text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 7.09k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Introduction to Encyclopedias : Introduction to Encyclopedias South Scranton Intermediate School
6th Grade What is an encyclopedia? : What is an encyclopedia? “A book or set of books containing articles on various topics, usually in alphabetical arrangement, covering all branches of knowledge or, less commonly, all aspects of one subject.” –www.dictionary.com When would I use an encyclopedia? : When would I use an encyclopedia? When you need general background information on a topic!
An encyclopedia will NOT include as much information as a textbook. It is a place to start your search. Try it instead of Google! World Book Encyclopedia : World Book Encyclopedia “World Book is a tool for learning—a general encyclopedia that tells about people, places, things, events and ideas. It provides accurate information that is easy to find and easy to understand.”
–World Book, Volume 1 World Book Encyclopedia : World Book Encyclopedia First published in 1917
Revised version published every year
Currently 22 volumes
Designed for students in elementary school through high school
Over 3,800 people are involved with writing and checking the articles
Topics are arranged alphabetically World Book Articles : World Book Articles Text
Visual aides (photos, drawings, paintings, maps, diagrams, charts, and graphs)
List of related articles
Suggestions for further reading
Author How to use World Book : How to use World Book Think about the question you need to find an answer to, or the information that you are looking for
Identify key words in order of importance
Choose the appropriate volume and begin your search (remember : alphabetical order) Important terms : Important terms Guide words: located at the top corners of a set of pages, these words are the titles of the first and last articles found on the pages. They will help you find the page where your topic is located (like a dictionary or phone book).
Cross-references: sometimes an article will direct you towards another article for more specific information on a given topic (‘see XYZ’ or ‘see also XYZ’).
Article headings: longer articles are divided into sections and subsections, so you can focus on specific information instead of the whole article if necessary.
Captions: located near the article’s illustrations, this is special text that clarifies or adds information to the article Wikipedia : Wikipedia Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia
It is written collaboratively- meaning anyone, anywhere can change the content of an article
GOOD: experts from all over the world can contribute their knowledge to any given topic
BAD: some people purposely include inaccurate information to mislead others A Note on Wikipedia : A Note on Wikipedia When to use it:
for personal entertainment
to find references to other online articles (links located at the bottom of every entry)
to give you ideas of how to expand your search
When NOT to use it:
when you need to cite reliable sources in a paper Alphabetical Order Review : Alphabetical Order Review Which comes first?
Library of Congress
Rock climbing Slide 12: Alphabetical Order Review Answers:
2) Library Journal
3) Library of Congress
2) Rock climbing
3) Rock video
4) Rockefeller, John
5) Rocky Mountains Slide 13: Title of Article?
Caption? Slide 14: Article Headings?
Sections/Subsections? Slide 15: Guide Word?
Cross-References? Topic Choices : Topic Choices Sports | <urn:uuid:16fa038f-6387-40ab-89cc-8246aa43576e> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/JBurok-380508-encyclopedia-lesson-encyclopedialesson-education-ppt-powerpoint/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829970.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00269-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.833747 | 716 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Just Chuck It In! Using machine learning to change the nature of metal recycling
Imagine creating a completely new material from a bunch of scrap metal, such as the body of a disused aircraft.
Deakin University’s A2I2, in collaboration with the university’s Institute of Frontier Materials (IFM) is aiming to change the nature of recycling by discovering new metal alloys that are ‘compositionally flexible’. A compositionally flexible alloy can be made from many kinds of ‘end of life’ materials that may otherwise require additional processing prior to recycling, thus reducing cost and environmental impact!
We have discovered what we believe to be the most compositionally flexible high-entropy alloys ever reported using machine learning.
Bringing new life to old metals
This discovery can change how we recycle metals, from a ‘clean and separate approach’ to being able to ‘just chuck it in’!
Unlike pure elements such as iron, nickle or chromium, which can be combined with great precision, recycled metal alloys contain a large number of elements in varying proportions. In order to create our desired alloys, the goal is to discover a large set of compositions where, regardless of the composition of elements used to create the alloy, the mechanical properties remain similar. This means you can change the composition without impacting the future useability of the material. However, because there are infinite possible compositions, it is impossible to manually conduct experiments to find out which combinations make an ideal compositionally flexible alloy.
Accelerating the pace of experimentation
Instead, we’re using the power of machine learning to search for compositions with the desired mechanical properties. In our case we have demonstrated this process for high entropy alloys. In this demonstration we have targeted compositions with crystalline structures that typically relate to materials with low brittleness and a useful amount of elasticity – properties critical to future manufacturing.
We used two stages of machine learning to accelerate the alloy design. The first used a well-established method of sample-efficient discovery, Bayesian Optimisation (BO), to search out our space of possible compositions (made up of 108 possible alloy compositions). The space was sampled using BO until about 3,800 potential compositions were identified.
The second stage consisted of fitting a probabilistic model, called a Gaussian process model, with all the sampled points. This allowed us to predict the likelihood that any new composition would also have the desired characteristics. We predicted that approximately 6% of the possible compositions should have the desired crystalline structure.
Two alloy designs were identified which exceeded the compositional ‘flexibility’ of common alloy classes. No more expensive searching compared to traditional trial and error methods!
This work proves that we can use machine learning techniques for alloy design, giving us a completely new way to approach the recycling of complex end-of-life materials. Not only does this help the environment, but it also proposes a new way of allowing discovery using Bayesian Optimisation.
Read the full paper here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359645420307217
For more information contact Manisha Senadeera
Author: Manisha Senadeera
Editor: Larissa Ham | <urn:uuid:8cb3efcf-72e2-440a-8731-f32b042e1846> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://a2i2.deakin.edu.au/2021/02/10/just-chuck-it-in-using-machine-learning-to-change-the-nature-of-metal-recycling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606045924-20230606075924-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.903893 | 675 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download or CD-ROM. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
Under this heading will be considered exclusively the texts of the Mass (and not, therefore, the Asperges, Vidi aquam, Litanies, Prophecies, etc., which in the Roman Missal are found more or less closely associated with the Mass in certain seasons of the Church Year), which receive a musical treatment. These texts comprise those which are sung (that is, recited in musical monotone with occasional cadences or inflections) by the celebrant and the sacred ministers (who will be referred to as priest, deacon, and sub-deacon) and which are styled "Accentus"; and those which are assigned to the choir and which are styled "Concentus".
For the sake of convenience of reference the Concentus may be divided into the following classes:
The "Graduale Romanum" (together with the Missal) provides plainsong melodies for all the texts styled Accentus or Concentus. The Accentus must be plainsong, and must be that plainsong which is found in the present typical edition, styled the Vatican Edition, of the "Roman Gradual". The Concentus, if sung to plainsong melodies, must also be in the approved form found in the Vatican Edition of the "Gradual"; but these texts may employ "modern" (as opposed to "medieval") music, provided the musical treatment is in every way appropriate as indicated in the "Instruction on Sacred Music", commonly styled the "Motu Proprio", issued by Pius X on the Feast of St. Cecilia, Patron of Church Music (22 Nov., 1903). This "modern" or "figured" music is customarily styled in Church decrees simply musica, and the plain chant or plain song is styled cantus (chant). The serviceable distinction will be employed throughout this article: chant, chanting, chanted, will refer to plainsong melodies; music, musical, to figured music.
These chants should never be accompanied by the organ or any other instrument. The priest intones the Gloria (Gloria in excelsis Deo) and the Credo (Credo in unum Deum). The choir must not repeat these words of the intonation, but must begin with Et in terra pax, etc., and Patrem omnipotentem, etc., respectively. The priest also sings the Collects and post-Communions and the Dominus vobiscum and Oremus preceding them. Amen is sung by the choir at the end of these prayers, as also after the Per omnia saecula saeculorum preceding the Preface, the Pater noster and the Pax Domini . . . vobiscum. The choir responds with Et cum spiritu tuo to the Dominus vobiscum preceding the prayers, the Gospel, and the Preface. Both of these choir responses vary from the usual monotone when occurring before the Preface; and the Amen receives an upward inflection before the Pax Domini, etc. Indeed, the Dominus vobiscum and its response vary in melody for all the three forms of the Preface (the Tonus Solemnis, the Tonus Ferialis, the Tonus Solemnior found in the "Cantus Missalis Romani"), as do also the chants and responses of the Sursum corda, etc., preceding the Preface. It would be highly desirable that choirs be well practised in these special "tones" since exact correspondence with the form used by the priest is not only of æsthetic but of practical value; for any deviation from one of the "tones" into another may easily lead the priest astray and produce a lamentable confusion of forms which ought to be kept distinct.
At the end of the priest's chant of the Pater noster the choir responds with Sed libera nos a malo. The sub-deacon chants the Epistle, the deacon the Gospel. The respective responses (Deo Gratias and Laus tibi Christe) are merely to be said by the ministers of the Mass, and are not to be sung or recited by the choir. This is clear from the fact that the "Roman Gradual" does not assign any notation to these responses. To the deacon's chant of the Ite missa est (or Benedicamus Domino) the choir responds with Deo gratias. A Decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites permits the organ to supply for this response wherever this is customary, provided the response be "recited" in a clear voice. The chant melodies for all these choir-responses are given in the Vatican "Gradual" under the heading "Toni Communes Missae". It is customary in many churches to harmonize the chant-responses and even to depart in some details from the melodies officially assigned to the chant-responses. In summing up the legislation in this matter, the "Motu Proprio" says (No. 12):
With the exception of the melodies proper to the celebrant at the altar and to the ministers, which must be always sung only in Gregorian chant, and without the accompaniment of the organ, all the rest of the liturgical chant belongs to the choir of Levites, and, therefore, singers in church, even when they are laymen, are really taking the place of the ecclesiastical choir. Hence the music rendered by them must, at least for the greater part, retain the character of choral music.
But while the choir is thus permitted to respond in music or in harmonized chant, good taste might suggest the desirability of responding in unharmonized chant according to the exact melodies provided in the "Toni Communes Missae".
Inasmuch as the Vatican "Gradual" is meant merely for the use of the choir, the complete Accentus of the celebrant and ministers will not be found there. The Missal contains these chants in full (except, of course, the chants for the prayers, prophecies, etc., which are to be recited or sung according to certain general forms which are indicated in the "Toni Com. Mis.") However, a number of changes made in the Missal melodies by order of the Vatican Commission on Chant were comprised in a separate publication entitled "Cantus Missalis Romani" (Rome, Vatican Press, 1907), which was edited in various styles by competent publishers of liturgical books. After that no publisher was permitted to print or publish an edition of the Missal Containing the melodies in use prior to that, but were to insert the new melodies according to the scheme found in the "Cantus Missalis Romani". Some of the newer forms were to appear in the places occupied, in the typical edition of the Missal (1900), by the forms previously used, while some were to be placed in an Appendix.
The Decree of 8 June, 1907, contains the following clauses:
In the midst of the perplexities inevitably associated with such modifications of or additions to the former methods of rendering the Accentus, Dom Johner, O.S.B., of the Beuron Congregation, has come to the assistance of clerics, by collecting into one conveniently arranged manual ("Cantus Ecclesiastici iuxta editionem Vaticanam", Ratishon, 1909: 146 pages. 12 mo.) all of the Accentus (including the responses found in the "Toni Communes Missae" of the "Gradule Romanum" (1908) and in the "Cantus Missalis Romani" (1908). These he has illustrated with appropriate extracts from the "Rubriae Missalis Romani", and has added comments and explanations of his brackets in order to distinguish them from official matter (e.g. pp. 14, 15, when discussing the festal tone of the Oratio). While such a volume is appropriate for the study or the class-room, the intonations of the priest and deacon have been issued for use in the sanctuary, in various forms. At Tournai Belgium, is published "Intonationes celebrantis in Missa ad exemplar editionis Vaticanae" (containing the Asperges, Vidi aquam, Gloria and Credo, Ite Missa est, Benedicamus Domino, for all the masses contained in the "Kyriale") on seven cards of Bristolboard which are enclosed in a case and also in form of a pamphlet bound in cloth. At Düsseldorf is issued a collection of the intonations (under the title of "Tabula Intonationum") of the Gloria (15), Credo (4), Ite Missa est and Benedicamus (17), and Requiescant in pace, pasted on thin but strong cardboard (cloth-covered) of four pages. These are given here merely as illustrations of the practical means at hand for actually inaugurating the reform of the Accentus; other publishers of the official editions of the chant books may be consulted for other forms for use in the sanctuary.
Some of these forms of chant-intonations are for use ad libitum. The various intonations of the Gloria and Credo bear a close relation to the succeeding chant of the choir, with those of these Missa est or Benedicamus are frequently in melody with the chant of the Kyrie eleison. Nominally, these chants and intonations are assigned to definite seasons of the Church Year or to peculiar kinds of rite (solemn double, semi-double, ferial, etc.), but in as much as permission has been given to use the chants of the "Kyriale" indifferently for any rite or season, the requirement to be met by the priest is the artistic one, of singing the intonation of the Mass which the choir will actually render in chant. Thus it will be seen that the many intonations furnished do not represent an obligatory burden but merely a large liberty of choice. The chant of the Ite missa est by the deacon would seem similarly to be a matter of artistic appropriateness rather than of liturgical law.
These texts may be sung in chant or music. If chant be used, it must be either that contained in the "Vatican Gradual", or some other approved form of the "traditional melodies" (see "Motu Proprio" of 25 April, 1904, d; the Decree of the S.R.C., 11 August, 1905, VI; the decree prefixed to the "Kyriale", dated 14 August 1905, closing paragraph); if the setting be musical it must meet all the requirements summarily indicated in the "Motu Proprio" of 22 November, 1903 (see ECCLESIASTICAL MUSIC). Under the heading of Concentus must be considered (a) the Ordinary, (b) the Proper.
The texts are those of the Kyrie, the Gloria, the Credo, the Sanctus, the Benedictus, the Agnus Dei. A collection of these, or a portion of them, is styled simply a "Mass". When several "Masses" are written by the same composer, they are differentiated numerically (e.g. Mozart's No. 1, No. 2, No. 17) or by dedication to some particular feast (e.g. Gounod's "Messe de Paques") or saint (e.g. Gounod's "St. Cecilia" Mass), or devotion (e.g. Gounod's "Messe du Sacré Coeur"), or musical association (e.g. Gounod's "Messe des Orphéonistes", Nos. I, II), or musical patron (e.g. Palestrina's "Missa Papae Marcelli"), or special occasion (e.g. Cherubini's "Third Mass in A" entitled the "Coronation Mass", as it was for the coronation of King Charles X). The title Missa Brevis is sometimes employed for a Mass requiring only a moderate time for its rendition (e.g. Palestrina's "Missa Brevis"; Andrea Gabrieli's printed in Vol. I of Proske's "Musica Divina") although the term scarcely applies, save in another sense, to J.S. Bach's "Missa Brevis" (in A) comprising in its forty-four closely printed pages only the music of the Kyrie and Gloria. In some Masses the place of the Benedictus is taken by an O Salutaris. A polyphonic Mass composed, not upon themes taken from chant melodies (as was the custom), was styled "sine nomine". Those founded upon chant subjects were thus styled (e.g. Palestrina's "Ecce Sacerdos Magnus", "Virtute magna", etc.) or when founded on secular song themes unblushingly bore the appropriate title (e.g. Palestrina's "L'homme arme"). Masses were sometimes styled by the name of the chant-mode in which they were composed (e.g. "Primi Toni") or, founded on the hexachordal system, were styled "Missa super voces musicales" (Missa Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La); or bore as title the number of voices employed (e.g. "Missa Quatuor Vocum").
This is not the place to rehearse the story of the gradual development and corruption of ecclesiastical music, of the many attempts at reform, and of the latest pronouncements of the Holy See which oblige consciences with all the force of liturgical law. An excellent summary of this history is given by Dr. Rockstro in Grove's "Dictionary of music and musians" (s.v. Mass), which may be supplemented by the recent abundant literature of the reform-movement in Church Music. It is of more immediate and practical importance to indicate the various catalogues or lists of music compiled by those who are seeking to reform the music of the Mass. It is interesting to reflect that in his earlier legislation on this subject, Leo XIII recommended a diocesan commission to draw up a diocesan Index of Repertoires, or at least to sanction the performances of pieces therein indicated, whether published or unpublished. In the later Regolamento of 6 July, 1894, the S. C. of Rites does not refer any such index but merely requires bishops to exercise appropriate supervision over the pastors so that inappropriate music may not be heard in their churches. The present pope has nowhere indicated the necessity, or even the advisability, of compiling such an index or catalogue, but has required the appointment, in every diocese, of a competent commission which shall supervise musical matters and see that the legislation of the "Motu Proprio" be properly carried out.
Nevertheless, it was the stimulus of the Regolamento of 1894 which led to the compilation, in the Diocese of Cincinnati, of a highly informing "First Official Catalogue" of that commission, which was made obligatory by Archbishop Elder in a letter dated 26 July, 1899, and which was to go into operation on the First Sunday of Advent (3 Dec.) of that year. The commission requested pastors to submit the music used for inspection by the commission. The catalogue does not content itself with approving certain of these compositions but takes the trouble both to mark "rejected" after the various titles and to give, usually, the reason for the rejection. In the following year it issued its "Second Official Catalogue". Both catalogues are important as illustrating the exact musical conditions of one great diocese, and show forth more searchingly than many arguments the need of reform. These catalogues have been rendered obsolete by the more stringent recent legislation.
But, although that legislation has not prescribed the compilation of lists of approved music, many such catalogues or lists have been compiled. They all pay great attention to the music of the Mass, and should prove of the greatest assistance to choir-masters. Correct and appropriate music for Mass, for all degrees of musical ability or choral attainment and of the greatest abundance and freshness and individuality of style, can now be easily obtained.
In selecting a Mass it is always advisable to read the text in order to see that it is both complete and liturgically correct; that there should be no alteration or inversion of the words, no undue repetition, no breaking of syllables. In addition, the "Motu Proprio" specifies [No 11 (a)]: The Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, etc., of the Mass must preserve the unity of composition proper to their text. It is not lawful, therefore, to compose them in separate pieces, in such a way that each of those pieces may form a complete composition in itself, and be capable of being detached from the rest and substituted by another". It further remarks (No. 22): "It is not lawful to keep the priest at the altar waiting on amount of the chant or the music for a length of time not allowed by the liturgy. According to the ecclesiastical prescriptions the Sanctus of the Mass should be the Elevation and therefore the priest must have regard to the singers. The Gloria and Credo ought, according to the Gregorian tradition, to be relatively short."
Something remains to be said of the chant of the Ordinary which is found in the separate small volume entitled "Kyriale". It is issued by the various competent publishers in all styles of printing, paper, binding in large and small forms; in medieval and in modern notation; with and without certain "rhythmical signs". The eighteen "Masses" it contains are nominally assigned to various qualities of rite; but, in accordance with ancient tradition and with the unanimous agreement of the pontifical Commission on the Chant, liberty has been granted to select any "Mass" for any quality of rite (see the note "Quoslibet cantus" etc., p. 64 of the Vatican Edition of the "Kyriale": "Any chant assigned in this ordinarium to one mass may be used in any other; in the same way, according to the quality of the Mass or the degree of solemnity, any one of those which follow [that is, in the section styled "Cantus ad libitum"] may be taken"). The decrees relating to the publishing of editions based on this typical edition, and to its promulgation, are given in Latin and English translation in "Church Music", March, 1906, pp. 250-256. It is noteworthy that this typical edition gives no direction about singing the Benedictus after the Elevation, but prints both chants in such juxtaposition as to suggest that the Benedictus might be sung before the Elevation. In the "Revue du Chant Grégorien" (Aug.-Oct., 1905), its editor, Canon Grospellier, who was one of the Consultors of the Gregorian Commission, said that he was inclined to think that, where time allows, the Benedictus might be sung immediately at its meeting at Appuldurcombe, in 1904, unanimously accepted a resolution to this effect. The preface to the Vatican "Gradual", while giving minute directions for the ceremonial rendering of the chants merely says: "When the preface is finished, the choir goes on with the Sanctus, etc." At the elevation of the Blessed Sacrament, the choir is silent like every one else. Nevertheless, in as much as the "Gradual" does not declare that the Benedictus is to be chanted after the Elevation, the "etc." is understood to imply that it should be sung immediately after the Sanctus. The "Caeremoniale Episcoporum" however, directs that it be sung (after elevation of the chalice". The apparent conflict of authorities may be harmonized by supposing that the "Caeremoniale" legislated for the case of musically developed (e.g. polyphonic) settings of the Sanctus and the Benedictus, whose length would necessitate their separation from each other, while the "Gradual" contemplates, of course, the much briefer settings of the plainsong (see "Church Music", Jan., 1909, p. 87).
While the texts of the Ordinary do not (with the exception of the Agnus Dei, which is altered in Requiem Mass) change, those which commonly, but somewhat ambiguously, are called the "Proper", change in accordance with the character of the feast or Sunday or ferial day. These texts are the Introit, Gradual, Alleluia-Verse, Sequence, Tract, Offertory, Communion. Not all of these will be found in any one Mass. Thus, e.g. Holy Saturday has no Introit, Gradual, Offertory, Communion; from Low Sunday to Trinity Sunday, the Gradual is replaced by all Alleluia-Verse; from Septuagesima to Easter, as well as on certain penitential days, the Allehlia-Verse which ordinarily follows the Gradual, is replaced by a Tract; in only a few Masses is a Sequence used; there is no Introit on Whitsun Eve, while the customary Gloria Patri after the Introit is omitted during Passion-tide. In Requiem Masses the Gloria Patri is omitted after the Introit, a Tract and a Sequence follow the Gradual. Nor do the texts differ for every feast, as is illustrated by the division of the Sanctorale into the "Proprium de Sanctis" and the "Commune Sanctorum", this latter division grouping the feasts into classes, such as the feasts of confessors-Bishop, confessors-not-bishops, martyrs, virgins, etc., in which the texts of the "Proper" serve for many feasts of the "Propers" in many churches. They are, however, an integral part of the duty of the choir, and must be sung, or at least "recited", in a clear and intelligible voice, the organ meanwhile sustaining appropriate chords.
In a Rescript dated 8 August, 1906, the S.R.C. answering questions proposed by the Abbot of Santa Maria Maggiore in Naples, declares that in solemn Mass, when the organ is used, the Gradual, Offertory Comunion, when not sung, must be recited in a high and intelligible voice, and that the Deo Gratias following the Ite missa est should receive the same treatment. Previous answers of the S.R.C. were of similar tenor. Thus (Coimbra 14 April, 1753): in a "Community Mass" it is always necessary to sing the Gloria, Credo, all of the Gradual, the Preface, Pater noster, so, too, a question from Chioggia in 1875, as to whether the custom introduced into that diocese of omitting the chant of the Gradual, the Tract, the Sequence, the Offertory, the Benedictus the Communion was contrary to the rubrics and decisions of the S.R.C., was answered affirmatively, and the questioner was remitted to the Coimbra decision. A specific difficulty was offered for solution by a bishop who declared that in his diocese where a single chanter was used, and where the people had to hurry to their daily work, the custom had obtained (throughout almost the whole diocese) of omitting, in stipendiary Masses, the Gloria, Gradual, Tract, Sequence, Credo. He was answered (29 Dec., 1884) that the custom was an abuse that must be absolutely eliminated. The spirit of the Church legislation is summed up in the "Motu Proprio" (22 Nov., 1903, No. 8):
As the texts that may be rendered in music, and the order in which they are to be rendered, are determined for every function, it is not lawful to confuse this order or to change the prescribed texts for others collected at will, or to omit them entirely or even in part, except when the rubrics allow that some versicles are simply recited in choir. It is permissible, however, according to the custom of the Roman Church, to sing a motet to the Blessed Sacrament after the Benedictus in a solemn Mass. It is also permitted after the Offertory prescribed for the Mass has been sung, to execute during the time that remains a brief motet to words approved by the Church.
A practical difficulty is encountered in the fact that many choirs have met the limit of their capacity in preparing the chant or music of the Ordinary, whose texts are fixed and repeated frequently. How shall such choirs prepare for a constantly changing series of Proper texts whether in chant or in music? Several practical solutions of the difficulty have been offered. There is, first of all, the easy device of recitation. Then there is the solution offered in the excellent and laborious work of Dr. Edmund Tozer, who prepared simple psalm-like settings which could be easily mastered by a fairly equipped choir. The work "The Proper of the Mass for Sundays and Holidays" (New York, 1907-1908, Vol. II, No. 2926) is reviewed in "Church Music" Jan., 1907, 127-128; Mar., 1908, 171-178; see also June, 1906, "One Outcome of the Discussion", 409-415, including a specimen-four-page of Dr. Tozer's method of treatment of the Proper text. A third volume which will comprise various local texts is in course of preparation. Another method is that undertaken by Marcello Capra, of Turin, Italy, which provides musical settings for the Proper of the principal feasts for one or two voices, and with easy organ accompaniment. Still another method is that of Giulio Bas who has compiled a volume, "Gradualis Versus Alleluia et Tractus" (Dusseldorf, 1910), of plainsong settings from the Ambrosian, Aquileian, Greek, Mozarabic chant, for Sundays and Double Feasts in order to facilitate the rendering of the more difficult portions of the Proper.
However rendered, these chants of the Proper must not be omitted or curtailed. But apart from this liturgical necessity they challenge admiration because of their devotional, poetic, æsthetic perfection: "If we pass in review before our musical eye the wonderful thoughts expressed in the Introits, Graduals, Alleluia, Verses, Tracts, Offertories, and Communions of the whole ecclesiastical year, from the first Sunday in Advent to the last Sunday after Pentecost, as well as those of the numerous Masses of the saints, apostles,martyrs, confessors, virgins, we must feel that in the Roman Church we have an anthology worthy of our highest admiration" (Rev. H Bewerunge, ("Address at London Eucharistic Congress"). It should be a part of a choirmaster's business to translate and explain these texts to his choir, that they may be recited or sung with the understanding as well as with the voice. To this end the "Missal for the Laity", with its Latin and parallel English version, might be used. The spirit of the liturgy might also be largely acquired from the volumes of Dom Guéranger's "Liturgical Year". As this is, however, such an extensive work, the much briefer and more direct treatments of the texts of the Proper with comment on the spirit, which ran serially through the issues of "Church Music", would prove highly serviceable.
With respect to the plainsong setting, two typical chants should be studied carefully (see Dom Eudine's articles in "Church Music", March, 1906, 222-235, on "the Gradual for Easter", "the Haec dies", and June, 1906, 360- 373, on "the Introit Gaudeamus", which give the plainsong notation with transcription into modern notation, rhythmical and dynamical analyses, etc.). Such a study will encourage the present day musician to acquire a greater familiarity with the plainsong of the Proper which present-day choirs should have: "First, there is the Gregorian Chant. The more one studies these ancient melodies the more one is impressed by their variety and rare beauty. Take the distinctiveness of their forms, the characteristic style which distinguishes an Introit from a Gradual, an Offertory from a Communion. Then within each class what variety of expression, what amazing interpretation of the words, and above all what sublime beauty and mystical spirit of prayer! Certainly, anyone who has tasted the sweetness of these chants must envy the few privileged places where there is high Mass every day and thus a chance is given of hearing all of these divine strains at least once a year" (Bewerunge).
There is a large body of settings of the classical polyphonic schools, and of modern polyphony, as also much illustration of modern homophonic music, of the proper texts. Care should be taken to see that the texts thus treated are verbally correct. For in the return to the traditional melodies of the chants, the commission found it necessary to restore, in very many instances, omitted portions of text, and in various ways to restore to use the more ancient forms of the texts. In the "Proprium de Tempore", for instance, there are about 200 textual changes. A summary view of their general character is given in "Church Music" (July, 1908), pp. 232-235. Since these altered texts differ from those still retained in the Missal, choirs which "recite" the texts will do so from the Vatican "Gradual", and not from the Missal. When the "Gradual" was first issued, it was noticed that the Propers of some American feasts (as also, of course, the Propers of many foreign dioceses as well) were omitted (see "Church Music," March, 1908, 138-134). Some publishers have added these Propers for America, in an appendix bound in with the volume. Doubtless a similar process will be adopted in the case of many foreign dioceses.
Many questions which touch the musical part of the services at Mass belong to the general subject of the reform movement in Church Music, and will be more appropriately treated under the heading ECCLESIASTICAL MUSIC. Such are, e.g. the long debated matter of the use of women's voices in our gallery choirs; the capabilities of chorister boys for the proper rendition of the Ordinary and the Proper, the use of chants with rhythmical signs added; the character of the rhythm to be used ("oratorical" or "measured") the character of accompaniment best suited to the chant; the use of musical instruments in chanted or musical Masses; the status of women as organists; the adoption of a sanctuary choir, whether in place of, or in conjunction with, the gallery choir. Historically the reform movement in the chant was signalized by the issuance, first of all, of the "Kyriale", which contains the Ordinary chants and then of the "Graduale", which comprises all the chants for Mass, but this matter also belongs to a more general treatment.
APA citation. (1911). Music of the Mass. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10001a.htm
MLA citation. "Music of the Mass." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10001a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Joseph P. Thomas. In Memory of Fr. C. Illical M.C.B.S.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:a3742e71-8b06-412f-9929-30a7174b56dd> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://newadvent.org/cathen/10001a.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300313.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00028-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940816 | 6,839 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Volleyball is a game of precision, power and teamwork on the court. For the most powerful setting in volleyball, it is common to tape two of your fingers together for added support and strength, which is a technique known as "buddy taping." Taping fingers is also necessary when you've had a finger sprain or other injury that affects your game. Taping your fingers together properly not only yields the most power, it also provides injury protection and comfort while you play your best during a game.
Lay your hand on a steady surface. Start by taping your non-dominant hand, since you might need help when taping your dominant hand.
Fold a piece of gauze into a strip and insert it between the two fingers you plan on taping together. This helps increase comfort and reduce friction during game pay.
Hold your fingers together and wind a piece of athletic tape around the base of the fingers. Overlap them two to three times for a secure hold. Wrap the tape tight enough to keep your fingers securely together, but not so tight that it cuts off circulation from your fingers.
Add another row of tape between the first and second joints of the fingers to reinforce the security. Cut the tape after wrapping it two or three times around your fingers. Flex and contract your fingers to wear in the stiff tape so that you still have full mobility in your fingers.
Repeat the process on your dominant hand, if necessary. It's helpful to have a team mate or coach help you maneuver the tape and use the scissors when your dominant hand is incapacitated.
Add a strip over your individual fingers if you're using tape to protect your fingernails and finger tips. Cover your finger vertically from the bottom of the nail, over the top and onto the fingertip. Then, add a reinforcing piece around the tip of the finger to keep your tape in place. | <urn:uuid:dfa9fa28-b620-4f5d-831d-265f63d2c034> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.livestrong.com/article/521235-the-best-way-to-tape-your-fingers-for-volleyball/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119995.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00098-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941165 | 384 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Money and Generosity
A regular article written by Phillip Jensen in his role as Dean of Sydney at St Andrew's Cathedral.
2nd August 2006
Return to the articles index.
Generosity lies at the heart of the gospel. It is called “the gospel of grace”. God in his generosity gave his one and only son that we who were his enemies may find forgiveness of sins and eternal life. The most famous verse in the Bible emphasises this aspect of the gospel “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son…”
This grace of God is not limited to God the Father. The Son himself is of the same gracious nature. He gave himself for our sins. “For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor, so that you by his poverty might become rich.”
Extraordinary as the giving of the Son for our salvation is, it is not the end of God’s generosity. He continues to give us the gifts of his kindness to establish and build us into his people. For God the Father, Son and Spirit have given us gifts to serve each other (Romans 12, 1 Corinthians 12, Ephesians 4).
This generosity of God stimulates in us two responses. Firstly thanksgiving. We are not to be grumblers. Nor are we to be covetous. We are to learn contentment. For our Lord provides all good things for our needs. He enables us to abound and to be abased. We need to learn that we can do all things through him. So we should always, for all things, give thanks to God for his wonderful provisions. We are not to be anxious about anything but in everything we are to make our requests to God with thanksgiving (Phil 4:6)
The second response that God’s generosity stimulates is to imitate God in his generosity. If God so loved us we ought to love one another. We who are the recipients of God’s generosity cannot realistically refuse to be generous to others.
“God loves a cheerful giver” says the Bible. For God is himself the cheerful giver. Genuine cheerfulness will mean giving “not reluctantly or under compulsion”. Rather “each one is to give as he has made up his mind”. (2 Corinthians 9:7)
God will graciously supply us with all the ability to be generous. And our generosity will lead to even greater thanksgiving to God.
To help us grow in the spirit of giving, the cathedral provides several ways in which we can give. In the coming weeks we will suggest some special additional projects to which individuals may wish to direct their giving.
The preferred ways of giving are electronically or by the offertory envelopes. Both these ways preserve anonymity and assists us to “make up our mind” about giving as the scripture teaches. They help keep us consistent in our giving so that we do not fall behind.
Electronic giving has the added advantages of consistency when we are away through sickness or holidays. We only need to think through the issue a couple of times a year as we adjust our level of giving. It helps the Cathedral congregation as it saves on the volunteers’ time and safety in counting and banking the offertories.
Envelopes protect our privacy, as we are able to contribute money without others seeing how much we contribute. This helps both those who are embarrassed about giving large amounts and those who are embarrassed that they are only able to contribute a modest amount.
Spiritually, the amount given is unimportant. Generosity is a matter of sacrifice not size. The widow’s mite is the classic Biblical teaching on this issue (Matthew 12:41f). We often rightly draw the important lesson that even those without much wealth contribute generously when they give. We need to draw the other conclusion that that those of us who have money must give substantially if we are to be as generous as the widow.
Our chief concern is not the amount of money that anybody gives but the spirit of generosity with which it is given. For understanding the gospel of Grace produces generous giving.
At the North and West doors of the Cathedral there are the forms for electronic giving and packets of offertory envelopes available. | <urn:uuid:462763d2-906c-48b4-a2f3-99b78e654fce> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.phillipjensen.com/articles/money-and-generosity1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736680773.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215800-00137-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971269 | 896 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Propellers are made from various different materials. Most outboard props are made from stainless steel, aluminum, or type of composite. Most inboard props are bronze, nibral, or stainless steel. Nibral is a very strong material made from NIckel, BRonze, and ALuminum (NI-BR-AL).
To determine the diameter of a propeller -- you must measure the distance from the center of the hub to the tip of a blade and then multiply that number by 2. When describing a propeller size, the first number is always the diameter.
The propeller pitch is the theoretical distance the propeller travels forward through the water during one revolution. When describing the propeller size, the second number is always the pitch.
Propeller rake is the angle of the blade in relation to the hub. Forward rake helps to bring the bow of the boat down. Aft rake helps to lift the bow upwards.
The cup is a curved lip on the trailing edge that allows the prop to get a better "bite" on the water by holding the water on the blade longer. It will typically reduce the amount of slippage and ventilation that occurs.
Boat Propeller Cavitation
Cavitation is caused by tiny, microscopic bubbles collapsing due to a reduction of pressure on the back of the propeller blade. It can cause physical damage to the propellers blade surface. There are many causes of cavitation like : damaged blades, wrong pitch, incorrect propeller, etc.
Ventilation occurs when air or exhaust gasses are pulled into the propeller blades causing high RPMs and loss of speed. Possible causes are an over trimmed engine, a motor that is mounted to high on the transom or very tight cornering.
How to Determine the correct propeller size
1. Determine the rpm range your motor is rated to run. This information can sometimes be found in your owners manual. If not, consult the manufacturer they should be able to tell you.
2. Now test run your boat at wide open throttle with an existing propeller being careful not to exceed the manufacturers recommendation. If your rpm's are too high, you need to go up in pitch. If they are to low, you need to go down in pitch. Every 1" increase in pitch typically results in a 150-200 rpm reduction. Similarly, 1" decrease in pitch will gain about 150-200 rpm's. With this information you can determine or approximate the correct size.
Some propeller repair Q & A
Q: How much pitch can a propeller be changed?
A: To avoid damage to the propeller usually no more than 2".
Q: Can the rotation of a propeller be changed?
A: Sorry, it can not.
Q: How can I tell if my hub is bad?
A: Usually if your hub is bad, you will have high RPM's and your boat will not go anywhere when you try to accelerate. If it seems to be intermittent you may want to remove the prop and mark the end of the hub and the propeller housing with a center punch keeping the marks inline with each other. Then replace the prop and try it out. If the hub is slipping the marks will be out of line.
Q: Are all propellers repairable?
A: Most of them are but unfortunately not all propellers are repairable. Especially the composite or plastic props, props with severe electrolysis, props made from poor material or a prop that is just to thin to work with.
PREVENTING PROPELLER ACCIDENTS
(1) Boat propeller injuries have been described:
"Motor propellers can inflict severe, devastating injuries that result in death, loss of extremities, and severe permanent deformity, disfigurement, and/or disability. These the injuries surpass by far those seen in other motor vehicle accidents, and some authors (Hummel) compare the resulting wounds with those seen on the battlefield."
(2) The United States Coast Guard (USCG) Office of Recreational Boating Safety (RBS) has looked at this problem since 1978 when a statistician suggested a propeller guard could provide protection in 600 to 3000 propeller accidents per year.
(3) The l989 National Boating Safety Advisory Council (NBSAC) sub-committee report looked at the universal application of propeller guards and felt they were not suitable for all boats, and therefore recommended them for no boats. Instead they recommended "the most rational approach to the problem is to educate boaters, especially operators." Seventeen years later, there is no education standard to teach propeller accident prevention.
(4) The USCG Office of RBS statistics - fatalities and injuries.
2002 - 239 struck by propeller reflected a 19% probability of fatality
2003 - 266 struck by propeller reflected a 12% probability of fatality
2004 - 186 struck by propeller reflected a 17% probability of fatality
(5) The National Association State Boating Law Administrators (NASBLA) comment in 2002 on NPR 2001-10163 supported education and legislative efforts in lieu of mandatory guards. This standard would address this alternative.
(6) Since l978 a disproportionate number of children have been victims to propeller strikes and an increasing number of rental boats (13%) are involved. According to the USCG 2002-2004 statistics, houseboat and pontoon rentals represent 39% of all rentals involved.
(7) The USCG statistics, 2002-2004, determined the most at risk boats: outboards (51%) and sterndrive (30%) and targeted the most at risk boat lengths from 16 to 26 feet.
IT IS WHAT YOU KNOW .... sometimes
1. Know that a 13" propeller blade can travel from head to toe on an average person in less than one tenth of a second. A typical three-blade propeller, running at 3200 rpms can inflict 9600 impacts in one minute or 160 impacts in one second.
2. Know that too many children die of this accident or are disfigured for life. Your children are supposed to outlive you. According to SPIN research only, in the summer of 2004, more than 50% of the deaths/injuries by propeller were children 17 and under. In 2005, more than 35% of the deaths/injuries by propeller, from data available to SPIN research, were children 18 and under.
3. Know what propels your boat. As in Carbon Monoxide (CO) deaths, what you cannot see can harm or kill you or your loved ones. Show ALL your passengers where the propeller is located. Indicate the location with bold warning labels. The State of Utah has the most dramatic label message for propeller and CO and generously provides them, upon request (Utah State Parks and Recreation 801-538-7341). SPIN also distributes these labels. Locate the propeller in relationship to the boarding ladder.
4. Know that once you are in the way of the spinning propeller, it is no longer what you know, it is TOO LATE.
WHO IS AT RISK?
Experienced and inexperienced, educated and uneducated, old and young, swimmers, boaters, operators and passengers, divers, PWC riders. EVERYONE!
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE - EDUCATION
1. Get an education from a National State Boating Law Administrators Association (NASBLA) approved Boating Course (refer to www.nasbla.org). Courses are offered by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) Auxilliary; Power Squadrons; many States, and the Marine University of Fort Lauderdale Florida.
2. Insist on thorough training at the point of rental.
3. Research and obtain additional training before you purchase or operate a boat.
4. Make sure propeller safety is thoroughly understood by all before boarding a vessel.
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE - AVOID PROPELLER THREATS
1. Bow Riding - especially on pontoon boats
2. Swimming in or around any boat engine (Carbon monoxide also poses a huge danger)
3. Sliding off Houseboat slides
4. Sitting on the swim platform or ladder
5. Falling Overboard listed as #1 cause of deaths and injuries again in 2005, according to the USCG. Stay in or with your BOAT! Wear personal flotation devices or life jackets. Drowning is still number 1 consequence of accidents/incidents. Look into the inflatable type devices that also allow you to get plenty of sun and movement while you remain safe should you fall overboard.
6. Jet Skiing/personal water craft (PWC) - Be very alert to traffic and wakes. PWC riders are often victims of propeller strikes. Make certain your PWC is equipped with off throttle steering controls to help avoid collisions and encounters with boat propellers.
7. Teaksurfing, tubeing, water skiing. Do not teak surf. This puts you at close proximity to the propeller and in danger of CO affixiation. Tubeing and skiing ropes may catch into the propeller and pull you into the blades.
8. Boating Under the Influence. No one deserves the consequences of impaired judgement and poor reflexes caused by sun & alcohol. Drink lots of water.
Knowing about these dangers are important. However, be aware of the safety equipment which is available. Installed safety technology/equipment provides the highest level of security when judgement and education or circumstances fail.
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE - SAFETY TECHNOLOGIES
1. Kill Switches also known as emergency shutoff switches or lanyards - Many boats since 1995 provide lanyard engine shut off, or "kill", switches as standard equipment. Older boats can be retrofitted with them. In September 2004, NASBLA passed the Model Act for all states to adopt a law mandating the use of the lanyard or remote wireless kill switches on boats such equipped. 2006 resolutions by the NBSAC have recommended that the USCG proceed with two regulations: (a) mandatory wear of the shut off switch; and (b) make it mandatory that all new boats manufactured be equipped with a cut-off ("kill") switch.
2. Wireless Shut off switches. A remote system now available to give you more freedom. Shuts down the engine and eventually stops the propeller if ANY passenger goes overboard.
3. Ladder/Gate Interlocks to prevent common boarding accidents - propeller is frozen until the ladder or gate is unlocked, giving your assigned "lookout" the opportunity to check around the stern, reducing accidental engaging of the engine.
4. Anti-feedback steering greatly reduces the threat of the circle of death.
5. Propeller Guards- Cage-Type Guards or Ring-Type Guards, as applicable to type of vessel and environment. Please note that on a pontoon boat, if one falls from the bow of that boat there is no escape from the propeller. If you must have a pontoon boat, a cage, a ladder interlock system, and a remote shut off system-combo is your best defense.
6. Jet Drives have NO PROPELLER.
REVIEW OF COMMON SENSE STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
Do a head count before start up.
Assign a responsible lookout.
Assign a seat to each occupant.
Never bow ride or sit on gunwale, transoms, seat-backs, etc.
Always engage your Lanyard Kill Switch between the Ignition and the Operator's person or Always engage the remote shut off system and have each occupant wear a sensor.
Never start a boat with the engine in gear.
Never board or disembark a boat when the engine is on, i.e. idling. The propeller is still rotating.
Be aware of extreme waters or weather conditions.
Be aware of congested areas and designated swimming zones.
Know how to recognize divers' flags or buoys.
Be smart about high risk activities: water skiing, inner tubing or riding a PWC (the "rapid transit" into a propeller)
NEVER operate a boat under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
PERSON OVERBOARD - PROPELLER SAFETY PROCEDURES
Turn the bow of the boat toward the person in the water; keep the prop to the rear.
Slow down, circle around, and keep the individual in sight at all times
Take the engine out of gear and turn off the engine at least a boat length from the victim.
Tie a line to a float and pull the person toward the boat.
Practice this procedure, then practice it again.
Remember turn the boat opposite of a car to keep the prop away from the in-water person.
Have the designated LOOKOUT alert and in position watching for any sign of danger.
Seems like a cake walk until you are in rough waters and under stress, tired, overheated or the person overboard is the most important person in your life.
PREVENT, PREVENT, PREVENT
BOAT SMART, BOAT RESPONSIBLY
YOU'RE IN COMMAND | <urn:uuid:ea4d7f9e-1c0d-4953-b94e-6ae14dcbef09> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://trojanboats.net/trojan-boats-propeller-fundamentals.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202450.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320190324-20190320212324-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.914143 | 2,753 | 3.53125 | 4 |
April's Ag Advice by April Borders One of the risks in farming and ranching is based on whether drought occurs and how we deal with it. Good range and pasture management will minimize the effects of drought when it occurs. A lack of available forage would indicate that the range and pasture management practices should be reviewed in relation to stocking rates and the amount of litter or forage residue maintained. Regardless of how a drought is defined, dealing with it is serious business. To successfully manage in the face of drought, a producer needs to know how drought will affect plants, livestock, and management practices.
It is important to establish and maintain a strong stand of forages regardless of the grazing patterns. Pastures with poor forage stands are more susceptible to erosion, livestock damage, or weed invasion. A thick, healthy pasture is not only pleasing to the eye, it also allows livestock to more efficiently utilize the forage.
The management of a perennial pasture, both native range and tame pasture, is different than that of annuals. Perennial pasture offers some protection against the variation in production of annual plants.
Past grazing practices have a large bearing on what happens to a perennial pasture during a drought. Moderate use develops deep-rooted forage plants. Heavy use develops plants with shallow roots. Forage production dramatically decreases during drought, and shallow rooted plants are affected sooner and to a greater degree than the more deeply rooted ones. A healthy deep-rooted plant will be less dependent on frequent precipitation than a shallow-rooted plant.
Carry over or litter left at the end of a grazing season is also important. Litter left in the pasture reduces the soil temperature and therefore reduces evaporation. Although litter is low in nutrients and has low palatability, it can be used by livestock when forage is limited. The green forage growing through the litter will raise the nutrient level of the litter and make it more acceptable to cattle. A deliberate decision needs to be made about maintaining the litter level in the pasture. If litter in perennial pasture is not maintained, it becomes more dependent on frequent precipitation during the growing season, as is the case in annual crops. For this reason, forage yield become less predictable on a yearly basis and the carrying capacity of the range or pasture more uncertain.
Ranchers should adopt the philosophy that pasture production is their business. The health of their pastures is the most important aspect of ranching. Previous history is important to how severe management has to react to the threat of impending drought.
In order to help producers make proper decisions, a series of "Range and Pasture Management" clinics will be held across the state this month. Livestock producers in southeast South Dakota can attend the clinic at the Parker Community Building on Wednesday, Feb. 12 from 10 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. The same program will be held at the Platte Livestock Sales Barn on Thursday, Feb. 13, from 3 to 9 p.m.
South Dakota State University Extension specialists and county educators will conduct these regional programs to help livestock producers manage drought and drought recovery. Discussion topics will include control of invasive weeds, marketing and business decisions related to drought and drought recovery, pasture recovery alternatives, annual or alternative forages, fertilization, and grazing management. Restocking alternatives, matching livestock to their environment, water quality issues, and economics of various water development alternatives will also be highlighted.
The programs are open to the public. If you plan to attend, contact your local Extension Office so meal arrangements can be made. For more information call the Clay County Extension Office at 677-7111. | <urn:uuid:ba73a6ed-2db3-4bac-83d8-06c1c38fe4f0> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://plaintalk.net/2003/02/aprils-ag-advice-95/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163956743/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133236-00095-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941958 | 741 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Snow: your questions answered
25 August 2017
Updated 16 February 2018
Powdery, soft and magical – and found in such limited areas – there's something special about snow in Australia. Our continent is the lowest, flattest and (apart from Antarctica) driest on earth. Our overseas friends might ask whether it snows here at all. But for many, snow is eagerly awaited, much welcomed and the source of lots of questions. Here are some answers!
What is snow?
Snow is a type of solid precipitation made up of ice crystals, most of which are branched or star shaped. It forms when atmospheric temperatures are low and there is moisture available in the form of tiny ice crystals.
How do snowflakes form?
Snowflakes form when ice crystals grow around pollen or dust particles. The structure and chemical properties of water mean that ice crystals tend to form hexagonal shapes. The crystals grow faster from the corners of the hexagon than from its flat sides, forming six matching arms. The shape of the arms depends on the temperature and humidity of the environment, giving each snowflake a unique shape.
Image: The development of a snowflake
What's the difference between snow, snow showers, sleet and hail?
For snow showers, this is similar to the difference between rain and showers. Snow showers (like rain showers) occur for a short period, usually starting and ending suddenly. They typically fall from convective clouds.
Snow (like rain) falls more continuously and for a longer period, meaning there's a greater accumulation on the ground. Snow typically falls from stratiform clouds.
Sleet is a mixture of rain and snow, or falling snow that is melting into rain.
Hail and snow have obvious similarities—they're both cold and fall from clouds, and widespread small hail can look a bit like snow—but hail forms very differently. It only forms in thunderstorm (cumulonimbus) clouds, in rising air known as updraughts. So if it's snowing, it's cold. If it's hailing, there's a thunderstorm cloud around and it could be cold or hot.
Image: Snow falling in Allens Rivulet, Tasmania
What makes a good or bad snow season?
Australia's snow season is notoriously fickle, with some years bringing deep cover and others amounts that barely cover the grass. Climate drivers play an important role, tilting the chances towards a better or worse season. For example:
- The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) influences whether snow-bearing cold fronts and low pressure systems move closer to Australia or the south pole.
- The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) influences rainfall and temperature patterns and hence snowfall over southeastern Australia.
- Longer-term climate change and variability—maximum snow depth has declined over the past 25 years, and the season length has become shorter.
Single weather events can also make all the difference, such as the so-called Snowmageddon in 2014, which dropped around a metre of snow in less than a week.
Does the radar show snow?
Sometimes. Use the radar with caution because it can also show clear weather when it's actually snowing. Snow clouds may not show up on the radar because they are low to the ground and not detected by the radar beam overhead. Mountains may also block the radar beam so it can't detect what's happening on the other side. What you see may also be rain, or a mix of rain and snow, not just snow!
Do rain gauges measure snow?
Some of them do. The standard instrument for measuring precipitation is a rain gauge. When the precipitation is in the form of snow, the snow in the rain gauge melts and the equivalent amount of water is recorded.
However, when it snows and the temperature falls below freezing, snow in the gauge’s collecting funnel can create an icy cap and stop any melt from running into the cylinder.
We use specialised equipment in areas where snow regularly falls. Some gauges have a heating element (such as a light bulb) which helps melt the snow. A conical wind shield called a nipher shield may also be used to reduce vertical wind eddies and better capture snow falling over the gauge.
Image: Rain gauge with a nipher shield
Does the Bureau measure snow depth?
No. Snow depth is very difficult to measure because snow density varies greatly from place to place. Density will depend on the structure of the ice crystals and how they have accumulated, what shape they take and how they stack when reaching the ground.
Snowy Hydro has measured weekly snow depths at Spencer's Creek in New South Wales since 1954. Many resorts also record snow depth within their ski areas.
Image: Snow at Mt Hotham, Victoria, August 2017
- Alpine weather safety
- How to use MetEye for snow forecasts
- How does a weather radar work?
- Australia's climate drivers and the snow season | <urn:uuid:41a93ac2-b5d9-4f7a-ab62-5ee586a1b74c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://media.bom.gov.au/social/blog/1524/snow-your-questions-answered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060201.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928032425-20210928062425-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.937037 | 1,037 | 3.625 | 4 |
“Earth is a sinusoidal signal in velocity with a period of a year, and an amplitude of 10 cm/s,” an astronomer informs us. An atomic physicist however describes Earth “an astronomical body whose surface seems to contain almost every atom from the periodic table”. According to the evolutionary plant biologist, Earth has been a “home for the evolution of life for more than three billion years”. A philosopher explains to the question that Earth can be described as a space in which “human freedom leads us to wonder at the laws of physics and biology while asking why”.
The approach to geology is to analyze the globe to identify distinctive features. Geoscientists wonder what is the reason that mineral resources are extremely scarce and distributed unevenly across continents? What determines the form of mountains and the seafloor as well as the periodic fluctuations of the climate that can last for decades or thousands of years?
Are the patterns and structure that our world is the only one within the Solar System? To create the vast global history Geoscientists are looking for clues to the past as well as the origins of everything we seetoday: continents, magnetic fields as well as ice-caps and soils as well as the minerals of the core and deep mantle. We assign them a name and a date, then we organize them in chronological order. The result is nothing other than a simple definition. Instead it is evident that we are finding Earth becoming increasingly challenging to describe.
The main reason is the fact that the Earth is constantly changing and subject to a variety of changes on all levels. Everything around us including glaciers, atmospheric oxygen soils, atmospheric oxygen, and even the continents appeared, smelled and behaved in a different way throughout many millions of years. For instance, Antarctica’s glacier cap only formed approximately 30-40 million years old. even soils made of minerals and organic matter were not present before algae and roots of plants took over the terrestrial ecosystem 300-500 million years ago.
What’s Earth and why is it so difficult to define
A further reason Earth is so difficult to understand is the fact the fact that it has been shaped by the development of life forms. Think about the quantity of liquid water and the long-lasting nature of plate tectonics, as well as the diversity and quantity of organic matter that are in contact with the environment that is bathed by reactive oxygen. These are among Earth’s most distinct characteristics but they’re all directly or indirectly living things. Oxygen and ozone began to build up in the air around 2.3 or 2.4 billion years ago. This was just after the development of oxygen-producing bacteria that produced dioxygen to eliminate.
In the process, water was sealed on our planet, rather than slowingly escaping into space like was the case with Venus. Since water is vital for the maintenance of active tectonics our planet’s peculiar dynamic may be linked to the longevity of photosynthesis life. As we enter the Anthropocene our species are also becoming an element of the earth. In the present, we release within a matter of days what is equivalent to an entire year of volcanic CO2 emissions, without compensating the sinks; consequently, CO2 is accumulating in the ocean, atmosphere and biosphere at an alarming rate. The signs of this imbalance are rapid temperature rises in the atmosphere as well as ocean acidification and deoxygenation.
As biological life is a major factor in the development in the Earth system in general The Earth system directs and shapes the development of life on earth. Climate-controlled continents provide essential nutrients needed by organisms to develop and the environmental changes act as an agent of selective selection that determines the structure, composition of elements and development of ecosystems at the most molecular scales. The long-term decrease in atmospheric CO2 has encouraged the creation of novel high-efficiency biological pathways to convert atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules. These pathways are driving the grassland ecosystems of steppes across Eurasia and America in the present.
Another explanation for what’s on Earth could be it is that Earth is an interconnected , multi-faceted system with many feedbacks running across a range of timescales, in the range of seconds up to trillions which link the biosphere to the geosphere. While we don’t know about the system but it is clear that human beings modify it in a speedy manner. However, change isn’t new to Earth. The evolution of photosynthesis using oxygen 2.4 billion years back, as well as the growth of terrestrial plants, hundreds of millions of years ago, has literally changed the face of the planet. Just like bacteria humans, humans have altered and altered the carbon cycle through accumulating technological power, systematically harvesting energy and dispersing pollution into the environment.
What’s the latest? The fact that we’re doing our best to be conscious, and that we’re ineffective when faced with the new challenges facing our planet and are unable to change our preconceived notions of success behavior. In 2015 we were able to see that the United Nations adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals, which include targets related to poverty, education , and the environment. These goals highlight the gap between what that we really want and the reality we’ve created. As we wrestle with these issues, while being plunged into the Fourth Industrial Revolution there is a growing awareness that the solution might not be found in our technological advancements rather than our connection to them.
As part of an increasingly interconnected Earth ecosystem, the most valuable advantage is our ability to make connections even greater. We can recognize worth not just in the rare resources, as every living thing does however, we can also see value in the works of art and knowledge as well as in the wellbeing of our current or future ecological systems as well as within the daily lives of people from across the world.
Our ability to create not only physical , but also emotional and intellectual bonds alters everything, as it lets us choose our actions and look after our own home, the Earth. The first time ever in history of geology it is possible to refrain collectively from exercising the power we possess, and are able to act without any other motive than the proper choice. This is the domain of ethics, as well as the duty of people as well as society at large.
Change in our direction will be a challenge because we are relying on a lack of information, face real and imagined social pressures and we are faced with multiple demands on our time and resources. Change will require a creative collective efforts and a willingness to work from within to alter the systems that we have constructed. Fortunately, we can flourish when faced with challenges by embracing the power of compassion, agency, and perseverance.
Two centuries later, after the start of the Industrial Revolution, hundreds of millions of people still suffer hunger, and our oceans “warm, turn sour and the air becomes unbreathable” This is due to the fact that we’ve mostly resigned our destiny to the things we’re capable of instead of establishing it on the ideals that are beneficial for everyone. In this way, it is clear that the majority of our issues show an inability to think big from our side, rather than the opposite, an overabundance of it. In the geological perspective it is apparent that the major change of the Anthropocene is only ethical. Should we be able to choose restraint? | <urn:uuid:6d219a56-c611-4130-8194-0f5dd3705512> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://financeadventures.com/2022/11/21/what-is-earth-how-we-answer-could-define-our-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653183.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606214755-20230607004755-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.954778 | 1,521 | 3.890625 | 4 |
By Leocadia Bongben
More than 3,000 hectares of rainforest bordering the Dja Faunal Reserve in the Chinese Hevea Sud Rubber has been destroyed.
According to Greenpeace, an international environmental NGO, agro-business promoters are moving deeper into Cameroon’s forest as they calculate the gains they can make from either rubber or palm oil.
Looking at future benefits in palms and rubber agro-industries, land is an essential commodity and the Cameroon destination is good to open up plantations.
This entails large portions of land and has inherent consequences, ranging from encroachment into reserved forest areas, displacement of wildlife and forest communities and climate change.
Greenpeace has raised an alarm that agro-business companies are destroying vital rainforest habitat for chimpanzees and other great apes by their expansion projects in Cameroon.
Besides that, the NGO said there are indications that a Cameroon company, Azur, is targeting large portion of dense forest in the Littoral Region, (about 60,000 hectares) adjacent the Ebo Forest and a proposed National Park harbouring many primates, to convert to oil palm.
These are not the only agro-industrial companies that are opening up large areas for oil palm.
In the Southwest, Herakles requested for about 75,000 hectares of land for their palm plantation, though Government finally allocated 20,000 hectares.
Dr. Joshua Linder, Assistant Professor of Anthropology at James Madison University, says; “Agro-industrial developments will soon emerge as a top threat to biodiversity in the African Tropical Forest Zone”.
To the Anthropologist; “If proactive strategies to mitigate the effects of large-scale habitat conversion are not soon implemented, we can expect a rapid decline in African primate diversity.
In the forest sector, there are lots of projects in mining, logging and agro-business and, civil society proposes that Government should be watchful.
Greenpeace says industrial agricultural concessions owned by foreigners are allocated without proper land use planning.
In this vein, Messe Venant, Congo Basin Regional Representative of Forest Peoples and head of AKANI, a BAKA NGO based in Bertoua, indicates that Government, in giving out concessions, has to relocate the communities.
What obtains is a situation where there is land demarcation and business is going on and nothing is done for the people in the forest. To develop communities, they need to have land, the expert argued.
The consequence is that, besides social conflicts arising from clearing the forest due to lack of dialogue with the communities, there are negative ecological impacts, endangered wildlife species may overlap into forest areas with high biodiversity.
Against this backdrop, “Governments need to urgently develop a participatory land use planning process prior to the allocation of industrial concessions”, Irene Wabiwa, Greenpeace Forest Campaign Manager for Africa indicates.
