnam War movements shaped a new generation of budding radicals chafing at their own oppression. Influenced by the Black Power militants who had made slogans like “Black is beautiful” and “Black power” the argot of the radical movements, by 1968 the homophile movement adopted “gay is good” and “gay power” as their rallying cries. A glimpse of things to come was perceptible at the formation of the East Coast Homophile Organizations (ECHO) in 1963, where militants adopted plans to picket openly against legislation barring gays from federal employment. Wearing suits and ties, dresses and heels, handfuls of picketers began an annual tradition of protesting outside Philadelphia’s Independence Hall on July 4, 1965, to remind the nation that there remained a group of Americans who had yet to receive humane treatment and rights.
In San Francisco’s Tenderloin district there had even been a Stonewall dress rehearsal of sorts in the summer of 1966 when a cop’s manhandling of a transvestite at a local eatery frequented by drag queens and gay street youth led to “general havoc” including smashed windows and the burning of a newsstand.11 But nothing as dramatic or far-reaching as what occurred in New York in 1969 took off from that fierce expression of rage.
Out of the bars and into the streets!
In a society filled with hatred, fear, and ignorance of homosexuality there was at least one public venue for socializing where gays and lesbians in most major towns and cities could go—the bars. But as with all public life for LGBT people, the bars also provided a site for police and authorities to harass and humiliate their victims. From police entrapment in public cruising spots and raids on bars for perceived “disorderly” conduct within, the cultural openings and nascent activism of gays and lesbians was frustrated by state repression from California to New York. Despite there being no explicit laws against serving gays, many bars refused to do so, and there was no legal recourse since kissing or dancing with a member of the same sex and cross-dressing were considered disorderly. It was in this context that the Mafia came to run many of the drinking establishments that catered to gays, lesbians, and transgendered people in New York City. The Stonewall Inn was no exception.
Located at the crossroads of Christopher Street and Seventh Avenue South, near a major subway station, and steps away from the former offices of the nation’s largest independent weekly, the Village Voice, the Stonewall Inn was dark with two bars, a jukebox, and an eclectic crowd of drag queens, gay street youth, cruising men, and a smattering of lesbians. There was no running water to wash the glasses of watered-down booze and beer that were rinsed in a murky tub behind the main bar, leading to at least one known outbreak of hepatitis among customers.12 Black, Latino, and white LGBT folks mixed and mingled there, one of the few joints around with dancing. Filmmaker Vito Russo described the place as “a bar for the people who were too young, too poor or just too much to get in anywhere else. The Stonewall was a street queen hangout in the heart of the ghetto.”13
As with most drinking establishments that catered to gays, the Mob owner, Fat Tony, paid off the cops to keep the place from being shut down for city code violations. For a bar that took in between $5,000 and $6,000 on an average Friday night, Fat Tony had little problem skimming off $1,200 a month to assuage New York’s Finest in the local Sixth Precinct.14 Yet raids were still commonplace at bars like the Stonewall—one had occurred there just days before the riots—but a choreographed kabuki routine was established between mobsters and cops who each played out their roles to keep up appearances, while never threatening their mutual access to easy cash at the expense of the LGBT clientele. Bars generally reopened the night after a raid, as happened at the Stonewall the last week of June 1969. Rumors and speculation to this day swirl around the reasoning for the raid’s response on the night of June 28. Police asserted that gay Wall Street brokers were being blackmailed there, exposure that would have destroyed the lives of those men, who would not be legally bonded by brokerage houses if their homosexuality were known. Others suggest that it was the shocking death of forty-seven-year-old gay icon Judy Garland earlier that week that exacerbated anger that night.
Whatever the immediate catalyst for the unprecedented response to a routine raid, the fact is that lives immersed in shame and secrecy in a world rocked by social upheaval and defiance could not have remained untouched by the ferment that surrounded them much longer. It was, after all, 1969.
Under the pretext that Stonewall was operating without a liquor license, a handful of police led by Deputy Inspector Seymour Pine, figured they’d make quick work of shutting it down and rounding up its patrons that night. Sexist and homophobic stereotypes of gays and lesbians certainly reassured the cops that resistance was unlikely at best, irrelevant at worst. Initially, when the cops forced the men and women inside to line up, show drivers’ licenses, and prepare to be arrested, everyone did as they were told, despite some cheeky backtalk. But as crowds gathered outside and the harassment built, a once buoyant, even carnivalesque mood was transformed into active rage. The New York Daily News coverage of the riots speaks volumes about the unadulterated scorn LGBT people were accustomed to in those years. Headlined “Homo Nest Raided, Queen Bees Are Stinging Mad,” the article went on to explain,
She sat there with her legs crossed, the lashes of her mascara-coated eyes beating like the wings of a hummingbird. She was angry. She was so upset she hadn’t bothered to shave. A day old stubble was beginning to push through the pancake makeup. She was a he. A queen of Christopher Street.
Last weekend the queens had turned commandos and stood bra strap to bra strap against an invasion of the helmeted Tactical Patrol Force. The elite police squad had shut down one of their private gay clubs, the Stonewall Inn at 57 Christopher St., in the heart of a three-block homosexual community in Greenwich Village. Queen Power reared its bleached blonde head in revolt. New York City experienced its first homosexual riot. “We may have lost the battle, sweets, but the war is far from over,” lisped an unofficial lady-in-waiting from the court of the Queens.15
The Village Voice coverage of events of the first night of rioting not only captures the spirit of the fight, but also the contempt of even supposed progressive writers through the language they employed to describe that evening. Keep in mind, this account was written by two journalists two decades before anyone ever thought to openly invoke words like “fag” and “dyke” as ironically empowering—in 1969, these were insensitive, nasty slurs.
[A]s the patrons trapped inside were released one by one, a crowd started to gather on the street…initially a festive gathering, composed mostly of Stonewall boys who were waiting around for friends still inside or to see what was going to happen. Cheers would go up as favorites would emerge from the door, strike a pose, and swish by the detective with a “Hello there, fella.” The stars were in their element. Wrists were limp, hair was primped, and reactions to the applause were classic….
Suddenly the paddywagon arrived and the mood of the crowd changed. Three of the more blatant queens—in full drag—were loaded inside, along with the bartender and doorman, to a chorus of catcalls and boos from the crowd. A cry went up to push the paddywagon over, but it drove away before anything could happen. With its exit, the action waned momentarily. The next person to come out was a dyke, and she put up a struggle—from car to door to car again….
Pine ordered the three cars and paddywagon to leave with the prisoners before the crowd became more of a mob. “Hurry back,” he added, realizing he and his force of eight detectives, two of them women, would be easily overwhelmed if the temper broke….
It was at that moment that the scene became explosive. Limp wrists were forgotten….
…“Pigs!” “Faggot cops!” Pennies and dimes flew. I stood against the door. The detectives held at most a 10-foot clearing. Escalate to nickels and quarters. A bottle. Another bottle. Pine says, “Let’s get inside. Lock ourselves inside, it’s safer.”…
The door crashes open, beer cans and bottles hurtle in. Pine and his troop rush to shut it. At that point, the only uniformed cop among them gets hit with something under his eye. He hollers, and his hand comes away scarlet. It looks a lot more serious than it really is. They are suddenly furious. Three run out in front to see if they can scare the mob from the door. A hail of coins. A beer can glances off Deputy Inspector Smyth’s head.
…The cop who is cut is incensed, yells something like, “So, you’re the one who hit me!” And while the other cops help, he slaps the prisoner five or six times very hard and finishes with a punch to the mouth. They handcuff the guy as he almost passes out….
…The exit left no cops on the street, and almost by signal the crowd erupted into cobblestone and bottle heaving. The reaction was solid: they were pissed. The trashcan I was standing on was nearly yanked out from under me as a kid tried to grab it for use in the window-smashing melee. From nowhere came an uprooted parking meter—used as a battering ram on the Stonewall door….
By now the mind’s eye has forgotten the character of the mob; the sound filtering in doesn’t suggest dancing faggots any more. It sounds like a powerful rage bent on vendetta….
…One detective arms himself in addition with a sawed-off baseball bat he has found. I hear, “We’ll shoot the first motherfucker that comes through that door.”…
I can only see the arm at the window. It squirts liquid into the room, and a flaring match follows. Pine is not more than 10 feet away. He aims his gun at the figures.
He doesn’t fire. The sound of sirens coincides with the whoosh of flames where the lighter fluid was thrown….It was that close….16
After this initial confrontation lasting forty-five minutes, the riot squad arrived, and for hours a cat and mouse game ensued between groups of police and groups of rioters, numbering around two thousand in all. In a decade punctuated by riots in most major cities, it was a rare victory for the rioters over the police. The fact that it had been “faggots,” “trannies,” “dykes,” and street kids who delivered a decisive blow to the police was lost on nobody. News of the first night’s rebellion spread widely, and by the following evening organized leftists, and more gays, lesbians, transvestites, and transgendered people came out to see what would happen, catch a glimpse of the previous night’s detritus, and snag their own opportunity for revenge against police who had humiliated and beaten them all for years. The violence resumed each evening through Wednesday night, July 2, with taunts from young gays and chants by experienced activists stoking police violence through the labyrinthian streets of the West Village. Mortified that they had been disgraced by a bunch of “queers,” the cops returned in force each night to try and recapture Christopher Street. They never did.
Most eyewitness reports recount the leading role played by some of the most despised and oppressed groupings within the gay community. A multiracial lot of poor gay teens, many living on the streets because they had been tossed out of homes or ran away from abuse, taunted the cops with abandon. Transvestites who camped and mocked the cops while striking blows with spiked heels showed that defiance and humor could be complementary. And some reports credited at least one butch lesbian with having shamed the macho men into shedding their passivity and fighting back that first night with her furious display of resistance. Deputy Inspector Pine, who had fought in the Second World War and was injured in the Battle of the Bulge where 19,000 American soldiers died, said of the first night of rioting, “There was never any time that I felt more scared than I felt that night.”17 Gay Beat poet Allen Ginsburg walked through the Village that weekend and poignantly summed up the atmosphere: “You know, the guys there were so beautiful—they’ve lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago.”18
From a riot to a movement
What separates the Stonewall Riots from all previous gay activism was not merely the unexpected nights-long defiance in the streets, but the conscious mobilization of new and seasoned activists in the riot’s wake who gave expression to this more militant mood. Like a dam bursting, Stonewall was the eruption after twenty years of trickling progress by small handfuls of men and women whose conscious organizing gave way to the spontaneous wave of fury. The riots alone would not be remembered today for transforming gay politics and life had they not been followed by organizations that transmitted the raw outrage into an ongoing social force.
A clash between the old guard organizers and newly rising militants was apparent from the Sunday of the riots, when Mattachine activists who’d met with the mayor’s office and police posted this sign on the front of the Stonewall: “We homosexuals plead with our people to please help maintain peaceful and quiet conduct on the streets of the Village—Mattachine.”19 Their pleas were ignored. Each night thereafter through Wednesday, more and more gays and straight leftists, from socialists and Black Panthers to the Yippies20 and Puerto Rican Young Lords, arrived on the scene to participate in the latest confrontation with police.
By the time the riots subsided, activists began distributing leaflets that read: “Do You Think Homosexuals Are Revolting? You Bet Your Sweet Ass We Are,”21 and announced a meeting at a Village leftist venue known as Alternative U. What began as an ad hoc committee of Mattachine-New York to organize a march in commemoration of the riots evolved into a full-blown organization, the Gay Liberation Front (GLF). In conscious tribute to the South Vietnamese National Liberation Front then fighting the U.S. government in Southeast Asia, these activists wanted to confront not just the stifling homophobia of U.S. society, but the entire oppressive and exploitative imperial edifice. From the earliest gathering, disputes about the political perspective of the movement were framed in terms of whether to focus exclusively on LGBT issues and consciousness-raising or to embrace a broader revolutionary agenda and solidarity with other oppressed minorities.
But most all of the newly radicalizing activists agreed that the old guard’s approach needed to be upended. Looking back years later on the debates between the DOB and Mattachine leaderships and new radicals, one prominent militant, Jim Fouratt, summarized the tensions of that time: “We wanted to end the homophile movement. We wanted them to join us in making the gay revolution. We were a nightmare to them. They were committed to being nice, acceptable status quo Americans, and we were not; we had no interest at all in being acceptable.”22
One agenda key to all the new gay liberationists was the act of coming out, since most gays remained publicly closeted. As gay historian John D’Emilio notes, this cathartic act of coming out publicly—to one’s family and friends, at work and on the streets—“quintessentially expressed the fusion of the personal and political that the radicalism of the late 1960s exalted.”23 Shedding their internalized homophobia may have opened gays and lesbians to occasional attacks, but it also allowed them to claim a sense of self-respect that was incompatible with life in the closet. “Coming out,” D’Emilio explains, “provided gay liberation with an army of permanent enlistees.”24 In a strange sense, the right wing’s fears that gay visibility would encourage others to either experiment with homosexuality or at least be tolerant of it turned out to be accurate. While the right may shudder at that fact, the widening visibility and confidence of a gay movement did pave the way for others to come out and has transformed public consciousness ever since. Gallup polls taken over thirty years on questions regarding homosexuality show enormous advances. Since 1977, public support for legalization of “homosexual relations between consenting adults” has risen from 43 percent to a record-breaking 59 percent in 2007. In that same poll, 89 percent of Americans today believe that “homosexuals should have equal rights in terms of job opportunities.”25 Stonewall’s wake created the conditions for this rise in social consciousness.
The influence of small radical groups in the GLF was evident in its statement to one underground newspaper, the Rat:
We are a revolutionary homosexual group of men and women formed with the realization that complete sexual liberation for all people cannot come about unless existing social institutions are abolished. We reject society’s attempt to impose sexual roles and definitions of our nature. We are stepping outside these roles and simplistic myths. We are going to be who we are. At the same time, we are creating new social forms and relations, that is, relations based upon brotherhood, cooperation, human love, and uninhibited sexuality. Babylon has forced us to commit ourselves to one thing…revolution.26
In response to the Rat’s question, “What makes you revolutionaries?”, they wrote,
We identify ourselves with all the oppressed: the Vietnamese struggle, the third world, the blacks, the workers…all those oppressed by this rotten, dirty, vile, fucked-up capitalist conspiracy.27
One of the earliest protests launched by GLF was against the Village Voice, the very newspaper whose account of the Stonewall Riots was circulated and cited in periodicals throughout the world. To raise money through dances and to publicize its activities, GLF tried to advertise in the Voice, which refused to print the word “gay.” Considering the word to be offensive and “equitable with ‘fuck’ and other four-letter words,”28 the Voice’s offices were soon deluged with petitions carrying thousands of signatures demanding they alter their policy, forcing them to concede. As dozens of chapters of GLF spread across the country, even to Britain, similar protests converged on newspapers demanding respect and representation. The Los Angeles Times had even refused to print the word “homosexual” in its advertising, despite less flattering references to gays in cultural reviews in the “family newspaper.”29 The San Francisco Examiner was picketed that fall for referring to gays and lesbians as “semi-males” and “women who aren’t exactly women.”30 Even the right to put up fliers and distribute gay newspapers in the bars catering to LGBT people had to be fought for and won through protest. GLF launched its own newspaper, Come Out! in the fall of 1969, which became a popular means of disseminating ideas and movement information. Gay Power and Gay also premiered that year, each selling 25,000 copies per issue, expressing the hunger for an independent LGBT press.31
Later that year, a group of activists split from the GLF and formed a new single-issue group, the Gay Activist Alliance (GAA), with a constitution that defined its agenda as “exclusively devoted to the liberation of homosexuals and avoids involvement in any program of action not obviously relevant to homosexuals.”32 Right from the get-go they aimed their sights on getting rid of discrimination against LGBT people in the workplace and putting heat on local politicians to change bigoted laws. GLF and GAA collaborated on many efforts, including protests against further police raids and the annual Stonewall commemoration march.
Perhaps one of the greatest movement victories of that era came out of protests against the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) designation of homosexuality as a mental illness. So long as LGBT people were pathologized as sick, social and legal constraints would remain. Angry protests disrupted the usually placid APA gatherings in the early 1970s. Militants Barbara Gittings and Frank Kameny demanded and took a seat at the table to discuss the damage psychiatrists’ “therapies” were doing to the lives of gays and lesbians. One gay psychiatrist appeared on an APA panel wearing a mask and disguising his voice to plead for an alteration of that body’s policy. In 1973, the APA’s Board of Trustees removed homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses.33 Five years later, gay and lesbian psychiatrists formed a caucus within the APA—never again would a gay shrink have to hide from his colleagues behind a grotesque mask.
It was a major breakthrough when on August 21, 1970, Black Panther co-founder Huey Newton wrote the first openly pro-gay statement by a major heterosexual movement activist of any race, which was printed in the pages of The Black Panther, the party’s newspaper. In “A Letter From Huey to the Revolutionary Brothers and Sisters About the Women’s Liberation and Gay Liberation Movements,” Newton admitted that the Black Panther Party had been inconsiderate concerning gays and lesbians. He argued, “Homosexuals are not given freedom and liberty by anyone in the society. Maybe they might be the most oppressed people in the society.” Newton also accepted the criticism of gay activists, “The terms ‘faggot’ and ‘punk’ should be deleted from our vocabulary, and especially we should not attach names normally designed for homosexuals to men who are enemies of the people.”34 This set the stage for the Revolutionary Peoples’ Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia the following month, in which 13,000 radicals participated.35 The radical transformation taking place in the minds of many gay activists was reflected in the following excerpt from Gay Flames pamphlet, written by the Chicago chapter of GLF.
[B]ecause of the rampant oppression we see—of black, third world people, women, workers—in addition to our own; because of the corrupt values, because of the injustices, we no longer want to “make it” in Amerika….
Our particular struggle is for sexual self-determination, the abolition of sex-role stereotypes and the human right to the use of one’s body without interference from the legal and social institutions of the state. Many of us have understood that our struggle cannot succeed without a fundamental change in society which will put the source of power (means of production) in the hands of the people who at present have nothing….
But as our struggle grows it will be made clear by the changing objective conditions that our liberation is inextricably bound to the liberation of all oppressed people.36
- Sometimes the date Friday, June 27, 1969 is given, though the actual raid took place after midnight.
- John D’Emilio, William B. Turner, and Urvashi Vaid, eds., Creating Change: Sexuality, Public Policy, and Civil Rights (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 11.
- David Carter, Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004), 14–15.
- Fresh Air interview with Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon by Terry Gross, first aired December 29, 1992. Del Martin died on August 27, 2008, two months after she and Phyllis Lyon married in San Francisco after fifty-five years together as lovers.
- D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States 1940–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 138.
- Ibid., 173.
- Quoted in Ibid., 186.
- Quoted in Ibid., 167.
- Quoted in Ibid., 164.
- Donn Teal, Gay Militants: How Gay Liberation Began in America, 1969–1971 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1971), 37.
- Carter, Stonewall, 109.
- Ibid., 80.
- Quoted in Ibid., 74.
- Ibid., 77, 79.
- “Homo Nest Raided, Queen Bees Are Stinging Mad,” New York Daily News, July 6, 1969.
- Quoted in Teal, Gay Militants, 2–3.
- Quoted in Carter, Stonewall, 160.
- Quoted in Teal, Gay Militants, 7.
- Quoted in Carter, Stonewall, 196.
- The Youth International Party (Yippies) was a hippie movement established in the late 1960s that adhered to anti-authoritarian methods and used guerrilla theater as a means of advancing its countercultural platform.
- Quoted in Teal, Gay Militants, 19.
- Quoted in Martin Duberman, Stonewall (New York: Plume, 1994), 229.
- D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 235.
- Ibid., 236.
- Lydia Saad, “Tolerance for Gay Rights at High-Water Mark,” May 29, 2007, www.gallup.com/poll/27694/Tolerance-Gay-Rights-HighWater-Mark.aspx, [September 6, 2008].
- Quoted in Carter, Stonewall, 219.
- Quoted in Ibid., 220.
- Ibid., 226.
- Quoted in Teal, Gay Militants, 57.
- Ibid., 54.
- Carter, Stonewall, 242.
- Quoted in Teal, Gay Militants, 110.
- Eric Marcus, Making History: The Struggle for Gay and Lesbian Equal Rights, 1945–1990 (New York: Harper Collins, 1992), 253.
- Ibid., 151.
- Ibid., 155.
- “Working Paper for the Revolutionary Peoples’ Constitutional Convention,” Chicago Gay Liberation, Gay Flames, pamphlet No. 13, September 1970 [original available at Northwestern Library, Deering Special Collections]. | <urn:uuid:4fce40b7-10d2-4af3-9ce9-1f1e55d990a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://isreview.org/issue/63/stonewall-birth-gay-power | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948064.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426031603-20180426051603-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.96645 | 6,842 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Computers & Electronics Savings Tips
No-to-Low Cost Improvements
Improvements that Require Investments
- Turning off office equipment when not in use can result in significant energy savings. Also, plugging into a power strip and using the switch to turn on the power strip to cut all power to the equipment when not in use will enable you to avoid "vampire" or “phantom” loads.
- It is a common misperception that screen savers reduce a monitor's energy use. Use automatic switching to use the sleep mode or simply turn it off.
- Appliances throughout your home continue to draw a small amount of power even when they are turned off. These "vampire loads" occur in most appliances that use electricity, such as DVD players, TVs, stereos, computers and kitchen appliances and more.
- Unplug battery chargers when batteries are fully charged for items such as electronic games, phones, MP3 players, personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, camcorders, laptops, cordless and mobile phones and tools used around the home.
- Consider buying a laptop for your next computer upgrade; laptops use much less energy than desktop computers. Look for the ENERGY STAR® certified label to ensure you are getting an energy efficient laptop.
- When making a new TV purchase, remember plasma TVs use more energy than LEC and LCD televisions.
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Table of Contents
Welcome to 1021 volts to watts, our post about the 1021 volt to watt conversion.
Here we show you how to convert one thousand and twenty-one volts to watts using the formulas for DC as well as AC circuits.
If you have been wondering how many watts is 1021 volts, or if you have been looking for 1021v in watts, then you are definitively right here. 🙂
We not only explain you the conversion of 1021 volts to watts, but also feature a voltage to watt calculator you will like.
How many Watts is 1021 Volts
The answer to the question how many watts is 1021 volts depends on the flow of electric charge, either one-directional in direct current (DC), or bidirectional in case of alternating current (AC).
In case of 1021 volts in an AC circuit, the power factor PF and number of phases make a difference, in addition to the connection scheme of the wires in case of 3-phase AC.
See the 1021 volts to watts formulas in the next section, and make sure to check out our converter which you can find after the voltage to wattage example calculations.
1021 Volts to Watts Conversion
To convert 1021 volts to watts, determine your electric current in amperes (A), then apply the formula below which corresponds to your circuit:
AC, 1 Phase: W = PF × [A] × [1021 V]
AC, 3 Phase, Line to Line (L-L): W = √3 × PF × [A] × [1021 V]
AC, 3 Phase, Line to Neutral (L-N): W = 3 × PF × [A] × [1021 V]
To learn what the power factor, line to line and line to neutral voltage in the context of changing 1021 volts to watts stand for, read our article volts to watts, located in the header menu.
For the example 1021 volts to watts conversions below, we assume a power factor of 0.5 and an electric current of 1.5 amperes. Therefore, for 1021v to watts we get:
- Direct current (DC): W = [1.5 A] × [1021 V] = 1531.5 watts
- Alternating current (AC), 1 Phase: W = 0.5 × [1.5 A] × [1021 V] = 765.75 watts
- Alternating current (AC), 3 Phases, L-L: W = √3 × 0.5 × [1.5 A] × [1021 V] = 1326.32 W
- Alternating current (AC), 3 Phases, L-N: W = 3 × 0.5 × [1.5 A] × [1021 V] = 2297.25 watts
Remember, these values for 1021 volts in watts are example calculations under the assumption PF = 0.5 and I = 1.5 A. For your power factor, amperage and circuit, use our calculator.
Enter 1021 in the Volts field, then choose your circuit from the drop-down menu. If requested, insert the PF. Next, in the Amps field, enter your electric current, then hit Convert.
If you wish to start 1021 volts to watts over, first hit Reset, then proceed as explained above.
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For more history, see: JanesHistoryNook.blogspot.com
By Jane Feehan
Bahia Mar, once home to the third fort built during the Seminole Wars and named for Maj. William Lauderdale was also the site of a House of Refuge in 1875 and later a Coast Guard station. Today, boats of all sizes from around the world berth at the scenic spot. The boat basin project, wending through the vagaries of city politics and developers' woes through the years is now recognized as a world class yachting center. Few remember that a museum was once planned as part of the project.
One of the original developers, Ohioan William E. Schantz of Universal Construction Company (of Ohio and Fort Lauderdale), formed the Bahia Mar Corporation to build the marina in the late 1940s. An article about Schantz from the Miami News, Sept. 1, 1949, details plans he had to build a replica of the old fort across from the yacht basin “…using cabbage palm logs as did the Indian-fighters on the same spot on the high ground near the beach. This fort will become a museum housing old documents and relics of the early days of South Florida.”
The museum remained a pipe dream. Bahia Mar Corporation defaulted on payments to the city two years after completion of the marina in 1949 and the city eventually took control of the property.
Weidling, Philip J., Burghard, August. Checkered Sunshine. Gainesville: University of Florida Press (1966).
Miami News, Sept. 1, 1949, p.4
Tags: Bahia Mar history, Fort Lauderdale history, Florida history | <urn:uuid:0b7cd348-aa49-4f85-9bff-176b53f9a8a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://janesbits.blogspot.com/2011/06/florida-history-museum-for-fort.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821017.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017091309-20171017111309-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.939467 | 342 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Let's talk about adverbs! In this lesson, we have a big match: afuera vs. fuera. Do you know the meaning of these two words? Let's explore how to use and pronounce these frequently used Spanish adverbs.
As an adverb, afuera refers to a place that is outside of where you are:
Todo lo malo me pasa dentro de esta casa, no afuera.
All the bad things happen to me inside this house, not outside.
Caption 20, Muñeca Brava 18 - La Apuesta - Part 4Play Caption
Similarly, the adverb fuera is used to talk about the exterior part of something:
puedes ir a tomar café a una cafetería fuera de la escuela,
you can go to drink coffee at a cafe outside of the school,Play Caption
If you want to indicate that someone is going outside, toward the exterior, or even abroad (with verbs of movement), you can use either afuera or fuera. Both forms are correct and are used indistinctly in both Spain and Latin America. Let's see some sentences:
Vení, vamos afuera.
Come, let's go outside.
Caption 28, Yago 9 Recuperación - Part 2Play Caption
Cuando los cuatro compañeros nos fuimos a estudiar fuera,
When we four friends went to study abroad,Play Caption
When you want to indicate that someone or something is outside, or when you want to make a reference to the outside world, you use fuera in both Spain and Latin America. However, it is also very common to use afuera throughout the Americas. Let's hear the pronunciation of these two words one more time:
¡Qué lindo que está afuera! ¿No? El clima está divino.
How nice it is outside! No? The weather is divine.
Caption 15, Muñeca Brava 1 Piloto - Part 4Play Caption
me doy una buena ducha aquí fuera,
I take a good shower here outside,
Caption 31, Amaya "Mi camper van"Play Caption
Both afuera and fuera can be used as interjections. Generally speaking, you use these interjections when you ask someone to leave a place.
¡Suficiente, fuera de mi casa!
Enough, out of my house!
Caption 61, Los Años Maravillosos Capítulo 4 - Part 6Play Caption
There are several useful idiomatic expressions with the word fuera. Let's see some of them:
Este hombre vive fuera de la realidad, Señoría.
This man lives outside of reality, Your Honor.Play Caption
Su ropa está fuera de moda.
His clothes are out of fashion.Play Caption
No hay nada fuera de lo normal,
There isn't anything out of the ordinary,
Caption 38, Negocios Empezar en un nuevo trabajo - Part 1Play Caption
That's it for today. We hope this review helps you to use correctly the adverbs fuera and afuera. As you could see throughout this lesson, more than talking about afuera vs fuera, we should really treat this subject as afuera = fuera! Keep that in mind and don't forget to send us your comments and suggestions. | <urn:uuid:715cf8c6-bacc-483b-9a72-e0ebf18deb34> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://spanish.yabla.com/it/lesson-Afuera-vs-Fuera-1378 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400211096.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923144247-20200923174247-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.719899 | 757 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Known for its comprehensive introduction to PLCs, this completely updated sixth edition of TECHNICIANaS GUIDE TO PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLERS covers theory, hardware, instructions, programming, installation, startup, and troubleshooting in a way that is easy to understand and apply. New material has been added to include topics such as sequential function chart programming, function block programming, structured text programming, alarm and event programming, and programming information and examples on the Allen-Bradley ControlLogix family of PLCs. Additional topics include communication networks, basic control signals, linear scaling of analog process signals, and the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) instructions used by many PLC applications. Supplementary programming examples utilizing the PLC instructions in the text give students a better understanding of the various instructions and how they can be combined to create simple yet effective control logic solutions for todayas world. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.This is a beneficial instruction when an output signal or operation is wanted for only one scan. ... is the same. Once the electrician or technician has mastered programming one type of PLC, the transition to other types becomes easier.
|Title||:||Technician’s Guide to Programmable Controllers|
|Author||:||Terry Borden, Richard Cox|
|Publisher||:||Cengage Learning - 2012-01-27| | <urn:uuid:01a4a5bd-92ca-401a-80cd-9a28ef73a619> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.escort-project.eu/download-pdf-technicians-guide-to-programmable-controllers-book-by-cengage-learning.pdf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00089-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.865893 | 302 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Central and Latin America Database
Basically, there were three kinds of US clandestine and covert operations:
- CIA operations, which were essentially para-military in nature, and usually used some kind of a front (about which usually not really much is known until today);
- covert USAF operations, flown by aircraft with or without US- markings (meanwhile most of such operations were well covered in different publications)
- private enterprises, most of which worked on a smuggling for profit efforts (the history of most such operations remains to be published).
Their relatively small volume characterized the usual para-military operations organized by the CIA, with a small number of aircraft involved (except in SEA) mainly used for air-to-ground tasks. Types used foremost during the 1950s and 1960s were Douglas B-26 Invader and North American P-51 Mustang, which were available in abundance after the end of the WWII, and large number of which were now in storage, from where they could be removed without much attention from the public. If any kind of aerial opposition was expected, everything possible - sometimes short of engaging official US military forces - was tried in order to neutralize it early during the operation by a concentrated counter-air operation. Despite this, several times US aircraft involved in clandestine operations were engaged in air-to-air combats by local air forces, and here are the backgrounds behind such cases.
On 31 December 1959 the Cuban dictator Batista was forced to flee the country as the rebels lead by Fidel Castro occupied Havana after almost four years of civil war. The USA were one of the first countries which recognized the new government in Cuba, but in the following months a rift developed in reaction to the lynch-justice of the new government, which also nationalized all the US-owned capital on the island. As the tensions rose, Washington put Cuba under economic sanctions, and Castro then turned to the Soviet Union for help, thus causing a stand-off which very much lasts until today.
Initially, the CIA – at the time a secret service which was very active organizing different subversive activities against plethora of governments around the world – planned not to leave Castro as long in power: in the case of Cuba, already in September 1960 the organization and planning of the Operation called "Pluto" were initiated.
The Operation Pluto was organized within a remarkably short period of time, between September 1960 and March 1961, and mainly based on the fact that after the fall of Batista thousands of Cubans have left the country and settled in the USA. Many of these could be recruited for taking part in the counter-invasion which was to start an uprising against the new – increasingly communist – regime under Castro. The original plans for "Pluto" saw landings of small parties, which would fight a guerrilla war and undertake subversive operations, but the response from the Cuban exiles was such, that it soon become clear, that a much larger operation – a true invasion, which would also need support from the air – could be organized.
In total, the Operation Pluto was actually well prepared – even if the intelligence was poor – and had fairly serious chances for a success if executed in aggressive manner with proper support from the air. It was based on three aspects:
- successful recruitment of enough Cuban exiles,
- successful organization of resources - including B-26s
- training of the needed invasion- and support-forces in at least two countries (Guatemala and Nicaragua).
In August 1960, the CIA established the "Camp Trax" near Retalhuleu, in Guatemala, which has got an own airfield Simultaneously, in Miami, a number of Cuban exiles were gathered in order to be trained as pilots and technical personnel at the Homestead AB, and Opa Locka. Meanwhile, no less but 1.400 Cubans were recruited, and most of them were organized into the "Brigade 2506", which was to become the main fighting force.
In order to better conceal the preparations for the invasion, the CIA organized a series of front companies, and ever since, a pretty good overview of these became available. The first group of exiled Cubans destined for being trained as pilots were gathered at Opa-Locka, a disused Marine air base near Miami. Despite a large number of trained Cuban personnel, some US citizens were needed to train them and maintain aircraft. Both the US and Cuban flying and technical personnel were recruited via the "Double-Check Corporation", with the help of Gen. Doster, the then commander of the Alabama National Guard. Doster gathered some 80 Americans, between them many experts for the B-26s from the 117th TRW, USAF, and at least 60 Cubans. Via the company Intermountain Aviation a total of 26 B-26Cs were purchased. Of these, 20 were considered as usefull and made fully operational. Other companies supporting the Operation Pluto were the "Civil Air Transport" (CAT), a company founded by former General Chennault already in 1946 (foremost for operations in China). CAT was regularly purchased by the CIA, and turned into "Pacific Corporation" Holding, which included the new main company, "Southern Air Transport" (SAT) and operated also two smaller companies, the "Air America", and "Air Asia".
In order to better conceal the size of the Operation Pluto, the Invaders and their crews were officially controlled by the "Carribean Marine Aero Corporation", which was also paying the Cuban crews. The training of the crews was officially undertaken by the "Zenith Technical Enterprises Inc.", while all the transport aircraft were operated by the CAT and its subsidiaries. The small arms were purchased via the – in Carribic very well known – Interarms company, owned by the well known arms dealer Sam Cummings. By November 1960, the training of the exiled Cuban crews was so far that they were moved from Fort Lauderdale and Opa-Locka to Retalhuleu, in Guatemala, to get additional training on B-26s, C-46s, and C-54s. The more experienced Cuban pilots have already started to fly their first missions over Cuba, transporting dissidents, saboteurs, arms, and ammunition. Despte many problems with poorly marked drop-zones and poor communications, by March 1961 no less but 68 such missions were flown over Cuba.
Despite the purchase of many aircraft, it was obvious that all the men and heavy weapons could never be delivered to Cuba by transport aircraft only. Therefore, five merchant ships, each 5.000dwt, were chartered from "Garcia Line", in Nicaragua. Via the "Minearal Carriers Ltd." the CIA also purchased two LCI landing crafts, and a 110m long landing ship USS San Marcos, which was actually taken out of the USN reserve. Some slight postponements were caused due to the need to use some of the Cuban crews and transport aircraft for putting down some unrests in Guatemala.
Although at least two B-26Cs were damaged in training and one crashed, and an AT-11 was shot down over Cuba on 11 March 1961 (the crew was recovered by a destroyer of the USN), by the time the Operation Pluto was initiated, there were still up to 16 Invaders at hand. All the Invaders prepared for the operation were equipped with drop tanks taken from USAF F-84s, giving them an increased endurance. It was planned, namely, that these aircraft would be used to destroy the FAR during the early hours of the invasion, so to establish the air superiority over the bridgehead and a better part of Cuba. As already mentioned, in order to conceal the actual origins of these planes, all were painted in fake FAR-markings, getting the FAR national markings on the fin and serials on the nose. In fact, these markings were only superficially similar to those indeed used by the "original" Cuban aircraft: the FAR B-26Cs, for example, had not only a glazed nose, but were also painted in olive drab overall, while the B-26Bs of the exiles had noses with eight machineguns and were left aluminum overall.
|During the training of Cuban B-26-crews in Nicaragua, several aircraft have got a sort of a "nose-art". The "VI-RA-TE" was the "personal mount" of Capt. Raúl Vianello, and the name was a combination of the first two letters of his wife, son, and daughter. (all artworks by Tom Cooper)|
The Fuerza Aerea Revolutionaria (Cuban Air Force)
Before the success of the revolution, in 1959, the original Fuerza Aérea del Ejército de Cuba was a small service, mainly equipped with obsolete and surplus types supplied according to US MDAP-projects, and barely operational due to the unrests within its own ranks. By 1959, it boasted at least nine (out of 12 originally delivered) B-26C Invader bombers, 12 Sea Fury FB.1s and two F-47D Thunderbolt fighters, four (out of eight) T-33A training jets, as well as one OS2U-3 Kingfisher, one C-46 and three (out of four still intact) C-47 transports, and one Beech C-45. That was also the number of aircraft the newly established Fuerza Aérea Revolutionaria – the Revolutionary Air Force (FAR) – took over at the moment of ist establishment, in early 1960. Only few of these aircraft were actually airworthy, but the FAR was swift to call to service a number of former FAEC transport and also civilian airline pilots. Due to immense efforts of all involved, by late 1960 the new Cuban air force was actually in a pretty good shape – considering the circumstances. For example, the single Escuadron de Bombardeo, commanded by Luis Silva-Tablada (a former FAEC pilot, and comrade of quite a few of counter-revolutionary pilots which were to fly missions of the operation Pluto) prepared six out of nine available B-26 airframes for operations. In fact, usually only between one and three Invaders could be considered airworthy (five of these were stationed at Antonio de los Banos airfield, south of Havana, and the main FAR air base, and one was usually held at Santiago de Cuba – where also all the grounded examples were parked), but the FAR thus possessed a valuable light-bomber asset. The situation in other Cuban units was similar. In total the most important of FAR’s assets were the pilots and ground crews, which were highly enthusiastic and to prove far more capable and willing to fight than could be expected considering their training and experience, or general circumstances under which they had to work.
The situation on the other side was only slightly different, then the counter-revolutionaries were at least as enthusiastic about the operation in which they were to take part. There were certain predispositions for this enthusiasm, which were to influence it considerably later. Namely, the B-26s of the counter-revolutionaries were to operate over Cuba after starting from very distant bases - Retalhuleu in Guatemala (by then code-named “Rayo Base”), and Puerto Cabezas in Nicaragua (code-named “Happy Valley”). This would make for some round trips of up to 1400 mile and up to eight hours, mostly over the sea and with only very limited possibilities of search-and-rescue operations – which was the actual background behind the CIA going for two-engined B-26s instead for one-engined P-51Ds when planning and organizing the Operation Pluto. Certainly, this was not a reason for over-enthusiasm, but then even more problems developed. The original plan for the Operation Pluto saw the support of the Brigade 2506 not only by B-26s flown by counter-revolutionary pilots, but also by the US aircraft and ships of at least one USN carrier battle group. In January 1961, however, the new US administration of the President Kennedy took over in Washington. Despite his sympathies for the idea, on 3 March 1961, Kennedy issued an order which would not permit any direct involvement of US military, however. Even more so, he also forbade the planned large opening attack by counter-revolutionary B-26s against the Cuban air bases. These decisions were initially kept secret from the personnel of the Brigade 2506, and so also counter-revolutionary pilots. When they learned about them – shortly before the start of the invasion – quite a few were disappointed and frustrated.