Besides, experts say as the second largest rainforest in the world, the Congo Basin, which includes Cameroon forest, is rich in diverse ecosystems and conserving the ecosystem is vital for the fight against climate change.
According to Richard Eba’a Atyi, Coordinator for International Forestry Research Centre, CIFOR, for Central African Region, even though clearing for agriculture is not the biggest contributor compared to fossil fuel on forest degradation, it has the potential to increase emissions of carbon dioxide responsible for greenhouse gases leading to climate change.
In order to mitigate the effects there is need to plant trees and avoid deforestation, he said. | <urn:uuid:ec1541eb-d49f-4751-8aae-c8b2343eb249> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://cameroonpostline.com/3000-hectares-of-dja-reserve-forest-destroyed/%E2%80%8B | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538082.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123125715-20210123155715-00737.warc.gz | en | 0.930869 | 720 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A modern dictionary of Catholic terms, both common and obscure. Find accurate definitions of words and phrases.
The precept of the Church that requires children to receive Holy Communion, along with the sacrament of penance, on reaching the age of reason. First issued by the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), the practice was all but discontinued for centuries, due to the inroads of Jansenism. Pope St. Pius X restored the practice and restated the precept, while he also explained how necessarily related are the two sacraments of penance and the Eucharist. "The age of discretion," he said, "both for confession and for Holy Communion is the time when a child begins to reason." This means that "a full and perfect knowledge of Christian doctrine is not necessary either for first confession or first Communion." Moreover, "the obligation of the precept of confession and Communion which binds the child particularly affects those who have charge of him, namely, parents, confessor, teachers, and the pastor" (Quam Singulari, August 8, 1910).See Also: SANCTUS PONTIFEX
All items in this dictionary are from Fr. John Hardon's Modern Catholic Dictionary, © Eternal Life. Used with permission. | <urn:uuid:b34baafc-6164-494c-8f88-594ac3ee96f3> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=33575 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936459513.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074059-00316-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946436 | 257 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The Bible, Genesis 37–50, has the story of Joseph who was special because he had a skill of dealing with dreams.
Who were the dream interpreters in the Bible?
While Daniel and Joseph are celebrated dream interpreters, in other instances warnings are voiced against the deceit and falsehood of dreams.
Did Joseph interpret dreams?
Joseph had the gift of prophecy and the skill to interpret dreams, and was sold into slavery by his jealous brothers. He became a servant in the house of an Egyptian official and prospered for a time, until he was falsely accused of a crime and imprisoned.
Who interpreted the king’s dreams in the Bible?
According to the biblical story, Pharaoh had a dream that no one could interpret for him. His chief cupbearer then remembered that Joseph had interpreted a dream for him when he was in prison two years earlier. So, Joseph was “brought from the dungeon” and shaved and changed his clothes.
Who interpreted Nebuchadnezzar’s dream?
Daniel 2 (the second chapter of the Book of Daniel) tells how Daniel related and interpreted a dream of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon.
Which prophet had the power to interpret dreams?
ʿAbd Allāh al-Kirmānī (fl. late second/eighth century) credited his ability to interpret dreams as handed down to him in a dream – literally in the form of a mantle given to him – from the prophet Yūsuf (Joseph) during a dream encounter.
What is the difference between a vision and a dream in the Bible?
Is there a difference between a dream and a vision? Reality dictates that while visions are comprised of dreams, dreams are not visions. Dreams are flights of fancy. Visions are directives.
Did Joseph know his dreams were from God?
Joseph’s dreams did not come out of his own head. They were not projections of his own self-importance. They were from God and — as the rest of the story reveals — he knew it.
What are the dreams of Jacob?
As recounted in the Old Testament book of Genesis, on his way to Haran, Jacob lay down in the wilderness to sleep, resting his head on a stone. He dreamed of angels ascending and descending a stairway or ladder to heaven (here depicted as a monumental Renaissance-style staircase).
What were the 4 kingdoms in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream?
Rashi, a medieval rabbi, interpreted the four kingdoms as Nebuchadnezzar (“you are the head of gold”), Belshazzar (“another kingdom lower than you”), Alexander of Macedon (“a third kingdom of copper”), and the Roman Empire (“and in the days of these kings”).
In what 3 ways did the interpretation of the dream affect Joseph and his people?
(b)Ways in which the dreams affected Joseph and his people: (i) Joseph interpreted the dreams to the admiration of Pharaoh and his people. (ii) Pharaoh made Joseph the leader of his household and people. (iii) Joseph was appointed next in rank to Pharaoh.
Who is Elijah in Malachi?
The Christian New Testament notes that some people thought that Jesus was, in some sense, Elijah, but it also makes clear that John the Baptist is “the Elijah” who was promised to come in Malachi 3:1; 4:5.
|Died||c. 849 BCE near Jericho|
|Venerated in||Judaism Christianity Islam Druze faith|
Who is the Queen in Daniel 5?
The queen in this story, depicted here between Daniel and Belshazzar, has been identified with Nitocris.
What does God say about goals and dreams?
Psalm 20:4 “May he give you the desire of your heart and make all your plans succeed.” Psalm 33:11 “But the plans of the Lord stand firm forever, the purposes of his heart through all generations.” Psalm 37:4-5 “Take delight in the Lord, and he will give you the desires of your heart.
What do Christians believe about dreams?
In Judaism and Christianity, dreaming serves primarily as a means of communication between humans and God. The dreams can take many forms—visual images, auditory commands, frightening nightmares—but the common feature is a revelatory message from the divine to the dreamer.
Where do dreams come from?
Most dreaming occurs during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, which we cycle through periodically during the night. Sleep studies show our brainwaves are almost as active during REM cycles as they are when we’re awake. Experts believe the brainstem generates REM sleep and the forebrain generates dreams.
When God gives you a dream that dream will always be tested?
Conversation. When God gives you a dream, the dream will always be tested, the pressure in your life right now has a purpose, it’s not crushing you, it’s pushing what’s inside of you.
How old was Jacob when he had his dream?
When Joseph was 17 years old, Jacob made a long coat or tunic of many colors for him. Seeing this, the half brothers began to hate Joseph. Then Joseph began to have dreams that implied that his family would bow down to him. When he told his brothers about such dreams, it drove them to conspire against him.
Whose dream did Joseph interpret first in Egypt?
He called his magicians to interpret the dream and they did not know. That was when the cupbearer remembered Joseph, the dream interpreter. Joseph was called to interpret the pharaoh’s dreams.
What was Pharaoh’s second dream?
Then Pharaoh woke up. He fell asleep again and had a second dream: Seven heads of grain, healthy and good, were growing on a single stalk. After them, seven other heads of grain sprouted–thin and scorched by the east wind. The thin heads of grain swallowed up the seven healthy, full heads.
What lessons can we learn from Joseph in the Bible?
Joseph’s dreams first get him into trouble, but his ability to understand them leads him to be chosen by the Pharaoh and to save the world. We could learn a lesson about the mysteries of how the world works. Believers and non-believers can see it as an illustration of the need to keep trying and persevere.
What does a ladder mean spiritually?
The ladder (or staircase) is symbolic of the connection between HEAVEN and EARTH. It represents progress, ascenscion, and spiritual passage through the levels of initiation. In the Bible, Jacob’s ladder established contact between man and God, and there are seven rungs on the ladder of virtue.
Why is it called Jacob’s ladder?
Jacob’s ladder’s latin name is Polemonium reptans, which means “creeping plant”, referring to its unique ladder-like foliage. Its common name comes from the biblical story of a dream Jacob, son of Isaac, had of a ladder ascending to heaven.
What did Nebuchadnezzar do in the Bible?
Nebuchadnezzar’s story thus found its way into the Old Testament of the Bible. The Bible narrates how Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the Kingdom of Judah, besieged, plundered and destroyed Jerusalem, and how he took away the Jews in captivity, portraying him as a cruel enemy of the Jewish people.
What is the main message of the Book of Daniel?
The message of the Book of Daniel is that, just as the God of Israel saved Daniel and his friends from their enemies, so he would save all Israel in their present oppression.
Who are the four beasts?
For Jerome, the four beasts were metaphors for the four ancient empires: the lioness represented Babylonia; the bear, Medes and the Persians; the leopard, Ptolemaic Egypt; and the beast with ten horns, Rome. The elder of the days is God.
What does the head of gold represent?
Nebuchadnezzar, the Head of Gold, was the ultimate king. Adding to his kingship was his princess, Amytis, who became his queen. From the marriage of Nebuchadnezzar and Amytis, together with the marriage of Babylon and Mede, the first world government was created.
Who was Pharaoh when Joseph was in Egypt?
The biblical account accurately portrays two ancient civilizations, which were at first allies, then bitter enemies. It takes us from Joseph, who rose to power under the Egyptian dynasty known as the Hyksos, up to dire bondage two dynasties later under the Pharaoh Ramses II.
How many years of famine did Joseph prophecy?
The Joseph Effect is a term derived from the Old Testament story about the Pharaoh’s dream as recounted by Joseph, which led ancient Egyptians to expect a crop famine lasting seven years to follow seven years of bountiful harvest.
Who is Daniel’s wife in the Bible?
1. And he took a wife named Susanna, the daughter of Hilkiah, a very beautiful woman and one who feared the Lord.
What does name Gabriel mean?
Hebrew in origin, the name Gabriel is translated as “God is my strength,” “God is my strong man” or “hero of God.” In Christian belief, Gabriel is revered not only as one of only two archangels mentioned in the Bible (along with Michael), but as the bearer of very good news.
Who is the first prophet in the Bible?
Abstract. Swensson claims not only that Abraham is the first prophet to appear in the Hebrew Bible, but also that his intimate, friendly relationship with God is the perfect model for the relationship between humanity and divinity.
Is John the Baptist same as Elijah?
He was not the original prophet Elijah reappearing on earth. He was a different human being altogether, born through reproduction to Zechariah and Elizabeth. In that sense John was correct to affirm that he was not Elijah.
Who is the king in Daniel 5?
This man Daniel, whom the king called Belteshazzar, was found to have a keen mind and knowledge and understanding, and also the ability to interpret dreams, explain riddles and solve difficult problems.
What is the meaning of Mene Mene Tekel?
mene, mene, tekel, upharsin in British English
(ˈmiːniː ˈmiːniː ˈtɛkəl juːˈfɑːsɪn ) Old Testament. the words that appeared on the wall during Belshazzar’s Feast (Daniel 5:25), interpreted by Daniel to mean that God had doomed the kingdom of Belshazzar. Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers.
How many dreams did Joseph interpret?
While in prison, Joseph interpreted the dreams of two fellow inmates: Pharaoh’s cupbearer and his chief baker. The dream the cupbearer had about serving Pharaoh freshly squeezed grape juice was a sign he would be restored to his former position.
Who helped Joseph interpret dreams?
The butler will hear from Joseph that his dream portends his release. The baker, on the other hand, will learn of his execution by hanging in three days time. Joseph himself will languish in prison for another two years, until Pharaoh experiences a disturbing dream and his butler remembers Joseph’s prophetic gifts.
What does the Bible say about telling others your plans?
Proverbs 25:9-10 – “…don’t reveal the secret of another, lest he who hears it reproach you, and the evil report about you not pass away.”
How can I pray for my dreams to come true?
I hope they will encourage you to make 2022 a year of prayer.
- Know to whom you are speaking.
- Thank him.
- Ask for God’s will.
- Say what you need.
- Ask for forgiveness.
- Pray with a friend.
- Pray the Word.
- Memorize Scripture.
What is the difference between visions and dreams?
Dreams are drifts of the imagination, as if one imaginary clouds in the sky. Visions are scripted efforts to effect change. They occur personally and organizationally.
Can a dream be a warning?
In one study, a third to a half of the 1,000 surveyed reported having “anomalous” dreams. Many of us have premonitions, warning “flashes” that alert us to an unseen danger or a fortuitous event. Perhaps we dream about a plane crash and cancel our flight.
Can 2 people have the same dream?
We have to conclude that people everywhere do occasionally experience the same dream as another individual.
Why do people appear in your dreams?
“In Jungian psychology, every person in a dream represents some aspect of the dreamer,” Dr. Manly tells Bustle. “The person who ‘shows up’ is generally symbolic of some aspect of the dreamer’s self; other people are simply conjured up by the psyche to offer a symbolic representation of a certain theme or issue.”
What is a God given dream?
Greater than any American Dreams you might seek, are the God-given dreams he gives to his people. And these great dreams come with vision that can sustain them and propel you forward. Don’t let yourself fall into making earthly excuses for not chasing after God-sized dreams. Rise above excuses, like Nehemiah did. | <urn:uuid:ec820dbc-a34f-428c-9a8a-d51f1e378f5a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://godly-books.com/on-religion/who-in-the-bible-could-interpret-dreams.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943746.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321193811-20230321223811-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.966052 | 2,921 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Lies & Hypocrisy
GCSE Exam Question & Answer
Q: How does Priestley show that lies and hypocrisy are at the heart of the Birlings’ household?
Make the point that lies and hypocrisy lie at the heart of the Birlings’ household
The Birlings and Gerald Croft begin the play with a facade of perfect happiness and harmony yet the Inspector’s investigation shows us how their lives are built on fragile webs of lies and hypocrisy. Even at the opening of the play, we see hints of unrevealed deceit and hypocrisy in the relationships. Despite the happiness of the engagement, Sheila refers to the summer when Gerald had been inexplicably distant: ‘when you never came near me, and I wondered what had happened to you’. Sheila does not fully trust her fiance. There is an underlying tension that the audience picks up on, foreshadowing the future turmoil that the exposure of the lies will bring.
Move to the point that the Inspector’s role is to expose the lies and deceit
When the Inspector first comes on stage, the lighting changes to become ‘brighter and harder’. This stage direction shows how the Inspector destroys the cosy, intimate atmosphere as he begins to turn the spotlight on the lies and hypocrisy at the heart of the Birling household. His control is clear as he ‘takes charge’ ‘cutting in’ and forcing all the Birlings, including the impregnable Mrs Birling, to admit their part in Eva’s death. In Stephen Daldry’s famous production, the Birlings’ house is on stilts and collapses at the end of the play after the Inspector’s investigation. It is a very clear and dramatic demonstration to the audience of just how much of an impact the Inspector had, and how he has completely destroyed the pretences and falsehoods of the Birlings and Crofts. The Inspector does this by taking charge of the investigation with ‘one line of enquiry at a time’ and so controlling the pace of the story; here, the Inpsector is a dramatic device used by Priestley to expose the lies of the Birlings and the Crofts in a methodical, ruthlessly efficient manner.
Make the point that the Birlings are divided in whether they accept the truth of their actions
The older generation refuse to accept the truth: that their actions do have an impact on wider society. At the end, when it is realised that the Inspector was a ‘fake’, Birling sneers at his children for still being troubled by the evening’s events. He is a character who has learned nothing from the events; he dismisses a girl’s suicide and his part in it as ‘a lot of stuff’. This off-hand phrase diminishes the tragedy of Eva’s death and shows that the Inspector’s warnings have not touched Birling. He is still more interested in public facades than in doing the right thing; his hypocrisy is unchanged. Birling shows his pretensions to achieve a higher social standing in his desire to avoid a ‘public scandal’ that could damage his chances at moving up the social ladder by being given a knighthood. At the end of the play, he is unchanged- and as snobbish and unlikeable as at the start. Society in 1912 was strictly controlled with a rigid hierarchy of social class. Despite being rich, Mr Birling does not have the social status he craves and is desperate for this knighthood. Priestley condemns this social climbing and the hypocrisy and artifice it leads to. It is the younger generation who learn lessons from the exposure of the lies and hypocrisy. In Act 3, Eric states, (shouting) ‘And I say the girl’s dead and we all helped to kill her- and that’s what matters’. Eric has changed from the unconfident boy we see in Act 1; here he admits that he killed Eva, blames his family as well and dismisses his father’s concerns over public exposure.The stage direction shows his great passion for them all to acknowledge the truth; earlier in the play he was easily silenced but here he is ‘shouting’, reflecting his desire to be heard and to challenge his family to honestly accept their share of responsibility. His declarative statement ‘we all helped kill her’ clearly states that they are guilty. The inclusive pronoun ‘we’ means that no one is allowed to excuse themselves from their actions. Eric, as part of the younger generation, is a symbol of hope for the future; he has changed from the beginning of the play and is now aware that society also needs to change and be more fair and honest in its dealings with all people.
Explore how Priestley uses structure to expose the lies and hypocrisy
Priestley uses the three unities of classical Greek theatre; unity of action, unity of time and unity of place. This means that the story unfolds in real time with no gaps; the effect of this is for the audience to witness the exposure of the series of lies and hidden secrets live on stage, heightening the dramatic tension. The opening of Act 1 forms the exposition as the self-satisfied complacency of the Birlings is established with the celebration of the engagement, then the rising action occurs as the Inspector enters and begins to uncover each of the Birlings and Gerald in turn. There is the climax as the Inspector gives his dramatic warning about what will happen if the hypocrisy in society is not addressed, then the falling action as the characters deal with the fall-out of the evening’s revelations. Yet there is an unexpected final climax as the telephone rings at the end of the play with the announcement that a girl has killed herself, which leaves the audience on a note of unexpected tension. By the end of the play, with another investigation pending, we can see that the Birlings and Gerald have no place left to hide.
Essential Exam Tips
Re-read the play about a fortnight before the exam from start to finish. It should only take a couple of hours to do this.
Watch a film or TV version of the play at least once. | <urn:uuid:8d44db1e-53a7-45a2-98bd-7716e8cadb33> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://lightbulbrevision.com/lies-and-hypocrisy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522309.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518183254-20220518213254-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.969544 | 1,305 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Cedar Revolution (Arabic: ثورة الأرز - thawrat al-arz) or Independence Intifada (Arabic: انتفاضة الاستقلال - intifāḍat al-istiqlāl) was a chain of demonstrations in Lebanon (especially in the capital Beirut) triggered by the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister, Rafik Hariri. The popular movement was remarkable for its avoidance of violence, peaceful approach, and its total reliance on methods of civil resistance.
This picture is an artist's depiction of the Cedar Revolution protests.
|Date||14 February – 27 April 2005|
|Location||Lebanon (especially in the capital Beirut)|
|Caused by||the assassination of the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri|
|Resulted in||Victory of the anti-Syrian alliance, complete withdrawal of the Syrian troops from Lebanon, on 27 April 2005.|
|Parties to the civil conflict|
|Popular mottos of the movement were Hurriyye, Siyede, Istiqlel (Freedom, Sovereignty, Independence), and Haqiqa, Hurriyye, Wehde wataniyye (Truth, Freedom, National unity)|
The primary goals of the activists were the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the replacement of a government heavily influenced by Syrian interests with more independent leadership, the establishment of an international commission to investigate the assassination of Prime Minister Hariri, the resignation of security officials to ensure the success of the plan, and the organization of free parliamentary elections. The demonstrators demanded the end of the Syrian influence in Lebanese politics. At the start of the demonstrations, Syria had been maintaining a force of roughly 14,000 soldiers and intelligence agents in Lebanon. Following the demonstrations, the Syrian troops completely withdrew from Lebanon on 27 April 2005. With the disbanding of the Pro-Syrian government, the main goals of the revolution were achieved. (For background information on Syria's involvement in Lebanese politics, see the articles Syrian occupation of Lebanon and the Lebanese Civil War.)
The opposition has taken as its symbol the white and red colored scarf, and the blue ribbon; the most popular motto of the movement was Hurriyyeh, Siyedeh, Istiqlel (Freedom, Sovereignty, Independence).
The main goal of the cedar revolution was the ending of the Syrian military occupation of Lebanon, which had lasted about 30 years (since 1976). In addition, many Lebanese called for the return of former Prime Minister Michel Aoun, in exile since 1991, and the release of the imprisoned Lebanese Forces leader Samir Geagea.
Additional goals of the revolution are:
- Uniting all Lebanese in their fight for freedom and independence
- Ousting Karami's Pro-Syrian government
- Firing the six Lebanese commanders of the nation's main security services, along with the State Prosecutor
- Unmasking the killers of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri
- Running free and democratic parliament elections in spring 2005 free from Syrian interference
Origins of the nameEdit
The name "Cedar Revolution" is a term that was coined by the U.S. Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs Paula J. Dobriansky in a news conference, and used to draw a comparison with the Rose Revolution of Georgia, the Orange Revolution of Ukraine, and the Purple Revolution of Iraq.
In the Arab world (save for Lebanon itself), it is better known as Lebanon's Intifadat al-Istiqlal (Independence Uprising). The term was coined by Democratic Left Movement leaders Samir Kassir and Hikmat Eid; they stressed the term Intifada to give the uprising an Arab meaning by linking it to the Palestinian Intifada and the term independence to stress its liberation side. Other names include the Cedar Spring (Arabic: ربيع الأرز - Rabi' el Arz), referring to the season when protests first broke out, and also as an allusion to famous freedom and independence movements such as the Prague Spring and Damascus Spring. The names used by the local media, like the LBC and Future TV, to describe this event include Lebanon Independence (Istiqlal Lubnan), Lebanon Spring (Rabi' Lubnan), or just Independence 05.
Groups involved in the revolutionEdit
Civilian groups and organizationsEdit
- Qornet Shehwan Gathering (Liqa' Qornet Shehwan): Gathering of Christian Lebanese politicians ranging from center left to center right.
- Democratic Forum (Al Minbar Al Dimokrati): Multi-confessional gathering of Lebanese politicians from different political parties with leftist tendencies, led by Habib Sadek
- Citizens for a Free Lebanon: A Non-governmental organization
- The Center for Democracy in Lebanon: A non-governmental grass-root movement
- The Global Organization of Democratic Believers: An all volunteer group of various religious backgrounds
Main political parties involved in the revolutionEdit
In Alphabetical Order:
- Democratic Renewal Movement (Harakat Al-Tajadod Al-Dimokrati) Multi-confessional Movement Leader: Nassib Lahoud, former MP and presidential hopeful.
- Democratic Left (Al Yassar Al Dimokrati) Multi-Confessional Movement Leader: Elias Atallah, former MP and former member of the communist party
- Free Patriotic Movement (At Tayyar Al-Watani Al-Horr) Movement Leader: Michel Aoun, MP. Also presides the "Change and Reform" coalition. He was one of the first to demand the Syrian withdrawal. The movement left the 14 March coalition before the 2005 elections after General Aoun came back from his Paris exile.
- Syrian Traces Leader: unknown
- Future Movement (Tayyar Al Mustaqbal) Muslim Sunni Movement Leader: Saad Hariri, MP and son of Rafiq Hariri
- Lebanese Forces (Al Kuwwat al Lubnaniyya) Christian Party Leader: Samir Geagea, jailed 11 years by the Syrians
- Lebanese Liberation Movement Leader: unknown
- Lebanese National Bloc (Hizb Al Kitla Al Wataniya) Christian Party Leader: Carlos Eddé nephew of former leader Raymond Eddé. The Lebanese National Bloc left the 14 March Coalition in June 2009 after the parliamentary election
- National Liberal Party (Hizb Al-Wataniyin Al-Ahrar) Christian Party Leader: Dory Chamoun, son of former President Camille Chamoun
- Phalangist Party (Al-Kataeb Al-Loubnaniya) Christian Party Leader: Amin Gemayel, former President of Republic.
- Progressive Socialist Party (Hizb al-Taqadummi al-Ishtiraki) Druze Party Leader: Walid Jumblat, MP and son of former leader Kamal Jumblat; The PSP left the 14 March Coalition in August 2009
- Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Hizb al-Ramgavar) MP Jean Ogassapian.
- Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hizb al-Henchag) MP Sebouh Kalpakian.
On 14 February 2005, the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated in a truck bomb attack, which killed 21 and wounded nearly 100. Former Minister of Economy and Trade Bassel Fleihan later died as well from injuries sustained in the blast. This attack sparked huge demonstrations that seemed to unite large numbers of citizens from the usually fractured and sectarian Lebanese population. It was the second such incident in four months: former minister and MP Marwan Hamadeh had survived a car bomb attack on 1 October 2004.
Within hours of the assassination, Lebanese prosecutors issued warrants for the arrest of six Australian nationals who flew out of Beirut to Sydney, Australia three hours after the explosion claiming that seats occupied by the men had tested positive for traces of explosives, and that they were traveling without luggage. The Australian Federal Police interviewed ten individuals in Sydney upon the arrival of the flight, and found the men they questioned did have luggage. Although Sydney airport security sniffer dogs trained to find explosives did react to aircraft seats occupied by the men, test swabs taken from three of the men by the Australian Federal Police tested negative for explosives. Within 48 hours, the Australian Federal Police absolved the six of any involvement in the assassination, giving little credibility to claims of the Lebanese officials.
Despite the lack, to date, of any actual substantial evidence implicating any party or individual, the Syrian government has borne the brunt of Lebanese and international outrage at the murder, because of its extensive military and intelligence influence in Lebanon, as well as the public rift between Hariri and Damascus just before his last resignation on 20 October 2004. The day after Hariri's resignation, pro-Syrian former Prime Minister Omar Karami was appointed Prime Minister.
Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt, a recent adherent to the anti-Syrian opposition, emboldened by popular anger and civic action, alleged in the wake of the assassination that in August 2004 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad threatened Hariri, saying "[President of Lebanon] Lahoud is me. ... If you and Chirac want me out of Lebanon, I will break Lebanon." He was quoted as saying "When I heard him telling us those words, I knew that it was his condemnation of death." The United States, the EU and the UN have stopped short of any accusations, choosing instead to demand a Syrian pullout from Lebanon and an open and international investigation of the Assassination. Jumblatt's comments are not without controversy; the BBC describes him as "being seen by many as the country's political weathervane" - consistently changing allegiances to emerge on the winning side of the issues de jour through the turmoil of the 1975-90 civil war and its troubled aftermath. He was a supporter of Syria after the war but switched sides after the death of former Syrian president Hafez al-Assad in 2000. His account is quoted, but not confirmed, in the UN's FitzGerald Report. The report stops short of directly accusing Damascus or any other party, saying that only a further thorough international inquest can identify the culprit. The Lebanese government has agreed to this inquiry, though calling for the full participation, not supremacy, of its own agencies and the respect of Lebanese sovereignty. (See international reaction below.)
On 21 February 2005, tens of thousands of Lebanese protestors held a rally at the site of the assassination calling for an end of Syrian occupation and blaming Syria and the pro-Syrian president Émile Lahoud for the murder. In the subsequent weeks, nearly every Monday, a demonstration was held at Beirut's Martyrs Square (also referred to by protestors as "Liberty Square"), in addition to the constant daily gathering of Lebanese there.
Similar demonstrations by Lebanese immigrants were also taken place in several cities across the world, including Sydney - Australia (where over 10,000 people demonstrated in the city), San Francisco, Paris, Düsseldorf, Montreal, and London.
Daily protests against the Syrian occupation attracted 25,000 people. While in the 1990s most anti-Syrian demonstrations were predominantly Christian and were put down by force, the new demonstrations were distinctly non-sectarian and the government did not respond with force or intimidation.
On 28 February, the government of pro-Syrian prime minister Omar Karami resigned, calling for a new election to take place. Karami said in his announcement: "I am keen the government will not be a hurdle in front of those who want the good for this country". The tens of thousands gathered at Beirut's Martyrs' Square cheered the announcement, then chanted "Karami has fallen, your turn will come, Lahoud, and yours, Bashar".
Opposition MPs were not satisfied with only Karami's resignation, and kept pressing for full Syrian withdrawal. Former minister and MP Marwan Hamadeh, who survived a similar car bomb attack on 1 October 2004, said "I accuse this government of incitement, negligence and shortcomings at the least, and of covering up its planning at the most... if not executing".
On 23 March, Michel Abu Arraj, the Lebanese magistrate responsible for the internal Lebanese investigation of the assassination asked to be excused, citing a heavy court schedule. The Judicial Council of Lebanon was expected to rule on his request the next day. His resignation and the consequent need to replace him raised the possibility of a delay in the investigation.
Hariri's murder triggered increased international pressure on Syria. In a joint statement, U.S. President George W. Bush and French president Jacques Chirac condemned the killing and called for full implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1559, which requires the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the disarming of Hezbollah thriving in Southern Lebanon.
At one point there seemed to be confusion about the extent to which Syria was willing to withdraw from Lebanon. Arab League head Amr Moussa declared that Syrian president Assad promised him a phased withdrawal over a two-year period, but the Syrian Information Minister Mahdi Dakhlallah said that Moussa had misunderstood the Syrian leader. Dakhlallah said that Syria will merely move its troops to eastern Lebanon. Since then, Syria has declared that Resolution 1559 will be fully complied with, and in a matter of months rather than years.
On 15 March, upon hearing purportedly leaked information that the United Nations' special investigation may have found that the Lebanese authorities covered up evidence of the murder, columnist Robert Fisk alleges that Hariri's two sons fled Lebanon, reportedly after being warned that they too were in danger of assassination.
UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, in response to a request by the Security Council, sent a team of Irish, Egyptian and Moroccan specialists, led by Ireland's deputy police commissioner, Peter FitzGerald, to investigate the assassination. Even before the FitzGerald Report was published, Annan has said a further, more comprehensive investigation may be necessary. FitzGerald thanked the Lebanese government for its cooperation before departing. The report cites the Syrian presence in Lebanon as a factor contributing to the instability and polarization that preceded the assassination. The report also criticizes the Lebanese government and intelligence agencies for the handling of their own investigation into the affair, calling it flawed and inconclusive. The Lebanese government in turn has described the report as "alien to reality" and criticized the UN team for not seeking broader government participation in the investigation. The government has agreed to a further, more comprehensive international inquiry, but insisted that any future inquiry would have to work with the government. At a press conference on 25 March, then Lebanese Foreign Minister Mahmoud Hammoud said the inquiry would be expected to work within an established framework "in co-operation with the state".
On 2 March 2005, Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad announced that his troops would leave Lebanon completely "in the next few months". Responding to the announcement, opposition leader Walid Jumblatt said that he wanted to hear more specifics from Damascus about any withdrawal: "It's a nice gesture but 'next few months' is quite vague - we need a clear-cut timetable".
On 3 March, Germany and Russia (Syria's Cold War ally) joined those calling for Syria to comply with Resolution 1559. German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder said: "Lebanon should be given an opportunity for sovereignty and development and this can only be achieved by complying with Security Council resolutions that stipulate immediate Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon."
The Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, stated that "Syria should withdraw from Lebanon, but we all have to make sure that this withdrawal does not violate the very fragile balance which we still have in Lebanon, which is a very difficult country ethnically."
On 5 March, Syrian leader Assad declared in a televised speech that Syria would withdraw its forces to the Bekaa Valley in eastern Lebanon, and then to the border between Syria and Lebanon. He did not provide a timetable for a complete withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon.
On the weekend of 9 and 10 April, on the anniversary of the ignition of the Lebanese Civil war, the last remaining Syrian troops left Lebanon, ending their 30-year presence.
Response from the Arab worldEdit
Several Arab states also joined in with the withdrawal demands. As Al-Assad arrived in Saudi Arabia for emergency consultation with then Crown Prince Abdullah bin Abdelaziz, Assad was told in no uncertain terms that Syria must comply with UN Security Council demands immediately. It was reported by the opposition Lebanese newspaper The Daily Star that Assad offered to remove most of the 15,000 troops Syria has stationed in Lebanon during the talks, but insisted on leaving a force of 3,000 in the country. This has not been independently corroborated.
The annual Arab summit, which took place on March 23 in Algeria, did not ask Syria to withdraw, which would have given the pullback an Arab endorsement as envisaged in the 1989 Taif Agreement rather than making it dependent on Resolution 1559. Algerian Foreign Minister Abdel-Aziz Belkhadem discussed the consensus ahead of the summit, stating that "we all agreed to demand the implementation of the Taif Accord with respect to international legitimacy". Controversially, the crisis in Lebanon was not included on the agenda for the summit, which almost half of the Arab leaders did not attend.
Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah called for a "massive popular gathering" on March 8 supporting Syria and accusing Israel and the United States of meddling in internal affairs. Nasrallah also criticized UN Resolution 1559 saying "The resistance will not give up its arms ... because Lebanon needs the resistance to defend it", and added "all the articles of U.N. resolution give free services to the Israeli enemy who should have been made accountable for his crimes and now finds that he is being rewarded for his crimes and achieves all its demands."
This Beirut rally called by Hezbollah dwarfed the earlier anti-Syrian events; CNN noted some news agencies estimated the crowd at 200,000, the Associated Press news agency estimated that there were more than 500,000 pro-Syrian protestors, while The New York Times and Los Angeles Times simply estimated "hundreds of thousands". Al Jazeera reported a figure of 1.5 million. The predominantly Shi'ite protestors held pictures of Syrian President Bashar Assad and placards reading, in English, "No for the American Intervention". A couple of anti-Syrian media sources noted that it was likely that many of Lebanon's approximately 500,000 Syrian guest workers participated in the rally. In addition to demonstrating the extent of popular support for Syria in Lebanon, the demonstration reiterated Hezbollah's rejection of Resolution 1559, whose call for the disbanding of all Lebanese militias threatens the continued existence of its military wing, the force credited for the liberation of south Lebanon from Israeli occupation. Nasrallah also held demonstrations in Tripoli and Nabatiyé on 11 and 13 March.
On 13 March, tens of thousands protested in the southern city of Nabatiyé in support of Syria and opposition to UNSCR 1559, according to reports. The Tripoli protests were canceled.
On 14 March, the one-month memorial of the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, hundreds of thousands of Lebanese rallied in central Beirut on Monday chanting "Freedom, Sovereignty, Independence" and carrying a huge Lebanese flag. They flocked from throughout the country, many unable to even enter the city due to heavy traffic. The demonstration was called by the different factions of the anti-Syrian opposition (including the Hariri family and other groupings) and was trumpeted by the different private media, namely Future TV, a private enterprise part of the media empire controlled by Hariri's family and the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation LBCI, generally aligned with the Lebanese Forces, the right-wing Christian party.
The demonstration occurred in Martyrs' Square, the site of Hariri's grave and a center of the newly reconstructed city rebuilt in large part through Hariri's efforts. During the Lebanese civil war, factional infighting between the groups united in Martyrs' Square had turned the area into an impassable moonscape.
The Lebanese protestors demanded an international inquiry into Hariri's murder, the firing of Syrian-backed security chiefs in the Lebanese government, and a total Syrian pullout from Lebanon.
Bombings and assassinationsEdit
Beginning in March 2005 and continuing throughout the year, a series of bombings and assassinations rocked Lebanon. Several political and intellectual figures vocally critical of Syrian interference in Lebanese politics, including Samir Kassir, George Hawi, and Gebran Tueni were killed. In addition, Christian areas were targeted by bombs. These bombings remain unsolved.
The attacks did not end in 2005. The next year, gunmen killed MP Pierre Amine Gemayel, and in 2007, Walid Eido was killed by a car bomb in Beirut. Most recently, politician Antoine Ghanem was assassinated when a car bomb exploded, killing him on September 19, 2007. He is the 6th independentist minister assassinated since Hariri's death.
Withdrawal of Syrian troopsEdit
On 26 April 2005 international news agencies and the UN reported the last Syrian troops and intelligence agents had crossed the border in withdrawal from Lebanon. The Syrian government officially notified the United Nations that it had withdrawn its troops in line with UN Security Council Resolution 1559, adopted in September 2004. In a letter to the UN, Syrian Foreign Minister Farouq al-Shara said his country "would like to officially inform you that the Syrian Arab forces stationed in Lebanon, at the request of Lebanon and under an Arab mandate, have fully withdrawn all their military, security apparatus and assets." On 27 April 2005, the Lebanese People celebrated for the first time their first day free from Syrian omnipresence. Also on 27 April 2005, the The Washington Post reported that "Syria has not withdrawn a significant part of its intelligence presence in Lebanon, undermining its claim yesterday to have ended its 29-year intervention in its western neighbor, U.S., European and U.N. officials said." This claim was reiterated by US Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice on 25 May.
Wave of democracyEdit
Both participants and observers of the Cedar Revolution demonstrations have asked if the movement was influenced by recent local and regional events supporting democracy. Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt remarked to a reporter of the The Washington Post, "It's strange for me to say it, but this process of change has started because of the American invasion of Iraq. I was cynical about Iraq. But when I saw the Iraqi people voting three weeks ago, 8 million of them, it was the start of a new Arab world".
Other views maintain that Lebanese anger against perceived Syrian hegemony had been simmering for decades, and the assassination of a popular leader was the spark that gave birth to the movement, independently of foreign and regional developments. Lebanese opposition leader and newspaper columnist Samir Kassir, for example, wrote that "democracy is spreading in the region not because of George Bush but despite him." He gave far more credit to the Palestinian uprising as an inspiration to Lebanese activists.
Others caution that very little has actually changed, apart from the mainly "cosmetic" disappearance of Syrian Soldiers from their presence on the outskirts of Lebanese cities, and that Syrian control of Lebanese foreign affairs and trade may yet endure. Some critics argue that the rush to celebrate a supposed 'Revolution' was far too premature.
When Omar Karami failed to form a government, he resigned for good on April 13, 2005, and elections were called for the period of 29 May through 19 June 2005. Saad Hariri formed an anti-Syrian bloc that, ultimately, won 72 of the 128 available seats in the unicameral National Assembly.
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
On 14 February 2007, tens of thousands of Lebanese gathered peacefully in Martyr’s Square to commemorate the second anniversary of former prime minister Rafik Hariri's assassination. The large number proved that the Cedar Revolution was still going on, especially when the crowds turned the commemoration into a defiant opportunity to blame Syria and Hezbollah for Lebanon's political woes. The demonstrators fell silent at exactly 12:55 PM, the time of the explosion that killed Hariri on 14 February 2005. Only the muezzin making the Islamic call to prayer and the solemn tolling of church bells could be heard.
On 14 February, exactly three years from the day Premier Hariri was assassinated on the Beirut seafront, throngs of protesters rallied in Martyr's Square to commemorate the occasion. The crowd came from all over Lebanon. Hundreds of thousands of protesters filled the square and its immediate surrounding. In the mountainous areas, the weather conditions prevented several processions from reaching Beirut. Also, processions closed all roads east, north & south Beirut leading to Martyr's Square. Hundreds of boats embarked on a ride from the Jounieh port in the coast of Mount Lebanon to the Beirut Marina defying the winter waves. The rally was reaching its end while thousands of vehicles carrying protesters were still trapped in traffic in the Eastern Suburbs of Beirut. The crowds stood for more than 5 hours under the pouring rain. The protesters transformed this event into an occasion to blame Syria and renew their oath to remain united and defiant for Lebanon's sake. At the exact time the explosion occurred 3 years ago at 12:55, the crowds fell silent as the Islamic Adhan sounded through the mosques' muezzin along with the tolling of church bells symbolizing the Muslim-Christian unity. The leaders of the Anti-Syrian coalition gave fiery speeches blaming Syria & Iran for Lebanon's woes. Saad Hariri, the coalition's most popular leader, was the last to take the stand as supporting cheers blared from the crowds. In the end and after the crowds have stood for four consecutive hours under the pouring rain, the rally was concluded and the area was evacuated.
14 February 2009 marked the fourth anniversary of Prime Minister Rafik Hariri's assassination. Estimated to be more than 1 million supporters, pro-government and pro-Hariri citizens of different sects and factions gathered together in Beirut for the occasion. At 12:55 pm, the crowd went silent to mark the exact moment of the explosion that killed Hariri.
During the rally, speeches were given to entice the citizens to take place in the June 2009 parliamentary elections, in which the anti-Syrian coalition and the pro-Syrian coalition competed for the majority of seats.
Despite initial enthusiasm, the turn-out on the fifth anniversary of Hariri's assassination (14 February 2010) was hindered due to heavy rain.
The sixth anniversary of Hariri's assassination, on 14 February 2011 was met with renewed enthusiasm by supporters of the March 14 coalition. This was especially fueled by the protesters' anger over the resignation of all ten ministers aligned with the opposing March 8 coalition due to then-prime minister Saad Hariri, Rafik Hariri's son, refusal of Hezbollah's demand he reject the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. A rally was also organized to call for Hezbollah's disarmament on the day of March 13 in Beirut's Martyrs' Square. No significant disruptions took place, but it was reported by several TV stations that some protesters had their signs demanding Hezbollah's disarmament confiscated. Reuters approximated that tens of thousands of supporters of Saad Hariri and his allies rallied against Hezbollah's weapons.
|Wikinews has related news: Category:Lebanon|
- See United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559
- Archived 9 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- Rudy Jaafar and Maria J. Stephan, "Lebanon's Independence Intifada: How an Unarmed Insurrection Expelled Syrian Forces", in Maria J. Stephan (ed.), Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009, pp. 169-85.
- Guerin, Orla (6 March 2005). "Syria sidesteps Lebanon demands". BBC News. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- Remarks on Release of Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2004
- Morley, Jefferson (3 March 2005). "The Branding of Lebanon's 'Revolution'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan
- As the Globe spins: Coverage of Lebanon's demonstrations doesn't tell whole story (by Greg Felton) - Media Monitors Network (MMN)
- AM (2005). "Lebanon Asks AFP to Investigate Assassination of PM". Retrieved 2 November 2006.
- "Lebanon appoints prime minister". BBC News. 21 October 2004. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- The New York Times > International > Middle East > Behind Lebanon Upheaval, 2 Men's Fateful Clash
- "Who's who in Lebanon". BBC News. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- The New York Times > International > Middle East > U.N. Cites Syria as Factor in Lebanese Assassination
- "Lebanon agrees to Hariri inquiry". BBC News. 25 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- "Beirut protesters denounce Syria". BBC News. 21 February 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- Ghattas, Kim (3 March 2005). "Lebanon finds unity in street rallies". BBC News. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- "Lebanese ministers forced to quit". BBC News. 28 February 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- "Hariri inquiry judge 'may resign'". BBC News. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- "Story". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 21 April 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- "Annan considers new Hariri probe". BBC News. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- Beirut-Online News .: Syria's closure of northern Lebanon border tragic for truckers : Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- "Assad pledges Lebanon withdrawal". BBC News. 2 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- The Daily Star - Saudi ruler demands rapid Syrian withdrawal
- "Syria looks to Riyadh for support". BBC News. 3 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20050412000120/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0%2C5744%2C12813616%5E2703%2C00.html. Archived from the original on 12 April 2005. Missing or empty
- Saleh, Heba (23 March 2005). "Summits that showcase Arab disunity". BBC. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- "Lebanon Hizbollah". Yahoo. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013.[permanent dead link]
- "Hezbollah rallies Lebanese to support Syria". CNN. 9 March 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- Fattah, Hassan M. (8 March 2005). "Hezbollah Leads Huge Pro-Syrian Protest in Central Beirut". The New York Times.
- "Live US, Europe, Middle East, Asia, Sports, Weather & Business News". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- Washington Times - Hezbollah supporters stage massive pro-Syria rally
- CJR: Who Are Those Guys, Anyway?
- The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/international/international-lebanon.html. Missing or empty
- The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33571-2005Mar14.html?nav=headlines. Missing or empty
- Democracy in Lebanon celebrates liberation - Press Release - عيد الجلاء: 27 نيسان
- DEMOCRACY IN LEBANON - Post-Liberation Address - خطاب الجلاء
- Wright, Robin (27 April 2005). "Syrian Intelligence Still in Lebanon". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- "Cedar Revolution moves towards free democracy". The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 May 2005.
- The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-co/hotcontent/index.html?section=world/mideast. Missing or empty
- The Daily Star - Opinion Articles - Cosmetic change does not a revolution make
- Tucker Reals (February 14, 2007). "Lebanese Mark Former PM's Assassination". CBS News. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Waving flags, holding balloons and even praying, tens of thousands of Lebanese packed into a city square Wednesday to mark the second anniversary of Rafik Hariri's assassination.
- Scheherezade Faramarzi (February 14, 2007). "Lebanese mark date Hariri assassinated". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Tens of thousands of supporters of the U.S.-backed government packed Martyrs Square to commemorate Rafik Hariri, the former prime minister killed in a suicide bombing on Feb. 14, 2005. But save for a few outbursts of slogan chanting and small groups singing and dancing to the beat of drums, the rally was uneventful.
- Reuters AlertNet - Lebanese turn Hariri memory into show of defiance
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
- "Lebanese call on Hezbollah to give up weapons". Reuters. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- Najem Malak (13 March 2011). "March 14 crowds in Beirut say no to Hezbollah weapons". AKNews. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- World Council for the Cedars Revolution
- Independence Movement "Harakat Al Istiklal" Official website
- Lebanese March 14 Movement
- Lebanese March 14 Movement's General Secretariat
- Future Movement Official website
- Lebanese Forces Official website
- Tajaddod/Democratic Renewal Youth's Blog
- Cedar Revolution Photo Gallery
- Lebanese March 14 Emigrant Assembly | <urn:uuid:39c00368-16d8-419a-9b8b-875bf377683c> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Revolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216475.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820140847-20180820160847-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.940807 | 7,130 | 2.84375 | 3 |
If you’re ready to help the planet while also improving yourself, then you’re going to love our earth-friendly New Year’s resolutions.
Eating healthier, exercising more, and cutting out the procrastination may be at the top of your New Year’s resolutions list; and while we applaud your desire to be a better person (from the inside-out), we implore you to take things one step further by incorporating Mother Nature, too. Not only will our suggestions benefit you, but they’ll also help green your planet in small ways, bringing a greater sense of holistic living to your life.
1. Eat Less Meat
Current figures say that global animal farming is responsible for nearly a third (or almost 30 percent) of all emissions worldwide. Furthermore, in addition to making you healthier, an Oxford Martin School research study finds that a widespread switch to vegetarianism would reduce food-related emissions by 63 percent. Start by participating in Meatless Mondays, and ask yourself if you really need a meat or dairy product present at every meal of the day — three meals a day multiplied by seven days means consuming meat 21 times a week. Not only does this slow digestion, but it also raises cholesterol and causes premature aging.
2. Ditch Plastic Bags
It’s time to ditch the plastic bags in favor of reusable totes – but, like, for real this time. Only around two percent of plastic bags get recycled annually, while the rest just sit, and sit, and sit some more in our landfills and oceans. Throw those cloth bags in the car and keep them there, so you don’t forget them at home, or try something even more practical, like a roomy (and stylish) backpack for carrying on small trips that you can then fill with your merchandise after paying at the register.
3. Upcycle Your Textiles
With the rise of fast fashion (and fast lifestyles), the average citizen now throws away 70 pounds of clothing and textiles each year, which means this waste also accounts for five percent of all landfill space. With numbers like that, it’s important to come up with solutions. Clothing swaps are great (and fun, and free) ways to do away with gently used stuff in your closet, all while having an excuse to get together and drink wine with your girlfriends. And don’t forget about all of the amazing upcycling potential your clothes have.
4. Pledge To Recycle
All it takes is a small step, a little action, to really get things moving in the residential recycling department. For curbside pickup, check with your local ordinance and get the bins you need. Next, head to the store and pick up one extra garbage can to start with, and begin with a product like plastics, or aluminum, or paper, or glass. Just focus on recycling one category to begin with, and watch your passion grow. Apparently, recycling 100 cans could light your bedroom for two weeks. Imaging the difference you could make!
5. Compost Your Scraps
If you make a conscious decision to compost at home, you could break down the egg shells, banana peels, and other organic waste that would otherwise sit contained in a plastic garbage bag sealed off from the earth and soil it could otherwise nourish. This process is as simple as setting up an outside receptacle that fits your needs (the setup is usually the most intensive, if you can call it that), collecting your scraps after cooking (and some other activities), and placing them in the outside bin where they will decompose, rendering you a rich, fertile compound that can be added to your garden.
6. Grow Something Edible
Even if it’s as small as an indoor herb garden, there is real power behind growing your own food. Edible plants and gardens will not only save you money and potentially improve your health, but they offer a sense of accomplishment for your efforts, and help reduce widespread farming issues. Build (or buy) a small raised garden bed outdoors and get to planting, or research all of the delicious herbs and fruits and veggies you can grow indoors — you may be surprised at the (yard-less) possibilities!
We hope you’ve enjoyed our suggestions for a cleaner planet and body. As always, we want to know what you think, so be sure to let us know your New Year’s resolutions on the EcoSalon Facebook page! Here’s to a safe, healthy, happy, and greener start to 2017!
Related on EcoSalon | <urn:uuid:d03811bc-ad2f-4988-993b-dd6d5ed6d219> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://ecosalon.com/6-new-years-resolutions-that-are-better-for-you-and-the-planet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540511946.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208150734-20191208174734-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.942055 | 942 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Holy Martyrs Pamphilius the Presbyter, Valens the Deacon, Paul, Porphyrius, Seleucius, Theodulus, Julian, Samuel, Elias, Daniel, Jeremiah and Isaiah suffered during the persecution against Christians, initiated by the emperor Diocletian in the years 308-309 at Caesarea in Palestine.
An eighteen-year-old servant of Pamphilius endured suffering. This was the meek and humble Saint Porphyrius. He had heard the sentence of death for the condemned martyrs, and asked the governor’s permission to bury the bodies after their execution. For this he was sentenced to death, and thrown into a fire.
A witness of this execution, the pious Christian Seleucius, a former soldier, in saluting the deeds of the sufferers, went to Pamphilius and told him about the martyric death of Saint Porphyrius. He was seized by soldiers and, on Firmilian’s orders, was beheaded by the sword together with the condemned. | <urn:uuid:2bad5aa2-6ef2-4d19-8c62-cfb8384c2b68> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://oca.org/saints/lives/2014/02/16/100536-martyr-seleucius-at-caesarea-in-palestine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824104.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020120608-20171020140608-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.968004 | 218 | 2.890625 | 3 |
One of the extinct relatives of alligators are the Deinosuchus. The Deinosuchus lived during he Late Cretaceous period, which was about 80 to 73 million years ago. Its name is derived from the Greek words, “terrible crocodile”.
The remains of the Deinosuchus was first found in the 1850s in North Carolina, USA. However, it was not until 1909 that the genus of the Deinosuchus was actually described and named. This is because complete fragments were not yet recovered. More fragments were found in the 1940s and then incorporated into an influential skull reconstruction at the American Museum of Natural History, which was actually inaccurate. As no full skeletons of the Deinosuchus have been found, knowledge of this creature is incomplete. However, cranial material have been found in more recent years which has helped to expand the world’s scientific knowledge about this predator.
If you think today’s modern day alligators or crocodiles are scary, then you definitely would not want to face up to a Deinosuchus. This is because Deinosuchus’ measure up to about 12 metres long and weigh 8.5 metric tons. Its appearance is quite similar to its smaller-sized relatives. Its teeth were quite large and robust and were built for crushing its prey. Its back was covered with semi-spherical osteoderns. It is suggested that the Deinosuchus lived for only up to 50 years which is similar to modern day crocodiles.
What it would have probably looked like... in cartoon form!
Fossils of the Deinosuchus that have been found are mostly in the USA and in Mexico. Its habitat included the Western Interior Seaway. In this seaway, the Deinosuchus was an opportunistic predator at the top of the chain. It was the largest animal in its western habitat, but it is thought that in the eastern habitat, it had a larger population. It is also thought that the Deinosuchus was able to kill and eat large dinosaurs, and that it may have also eaten fish, sea turtles, and other prey both on land and in the water. | <urn:uuid:d6175c4f-83a6-46e8-8066-886e117763f7> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://itsnature.org/rip/dinosaurs/deinosuchus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374391.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306035529-20210306065529-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.985876 | 448 | 3.890625 | 4 |
This is a real-world STEM program applying the Human Centred Design Thinking Process of Engage – Define – Skills – Ideate – Prototype – Present to guide students through the day.
Using local materials from Bartlett Industrial Textile Product Manufacturing, students work in teams to redesign and prototype model canvas tents to respond to humanitarian disasters in varied political and environmental climates around the world.
Students engage through topic introduction to humanitarian disasters, empathise by completing a practical tent construction challenge in teams and then define the best way to approach their design brief.
Students join organised workshops and ideate using interactive collaboration tools to research environments, assess new materials and their properties and then prototype actual scale model disaster housing solutions.
Students finalise their prototypes and then present their scenarios and model designs to the class for evaluation and feedback. | <urn:uuid:99969e5e-08d8-45f0-9ce7-a4b4552b8243> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://ballarattechschool.vic.edu.au/programs/disaster-relief-housing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104240553.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703104037-20220703134037-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.881029 | 176 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Leo SternbachBorn: 1908
Benzodiazepines. With the assistance of Lowell Randall and Earl Reeder, he discovered a new class of drugs, called benzodiazepines. Librium (1960) and Valium (1963), the first two drugs from this class, proved to be more effective at reducing stress and anxiety than previous tranquilizers, and had fewer side effects. Their success prompted further research, and several variants were developed, including Versed, Klonopin, Dalmane, Lexotan, Atavan, and Xanax.
|Charles Proteus Steinmetz||The National Inventors Hall of Fame||George R. Stibitz| | <urn:uuid:78fe57be-3f20-4e12-88df-4b3e6446127e> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.infoplease.com/biographies/science-technology/leo-sternbach | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507090724-20210507120724-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.888838 | 140 | 2.859375 | 3 |
There’s a lot to know in effective teaching. Sure, you’ve got to pin down your subject and study the curriculum – that’s a given. But there’s also all that admin to do, there’s the emotional support that you’re often required to give, and then there’s that thing called behaviour management.
Behaviour management is perhaps the hardest part of being a teacher. It’s for sure the bit that people applying to be teachers dread the most. It requires an awful lot of guts, a cool-headedness, and a conviction in your own ability to handle the situation. These things aren’t nothing, really. However, luckily, they can be learned.
Getting to grips with behaviour management strategies and theories is one of the most important things you can do as a teacher. It isn’t just abstract teaching philosophy; it has real practical implications for your ability to manage a classroom.
Knowing the principles behind behaviour management will help you to reduce disruptive behaviour in the classroom environment – and it will get you back in control of your lessons and teaching.
It’s really important – for both new teachers and tutors and more experienced one – to pay attention to it. So, let’s run through some of the basics. Here is all you might need to know about effective behaviour management.
Why Effective Behaviour Management is Important
Now, we’ve said that behaviour management is important. But it is important to look at why this is the case.
Strong classroom management skills are the fundamental element for teaching that works. Above and beyond everything else – knowledge of your subject or your general niceness and care – behaviour management is the thing that turns a bad teacher into a good one.
The thing is that it is impossible to get onto positive learning if the class is out of control. It is impossible to get onto the content in your lesson plans if you have to deal with constant interruptions or inattention.
So, effective behaviour management wins every single time. And this is not about your ability to praise or reward or discipline or give out punishments. No. Rather, it is about the ways that you can bring the best out of your students and prepare them for success in the future.
Here are some reasons why behaviour management is so important.
Effective Classroom Management Helps Student Engagement – and Student Achievement
You’re not there to be punishing and praising, no. You’re really there to create a learning environment that works for every single person in the class.
This is what effective class management does: it allows the whole group to engage with the subject and give the best possible conditions for student learning.
The endgame here is not a group of kids that sit quietly and do as they are told. But a class where lively and respectful conversations are possible – and where everyone can be stretched to fulfil their full academic potential.
Classroom Management Strategies Create Consistency and Routine
It is difficult to dedicate your attention to learning when, with every new day, there are different expectations on you.
Managing behaviour well means managing it consistently, in a way in which actions have predictable consequences. If you are following a set of classroom procedures, do actually follow them – or the alternative is that your students do not know where they are at.
If they are paying more attention navigating constantly changing rules, they are paying less attention to their work. And it is consistency and routine that makes this happen.
Consider taking self-development courses on Superprof.
Behaviour Management Skills Save You Time – and Energy
According to one study by Ofsted, nearly forty days are lost a year on classroom disruptions. That’s forty days of learning wasted, forty days of potential progress.
Whilst it is difficult to imagine how precisely this is measured, the point remains: if you are continuously trying to manage classroom behaviour and explaining to your students what is expected, you are allowing less learning time.
So, develop your behaviour management skills – because you’ll save yourself a lot of energy too.
Behaviour Management Theories
As we said, behaviour management is much more nuanced and interesting than a phrase like ‘classroom discipline’ would have you believe. Classroom discipline would rightly be the very last moment in the whole progression of behaviour management – yet the theories span infinitely further back.
Behaviour management theories are, rather, full accounts of the reasons and motivators behind people’s behaviour. And it is for this reason that you should pay attention to what they have to say.
B.F. Skinner is known for two different terms in behaviour management theory. The first, operant conditioning, was the name that he gave to the process he identified. ‘Positive reinforcement’, however, was the name of the technique he argued for within the process of managing behaviour.
This, roughly, followed the theories of classical conditioning in science, which observed that animals develop automatic responses to neutral stimuli when those stimuli are associated with positive or negative results.
For Skinner, if people associate a behaviour with a positive consequence, they are more likely to repeat it; if with a negative consequence, they are less likely. This became the basis for his management practice.
The ideas of William Glasser were a bit more unusual – and his theories were not free from criticism.
In what came to be known as Glasser’s ‘choice theory’, the assumption was that all of someone’s behaviour is a choice. If, as a teacher, you tell a child to do something or not to do it, all you are doing is transferring information to that child; in the end, it is their choice whether or not to do it.
Alfie Kohn is a behaviour theorist who is known for ideas that are student-directed. For Kohn, the students’ ideas and contributions drive the programme of study – rather than a curriculum that is dished out from on high.
Kohn believes that school should be more about making meaning than receiving information – whilst the motivators for study and good behaviour need to be intrinsic. They need to be found within the process of learning itself.
Why You Should Learn Behaviour Management Theory
Does this stuff sound of any relevance to you at all? Is there a way that you could integrate some of these ideas into your classroom management style?
Behaviour management theory is important because it informs the strategy that you use as a teacher every day. From understanding what makes your kids tick to considering the appropriate consequence for a particular behaviour – behaviour management theory really helps.
Find out more about some essential behaviour management theories in our dedicated article.
Some Essential Classroom Management Techniques
Developing a classroom management strategy that does prevent children from misbehaving – calling out or whatever it might be – does require some thought. However, there are ways that have been very successful for many teachers in getting their kids to behave well and in developing an environment for the classroom in which they develop their social skills and be learn simultaneously.
Here are some classroom management tips for you to get the most out of your students’ behaviour.
Allow Students to Contribute to Creating Classroom Rules and Procedures
One of the most effective ways to get your students onside is to invite them to contribute to the rules and procedures that control the classroom.
Have a discussion about what they think are appropriate expectations on everyone and ask them what they think would be an effective consequence if anyone broke the rules.
It will be fun – and it will give the students a stake in the rules themselves.
Be Consistent in Your Classroom Management
Once you have decided your rules, stick to them. It is important for children to be able to associate a given behaviour with a given consequence – otherwise, they don’t know what to expect at all.
Allow the class to navigate the rules correctly, by being consistent in the way that you apply them. They won’t be happy if they see what they think is unfairness.
Encourage Curiosity in Your Students
Curiosity should be one of the central qualities that you develop in your students: an interest in the world around them and a desire to keep on learning.
Finding ways to develop this hunger for learning is key to behaviour management. Set them tasks that are open-ended and self-directed. Let them discuss things that interest them. Allow them to share their ideas with other people.
Finally, one of the under-recognised elements of behaviour management is the need for you to stay personally detached. You need to stay cool and calm regardless of what happens.
The platform that connects private tutors and students | <urn:uuid:c2d0fd76-9b5d-4884-9220-597691f0637c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.superprof.co.za/blog/learn-behaviour-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202145130-20211202175130-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.960679 | 1,818 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The iSchool Initiative
I think this initiative is a great idea for teachers and
students. The seventeen year old has made a difference by traveling the country
and embracing mobile learning. With this program, I think students would look
forward to getting on their iPod touch for school. It was a great point he made
when he said the internet would block non-educational sites so students would
not be able to browse all over the web. This video was a really good way of
describing the pros of using the iSchool format when teaching.
Eric Whitacre’s Virtual Choir
This video is absolutely amazing. These people are from all
over the world and have never met before, but they have made a wonderful work
of art. Eric Whitacre is a genius. I cannot even imagine how long this took him
to put together. This video gives you a look at what else you can do with technology.
Who would have thought you could have so many people on one video from all
over the world?
Teaching in the 21st Century by Kevin Roberts
This video is very educational and something I believe all educators
should watch. The video says that teachers are not the source of knowledge
anymore, the internet is. It says that the teachers are the filter. I agree
that teachers should show students ways to use the internet as a reliable
source for information. It also wants
the educators to inform the students about the non-reliable websites. This was a great video.
Flipping the Classroom
I think flipping your classroom is a good idea for all
teachers. I agree with Dr. McCammon in the video Dr. Lodge McCammon's FIZZ -Flipping the Classroom that there is too much lecture in the classroom and
students are not engaging. The teachers post there videos on-line for students
to watch before class to have some knowledge about what the will go over in
class. Students can work ahead or review material they do not understand. This is a brilliant idea for teachers and students. | <urn:uuid:78aeceb6-b0e4-49a1-9586-65988f2c2bc9> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://snowashley310.blogspot.com/2012/09/blog-post-5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589932.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717222930-20180718002930-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.965651 | 431 | 2.578125 | 3 |
scroll to top
Stuck on your essay?
Get ideas from this essay and see how your work stacks up
Word Count: 1,316
Tom Regan- The Case for Animal Rights Although the animal rights-movement was originally started by Peter Singer it was Tom Regan who came up with the most uncompromising ideas and gave the movement its name In his book which came out under the University of California Press in 1983 Regan argues that humans and animals have equal inherent rights However before explaining his own philosophy he explains four other theories that exist about animal rights These four theories are those of indirect duty contractarianism kindnesscruelty and utilitarianism After having elaborated on these theories he explains the fallacies of these theories with regard to animal rights The first theory Regan deals with is that of indirect duty In this theory we have no direct duties towards animals we do not owe them anything and we cannot inflict injustice upon them Animals are only owed consideration to the extent that actions toward them have an effect on the people who care for them He illustrates the falsity of this theory with an example your neighbour kicks his dog yet according to the previous assumption this is not wrong as the owner of the dog is not harmed emotionally or physically This system has two basic flaws it denies the idea that humans feel pain and it denies the fact that pain is still pain whether it is felt by a dog a monkey or a human being The second theory Regan deals with is that of contractarianism a somewhat more sophisticated form of indirect duty This theory states that morality consists of a set of rules that individuals voluntarily agree to abide by like a contract All those who understand and accept the rules and terms of the contract are directly covered Those who are not capable of understanding terms of the contract such as children may be indirectly covered but only if there is a covered person who cares for the uncovered person Lastly
@Kibin is a lifesaver for my essay right now!!
- Sandra Slivka, student @ UC Berkeley
Wow, this is the best essay help I've ever received!
- Camvu Pham, student @ U of M
If I'd known about @Kibin in college, I would have gotten much more sleep
- Jen Soust, alumni @ UCLA | <urn:uuid:b908e698-734e-4400-9df8-d3786a0a3bbb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/tom-regan-gave-animal-rights-a-voice-to-be-heard-of-ItUk3BTQ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280834.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00257-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971308 | 455 | 2.75 | 3 |
The taxi has been a staple in many parts of the world for years thanks to how convenient it can be. Today it’s becoming a greener way to travel thanks to the use of hybrid taxis.
The concept of the hybrid taxi is similar to what it is like for any other hybrid vehicle. It is a vehicle that uses a combination of an electric motor with a gas-based engine to make it move. This works as a means of keeping the gas-powered engine from requiring as much fuel as a typical vehicle would.
Why Is This So Advantageous?
This is a type of vehicle that will work wonders for many transportation needs for a number of reasons:
The amount of fuel that is to be used will be much lower in value than what’s used in a typical vehicle. This is thanks to how the gas engine uses an extremely low amount of power while idling or at slow speeds. In many cases the engine won’t even run at all as the electric motor will take care of the power.
The overall fuel economy on the vehicle will increase dramatically. Many of these vehicle can get fifty miles per gallon on a tank on average. That can be more than twenty miles for a typical vehicle on the road.
The reduced need for fuel makes for a cleaner car as well. Fewer emissions are let off by the vehicle. This makes it easier for people to breathe around the vehicle while also reducing the potential for harmful deposits to form within the taxi’s engine and other parts.
A More Commonplace Solution
The hybrid taxi is a very popular mode of transportation as it can be used in a large variety of places. In fact, many of the world’s largest taxi companies have started to use hybrid taxis. However, the developments for using hybrid taxis have varied by each market.
More than half of the taxis in San Francisco are hybrid taxis.
Chicago has a current ordinance that is hoping to get at least 70% of its taxis to operate with hybrid engines. The city’s taxi companies are close to halfway towards that citywide goal.
New York City is getting more hybrid taxis but it is not represented as well. The Taxi of Tomorrow plans for the city are hoping to reduce emissions and fuel usage in the future.
Vancouver-area law states that all taxis that are to be introduced around the street must either be hybrid taxis or other vehicles that use strong fuel economy numbers. A taxi company must provide the city board with information on what vehicles it will be using before it can legally operate in the area.
Taxi charters in Paris are free to introduce hybrid vehicles if they want but there are no rules as to what can be used. Thousands of hybrid taxis can be found around the Paris area though.
Those who need help with taxi services while traveling should take a look at the taxi options that will be made available to them in the future. Hybrid taxis will provide people with some convenient options for handling their travels.
Taxis in Naples, Florida are becoming more and more conscious of the environment and are switching to hybrid vehicles.
A recent study reveals that car buyers prefer hybrid cars, eco-friendly washing liquids and other energy saving devices over cheaper alternatives which cause more harm to the environment to have a better social status.
Researchers have indicated that the new generation of car buyers is more inclined towards benefiting from the perceived higher social status that is achieved by buying a product that causes less harm to the environment. They are even willing to sacrifice their luxury as well as performance of the vehicle in order to achieve the status of a responsible green citizen.
Driving a large luxury car is certainly indicative of the wealth of the owner but at the same time, it also exhibits the lack of concern for the environment. On the other hand, someone who drives a hybrid car such as the Prius not only flaunts his wealth because hybrids cost way more than fuel efficient cars but also his concern for the environment which gives him a respectful place in the society.
The study carried out three experiments. In one experiment, 168 students were divided into two groups out of which one read a story that conveyed social status while the other read a story without it. Subsequently when given a choice between a green car and a non green model at same price with better performance, 37% of the control group members chose the green option. This figure escalated to 54.5% when they were made to read stories fabricated to “activate status motives”. The experiment revealed that playing on the desire of getting a better status is one of the best ways to motivate people to make green choices.
In another test, a group of 93 students was asked to make choices between similarly priced green and non green products at public as well as private places. It was found that preference to buy green products was more when the students were in public as compared to when they were in private.
The third experiment revealed that those people who have a concern for their status in their mind buy greener alternatives when they are more expensive than the non green ones.
The authors of the study which includes Joshua M Tybur of University of New Mexico and Vladas Griskevicius of University of Minnesota concluded that these experiments have led to untapped source of encouraging greener behavior.
Adam Corner who has been working as a research associate at Cardiff University said that a number of people may try to flaunt their social status though conspicuous use of green products. They do not care about benefiting the environment from their actions but they do pay a lot of heed to what others think of them. Like most other psychologists and researchers, he also concluded that the power of social status can be channelized into promoting change in attitude towards environment protection.
The study however had one drawback which casts a shadow of doubt over the authenticity of its results. None of the persons involved in the study had to dig into their wallets when they were to make choices. Michael Volvo of Toyota UK states that his company’s market research reveals that cost of ownership and attraction towards advanced technology has been the main reason behind the sale of Prius car and not concern about the environment or social status.
The results of the study also failed to bring to light the complications in ethical human activity. Rob Harrison from Ethical Consumer Magazine says that if you have a look at ethical spending of a cooperative bank, you would notice that almost one thirds of it is on investment and banking which is not possible until the brochures keep lying around on the coffee table making it a non-green act. He further added that a number of the readers of Ethical Consumer bought green products because they were focused towards a goal and not towards achieving a higher social status.
A different study concluded that ethical consumers display kindness less often and are more inclined towards stealing. This claim has been regarded by Rob as a shallow understanding of the larger ethical consumer movement. A number of leaders of big business houses such as Coca-Cola, Tesco and Reckitt Bencksier believe that disastrous climate change can be averted through green consumerism. | <urn:uuid:165f77bf-8ca2-4f37-a5df-6b54f33e0a68> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.realgreengoods.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00111-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976977 | 1,435 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Wind turbines are usually put in open valleys or offshore where strong wind is plenty. Now, there are plans to even use wind turbines on highways to use the wind passing cars build up; now that’s resourcefulness!
Of course this is just in the idea stages there aren’t any plans to actually build these types of turbines any time soon but it would definitely be a good idea
The main area of importance is if the wind from the vehicles can keep the wind turbines moving throughout the day and even during the night when there isn’t as much traffic coming through. It’s important to always keep the turbines moving that’s why this idea needs more planning and testing before it can become a reality.
Getting renewable energy from every source possible is a great idea and good for the environment If there’s a source where we could possibly get some extra energy then it should at least be looked into and given some consideration.
Putting wind turbines on highways could generate 9,600 kWh on a yearly basis (info thanks to AutoBlog) and open up an entire new world for wind energy
There are thousands of highways just in the U.S so imagine these types of turbines on every highway in the country or on every major highway in the world… It makes sense because of all the new construction popping up… If we’re going to build over every inch of natural forests and valleys then the least we could do is give back to the environment a little. | <urn:uuid:f9dbce92-d7df-4143-8ade-64e0f24c0bde> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://dailygreenenergy.com/using-wind-turbines-highways/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530161.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421020506-20190421042506-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.946504 | 303 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This chapter is dedicated to all the victims of child abuse and elder abuse caused by an alienating parent. This often results on the death or divorce of a married (or partnered) parent of the child.
What is Parental Alienation?
Parental Alienation, as defined by Dr. Richard Gardner, 1985, “results from the attempt by one parent after divorce or separation (usually the custodial parent) to behave in such a way as to alienate the child or children from the other parent.”
Alienation does not occur overnight. It is a gradual and consistent process that is directly related to the time spent in the alienation process. The longer the child spends with the ‘alienator,’ the more severe will be their alienation. Their supposed dislike of the lost parent does not lessen with time away from that parent. It grows stronger, precisely because this attitude is continuously encouraged by the alienator, who has unlimited opportunity to sustain the child’s negative feelings. The child may need a lifetime to learn an alternate response.
During the October 1997 Senate debates on custody and access, Senators spoke of parental alienation by the custodial parent as a means used to restrict access to the children of divorce by the non-custodial parent. The end result, down the road, is that this elimination or restriction of access of the non-custodial parent becomes permanent. As Britain’s then Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg determined: “It is vital to change the law in the face of heartbreaking evidence that huge numbers of children, after separation, lose contact with one parent forever.” Canadian non-custodial parents often suffer the same fate.
Who are the victims of Parental Alienation?
The children of divorce and broken partnerships, the non-custodial parent, and the parents of the non-custodial parent (the children’s grandparents), plus extended family are all victims.
Dr. Glenn Cartwright, a psychology professor at McGill University, studied the matter and noted, ”an alienating parent requires time to enlist the child’s compliance without interference.” In a 1993 paper, he said, “the manipulation of time becomes the main weapon in the hands of the alienator,” as long as the custodial parent can keep the non-custodial parent and the grandparents from access to the children.
When a family member is unwell, we try to help. No custodial parent who loves his/her child should teach them to dislike or ignore another human being, let alone a parent. Nor should a parent who loves this child tell lies about the non-custodial parent, or try to erase that child’s happy memories of the non-custodial parent or other family members. When this does occur within our families, we must remember these custodial parents are the mothers and fathers of our grandchildren and continue to care about them. They may be unaware that this kind of destructive behaviour can be abusive to children and create lifelong issues.
To heal the relationship, the child requires quality time with the lost parent to continue and repair the meaningful association that may have existed since birth. This continued communication also serves as a reality check for the child to counter the ongoing alienation at home. Unfortunately, the child doesn’t usually get the quality time to heal the lost relationship with the lost parent and grandparent. Consequently: “The non-custodial parent experiences the anguish of the loss of a child or children. Grandparents, relatives, and friends are similarly affected and summarily dismissed. Far more serious is the effect on the child, who experiences a great loss, the magnitude of which is akin to the death of a parent, two grandparents, and all the lost parent’s relatives and friends, all at once.“
What is the cause of Parental Alienation?
If the court judge does not recognize the importance of “a child having maximum access to both parents, and maintaining a normal relationship with both parents,” and instead grants sole custody to one, the climate is set for parental alienation. Since PA behaviour is of a serious nature, “it seems reasonable to suppose that it would be provoked only by an equally serious emotional dispute, as the questtion of custody is for most parents. … and disagreement over custody remains implicated as the chief cause of PA behaviour. (Gardner 1992)
Alienation of a parent from a child is a form of child abuse. In thousands of homes across Canada, when the custodial parent is determined to end any association with the ex and with their family, and initiates action within the custodial parent’s home to alienate the child from the non-custodial parent, this is often the start of a long struggle. The non-custodial parent faces one setback after another trying to see his or her child. And one set of grandparents loses access to their grandchild, and often never sees that child again. That is grandparent (elder) abuse.
What happens to these children when they grow up?
Many say time heals all wounds; such is not the case with Parental Alienation (or indeed, with any form of child abuse). Perhaps, years later, the child begins to comprehend what has happened. The realization they were persuaded to believe what they were told by the alienator and wrongly rejected the lost parent and (worse) were a pliable accomplice and willing contributor can produce powerful feelings of guilt. (Goldwater, 1991)
Serious emotional problems may ensue. The reestablishment with the lost parent is a huge task, naturally. When the child becomes an adult and realizes that he/she has not only lost a parent, but also grandparents and even one side of their extended family, they are in shock. It is too late for the justice system to apologize or change what happened.
The Parental Alienation Awareness Organization is the creation of young victims of parental alienation growing up and facing what happened to them and trying to understand how they could have lost a parent and grandparents. By meeting with others who were also victims, they offer support for the pain they experienced and the unexplained loss of family. Recovering from the effects of the custodial parent’s actions is a long and painful process. | <urn:uuid:0e2cb4be-3c95-4dee-89ca-cf96d457c012> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://canadiangrandparentsrightsassociation.com/2017/05/20/viewpoint-parental-alienation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.955527 | 1,310 | 3.015625 | 3 |
It is known for its vast deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture, and its importance during the Mexican Revolution.
Zacatecas is one of the thirty-one states with Mexico City that make up Mexico. It was founded on 23 December 1588. It is divided into 58 municipalities, the capital of which is the most populous city of Zacatecas.
This city was important for colonization, as it was an important point on the route to the northern territories of New Spain. Its main economic activities include mining, agriculture, and tourism. It is known for its vast deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture, and its importance during the Mexican Revolution.
Among its most important cities are Jerez de García Salinas, Fresnillo de González Echeverría, Río Grande, Guadalupe, Sombrerete, Nochistlán and Calera.
It is located in the central-north part of the country, bordering Coahuila to the north, Nuevo León to the northeast, San Luis Potosí to the east, Guanajuato, Jalisco and Aguascalientes to the south, Nayarit to the southwest, and Durango to the west.
The state is located in the north of Mexico, specifically in the Central Plateau of Mexico, which includes the states of Zacatecas, Durango, Chihuahua and part of Coahuila; between Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre Occidental, there are some plateaus with a maximum altitude of 2,850 meters above sea level, such as Cerro La Aguililla, to the west and southwest.
The Sierra Madre Occidental is the main mountain range across the state. The highest elevation is the Sierra El Astillero at an altitude of 3,200 meters above sea level, followed by the Sierra de Sombrerete at 3,100 meters and the Sierra Fría at 3,030 meters.
Flora and Fauna:
The vegetation of Zacatecas is very diverse. Mixed pine and oak forests are found in the mountains; the trees remain green all year round. Arid and semi-desert regions are also home to a large number of plants, such as cacti. There are abundant mezquites, governors, huisaches, nopals, lechuguillas, guayules, and grasslands in the plains and valleys.
Mountain fauna includes white-tailed deer and hares; coyotes, badgers, quails, and ducks are often found in the plains and valleys. Other animals in the region include rattlesnake, chirrioneros, alicantre, kangaroo rat, field mouse, bobcat, bats, eagle, wild turkey, mole, gopher, dwarf macaw, and green macaw. Zacatecas is the state of the country where there are more specimens of the golden eagle, the national symbol of Mexico.
In Mexico, official commemorations such as the Anniversary of Mexico's Independence (September 16), Day of the Dead, the Anniversary of the Mexican Revolution, are celebrated. The representations of the Via Crucis and the crucifixion are held at Easter.
The festivals and fairs in the interior of the state are mainly to celebrate the patron saint.
You can see well-known dances in these festivities, such as Mexicapan, major crafts such as silverware, ceramics and pottery, quarry carving, textiles, saddlery and pita, and lechuguilla work. The famous "corrido" and choral music, as musical expressions.
The gastronomy of Zacatecas is wide and varied, it is a cuisine rich in flavors and aromas, based mainly on products such as meats, corn, chili, tomatoes, fruit and beans, birria, and basket tacos.
Wedding roast (Asado de bodas).
Gorditas stuffed with stews (Gorditas rellenas de guisados).
Gorditas with chili and butter (born during the Revolution).
Regarding desserts, the following stand out:
Jerez cocadas (Cocadas jerezanas).
Ates (sweet guava and quince paste).
Milk ham (Jamoncillos de leche).
Prickly pear honey (Miel de tuna).
Sweet potato sweets (Dulces de camote).
Capirotada (During Lent).
As one of Mexico's most important grape producers, the state developed an important wine culture from the 1970s onwards.
All the wines have been going through French and American oak barrels for 12 months. The winery has become the most prolific in the state and has won more than twelve awards for its wines.
The state wine-growing area includes the municipalities of Trancoso, Jerez, Fresnillo and Ojocaliente. Among the grapes produced there are varieties such as Chenin Blanc, Ugni Blanc, Traminer, Málaga, Ruby Cabernet, Petit Syrah, Merlot, and Tempranillo. | <urn:uuid:f196d9d3-0097-4e90-9b25-1ada0da40921> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.myguide-mexico.com/regionalinfo/zacatecas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585522.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022212051-20211023002051-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.928582 | 1,074 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Student numbers at the Meskwaki Settlement School rose 12 percent, topping 300 students for the 2011-12 school year, This is according to enrollment numbers provided by Superintendent Jerry Stephens.
At seven grade levels, from early childhood (age three) through 12th grade there were increases in student numbers. The biggest jump was for 9th grade with a total of 24 students counted this year compared to 12 in 2010-11.
Total Meskwaki High School enrollment for 2011-12 is 67 compared to a total of 52 in 2011-12. The high school opened in 2009.
In grades pre-kindergarten-8th grade there is a total enrollment of 228. In 2010-11 there were 212 pupils.
Follows Population Trend
Tama County has been the home of the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa - Meskwakis - since 1856 when members returned to Iowa and bought their own property to form their Settlement.
The Native American population in Tama County increased to 1,327 or 12 percent of the county's total population according to the 2010 U.S. Census. The Census listed 1,102 Native American residents in the county in 2000.
Those numbers put Tama County third in Iowa at 12 percent of the number of Native Americans living within its borders according to the State Library of Iowa Data Center.
The Data Center lists the Tama County town of Vining (population 50) with the highest percentage of Native American residents state-wide at 10 percent .
Toledo and Tama each have populations made up of 5.8 percent Native Americans.
Over one-half of the growth in Iowa's Native American population from 2000-2010 occurred in three counties: Polk, Tama, and Woodbury according to the Data Center.
State-wide, Woodbury County is home to 20 percent of Native Americans in Iowa, Polk County is next at 12.5 percent followed by Tama County at 12 percent. | <urn:uuid:cdbe9d9b-eca1-451f-bf2d-8996bf79901a> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://www.tamatoledonews.com/page/content.detail/id/511335/Meskwaki-Settlement-School-enrollment-up-12-percent-for-2011-12.html?nav=5043 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278389.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00072-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953372 | 401 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
An express contract is a legally binding agreement between two parties, where all the essential terms of the contract are explicitly stated, either orally or in writing. Under traditional principles of Anglo-American contract law, in order for a valid contract to be formed, there must be an offer by one of the parties, an acceptance of the offer by the other party, and consideration exchanged for their mutual promises. In order to determine if a binding, legally-enforceable contract has been formed, courts typically examine the nature of the communications between the parties and the context in which they were made during the formation phase.
In order for a communication to constitute an offer, it must convey, with sufficient certainty, the essential terms of the agreement. These terms usually include the contract price, the quantity of the goods delivered or a description of the specific services rendered, as well as the time for performance. A communication that fails to state a material term of the contract will not suffice as an offer for purposes of contract formation.
Under common law rules, an acceptance must be unequivocal. That is, it must conform exactly to the terms of the offer. A party who indicates his assent, but responds by seeking to add additional terms and conditions not stated in the original offer, has not accepted but has made a counter-offer. Since a counter-offer constitutes an indefinite, or ambiguous, acceptance of the terms of the original offer conveyed, no express contract is formed.
The legal requirement that an express contract must be supported by consideration requires that the parties exchange something of value, or suffer a detriment, for their promised performance under the agreement. The element of consideration is most frequently satisfied by the payment of money in exchange for goods delivered or services rendered to the other party. An agreement in which one party offers to paint another’s house in exchange for the payment of $1,000 US Dollars (USD) satisfies the requirement for consideration, because neither party was legally obligated previously to do the acts that the contract requires.
In order to avoid injustice, in certain circumstances, courts will imply the existence of a contract even though no express contract was formed. For example, a person may perform work for another, though there was no explicit agreement as to the price for the services. In this situation, many courts will find that there was an expectation on the part of the person performing the services that he would be paid. In these situations, the implied contract can allow the worker to recover the fair value for the services he has rendered.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:960482ed-8748-4895-b5c3-2bbad439e5bb> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-an-express-contract.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164938822/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134858-00079-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967573 | 568 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Spiritual healing is an ancient practice that has been used for centuries to promote physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. It is based on the belief that there is a connection between the mind, body, and spirit, and that by addressing imbalances in these areas, healing can occur. The art and science of spiritual healing encompass a wide range of techniques and approaches, each with its own unique benefits and applications. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the various aspects of spiritual healing, including its history, principles, methods, and potential benefits. Whether you are new to the concept of spiritual healing or seeking to deepen your understanding, this guide will provide valuable insights and practical information to help you on your healing journey.
The History of Spiritual Healing
The practice of spiritual healing dates back thousands of years and can be found in various cultures and traditions around the world. Ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Chinese recognized the power of spiritual healing and developed their own unique approaches to it. In Egypt, for example, priests and priestesses would perform rituals and ceremonies to invoke the healing powers of the gods. In Greece, spiritual healing was closely tied to the teachings of philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, who believed in the existence of a divine energy that could be harnessed for healing purposes. Similarly, in China, spiritual healing was an integral part of traditional Chinese medicine, which emphasized the balance of energy within the body.
Over time, spiritual healing has evolved and adapted to different cultural and religious contexts. In Christianity, for instance, spiritual healing is often associated with prayer and the laying on of hands. In Hinduism, spiritual healing is closely linked to the concept of chakras and the flow of energy through the body. Indigenous cultures around the world also have their own unique forms of spiritual healing, often involving rituals, ceremonies, and the use of sacred plants.
Today, spiritual healing continues to be practiced and embraced by people from all walks of life, regardless of their religious or cultural background. It has gained recognition as a complementary therapy in many healthcare settings and is increasingly being integrated into conventional medical practices.
The Principles of Spiritual Healing
At the core of spiritual healing are several key principles that guide its practice. These principles form the foundation upon which various techniques and approaches are built. Understanding these principles can provide valuable insights into the art and science of spiritual healing.
1. Holistic Approach
Spiritual healing takes a holistic approach to health and well-being, recognizing that the mind, body, and spirit are interconnected and influence one another. It acknowledges that imbalances or blockages in one area can manifest as physical or emotional symptoms in another. By addressing the root cause of these imbalances and restoring harmony within the individual, spiritual healing aims to promote overall well-being.
2. Energy Healing
One of the fundamental principles of spiritual healing is the belief in the existence of an energy field or life force that permeates all living beings. This energy, known by different names in various traditions (such as qi, prana, or spirit), is believed to flow through channels or pathways in the body. When this energy becomes blocked or disrupted, it can lead to illness or imbalance. Spiritual healing techniques aim to restore the flow of energy, remove blockages, and promote healing.
3. Intention and Belief
Intention and belief play a crucial role in spiritual healing. Practitioners believe that their intention to heal, combined with the belief in the power of spiritual forces or higher powers, can facilitate the healing process. By focusing their intention and directing their energy towards healing, practitioners aim to create a healing environment and channel healing energy to the recipient.
4. Connection to Higher Consciousness
Spiritual healing often involves establishing a connection to higher consciousness or divine energy. This connection can be achieved through prayer, meditation, or other spiritual practices. By aligning with this higher consciousness, practitioners believe they can access healing energies and guidance that can support the healing process.
5. Self-Healing and Empowerment
Spiritual healing emphasizes the individual’s role in their own healing journey. It recognizes that each person has the innate ability to heal themselves and that the role of the healer is to facilitate and support this process. Through spiritual practices, individuals can develop self-awareness, self-empowerment, and a deeper understanding of their own healing needs.
Methods and Techniques of Spiritual Healing
There are numerous methods and techniques used in spiritual healing, each with its own unique approach and benefits. While some techniques focus on the manipulation of energy fields, others emphasize the power of intention, prayer, or meditation. Here are some of the most commonly used methods and techniques in spiritual healing:
Reiki is a Japanese energy healing technique that involves the channeling of universal life force energy through the hands of the practitioner. The practitioner places their hands on or near the recipient’s body, allowing the energy to flow and promote healing. Reiki is often used to reduce stress, promote relaxation, and support overall well-being.
Crystal healing involves the use of crystals and gemstones to balance and harmonize the body’s energy field. Each crystal is believed to have its own unique properties and vibrations that can support healing and promote well-being. Practitioners may place crystals on or around the body, use them during meditation, or create crystal grids to enhance the flow of energy.
Shamanic healing is a spiritual practice that involves connecting with the spirit world and working with spiritual guides or allies to facilitate healing. Shamanic healers may use various techniques such as journeying, soul retrieval, or energy extraction to address imbalances and restore harmony. Shamanic healing often involves rituals, ceremonies, and the use of sacred plants.
4. Prayer and Meditation
Prayer and meditation are powerful spiritual practices that can support healing on multiple levels. Prayer involves communicating with a higher power or divine energy, expressing gratitude, and seeking guidance or intervention. Meditation, on the other hand, involves quieting the mind, focusing inward, and cultivating a state of deep relaxation and awareness. Both practices can promote emotional well-being, reduce stress, and enhance spiritual connection.
Sound healing utilizes the power of sound vibrations to promote healing and balance. It can involve the use of various instruments such as singing bowls, drums, or tuning forks, as well as vocal toning or chanting. The vibrations produced by these sounds are believed to resonate with the body’s energy field, helping to release blockages and restore harmony.
The Benefits of Spiritual Healing
Spiritual healing offers a wide range of potential benefits for individuals seeking to improve their physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. While the specific benefits may vary depending on the individual and the techniques used, here are some common benefits associated with spiritual healing:
- Reduction of stress and anxiety
- Promotion of relaxation and improved sleep
- Enhancement of emotional well-being and mood
- Support for the body’s natural healing processes
- Release of energetic blockages and imbalances
- Increased self-awareness and personal growth
- Deepening of spiritual connection and understanding
- Improved overall sense of well-being and vitality
It is important to note that spiritual healing is not a substitute for medical or psychological treatment. It is meant to complement and support conventional healthcare approaches, providing an additional layer of healing and support.
The art and science of spiritual healing encompass a rich and diverse range of practices, beliefs, and techniques. From ancient civilizations to modern-day approaches, spiritual healing has stood the test of time and continues to offer valuable insights and benefits for those seeking healing and well-being. By embracing a holistic approach, understanding the principles, exploring different methods, and recognizing the potential benefits, individuals can embark on a transformative healing journey that integrates the mind, body, and spirit. Whether you are new to spiritual healing or have been on this path for some time, may this guide serve as a source of inspiration, knowledge, and empowerment on your healing journey. | <urn:uuid:9e800fc9-09b2-4ca6-9a35-653206c752e2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thoughtflipper.com/the-art-and-science-of-spiritual-healing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100762.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208144732-20231208174732-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.940705 | 1,633 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Scientists Warn of Global Dangers
“Humanity is on a collision course with Nature.
A damaged Nature will survive. We may not.
We must change course to avert an ecological disaster.”
“Humanity is on a collision course with Nature.
A damaged Nature will survive. We may not.
We must change course to avert an ecological disaster.”
GR–Ode to concerned scientists: They see the danger, they blow the horns and clang the bells, and they wait. But the ramparts remain empty. They turn to their family and friends, but dreamlike their voices are too soft and none respond.
“Fifteen thousand scientists have issued a dire warning to humanity about impending collapse but virtually no-one takes notice. Ultimately, our global systems, which are designed for perpetual growth, need to be fundamentally restructured to avoid the worst-case outcome.
“For a moment, the most important news in the entire world flashed across the media like a shooting star in the night sky. Then it was gone. In November, over fifteen thousand scientists from 184 countries issued a dire warning to humanity. Because of our overconsumption of the world’s resources, they declared, we are facing “widespread misery and catastrophic biodiversity loss.” They warned that time is running out: “Soon it will be too late to shift course away from our failing trajectory.”
“This is not the first such notice. Twenty-five years ago, in 1992, 1,700 scientists (including the majority of living Nobel laureates) sent a similarly worded warning to governmental leaders around the world. In ringing tones, they called for a recognition of the earth’s fragility and a new ethic arising from the realization that “we all have but one lifeboat.”
“This second warning contains a series of charts showing how utterly the world’s leaders ignored what they were told twenty-five years earlier. Whether it’s CO2 emissions, temperature change, ocean dead zones, freshwater resources, vertebrate species, or total forest cover, the grim charts virtually all point in the same dismal direction, indicating continued momentum toward doomsday. The chart for marine catch shows something even scarier: in 1996, the catch peaked at 130 million tonnes and in spite of massively increased industrial fishing, it’s been declining ever since—a harbinger of the kind of overshoot that unsustainable exploitation threatens across the board.” –Jeremy Lent (What Will It Really Take to Avoid Collapse?).
In recent posts, I described the warnings of impending disaster. I didn’t expect to have an impact, and I wasn’t wrong. As Jeremy Lint points out in the article above, the media avoidance of unappetizing topics is too complete. And of course, our leaders in power avoid the subject in their subservience to wealth. My first hint that good advice for avoiding collapse would be futile was the minimal response to my discovery of the simple and inexpensive means for everyone to switch their homes from fossil fuel energy to renewable energy. Like Pangloss, I’ve remained hopeful. But I read that book, and now I’ve turned to a more practical concern; the post-anthropocene survivors, the weeds, have absorbed my attention. Today’s weed is Shepherdspurse, a foreign but familiar little mustard that feeds butterflies and yields medicines for us humans.
GR: Climate scientist Paul Beckwith is a reliable source for climate-change information. I’ve included the text of Dr. Beckwith’s introduction to his latest video. There’s not much I want to add. I will say that I watched the video twice and did some fact checking and have to say that unfortunately, Beckwith’s report is accurate. I don’t know how many times we have to discover that things are worse than we thought, but here we are again. [My transcription is a lightly edited version of Beckwith’s introduction.]
Paul Beckwith– “If you think that 25+ years of global climate change policy meetings (IPCCs & COPs), and today’s much discussed growth in clean energy and efficiency are reducing global fossil fuel usage and thus greenhouse gas emissions then you are mistaken. The truth, illustrated by cold hard data, is brutal in its stark revelation of the lack of effort to prevent the coming traumatic events. You need to see the facts for yourself. Fossil fuel growth is backed by enormous government subsidies. Emissions are climbing like there is no tomorrow. No safe tomorrow, not for your grandkids, not for your kids, and not for you.”
GR: Renters and homeowners, here’s an opportunity to switch all your electrical energy to renewable sources. The offer below is from Arcadia Power. There are many other companies offering the same service, but sometimes we have to appreciate the companies that are trying harder and simplifying the process . Before you sign up, you can learn how it all works here.
“With a simple 2 minute sign up, you can start directing your monthly energy bill to 100% renewable sources. All without having to touch a thing on your property.
Available to renters and homeowners in all 50 states
“Arcadia Power isn’t just for homeowners, over half of our customers are renters. Since we’re available in all 50 states, you can seamlessly continue your clean energy service, even if you move.
Track your energy usage and find savings
“Monitor your energy usage on our dashboard and choose from a variety of our energy and money-saving programs: community solar, home efficiency products, low price bill alerts and more.
Earn points and put your power bill on worry-free mode
“Want to earn points paying your power bill? Arcadia’s let you use credit and debit cards as well as offering traditional direct debit. Never worry about paying your bill on time again with our On-time Payment Guarantee.
How It Works
“We built software across 450+ utility companies to bring clean energy choices directly to you online. All you have to do is sign up with your local utility account. No equipment, no contracts, no risk.
GR: Prices are falling and production is accelerating. Interesting comments.
“In an interview with Leonardo DiCaprio during late 2016, Elon Musk famously claimed that it would take just 100 Gigafactories to produce enough clean energy to meet the needs of the entire world. As of mid 2017, in the face of an ever-worsening global climate, the equivalent of 7 such plants were already under construction while plans for many more were taking shape on the drawing boards of various clean energy corporations across the globe.
(Elon Musk shares climate change concerns, expresses urgency for rapid transition to clean energy in interview with Leonardo DiCaprio during late 2016.)
“Tesla’s own landmark gigafactory began construction during late 2014. Upon completion, it will produce the Model 3 electric vehicle along with hoards of electric motors and around 35 gigawatt hours worth of lithium battery storage every single year (a planned output that Tesla said it could potentially triple or more to 100-150 gigawatt hours). During May, Tesla stated that it would set plans for four new gigafactories after Model 3 production began in earnest late this summer. And this week, Elon Musk announced an ultimate ambition to construct between 10 and 20 gigafactories in all. For reference, so many gigafactories could ultimately support vehicle production in the range of 12 to 24 million annually.” –Robert Scribbler (Old Energy Left Behind — Equivalent of 7 Gigafactories Already Under Construction; Tesla Plans 10-20 More | robertscribbler).
GR: Though I’ve often criticized local governments for their excessive support for development, American cities and counties are proving that in some instances, local action can be better for citizens and nature conservation than state or federal action.
“Santa Barbara, California became the 30th city in the country to commit to transitioning to 100 percent renewable energy. The Santa Barbara City Council approved a measure Tuesday that establishes a community-wide goal of transitioning to 100 percent renewable energy by 2030.
“The resolution also commits the city to transition all municipal buildings and operations to 50 percent clean energy by 2020. Santa Barbara represents the first city on California’s Central Coast to make this commitment.
“President Trump may be withdrawing the U.S. from the Paris climate accord, but cities are stepping up and re-committing to adopt, honor and uphold the Paris climate goals,” Santa Barbara Mayor Helene Schneider said. “I’m proud that Santa Barbara just adopted a 100% renewable energy goal and is joining other cities across the nation leading the way on clean energy at the local level.”
“In April, Mayor Schneider became one of the first mayors in the U.S. to join the new Mayors for 100% Clean Energy initiative and endorse a vision of powering her community with 100 percent renewable energy. The passage of the measure reinforces how mayoral leadership in cities across the U.S. is accelerating the transition away from fossil fuels to 100 percent clean energy. Mayor Schneider is joined in Mayors for 100% Clean Energy by Central Coast mayors Fred Shaw of Carpinteria, John F. Johnston of Ojai and Heidi Harmon of San Luis Obispo.” –Sierra Club (Santa Barbara Joins Clean Energy Revolution, Commits to 100% Renewables.)
GR: Here’s some good news. In a surprising development, India has begun moving from coal to solar energy. The country’s air-pollution problems are part of the reason. The rapid decline in the price of solar power is also a factor.
The next bit of good news I would like to see is a decline in India’s population. In the words of Indian conservationist Dr. K. Ullas Karanth, “India is renowned as the land of the tiger and the elephant; many of our gods are depicted riding peacocks or tigers. But sadly, the equation that existed between people and wildlife centuries ago has vanished, and our protected areas, which comprise a mere 4 percent of India’s landscape, are now mere islands amidst a sea of people, with tremendous demands and pressures being put upon them.”
MUMBAI, India — “Just a few years ago, the world watched nervously as India went on a building spree of coal-fired power plants, more than doubling its capacity and claiming that more were needed. Coal output, officials said, would almost triple, to 1.5 billion tons, by 2020.
“India’s plans were cited by American critics of the Paris climate accord as proof of the futility of advanced nations trying to limit their carbon output. But now, even as President Trump pulls the United States out of the pact, India has undergone an astonishing turnaround, driven in great part by a steep fall in the cost of solar power.
“Experts now say that India not only has no need of any new coal-fired plants for at least a decade, given that existing plants are running below 60 percent of capacity, but that after that it could rely on renewable sources for all its additional power needs.
“Rather than building coal-fired plants, it is now canceling many in the early planning stages. And last month, the government lowered its annual production target for coal to 600 million tons from 660 million.
“The sharp reversal, welcome news to world leaders trying to avert the potentially deadly effects of global warming, is a reflection both of the changing economics of renewable energy and a growing environmental consciousness in a country with some of the worst air pollution in the world.
“What India does matters, because it is the world’s third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases, behind China and the United States. And its energy needs are staggering — nearly one-quarter of its population has no electricity and many others get it only intermittently.
“With India’s power needs expected to grow substantially as its economy continues to expand, its energy use will heavily influence the world’s chances of containing the greenhouse gases that scientists believe are driving global warming.
“Much attention at the time of the signing of the Paris agreement was focused on the role President Barack Obama played in pushing India’s prime minister, Narendra Modi, to sign. In doing so, Mr. Modi committed India to achieving 40 percent of its electricity capacity from nonfossil-fuel sources by 2030.” –Geeta Anand (Continue reading.)
GR: The smoke from burning coal, oil, diesel, and gasoline causes many health problems and deaths worldwide. According to the New York Times, the problem is so bad in India, that the country is going to make electric vehicles mandatory by 2030. The country is also switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. The article doesn’t mention the great loss of wildlife that is also occurring because of human burning of fossil fuels. The danger to humans and every other species from declining biodiversity and ecosystem disruption is immense. Follow this link to get an idea of the broader context for the problem with air pollution and health.
“NEW DELHI — India’s rapidly worsening air pollution is causing about 1.1 million people to die prematurely each year and is now surpassing China’s as the deadliest in the world, a new study of global air pollution shows.
“The number of premature deaths in China caused by dangerous air particles, known as PM2.5, has stabilized globally in recent years but has risen sharply in India, according to the report, issued jointly on Tuesday by the Health Effects Institute, a Boston research institute focused on the health impacts of air pollution, and the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, a population health research center in Seattle.
“India has registered an alarming increase of nearly 50 percent in premature deaths from particulate matter between 1990 and 2015, the report says.
“You can almost think of this as the perfect storm for India,” said Michael Brauer, a professor of environment and health relationships at the University of British Columbia and an author of the study, in a telephone interview. He cited the confluence of rapid industrialization, population growth and an aging populace in India that is more susceptible to air pollution.
“Pollution levels are worsening in India as it tries to industrialize, but “the idea that policy making should be led by government is lacking,” Bhargav Krishna, manager for environmental health at the Public Health Foundation of India, a health policy research center in New Delhi, said in an interview.
“As air pollution worsened in parts of the world, including South Asia, it improved in the United States and Europe, the report said, crediting policies to curb emissions, among other things. The report’s website that provides country-by-country data on pollution levels and the health and mortality effects.
“Environmental regulations in the United States and actions by the European Commission have led to substantial progress in reducing fine particulate pollution since 1990, the report said. The United States has experienced a reduction of about 27 percent in the average annual exposure to fine particulate matter, with smaller declines in Europe. Yet, some 88,000 Americans and 258,000 Europeans still face increased risks of premature death because of particulate levels today, the report said.
“A fraction of the width of a human hair, these particles can be released from vehicles, particularly those with diesel engines, and by industry, as well as from natural sources like dust. They enter the bloodstream through the lungs, worsening cardiac disease and increasing the risk of stroke and heart failure, in addition to causing severe respiratory problems, like asthma and pneumonia.” –Geeta Anand, New York Times (Continue reading.)
GR: What can we do to reverse global warming? Lots. The list of proposals contained in this work is by far the most comprehensive I’ve seen (Project Drawdown). Recommended. The rest of this blog post is an interview of the project’s leader.
“In this interview, environmentalist, entrepreneur, and author Paul Hawken discusses Project Drawdown, “the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reverse global warming.” Hawken, who leads the project and edited the just-published book Drawdown, explains why his team felt it necessary to create a master list of the most substantive current solutions to global warming, and how they went about their extensive research. Surprisingly, many of the top solutions they identified and modeled do not involve energy systems, but instead focus on changes in food, land use, and other categories. Hawken speaks about global warming in positive terms, describing it as useful “feedback” that enables humans to take responsibility for what they have done – and to devote themselves to fixing the problem rather than to laying blame.
“If you had asked the thousands of experts at the Paris climate talks to make a list of the top five or 10 solutions to global warming, in any order, I don’t think anybody could have done it. We don’t know. And isn’t that odd? A sixth grader can tell you the five biggest states, but we can’t name the five biggest solutions to the biggest problem humanity has ever faced?” –Paul Hawken.
“They call it “the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reverse global warming.” It’s a set of 80 solutions that already exist, and 20 “Coming Attractions” that are still emerging. The solutions include the obvious, such as wind and solar power, but the plan doesn’t focus exclusively on renewable energy or even on energy sources in general. The solutions also involve food, buildings and cities, land use, transport, materials, and initiatives aimed specifically at women and girls. Two of the solutions – family planning and educating girls – would be at the top of the list if combined.” –Dawn Stover (Continue: Paul Hawken: “Game on” for global warming: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol 73, No 3.)
GR: The U. S. has begun adopting renewable energy. For instance, the number of us solar jobs (not even counting wind) surpassed coal, oil, and gas jobs officially in late 2015 (https://www.bloomberg.com). This story shows some of the powerful support behind the 100 by ’50 Act (100% by 2050). It also includes links to background information as well as the bill and the bill summary.
People in my community are switching to rooftop solar power. The switch stabilizes their costs and gives them independence from power failures of all kinds. Those that live in shaded homes like mine or in multi-family apartments are switching using the Green-e Program.
Look at the list of seven core components of the transition plan and see if you agree that it is sensible. The story from KTVZ.com reporting from Senator Merkley’s home state lists the component near the end:
“Senators Jeff Merkley (D-OR) and Bernie Sanders (I-VT), along with Senators Edward J. Markey (D-MA) and Cory Booker (D-NJ), introduced landmark climate legislation Thursday that would transition the United States to 100 percent clean and renewable energy by no later than 2050.
“The “100 by ’50 Act” lays out a roadmap for a transition to 100% clean and renewable energy by 2050. It is the first bill introduced in Congress that will fully envision a transition off of fossil fuels for the United States.
“America is home to innovative entrepreneurs and scientists who have tackled many challenges in our nation’s history — from harnessing electricity, to putting a man on the moon, to curing disease,” said Merkley. “The power to end the use of fossil fuels and completely transition to clean and renewable energy is within our hands, but just as with the moon landing, we need a roadmap, a goal, and a passionate, shared national commitment to get us there.
“If an asteroid were hurtling its way through space towards our planet, we would do everything in our power to stop that asteroid. Our commitment to fighting climate change should be no less. Starting at a local, grassroots level and working toward the bold and comprehensive national vision laid out in this legislation, now is the time to commit to 100% by 2050.”
“The good news is that despite President Trump, we are winning this battle,” said Sanders. “In Vermont and all over this country, we are seeing communities moving toward energy efficiency and we are seeing the price of renewable energy plummet. Our job is to think big, not small. We can win the war against climate change. We can win the war in transforming our energy system and put millions of people to work doing that. We can create a planet that will be healthy and habitable for our children. There is no issue more important.”
“It is no longer a question of if we can power our country with 100 percent renewable energy, it is a question of when,” said Markey. “We know that we have 100 percent of the clean energy resource potential in the United States. And we have 100 percent of the technological capability to achieve this goal. As President Trump launches attacks on investments in climate science and energy innovation, now, more than ever, we need to stand up and fight for our clean energy future. I thank Senators Merkley and Sanders for their help leading this historic clean energy revolution.” –KTVZ.com (Continue reading: Merkley, Sanders goal: U.S. on all renewables by 2050 – KTVZ | <urn:uuid:9553ed42-a044-4c92-ade3-e4063ed024f8> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://garryrogers.com/category/renewable-energy-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487634616.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618013013-20210618043013-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.945019 | 4,559 | 2.625 | 3 |
- Web sites
Mamberamo River, also called Tarikaikea, river in northwestern New Guinea, in the Indonesian province of Papua. Formed by the confluence of the Taritatu (Idenburg) and Tariku (Rouffaer) rivers, which converge in a large wild sago swamp, it flows generally northwest and empties into the Pacific Ocean near Cape Narwaku (D’Urville). After flowing placidly for the first 20 miles (32 km), the river cuts through the Van Rees Mountains in a series of rapids and gorges. Including its headstream, the Taritatu, the Mamberamo is about 500 miles (800 km) long and forms the largest drainage system of Indonesian New Guinea. It is navigable for 100 miles (160 km) from its mouth, but the only settlements consist of small villages.
What made you want to look up Mamberamo River? | <urn:uuid:f290c866-bd3c-4831-9840-5e4fdfc01785> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360762/Mamberamo-River | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443598.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00009-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916411 | 194 | 3.28125 | 3 |
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 the federal government, still sitting in Melbourne, introduced the War Precautions Act, under which censorship controls were implemented. The organisation and the scope of the various national organisations charged with censorship controls, and forms of civilian surveillance, were modelled on British precedents. The Censor's Office was administered through the Australian Army, with the chief censor located in London and the deputy censor (in charge of Australian operations) in Melbourne. A national Counter Espionage Bureau (later the Special Intelligence Bureau) was formed in 1916, with its staff of three based at federal Government House in Melbourne. It was closely connected with British Intelligence: the 'Australian branch of MI5'. The Commonwealth Police Force was established by regulation under the War Precautions Act in 1917 and had a branch in Melbourne. By 1917 the Australian Navy had its own political surveillance branch.
While the strategic rationale for censorship was to prevent military information falling into enemy hands, as war progressed surveillance was increasingly directed towards monitoring the views of those opposed to the war or to the policies of the government. Military Intelligence worked with the State police force to investigate suspicious behaviour among civilians, including 'aliens' of enemy origin. Prime Minister W.M. Hughes was to draw upon the new intelligence resources to stifle open criticism of those opposed to the two unsuccessful referenda on military conscription held in 1916 and 1917. For example, the Melbourne office of the left-wing Labor Call newspaper was raided after it had printed anti-conscription articles. The suppression of radical political activism was directed at the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), which by 1917 became the first political organisation to be legally prohibited in Australia. The IWW's Melbourne clubrooms in Russell Street were raided and its members watched. Surveillance was also extended to the activities of Melbourne's Catholic Archbishop Daniel Mannix, after he spoke publicly against the introduction of conscription and in support of Irish nationalism, as well as to any agitation by returned servicemen that was deemed to be politically 'dangerous'. The Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, which was to lead to the formation of the Communist Party of Australia, provided the government with a new impetus for its political censorship and surveillance.
The main activity of the censorship authorities involved the steaming open and reading of letters, including those sent from the military front, and local mail exchanged between civilians. Any information that was seen to be compromising - for instance, details of military locations - was deleted. Postal censorship also provided the intelligence organisations with a list of persons who were to be actively monitored.
Media censorship was extended to press coverage of both domestic and international events, and in terms of military developments was closely aligned to propaganda campaigns that actively promoted the Allied forces. Propagandist material such as cartoons, photographs and appropriate articles for the newspapers was disseminated to Australia from London. Overseas news was limited to two cable services that originated in Britain, and Melbourne's daily newspapers, particularly the Argus, were conscious of their imperial mission. News emphasised Allied victories but also promoted stereotypes of the enemy 'Hun', and published exaggerated or untrue stories of German atrocities. Australians were presented with Allied propaganda throughout the war, from the 'Brave Little Belgium' campaign of 1914-15 to the call for the German Kaiser to be hanged in 1918.
Such overt Allied propaganda undoubtedly contributed to anti-German sentiment. In December 1914 the Melbourne academic Archibald Strong described Germans as a 'race of devils'. Australian propaganda films were produced, including If the Hun came to Melbourne and The enemy within, and popular fiction also exploited feelings of alarm. In mid-January 1916 civilians and returned soldiers were involved in attacks on German-owned businesses. As the war progressed, however, there was increasing disquiet with the crudity of much Allied propaganda, and a greater emphasis was placed on the specific sacrifices of the Australian people in recruitment and fundraising campaigns. In press coverage, national interests were also paramount: while English newspapers, for example, admitted that the Gallipoli campaign was a military disaster, the Australian press concentrated on the heroism of the Australian Imperial Forces. Some of the most striking examples of wartime propaganda were produced by both sides in the conscription debate.
In World War II censorship and propaganda were coordinated through the federal Department of Information (DOI), established in September 1939. Under National Security Regulations the DOI controlled newspaper and radio reports about military events, and monitored war correspondents. For the first time, the radio, present in 80% of households, was a key source of war news. Coverage of Allied military activities was as favourable as possible; for instance, when Darwin was bombed by the Japanese on 19 February 1942, the official report the next day referred to 15 fatalities, although the real number exceeded 240. Censorship of the press extended to events on the homefront that might be seen to tarnish Australia's war effort, including industrial disputes. The press announcement of the arrival of US forces in Melbourne in early 1942 was delayed, and any friction between the Americans and Australians was downplayed. Censorship was justified on the grounds of defence security and the maintenance of civilian morale, but it was also used to political effect by both the Menzies and Curtin governments. The extent of government censorship led to confrontations with newspaper proprietors, who also resisted government attempts to merge Melbourne's three morning newspapers, the Age, the Argus and the Sun, for the duration. Wartime reductions in newspaper production (to 60% of prewar size) also affected the circulation of news.
Letters assumed a particular importance in wartime, and the DOI instructed civilians to write 'cheerfully' to those at the front. Government censors scrutinised mail, especially private letters and telegrams exchanged between those in the military and their family and friends 'at home'; information deemed sensitive was blocked out. Some couples developed codes so that they could convey more intimate news. Communications between military forces and civilians were also conveyed via special radio programs, and the Red Cross was especially important in helping families maintain contact with those who had been taken prisoner-of-war.
The DOI also produced film, radio and print materials to promote Australia's war effort, and provide information about measures such as rationing or civil defence. More overt propaganda was produced, including a notorious series of anti-Japanese advertisements in the first half of 1942 that were withdrawn after general criticism. There were publicity campaigns to caution against idle gossip, lure women into war work, and encourage the purchase of war bonds. The military forces also produced their own publicity for recruitment purposes. Other material was aimed at servicemen on leave in Melbourne: for example, the Australian Army produced posters that warned against sexually transmitted diseases, and placed these in public toilets throughout the city.
Political surveillance during World War II was conducted through the Melbourne office of the Investigative Branch of the Federal Attorney-General's Department, established in 1919. It monitored the wartime ban on the Communist Party of Australia (from June 1940 until December 1942). A Security Service, located within the Federal Attorney-General's Department, was formed in February 1941 to monitor the actions of Australian civilians and enemy aliens during the war. By 1949 the new and more comprehensive Australian Security Intelligence Organization (ASIO), was established in Melbourne.
Anti-communist sentiment in the Cold War period heightened government censorship of left-wing views. This political censorship peaked with the unsuccessful attempt of the Menzies Government to dissolve the Communist Party of Australia. The 'D-Notice', a press self-censorship system where editors were not to publish on prohibited subjects, was introduced and operated throughout the Vietnam War. The early media coverage of the war was woefully inadequate. Melbourne's Age and Herald were the only newspapers to have full-time correspondents in South-East Asia, based in Singapore. Much of the printed and televised formation about war in Vietnam came via syndicated American sources, so that Australians tended to view the war from an American perspective. Bruce Grant at the Age was one of the few journalists who criticised Australian government policies. | <urn:uuid:5141d055-9371-45a4-a85e-48cd8390a96e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01578b.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400197946.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920094130-20200920124130-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.978453 | 1,631 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Mr MIDDLETON says: Little and often is the golden rule with fertilizers; a little less rather than a little more.
MAY- 2nd WEEK
1. Plant out celery and celeriac.- Celery is normally planted out in trenches in single or double rows….celery being a bog plant requires an abundance of water. Dust with old soot often, to keep the celery fly away. Celeriac, which is grown for its turnip-like root, requires a rich soil and much feeding to get really good roots.
2. Thin out seedlings.- Many rows of seedlings will need thinning out from time to time. This can be done at one stage, though normal practice is to do it twice. The first time the rows are reduced and specimens left about twice as thick as is necessary. This leaves plenty to cover failures. The alternate plants are removed at the final thinning. With carrots the disturbance of the row loosens the soil and permits the carrot fly to lay its eggs near the roots of the plants, and the pungent smell attracts the pest. Immediately after thinning, the rows should be watered and naphthalene hoed in along each side of the rows.
3. Onions and Their Enemies.-
4. Plant Cucumbers.-
5.- Sow Swedes and Turnips.-
6.- Sow and Plant.- Sow maincrop beet and haricot beans. Plant out late cauilflowers and New Zealand spinach. Apply mulches to any fuit trees that need it. Protect beans outside if weather is unseasonable.
I have only just transplanted my celeriac so it is too early for me to plant outside just yet. I bought some celery plants from a new shop just opened in town selling only local produce. I’m all in favour of supporting anything like that. The plants have been slow to pick up but are putting on new growth now.
We had a drop of rain last week but with these winds the soil has soon dried out again and l am having to continue to water. Carrots are up but very slow in putting any growth on. Unlike my spuds under cover that are truly romping away.
Spuds under cover
A little pearl
A couple more weeks and we should be eating our first plate of new potatoes, with a big dollop of butter, of course!
Salad & Herbs
The salad plants are the cut and come again variety so there is no need to thin them. Of course, if you did, then the plant can also be used in a salad. I LOVE coriander leaf, especially in curries, so l tend to grow a lot of this!
Bean poles with willow
I have weaved some willow into the bean poles so that the sweet peas have something more to cling onto in their fight to get going. Even these small plants are sending out flowers already.
Me & Bertha
On a sadder note, l am afraid l have lost dear Bertha, probably to the fox. Every day l let them out into the field and it is lovely to see them scratching about, having a dust bath, chasing off other birds but on Friday night Bertha never returned. She was a heavy girl and, as far as l know, never laid an egg in her life. She was a pet and a cuddly one at that! I will miss her. | <urn:uuid:d5c700ec-def4-4dd4-8fc1-58e3b15ddc54> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://wartimegardening.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999000.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619143832-20190619165832-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.958927 | 716 | 2.75 | 3 |
Improving Our Advisees' Cultural Capital
Kathy J. McCleaf, Mary Baldwin College
Students in our institutions today arrive on campus with an assortment of baggage, some literal and some figurative. Academic cultural capital helps students more quickly glean an understanding of the academic society they are about to participate in and the new expectations of them. Acquired understandings to be successful in college are not equally accessible to every student walking into an advisor’s office.
Cultural capital can be defined as previously acquired knowledge necessary to successfully navigate in a particular environment. In an academic environment, this means developing recognition of implicit and explicit expectations, both inside and outside the classroom.
Collier and Morgan (2008) express a sense of frustration and
miscommunication between faculty expectations and student expectations.
When applying Collier and Morgan’s academic success model, they build
on several theories derived from role theory and cultural capital
theory, making all the more clear the importance of our student /
advisor / faculty interactions. To assist students who have less
cultural capital means to add more tools to their personal arsenal for
attaining greater academic skill. Collier and
Morgan’s model suggests that “mastering both the explicit and implicit
aspects of the college student role” (p. 248) increases the likelihood
that students will succeed during their undergraduate years.
The role of an advisor should include bolstering the cultural capital
of each advisee. Most advisors are aware of the inequities in student
preparation through early personal interactions, review of admission
files, or initial progress reports by faculty members. Cultural capital
can be understood by examining the difference between actual capacity and the demonstrated capacity that a student has when performing academically (Collier & Morgan,
2008). Helping students move toward actual capacity includes designing
and implementing a plan for intellectual development.
Incorporating a plan for student intellectual development must take into account the college environment. Initial insights can be gleaned when advisors consider the complexity of college life. Assisting students with achieving integration through both social engagement and academic engagement as suggested by Pike and Kuh’s (2005) research can be an important first step. Social and academic
opportunities together help to enhance the application of what students
are learning in the classroom. Integration may hold the key to peer
intellectual engagement and social development. Advisors can encourage
social engagement as well as academic engagement by providing students
with resources and connections to campus activities that complement
their academics. Some of the implicit cultural capital that may be
missing can be further developed when peer relations with stronger
students are developed outside the classroom.
Integration can be seen when students take the concepts they are
learning in classes and apply them in campus social environments. One
example of integration would be watching students generate a campus-wide
social justice effort initially fostered through an academic class.
Another example would involve students actively pursuing service
learning opportunities after the requirements of an academic course are
completed. Opportunities encouraged during advising sessions can help
students with unequal cultural capital find common ground.
Key to understanding cultural capital differences is recognizing the
tremendous amount of knowledge that is implicit as students
successfully navigate a college campus, both inside and outside of the
classroom (Collier & Morgan, 2008). Students without the benefit of
family and friends who have previously traversed the first exam period
or first long paper do not understand the demands and requirements for
study, persistence, and staying power necessary for completing a
Advisors can become instrumental in helping bridge the knowledge gap by
not letting unfamiliar language, faculty expectations, or systemic
processes, often assumed to be understood, get in the way of an
advisee’s academic success. When meeting with advisees, ask them
questions about their course syllabi, including whether they understand
the significance of the documents themselves. Doing so creates a
bridge between the students and their faculty that will help advisees
to understand faculty expectations. Point out that a syllabus will be
received from each professor. Spend time explaining the purpose of a
syllabus. This helps students affirm an understanding of the initial contract with the professor about their learning obligations.