The Puma Strike
On Saturday, 15 April 1961, around 02:30hrs, only eight out of at least 16 operational counter-revolutionary B-26Bs took off towards their assigned targets. The plan – called the Operation Puma – now saw limited attacks against the FAR air bases, which would then be explained as caused by a defecting crew of the FAR. This story was to be supported by another counter-revolutionary B-26 – of course, in full FAR-markings – landing in Miami, where its crew would explain that they defected after fleeing from Cuba.
The eight bombers were organized into three sections:
- Puma Flight, with Jose Crespo and navigator Lorenzo Pérez-Lorenzo as "Puma 1"; Daniel Fernández-Mon and navigator Gaston Pérez as "Puma 2"; and Osvaldo Piedra with navigator José Fernández as "Puma 3". Their target was the airfield Campo/Ciudad Libertad (the counter-revolutionary crews called it "Camp Libertad"; the Cubans "Ciudad Libertad).
- Gorilla Flight, consisting of "Gorilla 1" (B-26B "FAR 931"), flown by Capt. Gustavo Ponzoa with navigator Capt. Rafael Garcial Pujol, and "Gorilla 2" ("FAR 933"), flown by Capt. Gonzalo Herrera, with navigator Angel Lopez. Their target was the Antonio Maceo International Airport, Santiago de Cuba.
- Linda Flight including "Linda 1" ("FAR 929") flown by Luis Cosme, with navigator Nildo Batista; "Linda 2" with René Garcia, with navigator Luis Ardois; and "Linda 3", with Alfredo Caballero, with navigator Alfredo Maza. Their target was San Antonio de los Banos air base.
|"FAR-917" (probably ex USAF 44-34429) was the last operational B-26C with the Cuban Air Force. Flown by the Chilean instructor Legas, the aircraft was underway for its last sortie on 18 April, when hit by ground fire: Legas was forced to make an emergency landing with four 250kg bombs still aboard!|
Each aircraft was armed with two 250kg and ten 125kg bombs, as well as with eight machineguns, mounted in the nose.
As first over their target, Santiago de Cuba, arrived the Invaders of the Gorilla Flight. They were probably spotted by a patrol boat of the Cuban Navy while approaching at medium level, but then dived to only 10 or 20 feet above the sea and continued towards the target. Once over Santiago de Cuba, Ponzoa bombed the ramp under which fuel depots were buried, while Herrera straffed AAA-emplacements. After the first turn, the planes exchanged their places and Herrera bombed, while Ponzoa tried to give him some cover. The Cubans responded with fierce fire, filling the skies with tracer caliber 23 adn 37mm, but the two Invaders then turned around positioning for their third attack. While dropping his last bombs, Capt. Gonzoa noticed one Cubana Airlines DC-3/C-47 (CU-T172) and a Cuban Navy PBY already burning, and then turned for another strafing run, during which Herrera hit several parked aircraft and also the building nearby. Despite the meanwhile fully alerted defenses and the fierce AAA fire, Capts. Ponzoa and Herrera positioned for yet another attack, during which Ponzoa hit an all-black painted FAR B-26C, causing it to burst in flames. Only then have they turned away: Herrera’s plane was hit several times, causing his nose gear door to hang half open. Nevertheless, the pair landed safely at Happy Valley almost seven hours after the take-off, claiming to have destroyed the fuel depot and virtually every military and civilian aircraft they found parked on the ground (for a total of three or four B-26Cs – all of which were probably not airworthy – one C-47, and one FB.1 Fury of the FAR, and the single DC-3 of the Cubana Airlines).
As next over their target, Camp/Ciudad Libertad, the Puma Section was less successful and lucky. Some sources claimed that the Puma Section damaged "only one T-33A", but in fact there were no FAR aircraft at this airfield, as it was not used already since months. Therefore, this strike was a complete waste of time and resources. Even more so, the B-26B "Puma 3" was shot down by AAA, and crashed off the north coast of Havanna, with the loss of the crew. The second Invader from this pair, the "Puma 1", was also damaged, and diverted to the NAS Boca Chica, near Key West, instead of flying back to Nicaragua.
Finally, the third pair, Linda attacked San Antonio de los Banos, and claimed the destruction of one each of T-33A ("715"), C-47, and AT-6, and another Cubana DC-3. The was damaged by AAA and diverted to Grand Cayman.
With this, the opening attack was over, and the CIA now initiated the "public" part of the campaign. At 0400hrs, Mario Zuniga, a pilot of the Brigade 2506, took off in the second B-26B "FAR 933" for Miami, where he landed at 0821hrs, explaining to have defected from Cuba after destroying several FAR aircraft on the ground. Only very few observers noticed that the aircraft was a B-26B, with "hard" nose that contained eight machine guns, while the FAR was flying B-26Cs, equipped with a "glazed" nose and carrying machine guns in the wings. Also, initially nobody asked any questions about the fact that the guns of the aircraft were obviously not fired: for the time being, the deception functioned.
|"FAR933" - actually the B-26B of the "Liberation Air Force", flown to Miami in deception campaign at the beginning of the assault on Cuba. The CIA did a reasonably good job in replicating FAR markings, however, the genuine FAR Invaders were B-26Cs - with glazed nose and machine-gun turrets. |
Invaders in Air Combat
Meanwhile, an USAF U-2 returned to USA with the post-strike pictures of the Puma attack, which showed that only five FAR aircraft could be confirmed as destroyed on the ground, while few others were hit, but considered as damaged. With this, it became clear already at that moment, that the landing of the Brigade 2506 would not be undertaken under conditions of a complete air superiority: actually, it would lack also proper air support. Because of this, the CIA and the exiled Cubans demanded permission to fly additional strikes. President Kennedy turned any such requests down, explaining that meanwhile it became clear that the B-26 that landed in Miami could not start from Cuba. The Invaders of the counter-revolutionaries were to fly again only after some of the Cuban airfields were captured.
Obviously, the poor intelligence on the actual condition and capabilities of the FAR have left the counter-revolutionaries and the CIA under impression, that the invasion could be continued as planned nevertheless, and therefore a decision was brought to do so, even if all the air strikes planned for the 16 April were cancelled. This was a fatal mistake: the FAR was not destroyed, and now it has also got almost 48 hours to mobilize and prepare for the fighting.
Shortly after the midnight of 17 April, the first parts of the Brigade 2506 landed from the merchant Barbara J. on the "Blue" beach, near Giron, which had also a small landing strip. Shortly after, the second part of the Brigade landed from Blagar on the Beach Red, near Playa Large, in the Bay of Pigs. The first two ships were followed by the USS San Marco and seven landing crafts, which delivered five M-41 tanks to Playa Larga. Initial Cuban resistance was weak, and the Brigade 2506 had no problems in establishing a several kilometers deep bridgehead.
Nevertheless, Castro was swift to respond and the first stronger units of the Cuban Army started moving at the dawn. The FAR was also swift to send some of its fighters and light bombers into the area and these appeared just in the moment as the five C-46s and a single C-54 delivered 177 paras of the Brigade 2506 some seven kilometers behind the Playa Larga, in order to reinforce the bridgehead (the drop was codenamed Operation Falcon). As the transports turned around a single FAR B-26C – initially misidentified as one of the counter-revolutionary aircraft – appeared near one of the C-46s, but when it opened fire, the pilot of the C-46, Capt. Eddie Ferrer, turned his transport into the Invader, passing nearly head-on and then moving towards the support ships which were armed with anti-aircraft guns and could thus offer some support. The lonely FAR B-26 then left the area, its crew later claiming to have shot one C-46 down.
Meanwhile, around 0645hrs, the FAR Sea Fury "541", flown by Maj. Enrique Carrera-Rolas, appeared over Playa Larga and found the next merchant, Houston, which was in the process of off-loading supplies. Carreras immediately attacked and caused a considerable surprise delivering a salvo of unguided rockets very precisely: Houston was heavily hit and cached fire. It was soon clear that the ship could not be recovered, but the FAR pilots knew that more efforts were needed in order to have some effects. Consequently, three hours later several FAR Sea Furies appeared on the scene and attacked Rio Escondido – which carried most of the ammunition for the Brigade 2506 - near Giron, hitting it with several rocket-salvos and gun-fire, and causing a powerful explosion. The attack of the Furies against Rio Escondido was witnessed by the crews of the two counter-revolutionary B-26Bs – belonging to the "Chico" section – which now appeared on the scene. Invader "FAR 935", flown by Capt. Matías Farías (as "Chico 2"), with Eddie Gonzalez as navigator, turned immediately behind the nearest Sea Fury and took a snap-shot while the two aircraft were mid through a turn towards each other. Then two more Furies appeared, one to the right, and another to the left of the Invader, but they "identified" the aircraft as "their". One of the two FAR fighters is believed to have been flown by Maj. Enrique Carrera-Rolas, which then turned away and towards Veradero. Capt. Farías started a pursuit and catched with the much faster Sea Fury only when Carrera-Rolas was in the landing pattern: Farías attacked and scored some hits, but the fighter retracted the gear and accelerated away. Disturbed by the communist AAA, Farías then turned away towards the Bay of Pigs, where he briefly exchanged fire with an "original" B-26 Invader, the "FAR 903", flown by Capt. Silva-Tablada. Silva-Tablada and his crew (including Mation Torres, Jesus Noa, and Gonzalez Garrinaga) were underway towards the Bay of Pigs, and they arrived there exactly in the moment as the landing crafts returned to merchants in order to take the next wave of troops, as well as ammunition and supplies. By now, the gunners aboard the ships were alerted and ready, and as the Invader approached it meet fierce opposition. The plane was hit by the AAA, lost a wing, and cart wheeled into the water.
Returning over the bridgehead around 0700hrs, Capt. Farías was then to witness three hours of intensive combat. While the other B-26B from this pair returned back to Nicaragua, he remained on station as requested by the commanders on the ground. As first, he supported the landings at Playa Larga, and straffed the communist column underway from Cienfuegos, before supporting the paratroopers of the Brigade 2506 involved in fighting between Soplillar and Yaguaramas. By 0900hrs, it was clear Farías would not have enough fuel to return to Happy Valley, but would rather have to divert to Grand Cayman or Jamaica. After conferencing with the local commander, however, he decided to land on the small strip which was already under the control of the Brigade 2506. Just in the moment when this decision was taken, another FAR Sea Fury attacked him, but apparently missed. Turning towards the strip, Farías then noticed smoke and that the plane was damaged: what exactly caused the problems remained unknown (after all, by the time Farías was over the area for almost four hours and participated in several engagements), but while almost over the small airfield Playa Giron, his Invader was then attacked also by the FAR T-33As flown by Lt. Alberto Fernandez and heavily damaged, while his navigator was killed. Pulling up, Farías tried to shot at Fernandez which overshoot, but then his starboard engine quit and he had to crash-land. Badly injured during the landing, Farías was evacuated to Nicaragua two days later.
The Catastrophe in the Bay of Pigs
Shortly before Farías B-26 went down, around 1000hrs four other Invaders of the counter-revolutionaries appeared on the scene. Two of them attacked a Cuban column near Pálpite, causing a heavy loss, but then more FAR fighters arrived on the scene and moments later the Invader-crews were fighting for naked survival, as – despite their lack of experience – the FAR pilots flew their planes in an admirable manner.
Despite an intervention by several A4D-2 Skyhawks from the US carrier USS Essex (CVA-9), which tried to fly in between the FAR and counter-revolutionary aircraft, the T-33As and Sea Furies could not be stopped. The B-26 "Paloma 1", flown by Capt. Raúl Vianell, and navigator Demetrio Pérez, was shot down by the T-33A flown by FAR Capt. Alvaro Prendes. The B-26 "Lion 2", flown by Capt. Crispín García, and navigator Juan González, was shot down probably by the Sea Fury "541", flown by Maj. Enrique Carrera-Rolas. Then also the end for the rest of the „Puma“ flight came, as both B-26s belonging to this section came under attack: "Puma 1", flown by Capt. José Crespo with navigator Lorenzo Pérez-Lorenzo, was badly damaged by the Sea Fury piloted by Lt. Douglas Rudd. The Invader ditched in the sea near Nicaraguan coast, but the crew was killed. "Puma 2" had no better luck: it was shot down by T-33A "703", flown by Lt. Rafael del Pino, and the crew – Capt. Osvaldo Piedra and navigator José Fernández – was killed.
After these heavy losses most of the remaining counter-revolutionary pilots, demoralized and frustrated, refused to fly additional combat sorties into the Area. Equally, the USA were now sure that they would not support the invasion, especially as the expected uprising of the Cubans against Castro did not happen. Therefore, the situation of the troops on the beachhead in the Bay of Pigs detorriated rapidly. Only Eduardo ferrer, which already flew one of the C-46s that dropped the paras on the same morning, volunteered to now fly another transport into the combat area, in order to deliver supplies. His aircraft was escorted by two B-26Bs, but these turned back too early and have left Ferrer alone: soon after, he was intercepted by a single T-33 and forced to abort the mission.
Under such conditions, there was not other possibility but to send US instructors to fly combat sorties with B-26s over the Bay of Pigs on 18 April. This attack was successful in hitting the Cuban positions, and no aircraft were lost. In response, the FAR sent its last operational – out of two examples remaining intact – B-26C into the battle as well., flown by Chilean Jacques Lagas. But, while over flying the communist positions the aircraft was hit by the ground defenses and damaged, and then suffered also a mechanical failure. Lagas landed safely, but this was the last flight of any "original" Cuban B-26 Invaders.
|Fake "FAR-931", the B-26B flown by Capts. Ponzoa and Pujol as "Gorilla 1" on the morning of 15 April 1961, during the strike against Puerto Cabezas.|
On the same day also few aircraft from the USS Essex – with all their markings removed – were sent into reconnaissance of the area, as well as a single USAF C-130 Hercules transporter, which started from the Kelly AB, in Texas, which was to drop some supplies in the night. Due to different factors, the Hercules never reached Giron. Meanwhile, the situation of the Brigade 2506 on the ground became critical as well. The two last undamaged merchants, Atlantico and Carribe, have left the area without off-loading most of their loads, and the troops were now very short with ammunition.
For the morning of 19 April, one last large air attack was permitted to be flown by the Cuban counter-revolutionary pilots, which agreed to fly it, but only if covered by the Skyhawks from the USS Essex. After this request was turned down by Washington, however, again only the US advisors showed ready to take off. So it came that the US pilots William Goodwin, Thomas W. Ray, Riley Shamburger, and Joe Shannon, together with the Cuban pilot Gonzalo Herrera, manned the five B-26Bs readied for this mission. The bombers took of from Happy Valley at 0330hrs, and closing to the Cuban coast even saw four Skyhawks of the VA-34. But, the USN fighters were only on a reconnaissance flight and not to get involved: as soon as they spotted the arriving Invaders, they turned away. Namely, the USS Essex has got a secret order to dispatch several Skyhawks for the escort of counter-revolutionary bombers, but these missed to meet the B-26s due to communication problems. The US crews attacked nevertheless.
Thomas W. Ray, underway under the call-sign "Mad Dog 4" with navigator Leo Baker, bombed Castor’s HQ in the "Central Australia" sugar factory, but was then shot down by Maj. Enrique Carrera-Rolas, which piloted the T-33 "709". Ray and Baker bailed out safely, but were then executed by the communists. The other four bombers managed to hit their targets as well, but then another T-33A, "711", this time flown by Capt. Alvaro Prendes, cached the leading Invader of the "Mad Dog" formation, flown by Maj. Rilley Shamburger, with navigator Wade Gray, and shot it down.
For all purposes, the battle was now short of being over: on the ground, no less but 1.189 troops of the Brigade 2506 were meanwhile captured – or would be cached in the following few days - while 114 others were killed. The CIA dispatched another transport to drop supplies on the same evening, but the Operation Pluto was then cancelled. The remaining 50 Cuban pilots and technicians were then flown to Miami, and all the bases used for the operation closed. The Invaders left behind at Happy Valley languished for some time before being taken over by the Fuerza Aérea de Nicaragua; few examples were even flown back to the USA, and ended at Davis-Monthan.
For the FAR, its first combat campaign was a complete and undisputed success. According to official and inofficial Cuban sources the – in part young and mainly inexperienced – FAR pilots claimed a surprisingly high number of air-to-air kills against the counter-revolutionary aircraft. Even if under a closer look most of these proved as over-claims (some Cuban sources claim no less but 16 counter-revolutionary aircraft as shot down by FAR pilots), their achievements nevertheless deserve a full credit, especially as most of the FAR pilots had no combat experience at all, and the aircraft they flew would probably be declared non-operational in most other air forces. Their achievements are even more significant if the one considers, that the official Cuban sources claimed the ten available FAR pilots to have flown no less but 70 combat sorties, while the counter-revolutionary sources indicate everything else but a confirmation for even 50% of this claim to be truth. Consequently in a very small number of combat sorties the FAR delivered the decisive blows to the counter-revolutionaries, sinking two transport ships and shooting down seven B-26B Invaders (an eight example was shot down by the AAA), thus assuring their enemy not to be properly supplied with ammunition, and left without any air cover. For all purposes, the Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria was thus instrumental in spoiling the Operation Pluto.
The most-successful FAR pilots were:
- Maj. Enrique Carrera-Rolas, for which two kills were claimed in only seven sorties flown, and which not only indeed shot down two B-26s, but also sunk one transport ship,
- Capt. Alvaro Prendes, for which three kills were claimed (two confirmed) in – supposedly – 14 combat sorties, and
- Lt. Rafael del Pino (which in the mid-1980s defected – flying his whole family in a small aircraft – to the USA, after also leading the Cuban contingent in the war in Angola), for which it was claimed to have shot down two B-26s (only one confirmed) in ten combat sorties,
The counter-revolutionary pilots fared at least as well. However, with their slower and less maneuverable Invaders they could simply not win the air combats against the faster Sea Furies and T-33As of the FAR. Left without the promised support from the USA, and after suffering heavy losses in repeated air combats, it was not surprising that they finally gave up in frustration. Their fate illustrated perfectly how heavily dependable on possession of air superiority the operations of this kind were.
For the CIA, the Operation Pluto became a classic synonym for a military disaster, which caused the agency to be comprehensively reorganized. The times when it was organizing clandestine para-military operations all over the world were largely over, and the CIA – subsequently put under the direct control of the US Senate – was subsequently reorganized into an intelligence-gathering organization. This remained that way right until the end of the 20th Century, and was changed only after severe criticism for ist inactivity in the face of increasing activity of Islamic extremists.
Orders of Battle
- Escuadron Persecucion y Combate: 4 Sea Fury FB.11s (three operational), 5 T-33As (possibly also few P-51Ds, but none were flyable) at Camp Libertad, and San Antonio de Los Banos
- Escuadron de Bombarderos Ligeros (CO Luis Silva-Tablada; XO Jacques Lagas – a former Chilean, trained on B-26s in the USA and contracted to train Cuban pilots): 5 B-26Cs at San Antonio de los Banos, 1 at Santiago de Cuba (plust several grounded examples)
- Escuadron de Transporte: few C-46s and C-47s at Camp (or "Ciudad") Libertad, Santiago de Cuba, and Cienfuegos
- Entrenamiento (training group), used also for liaison, flew reportedly few TBM Avengers, but also several Cessna, Beechcraft, and Piper aircraft; there was also a small helicopter arm, equipped with a small number of Bell 47s, as well as with the first Mi-1s, and Mi-4s.
US Navy (USN)
USS Essex, CVS-9, with carrier air wing CVSG-60 embarked (code AW), including:
- VA-34 Blue Blasters, A4D-2 Skyhawk
- VS-34 (name of the unit unknown), S2F Tracker
- VAW-12 (Det.), AD-5W Tracker
- HS-9 Sea Griffins, HSS-1
Note: at the open-air display in the DAAFAR Museum, near Havana, a B-26B can be found, carrying the serial "933". This plane certainly never flew with the FAR, but is believed to be an ex-Portuguese example, brought from Angola as a war prize.
Sources & Bibliography
- "AIR WARS AND AIRCRAFT; A Detailed Record of Air Combat, 1945 to the Present", by Victor Flintham, Arms and Armour Press, 1989 (ISBN: 0-85368-779-X)
- "Profile Publications" series, Profile Publications Ltd., Leatherhead, Surrey, from the late 1960s and early 1970s.
- Ian Allan "At War", "Postwar Military Aircraft", and "Modern Combat Aircraft" series
- THE ARMS BAZAAR, by Anthony Sampson, Hodder and Stoughton, 1977 (ISBN: 3-498-06118-6)
- "LATIN-AMERICAN MILITARY AVIATION, by J.M. Andrade, Midland Counties Publications, 1982
- NORTH AMERICAN F-51 MUSTANG IN LATIN AMERICAN AIR FORCE SERVICE, by J. Dienst & D. Hagerdon, Aerofax, 1985
- ENCYCLOPEAEDIA OF THE WORLD'S AIR FORCES, by Michael J.H. Taylor, Multimedia Books Ltd., 1988 (ISBN: 1-85260-135-3)
- THE PENGUIN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN WARFARE, by Kenneth Macksey & William Woodhouse, Penguin Group, 1991 (ISBN: 0-670-82698-7)
- WORLD'S AIR FORCES, by John Pacco, JP Publications, 1992 (ISBN: 90-801136-1-1)
- FOREIGN INVADERS; The Douglas Invader in Foreign Military and US Clandestine Service, by D. Hagedorn & L. Hellström, Midland Publishing Ltd., 1994 (ISBN: 1-85780-013-3)
- AEROSPACE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD AIR FORCES, edited by David Willis, Aerospace Publishing, 1999 (ISBN: 1-86184-045-4)
Further Recommended Reading
- Bay of Pigs; the Men and Aircraft of the Cuban Revolutionary Air Force" by Doug MacPhail and Chuck Acree, posted at the website of the Latin American Aviation Heritage Society
- "Secret Warriors; the CIA's Liberation Air Force in 1954 in Guatemala" by Mario E. Overall, another excellent article posted at the website of the Latin American Aviation Heritage Society, offering an exclusively detailed insight into the organization of the typical CIA para-military operations of the time
© Copyright 2002-3 by ACIG.org
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Central and Latin America Database
|Mexican Naval Mil Mi-17s|
|Aztec Rotors - Helicopters of Mexican Air Force|
|Fuerza Aerea Colombiana|
|Forca Aerea Brasileira|
|Drug-Busting Operations Air-to-Air Victories|
|Central & South American Air-to-Air Victories|
|Cuban Air-to-Air Victories|
|Peru vs. Ecuador; Alto-Cenepa War, 1995|
|Venezuelan Coup Attempt, 1992|
|Panama, 1989; Operation "Just Cause" |
|Grenada, 1983: Operation "Urgent Fury"|
|El Salvador, 1980-1992|
|El Salvador vs Honduras, 1969: The 100-Hour War|
|Cuban Crisis, 1962: ORBATs and OPLANs|
|Clandestine US Operations: Cuba, 1961, Bay of Pigs|
|Guatemala since 1954|
|Costa Rican Civil Wars: 1948 & 1955|
|Dominican Republic since 1945| | <urn:uuid:ac29552a-53e8-4bf6-85ce-5eccb2f071f2> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_154.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657138086.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011218-00044-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972841 | 8,671 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The UN growing concerned over the continuing food crisis in Niger
Nov 18, 2011
The food crisis in Niger is of a growing concern for the United Nations, as the organization reports that more than half of the country's villages are affected. Additionally, the UN's news source predicts that things could grow worse for the country once its annual harvest season ends.
According to a report from the UN, approximately 6,981 villages are labeled as vulnerable to food insecurity. Those at the greatest risk for malnutrition include infants and mothers. The country currently has a food deficit of 500,000 tons of cereal and at least 10 million tons of fodder for livestock.
Elisabeth Byrs, a spokesperson for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, noted that although the country has improved its food situation over the last year, much of the rural population is still struggling.
According to the Agence France-Presse, in June of this year the level of malnourished children had reached alarming levels in seven of the eight regions of Niger. Next month, the UN will develop an analysis of the exact number of people affected in the country. | <urn:uuid:e23b0e35-472c-4d43-9af2-39c5951e2aec> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://thehungersite.greatergood.com/clickToGive/ths/article/The-UN-growing-concerned-over-the-continuing-food-crisis-in-Niger115 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663754.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00236-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966946 | 234 | 2.625 | 3 |
Want to stay on top of all the space news? Follow @universetoday on TwitterSedimentary rock covers 70% of the Earth. Erosion is constantly changing the face of the Earth. Weathering agents…wind, water, and ice…break rock into smaller pieces that flow down waterways until the settle to the bottom permanently. These sediments( pebbles, sand, clay, and gravel) pile up and for new layers. After hundred or thousands of years these rocks become pressed together to form sedimentary rock.
Sedimentary rock can form in two different ways. When layer after layer of sediment forms it puts pressure on the lower layers which then form into a solid piece of rock. The other way is called cementing. Certain minerals in the water interact to form a bond between rocks. This process is similar to making modern cement. Any animal carcasses or organisms that are caught in the layers of sediment will eventually turn into fossils. Sedimentary rock is the source of quite a few of our dinosaur findings.
There are four common types of sedimentary rock: sandstone, limestone, shale, and conglomerate. Each is formed in a different way from different materials. Sandstone is formed when grains of sand are pressed together. Sandstone may be the most common type of rock on the planet. Limestone is formed by the tiny pieces of shell that have been cemented together over the years. Conglomerate rock consists of sand and pebbles that have been cemented together. Shale forms under still waters like those found in bogs or swamps. The mud and clay at the bottom is pressed together to form it.
Sedimentary rock has the following general characteristics:
- it is classified by texture and composition
- it often contains fossils
- occasionally reacts with acid
- has layers that can be flat or curved
- it is usually composed of material that is cemented or pressed together
- a great variety of color
- particle size varies
- there are pores between pieces
- can have cross bedding, worm holes, mud cracks, and raindrop impressions
This is only meant to be a brief introduction to sedimentary rock. There are many more in depth articles and entire books that have been written on the subject. Here is a link to a very interesting introduction to rocks. Here on Universe Today there is a great article on how sedimentary rock show very old signs of life. Astronomy Cast has a good episode on the Earth’s formation. | <urn:uuid:805ab979-777a-4e6d-a60e-66a9c207b774> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.universetoday.com/38537/sedimentary-rock/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703298047/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112138-00001-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957616 | 512 | 4.125 | 4 |
Are your dog’s eyes a constant mess? Don’t feel alone. Running and tearing eyes is one of the most regular problems faced by Shih Tzu owners. That’s why Shih Tzu eye care is extremely important.
The truth is that Shih Tzus are prone to eye problems due to their protruding eyes. The amount of hair that can touch and irritate the eye does not help either.
Shih Tzu Eye Care: What is Dry Eye?
In order to understand Dry Eye better we must first look at the function of tears.
Tears consist of oils, mucus and about 95% water. They’re important as they lubricate the eyes, contain anti-bacterial qualities, sugars, salts and oxygen that nourish the eyes.
Tears also flush away any irritants that get in the eyes like dust.
When the tear glands do not produce enough tears (actually the watery part of the tear) to lubricate the eyes you end up with Dry Eyes.
Symptoms of Dry Eye
- A yellow/green discharge from the eyes. This happens because the oil to water ratio is too high.
- Bacteria overgrowth as dust and other particles are not removed by the tears.
- Irritated eyes due to the bacteria overgrowth and dust.
Causes of Dry Eye
- The most common cause is the destruction of the tear glands due to an immune reaction. The exact reason why it happens is still unknown.
- Infections or trauma that causes damage to the tear glands.
- A lack of tear-producing tissue. This is normally inherited.
- Antibiotics containing sulfa
- Distemper infection
How do you know if your Shih Tzus Eye is Dry?
You can look at the symptoms, but the easiest and best way is to take your dog to the vet. The vet will place special paper (known as a Schirmer tear test strip) under the dog’s eyelid and leave it there for about a minute.
After one minute the vet will remove the paper and measure the wetness of the strip. If the results are well below average, your Shih Tzu may suffer from Dry Eye.
Dangers of Dry Eye
Your dog will initially suffer from chronic eye infections and frequent scarring will damage the cornea. Once corneal ulceration has developed extra care should be taken as it can lead to blindness.
What are your options if your Shih Tzu is diagnosed with this condition?
Finding the cause is not easy and you may do better to try to prevent any damage the condition can cause. However, if your vet cannot find the cause he will subscribe eye drops.
The most frequently used drops are called Cyclosporine ophthalmic ointment. The drops suppress the immune reaction that is the most frequent cause of this condition.
Surgery is also an option, although it is not frequently used. During surgery a salivary duct is transplanted into the upper eyelid area.
The result is that saliva drains into the eye providing the necessary lubrication.
Just like human eyes, a Shih Tzu’s eyes are indeed sensitive. However, unlike humans, dogs cannot keep their eyes clean and healthy by themselves. Because of this dilemma, proper Shih Tzu eye care is essential.
Eye infections in Shih Tzus can appear at any given time; therefore, it is on humans to check their eyes often for signs of injury or disease. Also, if there is a sign of a problem, make sure you have them treated immediately by a veterinarian.
Any Shih Tzu can experience eye issues, ranging from a mild case to a severe case, which can lead to the loss of an eye. Healthy eyes should always be moist and display no cloudiness, mucous discharge, swelling, cloudiness, and redness.
Learn more about Shih Tzu eye care and Shih Tzu Health Issues | <urn:uuid:d8373bb9-6c37-4a63-8dd9-ed7af75f7b1b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://shihtzudoginformation.com/shih-tzu-eye-care.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154158.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801030158-20210801060158-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.936694 | 831 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Argentina's best-known writer during his lifetime, Leopoldo Lugones's work spans many literary styles and ideological positions. He was influential as a modernist poet, as a precursor of the avant-garde, and also as the poet of Argentine nature. His short stories (Las Fuerzas Extranas: 1906) were early examples of the fantastic in Latin American fiction and influenced Borges, Quiroga, and others They reflect an interest in the uncanny and inspired contemporary interest in animism and occultism because the protagonists of many the stories were scientists and doctors experimenting in the transmutation of thought. His prose works include La Guerra Gaucha (1905) and the essay El Payador (1916) in which he idealized the gaucho as a heroic figure, popular poet, and a symbol of Argentine identity. Lugones altered his political views many times, adopting radical anarchism, and later in life, fascism. He was therefore a controversial figure, both accalimed and scorned by his contemporaries.
His adherence to the importance of literary form drew criticism from the new generation of writers, such as Borges, but Borges later stated in 1955 that "Lugones was and continues to be the greatest Argentine writer."
Publisher: Oxford University Press Inc | <urn:uuid:f5f57008-4e28-444e-8a0c-b7da80e08235> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | https://www.waterstones.com/book/selected-writings/leopoldo-lugones/gwen-kirkpatrick/9780195174045 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298889.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00135-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974977 | 267 | 3.484375 | 3 |
May Is Melanoma/Skin Cancer Detection and Prevention Month: Here’s What You Need to Know
It is often said that an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. This old saying is one that remains true as far as it relates to the detection and treatment of Melanoma. According to The Skin Cancer Foundation, one person dies of melanoma every 52 minutes.
Early detection can decrease your risk of being diagnosed with Melanoma. While prevention is always preferred, the good news is once the condition is detected early in those who have it, and is subsequently treated; the Melanoma has a higher chance of being cured.
Preventing Melanoma: What You Need to Know
Being that the leading known cause of Melanoma is coming in contact with the direct Ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun, limiting one’s exposure is the best place to start with your efforts to prevent Melanoma. In this case, prevention can be as simple (and as difficult) as adjusting your daily habits. Here are Melanoma prevention tips you should practice in your everyday life:
- Staying out of the sun as much as possible, to avoid direct contact with UV rays.
- Avoid using tanning beds to decrease your direct contact with UV rays.
- Wear at least SPF 30 when exposed to the sun and reapply every 1-2 hours.
- Raising your level of self-awareness by regularly inspecting your own skin as best as possible for any apparent abnormalities. (Monthly self-examinations of moles.)
- Everyone should have their skin checked by a dermatologist at least once a year.
- Wear protective clothing, like hats, and seek shade during the midday peak sun hours.
While the tips above can help decrease your exposure to Melanoma, there are numerous causes that cannot always be prevented. For example, people with a family history of Melanoma have a higher likelihood of getting it. There is also an increased risk for people who possess a genetic predisposition to Melanoma, such as people who are fair-skinned, blonde and blue-eyed or people who have red hair.
Getting Involved: Raising awareness in May
May is all about Melanoma and skin cancer prevention, detection, treatment and of course, general awareness. There is much you can do to raise your own level or awareness about the disease, as well as the awareness of others. For example, you can:
- Encourage accountability at the level of the family, so that family members can encourage each other to wear sunscreen and limit the times spent in the sun
- Help build awareness through schools and the formal education systems. By equipping and encouraging teachers and administrators to pass on the necessary information about Melanoma to their students.
- Organize health fairs and/or events focused on sharing information about Melanoma with your community. | <urn:uuid:23f645b2-bb64-4317-ae53-e539113118ea> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://universaldermatology.com/may-melanomaskin-cancer-detection-prevention-month-heres-need-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738960.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813043927-20200813073927-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.959134 | 602 | 2.90625 | 3 |
It’s been about a year since Brood X (10) of the 17-year Periodical Cicadas (Magicicada spp.) serenaded us with their cacophonous love songs. They are long gone, but can't be forgotten. Their damage continues to plague trees in the landscapes and forests of Ohio.
Although cicada females have long piercing/sucking mouthparts and they use their mouthparts to suck sap like giant aphids, their feeding damage is considered inconsequential. The tree stem damage is caused by equipment located at the other end of their bodies.
Female cicadas possess sharp, spade-like ovipositors (ovi = egg). They use their pointy ovipositors to insert eggs through the bark and phloem and into the white wood (xylem) of small branches and twigs. The resulting damage splits the stems leaving deep furrows of ruptured tissue.
The oviposition injury may be so severe it completely disrupts the vascular flow of water in the xylem. As a result, the leaves beyond the damage wilt and turn brown producing a characteristic symptom called “flagging” owing to its resemblance to flagging tape.
If the damage causes a complete loss of the structural integrity provided by the xylem, the stems detach and drop to the ground which is a good thing for the nascent cicadas. The soil is the ultimate destination of the first instar cicada nymphs that hatch from the eggs. Once in the soil, they migrate to tree roots where they attach themselves to sip the essence of root for the next sixteen or twelve years depending on if they’re a 17-year or 13-year periodical cicada.
On the other hand, the damaged stems may remain attached. I’m not aware of any research documenting the ratio of attached damaged stems versus detached stems. However, personal observations of several periodical cicada broods over the years have convinced me that more damaged stems remain attached compared to those that break and drop to the ground.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind
The stem damage will remain to plague trees for several years. Typically, the greatest number of stems expressing a delayed response to the original oviposition damage occurs the first season after a periodical cicada emergence. The effect declines with each successive season; however, some damage will remain evident for many years.
Although Brood X (10) of the 17-year periodical cicadas dominated the news in southwest Ohio at this time last year, landowners may not connect the current stem injury to last year’s cicada emergence. Tree care professionals and Extensioneers should expect questions from clientele asking for a diagnosis of cicada oviposition injury.
The diagnostic questions may focus on the deep furrows usually on the undersides of small stems. Or clientele may be asking about broken stems on the ground or clinging to trees. This symptom becomes most common following high-wind events. Flagging has not yet been an issue as leaf expansion is still underway. However, I suspect that symptoms will soon become apparent.
Of course, nothing can be done to address the issue other than to prune frayed stems after the distal ends have broken off. Preemptive pruning to remove heavily damaged stems before they break and/or leaves wilt and die should not progress beyond selective pruning to improve branch structure.
Deciduous trees handle cicada oviposition damage through wound closure. I’ve observed some wounds that are almost completely closed. On the other hand, stems may flag or break if the damage was extensive last year.
The “periodical” in common name for cicadas belonging to the genus Magicicada stems from the cicadas taking 17 or 13 years to complete their development out-of-site in the soil. Adults emerge en masse in the spring. The name of the genus captures the almost magical appearance of these insects: Magi- comes from the Ancient Greek magos which means “magician.”
However, periodical cicadas have a few other tricks up their tarsal sleeves. Don’t be surprised if you see or even hear periodical cicadas this spring in parts of Ohio where Brood X cicadas emerged last year. It’s common for these so-called “stragglers” to appear a year after the mass brood emergence. It’s also not unusual for a few periodical cicadas to emerge one or two years before their scheduled appearance.
Ohio is a Special Cicada Place
We’re not scheduled to see another periodical cicada brood emergence in Ohio until 2025 with the appearance of Brood XIV (14) which is primarily confined to the southern part of the state. The Buckeye State periodically “enjoys” the appearance of four different broods of 17-year cicadas and one brood of the 13-year cicadas. It’s an entomological twist on our state’s official brand, “Ohio. find it here.”
On a final note, periodical cicadas are not locusts. Locusts are grasshoppers. The mistaken identity originated with early European colonists who had never seen cicadas before or the Biblical locust plagues for that matter. However, the mass emergence of a periodical cicada brood appeared like something straight out of the pages of Exodus (10:1–20). Interestingly, the "weeeee-whoa" song of M. septendecim is sometimes described as sounding like “Pharaoh” no doubt adding further weight to the mythconception. | <urn:uuid:970905d4-0763-44ce-beee-08804ffc6b6d> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://bygl.osu.edu/node/1951 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943809.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322082826-20230322112826-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.923268 | 1,200 | 3.25 | 3 |
F means: The name of the fourth tone of the model scale, or scale of C. F sharp (F /) is a tone intermediate between F and G.
Fa means: A syllable applied to the fourth tone of the diatonic scale in solmization.
Fa means: The tone F.
Fabaceous means: Having the nature of a bean; like a bean.
Fabellae means: of Fabella
Fabella means: One of the small sesamoid bones situated behind the condyles of the femur, in some mammals.
Fabian means: Of, pertaining to, or in the manner of, the Roman general, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; cautious; dilatory; avoiding a decisive contest.
Fable means: A Feigned story or tale, intended to instruct or amuse; a fictitious narration intended to enforce some useful truth or precept; an apologue. See the Note under Apologue.
Fable means: The plot, story, or connected series of events, forming the subject of an epic or dramatic poem.
Fable means: Any story told to excite wonder; common talk; the theme of talk.
Zythum means: A kind of ancient malt beverage; a liquor made from malt and wheat.
Zythepsary means: A brewery.
Zythem means: See Zythum.
Zymotic means: Designating, or pertaining to, a certain class of diseases. See Zymotic disease, below.
Zymotic means: Of, pertaining to, or caused by, fermentation.
Zymosis means: A zymotic disease.
Zymosis means: A fermentation; hence, an analogous process by which an infectious disease is believed to be developed.
Zymose means: Invertin.
Zymophyte means: A bacteroid ferment.