Continue the dialogue with advisees by asking what ancillary documents
were provided by their professors, such as reading lists, honor code,
and disability service expectations. Do they understand how their
faculty members will provide them feedback on the work that they submit?
Remind students to be certain they understand how to submit their
work, electronically or in paper form and by when. Review with students
each professor’s office hours and late penalties.
Be sure students can access course materials. Can they readily access
the computer labs, the electronic software and online learning systems?
Even if a course that they are scheduled for is not identified as an
online class, many professors expect students to access quizzes and
course materials online. Make certain that campus resources are easily
located with a clearly identified campus map.
Identify the roles of offices, such as the Registrar’s Office or the
Office of Technology or the differences between the Academic Dean’s
Office and the Student Affairs Dean’s Office. Be sure advisees know how
to use the library and access its resources, including how to use
professors’ reserve shelves in the library. Help students discover what
choices in vendors are available for purchasing course materials to
help with budgeting available educational dollars.
Help advisees to realize the advisor’s role as a partner in their
learning. When a dialogue includes an exchange of questions, richness
is added to the information that can help students to become
academically successful and increase their academic cultural capital. Be
open to all questions, most importantly the questions that may be most
taken for granted. Build advisees’ cultural capital. Take implicit
understandings and make them explicit. Adding to an advisee’s academic
cultural capital will increase the likelihood of a great start on the
Kathy J. McCleaf
School of Social Science, Business and Global Studies
Mary Baldwin College
Collier, P., & Morgan, D. (2008). 'Is that paper really due
today?”: Differences in first generation and traditional college
students' understandings of faculty expectations. Higher Education 55(4), 425-446.
Pike, G. R., & Kuh, G. D. (2005). First- and second-generation
college students: A comparison of their engagement and intellectual
Journal of Higher Education, 76(3), 276-300.
From the President: Checkpoints, Milestones, and Markers
Jennifer Joslin, NACADA President
March is the midway point of my year as President of NACADA and as with
all checkpoints it's a good time to take stock of projects, tasks, and
the inevitable to-do lists that are part of any meaningful endeavor.
This edition of AAT will provide plenty of evidence that talented
NACADA colleagues have worked tirelessly to bring innovative projects
to fruition, and there are exciting initiatives underway that will have
a long-term effect on NACADA’s future. In April, the Board of Directors and
Council will meet in Nashville to hear updates from committees and task
forces and will also learn about the 2011-2012 initiatives brought
forward by the Commission and Interest Group, Region, and
But professional development isn’t just for committees. U.S. advisors
are in the home stretch of their academic year. This marker provides a
good personal reflection point. How would individual advisors and
administrators answer questions about the year-to-date? What projects
are coming to fruition? Are advisors meeting short and long-term goals
that will ensure a terrific personal and professional year? Are faculty
on-track with writing and publishing that will further promotion /
tenure goals? Have advising administrators effectively balanced
emergent (and emergency!) issues and long-term project planning?
Fortunately, the barometer of a successful year does not revolve around work alone. I frequently turn to the Internet to tackle project management issues (see http://delicious.com/stacks/view/T4QJ3K) and there is a trend emerging from the “get things done” movement. I am referring to the “live better” or “voluntary simplicity” trend that is growing in popularity. “Zen Habits” (zenhabits.net) is probably the most well known site representing this movement. Wonderfully, this trend is mirrored in NACADA as well. For many years, advisors have focused on wellness issues. Most recently, Washington State University’s Lisa Laughter’s presentation, Journey to Wellness, was “Best of Region 8” in 2011, and Cecilia Olivares (Heartland Community College) and Sandy Waters (Old Dominion University) have organized extremely popular presentations at the last two annual conferences focusing on “work-life balance.”
Whether the focus is professional and/or personal growth, the midpoint
of the year is a time to reflect, plan, and rejuvenate. And for those
who are ready to end this year and begin anew, our colleagues in
Australia and in other regions of the Southern hemisphere have finished
their summer break and are about to begin a new academic year…!!
Jennifer Joslin, President
NACADA: The Global Community for Academic Advising
Director, Office of Academic Advising, University of Oregon
From the Executive Director: NACADA's Focus on the Future of the Profession and the Association
Nutt, NACADA Executive Director
At the start of each calendar year, it is always gratifying to look back at the past year and see all that NACADA has accomplished in not only one short year but also in its rich and exciting history! But it is even more exciting to look forward as the NACADA Board of Directors, Executive Office staff, and all NACADA leaders are focusing on the future of NACADA and its place in higher education.
First, the NACADA Board continues its exciting work as we look at the role of NACADA in the Global Community. In just the past year, NACADA leaders have or will have visited Hong Kong, Australia, Netherlands, Abu Dhabi in the UAE, Qatar, the United Kingdom, and Egypt. Along with these strong connections that have been made in these countries, President Jennifer Joslin has appointed a Task Force chaired by Immediate Past President Kathy Stockwell to develop a priority list of action steps to be taken to expand the association’s global initiatives as well as to ensure that NACADA is building partnerships with institutions across the globe. With an international conference scheduled in the Netherlands in 2013, we are continuing our connections with our global members. It is also exciting to see this initiative highlighted in Academic Advising Today, with our new masthead “Voices of the Global Community.”
In addition, it is exciting that the association is looking
strategically at the role that technology should and will play in the
future. With the appointment of a Technology Standing Committee,
President Joslin has ensured that the Board of Directors will
continually investigate the technology needs and expectations of the
association today and in the future.
It is also an exciting time as the future of NACADA is so keenly strengthened by the 10 outstanding Region Conferences being held this spring across the country. With conferences from Portland, Oregon to Miami, Florida and all points between, NACADA’s Regions continue to provide outstanding opportunities for professional development, networking with colleagues, and growing in your involvement in the association. I encourage all of you to make every attempt to attend one of our 10 Region Conferences.
I look forward to seeing many of you this spring at the Region
Conferences! Please continue to let me and our Board of Directors know
how NACADA can better serve you as well as the students at your
Nutt, Executive Director
NACADA: The Global Community for Academic Advising
Academic Advising Challenges at an American-Style University in Kuwait
Heba Mansour and Hala Al-Abdulrazzaq, American University of Kuwait
The American style of education is growing in popularity in many
different areas of the world, especially the Arabian Gulf region.
Adopting and borrowing the American model of liberal arts is occurring
for various reasons, including the growing demand internationally for
an American-style education and increasing interest in investing in the
young people pursuing post-secondary education at universities outside
the United States. It is also a new opportunity for well-established
American universities to branch out into this region; examples include
NYU Abu Dhabi, Cornell Doha, and Georgetown University Doha, among many
others. Scholars predict that the global university will expand to 200
million seats by 2020 and has the potential to grow by 80 percent over the next decade (McDougall & Kleypas, 2011).
The American University of Kuwait is a locally owned and operated institution that has a memorandum of understanding with Dartmouth College. It is a young liberal arts institution based on the American model of higher education. At AUK, “we prepare our students for the contemporary world where critical thinking, communication skills, and lifelong learning have become imperative” (The University, 2011). Along with the American-style model of liberal arts education, we also follow the American-style model of academic advising. We have an institutional membership with NACADA and refer to its lists of best practices. What we believe is generally missing from the body of critical literature on academic advising and retention is the reference to the different issues in American-style education outside the borders of the United States. We have identified a host of issues specific to our student population which we believe must be addressed in order for us to best perform our roles as academic advisors. While those issues are not unique to us or to Kuwait, we believe each university has its own distinctive constellation of issues that academic advisors deal with as we work to best support our students in their academic goals.
The first observation that we find extremely interesting is the variety
of high school backgrounds that our students come from. There are many
different types of high schools available in Kuwait, such as the co-ed
American-model high schools, British-system schools, Indian schools,
Pakistani schools, private Arabic schools, and the public schools.
Each school follows a different curriculum and has a unique method of
teaching. The American model, for instance, would include critical thinking as opposed to public schools which use rote learning methods.
With all these different types of high schools feeding AUK, there are
many different levels of preparedness within an incoming freshman
Since our students come from different ethnic backgrounds, the issue of
language preparedness has a huge impact on some of our students,
because the main language in Kuwait is Arabic and exposure to English
is sometimes minimal. The common obstacle that our students face is the
adjustment from using Arabic only to completely English, which is the
language of instruction at AUK. There is a full range of competencies
in English and not enough understanding within undergraduate faculty
concerning how effectively they can teach second and third language
Another problem our students have is learning to adapt to a wide range
of teaching styles. Due to Kuwait’s geographical location, our students
benefit from a diverse group of faculty; however, with this diversity
comes vast differences in approaches to teaching. For example, there are
some professors who favor a straight lecture format where students
are discouraged from challenging the professors’ authority; on the
opposite extreme, there are professors who divest themselves of
authority in the attempt to empower students and promote critical
thinking. This is a challenging situation for our students to be able to understand how to
deal with different professors. It is very difficult to coach students
about how to respond to teachers’ expectations when the expectations
vary from one professor to another so dramatically. According to Marian
Woolhouse and Trixi Blair (2003), “If students understand their own learning preferences they are more likely to be successful and
therefore both stay in formal learning circumstances longer and achieve
their desired outcomes” (p. 258).
A final issue that requires more effective interventions on the part of
the advising staff is that of learning disabilities. Due to the lack
of awareness as well as lack of resources, it is difficult to identify a
student at an early stage, therefore creating conditions not favorable
to students’ success. The issue of cultural bias often makes families
resist having their child tested and the disability identified earlier.
Since we work closely with students, we can usually identify that
there is a problem, but since there is no system in place to diagnose
the disability, it becomes very challenging to understand how we can
best assist the student. The good news is that Kuwait is working toward identifying this as a problem
which will need more time and resources to be able to better assist
those students. In efforts to support the learning disabled students,
Kuwait opened the first public school for students with disabilities in
September 2011; there are several private schools that are
well-established, and we think that this is a progressive step toward
helping the students who need it ('First public,' 2011). We think this
will help tremendously in identifying the learning disabilities at an early stage, which will result in
preparing the students to cope with the disability as they enter their
The issues that we have discussed are no different than anywhere in the
world and already exist in other universities as well. We have
recognized our own particular challenges at The American University of
Kuwait, and as American-style education increases in the region it
becomes very important to be aware of the particular challenges of
advising college students in this context. We have learned that
identifying areas of concern help us best understand how to be
responsive to our students’ needs as we support them through their
academic careers. Those insights guide us in our research toward
developing better systems of support for our own unique body of students.
Senior Academic Retention Advisor
Academic Advising Center
The American University of Kuwait
Academic Retention Advisor
Academic Advising Center
The American University of Kuwait
References and Additional Reading
First public school for students with learning disabilities opens. (2011, September, 22). Retrieved from Kuwait Times http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MjQ5MTU5MzQ5Mg.
Hemphill, L. L. (2002). Advising students with disabilities. The Academic Advising News 25(3),.Retrieved from NACADA Clearinghouse of Academic Advising Resources website: http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Clearinghouse/AdvisingIssues/disability.htm
Lamont, B. J. (2005). East meets west – Bridging the academic advising divide. Retrieved from NACADA Clearinghouse of Academic Advising Resources website: http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Clearinghouse/AdvisingIssues/East-Meets-West.htm
McDougall, J. I., & Kleypas, K. L. (2011). The modern knowledge
worker in the global u: An interview with Andrew Ross. In J.I.
McDougall & K.L. Kleypas (Eds.) The American-style university at large: Transplants, outposts, and the globalization of higher education, 95-104. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
The University. (2011). American University of Kuwait Academic Catalog 2011-2012, 23. Kuwait.
Uhlik, K. S. (2005). If advising is teaching, then learning style matters. Retrieved from NACADA Clearinghouse of Academic Advising Resources website: http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Clearinghouse/AdvisingIssues/Mental-Health.htm
Woolhouse, M., & Blaire, T. (2003). Learning styles and retention and achievement on a two-year A-level programme in a further education college, Journal of Further and Higher Education, 27(3), pp 258-260.
Zhang, L. (2004). Thinking styles: University students’ preferred teaching styles and their conceptions of effective teachers, The Journal of Psychology, 138(3), pp 233-252.
Domestic Study Away: Overview and Benefits of Cultural Exploration
Kasha M. Klinegores, University of South Carolina
When we think of opportunities for students to study at
locations separate from their home campus, usually we think of study
abroad programs. Students and educators alike are often not aware that
there are other opportunities for students to study away rather than
Domestic study away programs can present great avenues for students to
gain valuable experiences in different areas of the United States,
Canada, and the U.S. territories. The purpose of this article is to
inform academic advisors about study away options, share the benefits
of participating in study away programs, and give advisors tips on how
best to promote study away programs to students.
Overview of Domestic Study Away Programs
There are many different types of domestic study away
programs that already exist. While this is not presented as an
exhaustive list, these are some ways for students to participate in
domestic study away programs.
National Student Exchange (NSE). The National Student Exchange (NSE) is a non-profit organization that
provides opportunities for students at member institutions to
participate in semester, year-long, or summer exchanges at another NSE
member institution. NSE has been around since 1968 and has sent over
100,000 students on exchange. There are nearly 200 colleges and
universities that students may choose from throughout the United
States, Canada, and the U.S. Territories—including Guam, Puerto Rico,
and the U.S. Virgin Islands (National Student Exchange, 2011).
Faculty-led Trips. Another way for students to get domestic study away experience is to
participate in study trips led by faculty members as a part of an
academic course. Many institutions offer study away trips as a part of
their common curriculum, honors curriculum, or other opportunities for
travel while studying. Some institutions include “Maymester/May
Term,”or “J-term/January Term” trips as part of their domestic study
away programs. These are typically three to four week classes that
incorporate a travel component within the United States to help facilitate student
learning on a particular topic. These study away trips offer students
great first-hand learning experiences and opportunities to connect what
they are learning inside of the classroom to “real world” settings.
The Urban Education Semester (UES). The Urban Education Semester (UES) is available to “exceptional”
sophomores, juniors, and seniors from any U.S. college or university.
The semester is spent at Bank Street College of Education in New York
City, NY. The program is extremely competitive, accepting only 7-14
students each semester. The UES is of particular interest to students wishing to pursue careers in education, systematic reform,
urban development, public service, and public policy. Students spend
three days each week in direct placement in New York City public
schools, a huge and complex public educational system. Students examine
the field of urban public education from the viewpoints of academics,
policy makers, and educators. Coursework involves graduate-level study
and includes group field trips, seminar-style group discussions, individual advising sessions for students, and an
opportunity to integrate their studies with first-hand field experience
(Brown University, n.d.).
Benefits of Study Away
There are many benefits to the various programs available
through domestic study away. Similar to students who study abroad,
students find that studying away domestically is a time for personal
growth and development. They report returning to their home campus with
a new sense of maturity and purpose. Although they are studying
domestically, students learn from having experienced a different
culture and a different
area of the country. Students often gain greater self-confidence and
become more independent. They are forced to go beyond their comfort
zones while studying away and find themselves needing to develop
important life skills such as independence, flexibility, inventiveness,
and decision-making skills. They are more willing to take risks and
gain a new understanding of others and the world (National Student
Students have the chance to explore different career ideas and think
about their own futures while studying away domestically. It can be a
great time to network with future employers, obtain an internship, or
gain experience in a field in which they have had no previous
experience. Domestic study away opportunities also may be more
affordable for students who cannot afford to study overseas (National
Student Exchange, 2011).
Promoting Domestic Study Away Opportunities
Advisors working with students who are considering study
abroad should also be made aware of domestic study away options.
Advisors can educate themselves about study away programs by
determining where the study away office is housed on campus (some are
included in study abroad; others are housed in a separate office) and
learning more about on-campus resources for study away programs. It is
also important to let students know that they typically are not limited to just one study
away or study abroad experience. In fact, some students participate in
at least one semester of study abroad and one semester of domestic
study away as undergraduates, enhancing their variety of meaningful
Although domestic study away is a field that has not previously had much exposure, it can be a fabulous experience for students. It has the
power to transform perspectives and to change lives. An important
aspect of study away is that it creates opportunities for students who
previously thought they could not or would not study abroad gain
important cultural experiences. Whether it is spending a semester at
another campus in a different part of the country or studying for three
weeks during “May Term” somewhere in the United States, domestic
study away has the power to make a positive and meaningful impact on students.
Office of Student Engagement
University of South Carolina
Brown University. (n.d.)
Urban education semester. Retrieved from http://www.urbanedsemester.org
National Student Exchange. (2011). What exactly is NSE? Retrieved from http://www.nse.org/exchange/desc.asp#1
Building Advising Workshops with Native Materials
Robert Allen Alexander, Jr., Nicholls State University
I am still haunted by the words, uttered by my dean more than half a decade ago: “Build it and let’s see if they come.”
The “it” is an advising workshop series, and the “they” are the faculty and staff members who advise our students.
So there I was, a recently tenured associate professor of English,
fresh off a stint as the chair of a university committee charged with
writing a retention plan, an experience through which I had now earned
the “privilege” to spearhead a major initiative to improve advising. But what did I really know about advising? And, more
to the point, what did I know about developing workshops that could
“train” our advisors to do a better job?
Prepared or not, I had been entrusted with a vital task – or at least
that is how our retention plan had characterized it. So exactly how
does one go about building workshops? It helps to have some tools, and
the only tools that matter are those readily at hand. One tool readily
available to me, gained from my experience with teaching writing, is
knowing the importance of understanding audience before constructing
any piece of writing. Why would the audience for a workshop be any
different from the potential reader of an essay?
Who, then, would be the audience? Because our campus follows a
faculty-based advising model, my primary audience would be faculty
members from disciplines as varied as traditional programs in the arts
and sciences and professional areas such as nursing and petroleum
Being a faculty member myself, and having worked and played well with
other professors, I think I have a good idea of what makes us tick. We
are not complicated. Though we seemingly know a lot, we want to learn
more. And while legislators and some of the general public think that
we live a life of leisure, in reality we are insanely busy and
stressed. Given all that, what we typically like are pleasant
environments where we can engage in meaningful activities – that is,
conversing, sharing, learning. What faculty members who advise do not
desire is yet another policy manual, or to be lectured to on a subject
as dry as a well-done steak.
Simple enough. Of the many materials that should go into the
construction of a workshop, the ones that I should not procure include
boredom, tediousness, and anything that would insult the intelligence
of a highly educated professional. So what I need to purchase are
engagement, originality, and insight. And I need to make sure that all
the pieces fit together cohesively.
It has also been my experience that a builder is only as good as the
passion he brings to his craft. Well, if I am to be the builder of
these workshops, then I ought to construct them with the tools and
materials with which I am most familiar: the knowledge I have
accumulated from teaching courses in writing, literature, philosophy,
and other humanities areas. How can I expect my potential audience to
be enthused about something for which I lack enthusiasm?
This is why I decided to build the foundation of the workshop series
upon a jazz-infused theme (based somewhat off of a class I had taught
titled “The Blues Idiom in American Culture”). I then proceeded to
recruit facilitators for eight one-hour workshops that would address
fundamental areas about which all advisors need to know (information
about academic support and health services, for example) and to work
with them to come up with engaging, music-inspired titles, such as “Jam
Sessions with the Master Craftsmen: Connecting Students to Tutorial
and Academic Enhancement Resources” and “It Ain’t the ‘Saint James Infirmary’: What
University Health Services Provides for the Campus Community.” (It is
worth noting that those original eight workshops have now been
supplemented, over the past five years, by thirty additional ones, many
of them proposed and facilitated by previous workshop participants).
So following this unorthodox blueprint, we built a whole neighborhood
of advising workshops, relying primarily upon native materials – that
about which we know and are passionate (our intellectual and cultural
interests) – supplemented, of course, with imported goods – those
indispensable resources available through the NACADA website, for
example. And having built “it,” “they” did come – lots of them. Over
the first five years of our workshop series, 216 faculty and staff
members have earned advisor certification (by attending at least eight
one-hour workshops within a calendar year). Considering the size of our
campus (with roughly 7,000 students) and the fact that attendance at
these workshops is voluntary, that level of participation is significant.
While none of what we have done is revolutionary, we have learned
important lessons about what seems to work, at least in the context of
our campus culture (which I doubt is all that different from the
cultures of campuses of similar size and mission). We have ornamented
our workshops with bells and whistles, but we try to keep in mind the
following foundational ideas as we build and renovate: (1) We should
not characterize these workshops as either “training” or “development”
(two words that college professors generally find demeaning, given
their professional status); and (2) we should not build workshops that box in
our colleagues (by being overly prescriptive and thereby stifling the
creativity and insight that can make a workshop more than just a stuffy
building full of rusty tools). Instead we strive to build workshops
that are like pavilions, sporting a foundation and support posts and
solid roof, but not blocking out what is so inviting outside the structure. Outside
that pavilion, after all, is probably a field (or at least a flat plain
in the delta region we inhabit), and “field” is, as Latin scholars
will remind us, just another word for “campus,” a place ripe for
exploration and cultivation.
Robert Allen Alexander, Jr.
Department of Interdisciplinary Studies
Nicholls State University
Three Approaches to Everyday Dilemmas
Drew Puroway, University of St. Thomas
Whether or not we are aware of it, advisors face a myriad of ethical dilemmas in our daily work. For example, what distinguishes a “reality check” from “dream killing” as we work with students to realistically pursue majors and careers that match their skill sets? Should we “friend” our students on Facebook© or does this cross a boundary of professionalism? When and what should advisors disclose to parents when even the information allowed to be disclosed by FERPA may not be in the students’ best interest to disclose, or vice versa? These questions just scratch the surface of the complicated issues advisors face, and it is important to remember that these are choices that ought to involve ethical reasoning. Too often, we attempt ethical reasoning only when
we perceive a crisis situation. We use our own feelings about the
situation to guide our decisions, and while this may work on occasion,
it is not wise to simply go with our gut instincts in every situation.
To raise consciousness about these everyday dilemmas, it may be
helpful to think about different ways of approaching dilemmas.
In the book Mountains and Passes (Lampkin & Gibson, 1999), three approaches to ethical problem solving are described: virtues-based, principle-based, and case-based. Let us explore these approaches through the following case study:
Harold is a 20-year-old transfer student, about to enter his second
semester at our institution. When he first met with his advisor as a
newly admitted student, Janice, his mother, sat in on the appointment
during which the advisor discussed the curricular requirements and
assisted him with registration. While it is common for a
traditional-aged transfer student to bring a parent to their initial
appointment, the advisor is a bit shocked when Janice arrives with
Harold for his next appointment. The advisor remembers from their first
interaction that Janice dominated the conversation and was very
judgmental of Harold’s potential major interests. The advisor is
concerned that Janice may be impeding Harold’s development and
undermining his autonomy.
A person who prefers the principle-based approach would be most concerned with the application of an established principle from a source of authority that would guide (if not outright prescribe) actions. A principle-based approach would focus on the “problem” of the case study and the actions themselves more than on the actors and consequences. This might be the advisor’s ethical style if he has a tendency toward deductive reasoning, perhaps applying the following rationale to this situation: It is unethical to stifle autonomy; Janice infringes on Harold’s autonomy; therefore Janice should wait in the lobby rather than participate in the appointment. Toward a different end, one might reason that the departmental policy welcomes parents with the student’s consent. Harold gave his consent, so Janice should be allowed to participate in Harold’s advising appointment. The advantages of the principle-based approach are: 1) it is relatively concrete; 2) it is flexible to the extent that moral norms are flexible; and 3) our profession and our institutions readily provide us with ethical principles to inform our reasoning. The challenges to this approach: 1) the advisor is required to subscribe to the authority from which the principles are established; 2) the advisor must decide how to respond when principles conflict; 3) the advisor must decide how to best balance individual versus community interests (the approach tends to favor the individual); and 4) it may be perceived as too rigid by colleagues who prefer to use other approaches.
An individual who prefers a case-based approach may read Harold’s case study and immediately have numerous questions
about the situation. She would seek to understand the unique features
of the case and to place it in the context of similar situations.
While a person using this approach may be informed by principles, the
individual is generally more focused on paradigm. In the case of
Harold, an advisor using the case-based approach could reason that it
is important to respect Harold’s autonomy, but based on past experience, students
similar to Harold were not developmentally ready to assume all of that
autonomy, so Janice should be allowed to participate in the
appointment. The strengths of this approach: 1) one’s reasoning is
easy to revise when future cases show different outcomes; 2) this
approach recognizes that humans are not machines that mechanistically
apply principles; and 3) it avoids the criticism of rigidity. The
challenges to case-based reasoning include: 1) its relativistic nature; 2) its focus
on the individual over the community; 3) it may tend to be overly
concerned with anticipating consequences; and 4) sometimes the source of
its moral authority is ambiguous.
Finally, an individual applying a virtues-based approach would consider which virtue to embody in the situation. The focus here
is on a particular application of a virtue such as kindness,
temperance, or loyalty, rather than on a specific action. Here are
possible applications to Harold’s case:
- It doesn’t matter if I allow Janice to
participate in the appointment or not – I will treat both Harold and
Janice with kindness.
- I will act with loyalty to Harold and allow Janice to participate, if that is his wish.
- I will act out of care for Harold’s well-being and will not admit Janice into the appointment.
The advantage of this virtues-based approach is that it may be more
communally based than the others, as virtues can be embodied by a
community. The disadvantages lie in the task of learning virtues, the
need for moral wisdom to apply virtues, and the challenges of
evaluating the internal motivation behind actions (a right act done for
the wrong reason is not considered virtuous).
Hopefully, consideration of Lampkin and Gibson’s (1999) approaches will
raise our level of awareness of everyday advising dilemmas. We may
discover our own style is a combination of one or more of these
approaches. When faced with daily advising dilemmas, our instincts
might be better guided after we attempt to reason through the lens of
University of St. Thomas
Lampkin, P.M., & Gibson, E.M. (1999).
Mountains and passes: Traversing the landscape of student affairs administration.
Washington DC: National Association of Student Personnel Administrators.
Advising Students Accused of the 'P' Word
Brian A. Williams, Centenary College New Jersey
The job of an academic advisor entails many different roles:
cheerleader, supporter, and comforter. I often think of my advising
role with adult learners in terms of being a lawyer, where I advocate
for my students’ best interests. The lawyer analogy is especially
appropriate in cases where a student is accused of the “P” word –
plagiarism. When a professor states that a student has plagiarized,
the student might have a variety of feelings, such as fear, confusion or anger. At worst, the
student could be dismissed from school as a result. But how do
advisors help students through their trouble?
Nearly every student I have advised in this situation says, “I didn’t mean to plagiarize.” Most times I believe them – they did not intend to plagiarize – yet the professor takes this position against the
student based on evidence within a submitted work, often to the
student’s surprise. Why the accusation? After some investigation, the
reason is almost invariably a misuse of proper APA formatting within a
paper (at schools where APA is the standard writing format). Although
Hard, Conway and Moran (2006) reported an increase in recent decades
of plagiarism and general academic misconduct, most students in my experience do not show mal intent. Following are four points to
consider when a student informs an advisor of an accusation of
Understanding the violation
The most immediate path to understanding is the professor’s feedback on
the assignment. Has the student read and understood it?
Borham-Puyal and Olmos-Migueláñez (2011) said regarding teacher feedback
that students “Must be able to critically interpret what they read” (p. 373). It is surprising how many students do not read their
professor’s feedback, but only the final grade. Advisors should direct
the student to read professor comments and offer an interpretation if
necessary. For example, perhaps the advisor is proficient in APA
formatting. The advisor can use his/her training to help the student
understand the importance of using quotation marks for a direct
quotation from a resource.
Meaning for the student
Every school responds seriously to cases of plagiarism. The
advisor can play an important role by giving information about how to
respond to the situation. An offer to resubmit gives the advisor and
student opportunity to review problem areas and submit a quality
assignment. If the student fails the assignment, the two can work
through different scenarios. If the student receives an “A” on the
remaining assignments, what is the best possible grade for the class?
Or, does the failed assignment prompt consideration for dropping the
class (if within the drop period) to save the overall GPA? Failing the class would prompt consideration about
rescheduling the course, future classes (if the failed class is a
prerequisite), and even implications for staying in the program when
failing grades warrant dismissal.
Response to the accusation
Students have different feelings when confronted with plagiarism.
These feelings generally fuel the student’s desire to do well in
school. Knowles’s adult learning theory (as cited in Kenner &
Weinerman, 2011) proposed that adult students are task and internally
motivated. Therefore, they are usually motivated to continue with school. The
advisor should be prepared to inform of the ways to respond to the
accusation. In accordance with the level of accusation, the advisor
should direct the student to follow up with the professor or to prepare
an appeal letter to appear before the college review board. If
accepted, appeals generally have conditions for the student, such as
following a timeline to resubmit work or obtaining a certain grade when
retaking a class. Should the appeal be denied, the advisor should
address the needs of dismissed students, including informing of future
appeal opportunities, providing financial aid/bursar department
information, or advising how to request a transcript.
Education concerning the infraction
If the student is allowed to remain in school, the advisor should be
motivated to help the student avoid future accusations of plagiarism.
As stated earlier, many such accusations stem from improper use of APA
formatting within a student’s paper. The easy response would be
simply to refer the student to the APA manual (sixth edition). However,
advisors can offer a tailored plan to the student. Boehm, Justice,
and Weeks (2009) stated that administrators should focus on education concerning
academic integrity rather than its penalties, as noted in these
- Locate example papers showing proper APA formatting from reputable Internet sites and review them with the student.
- Provide time management tips so the student is not
tempted to plagiarize under time constraints (Duke University, 2002 as
cited in Aluede, Omoregie, & Osa- Edoh, 2006).
- Offer to be the student’s mentor throughout the class.
- Inform the student of school-sponsored resources, such as writing tutors.
Regarding point 3, I offered to be a mentor to a student having writing
issues in an undergraduate-level course. She did not understand why
she was accused of plagiarism when she believed she was honest in her
academic work. After our session on understanding the professor’s
feedback, we developed a plan to keep her on track for the remainder of
her six-week course. We held weekly sessions, reviewed her progress through the class, and discussed problem areas. Not only did she
successfully pass the class, she gained useful skills that helped her
for the remainder of her program.
Students can have a difficult time managing accusations of plagiarism
on their own. An informed, caring advisor who is skilled in working
with the student’s problem area can be the greatest asset to
that student’s academic success.
Brian A. Williams
School of Professional Studies
Centenary College New Jersey
Aluede, O., Omoregie, E. O., & Osa- Edoh, G. I. (2006). Academic
dishonesty as a contemporary problem in higher education: How academic
advisors can help. Reading Improvement 43,(2), 97-106.
Boehm, P. J., Justice, M., & Weeks, S. (2009). Promoting academic integrity in higher education. Community College Enterprise, 15(1), 45-61.
Borham-Puyal, M., & Olmos-Migueláñez, S. (2011). Improving the use
of feedback in an online teaching-learning environment: An experience
supported by moodle. US-China Foreign Language, 9(6), 371-382.
Hard, S. F., Conway, J. M., & Moran, A. C. (2006). Faculty and
college student beliefs about the frequency of student academic
misconduct. Journal Of Higher Education, 77(6), 1058-1080.
Kenner, C., & Weinerman, J. (2011). Adult learning theory: Applications to non-traditional college students. Journal Of College Reading And Learning, 41(2), 87-96.
Perspective on the ELP Experience: A Journey in Leadership and Friendship
Lisa Laughter, NACADA Emerging Leader
Kazi Mamun, NACADA Mentor
The ELP Leader’s Perspective – Lisa Laughter
I was sitting in the audience at the plenary session of my second NACADA Annual Conference in Baltimore in 2007 when they introduced the first class of NACADA Emerging Leaders. I hadn’t previously heard about the Emerging Leaders Program(ELP), but what I heard at this session got me intrigued. I said to myself, I want to do that! I am passionate about my professional development and love getting involved in my professional organization. I was fairly new to advising but knew that I wanted as many opportunities as possible to grow. I found more information and took the idea back to my supervisor, who, unfortunately, did not have the same passion for getting involved with professional development as I did, and thus did not support my desire to apply to the Program. However, by the next year I had a new supervisor who supported my application to be an Emerging Leader in 2009. I was ecstatic when I found out I had been accepted; what a privilege to have been chosen!
The work started with summer assignments to prepare us for the 2009
Annual Conference in San Antonio. I was challenged right away with
thinking about how I would like to contribute to this amazing
organization that had given me so much already. The program Orientation
Team (comprised of Executive Office staff and members of the ELP
Advisory Board) did an excellent job of helping our new 2009-2011 Class
members feel comfortable with one another and really dive into why we
had chosen to participate in such a unique experience.
One of my favorite memories is of the “speed dating” experience with potential mentors. It was wonderful to have the opportunity to meet the mentors who had so much to offer the eager mentees. I was really anxious to find out who my mentor was and to begin working together on my goals! I was delighted to find out I had been paired up with Kazi Mamun, who was at that time a member of the NACADA Board of Directors.
Over the past two years, Kazi and I have had a “standing” phone call
once a week. This has provided us with consistent communication about
where I was with my goals as well as a wonderful opportunity for us to
get to know one another. I am eternally grateful for our conversations
and Kazi’s wisdom, experience, and guidance. I have grown a LOT in the
past two years, personally and professionally.
One of the things this program has helped me with is to shape more
realistic and achievable goals. I am a very ambitious, pie-in-the-sky
kind of person and have many lofty goals which are at times a bit over
my head for the moment and not very focused. Working with an
experienced professional like Kazi helped bring me down to earth and
gave me a place to start. I now have a better understanding of the
hierarchy and ways to contribute in order to reach and achieve my goals
(which are now a bit more narrowly defined and focused!). I thank Kazi
for helping me narrow my goals and take things one step at a time. I tend to want
to take on the world all at once, and having someone rein me in and
help me realize what I can handle realistically given the resources
available to me at any given time has been invaluable.
Kazi has given me excellent guidance not only with my involvement
within NACADA but in my professional life within my organization as
well. It has been great having someone with that outside perspective to
help me see not only what some of the options are in situations I deal
with at my institution, but sort through them as well. I feel
overwhelmingly connected with my organization as a result of my interaction with other
ELP classes and NACADA leaders. It is wonderful that no matter what
level of experience we have, we are welcomed into this family and built
up from the ground up!
The ELP Mentor’s Perspective – Kazi Mamun
I was nervous. Unbeknownst to me, I was probably a mentor to some people in the past because I have been a professional academic advisor for about two decades. When someone new was hired at my place of work, I remember training some advisors and helping them through some tough situations. But this was different—it was a formal program. Was I up to the challenge? The Coordinator of ELP had asked
me to step in because there was a disparity in the number of mentors
who had volunteered and leaders who were eager to participate in the
everything that I had to do as an advising administrator in challenging
budgetary times, would I be able to give this new professional the
time she deserved? Shaking aside all my reservations, I jumped in.
Whether it was my own desire to mentor a young professional or whether
the persuasive powers of the ELP Coordinator at the Executive Office
made the difference, we’ll never know. Having gone through the process, what
I can say with certainty is that I am glad that I did it. It was one
of the most rewarding professional experiences I have had!
The “speed-dating” scenario in San Antonio was invigorating in that I
got to meet ten professional advisors asking me all sorts of questions
about what I found rewarding in being an academic advisor. In addition
to answering questions, what I realized was that it made me think
clearly and hard about why I had chosen the profession that I did.
Although I had been an “undeclared” professional and “tumbled” into advising
because of a series of discrete circumstances, over time I grew to love
it and eventually embrace it as a calling. I subscribe to the
philosophy that even though we guide our students through the labyrinth
of college life, some of them may adopt us as a mentor, a coach, or
even a role model. This is all the more reason why we need to be on our
A-game all the time, despite all the pressures of the job, the
particular day, and the turbulence of our personal lives.
The next day, Lisa Laughter from Washington State University was paired with me as her mentor. We
exchanged cell phone numbers immediately and decided to work on
communicating with each other on a regular basis. Before we left San
Antonio, we found several opportunities to get to know each other:
lunch by the San Antonio river with all the mentors and mentees, a
fantastic dinner at a Brazilian restaurant picked out by one of the ELP leaders
(a veritable meat fest and an exercise in gluttony!), and informal
meetings and networking with the group, as well Lisa and I just meeting
together. Before we left, we had come up with a schedule to contact
each other on Fridays from 9:00 to 9:30 am.
For the two years that we were in this formal partnership, unfailingly
Lisa would call me every Friday and we would talk about a variety of
things focusing mostly on how she could get more involved in leadership
positions in NACADA. We found that being in the same time zone helped a
great deal! I distinctly remember those first few conversations when
Lisa wanted to be involved in just about everything one can imagine. Being careful not to burst her bubble and still keep her at a high
level of enthusiasm, I slowly but firmly preached to her the idea of
not only focusing on what could be done, but on what was achievable
given all of her other personal and professional responsibilities. I do
not know if she initially appreciated this fully, but as time went by
she realized that a true professional makes discerning choices about
what she selects to do and delivers on what she has taken on. This is
an area that I think we have come to appreciate fully, and both Lisa and I will benefit from our exchanges on this subject.
Our relationship progressed over time. Even though we were not able to
connect with each other every Friday, we both made an effort. I
remember that there was a period of a few weeks where we were not able
to connect because of scheduling conflicts, and so I had her call me at
home (a few times), when I was on the road (on my cell), and once when
I was in Las Vegas on vacation. Lisa went to a program in Las Vegas on
many occasions but she called me from there even if to chat for a few minutes. What started as an obligation because of the ELP soon
became a part of my life. Talking to Lisa about her involvement in
NACADA and her own institution invigorated me professionally. Here I
was a “seasoned veteran” prone to bouts of cynicism who was challenged
by this young professional with oodles of positive energy. There were so many things we talked about that listing everything would
focus on the minutiae. Suffice it to say that we really began to enjoy
our conversations, which turned philosophical at times, constantly
challenging each other in our perspectives on advising. I am from an
age that believed advising to be adjuvant to the mission of higher
education, while Lisa comes from the perspective as do many of her
peers and NACADA that advising is central to the mission of higher education—that
it has its own theories, its own pedagogy, and its own place in the
annals of research.
I am a better advisor for having undergone this great program and
having Lisa as a mentee. I only hope that I have been of some help in
furthering her leadership abilities!
Academic and Career Advisor
Washington State University
Assistant Dean, School of Business Administration
University of California-Riverside
Editor’s Note: Interested in becoming a NACADA Mentor or Emerging Leader? Visit the Emerging Leaders Program section of the NACADA website to learn more!
2011 NACADA Summer Institute: Significant Advising Immersion Experience
Terri Reckart, NACADA Summer Institute Scholarship Recipient
The 2011 Colorado Summer Institute: registration – free for scholarship
recipients; airfare – $427; watching Charlie Nutt square dance at a
dinner and mixer – priceless.
It is so difficult for me to give NACADA enough accolades for my
wonderful experience at the Summer Institute in Colorado. Immediately
upon return to my institution, I was promoted from Student Success
Advisor to Coordinator of Student Success Advising, and then three
months later I was promoted to Director of Student Success Services, which includes Learning Support, Academic Resources, Student Success
Advising, AAMI, and our Multicultural Affairs program. Undeniably, my
professional credibility and perceived self-efficacy increased at a
rapid pace following my attendance at the Summer .Institute, for which I am eternally grateful.
The Institute provided a plethora of experiential and didactic learning opportunities. I especially appreciated learning about the three essential components / competencies of high quality academic advising, which seemed to be embedded in all structured venues of the Institute. These components, according to Wes Habley (Gordon & Habley, 2000; Light, 2001) and many presenters at the Institute, are identified as conceptual elements, information, and interpersonal/relational skills. The conceptual elements of advising, as defined by Blane Harding at the Institute, encompass curriculum, pedagogy, and student learning
outcomes. Additionally, I learned that the contextualized informational
component pertains to the strengths and needs of the advisee, advisor,
and the campus environment; it is an introspective interface of
advisor/advisee, the campus culture, and expectations of everyone
involved. Last, the relational component concerns the symbolic
interactions of an advisor that are grounded in proven theoretical
research and the methodological scope of advising across all initiatives
of a campus environment.
Conceptually, the Summer Institute was a parallel experience of the high quality academic advising that every professional in attendance strives for at their institution, just as the NACADA “gurus” provided for us by way of foundation sessions, group discussions and action plans, workshops, topical sessions, roundtables, individual consultations, institutional team meetings, and end-of-the-day dinners/mixers. Intermittently, I stood back to survey the overall process and wondered exactly who is the NACADA expert/guru and who is the NACADA developing professional,
because the ideal transparency in all social and learning interactions
seemed to blur the expected delineation of roles; everyone interacted as
both learner and instructor of high quality advising.
Everyone should attend the Summer Institute, because it is invaluable for conceptual learning and professional development from beginning to end. For instance, one of many great moments that stand out to me came near the end of the Institute when I attended Charlie Nutt’s foundation session, Initiating Change: Leading from Your Position. It was obvious that everyone in my small group semi-regretted leaving
this immersion experience of professional development – but at the end
of Charlie’s session, I felt validated in my self-efficacy and
readiness to try out my newly developed “wings” at my institution.
Literally, upon my return, I became recognized on my college campus as
an advising expert who was assigned an integral role in the strategic
planning process for our student graduation and retention rates. I can
say without hesitation that NACADA, my institution’s generosity and
belief in me, and being given the opportunity to participate in the
Institute all precipitated my success as I “came into my own” in a role
of leader and expert advisor.
Don’t miss this opportunity! Learn more about the Wesley R. Habley NACADA Summer Institute Scholarship and apply today!
Director of Student Success Services
Middle Georgia College
It takes but one SPARK to ignite the flame for an idea. Does your campus have an unusual or exceptional process or program that could spark an idea on another campus? If so, tell us about it in 350 words or less. Send your 'Sparkler' to Leigh@ksu.edu
This edition’s SPARKLER comes from Kiana Shiroma (University of Hawai'i at Manoa).
Kiana Shiroma, Academic Advisor at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa (UHM), tells us that many students at her institution have experienced what has become widely known as the “sophomore slump.” The second year retention rate of students who entered UHM in 2006 was only 69.2 percent, compared to peer institutions’ of 79.2 percent. “To improve these statistics,” Kiana says, “the Sophomore Experience Committee (SEC) was created with members from academic and student affairs offices.” The first SEC event was the Passport to Sophomore Success Conference (PSSC) in Spring 2010. It was an on-going one-day occasion held at Campus Center, the hub of UHM. PSSC
targeted freshmen and sophomores to prevent and address sophomore slump
issues. Sixteen workshops, as well as a majors and resources fairs, were
offered throughout the day. Workshops covered establishing academic and
career connections, engaging in co-curricular activities, and
personally developing. Additionally, over 30 offices participated in the fairs. “Since UHM is a commuter campus,” Kiana
explains, “the event was a success with over 115 attendees. A key factor
was that attendance fulfilled the mandatory advising requirement.
Feedback was positive, with students following up with their academic
advisors to learn how to participate in opportunities they heard about
in PSSC.” Presently, SEC is coordinating a Sophomore Social
specifically for first-semester sophomores; celebrating the start of the
second year for students and reminding them of the resources available to them is
the focus of this event. Moreover, advisors, faculty, staff, and
students will have the opportunity to speak with each other in a less
formal setting. The goal of SEC is to improve the second year retention
rates of students at UHM. To accomplish this objective, sophomore slump
issues of feeling disconnected from the university, professors, and
peers are being addressed with events like the PSSC and Sophomore
Social. These occasions remind sophomores that they are still integral to UHM and that
there are offices and people who are here to support and help them
succeed. For more information, please contact Kiana at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:a5bc25b4-ed17-46c6-8064-c998280a5113> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Academic-Advising-Today/View-Articles/March-2012-Vol-351-Complete-Edition.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060877.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928153533-20210928183533-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.949116 | 13,515 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How long does swelling from a yellow jacket wasp sting last?
Not Medical Advice: Bee or Yellow Jacket sting severe pain or burning at the site lasts 1 to 2 hours, and itching often follows the pain. Normal swelling from venom can increase for 24 hours after the sting.
Stings of the upper face can result in severe swelling around the eye, however this is harmless. Stings normally become red, but it doesn't mean they are infected; infections seldom occur in stings. The redness can last 3 days and the swelling can last for 7 days.
Yellow Jacket is a type of ground-nesting wasp; they are much more aggressive than bees. Yellow jackets are carnivores and are feeding mostly on insects to provide protein to developing larvae in their colony. They often nest underground in rodent burrows and by late summer, a colony may already contain thousands of individuals that will aggressively protect their nests from intruders. Every yellow jacket can sting multiple times; sounds and vibrations can initiate an attack, even from a distance.
Good Golly Miss Molly! More than 27,000 people have undergone the painful technique, with each session involving dozens of punctures at W@ng Menglin's clinic in Beijing, says the BEE ACUPUNCTURIST who makes his living from believers in the concept! Find out more at NDTV and don't try this at home. | <urn:uuid:0cb4742e-200f-45d8-a3d6-d1ca05eab3c0> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.kgbanswers.com/how-long-does-swelling-from-a-yellow-jacket-wasp-sting-last/20779791 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207985.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00545-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958484 | 282 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Digital Story Title:
Painting Anthropology: An archaeological dig into the working mind of a painter.
This video is an attempt to establish a visual link between the artist and the viewer into the working mind of a studio painter. The research for this project includes:
- A three week documentary session in the studio of a working painter
- Neurasthetics (art as an extension of the functions of the brain) in order to explain and understand the aesthetic experiences of how the artist formulates her synesthetic imagery.
- Synesthesia is (the intercorrelation of the four modes of human consciousness: thought, intuition, emotion, and sensation) is explained throughout the video as it unfolds in the imagery.
- Teaching methods in the new millennium
- Art 21 Blog
The goal of this video is to show the viewer how the artist synesthetically creates imagery in her work by establishing metaphorical (a thought about a thought) links between earth objects (pods, leaves. seeds) and situations in the her life using color, sound, and visual imagery.
My intended audience is colleagues, historians, art historians, and the general public, high school history students, middle school music students, art students and anyone interested in art and how it is made. | <urn:uuid:6497add3-75b2-4e63-abdb-989348d8426b> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://edchnm.gmu.edu/courses/ctch792sp10/2010/04/20/final-summary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661900.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00158-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933771 | 257 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Protecting children from unintentional injuries is very important. Children develop at different rates and it is hard to keep an eye on them all the time. Practicing safety based on children’s’ developmental stages, keeps them safe and secure.
Children are going to run, fall down and take risks when playing. This checklist can help you look at your home and check for hazards and possible dangers to children. This checklist highlights ways to keep your children safe. When checking your home take a few minutes and look at it from a child’s view.
- Anything that fits in a child’s mouth will probably go there.
- Look for climbing opportunities and things that can be pulled down from above.
- Watch for sharp corners, protrusions, and objects a child might fall on.
- Children are very inquisitive and will pry at vent covers, electric outlets, etc.
- Does your home have a list of emergency telephone numbers near the telephone or in your cell phone?
- Does your home have a safe, age-appropriate place for the child to sleep?
- Is your home child/baby proofed (electrical outlets covered, safety latches on cabinet doors, cleaning supplies and other dangerous objects stored out of reach, choking hazards are out of reach)?
- Are televisions positioned high or bolted to the wall so they do not get pulled over?
- Are medicines in original container and in a locked cabinet out of child’s reach?
- Are cleaning supplies stored away from food and out of the reach of children?
- Does your home have working smoke detectors?
- Does your home have a working fire extinguisher?
- Do you have a fire escape plan?
- Are drapery/blind cords secured and out of the reach of children?
- Are pot handles turned to the back of the stove when cooking?
- Are children always supervised when they are in or near water?
- Is your water heater temperature set at 120 degrees F?
- Are toys clean and age-appropriate?
- Does your home have a complete first aid kit?
- Are your children not exposed to second hand smoke?
- Are the children always supervised when playing indoors and outdoors?
(Adapted with permission from the Home Safety Checklist for Families with Young Children, Safe Kids Lincoln-Lancaster County)
Make sure to follow The Learning Child on social media for more research-based early childhood education resources! | <urn:uuid:3fc27d85-7ec2-4fe4-92d6-f81f0fb8aa3b> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://learningchildblog.com/tag/home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991252.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512035557-20210512065557-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.926917 | 511 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Black-and-white conversions from color pictures are easy–just convert to greyscale in the photo editing software of your choice, and you’re there. But is it really that simple? You may have already guessed where this is going: of course it’s not that simple. For a proper black-and-white conversion, you don’t start off with an already processed image, and you don’t just convert it to grayscale. To do it properly, you make the conversion from a RAW file, because that way you’ll have much more latitude for tweaking the colors. The colors, you ask? What colors? I thought we were doing black-and-white? Of course we are, but since we’re starting out with a color file, why not use the colors that are there to optimize the appearance of the monochrome image? How we do that? Read on past the break to find out.
The Basics: Color vs. Monochrome
So let’s start with the basics: the difference between a color picture and a monochrome picture. Mind that we’re talking digital here, so what is going to be said cannot be transferred 1:1 to film photography. So, what is the smallest element in a digital image? You might say, “that’s easy, it’s a pixel of course!” But you’d actually be wrong. Why? Because a pixel actually consists of three individual sub-pixels: a red one, a green one and a blue one. Their combined brightness values make up the color value of the pixel. So, for example, red and green only make yellow, while green and blue only make turquoise. Individual color shades are realized by small increases or decreases in each sub-pixel’s brightness. Now, what does this have to do with black-and-white conversions?
When converting a color image to a monochrome image, what happens is that you switch the color ‘off’. This is done by leveling the brightness values of the sub-pixels in each pixel, so that together they represent a monochrome shade somewhere between black and white, instead of a specific color. This combined brightness value changes when the values of the individual sub-pixels change. For example, when changing the white balance in a picture, or tweaking the saturation, brightness and hue of individual colors–both which is possible with RAW files–we can influence the look of the monochrome conversion.
Black-and-White Conversions: Pratical Applications
By simply taking an image and switching off the color, we will get a black-and-white image for sure, but it will probably look flat and boring. The trick is to tweak the colors in such a way that the monochrome conversion looks exciting, that it has definition and evokes emotions. In a landscape, for example, we want the greens and yellows to be bright and shining, while we want the blues of the sky to be dark and dramatic. In a portrait, we might either want to level the shades of skin color so that the skin looks soft and even, or we want to pronounce the imperfections of our subject’s skin, depending on the type of portrait we’re taking.
There are a lot of different scenarios for black-and-white conversions, and each scenario asks for a specific look. What it all boils down to, then, is that we need to tweak the colors that form the basis for the conversion in such a way that their corresponding monochrome shades will create a black-and-white image that has a look suiting the subject. Be that a landscape, a portrait, nature photography, product photography etc. In the following section, I will present some exemplary black-and-white conversion done with Adobe Lightroom, and will go into detail as to what specific settings I used for each picture.
Doing Black-and-White Conversions in Lightroom
Converting a picture to monochrome can often have a dramatic effect. By reducing the information to shades of grey (no pun intended here), our brain no longer has to deal with all the color information and can concentrate fully on the forms and shapes and the lights and shadows in the image. This helps to focus on the actual content of the image. Other times, especially with digital photography, colors may be all off due to a high ISO setting, mixed light or other factors that influence color reproduction. In these cases, converting to monochrome may help salvage an otherwise unuseable image.
Converting a Portrait to Black-and-White
As already mentioned, in portraiture converting to black-and-white can help to make a person’s skin appear more soft and even, since we’re able to balance out the different shades of skin color. In order to do so, there are three basic steps we have to take:
- Choose a white balance that helps reduce the contrast in the skin tones
- Adjust the levels of the individual skin color shades
- Adjust the overall contrast in the image
The starting point of course is to import the picture or select it from your Lightroom library. For this post I used Lightroom 5, my workflow software of choice, but the general principles should be the same in any photo editing software. Since the picture probably opens as a color version, we first need to select ‘Black & White’ in the ‘Basic’ options menu.
The next step is particular to Lightroom. Upon selecting ‘Black & White’, Lightroom automatically applies color adjustments to the individual color hues in the ‘HSL / Color / B&W’ menu. Since we want to manually adjust these later, we first need to set them all to zero. This also helps with choosing the correct white balance to start out with.
This particular picture would work very well in color, since the hues are all largely the same and the background is an even white. That also makes it easy to convert to black and white, since there aren’t so many different colors that respond differently during the conversion. The next step is to select a white balance that serves as a starting point for the fine tuning. In this case I chose a setting that both slightly levels out the skin tones and emphasizes the red of the lips as well as the eyes. Compare with the picture before to see the effect of the changed white balance.
Next we adjust the individual colors. I chose to darken reds and oranges, which will emphasize the lips and eyes by darkening them even more. Greens, blues, purples and magentas are brightened in order to make the skin as well as the clothing appear brighter, and to create a contrast to the dark hair, eyes and lips.
Finally, we adjust the tone curve in order to give the picture a stronger overall contrast. Since the contrast was relatively high from the start (due to my use of a strong flash pointed directly at the subject, and the fact that Olympus raw files usually start out with a relatively strong contrast already), I didn’t have to tweak the tone curve much in this case.
One more thing to note is that when doing b&w conversions is that not only the regular color will be converted to brightness values, but also the latent color noise, which is present in almost any digital image. This may lead to a more rough and grainy look, which may not be desired especially in areas that we want to be of even brightness. We need to dial in some slight color noise reduction thus.
Since this picture was taken at ISO 200 and I didn’t boost the shadows at all, an amount of 10 for the color noise reduction was sufficient to remove any noise-induced artifacts. The result is a picture which has a much more dramatic look than the color version we started out with:
Converting a Landscape to Black-and-White
In landscapes, we don’t want even brightness levels like in portraits. Rather what we want is as much contrast between individual elements as possible. And this isn’t too difficult to achieve, since in ladscape pictures we usually have at least two color that we can contrast: green and blue. In addition, we also often find hues of brown, red, orange and yellow, as well as white if there are clouds in the sky.
This may not be a typical landscape picture, more of a mixed industrial-landscape style. But still, it offers the usual color palette of landscapes as described above. You’ll notice that the picture looks rather flat and dull the way it came out of the camera. There’s not much contrast overall, and the color brightness levels are all pretty close to each other.
In this case I chose a white balance that emphasizes the greens and blues. The former we want to appear as bright tones in the final picture, to contrast with the blues, which we want to appear as dark tones so they contrast with the clouds as well as the foreground.
Just like with the portrait, we tweak the different colors individually. For this picture, I chose to brighten the green shades and to darken the turqouise and blue shades. The preliminary result is already much more dramatic looking than the plain black-and-white conversion we started out with. It’s still far from perfect, though. If you look at the histogram, you’ll noice that there are huge gaps at the shadow and highlights end each, and that most shades accumulate in the mid-tones. So in order to boost overall contrast, we use the curves tool.
First, I pull down the shadow levels and pull up the highlight levels. This way the darkes shades get close to black, and the brightest shades get close to white. The picture is still very dark overall though, and lacks definition in the foreground.
So for the final adjustment, I pull the mid-tones closer to the highlights to brighten up the picture overall. Now it’s evident what we did to the individual colors initially: the sky is relatively dark (though not unnaturally so), and contrasts nicely with the clouds. The green in the foreground, on the other hand, is relatively bright, and there is a lot of definition in the plantlife. The picture you see in the Lightroom preview above is identical to the picture I used in the header of this article.
There are a lot of scenarios where a black-and-white conversion is preferrable over a color picture. Each scenario asks for a different approach to the conversion, however. In this article I demonstrated two possible scenarios: portraiture and landscapes. For portraiture I showed you how to achieve even skin tones, while for landscapes I demonstrated how to darken the sky and brighten the foliage. I also introduced you to the general technique that is needed for a black-and-white conversion from a RAW file. In the end, what matters most is your unique vision. It may take some trying and playing with the sliders, but you’ll quickly get a feel for how an image responds to tweaking the individual settings.
Please Support The Phoblographer
We love to bring you guys the latest and greatest news and gear related stuff. However, we can’t keep doing that unless we have your continued support. If you would like to purchase any of the items mentioned, please do so by clicking our links first and then purchasing the items as we then get a small portion of the sale to help run the website. | <urn:uuid:4ddd67de-04b2-4022-9f23-611c080cae51> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.thephoblographer.com/2013/07/13/how-to-do-black-and-white-conversions-from-raw-files/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931005799.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155645-00019-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929078 | 2,406 | 3.1875 | 3 |
In School Library Journal’s “Hip-Hop EDU: Use Music To Spark Students’ Creativity and Learning,” journalist Marva Hinton delves into the creative ways educators are using hip-hop to improve learning and engagement.
Hip-hop music is “the language of global youth culture,” says author and educator Carole Boston Weatherford, and has increased in popularity over the last few decades, with a recent spike prompted by the popularity of the musical Hamilton. “In the past, that often meant a well-meaning teacher putting on a gold chain and imitating something you might have seen on Yo! MTV Raps in the late ’80s” Hinton writes. “But today, many educators are being more thoughtful about how best to incorporate hip-hop into their lessons.”
Hinton describes how Andy Spinks, a library media specialist at Campbell High School in Smyrna, Georgia, created a popular recording studio in the library for students to create music, learn about digital recording, and—most importantly—collaborate.“The reason they’re drawn to it is because they have things they want to say, they have a way that they want to say them, and they’re given a lot of license to do that there,” Spinks says.
As educators begin to see hip-hop as poetry, it can open doors for writing instruction: Rap songwriting can spark engagement in students who may be less interested in traditional writing. Spinks’ student sophomore Jarrett Modica, for example, found his voice by writing and producing lyrics in the recording studio. “It’s a place where you can just be yourself,” Modica said.
Some educators hesitate to use hip-hop music because of the profanity, violence, or explicit language featured in some of the songs. Set boundaries and expectations for lyrics, Spinks advises. He tells students to avoid any lyrics that promote bullying and forbids lyrics that are negative about another member of the school community. “You can do a dis track about Drake if you want to, but don’t do one about somebody in this school,” Spinks said. Give parents advance notice of controversial material, and explain how and why the content will be used.
At West Boca Raton High School, librarian Kristine Cannon has developed a reading curriculum around the book Let Me Hear a Rhyme; the class is reserved for students who failed the state’s standardized English tests. “We just thought that the element of the music, the hip-hop, and even the time period would really grab the students,” Cannon told Hinton. “We thought that it would give us a lot to discuss with them.”
Because it is a topic students are interested in, it can be used as the subject matter for less interesting lessons, too, Hinton writes. Libby Gorman, library media specialist at Edgewood Middle School in Maryland, uses hip-hop examples to teach citation, a subject she concedes is mostly “boring.” Using examples such as Will Smith’s “Friend Like Me” and Lil Nas X’s “Old Town Road,” Gorman engages students. She incentivizes proper citation: “The rule was they had to cite it before they could play it, but once they cited it, they could play the music,” Gorman said.