Zymosimeter means: An instrument for ascertaining the degree of fermentation occasioned by the mixture of different liquids, and the degree of heat which they acquire in fermentation.
Copyrights © 2016 LingoMash. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:95764412-6775-4879-b40d-40011c9eb90b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://lingomash.com/dictionary-definitions/f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.873535 | 443 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York works to promote sound and well-functioning financial systems and markets through its provision of industry and payment services, advancement of infrastructure reform in key markets and training and educational support to international institutions.
Regional & Community Outreach connects the Bank to Main Street via structured dialogues and two-way conversations on small business, mortgages, and household credit.
Economic Education improves public knowledge about the Federal Reserve System, monetary policy implementation, and promoting financial stability through the Museum and programs for K-16 students and educators, and the community.
After a month-long run on American banks, Franklin Delano Roosevelt proclaimed a Bank Holiday, beginning March 6, 1933, that shut down the banking system. When the banks reopened on March 13, depositors stood in line to return their hoarded cash. This article attributes the success of the Bank Holiday and the remarkable turnaround in the public’s confidence to the Emergency Banking Act, passed by Congress on March 9, 1933. Roosevelt used the emergency currency provisions of the Act to encourage the Federal Reserve to create de facto 100 percent deposit insurance in the reopened banks. The contemporary press confirms that the public recognized the implicit guarantee and, as a result, believed that the reopened banks would be safe, as the President explained in his first Fireside Chat on March 12, 1933. Americans responded by returning more than half of their hoarded cash to the banks within two weeks and by bidding up stock prices by the largest ever one-day percentage price increase on March 15—the first trading day after the Bank Holiday ended. The study concludes that the Bank Holiday and the Emergency Banking Act of 1933 reestablished the integrity of the U.S. payments system and demonstrated the power of credible regime-shifting policies. | <urn:uuid:1b47f5f3-69ee-4df8-857b-1a0e0c15663d> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/epr/09v15n1/0907silb.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663460.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00257-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941665 | 357 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The concept of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is emerging as a game-changing innovation in the field of digital finance. CBDCs are being investigated as a potential addition to or substitute for conventional fiat currencies as central banks throughout the world embrace technological improvements. In this piece, we explore the idea of CBDCs.
CBDC in a nutshell
A digital fiat currency known as CBDC is one that is issued by a nation’s central bank. It is a decentralized, blockchain-based digital representation of a country’s money that runs on that infrastructure. CBDCs seek to combine the efficiency and security of cryptocurrencies with the control and stability of conventional fiat currencies.
Do check out: Proof of Reserves (PoR): All You Need to Know
Advantages of CBDC
- Financial Inclusion: CBDCs have the ability to expand unbanked populations’ financial access, enabling people to engage in the digital economy.
- Efficiency: Since transactions with CBDCs can be carried out in real-time, payments and settlements are processed more quickly.
- Transparency and Security: CBDC transactions are traceable, transparent, and secure thanks to the blockchain that records them.
- Tools for Monetary Policy: CBDCs give central banks more options and flexibility when it comes to adopting and fine-tuning monetary policies.
Effect on the Financial Future
CBDCs have the ability to transform cross-border transactions, change financial systems, and introduce new economic paradigms. By enabling programmable money and easing the incorporation of smart contracts and decentralized finance (DeFi) applications, they may also promote innovation.
Do check out: Pepe Coin: Exploring the Latest Entrant in the Cryptocurrency Market
It is clear that CBDCs have the potential to change the way we view and interact with money as central banks continue to investigate their potential. Even though there are still issues, the advantages of CBDCs in terms of monetary policy management, efficiency, openness, and financial inclusion make them an appealing option. CBDCs could be essential in influencing the direction of finance and bringing in the next phase of digital economies as the globe embraces the digital age. | <urn:uuid:51c6d875-349c-4cb2-a8aa-c3c15560cb44> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://cointia.com/exploring-central-bank-digital-currencies-cbdc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650620.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605021141-20230605051141-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.919477 | 451 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Medical Definition of Anlage
Anlage: 1. In biology, whatever precedes something else. 2. In embryology, a precursor or forerunner or a more mature structure. For example, the stomach anlage. 3. In psychoanalysis, a predisposition to a given trait or personality characteristic.
Borrowed directly from the German for a plan or arrangement, derived from the verb anlegen meaning "to lay on" in the sense of "to prepare or set up." The plural is anlagen. Sometimes anlage is used interchangeably with primordium.
Subscribe to MedicineNet's Women's Health Newsletter | <urn:uuid:28b8ed4a-f573-4918-a342-4b792ba079af> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33811 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828178.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024052836-20171024072836-00738.warc.gz | en | 0.815028 | 133 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Purpura, also known as skin hemorrhages or blood spots, can signal a number of medical problems, ranging from minor injuries to life-threatening infections. Purpura is a symptom rather than a.. of hypersensitivity vasculitis go on to become chronic or reoccurring. The condition involves the appearance of red spots on the skin, most commonly, palpable purpura. Palpable purpura are raised.. Allergic purpura is a nonthrombocytopenic purpura, an acute or a chronic vascular inflammation that affects the skin, joints, and GI and genitourinary (GU) tracts in association with allergy symptoms. When allergic purpura primarily affects the GI tract with accompanying joint pain, it is called Henoch-Schönlein syndrome or anaphylactoid purpura In a previous article, we1 called attention to the occurrence of allergy with Henoch's purpura and cited three cases in which this association existed. During the past two years, six similar cases have been observed. In all a food allergy was demonstrated. By deliberate feeding of the offending.. Allergic purpura definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. Look it up now
Purpuric lesions have been described as an uncommon manifestation of allergic contact dermatitis in individual case reports Allergic vasculitic purpura This is caused by inflammation and infiltration of the blood vessel wall as an anaphylactic reaction to a number of physical and chemical stimuli, including infections. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is one of the most common Purpura may happen anywhere in your body. They may be raised or flat, and different sizes. You may have other symptoms depending on what is causing your purpura. If purpura is caused by an infection, you may have a fever or pain in the infected body part. If purpura is caused by a bleeding problem, you may have bleeding in other parts of your body
Allergic purpura might be due to Heat and Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner if the condition is paired with typical pattern symptoms such as lower abdominal pain, night fever, delirious speech and irritability.Similarly, patients with Heat and Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner typically exhibit choppy (Se) or full (Shi) pulses See: Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP). Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor Allergic purpura (AP), a form of vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), is a disease characterized by inflammation of the small arterial vessels (capillaries) in the skin, kidneys, and intestinal tract. Symptoms include: A purple spotted skin rash Abdominal pain Gastrointestinal upsets Joint inflammation, swelling and pai Allergic purpura is of two types: (1) Purpura associated with an erythematous skin lesion, and also with joint and visceral symptoms: the Henoch-Schönlein syndrome. This syndrome is generally regarded as a manifestation of allergy but, apart from a very small proportion of cases which are undoubtedly due to hypersensitivity to foods, the cause.
Purpura just means purple. The term purpura is usually used to refer to a skin rash in which small spots of blood appear on the skin. A purpuric rash is not a disease but it is caused by conditions that result in blood leaking into the skin and other body surfaces The leading clinical symptom of allergic vasculitis with the defeat of small-caliber vessels is palpable purpura. Palpable purpura is a hemorrhagic rash slightly elevated above the skin (at the initial stage of the disease, you can not feel it) Allergic Purpura answers are found in the Diseases and Disorders powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and Web Purpura. Approximately 15% of people with lupus will experience purpura (small red or purple discolorations caused by leaking of blood vessels just underneath the skin) during the course of the disease. Small purpura spots are called petechiae, and larger spots are called eccymoses. Purpura may indicate insufficient blood platelet levels. A rash of purple spots on the legs or other areas can indicate a potentially serious condition, such as allergic purpura. Any rash that is associated with allergies combined with shortness of breath, wheezing, or swelling of the face, mouth or throat is a symptom of a serious, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction called anaphylaxis
Allergic purpura is a condition where the capillaries become inflamed and burst, producing an appearance of speckled bruising under the surface of the skin. When we met, David explained that this reaction had been happening for about two years, and it had started following a bout of flu, which is the typical etiology Medical Definition of Allergic purpura. home / medterms medical dictionary a-z list / allergic purpura definition . Some delayed reactions, however, may not be immunologically mediated. Allergic reactions as a result of the presence of yeast. #### What you need to know Bleeding into the skin or mucosa from small vessels produces a purpuric rash, or smaller petechiae (1-2 mm in diameter). Purpura is not a diagnosis but can be the presenting feature of serious conditions, such as meningococcal sepsis and acute leukaemia, which require urgent diagnosis and management. Equally, it can cause patients alarm but requires little more than.
Allergic Vasculitis definition A form of nonthrombocytopenic purpura due to a hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with a variety of clinical symptoms including urticaria and erythema, arthropathy and arthritis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and renal involvement Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenia, is a type of thrombocytopenic purpura defined as an isolated low platelet count with a normal bone marrow in the absence of other causes of low platelets. It causes a characteristic red or purple bruise-like rash and an increased tendency to bleed . This means that in all cases where the ICD9 code 287.0 was previously used, D69.0 is the appropriate modern ICD10 code
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a form of leukocytoclastic or small-vessel vasculitis, most often observed in children. It is sometimes called anaphylactoid purpura. HSP results from inflammation of the small blood vessels in the skin and various other tissues within the body. HSP generally affects children, but it may also occur in adult. The hallmarks are nonthrombocytopenic purpura, abdominal pain, arthritis and nephritis.11, 12 This condition is the most common form of vasculitis in children.1 Approximately 75 percent of cases. Allergic purpura is another term for HSP, which indicated that the disease is caused by an abnormal immune response. People with this disease may have rash, joint pain and swelling, abdominal pain and/or related kidney disease, including blood in urine. Also, before these symptoms begin, the patient may have fever, headache, and muscular aches. Allergic Purpura. Allergic Purpura is referred to as a bleeding disorder that occurs under the skin or mucous membranes, affecting the skin surface. It is primarily caused by allergy to parasites, bacteria, medicines, food, etc, which results into the bleeding or capillaries. Not just the skin gets affected, but the kidney, joints and gastric. Henoch-Schonlein purpura is common in children, presenting one to three weeks after an upper respiratory infection. Immunoglobins deposit in the mesangium of the kidney, causing acute failure and increase of potassium levels in the blood. Advertisement Allergic Interstital Nephritis Cecil Medicine describes allergic interstitial nephritis as.
Purpura and petechiae are discolored spots on the skin that appear in rash-like clusters. Both result from blood vessels breaking and leaking. Purpura are larger than petechiae . Bai LP(1), Yu J(2), Sun YX(3), Wang JM(4). Author information: (1)Department of Pediatric Medicine. (2)Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University. (3)Department of Library, Mudanjiang Medical University Other manifestations of allergic purpura: skin purpura, abdominal pain, blood stool and joint swelling and pain have been relieved, and the use of hormone or immunosuppressive agents has been stopped for 2 weeks. Exclusion Criteria: Abnormal ophthalmic examination (fundus, visual field, photosensitivity); Combined with gross hematuria Synonyms for allergic purpura in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for allergic purpura. 1 synonym for purpura: peliosis. What are synonyms for allergic purpura ICD-10-CM Code for Allergic purpura D69.0 ICD-10 code D69.0 for Allergic purpura is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range - Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism
D69.0 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Allergic purpura.It is found in the 2021 version of the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (CM) and can be used in all HIPAA-covered transactions from Oct 01, 2020 - Sep 30, 2021. ↓ See below for any exclusions, inclusions or special notation To observe the effect of tripterygium glycosides combined with Danshen injection on blood coagulation mechanism in children with allergic purpura nephritis, and investigate its treatment efficacy through a randomized controlled study. The results showed that before treatment, there were no significa Min-Cheol Park Background and Objective : Allergic purpura is a generalized vasculitis characterized by c utaneous purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding and nephritis. However, the pathophysiology of the Allergic purpura remains obscure. Treatment at present is symptomatic and suppor tive. There is few reports on Allergic purpura treated with oriental medical treatment Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a short-term inflammation of certain blood vessels (vasculitis) thought to be triggered by a malfunction of the immune system. The cause of this malfunction is unknown, but HSP tends to develop after an upper respiratory tract infection or a bout of hay fever. Another name for Henoch-Schonlein purpura is.
Allergic reactions due to medications may give rise to petechiae formation and this occurs in response to the body's reaction. Symptoms of Petechiae Well, symptoms depend on the underlying condition in addition to this petechial spots or rash ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code D69.0 [convert to ICD-9-CM] Allergic purpura. Glomerulonephritis due to henoch schonlein purpura; Henoch-schˆnlein purpura; Henoch-schönlein purpura; Purpura, henoch schonlein; thrombocytopenic hemorrhagic purpura (D69.3); Allergic vasculitis; Nonthrombocytopenic hemorrhagic purpura; Nonthrombocytopenic idiopathic. The symptoms may appear similar to an allergic reaction, but the underlying mechanism is different. Serum sickness reactions. Yet another type of reaction which can occur with insect bites and stings is a serum sickness reaction. The symptoms may appear similar to allergies, but may also include symptoms that are similar to having a flu virus.. 51 years experience Rheumatology. Vasculitis: Usually renal problem with blood inurine, elevated sed rate, abdominal pain, urologic type problems and red confluent rash (purpura is bleeding under Read More. Send thanks to the doctor Allergic purpura (287.0) ICD-9 code 287.0 for Allergic purpura is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -DISEASES OF THE BLOOD AND BLOOD-FORMING ORGANS (280-289)
Ontology: Henoch-Schoenlein Purpura (C0034152) Definition (NCI) A systemic, usually self-limited immune complex vasculitis, characterized by immunoglobulin A deposition in the small vessels and kidneys. It is manifested with small hemorrhages in the skin, gastrointestinal symptoms, arthritis, and nephropathy Definition of Allergic purpura. Medical Editor: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD; Reviewed on 3/29/2021. home > allergic_purpura Allergic purpura: See: Schonlein-Henoch purpura. SLIDESHOW Could I Be Allergic? Discover Your Allergy Triggers See Slideshow. From . Allergies Resources. Allergic purpura, or anaphylactoid purpura, is a type of nonthrombocytopenic purpura. It's characterized by allergy symptoms and acute or chronic vascular inflammation affecting the skin, joints, or GI or genitourinary (GU) tract. When allergic purpura primarily affects the GI tract with accompanying joint pain, it's called Henoch.
Background and Objective : Allergic purpura is a generalized vasculitis characterized by cutaneous purpura, art hritis, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding and nephritis. However, the. allergic purpura - MedHelp's allergic purpura Center for Information, Symptoms, Resources, Treatments and Tools for allergic purpura. Find allergic purpura information, treatments for allergic purpura and allergic purpura symptoms
Allergic purpura is a serious reaction to drugs and medicines. It causes spots on the skin that range from small red dots and larger bruise like spots. It occurs after taking the causative medication. Allergic purpura is very serious and you should see your doctor right way if you suspect you have allergic purpura Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HEN-awk SHERN-line PURR-purr-ah), or HSP, is a condition in which the blood vessels swell up. It causes a bumpy, non-itchy, reddish-purple rash on the skin. It can cause. The purpura is a reddish or purplish discoloration in the skin that resulted from bleeding under the skin. Purpura is a small spot that is elevated from the skin. Several drugs are considered to be the cause of leukocytoclastic vasculitis and often as an allergic reaction to certain drugs. Antibiotics These can be early symptoms of anaphylaxis, a potentially fatal allergic reaction that impairs breathing and can send the body into shock. The only treatment for anaphylaxis is epinephrine. If you develop hives and your injector is not nearby - or if using the auto-injector doesn't cause the symptoms to immediately improve - call 911 or.
Hypersensitivity vasculitis (HV) is often used to describe different types of vasculitis related to drug reactions, skin disorders or allergic vasculitis; however this is not always the correct use of the term. The American College of Rheumatology established a list of criteria for the classification of HV. The criteria are: older than 16 years. Purpura: A large macule or a papule of blood that is not blanched by the application of pressure using a glass lens is identified as purpura. Ecchymosis: A large extravasation of blood into the skin is known as ecchymosis. Size: Petechiae: Petechiae are the smallest in size. Purpura: Purpura is larger than Petechiae but smaller than ecchymoses. My nine year old daughter recently had allergic purpura. Three days before the hives appeared she had a stomach virus. We narrowed the rash down to hives but then it turned purple in color on the tops and sides of her feet. To begin, as we always do, we prayed to God, the Great Physician, for our daughter. We began a series of treatments
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a form of vasculitis, a condition that involves inflammation of the blood vessels. It can affect any organ of the body and is the most common form of vasculitis in childhood. The condition is characterized by bruise-like rash on the arms or legs Allergic purpura Natural Healing. 81 likes. Allergic purpura natural healing is using traditional Chinese medicine theory, clinical practice, personalized diagnosis, herbal therapy Allergic reactions including rash, pruritus, and purpura have been temporally associated with mumps vaccination but are uncommon and usually mild and of brief duration. The reported occurrence of encephalitis within 30 days of receipt of a mumps-containing vaccine (0.4 per million doses) is not greater than the observed background incidence. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a rare inflammatory disease of the small blood vessels (capillaries) and is usually a self-limited disease. It is the most common form of childhood vascular inflammation (vasculitis) and results in inflammatory changes in the small blood vessels. an extreme allergic reaction to certain substances (e.g.
Hypersensitivity vasculitis, or cutaneous small vessel vasculitis, is caused by: An allergic reaction to a drug or other foreign substance. A reaction to an infection. It usually affects people older than age 16. Often, the cause of the problem cannot be found even with a careful study of medical history Conclusion: Allergic purpura in children is more common in school-age children, and upper respiratory tract infection is the main predisposing factor. Skin purpura is the main clinical manifestation, often associated with lower extremity joint swelling and pain Allergic contact dermatitis can be a delayed reaction up to 48 hours after exposure to the allergen, although more frequent exposure tends to make the reaction occur more quickly. Given the timeline and description of your symptoms, I agree that you may be experiencing allergic contact dermatitis to mangoes Abstract A Literature Study Based on Traditional Chinese Medical Journal about Treatment of Allergic Purpura- Based on Traditional Chinese Medical Journal - Suk Yun Hee ․ Min Sang Yoen ․ Kim Jang Hyun Department of Pediatrics, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University Objectives Allergic purpura is frequent disease in children. The purpose of this study is to analyze traditional. Allergic symptoms from fungus spores are most common from July to early fall. But fungi grow in many places, both indoors and outside, so allergic reactions can occur year round. Although there are many types of molds, only a few dozen cause allergic reactions. Many molds grow on rotting logs and fallen leaves, in compost piles and on grasses.