But hip-hop can be deeply integrated into the curriculum as well. Librarian Joquetta Johnson uses hip-hop as the culturally responsive foundation for cross-curricular studies that involve creative writing, reading, and even math. In one lesson, “students had to solve a scenario-based math problem about Kendrick Lamar.” They identified patterns in his Twitter feed and determined the growth of his fan base. Johnson also uses hip-hop to teach students about digital citizenship, copyright and intellectual property. | <urn:uuid:d789172b-2b3e-43b4-89f7-24a276a7209f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.edutopia.org/article/power-rap-and-hip-hop-classroom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496523.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330023050-20200330053050-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.95967 | 831 | 3.390625 | 3 |
We are asking how COVID-19 is impacting rural communities. Read below for a perspective from Jennifer King of Bloomfield, NY. You can share yours here: http://bit.ly/iaartcovid
On Wednesday, March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the novel coronavirus outbreak was officially a pandemic. That same day, during our faculty meeting after school, our Bloomfield (NY) Central School District leadership team (@bloomfieldcsd) discussed the possibility of our district’s MSHS and elementary buildings closing. At that point, a closure seemed possible to me, but not necessarily imminent. Nonetheless, faculty spent Thursday and Friday of that week adapting our lesson plans so that we could prepare ourselves and our students for what we would do if our school building closed. We made sure that our students knew how to access the online tools that we would rely on most, and we made sure that our students in grades 3-12 took their Chromebooks and chargers home on Friday afternoon. When our school day came to a close on Friday, March 13, just 48 hours after our faculty meeting, the reality of our school building closing seemed quite probable. Many staff members speculated that we would not be returning to school with our students on Monday. And in fact, that is what came to pass. But even then, we did not collectively realize that we would remain out of our school building for the remainder of the school year, which ended on June 17.
Our district (and community) was fortunate in that our district leadership had prioritized students’ access to instructional technology (@BloomfieldTech) in the years leading up to the pandemic. The 2019-2020 school year was the fourth year of our 1:1 Chromebook initiative for students in grades 3-12, and our district had been providing teachers and students with access to many online tools and resources. When our school buildings closed, our district was also quick to connect us with Zoom as a synchronous platform, and our district (along with the Wayne Finger Lakes BOCES) offered frequent staff development opportunities for faculty to expand their repertoire of tools and practices for online teaching and learning. I will always be grateful for our district’s foresight and responsiveness in regards to instructional technology. More than once, I said to my students, “Imagine if this pandemic had happened 25 years ago...We would have been really cut off from each other. Being on Zoom and Flipgrid isn’t the same as being in the classroom, but at least we can still see and hear each other!”
Our district staff also understood that, above all else, we needed to prioritize connections with students. We still valued our instructional content, of course, but we understood that we weren’t just moving instruction online. We were all teaching and learning and existing through a global crisis. It is worth noting that we are a district in New York State. And while our county had (and still has) a relatively low rate of COVID cases and fatalities, we were all directly impacted in some way. And as New Yorkers, we knew that our State was in crisis, and that our collective health and well-being (physical, mental, and emotional) had to be our top priority.
As a MSHS English Language Arts teacher, I did my best to encourage my students to keep reading, writing, discussing, and critically thinking. But many of the Zoom gatherings that I scheduled were to support students socially and emotionally. We did guided meditations, and had virtual birthday celebrations, and just hung out online together. And when racial injustice and unrest flared in late May, we gathered on Zoom for weekly current events conversations (co-facilitated by my students) so that we could thought-fully reflect on our nation, and our place in it.
Amidst the hardships and uncertainties, our extended school building closure presented some unique opportunities. I was able to offer an Online Writers’ Circle (OWC) and an Online Book Club (OBC) for 7th-graders who wanted more extensive enrichment opportunities to grow with each other as readers and writers. Each group met on Zoom twice a week. In our OWC meetings, students participated in student-led writing exercises, shared their writing projects, and introduced each other to websites where teen writers could post their writing and engage with other readers and writers. In our OBC meetings, students selected texts available to us through Teenbook Cloud; we created a reading schedule, and students’ facilitated our discussions. A highlight for us was reading Hit the Ground Running by Canadian author Alison Hughes (@Ahugheswrites), and then meeting with her on Zoom (pictured here). Alison was so kind and gracious, and we learned so much from her about her writing process!
Through our rural district’s technology, we have been able to connect with each other, and with the world around us. We miss being together physically in our MSHS building, and we look forward to going back at some point. But in the meantime, we are grateful to be able to use technology to come together, while apart.
Jennifer King, Ph.D, NBCT
December 15, 2022
Sprinkle Diversity Everywhere
November 23, 2022
A second career in teaching can rewrite your life story | <urn:uuid:d73ebac6-044b-45bc-aac9-50aafe5b4453> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://iamaruralteacher.org/stories/jennifer-king-bloomfield-ny | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495001.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127164242-20230127194242-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.975193 | 1,095 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Reporting Live from the Orange County Great Park
Every Thursday and Friday from March 7 to June 7, 2013
Cost: FREE, no fee for students to participate
Open to: First-grade classes from Irvine, Santa Ana and Tustin unified school districts.
|Transportation costs are fully reimbursed through support from Pacific Life Foundation and Southern California Gas Company.|
What is it?
Reporting Live from the Great Park is a STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Math)-focused program for first graders using “disguised learning” to build knowledge of scientific investigation, physical science, geography, earth science, technology, language and visual arts.
What will the kids do?
Children ride the Great Park Balloon and tour the Farm + Food Lab, conducting fieldwork and experiments, then articulate what they learn by recording a news report at the OCGP-TV Studio. Garden instruction is conducted by the University of California Cooperative Extension Master Gardeners.
How big is the program?
In its first year, more than 400 first graders participated in this program and in 2012 the program was expanded to 1,800 students!
Frequently Asked Questions
The Reporting Live from the Great Park field trip is based around four learning stations:
• The Great Park Balloon
A classroom high in the sky without walls where kids get a bird’s eye view of the land below and the clouds above. We use the latest in equipment including voice recorders, digital cameras, binoculars, barometers and temperature gauges to collect data that will be used in the newscast! In windy conditions, we will substitute the Great Park Carousel for the Balloon.
• The Tierra Verde Learning Center at the Great Park
A kid friendly Newsroom and Tech Center where kids create their own newscast in front of a camera. Using Mac computers to “visit” places around the world, students learn about weather and land resources.
• The Kids Rock Play Area
A place where kids run, climb and connect learning with fun through a disguised learning model, focusing on local geographical, historical, and natural features.
• The Farm + Food Lab
An outdoor learning garden filled with themed plant beds, such as the Pizza & Spaghetti Garden, the Sensory Garden, the Fruit Salad Garden and more. Students are taught about parts of the plant and get to play in worm bins and explore.
Please feel free to contact Christine Tinsley after your visit. We welcome any feedback. If you are reading this then the field trip experience has already begun! Your students will each receive a Reporting Live from the Great Park Field Guide. It is designed to be user friendly and relevant to the experience while incorporating the First Grade California Content Standards. The field trips are conducted by CA credentialed teachers or student teachers as well as University of California Corporate Extension Master Gardeners. You may be asked to participate in a follow up questionnaire and survey. We are always looking for suggestions and more effective ways to create a Great Field Trip for students and teachers.
While the Great Park Balloon is tethered at all times, the 400-foot ride may seem scary to some students. Most apprehension turns to excitement when the time comes to board the Balloon and students see their peers excited, too. Every student is encouraged to participate in the Balloon ride, and all students are encouraged to have their permission slips signed for the ride. This does not require them to ride, but leaves them the option to do so. Great Park staff will make accommodations for any student who doesn’t wish to ride the Balloon.
You and your student group will be greeted upon arrival by a Great Park docent or staff member, who will collect permission slips. Large groups will be divided into smaller activity groups and assigned a group color or name. Group organization and color assignments must be made on-site and cannot be pre-determined. Each color group will then go to a different activity station in the park, led by a docent teacher. Groups will rotate to each of the activity stations during the time of the field trip. Docents and Park staff are in constant communication through walkie-talkies and cell phones.
As this will be the first field trip for some students and parents, teachers can help prepare them in advance for the experience. With students, please discuss keeping with the group, and having eyes and ears open. Please discuss helpful chaperoning techniques and expectations with your adult volunteers, reminding them that Great Park docents will be there to guide the learning, and the parents would be most helpful in keeping the students focused and with the group.
All materials, including writing materials, will be provided on site. There is no need to bring anything. Lesson plans can be provided in advance upon request.
Teachers, adult volunteers and students should all wear nametags to aid communication during the field trip. Please come with name tags already on.
Yes, well-maintained restrooms are available throughout the Park. Be advised that some restrooms the students may use during the field trip have foot pedal-operated flushing systems that most students may not be familiar with. The novelty may be a distraction to some students, so teachers may want to discuss these types of facilities with the students before the bathroom break.
Sack lunches are the responsibility of the participating schools and will be collected and stored by the Great Park staff upon arrival. Lunches will be brought to picnic tables, and groups will have approximately thirty minutes for their break.
Each activity group of approximately 10-15 students will have an Orange County Great Park docent, who is a California Credentialed or Student Teacher, with them the entire field trip experience. There will also be trained teachers, Master Gardeners, FAA Certified Pilots and park support staff present during the event. Parents are also welcome to chaperone as space allows. We allow a maximum of four parents per classroom to accompany the students.
Thanks to the generosity of the Scotts Miracle Gro company, the OCGP is able to reimburse the cost of bus transportation. Schools are required to submit an invoice after their trip for payment.
Due to the high level of outdoor activity, field trips will not take place during inclement weather. Great Park staff will check the weather forecast the day prior to the field trip, and contact the school administrator or other designated school representative to cancel the field trip if inclement weather is assured. Unfortunately, cancelled field trips will not be rescheduled. Please also note that if the weather is windy or overcast, the Balloon ride portion of the field trip will be substituted with an alternate activity.
There is plenty of space at the Orange County Great Park! However the balloon can accommodate approximately 20-25 students with adults depending on the weather and age of students. The Tierra Verde Learning Center accommodates a maximum of thirty students and adults at one time. Classes rotate through four stations. We suggest a total group size of no more than two classrooms.
The average program lasts four to four and one half hours. The program typically starts between 9:30 and 10 AM and ends between 1:30 and 2:00 PM. | <urn:uuid:d99a871c-24bf-4ee0-8ce6-5cb851f1be06> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.ocgp.org/visit/reporting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164041513/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133401-00081-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941992 | 1,470 | 2.796875 | 3 |
You probably have heard of the term "oxygen debt" and wonder what it means. To cite one of the many definitions that can be found on the Internet, oxygen debt is "the amount of oxygen required to repay the oxygen deficit by the removal of lactic acid and other metabolic products that accumulate when the supply of oxygen was below the needs of the individual during intense activity." - (Feltham Press Ltd: Exercise Physiology Glossary online)
To further explain what oxygen debt means, we briefly discuss here the processes involved in muscle metabolism. Even with the maximal rate and degree of intensity of respiration, and the maximal rate of the flow of blood through the skeletal muscles, there is an inadequate provision of oxygen to supply - by the burning of foods - the energy required for intense muscular work. The energy obtained by the muscles is derived from other reactions. One such reaction is the breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid. In this reaction, however, some of the lactic acid, in turn, is burned to carbon dioxide and water; free oxygen is required for this particular reaction.
However, inasmuch as the oxidative reaction gives off no energy needed directly for muscle contraction, it need not be fully carried out during the period of muscular activity. While such process of oxidizing takes place during the actual muscle activity, much of it is inevitably put off by the limitations of the oxygen provision until both the exercise and the lactic acid production have ceased. It is during the period of muscle activity, while the lactic acid is accumulating, that the body is said to be in oxygen debt.
When the body is in oxygen debt, it means that it has borrowed against the time when the exercise will come to an end, and, with a continuation of the rapid respiratory rate, the oxygen debt can be requited, and the lactic acid disposed of. Most of the lactic acid produced is reconverted into glycogen; for this reaction, a supply of energy is required, which is provided by the oxidation of a small part of the lactic acid.
Let's take a look at this example. During a period of exercise lasting a couple minutes, the anaerobic energy-releasing processes may bring forth such a quantity of lactic acid that ten liters of oxygen are needed for its combustion or reconversion to glycogen. If such volume of oxygen would be taken into the blood in the lungs and sent to the muscles during the period of exercise, the lactic acid could be dealt with as quickly as it is brought forth. In such a case, there would be no oxygen debt.
In reality, though, only about five extra liters of oxygen might be conveyed to the active muscles during such period of exercise. Here, therefore, the amount of oxygen debt incurred is five liters. This oxygen debt is repaid by continuation of the rapid breathing (at a gradually decreasing rate) for possibly ten minutes after the exercise is brought to a stop.
The body has limited borrowing capacity. In extreme cases, a total oxygen debt of about twenty liters may be accumulated. Usually, though, before this limit is reached, further muscle contractions are prevented by fatigue. Prolonged exercise of a less severe nature is often associated with the term "second wind." In this condition, the increased breathing and blood flow convey oxygen to the muscles quickly enough so that the rate of disposition of lactic acid tends to stay even with the rate of its production.
1. "Oxygen Debt", on BrianMAC Sports Coach (online) - http://www.brianmac.co.uk/oxdebit.htm
2. "Oxygen Debt" - http://www.personalpowertraining.net/Articles/oxygen_debt.htm | <urn:uuid:0178623d-7f81-4159-8f31-88a1e24d9966> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sciences360.com/index.php/anatomy-physiology-160-7387/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.95991 | 771 | 3.484375 | 3 |
This complete history incorporates the 'voices' of the Holocaust, not only the perspectives of the victims, but also the perpetrators and bystanders.
Bergen reveals the common misunderstanding that the Holocaust was aimed solely at Jews.
In actual fact the Holocaust claimed the lives of 12 million people and incorporated many different social and ethnic groups.
The Nazi program of destruction not only focused on Jews, but the disabled, Gypsies, Poles, Soviet POWs, homosexual men, Afro-Germans and Jehovah's Witnesses.
The Second World War enabled this carnage by conquering territories and people, turning soldiers and doctors into trained killers, and creating a veneer of legitimacy around vicious acts of 'ethnic cleansing' and genocide.
Bergen's pathbreaking study uses cutting-edge and original research to reveal how these attacks were linked in a terrifying web of violence and brings to light the real extent of the most notorious and far reaching campaign of genocide in modern history.
- Format: Hardback
- Pages: 320 pages, 60 colour and 40 black and white illustrations
- Publisher: The History Press Ltd
- Publication Date: 01/04/2008
- Category: European history
- ISBN: 9780752445908 | <urn:uuid:8bf31252-1d12-4b68-b644-d6fa32853c62> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.hive.co.uk/Product/Doris-L-Bergen/The-Holocaust--A-New-History/1972972 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189127.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00619-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866345 | 250 | 3.390625 | 3 |
ONE OF the most famous medical fallacies was the doctrine of "laudable pus." After Claudius Galen, the Greek physician and medical writer of the second century, supported the theory of coction in inflammation, the belief that certain kinds of pus were beneficial in the healing of wounds was perpetuated through the centuries until modern times. Medieval physicians who followed Galen were convinced that clean healing by first intention was impossible, and believed that it was only natural for wounds to suppurate before finally healing. Physicians insisted that wet dressings and ointments should be applied to wounds in order to produce the laudable pus, and although there occasionally were surgeons as early as the 13th century who fought the doctrine and used wine to cleanse wounds, it was not until Lister's time that medical science abandoned this fallacious reasoning.
This is not, however
Wesselius LF. Countertransference in Milieu Treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1968;18(1):47-52. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740010049007 | <urn:uuid:2c9af0e6-4618-4845-8f83-206a6b78288a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/489544 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426372.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726182141-20170726202141-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.97385 | 219 | 3.234375 | 3 |
It is hard to imagine an 'earth-like' planet, with 'earth-like' oceans, that did not have active plate-tectonics, or plate-tectonics in the past. Although small amounts of water exist on Mercury, our Moon, and Mars, these do not now have oceans or an atmosphere anything like the earth's atmosphere. Earth is the only planet (anywhere) we know for certain has continents, ocean-basins filled with liquid water, and an atmosphere of water rain and snow - the Earth is also the only planet (anywhere) we know for certain has active plate-tectonics and has life.
I think the statement you cite is true- as a description of expert opinion - many planetologists would agree that plate-tectonics plays an important part in maintaining water on a planet's surface. A planet that had oceans, but never had plate-tectonics, would be very different than the earth. That does not mean such a thing can't exist, it just means it would be quite different from our current experience with planets.
Most of the liquid water on the surface of the earth fills the ocean basins. We understand the ocean basins (on earth) as having been formed by the process of plate-tectonics. Plate-tectonics is required to generate ocean crust as we know it.
Plate-tectonics implies active convection is taking place in the planet's interior (at least the mantle). Less directly, it implies the planet's interior is dynamic, and may have active convection in a metallic core which might support a magnetic field. The earth's magnetic field has probably protected the earth's atmosphere from being blasted away by the solar wind. (The possible fate of Mar's atmosphere and oceans.)
The chemical component H2O plays an important part in igneous petrology. Water containing minerals recycled back into the earth at oceanic trenches (subduction zones) can lower the partial melting temperature of the mantle, may lower the effective viscosity of the mantle, and may be required for the formation of continental crust.
Submarine hydrothermal systems, located along the mid-ocean ridge, alter the chemical composition of the ocean. Life may have first originated in these hydrothermal systems, which exist due to plate-tectonics.
Surface water on the earth may have had an extraterrestrial origin or may have outgassed from the planet's interior (likely both over the course of history.) Volcanic gasses contain much H2O and CO2, and the outgassing of volcanic gas during plate-tectonics may have been an important source of surface water on earth.
No one really knows for certain whether an exoplanet will be discovered that has oceans without plate-tectonics, or even plate-tectonics without oceans. The article you cite (and others I've seen also) should perhaps be taken to mean that plate-tectonics is currently the paradigm by which we understand how an earth-like planet works. It would be very interesting for planetary science if something different were found. | <urn:uuid:5ed25dd8-9e26-4d3d-a0ed-5a242e3543bd> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/48318/plate-tectonics-and-water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166222.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00199-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959767 | 643 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Pet Care – Snake Bites, A common summer emergency
Since the summer began, we have seen an increase in snakebites. In general the dry season and the strong winds seem to be the main causes of this outbreak. This is why we want to explain a little bit of what really happens with a snakebite.
Toxicity caused by the venom of a snake can be local or systemic. In humans, 20% of the bites caused by venomous snakes are dry, meaning no venom was injected. In all species the onset of clinical signs may be delayed up to six hours. That’s why urgent and supportive care are the keys for achieving an optimal outcome in venomous snakebites.
In our pets, bites usually are to the face and front legs for both dogs and cats, usually due to their curious nature. Fang punctures can be evident; sometimes it’s just like a line, or due to the fur will not be visible until there is already an abscess or necrotic tissue. A swollen area is usually found and sometimes feels hot to the touch. If the animal is bitten in the tongue or mouth in general, airway obstruction might be found. Neurotoxic venoms may exhibit no local signs other than bite wounds. Complications may occur due to coagulopathies. The venom is producing assaults on blood clotting and tissue integrity, and altering fluid (blood and serum) distribution. In some cases, depending on the species of the snake, the central nervous system function will be impaired. Most venoms induce a drop in blood pressure resulting in shock. Coagulopathies are seen due to inhibition of blood clotting factors and compromise of fibrinogen and platelets function. The rate of distribution of venom toxins can be quite rapid in intravenous-bites, slower in intra-muscular bites and slowest in subcutaneous bites (majority). Bites to the face and extremities have slower venom uptake than to the tongue or abdomen. Some toxins can form a depot on the bite site, while others can penetrate deeper tissues and can redistribute with time back into circulation, resulting in recurrent toxicity. This can occur even days after the bite. Some snake venoms can be both neurotoxic and hemotoxic. Systemic toxic effects occur greatly in highly perfused tissues with organs more susceptible to thrombocytopenia (low platelets), hypofibrinogemia and the result of coagulopathy.
- Respiratory, skin: tissue destruction, cardiovascular: shock, renal/urologic: renal failure, gastrointestinal: vomit and diarrhea, neuromuscular: generalized weakness( Osweiler, Gary et al, 2011).
Risk factors are: age, size, history of been bitten already, pre-existent disease or medication taken (Osweiler, Gary et al, 2011).
Local signs: angioedema, fang punctures, swelling, bleeding through the site of bite, erythema, ecchymosis, lymphangitis. Systemic signs: low blood pressure, respiratory changes, weakness, bleeding, excessive salivation, fasciculation, vomiting, hematemesis, diarrhea and oliguria (Osweiler, Gary et al, 2011).
In our hospital we have had really good results with these cases and applying the antivenom in the first 12 hours after the accident occurs has been really important in this success against intoxication. It is an emergency that can not be treated at home. If you see that a snake attacked your pet or you think that it might be a snake bite, take your pet to the veterinarian as soon as possible. In our country we use antivenom for Coral and other poisonous snake types. The complete treatment differs depending on the type of snake that attacked your pet, the risk factors involved and the time since the animal got bitten. In general, fluids (intravenous), antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, hepatic and liver protectors are some of most common protocols. | <urn:uuid:d692a240-7566-4156-8679-fee43b1593b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://howlermag.com/2017/04/pet-care-snake-bites-common-summer-emergency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336880.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001163826-20221001193826-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.90771 | 848 | 3.53125 | 4 |
This research examines the effect of accounting standards on the quality of financial reporting in Nigeria. The broad objective of the study is to determine the effect of financial accounting standard on the quality of financial reporting in Nigeria and also to ascertain if accounting standard is effective in business enterprise. It also aims at bringing to the awareness of the users of financial statement the benefits of financial reporting standard towards improving business performance. The researcher adopted the primary source of data collection and the chi-square statistical tool was used to test the stated hypotheses. It was found that financial reporting standard has a significant effect on financial reporting in Nigeria and that accounting reporting standard is effective in business enterprise. Finally, it was recommended that the standards setting body maintain cooperation with government regulatory bodies and financial institution so as to ensure compliance and disclosure in all material respect with financial reporting standard requirement. The financial reporting standard (FRS) should ensure full compliance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page i
Title Page ii
Approval Page iii
Table of Contents ix
Chapter One: Introduction 1
Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature 10
2.12 Objectives of Financial Statement and Reporting 31
2.13 Disclosure in Corporate Financial Reporting 32
2.14 The Effects of Accounting Standards on Financial Reporting Quality 34
Chapter Three: Research Method and Design 39
Chapter Four: Data Presentation, Analysis and
Hypothesis Testing 43
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 Data Presentation 43
4.3 Data Analysis 43
4.3 Hypothesis Testing 54
Chapter Five: Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations 59
5.1 Introduction 59
5.2 Summary of Findings 59
5.3 Conclusion 59
5.4 Recommendations 60
The end product of financial reporting is the preparation and publication of financial statement. A substantial number of alternative postulate, principle assumption and method adopted by a reporting entity in the preparation of financial statement can significantly affect its result of operation and understanding the interpretation of financial reporting in financial statement.
The financial statement prepared by the accountants is based on convention that is derived from printable reports and there conventions originate from such concepts as: entity, going concern, periodicity, realization consistency, matching concept, historical cost. These concepts are fundamental to financial reporting standards and presentation of financial statement, disclosure of fundamental financial concept and acts followed.
This is because financial statement are for interest to a variety of users, especially shareholders, the use of financial statement clearly valuable evaluation of a reporting enterprise unless if financial statement clearly disclose the significant financial accounting policies that have been adopted in their preparation.
Its is also adopted in recognizing measures and values on item of revenue, expense, gain, loss or any asst or liability. Financial reporting practice have evolved in response to the verity and complexity of types of enterprise and business transaction, there exist more than one recognized calculating profit, measuring depreciation, valuing inventory.
Standard accounting practices require publicly traded companies to follow certain accounting rules when presenting financial statements so that the readers of the statements can easily compare different companies. Private companies are also often required by banks and shareholders, for example, to present information according to their specified rules.
Usually, countries practicing civil law system write standards into law and countries with English common law systems have private organizations to set the rules. There are specialist organizations that can arrange for the set-up of an accounting practice with a franchise business model which can prove successful from the out-set.
The accounting standards are developed to ensure a high degree of standardization in the published financial statement. They provide the necessary information about how financial reporting information should be gathered, prepared and presented in order to improve the value of its contents and facilitate through understanding.
Financial accounting as an aspect of the accounting profession is concerned primarily with the Tran writing of financial information to the user who would use it to improve the outcome of their decision process. The financial information are embodied in the financial statement which serves as a means of communicating information to interested parties the obligation and performance of the reporting entity or enterprise in Nigeria system.
In preparing and presenting financial statements, the accountants must be guided in such preparation by the standard of the profession to ensure that such financial statement prepared and presented will facilitate a thorough understanding to its user.
The following research questions are used in the research work.
i. What significant effect does financial accounting standard has on the quality of financial reporting in Nigeria?
ii. How effective is accounting standard in business enterprise?
iii. What are the problems encountered in the application of accounting standard?
The broad objective of this study is to ascertain the effect of accounting standard on the quality of financial reporting in Nigeria. To following are the sub-objectives;
1. To determine the effect of financial accounting standard on the quality of financial reporting in Nigeria.
2. To ascertain if accounting standard is effective in business enterprise.
3. To ascertain the problems encountered in the application of accounting standard.
The following are the hypotheses of the study;
HO: Financial accounting standard has no significant effect on the quality of financial reporting in Nigeria.
HI: Financial accounting standard has significant effect on the quality of financial reporting in Nigeria.
HO: Accounting reporting standard is ineffective in business enterprise.
HI: Accounting reporting standard is effective in business enterprise.
HO: There are no problems encountered in the application of accounting standard.
HI: There are problems encountered in the application of accounting standard.
At the end of this research work, one will be able to know the procedures adopted in the preparation of financial statement reporting and the information contained therein.
Accounting Users: The relevance of the various concepts and convention in the preparation of financial will be classified. This is based on the fact that an attempt will be made to discover the importance of disclosure of the various concept and convention used in the preparation of financial statement, the understanding and interpretation of which it will greatly affect the decision of users.
Future Researchers: the study will broaden the knowledge of the academic community on the importance of accounting standard on the quality of financial statement and their subsequent disclosures.
The scope of this research work is limited to the effect of accounting standards on the quality reporting in Nigeria. In this study, the research covers in depth information gathered in such areas as, the historical development of financial statement, the objective of financial reporting, the various financial reporting standard, postulate the theoretical concept and principles. The time frame of the study is 5 years i.e. 2011 – 2015 (both years inclusive).
In carrying out this research work, a number of difficulties were encountered.
1. Finance: lack of adequate and sufficient finance in terms of the cost of collecting data, and processing the required information hindered the smooth conduct of this project.
2. The non-availability of existing research materials made the researcher to search deeply for relevant data information from the internet, library and book stories.
3. In the course of personal interview conducted by the researcher, it was difficult to obtain some information, as they were deemed confidential by the companies and persons visited.
For the purpose of clarity, some of the terms in the research work as derived by IAS are explained below.
Financial Statement: This is a formal record of the financial activities of a business, person or other entity. The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.
Financial Policies: These are those bases or principles describing a corporation choices regarding its debt/equity mix, currencies of denomination, maturity structure and hedging of decision with a goal of maximizing the value of the firm to some set of stockholders.
Financial Information: These are data such as credit cards numbers, credit ratings, accounting balances and other monetary facts about a person or organization that are used in billing, credit assessment loan transactions and other financial activities.
Financial Reporting Standards: This is a set of accounting standards stating how particular types of transactions and other event should be reported in the financial statement.
Entity: This means an economic unit that is treated as separate from parties having proprietary or economic interest.
Investment: These are asset acquired for the purpose of income generation without any activities in the form of production, trade or provision of services.
Asset: This is a research controlled by an entity as a result of past event from which future economic benefit are expected.
Liability: A present obligation to transfer economic benefit as a result of past transaction.
Can't find what you are looking for? Hire An Eduproject Writer To Work On Your Topic or Call 0806-703-7559.
Proceed to Hire a Writer » | <urn:uuid:ee628b24-4547-486a-b1c0-f687aa640136> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://eduprojects.ng/accounting/the-effect-of-accounting-standards-on-the-quality-of-financial-reporting-in-nigeria/latest-project-topics-materials-and-research-ideas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153474.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727170836-20210727200836-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.934537 | 1,771 | 2.8125 | 3 |
There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in the ...
|Title||There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in the vertebrates: Implications for current theories of evolution and development|
|Author(s)||M. K. Richardson, J. Hanken, M. L. Gooneratne, C. Pieau, A. Raynaud, L. Selwood, Glenda M. Wright|
|Journal||Anatomy and Embryology|
|Abstract||Embryos of different species of vertebrate share a common organisation and often look similar. Adult differences among species become more apparent through divergence at later stages. Some authors have suggested that members of most or all vertebrate clades pass through a virtually identical, conserved stage. This idea was promoted by Haeckel, and has recently been revived in the context of claims regarding the universality of developmental mechanisms. Thus embryonic resemblance at the tailbud stage has been linked with a conserved pattern of developmental gene expression - the zootype. Haeckel's drawings of the external morphology of various vertebrates remain the most comprehensive comparative data purporting to show a conserved stage. However, their accuracy has been questioned and only a narrow range of species was illustrated. In view of the current widespread interest in evolutionary developmental tal biology, and especially in the conservation of developmental mechanisms, re-examination of the extent of variation in vertebrate embryos is long overdue, We present here the first review of the external morphology of tailbud embryos, illustrated with original specimens from a wide range of vertebrate groups, We find that embryos at the tailbud stage - thought to correspond to a conserved stage - show variations in form due to allometry, heterochrony, and differences in body plan and somite number. These variations foreshadow important differences in adult body form. Contrary to recent claims that all vertebrate embryos pass through a stage when they are the same size, we find a greater than 10-fold variation in greatest length at the tailbud stage. Our survey seriously undermines the credibility of Haeckel's drawings, which depict not a conserved stage for vertebrates, but a stylised amniote embryo. In fact, the taxonomic level of greatest resemblance among vertebrate embryos is below the subphylum. The wide variation in morphology among vertebrate embryos is difficult to reconcile with the idea of a phyogenetically-conserved tailbud stage, and suggests that at least some developmental mechanisms are not highly constrained by the zootype, Our study also highlights the dangers of drawing general conclusions about vertebrate development from studies of gene expression in a small number of laboratory species.|
Using APA 6th Edition citation style.
Times viewed: 119 | <urn:uuid:14f4abae-2465-4618-9db5-5ab910df7eea> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.islandscholar.ca/fedora/repository/ir%3Air-batch6-715 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223210034.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032010-00383-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907916 | 563 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Guide to writing an effective ap us after your thesis you should include a sentence documents similar to guide to writing an effective ap us history essay. This article discusses what goes into a successful academic essay for history the first sentence should include a link to the thesis. These formulas share two characteristics all thesis statements should have: as you work on your essay to prove thesis statements on historical topics. Ap world history sample essay formulas use these generic formulas as a guide in your three essays so you get all your points it is very important to go. Courses in history involve a great amount of reading and the writing of complex essays because history your thesis should a history essay will have. You need to think for yourself and come up with a ‘bright idea’ to write a good history essay. If you are writing an expository essay, your thesis statement should explain to the reader what he analytical essay thesis how to write an art history. Know what they can expect as they read the essay the thesis should consist thesis with a broad topic: american history is full of thesis statements with.
What suitable thesis topic for the students who addicted in internet nowadays and free wifi what should a proper thesis thesis-statement-examples-help-next-essay. How to write a history research paper see also robert pearce's how to write a good history essay 1 on the basis of this thesis statement and outline. October 2001 undergraduates intimidated by the task of writing a ten-page term paper may find it helpful to break the assignment and the paper into smaller units. The thesis statement should remain flexible until the paper is which of these sentences would you say is or are the thesis statement of the essay which is to.
Learn how to write a history essay by reading this article on what should be included and how to your thesis should answer why and how t he evidence became. Elements of an effective history exam essay thesis is the analytic heart and soul of your essay and should be forest and trees of your essay your thesis.
History department – essay writing history essays similarly, history students should use the harvard is meant to be a short essay, not a major thesis. Developing a thesis think of yourself after reading your thesis statement, the reader should think, this essay is going to try to convince me of something. Definition of historical essay follow 2 the introduction in a history essay announces a clear thesis statement and explains what to expect in the.
Which of the following best describes what a thesis for a historical essay should be themselves uc admission essay children should be learning at a rapid. This thesis should be conveyed in the final how to write an introduction to a history how to write an introduction to a history essay accessed. Whether you’re writing an argumentative, informative, or a comparative paper, we have some tips for you on how to write a strong thesis statement.
41 thesis statement 42 write a hypothesis can be based around a historical narrative this could make up an entire essay in itself.
How to write a synthesis essay depending on the essay, your thesis statement can be either the opening sentence of the essay itself or the last. Historical and literary analysis project you should be well-informed about the historical context in which your text was develop your essay around a thesis. The purpose of this guide is to walk a high school student through an easy step-by-step process of writing an historical essay should conclude with the thesis. A thesis statement is generally a single sentence (the last sentence of intro) within the introductory paragraph of the history (or thesis) essay, which makes a claim. American dream thesis statement it is not surprising that history course students write essays concerning some leave your email and sign up for our weekly. | <urn:uuid:4b4f0faf-e832-483d-91ae-34fd56137ca5> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://nxhomeworkllxk.paycheckadvance.us/what-a-thesis-for-a-historical-essay-should-be.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865181.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623190945-20180623210945-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.937978 | 750 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Based on over 100,000 recent U.S. Government tests, on 46 popular fruits and vegetables, The Environmental Working Group (EWG), a non profit consumer watchdog group, came up with the “Dirty Dozen.” This is a grouping of 12 commercially grown fruits and vegetables that have the highest levels of toxic pesticide residue.
By choosing Certified Organic versions of the produce from this list and the processed food made from them (pies, juices, jams, sauces etc…), you will be taking a big step towards better health and limiting your exposure to harmful chemicals by as much as 90%. By limiting the toxic load on your body, you will also be helping yourself to avoid painful, chronic diseases.
The pesticides used in commercial farming are full of toxins that attack your nervous system, reproductive system and immune system, damage your brain and cause cancer. Developing fetuses and young children are especially at risk for being harmed by these chemicals.
EWG’s Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce
Use the following Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce to reduce your exposures as much as possible. This list will help you determine which fruits and vegetables have the most pesticide residues and are the most important to buy organic.
The Dirty Dozen for 2011 – Buy these organic
- Nectarines– imported
- Grapes – imported
- Sweet bell peppers
- Blueberries– domestic
- Kale/collard greens
The Clean 15 – Lowest in Pesticide
- Sweet Corn
- Sweet peas
- Cantaloupe- domestic
- Sweet potatoes | <urn:uuid:3c5d70ad-bd59-4d5f-820f-8e3c74581f23> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.healthyreader.com/12-most-contaminated-fruits-and-vegetables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398451744.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205411-00151-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89937 | 338 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Women’s Rights was a very big issue back in the day, and still is even in present day. Women have been treated differently since the 1800’s, but a huge women’s rights movement sparked the change that they needed. These women had fought long enough for the rights they deserved.
Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Early Development of Women’s Rights" essay for you
Even the people that didn’t have rights when this country was started, like the slaves and the immigrants, had rights before the women did. Many things changed this though. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were two of the biggest role models at this time for this touchy subject. They did many things to boost morale and to gain the rights that they fight for for many years. Boston and Seneca falls were the two biggest houses for the women’s rights movements. They also made the Declaration of Sentiments which was almost the same thing as the Declaration of Independence. These strong willed women, with the help of many others, have helped shape the world today.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton was one of the main advocates for women’s rights in the 1800’s. She, along with Lucretia Mott pushed and pushed until they finally got the rights they deserved. In 1847, Stanton moved to seneca falls and hosted the first women’s rights convention. (FOOTNOTE ADD HERE SOURCE ONE) This convention was the start of the uphill battle they would soon face. Stanton also wrote the Declaration of Sentiments here. She stated in this document how all men and women are created equal, contrary to what the declaration of independence said.
Some other main points of this document were (FOOTNOTE HERE LAST WEBSITE),” Married women were legally dead in the eyes of the law, women were not allowed to vote, women had to submit to laws when they had no voice in their formation, married women had no property rights, husbands had legal power over and responsibility for their wives to the extent that they could imprison or beat them with impunity, divorce and child custody laws favored men, giving no rights to women, women had to pay property taxes although they had no representation in the levying of these taxes, most occupations were closed to women and when women did work they were paid only a fraction of what men earned, women were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law, women had no means to gain an education since no college or university would accept women students, with only a few exceptions, women were not allowed to participate in the affairs of the church, women were robbed of their self-confidence and self-respect, and were made totally dependent on men.” The declaration of sentiments was the women’s version of their “independence” from the tyranny of man. This declaration was just as big of a deal for the women as it was for our founding fathers when they wrote theirs for England. Although this didn’t succeed alone; this was a big step for the women at this time.
Did you like this example?
Having doubts about how to write your paper correctly?
Our editors will help you fix any mistakes and get an A+! | <urn:uuid:2ee3e40f-71ad-49c7-a515-251800ed2b01> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://papersowl.com/examples/early-development-of-womens-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400201826.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921143722-20200921173722-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.992188 | 672 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Hong Kong status
...which include the mainland area lying largely to the north, together with 230 large and small offshore islands—all of which were leased from China for 99 years from 1898 to 1997. The Chinese-British joint declaration signed on December 19, 1984, paved the way for the entire territory to be returned to China, which occurred July 1, 1997.
TITLE: Hong Kong: Contemporary Hong Kong
SECTION: Contemporary Hong Kong
...were made from March 1979, but formal negotiations did not start until after the visit of the British prime minister to Beijing in September 1982. Negotiations continued for two years. Finally, the Chinese-British joint declaration on the question of Hong Kong was formally signed by the heads of the two governments in Beijing on Dec. 19, 1984. The agreement stipulated that Hong Kong (including... | <urn:uuid:49740e6a-4247-4f2e-8e70-4596394ad755> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/112402 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639674.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00016-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977741 | 170 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Download Full Image
This project includes the installation of a hybrid concentrated solar power plant that employs a Solar Tulip to concentrate the sun’s energy, turning it into electricity. The system produces power 24/7, moving seamlessly from solar to natural gas or biogas, and is also promising because it uses little to no water while producing a high quality thermal output in addition to power.
AORA Solar NA, a U.S. company, will work with a multidisciplinary ASU team to research options to increase efficiency, improve reliability, utilize the exhaust heat and decrease the cost of this Israeli-developed technology. AORA will construct the demonstration power plant, which includes a tower (approximately 100 feet high) appropriately called the Solar Tulip, on undeveloped land near the Karsten Golf Course in Tempe.
The technology includes a collection of mirrors to concentrate the sun’s rays to heat compressed air to more than 1800 degrees Fahrenheit and drive a gas turbine. The rated output of the system is 100 kilowatts of electricity and an additional 170 kilowatts of thermal energy, about enough energy to power between 60-80 homes.
At night, or when overcast, the Tulip can use a wide range of fuels to heat the air, and is thereby able to produce power and heat around the clock. The system is modular in design, allowing for multiple Tulips to work together, enabling the technology to match growing electric demand requirements. The relatively small footprint makes this system a potentially perfect complement to housing developments or industrial parks, and offers an option to enhance grid stability in the presence of transient renewable generation.
“ASU is a natural partner for us, not only because of its sunny location, but because of the university’s dedication to innovation and sustainability,” said Zev Rosenzweig, CEO of AORA Solar. “We are excited to make our debut here in the United States with this innovative technology, where we will continue to grow and develop the Tulip into a system that cities and industries around the world use to generate continuous energy with renewable resources.
"ASU’s breadth of research capability will undoubtedly allow us to increase output and reduce overall costs, which will bring us to commercial viability. Our confidence in this project is enhanced with the participation of project director, Ellen Stechel, who has spearheaded the concept from the beginning, along with her colleagues Gary Dirks, William Brandt and the ASU LightWorks team.”
AORA Solar is currently operating two additional research facilities, one located in a solar research park in Almeria, Spain, and the original unit in Israel. These systems can be controlled remotely via computer, a unique capability that provides innovative options for possibilities in the U.S. and, indeed, around the world, including developing countries.
The ASU/AORA collaborative relationship will not only bring ASU closer to its goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2025, but it will also benefit students and researchers across multiple fields of study.
“This is another instance in which ASU has brought in cutting-edge technology that its students can learn from and help perfect,” said Sethuraman "Panch" Panchanathan, senior vice president of Office of Knowledge Enterprise Development at ASU. “With this collaboration, the university has established a commitment to integrate students, faculty and staff into research on the Solar Tulip design to bring 24-hour solar/renewable technology to commercialization.”
“The AORA/ASU collaboration provides a multitude of possibilities looking forward,” said Gary Dirks, director of ASU LightWorks. “It is a perfect example of industry and academia coming together and leveraging their unique strengths to create collaborative projects that propel new and viable technology into our energy future. The Solar Tulip has enormous potential, both at ASU and beyond.”
AORA Solar has contracted with GreenFuel Technologies, a Phoenix-based General Contractor specializing in environmental energy projects, to construct the research plant at the ASU campus. The groundbreaking is expected to occur in April, with the anticipated operation date to be sometime in the late September/early October time frame. AORA Solar and ASU look forward to welcoming university peers, along with the public, to a ribbon-cutting event at the Tulip’s completion.
“We are pleased to host the Solar Tulip at the ASU Tempe campus,” said John Riley, sustainability operations officer at ASU. “It is a visually iconic piece of technology, helping to illustrate the way ASU is a destination place for state-of-the-art research and facilities.”
This collaboration was advanced by Arizona State University LightWorks, a research initiative that unites resources and researchers across ASU to confront global energy challenges. The LightWorks team provided the vision of required research, identified the multiple research windows in which AORA will participate and is intimately involved in moving the project from concept to fruition. With a proven track record of swiftly and strategically partnering with a diverse set of institutions, LightWorks continues to help overcome challenges in the fields of solar power, sustainable fuels and energy policy. To learn more about ASU LightWorks, visit asulightworks.com. | <urn:uuid:059cae76-b191-435a-9a5e-45f3ea13cf28> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://asunow.asu.edu/content/research-partnership-bring-cutting-edge-solar-technology-asu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660882.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00285-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940101 | 1,093 | 3.125 | 3 |
Creator: Hondius, Hendrik, b. 1573
Description: Map shows major cities and physical features for Europe, Asia, and Africa, with vague depiction beyond New Guinea for the Eastern Hemisphere; major settlements for South America, Central America, New Spain, and the eastern and southern portions of North America, and a vague depiction of the Pacific Coast, with California as an island, for the Western Hemisphere. Insets: "Julius Cæsar," "Claudius Ptolomeus Ale.," "Iudocus Hondius Flander," and "Gerardus Mercator Flander." Scale not given.
Contributing Partner: University of Texas at Arlington Library | <urn:uuid:d99cff74-05d2-4a5e-a73f-07b54c1237af> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://texashistory.unt.edu/explore/partners/UTA/browse/?fq=untl_decade%3A1640-1649&sort=creator&fq=dc_language%3Ager | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701152987.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193912-00312-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855336 | 139 | 3 | 3 |
Où achat cialis sans ordonnance et acheter viagra en France.
Microsoft word - nancy_helmy
Dr. Katharine Jones
Malaria: a global struggle
Section I: Increased Global Efforts vs. Progress
To members of developed countries, malaria is not an everyday worry. Yet millions still
struggle with malaria across the globe. However, over the last two decades, there has been an
increased interest to control malaria in endemic countries. International organizations such as the
World Health Organization (WHO) and Roll Back Malaria (RBM) partnered with one goal in
mind: end malaria (WHO: World Health Organization). RBM endorsed the “Scale Up for
Impact” program to provide large quantities of preventive interventions, such as insecticide
treated nets, to countries where malaria is endemic (Steketee 1). However, the increase in the
efforts is not as successful as it would be because there is not enough emphasis on anti-malarial
Malaria has been haunting regions of the globe for centuries. In the mid-19th century,
90% of the world’s population lived in a malaria infested country (Mendis 802). Countries in
Europe and North America were successful in controlling malaria. Their success was due to new
discoveries regarding transmission of the parasite and anti-malarial interventions (“The
History…”).With the discovery of Chloroquine and DDT, efforts to control malaria were
initiated. In 1955, the WHO launched the Global Malaria Eradication Program to eradicate
malaria in endemic areas (Mendis 803). By 1978, 37 countries became malaria free; 27 out of the
37 countries were in Europe and the Americas (803). Other countries drastically reduced the
number of malaria cases. India reduced its numbers from 110 million to less than a million in
1968 while Sri Lanka went from 2.8 million cases to 18 in 1966 (803). However, the success of
Chloroquine and DDT was short-lived: parasites developed resistance to the chemicals (803). In
response, interest in eradication decreased due to lack of knowledge regarding the parasite. The
information scientists possessed was already put in action in the form of Chloroquine and DDT.
When those methods failed, it was a “back-to-square-one” scenario. By 1991, the National
Institutes of Health in the US established a $1 billion budget globally for AIDS and only $10
million for malaria (Marshall 1). However, the cost of the disease—in terms of preventive care
and treatment—was determined to be over $2 billion a year (Marshall 1).
The World Health Organization reported in March 2009, that half of the world’s
population, 3.3 billion people, is at risk of malaria. In 2008, 247 million people battled malaria
globally:212 million were in Africa, 21 million in Asia, 8.1 million in the Middle East, and 2.7
million in the Americas (Roll Back Malaria). Approximately one million of the 247 million
global cases ended with death. Unfortunately, most of the one million deaths were children under
five years of age. In Africa alone, 20% of childhood mortality is due to malaria (WHO). On
average, a child in Africa will experience between two to five episodes of malaria fever a year
(WHO). Fevers can potentially leave a child brain damaged permanently if the fever is not
reduced. In Apac, Uganda, Alex Perry, a writer for TIME magazine, reported seeing naked
individuals roaming the town aimlessly with twigs and grass in their hair who were said to have
brain damage due to severe malaria during their years of infancy (1). In addition, malaria can be
fatal to pregnant women. The WHO reports that malaria is responsible for the death of 10,000
pregnant women and the death of 200,000 infants in Africa. Malaria does not only affect the
health of individuals but also the economy of an endemic, poverty stricken country. The WHO
indicates that malaria is responsible for loss of 1.3% of a country’s economic growth. To a
country fighting to break the vicious cycle of poverty, a 1.3% loss is devastating.
The launch of Global Malaria Control Strategy in 1992 renewed the lost interest to
control malaria (Mendis 803). In 1998, Roll Back Malaria, an international organization, was
born with a new goal: to find new treatment therapies (Mendis 803). This new energy attracted
investors. In 2000, the World Bank, an international institution whose aim is to end poverty,
pledged $500 million in interest free loans to fight malaria in Africa (Marshall 1). The Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation invested $115 million in anti-malarial research, education, drugs, and
vaccines (Marshall 1). In addition, the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
(NIAID) contributed over $52 million in 2001while in 2008, the UK Prime Minister, Gordon
Brown, donated 20 million bed nets (“Funding for Malaria” 3). The leaders of G-8 contributed
billions of dollars to fight malaria, AIDS, and TB (Marshall 1). In 2010, China donated 600
cartons of antimalarial drugs to South Sudan (“China Supports…”). The interest in malaria
finally increased once more and organizations are not reluctant to invest in anti-malaria research.
The new energy to control malaria is very encouraging and motivating. However, there
are some forces that counteract these anti-malarial interventions. Alex Perry from TIME
magazine reports that a doctor in Apac, Uganda sees on average 2,000 to 3,000 patients a week
(1). The number of patients often exceeds 5,000 in a rainy season (Perry 2). The malaria cases in
Apac are largely due to a “creek” protected by Belgium’s National Wetlands Program. The
drainage of the so-called “creek” could drastically reduce the number of malaria cases since the
environmental change will destroy the mosquitoes’ habitat. Yet the NWP banned such action in
order to preserve this ecosystem. In addition, spraying homes with insecticides, which reduced
malaria cases by half in 2008, is also forbidden (Perry 2). The spray is banned because of
objections from Uganda’s organic cotton farmers who supply Nike, H&M, and Walmart (Perry
2). The average farmer in Uganda must choose between using insecticide to prevent malaria
from killing his family and selling his cotton to put food on the table. Simply put, farmers are
risking their lives so individuals in developed countries enjoy the luxury of organic cotton
In 2006, Nature Medicine journal published an article about the ban on DDT. In 1972, the
US Environmental Protection Agency banned domestic use of DDT; and in 2001 the European
Community signed a treaty banning the agricultural use of DDT (“Move against malaria”). The
anti-DDT sentiment was due to the chemical’s adverse effects on human health and the
environment. However, some research trials have shown that DDT is not toxic in small
quantities. Agricultural overuse of DDT is indeed harmful; however, the small quantity sprayed
directly on the wall of homes, once per year, is nontoxic (“Move against malaria”).
Reintroducing DDT to the environment is a serious decision. Large scale research should be
performed before governments reverse the ban on DDT use. If the malaria campaigns include
DDT education and emphasis on proper use, then DDT can control malaria without the harmful
The global interest to control malaria has increased significantly over the last two
decades. Organizations, public figures, and philanthropists are investing large sums of money to
help end the suffering of millions across the globe. The amount of funding for Africa alone is
much larger than any region; however the results are not as expected (“Progress in malaria…”).
The success of anti-malarial programs will require more emphasis on the people of the endemic
countries. The organizations and programs in the anti-malarial battle are focusing on making
preventive measures available to the people of endemic regions; but there is not enough
emphasis on educating the people about proper use of the preventive measures. The “Scale Up
for Impact” endorsement provided preventive interventions to millions of people at risk and the
number of malaria cases decreased in some countries, but not all (Steketee 5, Fig 10). Educating
the people is a big factor in the success of any campaign. The people should know how to
properly use the insecticide treated nets, also known as ITN. Assuming that governments in the
malaria endemic countries are not proactive, it is the responsibility of organizations, such as
WHO and RBM, to ensure proper use of ITN. Volunteers from RBM, Red Cross, etc should
educate individuals in endemic areas how to prevent infections by using preventive measures.
The WHO and RBM partnership is a giant step toward controlling malaria. The interest
of organizations and donors to control the disease is providing the spirit needed to encourage
more support for funding. All the elements for a successful war on malaria are present except for
anti- malaria education for the individuals in endemic regions. Anti-malaria education will
complete the circle and control malaria once and for all.
Section 2: Genetic Variation vs. Success of Treatments
Scientists around the world have been studying the malaria parasite for decades. The
parasite’s ability to become adapt and become drug resistant is the obstacle between scientists
and the ultimate malaria vaccine. The increased efforts to end malaria are not as successful as the
world expects because of genetic diversity between the people in the endemic regions as well as
the diversity of the malaria parasite. However, healthcare providers in endemic countries are
trying to overcome issues, such as accessibility, to increase the chances of successful treatment.
Meanwhile, scientists are working in the laboratories to overcome the obstacles preventing the
As humanitarian organizations, such as the Red Cross, battle the malaria parasite in
endemic countries, the world watches closely for results. When treatments fail or do not produce
significant results, scientists have to determine why the treatment failed and develop a new
treatment. The main reason behind treatments failing is the individuality of the people. Innate
immunity is largely due to genetic variation between individuals. For example, carriers of sickle
cell trait do not express the sickle cell disease but they have some immunity to malaria.
According to a study published in The Lancet, individuals with sickle cell trait have a better
response rate to treatment than those without the trait (Rogerson 52). Therefore, in regions where
a large percentage of the population carries the sickle cell trait, malaria treatments will produce
significant results. In contrast, individuals with thalassemia—a genetically inherited autoimmune
disorder--tend to express more resistance to the chloroquine treatment than normal individuals
(52). The study explained that thalassemia prevents the complete clearance of the malaria
parasite from the host; after multiple infections, the parasite in the host adapts to the treatment
and become resistant (52). Consequently, populations with thalassemia in Africa will not respond
to malaria treatments and will have more parasite-resistant cases.
In addition, environmental factors contribute to the host’s immunity. Individuals living in
high transmission areas tend to become infected more frequently than those in low transmission
areas. Over time, the host’s immune system develops immunity to the invading microbes. This
mechanism prevents the host from experiencing all the symptoms of an illness and it also speeds
the clearance of the invading microbe. The same applies to malaria. Rogerson reported that a
quinine treatment course cleared the malaria parasite within three days in sub-Saharan Africa
(high transmission area); while a seven-day course was necessary to clear the microbe in
Thailand (low transmission area) (52). Furthermore, the use of chemicals, such as residual
insecticide sprays, will decrease people’s exposure to the parasite, which will affect people’s
immunity and will decrease the effectiveness of the antimalarial drugs (Rogerson 53). For
example, the Trobriand Islanders of Papua New Guinea successfully used chemical sprays to
decrease the rate of malaria cases. However, when a malaria parasite from a neighboring area
infected a member of Papua New Guinea, the results were devastating because the people of
Papua New Guinea did not have any immunity (52-53). By considering the genetic
demographics and environmental factors of a region, public health organizations can increase the
The factors mentioned above suggest that scientists should look beyond the “cookie-
cutter” mentality when developing new drugs and treatment methods. By understanding why
some treatments fail, scientists and healthcare providers can tailor the anti-malarial treatments to
their area—which will increase successful clearance of the parasite and decrease the probability
of the parasite developing resistance to the drugs.
One of the major issues individuals in rural areas face is accessibility to clinics.
Pediatrician Leo Ho from MSF, Doctors without Borders, spoke about the conditions of children
upon their arrival at the clinic in Sierra Leone. Dr. Ho said that most of the children are in a
coma by the time he sees them (MSF: Malaria). The MSF team in Sierra Leone decided to
address the issue regarding people’s accessibility to clinics. The MSF healthcare providers in
Sierra Leone trained some civilians in villages to diagnose and treat simple malaria. Each trained
volunteer has access to malaria diagnosis kit and anti-malarial drugs (MSF: Malaria). By
educating volunteers to treat simple malaria, healthcare providers are decreasing the number of
“too-late” malaria cases seen in the clinics. The idea behind educating volunteers to treat some
cases is similar to the movie “Pay it forward” where one person teaches a number of individuals
who will each educate other individuals. This increases the number of individuals with enough
The Spanish Red Cross also used the volunteer education strategy to overcome the
shortage of trained workers in a high demand region. In Tanzania, healthcare providers are
serving thousands of residents and thousands of refugees from Congo and Burundi (“Ana
Muedra’s Story”). With such a large number of individuals, infected individuals must be treated
promptly. To aid the healthcare providers, the Red Cross formed a massive volunteer workforce.
The results were encouraging. The infant mortality in the refugee camp was brought down
drastically (“Ana Muedra’s Story”). By treating the people in Tanzania and the refugees from
Congo and Burundi without taking in consideration genetic variance among those three groups
could lead to the development of parasites that are resistant to the antimalarial medications.
A key factor in controlling malaria is accessibility to treatment. Doctor Michael Woo in a
clinic in Thailand wrote about a woman who traveled four hours with her ill five year old in her
arms. By the time they reached the clinic, the child was dead (Woo 2). In Kangaba district in
Mali, MSF teams decided to form mobile teams to serve the villagers unable to travel to the
clinic (“In Southern Mali…”). This idea is an example of if-they-can’t-come-to-us-we’ll-go-to-
them philosophy. In addition, MSF introduced new pricing strategy to encourage civilians to
come and seek proper care. Previously, it would cost a caretaker from five to fourteen dollars for
a complete malaria course of treatment (“In Southern Mali…”). The MSF reduced the cost to 50
cents for patients older than five, while young children and pregnant women received free care
(“In Southern Mali…”). The new MSF pricing and establishment of mobile teams has reduced
the mortality rate and increased the number of malaria cases treated during the early stage of
With the knowledge gained from studying the malaria parasite, one must wonder why
scientists have not been able to develop a vaccine that will eradicate malaria the same way the
smallpox was eradicated. The advances in molecular biology, including DNA sequencing,
opened doors to great technologies (Marshall, interview). Scientists in the west have been
studying the malaria parasite for years. The main obstacle is the presence of four distinct strains
of the malaria parasite. Each strain has a unique life cycle and protein expression which would
be the target of a vaccine. In addition, the parasite has a different protein expression at each stage
of its life cycle. This means that the vaccine has to target a specific stage of infection and
therefore must be administered during that specific stage (Hayden 5259). To add insult to injury,
the parasite is evolving fast. Every change in the parasite is a setback because scientists have to
identify and study the change first before attempting to develop a drug or vaccine.
The worldwide efforts to control malaria are indeed effective; however the overall result
is not significant. Kamini Mendis, former senior advisor of WHO, believes that high mortality
rates reflect the failure of healthcare providers to meet the patients’ needs (interview 1). The
reasons behind the slow progress are due to the diversity of the people and the parasite, which
are not addressed in developing methods of treatments. Genetic differences among the people
contribute to the success and failure of preventive measures as well as explain why some parts of
Africa are more successful in controlling malaria than others. In addition, the differences in each
malaria strain influence the effectiveness of the drugs administered to the people. The work of
healthcare providers in endemic countries as well as volunteers is remarkable. Yet if the methods
of treatments are tailored to the region with consideration of the factors mentioned above, then
malaria may be eradicated once and for all.
Section 3: Nigeria vs. Malaria and Corruption
Nigeria has one of the highest rates of malaria in Africa. With a population of
approximately 151 million, there are 110 million diagnosed malaria cases (Chester).
Approximately $870 million are spent yearly on anti-malarial medications and preventive
measures (Chester). However, a survey from 2006 to 2008 indicates that only 8% of the
Nigerian population owns a preventive measure such as Insecticide-treated nets (Chester). The
resources and finances available to Nigeria are enough to control malaria and even eradicate it.
However, the results do not support this idea. This suggests that there is a factor not accounted
for when setting goals to control malaria: corruption. With Nigeria being ranked as one of the
most corrupt counties in the world, corruption is the reason behind the failure of antimalarial
Despite the efforts of the WHO, Roll Back Malaria, UNICEF, and other humanitarian
organizations, malaria is still the largest threat for pregnant women and children in Nigeria. A
study using 875 pregnant women in Nigeria concluded that the women’s knowledge and use of
antimalarial drugs are poor (Enato 35). However, the women indicated that they are not aware of
the health risk malaria poses during pregnancy (35). In addition, the respondents also indicated
that they contracted malaria at least once during their pregnancy (35). According to the data, the
women were not aware of the consequences of contracting malaria while pregnant (36). To fully
understand the consequences of the women’s ignorance, one must evaluate the mindset of these
A hypothetical scenario would go as follows: a pregnant woman with symptoms of
malarial infection is given anti-malarial drugs by a health care provider. She takes the medication
but does not use them because she does not quite understand how the drugs are supposed to
protect her as well as her fetus. In reality, placental malaria could cause hypoglycemia, acute
respiratory edema, hemolytic anemia, fetal distress, premature babies, as well as fetal growth
retardation (33). Yet, most pregnant Nigerian women are not aware of those risks. This can be
traced back to educational programs that are intended to raise awareness and encourage
individuals to comply with treatment practices. If the educational programs and campaigns were
tailored to fit the mentality and mindset of the Nigerian people, then the people would learn as
well as comprehend the importance of taking the malarial medications and using preventive
measures. Most of the organizations carrying out campaigns in Nigeria are indeed international.
However, the ideologies behind the campaigns are western. To a pregnant woman in the west, it
makes perfect sense to take the antimalarial drugs to protect the fetus. However, a pregnant
woman in rural Nigeria does not see the same logic. This calls for evaluations of the strategies
and methods antimalarial campaigns use to raise awareness among the people. The results of
such evaluations should be used to form a bridge between cultures.
In addition to lack of proper comprehension, corruption severed the people’s trust. In
2009, 84 children were killed by a teething medicine in Nigeria (Polgreen 1). A safe chemical,
glycerin, was replaced with an inexpensive but harmful diethylene glycol which is found in anti-
freeze and brake fluids (1). Such incidence breaks the people’s trust in medications and shatter
the image of western medicine, causing people to trust traditional medicine instead (“Nigeria”).
Furthermore, the people’s level of trust in the government is lower than that of western medicine.
Since many of the clinics and health care centers in Nigeria are government sponsored, the
people do not trust many of the treatments given by the health care providers. When surveyed,
pregnant women believed that the anti-malarial drugs are harmful to their fetuses (Enato 36).
After hearing stories about children dying from tampered teething medications, it is only natural
for women to not trust any drugs and to believe that the drugs might cause abortion. It is difficult
to criticize the women for their distrust for the drugs when a study, performed by the WHO,
declared that 40 percent of the antimalarial drugs failed to pass the quality test (“Nigeria: Why
new malaria…”). This is due to drug importers’ thirst for profit, which is fueled by the
Another major issue is the efficacy of the antimalarial drugs. If the patients do not believe
that the antimalarial drugs are effective, then they will not use them. Interestingly, the people’s
complaints reached the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) of the Federal Ministry of
Health in Nigeria in 2010 and the concerns were addressed (“Nigeria: Why new malaria
drugs…”). Dr. Samuel Oyeniyi, from the Roll Back Malaria program in Nigeria, stated that
most Nigerians are unaware of the conditions necessary for the drugs to work properly (“Nigeria:
Why new malaria…”). Taking Artemisinin based Combination Therapies (ACTs) with tea or
soda will hinder the effectiveness of the drug because the pH is altered (“Nigeria: Why new
malaria…”). In addition, eating fatty foods prior to taking the ACTs increases the efficacy of the
drug (“Nigeria: Why new malaria…”). Yet, most people are unaware of those simple conditions;
which causes one to question the knowledge of the health care providers who are prescribing
these drugs. They are clearly not informing the people about proper usage of antimalarial drugs.
The medical training in Nigeria is not of the same quality as that in the West. Culturally,
Nigerians are supporters of higher education. However, the high demand for education exceeds
the capacity of the available facilities which decreases the quality of education and training
(“Nigeria”). With that in mind, one can only imagine the training doctors and healthcare
providers receive in Nigeria. A survey in 2008 regarding healthcare providers’ knowledge of
evidence-based medicine ( EBM) indicates that more than half of the participants did not have
sufficient knowledge of EBM (Nwagwu 278). EBM is the utilization of most up to date
information and research during the diagnosis process. The EBM system allows physicians to
use the best possible evidence as a base for their diagnosis (278). This greatly reduces the
probability of misdiagnosis. The lack of awareness of EBM in Nigeria indicates that there is a
higher probability of a physician misdiagnosing a disease, which can break the delicate trust
relationship between the physician and the patient. If the people of Nigeria are not confident in
their healthcare system, then they will not follow instructions regarding medications and
treatments. Those who still trust the physicians may not receive proper dosage and directions
regarding the consumption of the drug. Healthcare providers failed to inform the patients not to
take the antimalarial drugs with tea or soda which inactivates the drugs (“Nigeria: Why new
malaria…”). A simple solution to the quality of education in Nigeria would be to invest more
money in education. However, the corruption in Nigeria is a major obstacle. Before the money
reaches the academic institutions it will pass through multiple departments who will take a bite
out of it. By the time the money reaches the institutions it will be reduced to a nominal sum of
With millions of dollars being poured into Nigeria to fight malaria, it is interesting to see
that malaria is still not controlled (Chester). The main problem behind the slow progress of the
anti-malarial programs is the corruption. The situation can be visualized as a trickle-down effect.
The government is corrupt and therefore government sponsored aspects of society, such as
healthcare and education, are not of acceptable quality because funds are not utilized fairly.
When the training healthcare providers receive is inadequate, their interactions with patients will
reflect the quality of their education. Therefore, when the patient leaves the clinic with the
medication, he/she does not know how to take it because the physician failed to provide proper
instructions. Another effect of corruption is thirst for profit, which is the driving force behind
medications with substituted chemicals, impurities, and low dosage of active ingredients. It is a
natural reaction for the people to distrust medications as well as healthcare providers after
By evaluating Nigeria’s progress in controlling malaria, one can learn that corruption has
destroyed the people’s sense of trust. The corruption is preventing medical students from proper
training which affects how they perform as health care providers. In addition, the issues with
impurities and harmful chemicals in medications are forcing the patient to reconsider taking the
medication since slight changes to a drug’s chemical composition are potentially fatal. The
culture in Nigeria is affected by the politics of the country. The corrupt politics of Nigeria
It is interesting to see how political issues such as corruption can play a part in malaria
control. If the government was fair then more money would reach educational institutions which
would result in better trained and knowledgeable health care professionals whom the people
could trust with their lives. If the government was fair, poor quality drugs and manipulated drugs
would not reach the market and kill the people so those diagnosed with malaria can take their
antimalarial medications without fear of not waking up the next morning. If the government was
fair, then it would afford to spend money on antimalarial campaigns which would become more
successful because members from the Nigerian society would be the educators and would
connect with the people better because they share the same mindset and ideologies. If Nigeria
overcomes the corruption in the future, then the work of antimalarial campaigns and
organizations, such as the WHO, RBM, and Red Cross, would be successful in controlling
“Ana Muedra’s Story.” MassiveGood
. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2011.
Chester, Penelope. "Malaria Kills: Distributing 63 Million Bednets in Nigeria." Mobile Active
Web. 5 Apr. 2011. <http://www.mobileactive.org/m alaria-kills-getting-63-million-
“China Supports Anti-Malaria War in S. Sudan.” Gurtong
. Web. 25 Feb. 2011.
Enato, Ehijie F, Augustine O Okhamafe, and Eugene E Okpere. “A survey of knowledge,
attitude and practice of malaria management.” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica
(2007): 33-36. Academic Search Premier
. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.
“Funding for Malaria Today.” Roll Back Malaria
. Web. 25 Feb. 2011.
Hayden, Thomas. “Making Inroads on Malaria.” Analytical Chemistry
(Aug. 2006): 5252-5260.
Academic Search Premier
. Web. 21 Feb. 2011.
“In Southern Mali, MSF Improves Malaria Response.” MSF
. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2011.
Last, Alex. "The politics of Nigerian corruption." BBC News. N.p., 13 Sept. 2006. Web. 23 Apr.
Marshall, Eliot. “A Renewed Assault on an Old and Deadly Foe.” Science
290.5491: n. pag.
Academic Search Premier
. Web. 26 Jan. 2011.
Marshall, Eliot. Personal interview. 7 Feb. 2011.
Mendis, Kamini, et al. “From malaria control to eradication: the WHO perspective.” Tropical
Medicine and International Health
14.7 (2009): 802-809. Academic Search Premier
Mendis, Kamini. Personal interview. 10 Feb. 2011.
“Move against malaria.” Nature Medicine
12.8 (2006): 863. Academic Search Premier
. Web. 30
"Nigeria." Countries and their cultures
. Web. 5 Apr. 2011. <http://www.everyculture.com/Ma-
“Nigeria: Why New Malaria Drugs Are Failing” All Africa
. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.
Nwagwu, Williams. "Levels of consciousness and awareness about." Health Information and
25: 278-287. Academic Search Premier
. Web. 4 Apr. 2011.
Perry, Alex. “Battling a Scourge.” TIME
10 June 2010: n. pag. Academic Search Premier
Polgreen, Lydia. "84 Children Are Killed by Medicine in Nigeria ." The New York Times
“Progress in malaria control accelerates.” Appropriate Technology
36.1: 39. ABI/INFORM
Rogerson, Stephen J, Rushika S Wijesinghe, and Steven R Meshnick. “Host immunity as a
determinant of treatment outcome in Plasmodium falciparum malaria.” Lancet
2010): 51-59. Academic Search Premier
. Web. 24 Feb. 2011.
Roll Back Malaria
. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. <http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/
Shah, Sonia. “The Tenacious Buzz of Malaria.” The Wall Street Journal
10 July 2010: W3. ABI/
Steketee, Richard, and Carlos Campbell. “Impact of national malaria control scale-up
programmes in Africa: magnitude and attribution of effects.” Malaria Journal
(2010): n. pag. Academic Search Premier
. Web. 6 Feb. 2011.
“The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2011. <http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/>.
“Training Health Workers to Respond to Malaria in Sierra Leone.” MSF
. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb.
WHO: World Health Organization
. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2011. <http://www.who.int/
Woo, Michael. “When the differential diagnosis for fever is malaria, malaria, malaria.”
(Mar. 2003): 126-129. Academic Search Premier
. Web. 21 Feb. 2011.
Journal of Mathematical Sociology , 34:146–155, 2010Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLCISSN: 0022-250X print/1545-5874 onlineDOI: 10.1080/00222500903221589A Multilevel Event History Model of Social Diffusion:Medical Innovation RevisitedNoah E. FriedkinDepartment of Sociology, University of California–Santa Barbara,Santa Barbara, California, USA This article presents a multilevel
STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE ON THE GALACTIC AND COSMOLOGICAL SCALES, HIDDEN MASS AND DARK ENERGY: THEORETICAL MODELS AND OBSERVATIONAL RESULTS Berczik P.P., Vavilova I.B., Zhdanov V.I., Zhuk A.I., Karachentseva V.E., Minakov A.A. (posthumously), Novosyadlyj B.S., Pavlenko Ya.V., Pelykh V.O., Pilyugin L.S. ABSTRACT The presented work is a result of collect | <urn:uuid:10320ca8-dd83-4598-8407-6a1b72949cae> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://pdfmedfinder.com/p/philau.edu1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648000.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322190333-20180322210333-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.908151 | 7,209 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Millions of packages are delivered across town and across the world every day. In almost every case, packages get to where they’re going with no problems. The US Postal Service, FedEx, UPS, and other major parcel delivery services pride themselves on accuracy and timeliness. But sometimes packages do go missing. From the consumer’s point of view, it seems that these packages have entered some kind of black hole. But what really happens when a package is lost?
How It’s Supposed to Work
To understand why a package might go missing, let’s start by addressing (no pun intended) what happens when a package gets where it’s going with no problems at all. For this section, we will use the example of UPS. However, FedEx has a similar system.
How UPS Works
When you hand a package to UPS, it has a label with a barcode on it. If you are scheduling a pickup, you will have to enter information about the size and weight of your package into a computer, as well as its destination and a few other details. You can then print a label that has some information printed so that humans can read it (such as the destination address). All of the information provided, including destination and the other details, are encoded into a barcode on the lable that is readable by computers. If you drop off your package at a UPS store, the process is similar, though the UPS store employee may help with the packing and data entry.
Once the package is picked up, it travels by truck to a regional sorting facility. There, UPS workers will scan each package and sort them into groups depending on their destination. If the destination is less than 200 miles away, the package will travel by truck. If it is more than 200 miles away, the journey will be by air.
UPS and The Big Sort
Packages that will journey by air are delivered (by air or by truck) to Louisville, Kentucky, home of UPS Worldport, a huge package sorting megaplex. (FedEx has a similar hub in Memphis, Tennessee.) Worldport is huge. Its internal space could hold more than eight football fields. Its perimeter is more than 5 miles.
Cargo is unloaded from the planes and sorted into categories of “smalls” (mostly envelopes), regular 6 sided boxes, and “irregs” (everything else). Packages in each of these categories are placed on a separate conveyor belt with the label side up, so it can be scanned by computers. The packages then go into the maze of conveyor belts that is Worldport. For about 15 minutes, each package travels through Worldport. Along the way, computers scan the barcode and direct its path so that it eventually ends up in a large canvas bag or container with other packages going to a similar area.
From there, the packages destined for a similar area are loaded into giant shipping containers that are domed to fit the inside of an aircraft’s hull. The aircraft takes the packages to a regional airport hub. The packages are scanned again, and packages going to a similar area are sent by truck to a regional sorting facility. From there, UPS employees scan each package with a small handheld computer and place it on a specific truck. The scanner even tells them where in the truck to place it, so that the driver can more easily locate the package when it reaches its destination.
Trucks are given computer generated routes created to balance delivery time and fuel efficiency. UPS routes famously eliminate as many left turns as possible, even if it means making the route longer. This reduces the chances of an accident and eliminates time and gas wasted while waiting for a gap in oncoming traffic. Once a package reaches its destination, the UPS driver retrieves it from the truck and delivers it, scanning it one last time and getting a signature when necessary.
The Magic of the Label
The whole sorting and delivery process is made possible by the shipping label. Specifically, the barcode that encodes the information so that is can be quickly read and interpreted by a computer is the key to accurate delivery. This is what allows UPS and other shippers to offer parcel tracking. Each package has a tracking number embedded into its barcode. At each location a package is scanned, time and location are uploaded into the cloud. When you enter a tracking number, you are requesting the scanning information associated with that package, which can tell you the last place it was scanned and when. The barcode is read by computers and scanners throughout the package’s journey, telling the humans and machines who encounter it along the way exactly where to send it.
In this interesting case, a woman placed a label for FedEx on her package, but dropped it off at a UPS store. The way that information is encoded into a barcode can be specific to a courier, so this may have made it difficult for UPS to scan and forward her package. The package disappeared and could not be found by UPS or FedEx. However, with help from TrustDALE, her package was delivered, nearly 50 days after it was first dropped off at the UPS store. Check out her story here:
The Label Breakdown
The label plays a major role in directing a package, but that’s also where the breakdown can occur. Because the package’s trip is guided by its barcode, if the barcode is obscured it can send the whole process to a screeching halt. The barcode could become unreadable for any number of reasons. If the shipping label becomes damaged, it could make it impossible for computers to scan the barcode. The worst case is if the label comes off of the package completely, leaving it with no information at all. It is also possible, though unlikely, that a package was placed with the barcode in the wrong direction at Worldport, though this rarely happens and is easily remedied.
What Happens When You Can’t Read the Label
What happens when a barcode becomes unreadable depends on how badly the shipping label is damaged. Any package that cannot be scanned will stop its progress at whatever facility has it at the time it becomes unreadable. From there it will be placed in a storage space for unreadable packages. The best case is if there is a separate, readable return address. In this case, that package can be returned to the sender or the sender can be contacted to provide more information.
If the package has no readable label, it goes into the pile of lost packages. If a claim is made, the package has to be located. The sender or receiver (whoever makes the claim) will provide the size and weight of the package. From there, employees have to sort through the lost packages pile and find the package based on size and weight. This can be a slow process, sorting through thousands of packages. The process usually takes minimum of 7 days. If the package cannot be located after 10 days it is officially deemed lost.
What Happens to Parcels That Are Never Claimed
Parcels that have no discernable address and are not claimed don’t just sit in a pile forever. After a certain period of time, they are collected and removed from storage. This can take a number of forms. Sometimes, the items in the packages are auctioned off. In other cases, items may be dispersed among employees. There has been some controversy over this method, such as when very valuable items go up for auction.
What to Do When You Think Your Parcel is Lost
The first thing to do is to file a claim as soon as possible. This gives the courier the maximum amount of time to find your lost item and makes it easier to find, since the item hasn’t gone far. Another option is to purchase insurance on your package. If you are shipping a high value item, this is a very good way to protect yourself against a potential loss. Of course, millions of packages are shipped all around the world every day, and most reach their destinations safely and on time. Lost packages may be a frustration, but they are a very rare exception to the norm. | <urn:uuid:76c30b82-37aa-40d7-856c-843aa7348969> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.trustdale.com/blog/what-really-happens-when-a-package-is-lost | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107866404.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20201019203523-20201019233523-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.953492 | 1,674 | 2.875 | 3 |
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780071780742 | 0071780742
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 12/19/2011
Organized for easy reference and crucial practice, coverage of all the essential topics presented as 500 AP-style questions with detailed answer explanations 5 Steps to a 5: 500 AP Environmental Science Questions to Know by Test Dayis tailored to meet your study needs-whether you've left it to the last minute to prepare or you have been studying for months. You will benefit from going over the questions written to parallel the topic, format, and degree of difficulty of the questions contained in the AP exam, accompanied by answers with comprehensive explanations. Features: 500 AP-style questions and answers referenced to core AP materials Review explanations for right and wrong answers Additional online practice Close simulations of the real AP exams Updated material reflects the latest tests Online practice exercises | <urn:uuid:1aad7165-dee2-4908-b574-9dcbff43476e> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.biggerbooks.com/5-steps-5-500-ap-environmental-science/bk/9780071780742 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426639.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726222036-20170727002036-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.904349 | 191 | 2.890625 | 3 |
For years we’ve been told that people cannot afford to care about the natural world until they become rich; that only economic growth can save the biosphere, that civilisation marches towards enlightenment about our impacts on the living planet. The results suggest the opposite.
Who has been telling us this “for years” ? Monbiot neglects to tell us- perhaps it is just made up. I assumed however that he was referring to Goklany’s Environmental Transition.
In the early stages of development the primary aim is – as would be expected – promoting growth. But as countries become wealthier they can afford to broaden their focus. ‘The richer a country, the greater its ability to do something about environmental concerns,’ says Goklany. ‘And the reason is simple – they have the economic infrastructure and the human capital to do something about it.’ In effect, the richer countries have the ability to buy themselves a better environment.
According to this theory, nations tend to clean up their act as they get wealthier- once the immediate needs of food and housing and medicine are catered for, there are resources available for cleaning the air and the water. This theory is modeled using the Environmental Kuznets Curve which shows the theoretical point at which despoiling the environment to power growth gives way to that same growth being used to improving the environment. No one who has traveled in a developing country would claim I think that they generally have cleaner air or cleaner water. You only have to compare the air quality of Beijing with that of London to see a striking example. London no longer has the pea-soupers of the 1940s and 50s, but Beijing- which is at a comparable stage of development to London 50 years ago – lives in a permanent and deadly pea soup. Will China be able to use some of its new-found wealth to clean the air so its citizens can go out without face-masks? Time will tell.
The visually sumptuous film Perfume- the Story of a Murderer has a fascinating behind the scenes short on the DVD which I watched a few years ago. In order to replicate the street scenes in the first part of the movie of 18th Century Paris, an entire department had to work for weeks to produce enough pure unadulterated knee-deep filth. The EPA would never allow this these days- and nor would citizens of the developed nations.
This is not to say there is some kind of inevitable straight-line process of development through these stages. As Yandle et al suggest (pdf)
Saying all this may tempt one to think that higher incomes alone will solve most environmental problems. Unfortunately, life is not that simple. If it were, transfers of income from richer to poorer societies—through foreign aid, for example—would enable the recipients to avoid environmental destruction. The movement along an environmental Kuznets curve is also a movement through a well-known set of property rights stations.
Wealth and growth are necessary- but not sufficient in themselves- to guarantee a cleaner environment.
Tim Worstall has already pointed out that it is what people do, not what they say they care about, that counts:
We might change out minds a little bit about this if we are to talk of climate change: for it is true that emissions from people living in the rich world are higher than of those living in the poor. But do also note what is happening: we rich world people are putting in place the expensive plans required to lower those emissions. Feed in tariffs, cap and trade, carbon taxes: whether you want to “take climate change seriously” or not is entirely up to you. But there’s absolutely no doubt that it is us in the places that apparently don’t care about it that are actually doing things about it.
Another example of this with regard to climate change is shale gas: rich world innovation has resulted in the development of cleaner shale gas which has succeeded- in the US at least- where treaties and carbon caps and taxes have so far failed: an overall reduction in CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, most of the increase in CO2 is coming from the still-developing world who rely on cheaper coal to drag themselves out of poverty.
Worstall has looked before at this issue, pointing out that in the IPCC reports, some of their scenarios actually show the highest growth leading to the lowest emissions.
We don’t have to stop economic growth at all, we can quite happily have around the same amount of it that we had in the 20 th century. So that’s a large number of the Green Miserablists shown to be wrong. We don’t have to reduce or even severely limit our energy consumption: we just have to get the growth in our consumption from other than the usual sources. A large number of the Energy Miserablists shown to be wrong there too.
It is not even just how clean the environment becomes however, but the further up Maslow’s hierarchy we climb, the more likely we are to become environmentalists. As Shellenberger and Nordhaus so perceptively point out in their book Breakthrough, environmentalism is not a reaction against modern industrial society, but a product of it.
All this should make Mr. Monbiot very happy, but no, it is not enough for the eco-zealot and True Believer: for them, it is not enough to do good deeds if you do not also feel a suitable amount of Eco-Guilt. However, if you go around asking people to tell you for a survey how much they care, different cultures may tell you very differently without any correlation necessarily to how much they are actually doing. A rich society with a very clean environment for example may list their environment low on a list of concerns simply because it is already fairly well looked after. Equally, in a different culture, asking you to rate your eco-guilt could very well be a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The peasant farmer who has to feed and cook for her children today and tomorrow and every day will slash and burn for short-term gain, and even cut down the last tree in sight if needs be, while richer societies have more energy-dense fuels that actually allow them to preserve wilderness. There is similarly plenty of evidence that early humans caused plenty of environmental degradation, probably including species extinction. Protecting endangered species does seem to be a modern invention, and not mainly because there was no need in the past.
Monbiot’s Rewilding project- while worthy and interesting in itself- unfortunately seems to me to barely hide his misanthropy. He reminds me of a modern Thoreau, who idealized Nature while still having his Mum do his laundry.
It is quite right that we should want a clean environment and use some of our wealth to protect wild nature, but surely we can do this without the need to look down our noses at the hoi-polloi who like to do a bit of shopping as well. | <urn:uuid:901c107b-9b3d-41e3-bbb3-0c74e126f0fe> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://skepteco.wordpress.com/2014/05/24/put-away-your-eco-guilt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120001.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00005-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970506 | 1,455 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Sven-Olle R Olsson. Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Editor: Solomon H Katz. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2003.
Origins and Ancient History
The Origin of the “Cereal Wine”—Beer
The origin of beer lies far back in prehistory; there is evidence that it was being made at least eight thousand years ago in Mesopotamia, but it had probably been produced many different places. Its great success must be closely related to the development of cereal agriculture, which occurred about ten thousand years ago. The sequence of events might well have been:
- Making a dough of grain (whether crushed or uncrushed), which then underwent spontaneous fermentation.
- Baking dough into bread, soaking the bread in water, heating the result, and allowing it to cool and then to undergo spontaneous fermentation. (A similar process would have occurred if the grain had been mixed with water and boiled into porridge: after cooling, it would have undergone spontaneous fermentation.)
- Steeping the grain induces sprouting and the synthesis of amylase enzymes that decompose the starch of the grain into sugar, a process that is aided by heated water and/or baking. After cooling in water, the spontaneous fermentation will start. Barley has the advantage of having a rather large excess of amylases in comparison with other cereals such as millets and sorghum.
When people learned to steep grain in water and then heat it slowly, the overall product was greatly improved. Another improvement to the process that was invented was to bake bread from crushed or malted grain and then immerse it in water and heat the result. If bread was the intended product, more crushed or malted grain could be added to the dough; if beer was desired, all that was needed was the addition of more water instead. It is unknown when the use of a starter (a small amount saved from a previous fermentation for use in the next fermentation) began.
All these primitive beers were, technically, ales (that is, top-fermented)—spontaneously fermented both by yeasts and by Lactobacillus, which gave the beverage a sour taste.
Domestication of Barley, Wheat, and Rye
Domestication of the most important beer cereals—barley, wheat, and rye—started at least ten thousand years ago at the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene period in the Fertile Crescent, the region from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the eastern part of the Tigris and Euphrates area. When the glacial ice finally started to withdraw in the Northern Hemisphere, the climate of the Fertile Crescent was mild, wet, and ideal for early man, and numerous species of wild cereal grasses (grains) available for gathering flourished. Subsequently, the climate got warmer and drier and agriculture, a more prolific and dependable source for grains and other foods, was developed through the domestication of wild plants. The exact course of this domestication is complex, and is based in part on climatic changes, plant availability, preadaptive technology, population pressure, and resource stress.
All three cereals, barley (Hordeum), wheat (Triticum), and rye (Secale) are grasses in the tribe Triticeae, and they have all in different varieties played a great role in the development of beer in the Eurasian region. In other parts of the world, other cereals have had the corresponding importance, for example, sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) in Africa, rice (Oryx sativa) in Asia, corn or maize (Zea mays) in America, and millets. Cereals not belonging to the wheat, barley, oats, maize, or rice genera are commonly referred to as millets and are found in America, Africa, India, and Eurasia.
All domesticated varieties of barley belong to the same species, Hordeum vulgare, and its wild form H. vulgare spontaneum crosses easily with all domesticated forms. The major morphological difference between the wild and the domesticated forms is a tough rachis (the main stem holding the seed clusters) in the latter. In principle, there are three forms of barley, the two-rowed, the six-rowed, and the naked-grain form.
In connection to beer, the most important domesticated wheat varieties have been einkorn (Triticum monococcum), emmer, and the bread wheat, Triticum aestivum. Einkorn is a diploid form close to its wild ancestor, emmer is tetraploid, and the bread wheat is hexaploid.
Domesticated rye, Secale cereale, is very closely related to wild rye, Secale montanum, which still grows in the mountains of Turkey, northwestern Iran, and the Caucasus. Wild rye is more cold-and drought-resistant than are wild wheat and barley. Cultivated rye is predominantly a winter crop and it can succeed under less favorable climatic and soil conditions than can wheat.
There was probably a close connection between the production of beer and bread, the domestication of barley, and the social and ceremonial importance of the alcohol in beer. Beer was produced from bread, and barley is a very suitable cereal for both bread and beer production. Additionally, alcohol has been emphasized to have an important role in social relationship, in matters of reciprocity and obligation. The archaeologists Solomon Katz and Mary Voight have proposed that the development of settled agriculture was dependent on the desire to brew beer.
The oldest documentary evidence of beer brewing comes from Uruk in Mesopotamia and dates to about 3500 B.C.E.; it is found on clay tablets that tell the story of Gilgamesh in Sumerian, written in cuneiform with accompanying pictures. The tablets describe in great detail how beer was prepared, the different varieties of beer, how its brewing and selling was arranged, and how it was consumed. Röllig (1970) gives an excellent review of most of the details from the historic periods in Mesopotamia from the old Sumerian period (about 3000 B.C.E., which is the most interesting period for our present purposes) until about 1000 B.C.E.
At this time in Mesopotamia, barley was the most important cereal for both humans and animals. The grain was steeped into water and then either air-or oven-dried. After removal of the sprouts, the malt was milled. For brewing, various kinds of beer-breads or bappir were baked from unmalted barley or other cereals and added, along with sweeteners and spices; it has been proposed by some investigators that hops were sometimes used also. (The amount of emmer used was taken as indicative of the quality of the beer.) Then the malt and the beer-breads were probably mixed with water and heated, after which the vessel was removed from the oven to cool. It has been pointed out by Katz and Maytag (1991) that the “cooked mash” was spread out on mats to remove the spent grains and to allow the liquid to drain. By the time of the hymn to Ninkasi, from about 1800 B.C.E., a “filter” had become the symbol of the brewers. Consequently, long straws were not necessary any longer, and the beer could be consumed directly from cups. Before fermentation, spices, herbs, and sweet plant extractives with effects that were believed to be medicinal were added; the augmented sugars and microorganisms from the herbs helped to induce fermentation. (It is known that the brewers saved some of the wort from one fermentation to use it as a starter for the next brew, as has often been done in sour-bread fermentation.) Katz and Maytag (1991) also found in the hymn of Ninkasi that date juice and grapes or raisins were added to the wort to induce fermentation. The entire concoction was then transferred, with more water, into a fermentation vessel, which was long and narrow-necked to minimize the mixture of inside and outside air and decrease infection from outside. We do not know how long fermentation lasted, but probably most of the beer was quickly top-fermented into weak ale, which was tapped from the bottom of the vessel through a filter after a few days.
In early Sumerian times, beer was drunk through long straws, with the remnants of all the ingredients still present in the beer; such a straw, made of gold, has been found in a tomb at Ur. In later times, the beer was filtered as described above and then drunk from small vessels.
Many different recipes and descriptions are preserved from the Mesopotamian period: “strong beer,” “red-brown beer,” “pressed beer,” “dark beer,” and “good dark beer,” for example. These beers were very heavy and thick—almost like syrup—and very nutritious. Although they were very strong and heavy, they could not stand long storage in the warm climate, and so the people had good reason to complain about sour beer. The goddess of beer of the Sumerians was Ninkasi, who was in charge of everything concerning beer, one of the most important ingredients of life in Mesopotamia, both as a food and socially. A Sumerian proverb says: “Who does not know beer, does not know what is good. Beer makes the home pleasant.” It is interesting to note that the first very important king of Babylonia, Hammurabi, who reigned between 1792 and 1750 B.C.E., issued a set of laws (known as the Code of Hammurabi) that governed civil and criminal matters, included in which are rules for making and serving beer. (One copy of the code can be viewed on a column made of green diorite that is housed at the Louvre Museum in Paris.)
For the ancient Egyptians also, beer was the preeminent beverage and was more popular than water, which often was contaminated; and although beer had a lower social status than wine, beer was a necessity for the household and the kitchen. Brewing was the woman’s task, as it was in Mesopotamia. The divinities presiding over it were goddesses and some kind of chief brewer (the official Kha-bau-Seker, who bore the title of “Controller of the Brewing Women”). According to Egyptian religious tradition, Osiris, the god of agriculture, taught the people to prepare beer. The Greeks connected Osiris with Dionysus, the wine god, who in turn was associated with the earlier Thracian god Sabazius. The connection between the Egyptian people, beer, and their gods—for instance, Hathor-Sekhmet—was very close. The intimate relation between baking and brewing in Egypt and in Mesopotamia is supported both by the use of the Sumero-Akkadian word lahamu, originally meaning “loaves” (compare Hebrew laham, “bread”), to indicate brewing and by the constant association of baking and brewing in Egyptian art. “Bread and beer” was the symbol of food and a greeting formula.
Artifacts dating from about five thousand years ago found in the ancient tombs of Beni Hassan in Egypt show an established practice of brewing, serving beer to the public, and exportation of beer through the city of Pelusium to many Mediterranean ports. The Book of the Dead, which dates from the same era, depicts beer being made from barley and offerings of cakes and beer to various deities.
The process of malting and dehusking the malted grain is probably thousands of years old, and the methods of today are very similar. In general, the preparation of beer, as described in late Egyptian documents and in tomb art of all periods, did not materially differ from the methods of preparing present-day bouza or its African analogues; however, Egyptian beer was often flavored by such plants as skirret (Sium sisarum—a member of the water-parsnip genus).
The Egyptians used either malts of various grains (principally emmer), which were formed into dough, or dried bread, and yeast (Saccaromyces winlocki), which was fermented in a rather warm place. In principle, there were two methods:
- Steeping the grain in water, and then aerating it, remoistening it, grinding it, working it into a dough, and adding yeast. Finally, after fermentation, the whole mass was strained though a cloth or a sieve, and the filtrate recovered.
- Drying bread, soaking it in water, and leaving it to ferment in a warm place, which is identical to the traditional method for making kvas (“kvass,” in English—a beer made in Russia, typically from rye).
The preparation of bouza in modern southern Egypt and the Sudan consists of the following steps:
- Ground wheat, barley, or other cereal is kneaded with water and yeast.
- After a short leavening, the dough is lightly baked into thick loaves.
- Another fraction of wheat is moistened, exposed to air for some time, crushed, and then added to the previously prepared loaves after they have been crumbled.
- The fermentation is initiated by adding some old bouza.
Flavorings are not added. The result is a thick beverage with a strong yeasty odor.
Beer was consumed primarily for pleasure and nutrition, but it was also used for cooking and for medicinal purposes, often as a constituent of mixtures. The beer given to the slaves was unfiltered and crude, but was very nutritious because it contained residual grain proteins and vitamins.
From Late Egyptian Times to the Nineteenth Century
Late Egyptian to Roman Times
The Egyptians exported beer to the Greeks, who traded it to Gaul, to Spain, and to the east coast of the Adriatic; it then spread to Germania (what is now Germany and some portions of central Europe), where it became very popular. Beer may also have been established in non-wine-producing areas at an earlier date. It is rather probable that beer production originated close to the geographic expansion of agriculture, which implies that beer could have been present in Europe at least around 3000 B.C.E., when use of the plow spread in Europe. In a female grave in Egtved in Denmark from about the year 1357 B.C.E. rests from an alcoholic beverage were found in a vessel made of birch bark. It contained rests of wheat, cranberry, honey, and bog myrtle (sweet gale). (Corresponding remains have been found in the Hallstatt beer amphora found at Kulmbach dated 800 B.C.E.).
In China, alcoholic beverages seem to have been present since 4000 B.C.E. in Dawenkou in Shandong; the oldest written documents come from the Shang dynasty, 1324-1066 B.C.E., written by Du Kang and describing the production of jiu. Jiu meant all alcoholic beverages, usually of 10-15 percent alcohol, obtained by fermentation of cereals, millet, and wheat. The process was first to make a ferment cake, which provided molds and yeasts that then started the fermentation process in a mash of cooked cereals. During the T’ang dynasty, 618-907 C.E., the cereals for this process were either glutinous millet or glutinous rice. These processes later spread to Japan, Korea, and all of Southeast Asia. Prior to the introduction of this process in Japan, brewers saccharified the rice by chewing boiled and raw rice.
Beer was a considered a barbaric drink by the Greeks and Romans, though, according to Pliny, beer was known in the Mediterranean countries before viticulture (the cultivation of grapes) became popular. There are frequent references—in Tacitus, for example—early in the common era to malt beverages being consumed by the tribes of Germania (as well as by the Saxons, Celts, Thracians, and Scythians), and even to the establishment of tabernae, or taverns. Originally, beer was produced from a variety of malted and unmalted grains such as millet, barley, wheat, oat, and rye, with different supplements such as honey, juniper, mushrooms, and bark—but without hops. In the Greek and Roman world, wine was the beverage of the upper classes and beer was the drink of the common people, as was the situation in pre-Ptolemaic Egypt. (For more details see Arnold and Hoffman .)
Medieval Times to the End of the Nineteenth Century
From the year 719, when the Lex Alemannorum (a code of laws formulated by the Franks) was promulgated, all people in the Germanic area were entitled to brew their own beer. Home brewing began in Great Britain in about the twelfth century. With the growth of towns, commercial operations started brewing and selling in the same establishment. Later, the point of sale was centrally located in a town or city. Growth of brewing was slow until the industrial revolution made large breweries possible.
The types of beer and brewing techniques of the Middle Ages survived until recent years in the Nordic countries, as has the old method of spontaneous lactic and alcoholic fermentation of kvas (“kvass,” in English—a beer made typically from rye) in eastern Europe.
Monasteries have had an active role in the brewing and sale of beer, and in the improvement of brewing processes. Two of the first beer-brewing monasteries—with brewing activities dating back to the seventh to eighth centuries—were St. Gallen (in Switzerland) and Weihenstephan (in Bavaria), both of the Benedictine order. Beer was a substitute for wine, a good nutrient during Lent, and an excellent base for spices used medicinally. In the year 1000, forty of the houses of the monastery of St. Gallen were devoted to brewing; they produced strong beer, oat beer, and light beer for themselves, guests, and pilgrims, and for sale. In the early Middle Ages, there were four to five hundred monasteries brewing beer in Germany; the practice was international and a large source of income for the monasteries. The famous Trappist beer is still made in Belgium by Trappist monks, whose order has developed from the Benedictine and Cistercian orders.
In southern Germany, Bavaria was a wine-drinking area until the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), and the monasteries were the main producers of beer. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, cities were burgeoning and they created licenses to produce beer, which could be heavily taxed by the authorities. In the northern part of Germany, many competing breweries were developed and great volumes of beer were exported by members of the Hanseatic League to other parts of Europe. In the northern city of Hamburg, there were six hundred brewers in the sixteenth century, as contrasted with only thirty in the southern city of Munich in the fifteenth century. Some of the most famous breweries in the sixteenth century were in Erfurt, Einbeck, Zerbst, Naumburg, and Braunschweig.
After the Thirty Years’ War, which destroyed the northern cities and Bavarian viticulture, most of the brewing shifted from the north to Bavaria, where by 1420 the monasteries had developed the method of bottom fermentation that produces lager beer. Before this development, all beers were top-fermented—that is, ales. In 1516 the Reinheitsgebot (Purity Law) was approved for Bavaria, which decreed that only barley malt, hops, and water were allowed for beer brewing. In 1551 another law was approved in Munich saying that bottom-fermenting yeast should be used. Northern Germany was opposed to the new law, and Baden and Württemberg did not accept it until 1896 and 1900, respectively. In 1906 it was accepted for lager throughout the German Empire. The only exception made was to allow wheat malt in the specialty ales Alt, Kölsch, and Berliner Weisse and in wheat beer.
Grut and hops
Ancient beer was flavored by many different spices, even medically active ones, during the centuries, and Hildegard von Bingen mentions in her Physica, which dates from about 1156, both hops and grut as additives to beer, which is the first documentation of the use of hops in beer. Grut was a mixture of several spices, chief among them being the leaves of bog myrtle or sweet gale (Myrica gale). It was used mainly during the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries and it survived in the northwestern part of Germany and in the Netherlands until the eighteenth century. In many areas, the authorities sold the right to use grut (Grutrecht). During these times, hops and grut were used for beer simultaneously.
Hops had been introduced for beer brewing sometime between the years 764 and 1156, when the first hop agriculture was found in Geisenfeld in the Allertau area in Bavaria, and when Hildegard wrote her Physica, respectively. The introduction of hops probably came via contacts of the Germans with Slavic peoples in central Europe. The acceptance of hops in beer was very slow and even forbidden in certain areas. By the year 1400, the Dutch had already introduced hops, but it was not until the sixteenth century that the use of hops in beer was gradually accepted in England. One reason for this slow acceptance could have been the difference in taste of the beer, from a rather strong and sweet beer without hops to a less strong and somewhat bitter beer. The great advantage of hopped beer was the better storage capabilities it afforded.
Ale and lager
Ales were the only beer type in Europe before the advent of lager, beginning in the fifteenth century in Bavaria. In 1603 lager was forbidden by the city of Cologne. However, it slowly spread through Germany together with the Purity Law, and during the nineteenth century, production volume increased dramatically. The most important types of lager were the dark from Munich, the pale from Dortmund, and the pale and heavily hopped from Pilsen (pilsner). Dortmund Export became world-famous in the nineteenth century, and pilsner became the great winner in the world of the twentieth century. In the northern and western parts of Germany, ales dominated until the start of the twentieth century.
In England, Professor Charles Graham became interested in lager in 1888 and started a discussion about the two types of beer. It was not until the end of World War II that lager was accepted by the British people. One significant impediment to the success and spread of lagers was their great need for cooling.
In Britain, ales have been the popular beers and have influenced tastes in both British colonies and other countries through export. At the end of the seventeenth century, most of the export of ale from Britain went to America and the West Indies, but the trade of strong, sweet ale, “Russian Imperial Stout,” and porter (a heavy, dark-brown ale) to Russia and the countries around the Baltic had begun. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, half of the ale exported by Britain went to Asia and Australia. That type was called Indian Pale Ale (IPA); it was strong, sweet, and highly hopped.
Development in America
Brewing in America started with the early British and Dutch settlers. As early as 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh malted maize (corn) for brewing, and hops were grown by 1637 in Charlestown, Massachusetts. Malt and ale were imported from Britain, and New York and Philadelphia became the main brewing centers in the eighteenth century. In Canada, brewing was initiated in 1620 by the monastery of Notre Dame des Anges. The first steam engine was installed in Philadelphia in 1819. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were 150 breweries in the United States, producing 160 thousand Imperial barrels (7.2 million U.S. gallons).
From 1840 onward, German immigrants began brewing lager, and the number of breweries increased to 4,131 in 1873; this number decreased to 1,092 in 1918 and 230 in 1961. In 1850, ale brewing was dominant, and in 1860, lager production was less than twenty-five percent of the total production of 3.8 million barrels. Hop culture spread to California in 1851, Wisconsin in 1860, Washington State in 1866, and Oregon in 1880. After 1850, lager began to prevail, but brewing it required ice, and machines to make that ice. This requirement was met by the introduction of the refrigerator. The first one was installed in New Orleans in 1867.
Brewing companies and the science of brewing
By the beginning of the eighteenth-century, three items had been invented that later had very great importance for the brewing industry: the hydrometer, the thermometer, and the steam engine. Both the hydrometer (along with its offshoot, the saccharometer) and the thermometer gave the brewer instruments to measure and monitor processes more exactly, and the steam engine—which replaced horses—opened possibilities of working with greater volumes in the brewery. All the vessels of the brewery were still of wood except the brew kettle, which was made of copper. The technical revolution during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as well as the beginning of free trade among both cities and states, had a great impact on the development of the brewing industries in Europe and the United States, and it was during this time that most of the big brewing companies were started and formed.
However, the most important inventions for the breweries were made in the biological and biochemical fields. In 1833 Anselme Payen and Jean-François Persoz discovered an enzyme, diastase, that can split starch. In the late 1830s, Franz Schulze discovered the yeast cells, Saccaromyces; his discovery was confirmed by Louis Pasteur in 1857. The final synthesis explicating the fermentation process was performed by Eduard Buchner in 1897; he demonstrated that fermentation could proceed with just the juices of the yeast cells—without the living cells—showing that a complex of enzymes (zymase) is responsible for the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Before these discoveries, people did not know why and how fermentation occurred. Often they ascribed it to supernatural forces, and many used the same equipment from fermentation to fermentation; sometimes sourdough from bread baking was used to initiate the fermentation. In any case, most of these beers and ales were also lactic-fermented and thus sour. In 1883, E. C. Hansen from the Carlsberg Laboratories of Carlsberg Brewery in Copenhagen isolated the active yeast culture from bottom-fermentation yeast, which J. C. Jacobsen, the founder of the brewery, had brought there from Munich. This species was called Saccaromyces carlsbergensis (it was later renamed Saccaromyces ovum) and today is considered a variety of Saccaromyces cerevisiae, the common yeast organism. Jacobsen’s method of isolation and pure-culture propagation of yeasts from single cells was rapidly adopted. By 1896 it was in wide use in lager breweries in many countries and has become the standard method.
Germany became unified during the nineteenth century, and it was then possible for breweries to sell their products over a wider area than before. The first limited brewing company was formed in Dresden in 1838. Between 1831 and 1865, because of the great success of lager, there was a dramatic fall in the numbers of breweries producing ales in Prussia, from 16,000 to 7,400. The first scientific brewing research institutions were formed in Bavaria (Munich and Weihenstephan) in 1880, and in Berlin in 1883.
The Twentieth Century
Beer in 1900
The central area for modern beer development and beer culture is the portion of Europe from Austria in the southeast to the British Isles in the northwest. The Nordic nations are also beer countries, but, with the exception of Denmark, they have not played a significant role. At the beginning of the twentieth century, ales dominated the market in the United Kingdom, the northern and western part of Germany, and Belgium. Lager had started its spread from Bavaria to the big cities in Germany and to the neighboring countries. It had also become rather well established in the United States, but the populace of the United Kingdom had not yet accepted it.
Beer around the World
Around the world, Australia got Foster’s beer, a lager, from the United States in 1888. East Africa received beer from the United Kingdom in 1922, and today, lager, ale, and sorghum beer are all brewed by African breweries. One of the best-known beers from that region is Tusker lager from Kenya. Guinness and Heineken also have large breweries in the area. In South Africa, lager is dominant. In 1904, China got its first lager, Tsingtao, and in 1916 the company was acquired by the Dai Nippon Beer Company in Japan. The Japanese then spread the beer-brewing culture to other parts of East Asia.
Beer in the United States
The United States—where the brewing industry was well established before 1900, with a very wide production of different kinds of beers such as ales, stouts, and lagers—experienced a golden age of brewing between about 1870 and 1919. This, however, came to a halt on January 16, 1919, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which prohibited all alcoholic beverages, was ratified. Prohibition lasted from January 16, 1920, to December 5, 1933, when its repeal by the Twenty-first Amendment took effect. During this period, breweries had to survive on nonalcoholic products such as near beers, malted milk, ice cream, and so forth. Two of the surviving companies, Anheuser-Busch and Miller, ended up being two of the top three breweries of the world. The top ten breweries produced about one-third of the world production of 1.25 billion hectoliters (hL, equivalent to 33 billion gallons) in 1995.
During the twentieth century, world beer production increased from about 250 million hL (6.6 billion gallons) in 1900 to about 1.306 billion hL (34.5 billion gallons) in 1998, an increase of 522 percent. In 1900, production volumes in Germany and the United States were about equal and together constituted about half of the world production. In 1998, the United States produced 238 million hL (6.29 billion gallons) and Germany 112 million hL (2.96 billion gallons), which together represents only 27 percent of the world production. World production of beer was distributed by region in 1997 as follows: the Americas, 37%; Europe, 34%; the Far East, 23%; Africa, 4.5%; the South Pacific, 1.8%; and the Near East, 0.1%. The greatest increase in beer production is found in areas far away from the traditional beer countries—such as China, countries in Latin America, South Africa, and Turkey (an Islamic country). It is evident that they have evolved a new way of life. Two of the traditional beer countries, Germany and the United Kingdom, are still in the top ten in production, but they will probably soon be overtaken by some of the countries mentioned above.
World Per Capita Consumption
Per capita consumption of beer in different countries shows which people have beer as their natural and central beverage. The top ten countries in 1999, each with a per annum consumption of at least 88.1 liters (23.3 gallons) per person, are still from the old beer center of Europe, which stretches from the British Isles to Austria and up to Denmark (Table 1)—except for Australia, which got its beer traditions from the British colonization of the continent. The newcomers are Turkey, some Latin
American countries, South Africa, and several European countries (including some that have traditionally been considered “wine countries”). Except for the Czech Republic, the Republic of Ireland, and Austria, the traditional beer countries show a decrease in per capita consumption (Table 1).
Lager and Ale
During the twentieth century, a variant of pale lager, pilsner, became the big winner all over the world—in Australia, the United States, and even the old ale area of the British Isles. Only northwestern Europe is bucking the trend: In Belgium, Trappist-Abbey and brown ales are increasing in production, as are Altbier, Kölsch, and wheat beer in Germany. In the British Isles, bitter ale, pale ale, mild ale, Scotch ale, sweet stout, and barley wine are decreasing in consumption; only bitter stout is increasing. Consumption of draft beer in Great Britain for 1999 is as follows: lager, 44.8 percent; ale, 42.2 percent; stout, 6.3 percent. The remaining 6.7 percent of the total consumption concerns packaged beer of all types. It was not until after World War II that lager truly began to succeed in Great Britain, and it took about fifty years for it to achieve approximately 50 percent of the British market.
Beer Developments in the Twentieth Century
Characteristic of the development of beers and breweries during the twentieth century is the worldwide success of the American variant of the Bohemian lager, pilsner—crystal-clear pale-dry beer, often of the light type, with a low taste of malt and a low bitterness, frequently served very cold. Another trend is that the number of breweries has decreased, individual breweries have become bigger and bigger, and different companies have merged into great brewing conglomerates. In the United States, there were 750 brewing companies and plants in 1936; this number had decreased to 26 companies and 215 plants in 1989, despite a 440 percent increase in volume. Still another trend is the increase of popularity and consumption of beer in nontraditional beer-drinking areas such as Latin America, South Africa, and various parts of Asia. The exportation of beer is a huge worldwide business; Table 2 lists volumes for countries with large exports and imports.
The establishment of microbreweries, which started in 1981 and had increased to 500 breweries by 1992 in the United States, and has spread to other countries as well, is an interesting development that demonstrates the desire for high quality and diversity of beer. Other important developments are ice beer (made by freezing off some of the water); dry beer, with a very low content of residual sugar; light beer, with a low content of dextrins in the beer; low-alcohol beer (less than 1.5 percent alcohol by volume); and nonalcoholic beer (less than 0.5 percent alcohol by volume). Most important are the advances in biochemistry, which have allowed brewing to become an industry based on science and technology. The industry has progressed to the use of stainless steel vessels and containers, and all processes are fully automated and all by-products are taken care of. The expenses for beer production are dominated by costs for packaging, sales, production, and taxes; only a very small proportion of the costs is needed for raw materials.
Beer and Health
Calories, vitamins, and minerals
The effects on health of beer drinking depend to a large degree on which beer is consumed, how much, and by whom. Contents of alcohol, carbohydrates, and proteins differ greatly between low-and high-alcoholic beer. The nutritional value of heavy beer is significant, especially if the beer is unfiltered and contains yeast cells. The caloric value of beers varies from 276 kcal/L in alcohol-free beer, to 428 kcal/L in pilsner, to 660 kcal/L in a Doppelbock (double-strength bock beer—a heavy dark beer). For example, 360 ml (just over 12 fluid ounces) of ordinary beer with 419 kcal/L, 4.5% alcohol and 38 g/L carbohydrates will give about 5-12% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of folate, niacin, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), riboflavin, and pantothenic acid; 10.3% RDA of magnesium; and 13.5% RDA of phosphorus. Thiamine and pantothenic acid amounts are rather low in beer in relation to the caloric content. This implies that other dietary sources of B-complex vitamins are needed. Beer also contains some chromium, which is needed for glucose and lipid metabolism. The amount of chromium present can be significant for chromium-deficient people. Further, the low content of sodium tends to counteract the water retention seen in heavy drinkers, which, in fact, may typically result from their additional salty food intake. Aside from the caloric content of modern filtered beer, it cannot be regarded as an important nutrient, since the vitamin and mineral contents are relatively low, but it does make a contribution. To make a complete meal with beer, a source of protein and fiber-rich vegetables should accompany the beer.
Medical effects of beer
Although beer is a low-alcoholic beverage of less than 10% alcohol by volume (typically about 5 to 7 percent) in comparison with wine and spirits (about 10 to 50 percent), all the effects of alcohol must be considered. For reviews on this subject, see Cox and Huang (1991, 165-176) and Owades (2000, 19-26). Generally, beer has not been found to differ specifically in its physiological effects on a short-or long-term basis from other alcoholic beverages, if the effects are related to the amount of alcohol consumed. Beer also has the advantage of filling the stomach more quickly than wine and spirits and will give a slower increase of blood alcohol level. Heavy drinking may provoke diarrhea or vomiting and cause excessive urination, all of which flush vitamins and minerals out of the body. Heavy drinkers of alcohol may get dilated cardiomyopathy with specific intracellular changes, which is a kind of congestive heart failure. In 1884, it was described as Münchener Bierherz (Munich beer-heart) by Bollinger. This type of disease also occurred during the period of addition of cobalt to beer to stabilize its head.
In the past, alcohol has, in the medical literature, usually been connected to negative and hazardous effects on the body; however, in recent decades, a large number of clinical studies have shown that moderate drinking (about two to three drinks or twenty-five to eighty grams [about 0.88 to 2.8 ounces] of alcohol per day) decreases the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in comparison with both a higher and a lower alcoholic consumption, and most studies indicate that there are no beneficial differences among alcoholic beverages (but see below). Subjective health has also been shown to be highest in persons with a moderate alcoholic consumption (100 to 199 grams [about 3.5 to 7.0 ounces] per week). The beneficial effects of alcohol might be explained by an increase of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein-C), decreased levels of prothrombotic factors such as fibrinogen, and reduced platelet aggregability, vessel contractility, and pulmonary artery pressure in heart failure patients. Antioxidative compounds—which may decrease the oxidation of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and the risk for atherosclerosis—such as polyphenols, gallic acid, rutin, epicatechin, and quercetin in red wine and in full-bodied and darker beers may have additional beneficial effects. The question of whether some alcoholic beverages have more prominent effects in these respects remains to be elucidated in further clinical studies. However, red wine has been proposed to be more efficient than other alcoholic beverages in a number of studies.
Hops and medical effects
Other effects of beer, such as the central nervous arousal and the sedative effects, can be explained by the general effects of alcohol. It has often been discussed whether compounds from hops might influence the physiological effects of beer. It is interesting to note that hops—dried, liquid extract, and tincture—are recommended by health-food specialists for various conditions: “Hops are stated to possess sedative, hypnotic, and topical bactericidal properties. Traditionally, they have been used for neuralgia, insomnia, excitability, priapism, mucous colitis, topically for crural ulcers, and specifically for restlessness associated with nervous tension headache and/or indigestion.” (Newall, Anderson, and Phillipson 1996, 162-163). Antibacterial activity toward gram-positive bacteria is documented, but the sedative effect needs to be documented, as most of the studies are made with hops in combination with other herbs. Recurring suggestion has been made that hops and beer have estrogenic activity and that the infection of molds producing estrogenic mycotoxins is a significant problem. Recently, a potent phytoestrogen, 8-prenylnarigenin, has been identified in hops and shown to have a concentration in beer of about 100m/L, which is equivalent to a few mg/L estradiol or less. This concentration in beer is not considered to be detrimental, but handling and ingestion of hops might have estrogenic effects in humans. It is also possible that 8-prenylnaringin might contribute to the health-beneficial effects of moderate beer consumption.
Production and Social Use
Beer may be defined as a cereal wine: an alcohol-fermented (and sometimes concomitantly lactic-acid-fermented) beverage, produced from one or more malted cereals, such as barley, wheat, rye, oats, corn, or rice, or from mixtures of these and unmalted cereals. In the following, the product is called “beer” if barley is at least one of the main constituents of the malt; otherwise, it is called “wheat beer,” “rye beer,” “oat beer,” etc., as appropriate.
The Basic Beer-Production Process
To ferment the starch inside the grains of the cereals, it is malted (softened by soaking in water and allowed to germinate) and mashed with warm water; this allows the diastases of the grains, which are activated by the malting and mashing processes, to break the starches into shorter carbohydrates, upon which yeasts can act. After separation, a clarified liquid, known as wort, is produced, which is then boiled with hops; this adds a note of bitterness to the beer’s flavor while killing microorganisms. After chilling, yeast is added (either naturally from the environment or as an intentional addition), and fermentation takes place. After clarifying and storage, the beer is ready for consumption.
Classification of Beers
Beers can be categorized according to the type of cereal used, but it is more common to use the type of fermentation for this purpose: spontaneous fermentation, top fermentation, or bottom fermentation.
Spontaneously fermented beers are produced without the active addition of any microorganisms to the wort. The microorganisms come from the surrounding air and the equipment used in the brewing process and are a mixture of yeast species and lactic-acid bacteria, a mixture that produces alcohols and lactic and other organic acids, and gives the product a sour taste. Examples are the Russian beverage kvass, which is typically made of rye, and Belgian Lambic beer and the old Berliner Weisse, which are both produced partly from wheat. All beers made before the introduction and knowledge of pure yeast cultures were in a sense made via spontaneous fermentation. However, most such beers (as well as wines) were made inside containers that were repeatedly used for this purpose. Such containers rapidly become infected with spores that continue to maintain the original species of yeast—that is, the ones that produced fermentation in the first place. The use of the same vessel and associated equipment from one batch to the next causes the cereal grains employed to continue to be cross-infected between brewings. Recent scientific studies indicate that these spores remain alive for decades, or even longer. Moreover, many beer-making traditions include the step of adding fruit, such as raisins, to the mixture; this practice assures that the yeasts that naturally reside on the surface of the fruit will become a significant part of the microorganisms that infect the mixture.
These types of beer are technically ales—that is, they are all top-fermented.
Top fermentation: ales
Top-fermented beers, ales, are fermented at a rather high temperature, about 64-72°F (18-22°C), letting the yeast float on the surface of the wort.
Typical ales are British and Irish pale ales, bitters, stouts, and porters; Belgian ales, such as Trappist and abbey beers; and western German ales, such as Alt Bier and Kölsch. The Bavarian wheat beers—Weissbier (Weizenbier)—are also top-fermented and are produced in different varieties: pale and dark, with and without yeasts remaining, and as bock and Doppelbock. Some of the British and Belgian ales can be very strong, up to about 12-17 percent alcohol by volume, while common ales have a concentration of 3.5-6.0 percent alcohol by volume. Ales were predominant before the great expansion in popularity of bottom-fermented beers, the lagers, in the nineteenth century.
It should be noted that the term “ale” has also been used to signify unhopped beer, as contrasted with hopped beer (Cantrell, p. 619).
Bottom fermentation: lagers
Bottom-fermented beers, lagers, originated in Bavaria, where a cold-adapted yeast strain had been developed over a period of many years in the cold caves used for fermentation and storage. A temperature of about 45-59°F (7-15°C) is typical for bottom fermentation. The cold fermentation and the location of the yeast cells at the bottom of the container yield better storage capabilities and a cleaner, more purely malty taste in lagers, in comparison with ales, which are usually more fruity and bloomy in flavor. The name “lager” implies it is stored in cold conditions. Lagers are the dominating beers of the world today: pilsner; Bavarian; Vienna; Münchener, pale and dark; Dortmunder; bock; and Doppelbock beers. The difference between them depends principally on the brewing liquid, the type of hops, and the type of malt used. Bock and Doppelbock beers have a higher alcoholic content, 6.0-7.0 percent by volume and 6.0-8.0 percent by volume, respectively, in comparison with the other lagers, 3.8-6.0 percent by volume. Bocks and Doppelbocks are spring beers; their high levels of alcohol were originally produced to compensate for Lenten fasting.
Barley is a grass of the genus Hordeum and of the family Gramineae; it is one of the most important cereals of the world, after wheat, maize (corn), and rice. Barley is mainly used for livestock feed and for beer malting. The world production for 1999 was 130 million tons, with the greatest producers being Germany (13.3 million tons) and Canada (13.2 million tons) (FAO, Production Yearbook, 1999). Barley is produced all over the world up to 70°N latitude; it prefers reliable rainfall, a long growing season, and deep rich soils, but it can stand much more difficult conditions. It is not as cold-resistant as wheat, and in some regions it is sown in the autumn (Kendall, pp. 109-111).
For malt production, the two-rowed form of barley is often preferred over the six-rowed, although both give excellent malts. The advantages of barley for malting are principally the following:
- The husk gives each individual grain of barley microbiological protection during malting, thereby helping to prevent the growth of mold.
- The husk provides a useful filter during traditional wort separation. The filtered material, spent grains (trub), is composed of husks, proteins, a little starch, and minerals. The trub is used for animal food (Narziss, 1995, p. 176).
- The gelatinization temperature of malt starch is lower than the inactivation temperature for -amylase, which is one of the main enzymes breaking down the starch into shorter carbohydrates. (Gelatinization accelerates the transformation to sugars and makes it more thoroughgoing.) (MacLeod, pp. 50-51)
For more detailed reviews see Hough, Briggs, and Stevens (1971) and Adamic (1977).
The different composition of natural brewing water, or production water, from Pilsen, the Czech Republic; Burton upon Trent, England; Munich; Dortmund, Germany; and Vienna characterizes five types of different beers. Pilsen water has low concentrations of ions and is suitable for highly hopped lager beers with pale malt. Burton upon Trent water has high concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate, and particularly sulfate, and this combination has been shown to be perfect for highly hopped ales with dark malt. The waters from Munich, Dortmund, and Vienna have rather high concentrations of alkaline ions, and Dortmund water in particular has rather high concentrations of calcium and sulfate. Vienna water is more highly mineralized than Munich water, with a rather low sulfate but a higher bicarbonate concentration. The waters from Munich and Vienna give a lager that is not heavily hopped and is used with both light and dark malts. The Dortmunder lager is more highly hopped and has a slightly higher alcohol content and a pale malt.