D69.0 - Allergic purpura The above description is abbreviated. This code description may also have Includes , Excludes , Notes, Guidelines, Examples and other information - Allergic rhinitis (hay fever) - reactions to plant pollen or house dust mites in the upper respiratory tract - mucosal edema, mucus secretion, coughing, sneezing, difficult in breathing - also associated with allergic conjunctivitis. Some evidence that asthma can develop in patients who have allergic rhinitis. Treatment - antihistamine Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HEH-nok SHOON-line PURR-pyuh-ruh) is a condition that makes small blood vessels get swollen and irritated. This inflammation is called vasculitis. It usually happens in the skin, intestines, and kidneys. Inflamed blood vessels in the skin can leak blood cells, causing a rash called purpura IgA vasculitis (also known as Henoch-Schönlein purpura) is an inflammation of the small blood vessels in the skin, gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys. Symptoms include skin rash and joint pain. Diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Appointments & Access
The exact cause of Schonlein-Henoch Purpura is not fully understood, although research suggests that it may be an autoimmune disease or, in some rare cases, an extreme allergic reaction to certain offending substances (e.g., foods or drugs). synonyms. Purpura Rheumatica, Schönlein-Henoch Purpura Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP; also referred to as Schönlein-Henoch purpura, anaphylactoid purpura, or purpura rheumatica) is an acute immunoglobulin A (IgA)-mediated disorder characterized by a generalized vasculitis involving the small vessels of the skin, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the kidneys, the joints, and, rarely, the lungs and. 变应性紫瘢. ] 中文名： 变应性紫瘢 英文名： allergic purpura 别名：过敏性紫癜；过敏性紫瘢；急性血管性紫癜；葡萄疫 实验室检查： 血小板计数多正常，出凝血时间正常。. 白细胞数轻度或中度升高，嗜酸性粒细胞及中性粒细胞增多。. 基于16个网页 - 相关网页
Allergic purpura with hypoprothrombinemia Allergic purpura with hypoprothrombinemia NJÅ, ARNE 1945-12-01 00:00:00 A short description of the conception of disease compiled by SEIDLMAYER: »Die frühinfantile, postinfektiöse Kokarden‐Pur‐pura.« The disease occurs in infancy and childhood, up to the age of three years 287.0 - Allergic purpura The above description is abbreviated. This code description may also have Includes , Excludes , Notes, Guidelines, Examples and other information Tobian AA, Savage WJ, Tisch DJ, et al. Prevention of allergic transfusion reactions to platelets and red blood cells through plasma reduction. Transfusion 2011; 51:1676. Darabi K, Dzik S. Hyperhemolysis syndrome in anemia of chronic disease. Transfusion 2005; 45:1930. Mueller-Eckhardt C. Post-transfusion purpura. Br J Haematol 1986; 64:419 Allergic purpura is an autoimmune disease that occurs in children. Although its etiology and mechanism are very complicated, a large number of studies have confirmed that the acute phase of HSP is associated with abnormal immune function and coagulation function[7,8]. Most children with HSP show self-limitin
. Hypersensitivity vasculitis may occur at any age, but adults are more commonly affected. In both adults and children, Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) may present in a clinically identical. A variety of rashes, the most classic of which is palpable purpura -purplish-red spots, usually found on the legs. These spots can usually be felt by the examiner's fingertips, hence the descriptor palpable. This is a classic example of palpable purpura. These lesions result from the leakage of blood into the skin through. The Chinese medicine for curing various types of allergic purpura is made of 15 Chinese medicinal materials of astragalus root, codonopsis root, ovate atractylodes root, ganoderma, Chinese angelica root and others. Said invented medicine possesses the advantages of good therapeutic effect, short course of treatment, no recurrence, convenient administration and no toxic side effect Allergic Purpura Preferred Term. Term UI T034571 Date 11/11/1974 Abbreviation: QA: LexicalTag NON ThesaurusID UNK (19XX) Purpura, Allergic Preferred Term. Term UI T034571 Date // Abbreviation: QA: LexicalTag NON ThesaurusID . Henoch-Schoenlein Purpura Preferred Term. Term UI T034574 Date 01/30/199
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) affects the blood vessels and causes a spotty rash. It's not usually serious, but can sometimes lead to kidney problems. Check if you or your child has HSP. The main symptom of HSP is a rash of raised red or purple spots. The spots look like small bruises or blood spots. The rash usually appears on the legs or botto AAFP (American Academy of Family Physicians) AAMC (Ass Am Medical Colleges) AANAT. AAO. AAOS (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons) AAP. Aarskog syndrome. Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Aase-Smith syndrome I We describe a case of an adolescent male with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), presenting with cutaneous and gastrointestinal manifestations. Endoscopy revealed diffuse ulcerations in the stomach, duodenum, and right colon. Biopsies revealed a leukocytoclastic vasculitis in the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Steroid therapy led to complete resolution of the symptoms
Ackroyd JF. Allergic purpura, including purpura due to foods, drugs and infections. Am J Med. 1953;14(5):605-32. CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar 27. Narayan H: Compendium for the antenatal care of high-risk pregnancies ISBN: 9780199673643 p47, published 30 July 2015. 28. Lee YH, Kim YB, Koo JW, Chung JY Background: Cuminum cyminum (Cumin) and Curcuma longa (Turmeric) are plant derived spices which are commonly used as a part of everyday recipes in variety of cuisines. They are known causes of platelet dysfunction but Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) following their consumption has never been reported in the literature. Primary cardiac involvement in TTP is a rare but fatal. Vasculitis is an inflammation of the blood vessels. It happens when the body's immune system attacks the blood vessel by mistake. It can happen because of an infection, a medicine, or another disease. The cause is often unknown. Vasculitis can affect arteries, veins and capillaries He described four children who had purpura, colicky abdominal pain, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and joint pain as well as renal involvement.1 Since these first descriptions, HSP also has been referred to as anaphylactoid, allergic, or rheumatoid purpura; leukocytoclastic vasculitis; and allergic vasculitis.1,2 Epidemiology Seventy-five percent. Non-blanching rashes are caused by small bleeds in the vessels beneath the skin, giving a purplish discolouration. Depending on the size of the individual lesions they can be defined as: Petechiae: <5mm diameter (figure 1). Purpura: 5-10mm diameter (figure 2). Ecchymoses: >1cm diameter (figure 3). Figure 1 | <urn:uuid:d710d7f2-e7d4-4477-af07-4f5781fd31ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://henryglauben.com/leukocytoclastic-vasculitisirz47391emvt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300616.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117182124-20220117212124-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.901417 | 5,992 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Statistical Analyses for Project Fit America
Challenge: Project Fit America (PFA) is a national non-profit organization that supports fitness in education programming for grades K through 8th for schools in impoverished areas throughout the country. Their mission is to get kids fit and to give teachers the tools needed to teach children about fitness and health. PFA brings exercise equipment into selected schools, along with teacher training, tools and support to maintain a thriving fitness program. PFA to date has approximately 1,000 participating schools in 300 cities and 46 states with over 500,000 kids impacted by the program. PFA is able to accomplish this with the support of sponsors, predominantly hospitals and other healthcare organizations. PFA has created ways to measure the success of their program; however, they do not have the capability to analyze the data provided by the participating schools.
Research Approach and Methods: For the first two years of participating with PFA schools are required to collect data on fitness tests to measure the success of the program. This data is used to determine if there was a significant improvement in the participants’ physical fitness. There are five fitness tests, and these tests are administered by teachers at the school in the beginning and at the end of a school year. Those scores are then given PFA, which gives the data to the Sonoma State University (SSU) Statistical Consulting class to conduct a statistical review. Using SPSS, the data is analyzed to measure if there is an improvement in the participants’ physical fitness after they have participated for one year in the PFA program.
Key Learnings: For each school the data is cleaned up, tested for normality, and then the results are analyzed using the appropriate statistical measure (most often Paired-Sample T-Tests and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks tests). The results from those tests indicate whether there was an improvement in the participants’ physical fitness. Some schools showed improvements on all fitness tests, while others improved only in some areas. Individual reports were drafted for all participating schools and presented to the client, PFA. Improvement often was linked to teacher enthusiasm for the program, school location and overall health of their student population.
Impact of Research Findings: Having analyzed the data for many schools participating in this program, it is evident that there are numerous variables that can affect how valid and reliable a research study can be. Consistent collection of data is essential. In the case of PFA’s data, any difference in how the pre- and post- fitness tests were measured impacted the validity of the results. Valid results also depend on a large enough sample of participants – if there is only data on 10 participants then the results are going to be skewed to show a higher than average success (or failure) rate. For a program like PFA that collecting data every year, being able to analyze the success of your program allows them to determine what is not working and what needs their attention. They can then address those issues and fine-tune their program that brings enriching experiences to so many kids | <urn:uuid:782c956a-527f-42da-bdc8-3f2e9ef2267a> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.meganrhodes.com/pfa-research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578747424.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426013652-20190426035652-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.965035 | 624 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Symbol used by OT scholars to designate the Priestly source or Priestly Writer who is regarded by the majority of OT scholars as being one of the four main sources of the Pentateuch. P material is recognized by a concern for ritual and the prominence accorded to Aaron. It has a doctrine of creation according to which God has control of all the nations of the world but in which Abraham and his offspring have a special role. P offers genealogies and accounts of cultic institutions which are put back into the period of the Exodus and the settlement in the Promised Land, though in fact P was probably compiled (but the date is in dispute) in the exilic century (6th cent. BCE). Linguistic arguments for an earlier date have not proved decisive, but the effect of P material being inserted into an already existing framework was to impose a kind of unity. This means that the overall impression of the Pentateuch is of an outlook more developed than was typical of the period which it is allegedly describing. | <urn:uuid:0d4131fb-578d-4358-8099-26625174ba29> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com/article/opr/t94/e1396?_hi=59&_pos=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119651455.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030051-00292-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98117 | 207 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Learning algebra too early may harm some students, study saysApril 13th, 2012 in Other Sciences / Social Sciences
(Phys.org) -- Learning about all those xs, ys and quadratic equations too early in life may do more harm than good for some students, a new University of California, Davis, study says.
The study will be presented at the annual conference of the American Educational Research Association in Vancouver, Canada.
In the study, UC Davis School of Education professors Michal Kurlaendar and Heather Rose, together with education programs consultant Don Taylor, found that the lowest-performing eighth-grade math students who are least likely to be prepared for algebra may be academically harmed by a policy that requires all eighth graders to take the course.
Such a universal policy, first proposed by the California Board of Education, does not take into account the skills and needs of individual students, the researchers argue.
Much of current education policy including proposed policy by the California state Board of Education bears out that, overall, students who complete algebra earlier are more likely to take advanced math courses in high school, graduate from college and earn more money in their lifetimes.
The study is the first of its kind to focus solely on the impact of placing the lowest-performing students in eighth-grade algebra.
The algebra for all argument is that taking algebra in the eighth grade will benefit minorities and low-income groups, said Rose. But our study found that the lowest-performing students, composed significantly of low-income students of color, did not benefit on standardized tests and had significantly lower GPAs than their peers, which may be a result of unfavorable comparisons to higher-performing students in the same courses.
Low-performing students more often fail algebra in the eighth grade because they have not received the additional support they need to succeed, requiring them to take the course again in ninth grade, the study reported.
Although placement in algebra courses as soon as possible should remain a goal to ensure students are not tracked out of college placement, we believe that a universal eighth-grade algebra policy has not been proven to benefit all and requires more research to better understand potential issues, said Rose. We have an obligation as educators to ensure that the lowest-performing students do not see school as a punishment in the form of lower grades, social embarrassment and parental ire.
This paper will be presented at the AERA Conference at the Vancouver Convention Center Sunday, April 15, East Ballroom C, from 8:15 a.m. to 9:45 a.m.
Provided by UC Davis
"Learning algebra too early may harm some students, study says." April 13th, 2012. http://phys.org/news/2012-04-algebra-early-students.html | <urn:uuid:636a8223-486e-4edb-ab36-06a1340c147f> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://phys.org/print253517263.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00404-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956807 | 567 | 2.515625 | 3 |
- Sustainability and Development
- Runoff Water Quality
- Urban Drainage
- Clayburn Creek Integrated Stormwater Management Plan
Sustainability and Development
When forested land is logged and changed to pasture or is developed for other uses, less rainfall is caught and retained by the trees and soil. More runs off the land, increasing the flow in downstream ditches, creeks and streams. With “intense” development, more land is covered with impervious surfaces such as asphalt or roofs, dramatically increasing runoff. The increase will, if not managed, result in the erosion of creek banks and downstream lands will be flooded.
The City of Abbotsford requires stormwater management measures for urban development.
Runoff Water Quality
Rainfall which runs off the land in the City is collected by ditches in the rural areas, and by roof drains, catch basins, lawn drains, and some ditches in the urban area. It is conveyed by ditches or underground pipes to nearby watercourses. The quality of the flow in the runoff is adversely impacted by human-generated pollutants from both urban and rural activities.
Protection of the City’s fisheries sensitive watercourses is an important environmental objective. Recent advances in ways to improve the quality of urban runoff are being reviewed and added to the City’s development requirements. As new infrastructure is built, water quality devices are added to screen out some of the pollutants.
For infrastructure that is already built, City activities such as street sweeping and catch basin cleaning help keep pollutants out of downstream creeks and streams. But, there is definitely a role each resident can play, by:
- minimizing herbicide and pesticide use on lawn and garden areas;
- washing cars on lawn areas, not on driveways and roads;
- recycling used oils and antifreeze, and not dumping them in catch-basins; and
- keeping topsoil deliveries off the street
In urban areas, surface runoff is generally directed to detention facilities and released slowly into underground storm sewer pipes, or infiltrated into the ground via infiltration facilities. The City of Abbotsford requires development of urban lands to be accompanied by stormwater management measures. Runoff from large roofed areas is encouraged to be infiltrated into the ground. Runoff from other areas is directed to large holding ponds or tanks, where it is released at a rate which attempts to mimic the pre-development runoff patterns. In some developments, management techniques such as rain gardens, biofiltration swales, and absorbent soils are or will be used to filter runoff (to remove pollutants) and to further reduce the peak flows.
The size of the underground pipes is calculated using criteria the City defines in the Engineering Standards of the Development Bylaw, but which is designed to protect property from nuisance flooding.
Those underground pipes are connected to creeks and streams, and the discharge has three main consequences:
- The quality of the water in the creek can be adversely impacted
- The volume of the discharge can result in downstream flooding
- The magnitude of the peak flow can result in downstream erosion
In older areas of Abbotsford, homes were often constructed without underground storm sewer pipes. In some locations, ditches convey the surface runoff away, in other locations, the soil is very porous, and surface runoff either does not exit, or it is collected and infiltrated into the ground using “rock pits” or other underground facilities. Home owners in these areas encountering drainage problems may need to check their perimeter drains, or re-construct their rock pits.
Clayburn Creek Integrated Stormwater Management Plan (ISMP)
The City of Abbotsford completed an Integrated Stormwater Management Plan for the Clayburn Creek watershed. The watershed covers approximately 2,250 ha from mountainous area as high as 530 m to Matsqui lowland of 4 m above the sea level. It has multiple tributaries including Stoney Creek, Poignant Creek, and Diane Brook. Clayburn Creek drains through Matsqui Slough into Fraser River. The current issues include active stream bank erosion, instability of steep ravine slopes, and lowland flooding. In addition to the current residential areas, future development has been planned in the watershed.
The purpose of the study was to develop strategies to enhance flood and environmental protections while facilitating orderly development and redevelopment in the upland area. The Final Report was adopted by Council in June 2012.
- Clayburn Creek ISMP - Final Report (May 2012)
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This is part one of Navigating Cancer Care, a three-part series that will provide cancer treatment basics, including guidance on finding financial assistance for cancer patients.
No matter who the patient is, getting the news that you have cancer is a life-changing moment, one that does not come with a roadmap. Few people realistically anticipate ever receiving that diagnosis, so if it does come, most are not only unprepared for what their next steps should be, but also lack an underlying understanding of cancer treatment basics.
A measure of awareness about what comes after an initial diagnosis can go a long way toward easing patients’ minds and shedding light on the path forward toward health. So what are some of the cancer treatment basics?
Each cancer has to be treated on an individual basis, as the area of the body it is affecting, its level of progression, the person’s age, and many other factors affect a potential treatment plan. In general, however, these are some of the most-common treatment approaches:
This is often the first line of defense against cancers that have yet to fully metastasize, or spread. There are a range of surgery options, from minor to more invasive, depending on the person’s individual case.
Perhaps the treatment most publicly associated with cancer, chemotherapy involves the delivery of a drug regimen to attack and kill cancer cells. The therapy is often associated with side effects such as nausea and hair loss, though symptoms vary widely.
In this treatment, radiation is used to damage and ultimately kill cancer cells, with the aim of shrinking tumors. Patients can undergo external radiation, delivered through a machine, or internal, which is administered medicinally.
Stem Cell Transplant:
This therapy often follows chemotherapy or radiation, which can have a detrimental effect on a patient’s stem cells. Stem cell transplant replaces the damaged cells with healthy ones to promote recovery.
Finding the right treatment for your particular diagnosis is possible, especially if patients actively advocate for themselves and work with skilled, experienced cancer care teams. Aspects like cost can be an obstacle toward those goals, but with financial assistance for cancer patients, and a healthy dose of education, patients can face their diagnosis head-on. | <urn:uuid:e8c84019-a37a-41e6-9288-60895f8596a5> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://lifecreditcompany.com/cancer-basics-understanding-care-required-treat-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886706.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704201650-20200704231650-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.951486 | 451 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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Sunday, April 08, 2012
Antioxidants in saffron fight depression, dementia and PMS
From The Clinical Advisor:
Most of us know saffron as that wonderfully, intense (and expensive) spice used to make risotto, pilaf and paella. Saffron is extracted from the dried stigma of the crocus flower (Crocus sativus). The saffron crocus is a sterile plant, as it cannot independently pollinate and reproduce. The plant is extremely difficult to cultivate, which is part of what makes the spice so expensive. Each crocus stalk grows 8 to 10 inches in height and produces up to four individual purple flowers. The flower has only three stigmas that yield the crimson powder that we know as saffron.
Harvesting these stigmas is a very labor intensive effort, and it is estimated that 225,000 stigmas or 75,000 blossoms are needed to produce a single pound of saffron spice.
Saffron's use as a spice, dye and medicinal plant dates back to ancient Greece and southwestern Asia. Pictorial records produced 50,000 years ago, show colorful depictions of burnt-orange saffron strands being harvested from rich purple plants.
And a seventh-century Assyrian ruler compiled a botanical reference list for saffron in which he cited more than 90 illnesses that saffron was used to treat in classical times. Today, Iran produces over 90% of the world's supply of the spice.
As a spice, saffron is known not only for its intense, yellow-orange coloration, but hay-like, sweet taste. Saffron, unbeknown to most, contains more than 50% of the USDA's recommended daily allowance of vitamin C, iron, and magnesium, and more than 30 % of the recommended daily phosphorus and potassium.
Saffron's standardized strength-of-evidence ratings are strongest for depression, Alzheimer's disease and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The active ingredient in saffron that is believed to be responsible for health benefits is crocetin, a potent antioxidant and carotenoid. This compound has chameleon-like properties in that it acts different ways to meet the needs of differing conditions.
In Alzheimer's disease, crocetin appears to inhibit beta-amyloid (Abeta) protein fibrillogenesis, a hallmark of Alzheimer's destructive pathology. In inflammatory conditions, crocetin down-regulates the production and modifies the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide-synthase levels. Crocetin also demonstrates possible antinociceptive activity.
In a clinical trial comparing saffron to placebo in patients with mild-to-moderate depression, the saffron group out-performed the placebo group. The results, based on pre-and post-study scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, yielded a statistically significant level (P<0.001). Another study examined 40 adults with DSM-IV criteria, suggesting a major depressive episode. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either saffron or fluoxetine (Prozac) for an eight-week treatment period. At the end of the trial, both groups exhibited similar results, with each group demonstrating a symptom remission rate of 25% for both treatments.
In Alzheimer's disease, researchers have shown that the continuous cognitive decline is due, at least in part, to the abnormal deposition of Abeta protein in the brain cells. Research suggests that saffron may inhibit Abeta deposition. In a study of 46 patients diagnosed with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease, randomized treatment with saffron or placebo was given for a 16-week period. At the end of the trial, participants receiving saffron treatment showed significant improvement over baseline testing on standardized cognitive tasks.