Brewing water must be of potable-water quality. The ion composition and pH can be adjusted by ion exchanges, for example. The pH before wort boiling should be 5.4, so as to obtain a pH after boiling of 5.2 (Moll, pp. 138-139). The different ions of the brewing water have profound effects on the malting and brewing processes, the fermentation, the flavor, and, as a result, the type and quality of the beer. The previously mentioned famous beers are distinguished by the effects of geological conditions of their wells on the brewing water. The important cations are calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, and trace metals. The anions are carbonate, sulfate, chloride, nitrate and nitrite, phosphate, silicate, and fluoride. Their concentrations in the brewing water should comply with those found in water suitable for drinking (for standards, see Moll, pp. 134-135).
Some of the many effects of the ions are pH adjustments made by calcium, magnesium, carbonates, and sulfate from the brewing water and phosphate and organic acids from the malting. If calcium chloride is added, insoluble calcium carbonate, phosphate, and free hydrogen ions will form, which will decrease the pH. In contrast, pH can be increased when the brew is boiled, forming carbon dioxide from carbonate and hydrogen carbonate, which binds hydrogen ions. Many of the different anions such as carbonates, phosphates, and all the organic acids in the brew have buffering capacities (they minimize changes in the pH).
Besides these pH effects, many of the cations, including trace metals, work as coenzymes for many different enzyme systems. For example, magnesium is a cofactor in the metabolic enzymes necessary to produce alcohol and protect yeast cells by preventing increases in cell membrane permeability elicited by ethanol and temperature-induced stress. Other critical trace element cofactors are cobalt and chromium, which enhance the kinetics of alcohol fermentation.
Calcium, along with phosphates, provides thermal protection for mash enzymes and is the principal factor for pH adjustments during wort boiling. It also tends to inhibit color formation during the boil, and facilitates protein coagulation, oxalate sedimentation, yeast flocculation, and beer clarification. Magnesium works similarly to calcium and causes harsh bitterness (Fix, p. 5). Sodium, together with chloride, causes a salty taste in higher concentrations (400 mg/l), but in lower concentrations it can be used to increase the “mouthfullness.” Sodium is also very important for sodium/potassium transport across cell membranes. The amount of potassium should not be excessive as it inhibits many enzymes in the wort preparation. Iron should be avoided as it inhibits the malting, gives color to the wort, decreases the “mouthfullness,” and causes a bitter taste. Iron is essential for the oxidative processes of the yeasts, especially terminal oxidation. Manganese works as a coenzyme in many enzyme systems and stimulates cell division and protein generation.
Sulfate, with calcium and magnesium, decreases the pH and stimulates the carboxyl and amino peptidases. The sulfate concentration in the brewing water determines the concentration of sulfate in the final beer (malt and hops also contribute to the amount of sulfate) but does not increase the amount of sulfur dioxide. Sulfate also increases the flower flavor of hops and gives beer a dry, bitter taste. Chloride stimulates -amylases and gives a soft and full beer taste as calcium chloride. Often, the chloride/sulfate concentration ratio is used to describe the ratio of body and fullness in relation to dryness.
Nitrates and nitrites are the last stage in the oxidation of organic material and give beer a bad taste. Nitrites are toxic for the yeast cells. Phosphate ions in the brewing water are not acceptable because they indicate organic contamination. Silicates of calcium and magnesium have negative effects on the proteins and cause protein-unstable beers. Fluorides have no negative effects on the fermentation but cause the beer to become a little darker and have a broader taste (Narziss, 1992, pp. 17-52). For more details about the effects of the ions in brewing water, see Narziss, 1992; MacLeod; and Moll.
The cultivated hop plant, Humulus lupulus, with its relatives H. japonicus and H. yunnanensis, belongs, along with species of the genus Cannabis (e.g., C. sativa, hemp), to the family Cannabinaceae. Together with the nettle family, Urticaceae, they form the order Urticales. Hops are dioecious (i.e., there are individual male and female plants) and perennial and are indigenous throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere between 35° and 70° N, though mostly cultivated today between 43° and 54° N, and 37° and 43° S. The most important regions for hop cultivation are in South Africa, Australia, Argentina, the United States, Germany, the Czech Republic, and England, having an amount of daylight during the growing season of 15:27-18:42 hours, a mean temperature of about 50-66°F (10-19°C), and average rainfall of between 2.5 and 22.4 inches during the period of April to September in the Northern Hemisphere and October to March in the Southern Hemisphere (Barth, Klinke, and Schmidt, p. 49). The world production in 1999 was about 98,000 tons, with Germany contributing about 28,000 tons, the United States about 29,000 tons, and China about 15,000 tons (FAO, Production Yearbook, 1999). Many different varieties of hops with different contents of humulone (an antibiotic) and hop oils have been developed, particularly in Germany, England, and the Czech Republic. (For more details about the varieties, the history, and the trade, see Barth, Klinke, and Schmidt, pp. 1-383.)
Both pollinated and unpollinated cones (strobili) from the female plants are used, with the unpollinated ones used in Germany thought by some to yield a better taste than the seed (MacLeod, p. 80). Inside the infolded bases of the bracteoles (the small leaves from which the flowers grow) and on the seed are the resin-producing lupulin glands, which contain the essential compounds for use in beer: the resins humulone (the -acids) and lupulone (the -acids), and the aromatic hop oils. The -acids yield, after boiling and isomerization, iso-α-acids, which contribute bitterness to the beer, and hop oils, which contribute to the aroma. In addition, hops also benefit beer by improving clarity and foam stability, and, most important, flavor stability because of bacteriostatic activity of the iso-α-acids (flavonoids) (Grant, pp. 157-167). Hops are the major preservative of beer.
Other herbs and spices
Down through history many types of herbs and spices have been added to beer (von Hofsten, pp. 208-221; Rätsch, pp. 28-40), and many of them have been considered to be remedies. Besides hops, sweet gale (Myrica gale) and marsh tea (Ledum palustre), two of the constituents of the old European mixture of beer additives, grut, are believed to have been in widespread use. Placotomus mentions in his book from 1543 the use of more than twenty plants as additives for beer (von Hofsten, p. 212).
Since 1516, when the Reinheitgebot (Purity Law) was approved in Bavaria, the use of additives other than hops in beer has been prohibited there; this inhibited the use of new herbs and spices, and new combinations of old ones, in beer in Bavaria. However, in Belgium and its surrounding areas, and in Great Britain, other types of beers using wheat and herbs and spices were developed. Many of the recipes are secret, but we know of the use of coriander leaves and seeds, cardamom, camomile, clover, grains of paradise (the seeds of the West African plant Aframomum melegueta), cinnamon, plums, peaches, cherries, coffee, chilies, and chocolate (Jackson, 1998, pp. 16-17).
The living microorganism producing beer from wort by anaerobic degradation of sugars to alcohol is a yeast species, Saccaromyces cerevisiae, which is also used for baking and wine fermentation. The species has at least a thousand different strains (Barnett, Payne, and Yarrow, pp. 595-597). Two of them are S. cerevisiae cerevisiae used for top-fermentation of ales and S. cerevisiae uvarum (carlsbergensis) used for bottom-fermentation of lagers. They differ from each other by the temperature used: as noted above, 64-72°F (18-22°C) for the ales and about 45-59°F (7-15°C) for the lagers. Further, S. c. uvarum (carlsbergensis) has the ability to ferment the disaccharide melibiose, which S. c. cerevisiae is unable to do, due to lack of the enzyme melibiase (galacoidase) (Russel, pp. 169-170). Different breweries have developed their own strains or mixtures of strains of yeast to maintain the distinctive qualities of their beers. Important requirements for a good brewing yeast are flocculating power (i.e., the capability of forming loose, fluffy clumps), ability to ferment maltotriose (a complex sugar found in the wort), head-forming potential, fermentation efficacy, interaction with isohumulones (forms of the antibiotic -acids produced by hops), response to fining (clarifying and purifying), and propensity for producing important individual flavor components (MacLeod, p. 84). In the San Francisco beer Anchor Steam, lager yeast is used for fermentation at a high ale-fermentation temperature, which gives a very interesting beer with the roundness and cleanness of a lager and the fruitiness and some of the complexity of an ale.
Outline of Modern Brewing Procedures
Detailed descriptions of this highly technological and scientifically based process can be found in de Clerck (1957-1958); MacLeod (1977); Hardwick (Handbook of Brewing, An outline of the different procedures is given by Hardwick (“An Overview of Beer Making,” 1995, p. 88).
The process of malting grain starts with steeping it in water. After several hours, the embryo begins to take up water and to grow. To produce energy, the growth hormone giberellinic acid is formed and transported to the aleurone cells around the starch-rich endosperm to start the formation of hydrolytic enzymes such as -amylase, endo-β-glucanase, and peptidase. The cell walls of the endosperm contain -linked glucan and pentosan, which are degraded by the endo-β-glucanase and pentosanases. The net action is to solubilize and break down the cell walls and the small starch granules in the endosperm. The peptidases break down the peptides into amino acids, which are essential for yeast nutrition; the large polypeptides, which have not been used by the yeast cells during fermentation, are important for foam stability in the final beer, but in conjunction with polyphenols have the potential to form undesirable haze in the beer.
When the malting is completed, the malt has to be kiln-dried to stop the enzymatic activities and to reduce the water content so as to allow storage of the finished malt. The kilning is divided into two steps: the drying, at temperatures up to 176°F (80°C), giving a moisture content of 4 percent; and the curing process, at higher temperatures, yielding flavor components through the Maillard reaction. This reaction browns the malt, producing amino acid-carbonyl compounds, which undergo further transformations to yield the colored, aromatic compounds known as melanoidins. The higher the temperature, the darker the malt will be and the more the enzymes will be inhibited (Kendall, pp. 117-118; Fix, pp. 41-45). These compounds contribute both to dark color and to different varieties of burnt-sugar or caramel taste. The malt type and the mixture of malts forms the body or the “mouthfullness” of the beer and produces the basis of classification into pale, medium, and dark beers. If the malt is kilned over an open fire, it will acquire a definite smoky taste like the Bavarian Rauchbier, “smoke beer.” The feeling of “mouthfullness” can be decreased by splitting the residual sugar of the beer, the -glucans, dextrins, by exogenous enzymes during the malting process. The resulting carbohydrates will finally be fermented by the yeast. The process is used to produce diet, lite, light, and dry beers.
The type of brewing liquid used for beer production plays a very great role. However, with modern technology, any type of liquid with the optimal concentrations of the different ions can be created from any water. Calcium ions contribute to a more acid mash by precipitating as calcium phosphate and thus setting hydrogen ions free from phosphate ions. The pH obtained in this way, 5.4, is favorable for the activities of amylases. Bicarbonate ions act in the opposite way and give a more alkaline mash, which is unfavorable, and thus they should typically be removed. Calcium sulfate is often added to the mash to decrease the pH and to give bitterness to ale. Nitrates and iron ions have deleterious effects on yeasts. For detailed discussions on brewing liquids and salts, see Moll (pp. 133-156).
Germany complies with the Reinheitsgebot, the Purity Law, which, except for Weissbier, permits only barley malt, hops, and water for beer brewing. In most other countries, however, adjuncts up to 50 percent by volume are added to the mash to decrease the cost and to balance the taste of the beer. The adjuncts can be sugar solutions, other malts, or other unmalted cereals, such as rice, maize, wheat, or barley (though both rice and maize must be precooked before their incorporation into the mash, as their starches have high gelatinization points) (Stewart, pp. 121-132).
The mashing can be performed by either infusion or decoction. Infusion mashing is performed in a single vessel at a uniform temperature of about 150°F (65°C), and after the mashing, filtration is performed in the same vessel. The decoction system starts with a low temperature, which is then raised by the removal, boiling, and return of a part of the mash. The whole mash finally is transferred to a separate vessel, the lauter tun, for filtration. In Britain, the infusion is used with well-modified and coarsely ground malt, whereas in continental Europe the larger decoction method is used with a finer grind and less well-modified malt. Decoction mashing is a more versatile procedure for different malts and also has the advantage of low temperature, which helps to maintain the stability of such heat-labile enzymes as proteinases, -glucanases, and -amylase (MacLeod, pp. 59-73; Narziss, 1999; Rehberger and Luther, pp. 247-322).
The objective of the mashing is to produce fermentable sugars from the degradation of solubilized starch, amylose, and amylopectin. The sugars obtained are glucose, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, and higher dextrins to a total of about 70 to 75 percent, with the higher values coming from decoction malting. Unfermentable dextrins persist to the finished beer and are an important part of the mouth-filling experience of the beer. Proteins, peptides, and amino acids, as well as vitamins, inorganic ions, fatty acids, organic acids, tannins, and lipids, are extracted during the mashing and all are important for yeast fermentation.
The amount of malt used is directly proportional to the alcoholic concentration of the finished beer. About one-fourth to one-third of the weight of the malt is metabolized to alcohol.
The filtered sweet wort from the mashing is transferred to the wort vessel for boiling, which inactivates the enzymes, sterilizes the wort, lowers the pH via precipitation of calcium phosphate and removal of carbon dioxide from bicarbonate, concentrates the wort, denatures and precipitates proteins, dissolves any additional sugars used, isomerizes hop -acids, and removes unwanted flavor components. A long boiling process increases the shelf life of beer. Elimination of high-molecular-weight material (i.e., flocculation of the proteins) is increased by stirring and adding carrageen, a colloid typically extracted from the red alga Chondrus crispus. It has also been shown that the malty full-bodied flavor of beer declines and sharper notes are enhanced with rising temperature of heat treatment. The color of the wort is also increased with higher temperatures, aeration, and higher contents of soluble nitrogen. The process is the same as the one that occurs during kilning, the Maillard reaction (MacLeod, pp. 73-81).
During the wort boiling, hops, whole or powdered, are added to give their characteristic bitterness and aroma to the beer and, because of their antimicrobial action, to increase its shelf life. Principally, there are two types of acids contributed by the hops: -acids such as humulone, cohumulone, and adhumulone; and -acids such as lupulone, colupulone, and adlupulone. The bitter taste of fresh hops derives almost entirely from the -acids, but they have only limited solubility in the wort. However, during the boiling, the -acids are transformed into soluble, bitter iso-α-acids, which contribute to the hoppy bitterness of the beer. There are at least six cis-and transiso-α-acids and their overall level in beer is about 0.0002 to 0.0005 oz/gal (Neve, pp. 33-38). The -acids are largely unchanged during boiling.
The aroma of the hops comes from a very complex mixture of compounds and most of the volatile hop oils are lost in boiling, but a late addition of aroma hops increases the flavor. A discussion and list of the hop compounds in beer is found in Hardwick (“The Properties of Beer,” pp. 573-577).
The principal pathway for carbohydrate metabolism is the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, which is the anaerobic metabolism of glucose to pyruvates and alcohol by the yeast cells:
1 mole of glucose gives 2 moles of pyruvates, which will give 2 moles of alcohol and 2 moles of carbon dioxide (CO2).
A more comprehensive equation that describes a brewery fermentation is given by Bamforth (p. 143):
Maltose (100 g) + amino acid (0.5 g) → yeast (5 g) + ethanol (48.8 g) + CO2 (46.6 g) + energy (50 kcal)
Glucose and fructose are the first carbohydrates to be absorbed by the yeast cells from the wort. For the uptake of maltose, the principal sugar of the wort, maltose permease must be synthesized, and before maltotriose can be used, the maltose of the wort has to be almost completely depleted. The formation of maltose permease is the time-limiting effect on the speed of fermentation of the wort. This enzyme is also inhibited by glucose, thus yielding a longer lag period in glucose-supplemented wort (MacLeod, pp. 81-103).
Amino acids can be divided into four groups according to their uptake into the yeast cells: A, B, C, and D in that sequence for both S. c. cervisiae and S. c. carlsbergensis. The A and C amino acids appear to compete with the same permease. Proline, which is the only member of the D group, disappears very slowly, implying that a substantial amount of this amino acid will remain in the final beer: about 0.003 to 0.004 oz/gal.
Unwanted products from the fermentation process, which are closely related to amino-acid metabolism, are certain higher alcohols: 3-methylbutanol, fusel alcohol, and vicinal diketones (diacetyl). Presence of diacetyl seems to depend on a deficiency of the amino acid valine. A deficiency of methionine or an excess of threonine gives unacceptable levels of hydrogen sulfide (MacLeod, p. 91). Consequently, careful control of the amino-acid composition of the wort is essential. Esters (e.g., ethyl acetate) are also important as taste-and aroma-producing compounds. Their formation is favored by high-gravidity brewing followed by dilution, ample supplies of assimilable nitrogen, and relatively high concentrations of alcohol (MacLeod, pp. 81-103). For further discussion on fermentation, see Munroe (1995, pp. 323-353).
The wort is rather rich in B vitamins, but this content, particularly the content of thiamine, is decreased during fermentation by the yeasts (Hardwick, pp. 576-577).
Aging and finishing
Newly fermented beer, often referred to as green beer, has to mature in flavor through storage at low temperatures and should be removed from the yeast. It may also require being clarified, stabilized, carbonated, blended, or standardized. The processes involved include filtrations, CO2 additions, pasteurization, and additions of tannic acid and proteolytic enzymes for clarification of the product. For a more detailed discussion, see Munroe (pp. 355-379). Storage of green beer together with its yeast cells decreases the amount of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione, which have a buttery taste that is undesirable in lighter beers. Sulfur-containing compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and dimethyl sulfide, may also show up in the beer, producing unattractive flavors and aromas.
During storage, a secondary fermentation can be performed to accelerate aging and the maturation of taste. A secondary fermentation can also be performed in the bottle, as is done in many Belgian ales and Trappist beers, for example. Another method used is to add up to about 20 percent of highly fermenting primary beer (high-kräusen) to the green beer in storage. Also during storage, aroma hops may be added to increase the aroma of the beer, and iso-α-acids from hops can be added to help control bitterness in the beer.
Modern industrial processes of aging and finishing beer, with ultrafiltrations, pasteurization, and total separation of yeast cells, give the modern-style clear, “dead” beer, which has a long shelf life. This contrasts with “real” beer or ale, which retains living yeast cells and thus exhibits richer taste and aroma, but has a shorter shelf life and often greater variation in taste and aroma. Most lagers do not contain yeast cells, but many bottom-fermented beers such as Weissbier mit Hefe (literally, “wheat beer with yeast”), Belgian beers, and British ales and stouts do. A comprehensive summary of the chemical constituents and the physical properties of beer can be found in Hardwick, “The Properties of Beer” (pp. 551-585).
Beer aging and oxidation
Beer is a fresh food product, which undergoes chemical changes during storage. Some of these are expressed as sensory changes shown in the schematic graph given by Bamforth (p. 68). The progression of these changes has been described by Dalgliesch (1977, cited in Fix):
- Stage A is the period of stable, “brewery-fresh” flavor.
- Stage B is a transition period in which a multitude of new flavor sensations can be detected.
- Stage C products exhibit the classic flavor tones of beer staling.
- Stage D, not included in Dalgliesch, “is the development of ‘kaleidoscopic flavors,’“ as exemplified in Rodenbach’s Grand Cru and in Trappist beers, “recalling the subtlety and complexity of great wines” (Fix, pp. 127-128).
Most of these changes are due to a range of oxidative reactions in the beer. Hence, it is extremely important for the quality and shelf life of beer that the beer be oxygen-free. The alcohols in beer can be oxidized to aldehydes and acids, and the iso-α-acids can also be oxidized, with the formation of free fatty acids. All these compounds have prominent effects on aroma and taste. Free fatty acids can also form esters with the alcohols and the unsaturated fatty acids as well as the melanoidins produced via browning of the malt can undergo auto-oxidation. The fatty acids will give fatty and soapy flavor notes. Melanoidins may oxidize alcohols to aldehydes or acids. However, melanoidins can also be reduced by the oxidation of iso-α-acids and work as antioxidants, thereby protecting the beer from oxidation, as is the case in dark beer. The same effects are seen from malt-and hop-based phenols. Together with fatty acids, they interact in a complex electron exchange system.
The different kinds of phenols, from cathecin to polyphenols (also called tannins and flavonoids), which originate from the malt, the hops, and also from the fermentation process itself play a large role in these chemical reactions. They can act as useful antioxidants in the beer and add to the sensory impression of freshness. However, if they themselves become oxidized, they contribute astringency and harshness. Another very important result of the chemical reactions is the reduction of unsaturated fatty acids. This inhibits the development of long-chained unsaturated aldehydes, such as trans-2-nonenal, which is a prominent factor for the development of staling and cardboard and/or papery notes. Because of these reactions, highly hopped beer is less prone to develop the staling effect (Fix, pp. 127-139).
Beer and Social Use
Throughout history, beer-drinking peoples have considered beer an essential part of both their food supply and their enjoyment of life. Bread and beer—food and beverage—were two parts of nutrition united via having almost the same process of fabrication. In earlier times, beer was thought of as liquid bread. As a beverage, it was also preferred over water, partly because water was often contaminated by bacteria, whereas beer became almost sterilized through the boiling of the wort and the antiseptic qualities of hops.
Beer and other alcoholic beverages have played a very important religious and social role: maintaining ties within groups and between people and their deities. It is not surprising that man has considered intoxicated humans to be in close contact with the deities and acquiring spiritual and supernatural forces from them. In Old Norse mythology, mead (an alcoholic beverage fermented from honey) gave humans immortality, wisdom, and poetic abilities. Mead and beer were considered to contain the spirit of the gods, and hence people ingested the gods by drinking the beverages in the same way as Christians drink the blood and eat the flesh of Christ at communion, in the form of bread and wine (Thunaeus, vol. 1, pp. 17-24; Wiegelmann, pp. 533-537).
At the ceremonial feasts of the Nordic people in the tenth century, the beer and food were first blessed and then highly ornamented horns of beer went to everybody to make toasts to the gods: to Odin for victory and power for the king, and then to Njord and Frej for a good harvest and peace. Then they drank minne, memory, for their ancestors and relatives. The ceremony formed and strengthened bonds both between the gods and men, and among men (Thunaeus, vol. 1, pp. 17-24; Wiegelmann, pp. 533-537). In medieval times and persisting until the nineteenth century, important ceremonies such as baptisms, weddings, funerals, and harvest celebrations had öl, beer, in their names; there were, for instance, dopöl, the celebration of baptism, and gravöl, the funeral feast. For the various celebrations, a strong beer was produced. On other days, a much weaker beer was consumed, which was sometimes even mixed with milk. People showed their hospitality by having a tankard with beer standing on the table, and everyone was welcome to take a sip.
These examples from the Nordic countries exemplify the general pattern of mankind using alcoholic beverages as ceremonial links to the gods and a method of creating and increasing social contacts among people. Many of these ceremonies and social implications of drinking together are still active today.
Mixtures of Beer and Other Beverages
In Berliner Weisse, juices of red raspberry, green sweet woodruff, or, more recently, pineapple may be added. To Belgian Lambic, different fruits can be added to the second fermentation to create, for example, Kriek (using cherries) and Framboise (using raspberries) ( Jackson, 1991, pp. 95-100).
The English shandy (beer mixed with lemonade or ginger beer) and the German Radler and Alsterwasser (beer mixed with a clear soft drink, typically lemon or lemon-lime soda) are quite popular today. Shandy has a tradition that dates back to the tenth century (Zotter, pp. 222-223). Alsterwasser has also become popular with cola and tequila (Pini, pp. 88 and 788). Radler was earlier a common mixture for children and young people in Germany. In southern Sweden, the mixture of beer (svagdricka) and milk called drickablandning (mixture of drinks) was very popular until about the middle of the twentieth century.
Food and Beer
Beer is used as an ingredient in food preparation in soups and stews, for marination of meat, as a liquid for boiling, and in sauces. Many German examples are given by Lohberg (pp. 269-331). Traditional soups with beer in northern Europe are Biersuppe, Öllebröd, and Ölsupa, which are boiled mixtures of beer and meal and/or milk and egg, with ginger, cinnamon, and fruits. Carbonade, beef stewed in beer, is a favorite dish in northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
The specific types of beer used traditionally in an area almost always fit very well with traditional local food. The most popular type of beer in the world today, pilsner or light lager, which is served cold and has low levels of bitterness and maltiness, is a good partner with almost any kind of food, which may well be an important reason for its popularity.
Other types of beers, which have a more complex taste, should be paired with different foods using some care, as the combination should not overpower the individual flavors of either the beer or the food, but enhance the positive features of both. A nice introduction with illustrative food and beer combinations has been presented by Jackson (1998). In general, beer can be paired with different kinds of food as well as wine can be, and sometimes better.
Drinking vessels and beer containers
In Latin America, the Incas and the Mayas developed very elaborate containers both for the production of chica and for storage and ritual drinking. The malting and fermentation took place in hollow tree trunks that were often decorated and covered with carpets or palm leaves. The bottles were ceramic stirrup vessels with a long neck, sometimes two joined into one, with a round bellow that could be formed as a human head. Ordinary ceramic cups were also used. The ceramics were painted with many different scenes, often with a strong erotic touch. Bottles filled with chicha were buried with the dead (Rätsch, p. 103).
The serving of beer in Mesopotamia and in ancient Egypt was from ceramic containers, both large ones from which people drank with straws (primarily to penetrate the top-fermenting yeast and floating husks) and smaller ones like our cups. For ceremonial drinking, elaborate bull’s horns were used in northern Europe. After the ceramic period and persisting into the twentieth century, the wooden barrel and the wooden tankard were the principal storage and drinking containers. In Scandinavia, it was common to have elaborate drinking bowls, often in the form of a goose, for ceremonial feasts, and during the sixteenth century, the upper class used ornamental wooden drinking vessels (Hirsjärvi, pp. 57-68; Cleve, pp. 15-42; Gjærder). Drinking vessels were also later made of lead, tin, copper, silver, stoneware, ivory, china, or glass. Tankards usually had the same general design whether or not they were lidded. Lids were usually metallic, and the rest of the tankard was made of glass, ceramic, or wood. There were very elaborate, expensive tankards and also simple and practical ones ( Jung; Lohberg).
Although its history is very long, perhaps as long as the history of beer itself, before the nineteenth century the beer glass was seen only among the upper classes. It was the technique of glass pressing in great industrial scale in the nineteenth century that made the glass available to everyone. The design of the beer glass has developed in some distinctive ways, with special sizes and shapes for specific types of beers and special glasses displaying the names and logos of the brewers for almost every brand of beer (Lohberg; Jackson, 1998). Jackson includes color images of both the glass and the bottle for each type of beer presented in the book.
The original wooden barrel was generally replaced in the twentieth century by the steel barrel. At the end of the nineteenth century, glass bottles were introduced, and beginning in 1935, they were joined by metallic containers—beer cans.
There is a correct serving temperature for every beer. The richer the flavor and aroma of a beer is, the higher its serving temperature should be. A very low temperature is suitable if taste is secondary. The only beers that are appropriate to serve cold, about 39°F (4°C), are light, pale lagers. More tasty lagers should be served between 43 and 50°F (6 and 10°C), and ales between 54 and 64°F (12 and 18°C). Jackson (1998) is a good source for recommendations of serving temperatures for specific beers.
Beer and Traditional Medicine
Hans Zotter’s book (pp. 222-223) contains medical recommendations and rules from Ibn Butlan from the tenth century. It illustrates how beer was looked upon medically in the old tradition of Hippocratic medicine, a tradition that prevailed until about the seventeenth century. Its view was that
- Beer is “hot and humid”; or “cold and humid.”
- The best beer is sharp and spicy.
- Beer drinking relieves the sharpness of heat and drunkenness.
- It dilates the vessels and creates discomfort.
- In contrast, the mixture of beer and lemon juice or citric acid helps.
- Beer drinking creates “malicious body fluids,” which are good for people with hot “complection” and for young people, especially during hot weather and in hot countries.
In 1614, the philosopher and alchemist Paracelsus wrote: “Cerevisia malorum divina medicina” (Beer is a divine medicine against harms) (Rätsch, pp. 12-14). Beer was also used as a carrier or solvent for many different folk remedies (Rätsch, pp. 28-40). The use of herbs and spices, such as hops and sweet gale, in beer may well have its origin in folk medicine.
Interestingly, beer is still prescribed today in the United Kingdom as a medication for the elderly. | <urn:uuid:6ef492db-56f5-4041-8cd5-8ff05baa4b52> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://raxional.com/beer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866888.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624063553-20180624083553-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.958947 | 18,334 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The United States has more ‘protected’ classes than any other country. For those who live in whatever passes for the equivalent of outer Mongolia in the United States, without access to information of any sort, a ‘protected’ class is a group of people with similar characteristics that have legal rights superior to those not in a protected class, and upon whom actions deemed to be offensive to the ‘class’ are criminalized in a special way with greater penalty than when such acts are inflicted on ‘non class’ victims.
Historically protected classes, meaning classes that have been protected for long periods of time, include: blacks (i.e. usually ‘African Americans as opposed to ‘Americans’, but which may include all ‘people of color’ in addition to those descendent from Africans), the disabled and women. To the historically protected classes we now include by virtue of judicial and/or political decisions: those of the Muslim religion (i.e. not Christians), anyone the ACLU represents, ‘native Americans’ (i.e. Indians other than those from India, but see ‘people of color’ above), criminals injured by their victims in the course of committing crimes, those not owning or possessing guns, illegal aliens in general (including illegal aliens confronted by U.S. border agents acting in self defense against illegal aliens but excluding those hiring illegal aliens), enemy combatants apprehended in the course of attacking American soldiers and those imprisoned (as well as enemy combatants actually still in combat), those earning what Democrats consider ‘below the poverty level’ (or on welfare), and on-and on (you can add any I didn’t list).
Liberals are now lining up to create another protected class – homosexuals. A recent headline announced “Historic breakthroughs seen for gay-rights [read, homosexual] bills in Congress”. It seems ‘a reshaped’ Congress [read, Democrat congress] is likely to pass the “first major federal gay-rights [read, oh never mind] bills. Anticipating support by Republicans-in-name-only, it is believed a so-called ‘hate-crimes’ bill covering what liberals consider offenses motivated by anti-homosexual bias (‘anti-gay bias’), and a bill outlawing workplace discrimination ‘based on sexual orientation’. For good measure, and to be all inclusive for those to be covered by the extended 'protected class', congress can be expected to also include 'transsexuals'.
Regarding hate crimes legislation, two things are noteworthy. First, if a heterosexual is clobbered, the ‘clobberer’ (sic) is not penalized as much as if he perpetrated the same crime on a homosexual. The bill is not clear what penalty applies for crimes against a bi-sexual, or merely a cross-dresser, but it can be assumed it would apply to a ‘trans-sexual’ (see a dictionary for definition).
Secondly, motivation for the crime is a ‘sticky wicket’ because it requires going into the head of the perp. An entire industry, psychoanalysis, exists to penetrate reasons for human behavior, generally with little uniform success. Yet, we are expected to believe that prosecutors, jurists and juries will be able to peer into the minds of criminals having the misfortune of selecting a homosexual as a crime victim. Or perhaps, we will select only those with proper medical education and training to assume the roll of police, prosecutor, judge or jury members for ‘hate crimes’. Since these things are not possible, the law will likely assume that a criminal act against a homosexual will have been ‘motivated’ by anti-homosexual bias, and no further proof will be required.
Although both bills are a danger to freedom of speech (since verbal assaults deemed to reflect homosexual bias will also be criminal or at least actionable) and to religious liberties. In an act of hypocrisy, the bill will likely exempt churches and small businesses from the workplace bill in order to get votes for passage. Ironically, the workplace bill will be entitled “The Employment Non-Discrimination Act” or ‘ENDA’ for short. It will certainly be the ENDA of common sense.
With his history of a peculiar sense of righteousness (look at Bush’s views about border control and citizenship for illegal aliens here) and lack of understanding consequences (remember the McCain-Feingold law); we cannot assume President Bush would veto such legislation so get used to another protected class being added to the federal list. | <urn:uuid:2e802fad-ba88-48b3-aba2-9259dd13f0de> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://vincentgioiasblog.blogspot.com/2007/10/add-another-protected-class-why-not.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107490.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821041654-20170821061654-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.944583 | 958 | 2.875 | 3 |
Holistic population analysisEcology
Publication VersionPublished Version
AbstractBiodiversity is a "hot" topic that has recently spawned much interest in the popular and scientific press and in Washington. Part of the reason for this interest has been the fear among scientists and laypersons that we are going to be con- fronted with a mass extinction event driven by human encroachment on the biosphere. The magnitude of the problem, however, is very difficult to assess as it is difficult to deter- mine when and if a particular species, or group of species, is going to go extinct. These considerations provide the back- drop and motivation for Brian Maurer's book Geographical population analysis, which is one of a series of books edited by John Lawton and Gene Likens for Blackwell Scientific Publications entitled Methods in Ecology. The books in this series are intended to provide an overview of new and emerging techniques that can be applied to ecological problems. In the case of Geographical population analysis, this entails analytical techniques for assessing the status of a species by analyzing patterns of distribution and abundance over its en- tire geographic range.
RightsCopyright by the Ecological Society of America
Copyright OwnerEcological Society of America
Citation InformationKirk A. Moloney. "Holistic population analysis" Ecology Vol. 76 Iss. 4 (1995) p. 1363 - 1364
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/kirk-moloney/12/ | <urn:uuid:bd80e1fc-57cd-40c2-a0b8-71667456c514> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://works.bepress.com/kirk-moloney/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676588972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180715203335-20180715223335-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.889383 | 301 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The government of Thailand, due to its emergence as a political power in Southeast Asia and the spread of Thai people around the world, gives a considerable amount of importance to generating a correct understanding of the position and image of the country to the outside world. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the government agencies also seek to maintain a certain amount of control over the promotion of Thai culture abroad, ensuring that it is “properly implemented and in accordance with the government’s foreign policies.�?
Director General Sihasak Phuangketkeow states, “Given Thailand’s active engagement in all dimensions of international relations, the responsibilities of the department have therefore continued to increase and expand as we endeavor to ensure that Thailand’s foreign policy “reaches out�? to all segments of the population at home and abroad.�? Director General's message
Diplomacy in Thailand was long identified with the monarch, beginning with good-will missions sent to China in the 13th century by King Ramkhamhaeng. The ministry of foreign affairs was entrusted to a branch called Krom Phra Khlang in the next century. In 1927 the ministry created the separate Political and Protocol departments. After a series of reorganizations between 1950 and 1971, the current arrangement was finally set in 1992. The Department of Information is now the agency responsible for issues relating to public and cultural affairs. | <urn:uuid:dde4e87a-372a-40e9-8d55-c0c6cbea4491> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://publicdiplomacy.wikia.com/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424756.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724062304-20170724082304-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.951443 | 286 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Killing eagles is illegal in Canada and the U.S. In addition, it's against the law for Americans to possess bald-eagle parts unless they are registered tribal members with special government permits. But with feathers and talons a major feature in traditional aboriginal dance regaliawhich is popular on a competitive circuit that offers rich prizes for the best outfitsthere's a hot black market for eagle parts in the U.S.
The magnificent birds, with their eight-foot wingspan, striking white heads and piercing yellow eyes, are recognized worldwide as an American national emblem. But in the mid-1990s they were nearly wiped out in the lower 48 American states by chemical pesticides like DDT. While many U.S. populations have recovered, the majority of the world's 100,000 bald eagles still live in Alaska and B.C., says Canadian biologist Richard Cannings. And while the B.C. eagle population is thriving, large-scale poaching in the province threatens American bird populations, because eagles from throughout the western U.S. migrate to B.C. each winter.
Smuggling of Canadian eagle parts to the U.S. is not new. An undercover operation cracked a U.S. ring in 1996. In another case, B.C. native Terry Antoine was sentenced in 2001 to two years for smuggling, selling and possessing eagle parts in the U.S. A federal jury in Seattle heard that Antoine, who was linked to the deaths of 173 eagles, had paid other B.C. residents $20 to $50 apiece to shoot the birds, which he then butchered and smuggled the parts across the border. There, he could sell wing feathers for as much as $150 and tail feathers for $250.
In the current investigation, the public has supplied more than 90 tips to conservation officers in both countries, officials say. So far about 50 dead birds with tail and wing feathers and talons removed have been found dumped in wooded areas near the traditional territory of B.C.'s Squamish and Burrard Indian bands, north of Vancouver. Band officials vehemently reject suggestions that aboriginals are involved in the slaughter. "We all share equally the horror and shock and frustration," Squamish Nation council chair Bill Williams says.
The poaching involves people of many different ethnicities, says Paul Chang, an agent with the Pacific Region of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. But while he acknowledges that eagles have a historic place in aboriginal societies, Chang adds, "There are native Americans willing to trade in these parts." And with black-market prices for the parts remaining high, the temptation to join the illicit trade will continue. | <urn:uuid:2e74e2fc-69e0-4d7f-94de-218ee20f23e7> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1044649,00.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701152987.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193912-00124-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961741 | 554 | 2.65625 | 3 |
If Doctor's Only Knew, They'd Tell you!
Now they can!
This information could change the
quality of your life!
What is MA+ Complex
An all-natural source of amino acids shown to maintain optimal health
through proper intracellular levels of Glutathione.
Glutathione is the Master Antioxidant protecting all 100 trillion
cells that make up the human body. Wouldn't you like that protection?
MA+ Complex Glutathione is a tripeptide made
from 3 amino acids: glycine, glutamate (glutamic acid), and cysteine. In our modern world almost all the protein, which contains
tripeptides, we consume is cooked. The thermal labile amino acid cysteine is destroyed by the heat of cooking thus blocking
the body's ability to develop Glutathione in every living cell. Without the availability of Glutathione the body will not
produce new cells and existing cells are susceptible to the damaging effects of free radicals. We are exposed to free radicals
from our environment: polluted air, pharmaceuticals, exercise, radiation, alcohol, cigarettes, and even stress and disease.
When more cells are being killed from these causes than are being replaced, we are aging at an accelerated rate.
has 4 major funtions:
An Antioxidant is a substance that neutralizes destructive free radicals,
some are manufactured by the metabolic processes of the body, others are derived from foods, the air we breath, exercise,
stess and disease. Gutathione is the most powerful antioxidant occurring naturally in all of the 70-100 trillion cells that
make up the human body. That is why Glutathione is called the Master Antioxidant (MA+ Complex). The effectiveness of all other
antioxidants like Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Selenium all depend upon the availability of Glutathione.
deficiency of the Master Antioxidant leads to oxidative related diseases: accelerated aging, cell destruction, damaged DNA
which can lead to cancer, Arteriosclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Diabetes, diseases of the immune system, Cataracts, Alzheimer's,
Macular Degeneration, COPD, Allergy, and Asthma.
The immune system is directly dependent upon
Glutathione for proper functions, and is considered the body's frontline defense against infection. The immune system wants
to create white blood cells to fight such infections as bacterial diseases, the common cold, Hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, Herpes,
chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and even cancer, but without Glutathione, the master antioxidant, no cells will be
Glutathione is also know as the toxic waste neutralizer of the body. In the liver
it will neutralize toxic pollutants and even carcinogens and eliminate them from the body. Most prescription drugs have negative
side effects upon the liver, which Glutathione has been shown to alleviate. It is also beneficial in drug overdoses, chemotherapy
and radiation exposure.
We are exposed to radiation daily from natural sources such as
cosmic rays, radioactive minerals, and even sunlight. Other sources include nuclear waste, industrial waste, and building
materials. Medical X-rays, mammograms, CT scans and other procedures all add up. Radiation exposures produce Hydoxyradicals,
the most reactive radicals known. Studies show that Glutathione protects the cell from these damaging radicals which cause
skin cancer, DNA damage and eye damage.
Why MA+ Complex
MA+ Complex is the most bioactive form of Glutathione
precursors. These amino acid components are delivered to the interior of each cell and there they are assembled into Glutathione.
Studies show that ingesting whole Glutathione as a supplement does not increase intracellular Glutathiona levels. One must
ingest the precursors of Gltathione as found in MA+ Complex to elevate intracellular levels of protection from Glutathione.
Research has shown that high levels of intercellular Glutathione can protect cells from destruction, detoxify pollutants,
and elevate the body to produce new cells of all types to replace those that died.
Therefore, Glutathione is the Master
Antioxidant of every living cell in your entire body. Shouldn't you protect them with MA+ Complex!
MA+: Overview Call
with Dr. Cords for Medical Professionals:
Call and listen to a recorded message: 212-461-8719.
you like it if you could try MA+ Complex completely risk free? | <urn:uuid:27aaa805-b1bd-4483-8257-6667dfe142c8> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://gbg-inc.tripod.com/id1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461944.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00319-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895065 | 968 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In 1779, John Paul Jones and the Marquis de Lafayette (pictured here allegorically) conspired to take the Revolutionary War to the British homeland by landing French infantry in port towns on the western coast of England. Spain's entry into the war scrapped the possibility of such small-scale raids—but would the plans have succeeded?
The sleepy inhabitants of Liverpool stared in amazement as French troops, dressed in their finest white grenadier's uniforms and with bayonets glistening, disembarked from naval transport vessels along the city's broad waterfront. Liverpool's impressive harbor, often home to dozens of merchantmen plying the East and West Indies trade, was occupied by a squadron of vessels flying the colors of the American Continental Navy. In the spring's dawn mist, the troops of Louis XVI swiftly took up positions around the city's wharves and docks. Other soldiers moved quickly through the city streets, gathering the most prominent of Liverpool's inhabitants and political leadership. Once collected, the prisoners were marched through the confused and frightened city to the headquarters of the invasion's commander. These principals of Liverpool's politics and industry, on arriving at their destination, were greeted with an unbelievable sight. There, conferring with his army and naval officers, was the commander of this modestly sized expedition, Colonel Marquis de Lafayette of the King's Dragoons, recently returned from the American theater. 1 Resplendent in his finely tailored French uniform, the 21-year-old officer greeted the gentlemen pleasantly and proceeded to make his guests as comfortable as the occasion would allow. The captives were yet again surprised to discover the identity of the expedition's naval commander: none other than the dreaded John Paul Jones himself! The American war had come home to roost and one of Great Britain's largest industrial and merchant cities was being held ransom by the combined forces of the American Continental Congress and the king of France. | <urn:uuid:6f9140fa-d014-42f5-8e3c-ff045ae1653e> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2003-08/raids-target-western-england | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737898933.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221818-00090-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975528 | 384 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Theodor Seuss Geisel? Mark Young? Bernard Baruch? Anonymous?
Dear Quote Investigator: I am trying to validate a quotation that is credited to Theodor Geisel who is better known as Dr. Seuss, the popular author of children’s books. I have been unable to determine where the quote appeared. The task is complicated because there are so many different versions. Here are four examples:
- Do what you want to do, say what you want to say, because those who matter don’t mind, and those who do mind don’t matter.
- Say what you want and be who you are, because those who matter don’t mind, and those who matter don’t mind.
- Always do what you want, and say what you feel, because those who mind don’t matter, and those who matter don’t mind.
- Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don’t matter and those who matter don’t mind.
Some skeptical commentators say that Seuss never wrote it. What do you think?
Quote Investigator: There is no substantive evidence that Theodor Seuss Geisel wrote or said this expression. Researchers have been unable to locate the statement in any of his books. The second part of the statement was in circulation by the 1930s. The earliest instance located by QI was printed in 1938 in a journal based in London and written for municipal and county engineers. The phrase was used comically to discount the criticisms directed at housing designs. The words were enclosed in quotation marks suggesting that the quip was already known in 1938: 1
Mr. Davies himself admitted that it was highly controversial and open to criticism; but criticism concerned both mind and matter. “Those who mind don’t matter, and those who matter don’t mind!”
The repetition of clauses together with the reversal of key words embodied a rhetorical technique called antimetabole. In this case, the positions of the words “mind” and “matter” were exchanged.
Starting in the 1940s the expression was used in two popular anecdotes about seating arrangements at parties. The first tale was published in the Canadian periodical “Empire Digest” in February 1946 and featured Sir Mark Young who was at that time the Governor of Hong Kong. In the following excerpt the term “A.D.C.” was used for “aide-de-camp”, a personal assistant: 2
He is the hero of many stories illustrating a rapier-like wit. One of the best is that of the lady, lunching at Government House, who was aggrieved to find herself on Sir Mark’s left instead of his right. She approached her grievance obliquely—but made it fairly obvious. Finally she remarked: “I suppose it is really very difficult for your A.D.C. always to put your guests in their right places?”
“Not at all,” said Sir Mark blandly, “for those who matter don’t mind, and those who mind don’t matter.”
In March 1946 this story was reprinted in the “Lethbridge Herald” newspaper of Alberta, Canada with an acknowledgement to Empire Digest. 3
In May 1946 the anecdote was retold in the “Omaha World Herald” newspaper of Omaha, Nebraska. The setting and participants were the same. Yet, the dialog was somewhat different. The thrust of the punchline was preserved: 4
One day, at a luncheon in the Government House, a lady prominent in society was vexed to discover that she had been seated at the end of the table, instead of next to the host.
This was, of course, a great blow to her prestige. At the end of the meal, she approached Sir Mark and said rather tartly:
“Apparently you don’t care where you seat your guests.”
Piqued by her hauteur, he replied:
“Madam, those who really matter, don’t mind where they are seated. And those who mind,” he added, “don’t usually matter.”
In August 1946 an alternate version of the anecdote was printed, and the punchline of the joke was credited to a different prominent person named Bernard Baruch. Baruch was an influential American financier who acted as an advisor to U.S. Presidents. A gossip columnist named Igor Cassini was acknowledged for telling the story and for participating in the dialog: 5
B. Baruch, who entertains so many notables, was recently asked by Igor Cassini how he managed the seating arrangements at his soirees. “I suppose it’s really very difficult to put the guests in their correct places.” commented Mr. C. “Not at all,” stated the elder statesman. “Those who matter, don’t mind. Those who mind—don’t matter!”
Here are additional selected citations in chronological order.
Multiple versions of these stories continued to circulate in the 1940s and afterwards. For example, in December 1946 the “Daily Journal-Gazette” of Mattoon, Illinois printed a version that assigned the punchline to Sir Mark Young and matched the text published in “Omaha World Herald” in May 1946. 6 In January 1947 the “Buffalo Center Tribune” in Iowa printed a version that credited Sir Mark Young with the quip and matched the text given in the “Empire Digest”. 7
In August 1947 the anecdote was omitted, and a variant of the punchline using the word “care” instead of “mind” was attributed to Bernard Baruch: 8
One very wise and famous man called Bernard Baruch said, “Those who matter don’t care and those who care, don’t matter”
In 1960 the New York Times published an article about John Henry Cutler who was the founder and proprietor of a ten-year-old newspaper in Massachusetts. Cutler deployed the saying about mind and matter which was ascribed to an unknown philosopher: 9
He calls his shots as he sees them and listens with approximately equal politeness to those who say his paper is too stodgy and those who say it is too flippant. He finds solace in an anonymous philosopher who said:
“Those who mind don’t matter, and those who matter don’t mind.”
In 1974 a poem was constructed by George Ludcke that incorporated the saying. It was published in the “PEPPER and Salt” section of the Wall Street Journal: 10
Hostesses who fret about
Who sits where will find
That those who mind don’t matter
And those who matter don’t mind.
The quotation attributed to Theodor Geisel is popular with students, and it has been printed in many high school yearbooks as a favorite. It was in circulation by the 2000s. Here is an instance in 2001 that was listed in a student profile published in a New Jersey periodical called “The Press of Atlantic City”: 11
The best advice I ever heard: “Be who you are and say what you feel because people who mind don’t matter and people who matter don’t mind.” – Dr. Seuss
In conclusion, Theodor Seuss Geisel died in 1991 and there currently is no substantive evidence that he made one of the remarks that he has been assigned. The earliest instance located by QI of the saying: “Those who mind don’t matter, and those who matter don’t mind” was placed between quotation marks signaling that it was probably an anonymous piece of wisdom in 1938.
The saying was used as a punchline in two anecdotes about seating at parties. The anecdotes appeared at roughly the same time circa 1946. One featured Sir Mark Young delivering the witticism, and the other featured Bernard Baruch as the quipster. The version with Young has a slight chronological precedence based on current data.
(Thanks to Skylar who wondered about the quotation attributed to Seuss that she first heard years ago. In addition, thanks to Melody Lord who asked about a collection of sayings credited to Seuss that included this one. Also, great thanks to Dennis Lien and John McChesney-Young for retrieving books and verifying citations.)
Unverified citation: Based on searches conducted by QI in the HathiTrust database there is probably an instance of the anecdote with Sir Mark Young that was printed in 1945 in a periodical called “Insurance Newsweek”, Volume 46. The month of appearance was between July and December inclusive and the page number was 38. The citation has not yet been verified and QI does not have detailed information at this time.
- 1938 February 1, The Journal of the Institution of Municipal & County Engineers, Volume 64, Number 16, Discussion, [Quotation is contained in the remarks of "Mr. Percy Morris (Wakefield)"], Quote Page 1277, Published at the Offices of the Institution of Municipal & County Engineers, London. (Verified with scans; Thanks to Dennis Lien and the University of Minnesota library system) ↩
- 1946 February, Empire Digest, Volume 3, Number 5, Rapier Retort, [Freestanding short anecdote], Quote Page 17, Published by Empire Information, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (Verified with scans; Thanks to John McChesney-Young and the University of California, Berkeley library system) ↩
- 1946 March 23, Lethbridge Herald, Rapier Retort, Page 16 [Back Page], Column 3, [Acknowledgement to Empire Digest], Lethbridge, Alberta. (NewspaperArchive) ↩
- 1946 May 6, Omaha World Herald, Anecdotes of the Famous: Propriety, Page 12, Column 1, Omaha, Nebraska. (GenealogyBank) ↩
- 1946 August 9, Long Island Star-Journal, Going To Town by Hal Eaton, Page 21, Long Island City, New York. (Old Fulton) ↩
- 1946 December 13, Daily Journal-Gazette, Current Comment: The Crushing Reply, Quote Page 2, Column 5, [Acknowledgment E. E. Edgar in Magazine Digest], Mattoon, Illinois. (NewspaperArchive) ↩
- 1947 January 16, Buffalo Center Tribune, Mind Over Matter, Page 6, Column 1, Buffalo Center, Iowa. (NewspaperArchive) ↩
- 1947 August 24, Trenton Evening Times, Social Precedence At Capital Apt to Drive Hostesses Mad by Diana J. Mowrer, Section: Part Two, Page 1, Column 8, [GNA Page 9], Trenton, New Jersey. (GenealogyBank) ↩
- 1960 June 4, New York Times, Books of The Times by Charles Poore, Page 21, New York. (ProQuest) ↩
- 1974 November 4, Wall Street Journal, PEPPER and Salt: A Touch of Class, Page 12, New York. (ProQuest) ↩
- 2001 June 25, The Press of Atlantic City, “SPOTLIGHT / INTRODUCING … LAUREN MATRICARDI” Section: Generation NEXT, Page B1, Atlantic City, New Jersey. (NewsBank Access World News) ↩ | <urn:uuid:a1520478-1554-48a6-a0c1-3f1ddd4c83e7> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/12/04/those-who-mind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523429.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00177-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960303 | 2,421 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Technology in the classroom and teacher resources blog
This is one of a series of videos from netsafeutah.com that have been produced in an effort to educate students, parents, teachers and others on a variety of Internet safety topics. This video introduces young children to Molly to help them understand what the Internet is and that, just like in the real world, it has some places that are safe for kids and some that are not.Read more >>>
- What was the best thing that happened at school today?
- Tell me something that made you laugh today.
- How did you help somebody today?
- If you got to be the teacher tomorrow what would you do?
- Tell me a weird word that you heard today.
- Tell me one thing that you learned today.
- Tell me about three different times you used your pencil today at school. | <urn:uuid:cb974228-677d-4cc4-b0cb-698cf235f4f4> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.themagiccrayons.com/blog/?category=For%20parents | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865702.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523180641-20180523200641-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.976699 | 178 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The following Health & Safety Tip about heat related illness is from the American Red Cross Website http://www.redcross.org/
Warm weather means activities and fun under the sun! Whether you love putting on shorts and feeling the warm outdoors, or find it hot and sticky, everyone must be careful not to let a heat-related illness spoil the day.
Normally, the body has ways of keeping itself cool, by letting heat escape through the skin, and by evaporating sweat (perspiration). If the body does not cool properly or does not cool enough, the victim may suffer a heat-related illness. Anyone can be susceptible although the very young and very old are at greater risk. Heat-related illnesses can become serious or even deadly if unattended.
- Preventing Heat-Related Illness
- Know What These Heat-Related Terms Mean
- Stages of Heat-Related Illness
- General Care for Heat Emergencies
- Dress for the heat. Wear lightweight, light-colored clothing. Light colors will reflect away some of the sun's energy. It is also a good idea to wear hats or to use an umbrella.
- Drink water. Carry water or juice with you and drink continuously even if you do not feel thirsty. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, which dehydrate the body.
- Eat small meals and eat more often. Avoid foods that are high in protein which increase metabolic heat.
- Avoid using salt tablets unless directed to do so by a physician.
- Slow down. Avoid strenuous activity. If you must do strenuous activity, do it during the coolest part of the day, which is usually in the morning between 4:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m.
- Stay indoors when possible.
- Take regular breaks when engaged in physical activity on warm days. Take time out to find a cool place. If you recognize that you, or someone else, is showing the signals of a heat-related illness, stop activity and find a cool place. Remember, have fun, but stay cool!
- Heat Wave: More than 48 hours of high heat (90oF or higher) and high humidity (80 percent relative humidity or higher) are expected.
- Heat Index: A number in degrees Fahrenheit that tells how hot it really feels with the heat and humidity. Exposure to full sunshine can increase the heat index by 15o F.
- Heat cramps: Heat cramps are muscular pains and spasms due to heavy exertion. They usually involve the abdominal muscles or the legs. It is generally thought that the loss of water and salt from heavy sweating causes the cramps.
- Heat Exhaustion: Heat exhaustion is less dangerous than heat stroke. It typically occurs when people exercise heavily or work in a warm, humid place where body fluids are lost through heavy sweating. Fluid loss causes blood flow to decrease in the vital organs, resulting in a form of shock. With heat exhaustion, sweat does not evaporate as it should, possibly because of high humidity or too many layers of clothing. As a result, the body is not cooled properly. Signals include cool, moist, pale, flushed or red skin; heavy sweating; headache; nausea or vomiting; dizziness; and exhaustion. Body temperature will be near normal.
- Heat Stroke: Also known as sunstroke, heat stroke is life-threatening. The victim's temperature control system, which produces sweating to cool the body, stops working. The body temperature can rise so high that brain damage and death may result if the body is not cooled quickly. Signals include hot, red and dry skin; changes in consciousness; rapid, weak pulse; and rapid, shallow breathing. Body temperature can be very high--sometimes as high as 105oF.
Stages of Heat-Related Illness
Heat-related illness usually comes in stages. The signal of the first stage is heat cramps in muscles. These cramps can be very painful. If you are caring for a person who has heat cramps, have him or her stop activity and rest. If the person is fully awake and alert, have him or her drink small amounts of cool water or a commercial sports drink. Gently stretch the cramped muscle and hold the stretch for about 20 seconds, then gently massage the muscle. Repeat these steps if necessary. If the victim has no other signals of heat-related illness, the person may resume activity after the cramps stop.
The signals of the next, more serious stage of a heat-related illness (often called heat exhaustion) include--
- Cool, moist, pale skin (the skin may be red right after physical activity).
- Dizziness and weakness or exhaustion.
- The skin may or may not feel hot.
The signals of the late stage of a heat-related illness (often called heat stroke) include--
- Decreased alertness level or complete loss of consciousness.
- High body temperature (sometimes as high as 105oF).
- Skin may still be moist or the victim may stop sweating and the skin may be red, hot and dry.
- Rapid, weak pulse.
- Rapid, shallow breathing.
This late stage of a heat-related illness is life threatening. Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number.
- Cool the Body
- Give Fluids
- Minimize Shock
For heat cramps or heat exhaustion: Get the person to a cooler place and have him or her rest in a comfortable position. If the person is fully awake and alert, give a half glass of cool water every 15 minutes. Do not let him or her drink too quickly. Do not give liquids with alcohol or caffeine in them, as they can make conditions worse. Remove or loosen tight clothing and apply cool, wet cloths such as towels or wet sheets. Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number if the person refuses water, vomits or loses consciousness.
For heat stroke: Heat stroke is a life-threatening situation! Help is needed fast. Call 9-1-1 or your local EMS number. Move the person to a cooler place. Quickly cool the body. Wrap wet sheets around the body and fan it. If you have ice packs or cold packs, wrap them in a cloth and place them on each of the victim's wrists and ankles, in the armpits and on the neck to cool the large blood vessels. (Do not use rubbing alcohol because it closes the skin's pores and prevents heat loss.) Watch for signals of breathing problems and make sure the airway is clear. Keep the person lying down. | <urn:uuid:169ba6cd-6bb2-478b-b255-d516156bb41b> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.pfb.com/get-involved/women-s-leadership/835-heat-related-illness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347404857.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529121120-20200529151120-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.936459 | 1,356 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Authors: J Robin Svensson and Dustin J Marshall
Published in: Ecology, volume 96, issue 3 (March 2015)
Much of our understanding of competition comes from observations in sessile systems, such as rainforests and marine invertebrate communities.
In terrestrial systems, sessile species often compete for multiple limiting resources (i.e., space, light, and nutrients), but in marine systems, space is viewed as the primary or sole limiting resource. Competition theory, on the other hand, suggests that competition for a single limiting resource is unlikely to maintain high species diversity, but manipulative tests of competition for other resources in marine benthic systems are exceedingly rare.
Here, we manipulate the availability of food for a classic system, marine sessile invertebrate communities, and investigate the effects on species diversity, abundance, and composition during early succession as well as on the growth of bryozoan populations in the field.
We found the number of species to be greater, available space to be lower, and the community composition to be different in assemblages subjected to increased food availability compared to controls. Similarly, laboratory-settled bryozoans deployed into the field grew more in the presence of enhanced food.
Our results suggest that food can act as a limiting resource, affecting both diversity and abundance, even when bare space is still available in hard-substratum communities. Consequently, broadening the view of resource limitation beyond solely space may increase our understanding and predictability of marine sessile systems.
Svensson R, Marshall DJ (2015) Limiting resources in sessile systems: food enhances diversity and growth of suspension feeders despite available space, Ecology, 96(3) 819–827 PDF 836 KB doi:10.1890/14-0665.1 | <urn:uuid:26ab62b5-5dc5-4bf8-bae7-0545581a8e94> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://meeg.org/2015/03/30/limiting-resources-in-sessile-systems-food-enhances-diversity-and-growth-of-suspension-feeders-despite-available-space/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538226.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123160717-20210123190717-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.903947 | 374 | 3.15625 | 3 |
ElectrophoresisElectrophoresis is the separation of charged molecules (DNA, RNA or protein) in an electrical field, usually in agarose or polyacrylamide gel.
Edited by: Brian P. Chadwickread more ...