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A tree of durian
DURIAN (Durio zibethinus ) a native to Borneo, produce fruits with a unique appearance, taste, flavour and aroma. This fruit tree grows tall and straight to a height of 30 m in the forests. However, grafted orchard trees seldom grow over 12 m.
The durian fruits are ovoid to ellipsoid, large, weighing up to 5 kg with thorny surface like jack and normally olive green in color. People have strong like or dislike for this fruit. Many like it, because of its sweet, delicious and filling taste, while others dislike it for its highly objectionable odour. The penetrating odour is comparable to that of rotten onion ad is unacceptable to many. However, once the odour barrier is overcome by a strong determination, the experience of eating a good durian is never forgotten.
The durian is grown intensively and commercially for its fruit only in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. In India, there are no large orchards or commercial plantings of durian, but for some trees in and around Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu) and West Coast.
Durian fruits displayed for sale at a shop in Thailand
The 5 loculed fruit has 2-3 seeds in each locule, surrounded by light color, mealy, sweet aril, and the edible pulp. The seed is readily separable from the pulp, and are edible when fried, roasted or boiled. The pulp is rich in sugars (12%), protein (2.8%) and carbohydrates (34%) in addition to iron, B vitamins especially the uncommon but valuable vitamin E. When durian fruit is consumed, it gives a feeling of internal warmth, followed by a glowing sensation, and this has led to a strong belief that the fruit has aphrodisiacal qualities. The fruits are highly prized both as fresh fruit and in processed form.
Durian also has some pharmacological properties, e.g. decoction of roots is used to treat fever and that of leaves and roots is used to check inflammation, infections and to treat jaundice.
Climate and soil
Durian thrives in humid, equatorial climate with short or no dry season. An annual rainfall of 200 cm is a minimum requirement, but heavy rains prior to flower initiation affect normal flowering, and the production decreases. If minimum temperature falls below 8`C, the tree suffers from cold injury. Trees of durian grow on different types of soils with 5-6.5 p H, provided they are moist, well aerated and rich in organic matter. Deep silt or loams with good drainage and high level of fertility are ideal foe its cultivation. However, the trees are susceptible to strong winds, which cause breaking of limbs or even trunk.
There are more than 27 species of Durio, the genus to which durian belongs. Apart from D.zibethinus, at least 6 of them have some edible value: D. testudinarum, D. graveolens, D.grandiflorus, D. dulcis, D. oxleyanus and D.kutejensis. Of these, D. testudinarum is almost as important as D. zibethinus. Each of these species has many variants for fruit size, fruit color and leaf area.
Ripe fruits of durian cut in to pieces for eating
As many as 300 strains/ varieties of durian are reported, but only a few of these are propagated by commercial nurseries in countries where these are popularly grown. There are distinct variations in flavour, aroma and other fruit characteristics among the cultivars, which are readily distinguishable even on cursory examination. Those with better market demand have less of the objectionable flavour and small seeds. Chanee, Kanyao, Frog, Bojol, Ketan, Gombat, Mong Thong, Golden Pillow, Kob Champa, Lalong, Otang and Hepe are prominent cultivars. Planting of more than one variety/ clone should be done in an orchard to facilitate cross pollination and better fruit set.
Usually the growers propagate durian by seeds and their off springs vary from generation to generation due to genetic heterozygosity. However, the recommendation would be to go for vegetative propagation of proven elite trees.
Although no standard rootstocks are known, better results are obtained if rootstock of the same species is employed. The seeds of durian are variable in size and are notoriously short lived; the viability is affected by exposure of seeds to sunlight or high temperature for long period of time. Seeds do not store well even at low temperature. Large, healthy, fresh seeds are sown in well drained soil, preferably in polybags or earthen pots. Seeds germinate in 3-4 days and subsequent growth of the seedlings is fairly rapid, producing a good sized seedling suitable for grafting in about 2 months. The modified forkert method (modification of patch budding), inarching and approach grafting are common methods of propagation. However, air layering and propagation by cuttings are impractical.
Planting can be taken up at 10-12 m spacing on the square system. Other principles of planting are same as in avocado.
Durian is neither pruned in nursery nor after planting in the field. It usually takes a pyramidal shape by itself. However, after harvesting, the tree can be cleared off dried and old twigs.
As durian is a native of rain forest, its young plants are prone to desiccation needing regular watering till they establish. Other aftercare practices as explained for avocado cultivation may be followed.
Good soil moisture is essential for satisfactory growth and production. Irrigation is necessary if there is a long dry spell. Good mulch helps conserve moisture, reducing the need for irrigation.
Exact information on the fertilizer requirement of durian is not available. Tentatively, the recommendations made for avocado may be followed, as durian is similar to avocado in respect of plant growth, and bearing habit.
Harvesting and postharvest management
Grafted durian trees are precocious and produce crop in 4-5 years, while seedlings require as long as 10 years. The fruiting is clearly seasonal, available 2 times in a year. Immature fruits are picked only for use as ‘vegetables’. Fruits take about three and a half months to reach maturity. When mature, the fruits drop but it should be harvested since the fallen fruits do not keep long. Harvesting is done manually or with the help of bamboo poles when the fruits are smooth, flat with far apart spines. The yield varies with the age, variety, and agroclimate of the region. However, 100-120 fruits/tree are considered as good.
The rich aroma of develops as fruits ripen and reach their peak in 3-4 days after harvesting and becomes soft. The ripe fruits deteriorate rapidly and cannot be transported over long distances. The edible arils normally constitute 33% of the total fruit weight. The arils can also be processed into durian cake (lempok) and durian jelly (tempoyak). The jelly is prepared from over ripe fruits and is sour. Dehydrated durian powder prepared either by spray or drum drying could be used as a flavouring ingredient for beverages, pastry, ice-cream etc. Ripe fruits can last for 4 days under refrigeration, while the mature ones can be stored up to 14 days at 10`-15`C or may be frozen for 2-3 months. The arils can be kept for about 3 months at -24`C.
Dr. S.H. Jalikop
Division of Fruit Crops
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In this era of rapid evolution of informational technology, new pedagogies are necessary to meet the demands of our connected world. This includes providing equal access and opportunity for students to partake, share and build knowledge in virtual spaces.
Educators are creators, facilitators, curators and collaborators of knowledge in the 21st century, and technology plays a big role in these functions. However, education is not about the technology, it is about the pedagogy. Unless we re-imagine our current school and education structures, technology-infusion will not be meaningful for our learners. If we want tech integration, we must change the way we do things. Tech does not integrate well into our factory model of schools.
21st century pedagogy should evolve as we re-imagine our schemata of how schooling should be structured. This includes how we participate in sharing, exploring, and collaborating of new knowledge networks, and of course, to meet new trends in globalization fuelled by technology.
The integration new technology into pedagogy is a skill that requires knowledge, and understanding. There is a lack of readily available research and discussion throughout our ‘Professional Learning Networks’ that touches on technology integration and the implications on Pedagogy.
This is also not an area where we can berate other educators about. Not all educators are tech-savvy. However, as educational leaders, our educators need support and facilitation to explore how technology can be incorporated into pedagogy.
Technology integration alone does not equal higher test scores and more effective learners. In fact, there are large percentages of students who are easily distracted by technology, and simply do not have the working memory to be able to process the multiple tasks co-existing at once, ie., pictures and text at the same time. This point presents very real implications to our students when we integrate the newest technologies. As educators, we do need research, training, and better practices to best educate our learners.
It is our pedagogy that needs to evolve to support technology and new ways of globally sharing, knowing and building knowledge.
In fact, technology in itself is not new. Technology has always existed. Modern technology has been around as long as people have existed, and doesn’t just refer to the 21st century.
Also, absolutely no one can deny that the newest inventions tend to engender or require the development of certain skills or attitudes. But is there anything really new? What is new is our ability to access knowledge, collaborate, and share on a global scale. We no longer need the ‘teacher’ as the ‘sage on the stage’. We have opportunities to break out of the previously built structures that bind us to when, why, what, and how we should all learn. We have opportunities to re-imagine what learning can look like, feel like, and how it can impact ourselves and others.
What opportunities lie ahead if we can embrace this kind of change!
But it is not about the ‘technology’. It will always take good educators to help learners find their own paths to learning that is important to them:
Good teachers know that abandoning good teaching practice, & allowing yourself to be distracted by technology results in poor teaching.
Good teachers also know that they do not have all the answers, and that we can use new technologies to ignite passion for learning that is personally meaningful.
It has been suggested by educators with PhD’s discussing the notions that some of our lower levels of literacy across the Western world come from educators having abandoned certain practices that promote deep learning, to experiment with new technologies. Let’s not forget that tech-integration takes a lot of time, resources, and practice.
Still, others have argued that the spell check and word processors of our modern day technology has resulted in generations of students with increased difficulties in spelling, reading, and writing, and critical thinking. If there is actually truth to any of these arguments, we as educators have much to contemplate when it comes to integrating technology.
So how do we maintain high standards of excellence, while shifting pedagogy to incorporate technology meaningfully?
Perhaps before we jump into integrating the newest technologies, and the newest ‘flavour of the month’ perhaps, we also remind ourselves of the ‘truths’ that make us good educators, and the research based art and science behind our teaching practice, and make sure that whatever tools we use in the classrooms, we do NOT abandon good pedagogy to simply use a new technology in our classrooms.
This takes training, facilitation, and new professional development strategies for teachers to be able to shift previous schemas of how learning should unravel.
Further, human challenges will always remain human challenges, will always remain human challenges. Regardless of the date and time in history humans will always have the same basic needs including needs for love, acceptance and to learn new information. New technologies do not automatically offset universals in the areas of human behaviour. We do need research and training to understand the implications of technology usage in the classroom on the nature of human beings and learning.
New technologies should not offset good pedagogy. Rather, pedagogy should evolve to incorporate meaningful ways of learning, collaborating and sharing in the 21st century.
© Deborah McCallum and Big Ideas in Education, 2012-2014. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Deborah McCallum and Big Ideas in Education with appropriate and specific direction to the original content | <urn:uuid:af20df2f-76fd-48d8-b81c-cf5c1da4fc63> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://bigideasineducation.ca/2013/10/25/technology-should-not-offset-good-pedagogy-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144111.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219092153-20200219122153-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.94527 | 1,167 | 3.203125 | 3 |
“Most people, in business and elsewhere, have done very well on judgment thinking. Such people are rarely aware of the need for “design thinking”. They find it difficult to conceive that there is a whole other aspect of thinking that is different from judgment thinking. It is not that such people are complacent. It is simply that they do not know that there is another aspect to thinking”. — Edward de Bono
Most of us with a business (school) background are very familiar with deductive reasoning, somewhat familiar with inductive reasoning and not at all familiar with abductive reasoning. This very much reflects what is emphasised in business education and in practice.
- Deductive reasoning starts from the general (rules, laws, etc.) and then moves to the particular (or from cause to effect). This leads to logical conclusions.
- Inductive reasoning starts from detailed empirical reality and moves to general ‘plausible’ principles.
- Abductive reasoning starts with (incomplete) observations and moves to possible hypotheses (“guessing”).
Now, analytical thinking emphasises mostly deductive reasoning and some inductive reasoning but no abductive reasoning. It also focusses on exploitation (refinement and efficiency) and on reliability (consistent, predictable outcomes).
Design Thinking emphasises mostly abductive reasoning, and it focusses on exploration (search, risk, innovation) and on validity (outcomes meet desired objective). (e.g. Brian Leavy, Strategy and Leadership, 2010:3)
In the business world analytical thinking is king and, admittedly, it has provided businesses with key insights. However, without design thinking, innovation and competitive advantage becomes evermore shallow. Companies are wise to create processes, which encourage design thinking as well: a balancing act of both analytical thinking and design thinking.
Part 2 will provide an example of a “design thinking” process. | <urn:uuid:fceecdda-6e09-4914-bde8-9c5eecc9ea6e> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://maxilliant.org/2013/05/20/analytical-thinking-and-design-thinking-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487658814.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620054240-20210620084240-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.949923 | 396 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Famous Firsts by African Americans
The first African-American billionaire, combat pilot, Nobel Prize winner, poet laureate, Oscar winner, and Miss America
by Borgna Brunner
Quiz: African-American Firsts
500 Notable African American Biographies
African-American Firsts: Government
- Local elected official: John Mercer Langston, 1855, town clerk of Brownhelm Township, Ohio.
- State elected official: Alexander Lucius Twilight, 1836, the Vermont legislature.
- Mayor of major city: Carl Stokes, Cleveland, Ohio, 1967–1971. The first black woman to serve as a mayor of a major U.S. city was Sharon Pratt Dixon Kelly, Washington, DC, 1991–1995.
- Governor (appointed): P.B.S. Pinchback served as governor of Louisiana from Dec. 9, 1872–Jan. 13, 1873, during impeachment proceedings against the elected governor.
- Governor (elected): L. Douglas Wilder, Virginia, 1990–1994. The only other elected black governor has been Deval Patrick, Massachusetts, 2007–2015
- U.S. Representative: Joseph Rainey became a Congressman from South Carolina in 1870 and was reelected four more times. The first black female U.S. Representative was Shirley Chisholm, Congresswoman from New York, 1969–1983.
- U.S. Senator: Hiram Revels became Senator from Mississippi from Feb. 25, 1870, to March 4, 1871, during Reconstruction. Edward Brooke became the first African-American Senator since Reconstruction, 1966–1979. Carol Mosely Braun became the first black woman Senator serving from 1992–1998 for the state of Illinois. (There have only been a total of five black senators in U.S. history: the remaining two are Blanche K. Bruce [1875–1881] and Barack Obama (2005–2008).
- U.S. cabinet member: Robert C. Weaver, 1966–1968, Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development under Lyndon Johnson; the first black female cabinet minister was Patricia Harris, 1977, Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development under Jimmy Carter.
- U.S. Secretary of State: Gen. Colin Powell, 2001–2004. The first black female Secretary of State was Condoleezza Rice, 2005–2009.
- Major Party Nominee for President: Sen. Barack Obama, 2008. The Democratic Party selected him as its presidential nominee.
- U.S. President: Sen. Barack Obama. Obama defeated Sen. John McCain in the general election on November 4, 2008, and was inaugurated as the 44th president of the United States on January 20, 2009.
- U.S. First Lady: Michelle Obama became the nation's first black First Lady when her husband, Barack Obama, defeated Sen. John McCain in the general election on November 4, 2008.
- First African-American Republican woman to serve in the House: Ludmya Bourdeau "Mia" Love won her race in Utah in the 2014 midterm elections.
African-American Firsts: Law
- Editor, Harvard Law Review: Charles Hamilton Houston, 1919. Barack Obama became the first President of the Harvard Law Review.
- Federal Judge: William Henry Hastie, 1946; Constance Baker Motley became the first black woman federal judge, 1966.
- U.S. Supreme Court Justice: Thurgood Marshall, 1967–1991. Clarence Thomas became the second African American to serve on the Court in 1991.
African-American Firsts: Diplomacy
- U.S. diplomat: Ebenezer D. Bassett, 1869, became minister-resident to Haiti; Patricia Harris became the first black female ambassador (1965; Luxembourg).
- U.S. Representative to the UN: Andrew Young (1977–1979).
- Nobel Peace Prize winner: Ralph J. Bunche received the prize in 1950 for mediating the Arab-Israeli truce. Martin Luther King, Jr., became the second African-American Peace Prize winner in 1964. (See King's Nobel acceptance speech.)
African-American Firsts: Military
- Combat pilot: Georgia-born Eugene Jacques Bullard, 1917, denied entry into the U.S. Army Air Corps because of his race, served throughout World War I in the French Flying Corps. He received the Legion of Honor, France's highest honor, among many other decorations.
- First Congressional Medal of Honor winner: Sgt. William H. Carney for bravery during the Civil War. He received his Congressional Medal of Honor in 1900.
- General: Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., 1940–1948.
- Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Colin Powell, 1989–1993.
African-American Firsts: Science and Medicine
- First patent holder: Thomas L. Jennings, 1821, for a dry-cleaning process. Sarah E. Goode, 1885, became the first African-American woman to receive a patent, for a bed that folded up into a cabinet.
- M.D. degree: James McCune Smith, 1837, University of Glasgow; Rebecca Lee Crumpler became the first black woman to receive an M.D. degree. She graduated from the New England Female Medical College in 1864.
- Inventor of the blood bank: Dr. Charles Drew, 1940.
- Heart surgery pioneer: Daniel Hale Williams, 1893.
- First astronaut: Robert H. Lawrence, Jr., 1967, was the first black astronaut, but he died in a plane crash during a training flight and never made it into space. Guion Bluford, 1983, became the first black astronaut to travel in space; Mae Jemison, 1992, became the first black female astronaut. Frederick D. Gregory, 1998, was the first African-American shuttle commander.
African-American Firsts: Scholarship
- College graduate (B.A.): Alexander Lucius Twilight, 1823, Middlebury College; first black woman to receive a B.A. degree: Mary Jane Patterson, 1862, Oberlin College.
- Ph.D.: Edward A. Bouchet, 1876, received a Ph.D. from Yale University. In 1921, three individuals became the first U.S. black women to earn Ph.D.s: Georgiana Simpson, University of Chicago; Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, University of Pennsylvania; and Eva Beatrice Dykes, Radcliffe College.
- Rhodes Scholar: Alain L. Locke, 1907.
- College president: Daniel A. Payne, 1856, Wilberforce University, Ohio.
- Ivy League president: Ruth Simmons, 2001, Brown University.
See also Milestones in Black Education.
African-American Firsts: Literature
- Novelist: Harriet Wilson, Our Nig (1859).
- Poet: Lucy Terry, 1746, "Bar's Fight." It is her only surviving poem.
- Poet (published): Phillis Wheatley, 1773, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. Considered the founder of African-American literature.
- Pulitzer Prize winner: Gwendolyn Brooks, 1950, won the Pulitzer Prize in poetry.
- Pulitzer Prize winner in Drama: Charles Gordone, 1970, for his play No Place To Be Somebody.
- Nobel Prize for Literature winner: Toni Morrison, 1993.
- Poet Laureate: Robert Hayden, 1976–1978; first black woman Poet Laureate: Rita Dove, 1993–1995.
African-American Firsts: Music and Dance
- Member of the New York City Opera: Todd Duncan, 1945.
- Member of the Metropolitan Opera Company: Marian Anderson, 1955.
- Male Grammy Award winner: Count Basie, 1958.
- Female Grammy Award winner: Ella Fitzgerald, 1958.
- Principal dancer in a major dance company: Arthur Mitchell, 1959, New York City Ballet.
African-American Firsts: Film
- First Oscar: Hattie McDaniel, 1940, supporting actress, Gone with the Wind.
- Oscar, Best Actor/Actress: Sidney Poitier, 1963, Lilies of the Field; Halle Berry, 2001, Monster's Ball.
- Oscar, Best Actress Nominee: Dorothy Dandridge, 1954, Carmen Jones.
- Film director: Oscar Micheaux, 1919, wrote, directed, and produced The Homesteader, a feature film.
- Hollywood director: Gordon Parks directed and wrote The Learning Tree for Warner Brothers in 1969.
African-American Firsts: Television
- Network television show host: Nat King Cole, 1956, "The Nat King Cole Show"; Oprah Winfrey became the first black woman television host in 1986, "The Oprah Winfrey Show."
- Star of a network television show: Bill Cosby, 1965, "I Spy".
African-American Firsts: Sports
- Major league baseball player: Jackie Robinson, 1947, Brooklyn Dodgers.
- Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame: Jackie Robinson, 1962.
- NFL quarterback: Willie Thrower, 1953.
- NFL football coach: Fritz Pollard, 1922–1937.
- Golf champion: Tiger Woods, 1997, won the Masters golf tournament.
- NHL hockey player: Willie O'Ree, 1958, Boston Bruins.1
- World cycling champion: Marshall W. "Major" Taylor, 1899.
- Tennis champion: Althea Gibson became the first black person to play in and win Wimbledon and the United States national tennis championship. She won both tournaments twice, in 1957 and 1958. In all, Gibson won 56 tournaments, including five Grand Slam singles events. The first black male champion was Arthur Ashe who won the 1968 U.S. Open, the 1970 Australian Open, and the 1975 Wimbledon championship.
- Heavyweight boxing champion: Jack Johnson, 1908.
- Olympic medalist (Summer games): George Poage, 1904, won two bronze medals in the 200 m hurdles and 400 m hurdles.
- Olympic gold medalist (Summer games): John Baxter "Doc" Taylor, 1908, won a gold medal as part of the 4 x 400 m relay team.
- Olympic gold medalist (Summer games; individual): DeHart Hubbard, 1924, for the long jump; the first woman was Alice Coachman, who won the high jump in 1948.
- Olympic medalist (Winter games): Debi Thomas, 1988, won the bronze in figure skating.
- Olympic gold medalist (Winter games): Vonetta Flowers, 2002, bobsled.
- Olympic gold medalist (Winter games; individual): Shani Davis, 2006, 1,000 m speedskating.
Other African-American Firsts
- Licensed Pilot: Bessie Coleman, 1921.
- Millionaire: Madame C. J. Walker.
- Billionaire: Robert Johnson, 2001, owner of Black Entertainment Television; Oprah Winfrey, 2003.
- Portrayal on a postage stamp: Booker T. Washington, 1940 (and also 1956).
- Miss America: Vanessa Williams, 1984, representing New York. When controversial photos surfaced and Williams resigned, Suzette Charles, the runner-up and also an African American, assumed the title. She represented New Jersey. Three additional African Americans have been Miss Americas: Debbye Turner (1990), Marjorie Vincent (1991), and Kimberly Aiken (1994).
- Explorer, North Pole: Matthew A. Henson, 1909, accompanied Robert E. Peary on the first successful U.S. expedition to the North Pole.
- Explorer, South Pole: George Gibbs, 1939–1941 accompanied Richard Byrd.
- Flight around the world: Barrington Irving, 2007, from Miami Gardens, Florida, flew a Columbia 400 plane named Inspiration around the world in 96 days, 150 hours (March 23-June 27).
1. O'Ree, the first black player in the NHL, was Canadian.
- More from Black History Month | <urn:uuid:99123649-b2db-46f6-a7e3-781f6d6715b2> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.infoplease.com/famous-firsts-african-americans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648205.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323083246-20180323103246-00741.warc.gz | en | 0.908429 | 2,494 | 3.328125 | 3 |
In a given string, double each alphanumeric character and print the result. Punctuation and spaces should stay untouched.
Regexes are very powerful tools for searching and replacing texts. In this task, only the alphanumeric characters are requested to be doubled. The
\w character class is the perfect match to find these characters.
my $string = 'Hello, 1 World!';
$string ~~ s:g/(\w)/$0$0/;
We are using the
s/// construct here. The
$string is matched against the
\w regex. The parentheses around
\w capture the found character. It is now contained in the
$0 special variable.
In the second part of the replacement,
$0 is used twice, and, thus, the doubled character is replacing the single character found in the string. The
:g adverb makes the replacement global.
The program prints the following output:
HHeelllloo, 11 WWoorrlldd!
Let us update the program to exclude the
r letter from the process. In other words, all the characters, except
r, must be doubled. Build a new character class as a difference between
r as demonstrated in the following line of code:
$string ~~ s:g/(<[\w] - [r]>)/$0$0/;
Now, the output is a bit different:
HHeelllloo, 11 WWoorldd! | <urn:uuid:9e7d3381-4d68-4db9-9b34-4817ab42b024> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://andrewshitov.com/2019/09/09/doubling-characters-using-perl-6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897707.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708211828-20200709001828-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.902767 | 314 | 4.0625 | 4 |
100th Day of School Website
Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help
|A site created by Joan Holub, illustrator of the book, The 100th Day of School by Angela Medearis (Scholastic), to encourage and enhance 100th Day celebrations in schools. Students may "ask 100 questions" about writing or illustrating books; teachers will find 300 Celebration Ideas for teacher-to-teacher and individual classroom use; and there is also a list of books useful for celebrating the 100th day.|
|Resource Types:||Lesson Plans and Activities, Question and Answer Services, Bibliographies|
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<P>Humble Shoelace Tag Carried More Currency Than Gold On Columbus's Travels</P><P></P><P>The humble device that prevents shoelaces from fraying was <strong>Clarisonic Opal australia</strong> deemed to be worth more than gold by the indigenous Cubans who traded with Columbus's fleet, a study led by UCL (University College London) archaeologists has discovered.The humble device that prevents shoelaces from fraying was deemed to be worth more than gold by the indigenous Cubans who traded with Columbus's fleet, a study led by UCL (University College London) archaeologists has discovered.Reporting in next month's edition of the Journal of Archaeological Science, the researchers analysed burial material such as beads and pendants excavated from one of the largest burial sites in northeast Cuba. To their surprise very little gold was discovered, despite its relative abundance in the region. Instead, the most common artefacts were small metal tubes made of brass that were often threaded into necklaces.While brass making was widespread in medieval and earlier Europe, no evidence exists of brass production in America by indigenous people in the Caribbean known as Ta no before the arrival of the Europeans. Using microstructural and chemical analysis, the researchers were able to prove the brass originated in Germany.Columbus's 1492 Spanish fleet was the first European presence to arrive in Cuba and radiocarbon dating shows remains from the burial site at El Chorro de Ma ta, Cuba date from a few decades after the conquest. Columbus's diaries also mention the trade of lacetags.A review of relevant literature and paintings from European sources revealed that the most likely origin of the tubes was not beads but strung together lacetags, or aglets, from European clothing. From the 15th century onwards, these were used to prevent the ends of <strong>Clarisonic Brush Head</strong> laces from fraying, and to ease threading in the points for fastening clothes such as doublets and hose. Examples of such usage include a 1636 portrait of William Style of Langley (Tate Gallery, London), which depicts the use of aglets in his waist to secure his trousers through his jacket. Original lacetags excavated from across London that date back to the 13th century can also be found in the Museum of London's Archaeological Archive.Dr Marcos Martin n Torres, of the UCL Institute <strong>Clarisonic Classic</strong> of Archaeology, who led the research, explains: "Early chroniclers report that pure gold, or caona, was considered the least valuable metal amongst indigenous Cubans, significantly less esteemed and less sacred than copper based alloys. Allegedly, the smell and iridescence of brass was what made it particularly appealing. If we couple this with the contrasting eagerness of the Spanish for plundering noble metals, then we have a paramount factor explaining the scarcity of gold in the cemetery at El Chorro de Ma ta, and the relative abundance of brass."It would have been impossible for the first Europeans arriving in the Caribbean to envisage the colossal value that their metal would accomplish in trade with the indigenous population. Accordingly, one could not expect them to have loaded up their ships with unnecessarily large amounts of metals. Upon arrival, with virtually any metal gadget becoming precious amongst the Ta no, European conquerors would have traded anything they had at hand, including the cheap and dispensable lacetags. Moreover, these had a suitable shape for threading and turning into visible pendants. Functional European brass was thus conceptually transformed, not only, into an ornament but it conveyed supernatural powers to the wearer."Located in the Banes area of the Holgu n province, El Chorro de Ma ta is well known as one of the largest archaeological sites in northeast Cuba. During the 1980s, 120 skeletons were excavated, of which 25 per cent were found with burial goods thought to signify their wealth or position in Ta nos society. Alongside ornaments made of stone, pearl, resin and coral, three types of metal objects were identified. Initial analysis by archaeologist Roberto Valc rcel Rojas of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment in La Habana, Cuba, found they were composed of gold and two types of alloy, gold copper silver and zinc rich copper alloys or brass.The lack of more sophisticated technical equipment and expertise <strong>Clarisonic Opal</strong> prevented further analysis until Mr Valc rcel visited the unique on site facilities in the UCL Institute of Archaeology last year, where scanning electron microscopy and X ray microanalytical techniques were applied to the artefacts."The key to deciphering where metals come from is to look at their geochemical signature," explains Dr Martin n Torres. "The technology to exploit copper and silver was unknown to the Ta no but was in common use on mainland South American, which strongly suggests that the alloy was imported from within America. However, brass production was unknown outside Europe."Brass is an alloy composed of copper and zinc but, depending on where the constitute metals come from, they also have traces of other elements. Using techniques equivalent to looking at the DNA of the metal we were able to show that minute iron, lead and tin impurities were consistent with brass objects from Nuremberg at this time. The relationship between Europeans and Americans, in which metals seem to have played a very significant role, dramatically affected the later history of both peoples. The removal of noble metals had a significant impact on the later economy and goes some way to explaining why Europe is rich today compared with Cuba."Roy Stephenson, the Museum of London's archaeological archive manager, added: "This is fascinating work carried out by UCL which will shed light on what appears to be quite dreary and repetitive finds, but in reality tells a compelling story about international trade."The above story is based on materials provided by University College London. Note: Materials may be edited <strong>Clarisonic PLUS</strong> for content and length.Cite This Page:MLA APA Chicago University College London. "Humble Shoelace Tag Carried More Currency Than Gold On Columbus's Travels." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 5 October 2006. .Europe's Oldest Footprints Uncovered on English Coast Feb. 7, 2014 The earliest human footprints outside of Africa have been uncovered, on the English coast, by a team of scientists. Their discovery offers researchers an insight into the migration of pre historic . full story'Steak Knife' Teeth Reveal Ecology of Oldest Land Predators Feb. 7, 2014 The first top predators to walk on land were not afraid to bite off more than they could chew, a study has found. Researchers suggest that Dimetrodon, a carnivore that walked on land between 298 . full storyDating Refined for Atapuerca Site Where Homo Antecessor Appeared Feb. 7, 2014 One of the issues of the Atapuerca sites that generates the most scientific debate is the dating of the strata where the fossils are found. A study has clarified that the sediment of Gran Dolina, . full story</P>
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SimCity Strategy Guides
Pollution is a perpetual problem in SimCity. Adding Parks and green space to your city is one way to deal with the problem.
Ground pollution will naturally dissicpate over time once the source of the pollution has gone. You can actually see ground pollution in SimCity in the regular game view, heavy polluting buildings will coat the surrounding land with a thick brown, or even black, sludge. The darker the color, the longer it will take to clear.
Typically it will take about 50 game years for the sludgy brown areas of ground pollution to return to 'normal' (i.e. green) so long as the original source of the ground pollution is gone and that no new polluting buildings have been put in its place (i.e. if you got rid of a coal mine, but put high tech industry in its place, that high tech industry will still create some small amount of localized pollution). Black areas of ground will take longer still to fully clear.
It is commonly recommended that placing parks around polluted areas will 'clean' up your city, however this is not the case. Parks in your city will cause a small decrease in local air pollution. Like other city buildings in polluted areas, they will suffer the effects of ground pollution - their germ levels will rise and visiting Sims will become more likely to get sick BUT they won't actually 'absorb' or clean up ground pollution.
Planting trees (found in the Parks > Nature menu) will have no effect whatsoever on air pollution or anything else. As far as I can tell the purpose of trees is simply to make photographs of your city look nicer. They certainly don't affect nearby happiness or air quality (this may be a disabled feature, but it seems somewhat unlikely).
Really the best way to deal with pollution is not to have it in the first place!
If you are determined to try and create a 'green' city then you will have to de-zone and bulldoze polluting buildings before they generate significant areas of ground pollution. Effectively this means no heavy industry in your city, buildings like the Smelting Factory will generate that nasty black sludge within two game years. All your zoned industry will need to be high tech, in addition you'll also need to de-zone it after a while and move it around, or build a city that has no industry if you want to keep your city completely clean.
For more information: | <urn:uuid:64c20b14-0b0b-4bc2-a228-cc6c84ecaa30> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.parsimonious.org/simcity5/parks-pollution.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188550.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00540-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958668 | 504 | 2.625 | 3 |
Check out the Student Tech Pages created by students with code!
These web pages were created using the Sublime text editor. The students used HTML5 and CSS (embedded and inline) to design their first webpages completely from scratch.
You can download the Sublime text editor for free. Please note that text editors aren't equipped with spell check because so many of the words used for coding are combined with other words ('fillStyle'), shortened ('var' for 'variable'), or mixed with numbers ('var2'). While proper grammar and spelling are important, the primary objective is to learn the logic of coding. An analogy would be building a house; it's more important that the house can protect you from the elements than that the trim matches the door.
We use W3 Schools site as a reference for much of the coding we do.
pages are listed ALPHABETICALLY by grade;
Aldo and John's sneaker randomizer app
Alyson and Avery's cow racing app
Braedon and Quin's block dodging app
Collin and Diego's dodging app
Cooper's balloon popping clicker app
Jack and Tyler's pizza clicker app
Landen and Sam's grappling game app
Louella and Rori's underwater app
Olivia's sliding Mrs. Cleverdon app
8th grade WIN
4th grade WIN
Delilah's Flying Fireballs game
Robert's Asteroids Mission Alpha game
Owen's North American bears page
Aiden and Evan's interactive fish tank
Carter's interactive solar system
Dan's yeezy customization page
Jillian, Lindsay, & Maya's crocs page
Team Bogification's Bogie Run game
Heath's awesome ruins animation
Logan's Lebron vs Curry rookie year page
Cam, Delaney, and Paige's coloring pages
Curtis, Josh, and Matthew's meteor game page
Emma, Hannah, and Riley's coloring pages
Lucas and Matt's what's up page | <urn:uuid:bf057bf9-6cce-4496-adb2-5fe474e45416> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.pomfretcommunityschool.org/students/technology/2018-19-student-tech-pages | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656788.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609164851-20230609194851-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.877738 | 472 | 2.578125 | 3 |
- This template provides STEM educators and their School Media Specialists with a template and a structure for developing Text-based Inquiry units that address multiple content areas.
- Engineering, English Language Arts, Mathematics, Science
- High School
- Grade 9, Grade 10, Grade 11, Grade 12
- Material Type:
- Lesson Plan
- Joanna Schimizzi
- Date Added:
- Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0
No evaluations yet.
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The paper in Nature Communications is here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04032-y
With nuclear power generation expected to increase over the coming decades to meet the increasing global energy demand, access to this unconventional reserve is a matter of energy security. Reserves of such non-renewable raw materials are often limited to a few countries. Uranium is one such “critical metal” and as estimated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the total identified conventional resources can only last for about a century. However, it is estimated that there is an astonishing 4 billion metric tons of uranium dissolved in the Earth’s oceans at a concentration of 3.3 ppb, which is approximately 1000 times more than is available from terrestrial ores, affording a near limitless supply of uranium. With this knowledge, technology development capable of sequestering uranium from seawater in an economic manner would afford a financial backstop, ensure resource accessibility to nations devoid of uranium reserves, and impede any dramatic fluctuations in the uranium supply chain. Given the extreme complexity and vast volume of seawater, as well as very low concentration of uranium in it, to attain this ambitious task demands the design of adsorbents with high affinity and fast kinetics.
To enhance the affinity of chelating groups to uranyl ions without complicated ligand design, we were inspired by nature, where the affinity of amino acids involved in binding ions can be greatly enhanced by non-covalent interactions from the surrounding amino acids in the protein scaffold and even achieve femtomolar affinity. With this in mind, we reasoned that the binding affinity of chelating sites towards specific ions can be improved by introducing an assistant group orientated in a suitable position. Given their cost effective synthesis, amidoxime polymers have been identified as the most promising platform for large-scale extraction of uranium species from seawater. Amidoxime typically has a low affinity and poor selectivity for uranyl in seawater conditions, however, as it binds nickel, cobalt and iron present with greater affinity. To this end, we decided to introduce an assistant group to reinforce the coordinative binding between amidoxime and uranyl. Considering the importance of spatial distribution to enhance their mutual cooperation, monomers containing an amino substituent with hydrogen bonding and electron donating capabilities in different positions relative to amidoxime were designed. Furthermore, these monomers were built into high surface area materials to conserve a sufficiently high density of chelating groups in the resultant adsorbents for achieving high uptake capacities (Table 1).
Improvements towards uranium adsorption with the amidoxime-based sorbent are evident with the addition of an amino group together with its relative location. The porous framework bearing 2-aminobenzamidoxime is exceptional in sequestering high uranium concentrations with sufficient capacities from simulated seawater (290 mg g-1) and trace quantities of uranium in real seawater (4.36 mg g-1, triple the benchmark), far outperforming those achieved by sorbents constructed by 4-aminobenzamidoxime (250 and 2.27 mg g-1) and benzamidoxime (200 and 1.32 mg g-1). The underlying principles contributing to its superior performance were revealed by collaborative experiments including spectroscopic, crystallographic, and DFT calculation studies. It is revealed that the introduction of the amino group nearby the amidoxime not only alters the electron density of the complex to lower the overall charge on uranyl, but also provides an additional hydrogen binding site to align uranyl species in a favorable coordination mode and thereby increases its affinity
(Figure 1). This proof-of-concept study is important because it affords an amenable route to bridge natural and artificial systems. Moreover, this strategy is practically feasible and thus provides a new direction towards the development of adsorbents for uranium capture. | <urn:uuid:6eb4a734-f6b7-4096-bce4-a7f2ca97d031> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://chemistrycommunity.nature.com/posts/32475-bio-inspired-uranium-nano-traps | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881984.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703091148-20200703121148-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.931967 | 803 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The EPA Commits to Clean Air
Anyone who lives in Washington, D.C. and other smog-laden eastern regions may have kept their breathing indoors for the last few days as a result of the high pollution levels. Recent announcements by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency signal the agency is doing something about that.
In two moves toward cleaner air, the EPA first agreed to review hazardous air pollution rules for 28 industries—from pesticide production operations to pharmaceutical plants—and also proposed limits for interstate air pollution in 31 eastern states and Washington, D.C. The interstate rule is aimed to slash sulfur dioxide (linked to a number of adverse effects on the respiratory system) and nitrogen oxides (also very harmful to human health). EPA estimates that this rule would avoid annually an estimated 14,000 to 36,000 premature deaths, 21,000 cases of acute bronchitis, 240,000 cases of aggravated asthma and 1.9 million days of missed school and work as a result of reactions to ozone and other air pollutants.
In other words, this is a big deal.
During a media call with reporters, Gina McCarthy—EPA's Assistant Administrator for the Office of Air and Radiation—said today's announcement "is marking a large and important step in EPA's effort to protect public health" and that the rule would enable the "Clean Air Act to work as intended."
The agency is using the "good neighbor" provision of the Clean Air Act to reduce interstate pollution—emissions traveling from upwind states to downwind neighbors. These traveling emissions obstruct the ability of states to reach their own emission reductions targets and also endanger the welfare of state residents.
Earthjustice managing attorney David Baron called EPA's proposal an important move "toward curbing dangerous power plant pollution that travels across state lines" and said that we would "examine this proposal closely to make sure that it provides the clean air safeguards people need."
This rule would replace the 2005 Bush-era Clean Air Interstate Rule, which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ordered the EPA to revise in 2008.
The proposal will most likely reach the Federal Register in two weeks and then lead to a 60-day comment period. The EPA will also be holding a public hearing on this rule. Stay tuned for ways you can help affect the outcome of this proposal. | <urn:uuid:5339b106-a825-47b0-94b7-a288c98670b0> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://earthjustice.org/blog/2010-july/epa-commits-clean-air | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535924501.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909014227-00413-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938697 | 480 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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