Thought-provoking discussions on classic aspects of epigenetics and on the newer, emerging areas.
ElectrophoresisElectrophoresis: Electrophoresis is a method of separating large molecules (e.g. DNA or protein). An electric current is passed through a medium containing the molecules, and each molecule travels at a different rate depending on its electrical charge, size and shape. Separation by electrophoresis is based on these differences. In electrophoresis, agarose and acrylamide gels are used for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids.
- Aquatic Biofilms
- Thermophilic Microorganisms
- Flow Cytometry in Microbiology
- Probiotics and Prebiotics
- Corynebacterium glutamicum
- Advanced Vaccine Research Methods for the Decade of Vaccines
- Bacteria-Plant Interactions
- Metagenomics of the Microbial Nitrogen Cycle
- Pathogenic Neisseria
- Human Pathogenic Fungi
- Applied RNAi
- Molecular Diagnostics
- Phage Therapy
- Bioinformatics and Data Analysis in Microbiology
- The Cell Biology of Cyanobacteria
- Pathogenic Escherichia coli
- Campylobacter Ecology and Evolution | <urn:uuid:ea2f038c-dd4f-48a3-a541-650e33e300b5> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.highveld.com/molecular-biology/electrophoresis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298889.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00244-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.754877 | 321 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Reposted from World Science.
A major new study sheds new light on how and when birds evolved and acquired features such as feathers, flight and song, scientists say.
The study charts a burst of evolution that took place after the dinosaurs suddenly died out, about 66 million years ago. Scientists say this burst occurred as new forms exploited opportunities left open by the absence of the dinosaurs, some of which were the ancestors of these same birds. Within 10 million years, researchers found, the avian explosion created representatives of nearly all the major bird lineages with us today.
The four-year project decoded and compared the entire genetic fingerprint of 48 bird species to represent all these lineages—including the woodpecker, owl, penguin, hummingbird and flamingo.
Researchers also compared these genomes with those of three other reptile species and humans.
They found that birdsong evolved separately at least twice. Parrots and songbirds gained the ability to learn and mimic vocal activity independently of hummingbirds, despite sharing many of the same genes.
The findings are considered important because some of brain processes that are involved in bird singing are also associated with human speech.
Birds are the most geographically diverse group of land animals. They help scientists investigate fundamental questions in biology and ecology and they are also a major global food resource, providing meat and eggs.
More than 200 scientists contributed to the Avian Phylogenomics Project, which was led by BGI in Shenzhen, China, the University of Copenhagen, Duke University in North Carolina, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute based in Chevy Chase, Md., and the Natural History Museum of Denmark. The findings are published in 23 scientific papers, including eight in the journal Science.
Building on this research, scientists at the National Avian Research Facility in Edinburgh have created 48 databases to share and expand on the information associated with the birds’ genomes. They hope that researchers from around the world will continue to upload their own data, offering further insights to the genetics of modern birds.
Such information is expected to be useful for helping scientists to understand why infectious diseases, such as bird flu, affect some species but not others.
“This is just the beginning. We hope that giving people the tools to explore this wealth of bird gene information in one place will stimulate further research,” said David Burt, acting director of the National Avian Research Facility at the University of Edinburgh’s Roslin Institute.
“Ultimately, we hope the research will bring important insights to help improve the health and welfare of wild and farmed birds.” | <urn:uuid:7fdf0e4b-3aac-4729-881b-3cc69b8b8765> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://peersofbeinan.wordpress.com/2014/12/23/repost-birds-diversified-in-big-bang-after-dinosaurs-died-out/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.952869 | 529 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Plants must respond to biotic and abiotic challenges to optimize their Darwinian fitness in nature. Many of these challenges occur repeatedly during a plant's lifetime, and their sequence and timing can profoundly influence the fitness outcome of a plant's response. The ability to perceive, store and recall previous stressful events is likely useful for efficient, rapid and cost-effective responses, but we know very little about the mechanisms involved. Using jasmonate-elicited anti-herbivore defence responses as an example, we consider how 'memories' of previous attacks could be created in (1) the biosynthetic processes involved in the generation of the oxylipin bursts elicited by herbivore attacks; (2) the perception of oxylipins and their transduction into cellular events by transcription factors and transcriptional activators; and (3) the role of small RNAs in the formation of long-term stress imprints in plants.
|ジャーナル||Plant, Cell and Environment|
|出版ステータス||Published - 6月 1 2009|
ASJC Scopus subject areas | <urn:uuid:351cbaac-7a69-4c98-8156-e37650406c76> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://okayama.elsevierpure.com/ja/publications/molecular-mechanisms-underlying-plant-memory-in-ja-mediated-defen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606045924-20230606075924-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.892026 | 344 | 3.109375 | 3 |
If the fabric is not dried or stored in a damp environm […]
If the fabric is not dried or stored in a damp environment, it is prone to mildew, which is more common in the south wind. The mildew on the fabric is caused by the breeding of bacteria in the damp environment. If these mildew spots are not treated in time, it will not only affect the fabric. It is beautiful and will harm the human body, so removing mildew becomes extremely important
How to remove mildew on the fabric?
The easiest way is to renew the fabric and dry the moldy side in a sunny environment. When the bacteria are killed by the sun, the mold will disappear naturally, but there is a great way to remove the spots. On the one hand, it must be sunny. On the other hand, if the clothing fabric is not allowed to be damaged by long-term exposure, it is easy to cause the fabric to deteriorate and turn yellow.
Of course, alcohol can also be used to remove mildew on the fabric. After the fabric is washed, you can spray 75% alcohol. After the fabric is dried, the mildew will naturally be removed, but you should pay attention to drying in an environment without a source of fire.
If white vinegar is available, it can also be used to remove mildew. Soak the moldy fabric in a mixed solution of white vinegar and milk, gently scrub and leave it for a while, and then wash it normally to remove the mildew.
If you find it troublesome, you can buy a mildew-removing detergent directly online. It is simple and rude and has a good effect, but you must see that it can be used on colored fabrics and do not cause the fabric to fade.
Of course, different fabrics have different ways to remove mildew. Fabrics such as pure wool and silk are best taken to a dry cleaner to remove spots. Cotton or other chemical fiber fabrics have basically the same method of removing spots. | <urn:uuid:9b5b88e6-3a4b-4347-b92b-efb71bee098d> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.nydtex.com/news/how-to-remove-mildew-on-the-fabric.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303512.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121162107-20220121192107-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.925075 | 414 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Editorial2015: JAN | FEB | MARCH | APRIL | MAY | JUNE | JULY | AUG | SEPT
2014: JAN | FEB | MARCH | APRIL | MAY | JUNE | JULY | AUG | SEPT | OCT | NOV | DEC
Using Technology to Explore Potential Resources
Dr. Bramley J. Murton,
Marine Geoscience Group, National Oceanography Centre
Natural resources of energy and minerals are vital for modern human civilization. Yet as the global demand grows, their supply continues to diminish. This is especially the case for strategic metals, whose commodity prices have risen manyfold in the last decade. There is now a risk of supply shortage for some elements critical to modern industrial economies. Pressure is growing for science and technology to provide solutions to secure future supply.
With nearly 75 percent of the Earth’s solid surface lying underwater, interest in seafloor mineral deposits is growing rapidly. This previously occurred during the 1970s, and within the last decade, mining the deep seafloor for massive sulfide deposits and polymetallic nodules has re-emerged to become a likely reality in the next decade. The European Commission (EC) estimates that, by 2020, 5 percent of the world’s minerals, including cobalt, copper and zinc, could come from the deep ocean floor. This could rise to 10 percent by 2030, with global annual turnover of marine mineral mining growing to €10 billion.
There are two major reasons why seafloor mineral deposits are becoming more attractive: Compared with their terrestrial counterparts, the base-metal grades of these deposits are high, and seafloor mineral deposits are not buried under hundreds of meters of rock. This makes seafloor mineral deposits relatively accessible and economically viable, despite being at water depths of 2,000 to 6,000 meters.
Seafloor mineral deposits’ resource viability depends on underwater technology to locate, assess, extract and process the ore. The U.K.’s National Oceanography Centre (NOC) has recently joined a research consortium receiving €10 million in funding from the EC to develop an exploration and assessment strategy for extinct seafloor massive sulfide deposits (eSMS) on the midocean ridge crest.
We will deploy AUVs equipped with geophysical sensors, e.g., electrical self-potential, three-component magnetics, sub-bottom geoacoustic profilers, multifrequency side scan sonars, multibeam sonars, and Eh chemical sensors to locate eSMS deposits on and under the seafloor on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The work will occupy an area about 500 square kilometers, with missions up to 75 hours down to 4,000 meters depth.
We also aim to develop an integrated geological and geophysical model for the subsurface structure using near-bottom, deep-towed, multichannel seismic reflection profiling. Additionally, ocean bottom seismometers will be deployed using Hydro-Lek Ltd.’s (Finchampstead, England) HyBIS in a tight grid around several well-known 200-to-500-meter-diameter eSMS deposits to determine their subseafloor velocity and density structure. The subsurface metal and sulfide content of the eSMS deposits will be determined via active electromagnetic tomographic data. Our active electromagnetic instruments comprise deep-towed, near-bottom source and receiver arrays, as well as stationary seafloor instruments and sources placed on the seafloor in a tight array.
The geophysical data must be calibrated against samples for synthesis and development of a geophysical response model. For this, we will deploy a seafloor drilling rig, the 6-tonne RD2, operated by the British Geological Survey, down to 4,000 meters depth. This coring system can drill 50-meter-deep holes and deploy downhole logging tools. NOC will analyze the core for geophysical properties, e.g., electrical resistivity, seismic velocity, shear strength, magnetic intensity and susceptibility. We will also analyze its mineralogical and geochemical properties to assess the process operating deep within the eSMS deposit after the high-temperature, ore-forming fluids have ceased to flow. We aim to determine to what extent hydrothermally extinct SMS deposits decompose and lose their valuable metal content once exposed to oxygen-rich seawater.
This research will improve our estimates of the resource potential of seafloor mineral deposits. Our mission is to develop the knowledge base to better understand the formation and preservation of these deposits for the public good. | <urn:uuid:27b7acfc-2b67-4f3a-b24e-38c3eff43707> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://sea-technology.com/editorial/2014/editorial0614.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737946509.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221906-00227-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903746 | 954 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The global death toll from COVID-19 is now 10m, threefold higher than the official estimates, according to a statistical modelling by The Economist. In South Africa, the official COVID death rate of 55,000 people — at 92.7 per 100,000 already the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa — is closer to 159,000.
The Economist estimate is close to figures released last week by the SA Medical Research Council, of so-called "excess deaths", that contradict the official National Department of Health figures.
Official figures say there have been 55,000 COVID-19 deaths in South Africa since 27 March 2020. That puts the country’s death rate at 92.7 per 100,000 people, highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is a significant underestimate, reports The Economist, which also puts the global death toll at some 10.2 million rather than the official 3.3 million.
A modelling exercise by The Economist calculates (see below) that there have been seven to 13 million excess deaths worldwide during the pandemic, with the 10.2 estimate in the centre. While the rich world suffered relatively badly, most of the dying has been elsewhere.
“Low as they are in absolute terms, death rates among poor young populations are much higher than they would be for populations in the rich world with similar age profiles,” says the article. “And for the elderly in poor countries the outlook is clearly grim. South Africa has seen 120,000 excess deaths among those over 60.”
The story mentions statistician Ariel Karlinsky at the Israeli think-tank the Kohelet Economic Forum, leader of the respected World Mortality Dataset. He points out that estimates are no substitute for data. According to the Israeli work, writes The Economist: “Only by better tracking of mortality in poor countries can estimates of the death rate be improved.
“Resources should be put into such measures not just to honour the dead and the truth, but also because, without such basic numbers, estimates of other impacts – economic, educational, cultural or in the health of survivors – are hard to understand, or to compare.”
A recent study by the World Mortality Dataset, tracking excess mortality across countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, has been published on MedRxiv, a preprint server for the health sciences. The article is open access, and its results section is run below.
The Economist article that follows that can be accessed through email registration. While normally behind a firm paywall, the respected publication has made its COVID content more accessible in the public interest. Find the link below.
The Economist – Modelling COVID-19’s death toll
Over the year to 8 May 2021, South Africa recorded 158,499 excess deaths – that is, deaths above the number that would be expected on past trends, given demographic changes. Public-health officials feel confident that 85% to 95% of those deaths were caused by SARS-Cov-2, the COVID-19 virus, almost three times the official number.
The discrepancy is the result of the fact that, for a death to be registered as caused by COVID-19, the deceased needs to have had a COVID test and been recorded as having died from the disease. Although South Africa does a lot of testing compared with neighbouring countries, its overall rate is still low. And the cause of death is unevenly recorded for those who die at home.
It seems safe to infer that other African data on the disease also undercounts, says
South Africa not unusual
South Africa is not particularly unusual in its levels of testing or in missing deaths outside the medical system. Excess mortality has outstripped deaths officially reported as due to COVID-19, at least at some points in the course of the epidemic, in most if not all of the world.
According to the most recent data, America’s excess deaths were 7.1% higher than its official COVID-19 deaths between early March 2020 and mid-April 2021.
Studies of such mismatches have proved illuminating in some countries. For example, Britain saw excess deaths higher than official COVID-19 deaths during its first wave, but lower than the official COVID death rates in the second – an effect taken to show that measures to stop the spread of COVID had saved lives which in another year would have been lost to other diseases, such as seasonal flu, perhaps. Something similar was seen in France.
But the excess-mortality method has failed to provide useful or robust global figures for the simple reason that most countries, and in particular most poor countries, do not provide excess mortality statistics in a timely fashion.
Global estimates have used the official numbers, despite knowing that the figure – currently 3.3 million – surely falls well short of the true total.
The Economist modelling
To try to put numbers on how much of an underestimate it is – and thus on how great the true burden has been – The Economist attempted to model the level of excess mortality over the course of the pandemic in countries that do not report it.
This work gives a 95% probability that the death toll to date is between 7.1 million and 12.7 million, with a central estimate of 10.2 million. The official numbers represent, at best, a bit less than half the true toll, and at worst only about a quarter of it.
As well as providing a new estimate of the overall size of the pandemic, the modelling sheds light on the distribution of its effects and on its overall course.
Unsurprisingly, most of the deaths caused by COVID-19 but not attributed to it are found in low- and middle-income countries. Our figures give a death rate for the mostly rich countries which belong to the OECD of 1.17 times the official number. The estimated death rate for Sub-Saharan Africa is 14 times the official number, The Economist continues.
And the first-and-second-wave structure seen in Europe and the United States is much less visible in the model’s figures for the world as a whole. Overall, the pandemic is increasingly concentrated in developing economies and continuing to grow.
To create these global estimates of total excess deaths during the pandemic, we drew on a wide range of data. Official counts of COVID-19 deaths, however imperfect they may be, are available for most countries.
Other factors included in The Economist modelling were data on the number of COVID cases and the share of COVID tests that are positive; seroprevalence surveys; steps by governments to curb the spread of the disease; how much people moved around; demography – more younger people typically means lower death rates – systems of government and degree of media freedom.
All told, The Economist collected data on 121 indicators for more than 200 countries and territories. It trained a machine-learning model which used a process called gradient boosting to find relationships between these indicators and data on excess deaths in places where they were available. Or those relationships were used to provide estimates of excess deaths in times and places for which there were no data available. The Economist estimates that by 10 May there was a 95% probability that the pandemic had brought about:
- 4 million to 7.1 million excess deaths in Asia (official COVID-19 deaths: 0.6 million).
- 5 million to 1.8 million deaths in Latin America and the Caribbean (v 0.6m).
- Up to 2.1 million deaths in Africa (v 0.1m).
- 5 million to 1.6 million deaths in Europe (v 1.0m).
- 6 million to 0.7 million deaths in America and Canada (v 0.6m).
Despite hitting the poorer parts of the world harder than indicated by data, on a per-person basis COVID-19 really has been worse in richer countries. For Asia and Africa, the average estimated deaths per million people are about half those of Europe including Russia.
The World Mortality Dataset: Tracking excess mortality across countries during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ariel Karlinsky and Dmitry Kobak
Affiliations: Hebrew University in Israel and the Institute for Ophthalmic Research at the University of Tübingenin Germany.
Published by MedRxiv on 11 April 2021.
We collected the all-cause mortality data from 89 countries and territories into the openly-available World Mortality Dataset. This includes 47 countries with weekly data, 40 countries with monthly data, and 2 countries with quarterly data. For each country we computed the total excess mortality from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The excess mortality was positive and significantly different from zero in 66 countries; negative and significantly different from zero in 4 countries; not significantly different from zero (t < 2) in 17 countries. For 2 remaining countries, there was not enough historic data available in order to assess the significance, but in one of these cases the increase in mortality was very large and clearly associated with COVID-19.
In terms of absolute numbers, the largest excess mortality was observed in the United States (580,000 by 21 February 2021; all reported numbers here and below have been rounded to two significant digits), Russia (440,000 by 28 February 2021), Mexico (400,000 by 14 February 2021), and Brazil (390,000 by 31 March 2021. Note that these estimates correspond to different time points as the reporting lags differ between countries.
Some countries showed negative excess mortality, likely due to lockdown measures and social distancing decreasing the prevalence of influenza. For example, Australia had -4,500 excess deaths and New Zealand had -1,900 deaths. In both cases, the decrease in mortality happened during the southern hemisphere winter season.
As the raw number of excess deaths can be strongly affected by the country’s population size, we normalised the excess mortality estimates by the population size. The highest excess mortality per 100,000 inhabitants was observed in Peru (450), followed by some Latin American and East European countries: Mexico (320), Bulgaria (310), Russia (300), Lithuania (290), Ecuador (280) etc.
Note that many countries with severe outbreaks that received wide international media attention, such as Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, had lower values.
The infection-fatality rate (IFR) of COVID-19 is strongly age-dependent. As the countries differ in their age structure, the expected overall IFR differs between countries. To account for the age structure, we also normalised the excess mortality estimates by the annual baseline mortality, that is, the expected number of deaths per year without a pandemic event.
This relative increase, also known as a P-score, was by far the highest in Latin America: Peru (114%), Ecuador (63%), Bolivia (55%) and Mexico (52%).
These Latin American countries have much younger populations compared to the European and North American countries, which is why the excess mortality per 100,000 inhabitants there was similar to some European countries, but the relative increase in mortality was much higher, suggesting much higher COVID-19 prevalence.
Undercount of COVID deaths
For each country we computed the ratio of the excess mortality to the officially reported COVID-19 death count by the same date. This ratio differed very strongly between countries. Some countries had ratio below 1, or example 0.6 in France and 0.7 in Belgium.
This is likely because these countries include suspected, and not only confirmed, COVID-19 deaths into their official counts, as well as deaths from other causes in confirmed COVID-19 cases. Another reason for ratios below 1 is that non-COVID mortality may have decreased for example due to influenza suppression, leading to the excess mortality underestimating the true number of COVID deaths.
Nevertheless, most countries showed ratio above 1, suggesting an undercount of COVID-19 deaths. Importantly, in many different countries the correlation between weekly reported COVID-19 deaths and weekly excess deaths was very high.
This included countries with undercount ratios below 1 (e.g. France, r = 0.79; Belgium, r = 0.89), as well as countries with undercount ratio above 1 (e.g. Spain, undercount ratio 1.2, r = 0.86; United States, undercount ratio 1.2, r = 0.74; Mexico, undercount ratio 2.3, r = 0.80; Peru, undercount ratio 2.7, r = 0.89).
The correlations were often higher during the first wave alone (measured until the end of June 2020): e.g. r = 0.96 in Belgium, r = 0.87 in France, r = 0.97 in Spain. High correlations suggest that excess mortality can be fully explained by COVID-19 mortality, even when it is consistently underreported in some countries.
Interestingly, in most countries the undercount ratio was not constant across time, e.g. in the United Kingdom it was above 1 during the first wave but below 1 during the second wave, coincidentally leading to the overall undercount of 1.0 at the time of writing.
Similarly, in Spain the undercount ratio was very high during the first wave, but around 1 during the second wave, leading to the overall undercount of 1.2 at the time of writing. This decrease of the undercount ratio may be partially due to improved COVID death reporting, and partially due to the excess mortality underestimating the true COVID mortality in winter seasons due to influenza suppression.
The undercount ratio typically stayed within 1–3 range, but some countries showed much larger values. We found the highest undercount ratios in Tajikistan (100), Nicaragua (50), Uzbekistan (30), Belarus (14) and Egypt (13). Such large undercount ratios strongly suggest purposeful misdiagnosing or underreporting of COVID-19 deaths, as argued for the case of Russia (undercount ratio 5.2).
Summing up the excess mortality estimates across all countries in our dataset gives 3.3 million excess deaths. In contrast, summing up the official COVID-19 death counts gives only 2.1 million deaths, corresponding to the global undercount ratio of 1.56.
It is likely that among the countries for which we could not obtain the data the undercount is much higher, so we believe that 1.56 is a conservative lower bound on the global undercount ratio of COVID-19 deaths. At the time of writing, the world’s official COVID-19 death count is 2.9 million. Our results suggest that the true toll may be above 4.5 million.
SEE ALSO FROM THE MEDICALBRIEF ARCHIVES | <urn:uuid:cee1e94b-a191-4621-a923-c9c636d6962e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/sa-and-world-covid-deaths-3x-higher-than-official-figures-the-economist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.957941 | 3,069 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Hydraulic fracturing is an oil and gas production technique that involves the injection of fluids, often containing toxic chemicals, into oil or gas wells at very high pressure.
Although the Safe Drinking Water Act regulates most forms of underground injection in order to protect drinking water sources, in 2005 Congress passed the "Halliburton Loophole," which exempts hydraulic fracturing from the law's reach (the exemption was given that name because Halliburton is one of the companies that provide hydraulic fracturing services). Since the exemption was enacted, hydraulic fracturing operations have been linked to contaminated drinking water in communities around the country.
Legislation to repeal the exemption has recently been introduced in both the House and Senate. Among other things, the legislation would require public disclosure of the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing fluids.
== What to do ==
Send a message urging your senators and representative to co-sponsor legislation to repeal the Halliburton Loophole (H.R. 2766/S. 1215). | <urn:uuid:8987179e-6e45-44ac-b838-cc028b4f4a66> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://crookedsmilee.blogspot.com/2009/09/nrdc-activist-alert-september-1-2009.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689752.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923160736-20170923180736-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.927532 | 202 | 3 | 3 |
"Wuthering Heights": Book Discussion and Gooseberry Muffins Recipe
by Emily Bronte is a classic story about two despicable creatures who are both the same parts of one dark soul, mirroring that which we all have within us. They are torn apart by stubbornness and circumstance, once they’ve inexplicably obtained your sympathy. Heathcliff, a product of the dark alleys of London, was brought as a young urchin to the home of Catherine Earnshaw. While she loved running as wild as the moors on which they both played as children, she one day realized her longing for acceptance into society, the allure of fine clothes, as well as what she could obtain from playing societies’ games of good manners. Followed ever after by her neighbor, Edgar Linton, an upper class boy with money whom she agrees to wed; she betrays her true feelings for Heathcliff only to the narrator, the children’s nurse maid, Nelly. This story is unusually written, told in the future from Nelly to Heathcliff’s neighbor, Mr. Lockwood. He has just had an angry interlude with the bitter, lonely Heathcliff, a man now living with his daughter-in-law and a few servants (but pay attention to their names). Lockwood is left to wonder, with the reader, what happened to the enigmatic Catherine, and why does Heathcliff react so strongly at the mere mention of her name? This mystery drives you to read this story and piece together their disturbed history, long after both protagonists have revealed themselves as selfish, stubborn children in adult form. Colored also by a self-righteous servant named Joseph who speaks in a difficult, but humorous, Scottish brogue, Wuthering Heights is an addicting indulgence for anyone who has loved a despicable character. Wuthering Heights
1. How do you feel about the narrative points of view in this story, first from Lockwood, then from Nelly? Do they make the story more interesting, or difficult to follow?
2. How much did you struggle understanding Joseph’s thick Irish brogue? Is there any other book, film, or tv character he reminds you of? Have you ever heard an accent like his before?
3. How despicable do you think Heathcliff in stating that it was a Herculean effort to get Isabella to hate him? Or is he defensible, since he never lied to her about his nature or that he didn’t love her? Was she just a fool who saw what she pleased?
4. Is Catherine so ill because she’s still in love with a man she couldn’t possibly have married (or else she would have faced financial ruin, and now she can financially sustain them both)? Or is she a brat who is never content with what she has, and is tormenting a good man who only wants her happiness?
5. Would you say that Heathcliff and Catherine really love each other? Or do they even know what love is? According to what definition do they or don’t they love?
6. Does Nelly seem as if she is ever selfish or self-serving? What about how she treated Catherine as a child, was that in her best interests? Or when she says staying with Cathy was the most despicable thing Heathcliff ever did, and that all three would be done for, was she mostly thinking of herself or her masters?
7. Whose love for Catherine was more selfish, Edgar’s or Heathcliff’s?
8. What do you think about Joseph’s passing the responsibility of Hareton’s soul to Heathcliff? Shouldn’t Joseph be partly responsible for never correcting Hareton?
9. Is Isabella a copycat of her mother, or do you see traces of her father in her?
10. What did you think of the ending of the story? Was it satisfactory and true to the entire theme? Or were you hoping for something else?
In the first chapter of Wuthering Heights, Lockwood finds to eat there a table laid out with oatcakes and various meats. An oatcake is basically a very dense type of muffin, often unsweetened. Several pages later, gooseberry bushes are mentioned as something he must climb around and through to obtain entrance into the building. This recipe is less dense and tastier than an oatcake, and incorporates gooseberries. Most of the time, these can be found at your local farmer’s market or some large produce stands. A suggested adjustment is the incorporation of one teaspoon of cinnamon, one half teaspoon of nutmeg, and one half teaspoon of cloves or allspice to make them spicier, in order to replicate the spicy aroma of peat moss on the moors (and the spicy unpredictability of Heathcliff’s nature).
The gooseberries used in this recipe are Cape Gooseberries (Peruvian Ground Cherries), as true English gooseberries can be difficult to acquire. But any variety will work, though the best season to find them is summer. You can also substitute gooseberry jam if you'd like to make these muffins out of season.
Gooseberry Oat Muffins
- 1/2 cup (1 stick) salted butter, melted
- 1/2 cup whole milk or heavy cream, at room temperature
- 1/2 cup vanilla or plain Greek yogurt or sour cream, at room temperature
- 1/2 cup granulated sugar
- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1 cup old-fashioned rolled oats, plus more for sprinkling, if desired
- 2 tsp baking powder
- 1 tsp vanilla extract
- 2 large eggs, at room temperature
- 1 pint fresh gooseberries, halved
- Preheat your oven to 350° F. Remove the gooseberries from their shells and wash and dry. Then halve and set aside. In the bowl of a stand mixer on medium speed, combine sugar and melted butter for one to two minutes until thoroughly mixed. In a separate bowl, stir together the flour and baking powder. To the mixer, add the Greek yogurt (or sour cream) and vanilla extract and mix for one minute. Drop the speed to low and add the flour mixture a little at a time. Add the milk or heavy cream, followed by one egg. Mix for half a minute, then add the oats and the last egg. Mix on medium-low just until all the flour and egg disappear and look completely mixed in.
- Stop the mixer to scrape down the sides and bottom of the bowl with a spatula if any of the flour is sticking to the walls of the bowl. Use a rubber spatula to gently fold in the gooseberries, scooping from the back side of the bowl, to underneath the bottom of the batter in a circular motion towards you. Repeat around the bowl about six or seven times until the berries appear to be distributed evenly throughout the batter.
- In a paper-lined (or well oil-sprayed and sprinkled with flour in each well) muffin tin, dollop a a heaping tablespoon of muffin batter into each muffin well. Bake for about 16-18 minutes or until the sides of the muffins begin to turn brown. Makes 1 dozen muffins.
Rate the Recipe
Gooseberry Oat Muffins
Other books by the Bronte sisters (this was the only one written by Emily, her other works are poetry) are by Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre, Shirley, Villette, and The Professor, and by Anne: and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. Agnes Grey
If you liked this book because of its delving into the darker side of human nature, try The Lake of Dead Languages by Carol Goodman.
If you like this book because of the tragedy of two fatalist characters that want to be together but are torn apart and must keep themselves a secret, try The House at Riverton by Kate Morton.
“He's more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same.”
“I cannot express it; but surely you and everybody have a notion that there is or should be an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation, if I were entirely contained here? My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff's miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning: my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else remained, and he were annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it. My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods: time will change it, I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff! He's always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself, but as my own being.”
“I have dreamt in my life, dreams that have stayed with me ever after, and changed my ideas; they have gone through and through me, like wine through water, and altered the color of my mind. And this is one: I'm going to tell it - but take care not to smile at any part of it.”
“Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living. You said I killed you—haunt me then. The murdered do haunt their murderers. I believe—I know that ghosts have wandered the earth. Be with me always—take any form—drive me mad. Only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh, God! It is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul!”
“I wish I were a girl again, half-savage and hardy, and free.”
“If he loved with all the powers of his puny being, he couldn't love as much in eighty years as I could in a day.”
“Terror made me cruel . . .”
“Honest people don't hide their deeds.”
“I have not broken your heart - you have broken it; and in breaking it, you have broken mine.”
“Heaven did not seem to be my home; and I broke my heart with weeping to come back to earth; and the angels were so angry that they flung me out into the middle of the heath on the top of Wuthering Heights; where I woke sobbing for joy.”
“He wanted all to lie in an ecstasy of peace; I wanted all to sparkle and dance in a glorious jubilee. I said his heaven would be only half alive; and he said mine would be drunk: I said I should fall asleep in his; and he said he could not breathe in mine.”
“She burned too bright for this world.”
Questions & Answers
© 2018 Amanda Leitch | <urn:uuid:d64a2d45-2546-406f-abf0-33a1ef27994e> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://owlcation.com/humanities/Wuthering-Heights-Book-Discussion-and-Themed-Muffin-Recipe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526408.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720024812-20190720050812-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.966993 | 2,345 | 2.640625 | 3 |
As if snakes weren’t good enough as predators — they can also team up for even better results.
Although snakes are as social as birds or mammals, hunting is usually a one-snake job. Although they do sometimes (very rarely) hunt in groups, coordination and cooperating in snake hunting have never been demonstrated before. Now, Vladimir Dinets, a research assistant professor of psychology at UT, observed the Cuban boa (Chilabothrus angulifer) doing just that, significantly increasing its success rate.
“It is possible that coordinated hunting is not uncommon among snakes, but it will take a lot of very patient field research to find out,” he said. “This is the first scientifically documented case of coordinated hunting by snakes,” the researcher wrote. “It is also the first study on reptiles to statistically test for coordination between hunters and to show that coordination increases hunting success.”
Writing in the journal Animal Behavior and Cognition, he describes how boas hang down from the ceiling of the cave entrance filled with bats. They patiently wait for their prey and then attempt to catch the bats mid-air. Sometimes they’re successful, but sometimes they’ll return without a catch. But when they hunt in a group, they’re always successful.
Strength in numbers
The key for the group is to create a curtain-like structure at the entrance of the cave, so that bats can’t safely fly anywhere without coming close to a snake. Basically, if one or a few snakes hunt at the cave entrance, bats can simply go around them, and the snakes’ success rate drops. But if there’s enough of them, there are no safe spots. They share the spoils and each snake only takes one bat.
This may be a unique behavior, but there’s also a good chance that many other snakes hunt together. Out of the world’s 3,650 snake species, we’ve only observed the hunting habits of few of them, and much of what snakes do remains a mystery to us.
“It is possible that coordinated hunting is not uncommon among snakes, but it will take a lot of very patient field research to find out,” Dinets said.
Dinets also raises a big alarm flag, saying that Cuban boas are becoming harder and harder to find. For starters, they’re now only found in the most remote caves, which is natural, but they’re also being increasingly hunted for food and pet trade. Cuban wildlife, in general, is expected to undergo a critical period as the country slowly opens up to the rest of the world and external pressures will also increase.
“I suspect that if their numbers in a cave fall, they can’t hunt in groups anymore and might die out even if some of them don’t get caught by hunters,” Dinets said. “A few of these caves are in national parks, but there’s a lot of poaching everywhere.”
Vladimir Dinets has been very active in the study and description of reptiles, helping disprove many of the wrong stereotypes surrounding these animals. In a previous guest post for ZME Science, Dinets dispelled the most common crocodile myths. Crocs and alligators are extremely intelligent, social, playful, and even funny, contrary to what most people believe.
Enjoyed this article? Join 40,000+ subscribers to the ZME Science newsletter. Subscribe now! | <urn:uuid:7fdec7e8-0154-49e5-b4d3-cc42ea5fd148> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/animals-ecology/snakes-hunting-cooperate-24052017/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584331733.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123105843-20190123131843-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.951558 | 730 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Kosher wines are regular wines, produced in observance of, and in compliance with, Jewish religious dietary laws (Kashrut). The religious laws outline a standard for food preparation as well as winemaking.
In the vineyard, there are agricultural laws that date back to Biblical times which are, not surprisingly, similar to quality viticulture practices elsewhere in the world. By law, no fruit from the first 3 growing seasons of a vine may be used to make wine. No other fruit may be grown between the vines. Every seventh year, the vineyards are to be left fallow and allowed to rest. Creative solutions to this law are often negotiated between the Rabbis and winery owners as this law can have an impact on the economics of the winery. Finally, over one percent of the wine produced must be poured away in remembrance of the ten percent tithe once paid to the Temple in Jerusalem.
In general, the winemaking techniques used to make Kosher wine are the same as used to make non-Kosher wine—the grapes are grown and harvested, fermented in tank or barrel, and aged in tank or barrel. For a wine to be Kosher, however, the wine can only be handled by religious Jews during winemaking. In addition, only yeasts, fining agents (removed sediments from wine) and cleaning materials that are certified to be Kosher and not derived from animals may be used. This eliminates fining agents like casein (from dairy), gelatin (from animal collagen) and isinglass (from a fish’s bladder). Egg whites may be used as a fining agent, though often aren’t used, thus yielding a Kosher wine that is also vegan.
The Recanati Winery is located in the Hefer Valley, along the west coast of Israel (north of Tel Aviv) produces Kosher wines. The winery was founded in 2000 by Lenny Recanati and some fellow wine enthusiasts, with the goal of producing quality Israeli wines with an attractive sales price. Most of the grapes used in making Recanati’s wine come from vineyards in the Manara and Kerem Ben-Zimra regions in Upper Galilee, and vineyards in the Ella Valley and the Lower Galilee. The grapes grown include the noble grapes Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon, in addition to Cabernet Franc, Syrah, Barbera, Zinfandel, Petite Sirah, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Colombard, and Riesling.
This coming Saturday, April 20th, 2019, City Vino will be featuring Recanati Merlot as one of its selected wines. This wine is Kosher and has flavors of black plum, blueberry, black pepper, and smoke. | <urn:uuid:d3355315-ed35-472f-ba52-089ba08e95b5> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.city-vino.com/blogs/blog/kosher-wines-recanati-winery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585916.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024081003-20211024111003-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.9596 | 582 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Being able to measure the elements that induce fatigue in athletes is imperative if health care professionals are to provide proper guidance to those performing in the fields of sports and industry. Though both sectors have similar goals—to maximize performance while avoiding performance and workplace risk—the approaches they take to measuring these elements differ from the baseball diamond to the industrial workplace. In addition, the actions health professionals take based on their measurements further underscore the differences between amateur/professional athletes and “industrial athletes.”
In the article The Industrial Athlete: Professional Support, we discussed how an ergonomist focuses on reducing stressful workplace demands as a means of boosting productivity and lowering the risk of injury rather than increasing the overall fitness of the employees in their care. Remember, “industrial athletes” may be provided incentives to adopt a healthy lifestyle, but, ultimately, they have the freedom to make their own lifestyle choices.
In much the same manner, ergonomists also determine the level of stress on employees by assessing the workplace. This entails taking measurements based on the requirements of the task. These measurements are not used to assess athletic capability, but rather the effects on the employee. Ergonomists measure the elements that are required to complete the task. Specifically, the measurements involving the postures employees must choose to perform the task—standing, sitting, crouching, bending, reaching, etc., — the number of movements and repetitions the task requires, and the overall forces the employee must apply to perform the task.
The ergonomist then modifies the task to increase employee efficiency while mitigating the overall level of stress.
In sports, health care professionals continue to focus on the athlete, rather than on the environment, which neither they nor their athletes can control. Unlike risk assessments, which measure the level of risk in a specific task, health care professionals in sports have the ability to measure the collective level of stress an athlete experiences daily, monthly and even quarterly. This “collection of stress” or “stress volume” can include the game itself, weight room activity, both active and passive recovery time, and then the physical stress an athlete experiences during “free time.” Incidentally, many, if not most, athletic contracts forbid athletes from swimming or playing basketball during their free time to avoid an unnecessary “collection of stress” that might affect performance during training or on game days.
To conclude this section on quantifying fatigue, we can see that health professionals focus their attention on the areas they can control. For the strength and conditioning coach, it’s the athlete’s overall physical condition. For the ergonomist, it’s the workplace environment. That’s not to say that health care professionals in sports and industry can’t benefit from sharing their techniques with each other.
In the next installment in our series, we’ll look at a few techniques that have been “cross-pollinated” and proven to be successful on the playing field and the industrial setting. Stay tuned.
By: Katie Dwyer
No two companies are identical. So why would Read more
A medical device manufacturer dramatically reduced its OSHA-recordable injuries while improving product quality, achieving a hefty cost-avoidance, lowering production costs, Read more | <urn:uuid:070771d0-2a9d-494b-b2de-c1da16c1fa65> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://ergo-ology.com/industrial-athlete-part-5-stress-volume-vs-workplace-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301737.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120100127-20220120130127-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.949014 | 670 | 2.703125 | 3 |
BBC Documentary The Science of Acupuncture
Kathy Sykes, Professor at Bristol University, begins her journey in China where she sees some incredible demonstrations of acupuncture. The most astonishing is a scene in a Chinese hospital in which doctors perform open heart surgery on a young woman – using a combination of acupuncture and conventional pain relief instead of a general anaesthetic. In China, she discovers, acupuncture is used alongside western medicine and, at times, as a replacement.
So, what does western science make of these claims? Dr. Sykes meets the key scientists, both in the UK and in the US, who have put them to the test. She discovers that – although for most conditions and illnesses acupuncture cannot be shown to work – scientists have, intriguingly, uncovered a number of conditions relating to chronic pain in which they can be fairly certain that acupuncture is having a powerful effect.
Over several months, Dr. Sykes and a team of scientists devised an experiment in hopes to finally uncover the secrets of acupuncture. They scanned the brains of volunteers undergoing acupuncture. The conclusions challenged current understandings of the workings of the brain and throws new light on this ancient practice. | <urn:uuid:9d10fd58-38da-4cf7-86e1-a55b94ddcb5f> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://hongweichinesemedicine.co.uk/bbc-documentary-the-science-of-acupuncture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540515344.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208230118-20191209014118-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.925449 | 234 | 2.890625 | 3 |
This week is the calendar-noted time to remember all who have served in the U.S. military and all those who currently serve. According to a July 2020 report by the Council on Foreign Relations (www.cfr.org/backgrounder/demographics), less than one-half of 1 percent of the U.S. population is an active-duty military service member. The nation is now at about 331 million people.
This year, on Nov. 10, the nation marked the 245th birthday of the U.S. Marine Corps.
And on Nov. 11, Veterans Day was observed as it has been on that day at the eleventh hour, of the eleventh day of the eleventh month for decades. It was on Nov. 11, 1918, that an armistice was declared between the U.S., England and other European nations fighting Germany in World War I. In 1954 in the U.S., Armistice Day was renamed Veterans Day.
Men and women who serve in the military do so with an inner drive that not all people may understand or recognize. Let us respect all who are called to service and who in that duty travel far beyond their hometown.
The U.S. draft ended in 1973. Men between age 18 and 25 are required (www.sss.gov) “to register with Selective Service. It’s important to know that even though he is registered, a man will not automatically be inducted into the military.” Selective Service does not yet require the same registration for young women of this age and maybe it is time that it does. Glass ceilings can, and continue to be broken in the military, too. Patriotism should have no gender. It is something to think about.
A statue in Milton, not far from the town office building, commemorates a poem connected to World War I.
“In Flanders Fields” was written in 1915 by John McCrae, a Canadian physician, poet and artist who served in the war as a soldier and during the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium. He died of pneumonia before the war’s end in France. The poem boosted the connection between remembrance, especially of wartime and its consequences, and the red poppy.
“In Flanders Fields”
“In Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie,
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.”
– Lisa D. Connell | <urn:uuid:394b811a-c627-4226-84b1-c35b23e36958> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.miltontimes.com/opinion/editorials/honoring-all-veterans/article_50aae0ca-2470-11eb-b5bd-33d0b311c5f0.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141718314.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203031111-20201203061111-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.961782 | 629 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Of all the ways of using color contrast in quilts (and other mediums), the one that seems to confuse people the most is that of temperature. Color varies in a number of different ways: hue, value, intensity and temperature. Some would argue that temperature isn’t a true variable since a color’s temperature is always relevant to another color rather than being purely warm or cool on its own. However, in quilt making we are working with lots of colors, so strict theoretical categorization is not an issue – and, furthermore, it’s not on the test!!
Hue, of course, is straightforward: red, yellow, blue etc whether you like the traditional 12 step color wheel or the Munsell 10 step one.
Value is how light or dark a color is: pale blue versus dark blue, etc.
Intensity is how saturated a color is: the richest colors are the most saturated, the most intense. These are nearly always of medium value. Which makes sense when you think about it…in order to make a color paler, you use less dye and so it is less saturated. In order to make a color darker you either add black, or a darker similarly hued color, or a little bit of a complementary – any of these will make the color darker, but they are also reducing the purity of the color.
Overall we consider yellow, orange and red to be warm. Blue and green to be cool.
Everyone understands that…but what about within a color? There are warm blues and cool ones, warm yellows and cool ones, warm reds and cool, and also warm and cool greens. What makes the difference is the little bit of color that is added to the pure hue to make it warmer or cooler.
Think of cobalt blue: it’s generally considered to be a fairly neutral blue. Add a tiny touch of green (a cool color) and you get turquoise or Prussian blue, these would be considered cool blues. Add a tiny touch of red (a warm color) to a neutral blue and you get a warm blue that approaches purple (like ultramarine or royal blue).
Here are some examples I just whipped up on Photoshop:
There’s another way of thinking about it that might help too. Think about a color wheel that has infinite subtle gradations between the colors…think about the blue gently shifting into green…and compare that shade of blue to the blue that is right in the middle of the blue range. The other end of the blue range is softly changing into violet. Compare the violet blue (with its little hint of red) with the neutral blue.
So we can look at color temperature in a non relative way i.e. red yellow and orange are warm, blue and green are cool. But we can also look at a specific example of a color and see that it can range from warm to cool within itself.
Okay! I hope you’ve got it now! And you’re probably thinking, well ,why do I need to have it in the first place?? Right?
Well….that’s because of the great value of using color contrast to make your art work stronger and more expressive. The impressionists were masters of color – principally because of their use of contrast. They contrasted hue, value, intensity and temperature. If you come into a lovely warm house on a freezing day it seems much cozier than if you come into that same warm house on a mild day. So you can make the warmth seem even better by the contrast. And of course in the currently overheated south east the same would hold true of air conditioning!
Furthermore, colors of different temperatures used together in a piece can create a sense of movement. Warm colors tend to advance towards the viewer, cool ones recede.
Cezanne was the impressionist painter who really used temperature contrast to manipulate form, space and light. He felt that if he placed dabs of warm and cool colors against each other they would indicate the light much more strongly that using the value contrast that had been so popular up until that time. Instead of using a darker color for something that was “further back” and a lighter color for something advancing, he used cool tones to make things recede, and warm ones to make them advance. Take a look!!
So much to learn and so little time…so if you have been, thanks for taking the time out to read this! And do please, make a comment!! Thank you, Elizabeth | <urn:uuid:4b5c6fa1-e1ba-4a6c-b66f-9d98fd3cd797> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://elizabethbarton.blogspot.com/2011/08/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099281.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128083443-20231128113443-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.941488 | 935 | 3.21875 | 3 |
10 most difficult demographics riddlesDemographics quiz
Which of these countries is not an absolute monarchy?
Bhutan has transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a multi-party democracy. The development of Bhutanese democracy has been marked by the active encouragement and participation of reigning Bhutanese monarchs since the 1950s, beginning with legal reforms such as the abolition of slavery, and culminating in the enactment of Bhutan's Constitution. The first democratic elections in Bhutan began in 2007, and all levels of government had been democratically elected by 2011. These elections included Bhutan's first ever partisan National Assembly election.
Which country of Central America is the most populous?
With over 14 million inhabitants, Guatemala is almost twice as populous as Honduras (7.4M) and Nicaragua (5.7M), even though both Honduras and Nicaragua are larger by area.
Which country has the highest population density in the world?
Monaco, one of the world's smallest countries, is also second most densely populated country in the world. It has a population density of 43,830 people per square mile (16,923 per square kilometer). As Macau is technically not an independent country, Monaco can be considered the world's most densely populated country.
China, India and the United States are the three most populous countries. Which country is the fourth?
Indonesia has 237 million inhabitants. This is more than Brazil (201M), Pakistan (184M), Nigeria (173M), Bangladesh (152M), Russia (143M) and Japan (127M)
Which European country has the largest Jewish population?
France has the largest number of Jews in Europe at about 480,000 Jews who are mainly found in Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Strasbourg and Toulouse regions. French Jews suffered anti-Semitism, but most of them survived the Holocaust. Jews later migrated to France from French colonies of the Mediterranean and North Africa in the 19th century. Currently, the Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews are the majority.
Which Indonesian island is the most populous?
With a population of 135 million (excluding the 3.6 million on the island of Madura which is administered as part of the province of Java), Java is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely-populated places on the globe.
What is the top religion (most adherents) in Singapore?
Singapore is inhabited by the diverse ethnic mix of peoples originating from various countries. The most followed religions are Buddhism, with 33%. 18.8% of the population identify itself as Christians. 18.4% of Singaporeans have no religious affiliation. | <urn:uuid:fc3c013d-44a3-4347-b286-0909c518877b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://globalquiz.org/en/toughest-demographics-riddles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703509104.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117020341-20210117050341-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.937357 | 542 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Carl Sandburg was an American writer and editor, best known for his poetry. He won three Pulitzer Prizes, two for his poetry and another for a biography of Abraham Lincoln. H. L. Mencken called Carl Sandburg "indubitably an American in every pulse-beat."
Sandburg was born in Galesburg, Illinois, to parents of Swedish ancestry. At the age of thirteen (During Eighth grade) he left school and began driving a milk wagon. From the age of about fourteen until he was seventeen or eighteen, he worked as a porter at the Union Hotel barbershop in Galesburg. After that he was on the milk route again for 18 months. He then became a bricklayer and a farm laborer on the wheat plains of Kansas. After an interval spent at Lombard College in Galesburg, he became a hotel servant in Denver, then a coal-heaver in Omaha. He began his writing career as a journalist for the Chicago Daily News. Later he wrote poetry, history, biographies, novels, children's literature, and film reviews. Sandburg also collected and edited books of ballads and folklore. He spent most of his life in the Midwest before moving to North Carolina.
Sandburg volunteered to go to the military and was stationed in Puerto Rico with the 6th Illinois Infantry during the Spanish–American War, disembarking at Guánica, Puerto Rico on July 25, 1898. Sandburg was never actually called to battle. He attended West Point for just two weeks, before failing a mathematics and grammar exam. Sandburg returned to Galesburg and entered Lombard College, but left without a degree in 1903.
He moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and joined the Social Democratic Party, the name by which the Socialist Party of America was known in the state. Sandburg served as a secretary to Emil Seidel, socialist mayor of Milwaukee from 1910 to 1912.
Sandburg met Lilian Steichen at the Social Democratic Party office in 1907, and they married the next year. Lilian's brother was the photographer Edward Steichen. Sandburg with his wife, whom he called Paula, raised three daughters.
Sandburg moved to Harbert, Michigan, and then suburban Chicago, Illinois. They lived in Evanston, Illinois, before settling at 331 S. York Street in Elmhurst, Illinois, from 1919 to 1930. Sandburg wrote three children's books in Elmhurst, Rootabaga Stories, in 1922, followed by Rootabaga Pigeons (1923), and Potato Face (1930). Sandburg also wrote Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years, a two volume biography in 1926, The American Songbag (1927), and a book of poems Good Morning, America (1928) in Elmhurst. The family moved to Michigan in 1930. The Sandburg house at 331 W. York Street, Elmhurst was demolished and the site is now a parking lot. The War Years, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize in 1940. Sandburg's Complete Poems won him a second Pulitzer Prize in 1951.
He moved to a Flat Rock, North Carolina estate, Connemara, in 1945 and lived there until his death in 1967.
Sandburg supported the civil rights movement, and contributed to the NAACP.
Carl Sandburg rented a room in this house where he lived for three years while he wrote the poem "Chicago". It's now a Chicago landmark. Much of Carl Sandburg's poetry, such as "Chicago", focused on Chicago, Illinois, where he spent time as a reporter for the Chicago Daily News and the Day Book. His most famous description of the city is as "Hog Butcher for the World/Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat/Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler,/Stormy, Husky, Brawling, City of the Big Shoulders."
Sandburg is also remembered by generations of children for his Rootabaga Stories and Rootabaga Pigeons, a series of whimsical, sometimes melancholy stories he originally created for his own daughters. The Rootabaga Stories were born of Sandburg's desire for "American fairy tales" to match American childhood. He felt that the European stories involving royalty and knights were inappropriate, and so populated his stories with skyscrapers, trains, corn fairies and the "Five Marvelous Pretzels".
Sandburg earned Pulitzer Prizes for his collection The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg, Corn Huskers, and for his biography of Abraham Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln: The War Years). He recorded excerpts from the biography and some of Lincoln's speeches for Caedmon Records in New York City in May 1957. He was awarded a Grammy Award in 1959 for Best Performance – Documentary Or Spoken Word (Other Than Comedy) for his recording of Aaron Copland's Lincoln Portrait with the New York Philharmonic.
Carl Sandburg's boyhood home in Galesburg is now operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as the Carl Sandburg State Historic Site. The site contains the cottage Sandburg was born in, a modern visitor's center, and small garden with a large stone called Remembrance Rock, under which his and his wife Lilian's ashes are buried. Sandburg's home of 22 years in Flat Rock, Henderson County, North Carolina, is preserved by the National Park Service as the Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site. Carl Sandburg College is located in Sandburg's birthplace of Galesburg, Illinois.
Carl Sandburg Village was a Chicago urban renewal project of the 1960s located in the Near North Side, Chicago. Financed by the city, it is located between Clark and LaSalle St. between Division Street and North Ave. Solomon & Cordwell, architects. In 1979, Carl Sandburg Village was converted to condominium ownership.
Elmhurst, Illinois, renamed the former Elmhurst Junior High School as 'Carl Sandburg Middle School,' in his honor in 1960. Sandburg spoke at the dedication ceremony. He resided at 331 S. York Street in Elmhurst from 1919 to 1930. The house was demolished and the site is a parking lot. In 1954, Carl Sandburg High School was dedicated in Orland Park, Illinois. Mr. Sandburg was in attendance, and stretched what was supposed to be a one hour event into several hours, regaling students with songs and stories. Years later, he returned to the school with no identification and, appearing to be a hobo, was thrown out by the principal. When he later returned with I.D., the embarrassed principal canceled the rest of the school day and held an assembly to honor the visit. In 1959, Carl Sandburg Junior High School was opened in Golden Valley, Minnesota. Carl Sandburg attended the dedication of the school. In 1988 the name was changed to Sandburg Middle School servicing grades 6, 7, and 8. Originally built with a capacity for 1,800 students the school now has 1,100 students enrolled. Sandburg Middle school was one of the first schools in the state of Minnesota to offer accelerated learning programs for gifted students. In December 1961, Carl Sandburg Elementary School was dedicated in San Bruno, California. Again, Sandburg came for the ceremonies and was clearly impressed with the faces of the young children, who gathered around him. The school was closed in the 1980s, due to falling enrollments in the San Bruno Park School District.
In Neshaminy School District of lower Bucks County resides the secondary institution Carl Sandburg Middle School. Located in the lobby is a finished split tree trunk with the quote engraved lengthwise horizontally: "Man is born with rainbows in his heart and you'll never read him unless you consider rainbows". Another secondary school by the same name is located south of Alexandria, Virginia, and is part of the Fairfax County Public Schools School District. Sandburg Halls is a student residence hall at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. The building consists of 4 high rise towers with a total housing capacity of 2,700 students. It has an exterior plaque on Sandburg's roles as an organizer for the Social Democratic Party and as personal secretary to Emil Seidel, Milwaukee's first Socialist mayor. There are several other schools named after Sandburg in Illinois, including those in Wheaton, Orland Park, Springfield, Mundelein, and Joliet.
Carl Sandburg's Works:
In Reckless Ecstasy (1904)
Abe Lincoln Grows Up (N/A)
Plaint of a Rose (1908)
You and Your Job (1910)
Chicago Poems (1916)
Chicago Race Riots (1919)
Clarence Darrow of Chicago (1919)
Smoke and Steel (1920)
Rootabaga Stories (1922)
Slabs of the Sunburnt West (1922)
Rootabaga Pigeons (1923)
Selected Poems (1926)
Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years (1926)
The American Songbag (1927)
Songs of America (1927)
Abe Lincoln Grows Up (1928)
Good Morning, America (1928)
Steichen the Photographer (1929)
Early Moon (1930)
Potato Face (1930)
Mary Lincoln: Wife and Widow (1932)
The People, Yes (1936)
Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (1939)
Storm over the Land (1942)
Road to Victory (1942)
Home Front Memo (1943)
Remembrance Rock (1948)
Lincoln Collector: the story of the Oliver R. Barrett Lincoln collection (1949)
The New American Songbag (1950)
Complete Poems (1950)
The wedding procession of the rag doll and the broom handle and who was in it (1950)
Always the Young Strangers (1953)
Selected poems of Carl Sandburg (1954)
The Family of Man (1955)
Prairie-town boy (1955)
Sandburg Range (1957)
Harvest Poems, 1910–1960 (1960)
Wind Song (1960)
Honey and Salt (1963)
The Letters of Carl Sandburg (1968)
Breathing Tokens (poetry by Sandburg, edited by Margaret Sandburg) (1978)
Ever the Winds of Chance (1983)
Carl Sandburg at the movies : a poet in the silent era, 1920–1927 (1985)
Billy Sunday and other poems (1993)
Poems for children nowhere near old enough to vote (1999)
Abraham Lincoln : the prairie years and the war years (2007)
Poems by this Poet
|A Bar of steel—it is only||29 November 2013||
No votes yet
|A Coin||29 November 2013||
No votes yet
|A Coin||30 July 2013||
|A Father To His Son||30 July 2013||
|A Fence||29 November 2013||
No votes yet
|A Fence||30 July 2013||
|A Million Young Work Men||30 July 2013||
|A Million Young Workmen, 1915||29 November 2013||
No votes yet
|A Sphinx||31 July 2013||
|A Sphinx||29 November 2013||
No votes yet | <urn:uuid:f4079c4d-c7c5-45ca-b021-da4a2de70a44> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.poetrynook.com/poet/carl-sandburg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945624.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422154522-20180422174522-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.958379 | 2,342 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Sustainable shopping is the future of the fashion industry. More and more consumers are seeking out sustainable fashion brands for their next stylish investment. Shopping sustainably promises to be the route to achieving a kinder fashion industry, but why is this? In this blog post, we're exploring what sustainable shopping is and why it's essential we apply it when investing in our wardrobes.
What is sustainable shopping?
Sustainable shopping refers to making conscious purchases to benefit the environment. Our traditional modes of shopping have led to overconsumption, waste accumulation and increasing fossil fuels. Those who engage in sustainable shopping aim to counteract decades of harmful shopping habits and pave the way for a more eco-friendly future.
An example of sustainable shopping
You have a special occasion coming up, and you don't have anything in your existing wardrobe that matches the dress code. Instead of shopping online at a big fast fashion house, you take time to consider your purchase. As a sustainable shopper, you want your investment to do three things:
- Be the perfect outfit for your special occasion.
- Be long-lasting and durable.
- Be versatile enough to wear again.
- Not contribute to rising carbon emissions.
- Be created in a purposeful and kind environment.
Popular fast-fashion houses work on large production runs, emit fossil fuels, and produce low-quality garments— they don't meet the correct criteria. You come across a sustainable fashion brand that creates made-to-order dresses using organic fabrics that are made to last. And, best of all, you love their pieces! You know you'll wear the dress throughout the summer and layer it up in the colder months too. It’s ideal for your special occasion, but can be worn casually too. It ticks all your boxes and more! You decide to place an order with this sustainable shopping brand.
Once the order is complete, you begin to feel pretty smug about having the best and most sustainable outfit for your upcoming event.
Reduce your fashion footprint
We’ve established what sustainable shopping is, but why is shopping with sustainable brands important? Here are five incentives for making the switch to sustainable fashion brands.
Limit carbon emissions
One of the main aims of sustainable brands is to reduce carbon emissions. The fashion industry is responsible for 8-10% of global carbon emissions! There are several contributing factors to high carbon emissions levels; chemicals and pesticides used during cotton farming, plastic production, the manufacturing process, and non-biodegradable materials. However, sustainable fashion brands create clothing and accessories aiming to limit carbon emissions. These businesses don't use harmful chemicals, prioritise biodegradable materials, use plastic alternatives or recycled plastic, and work in energy-efficient factories.
Shopping with sustainable brands enables us to reduce our fashion footprint because their practices are more environmentally friendly.
In addition to high carbon emissions, the fashion industry requires high quantities of water. It's estimated it takes 7,500 litres of water to make one pair of jeans! Water scarcity is one of the most urgent environmental issues we're currently facing. Shopping with a sustainable fashion brand for your favourite denim means you're able to preserve water. Eco-conscious brands limit water usage by recycling old denim, using organic cotton (removing harmful pesticides that contaminate waterways), or limiting water usage.
Avoid unnecessary waste
Fast fashion culture means many of us purchase items only intending to wear them a handful of times before replacing them with something new. As a result of this mindset, most clothing is cheaply made using harmful materials. When you're done with this item (or it breaks due to poor quality), it ends up in landfills. When in landfills, clothes break down, emitting CO2 or travelling to large bodies of water.
If you invest in high-quality clothing that uses organic and natural materials, you can wear your clothes for longer and reduce the impact they have after leaving your wardrobe. For example, Kula bags are made using Texon-Vogue, a paper alternative to leather that doesn't emit harmful toxins when heated by the sun.
Improves human health
The toxins common in low-quality clothing and accessories threaten human health. Chemicals and pesticides used to assist the growing process of conventional cotton infiltrate local waterways, contaminating the water you drink and the food you eat. These toxins also endanger local communities and the farmers tending to these crops. And the risk doesn't end after production; the plastics in your garments continue releasing carbon emissions for the duration of their lifespan. Many of the chemicals contained in these products are cancerogenic, risking death or disease to humans and other living creatures.
Sustainable brands pledge to remove life-threatening toxins from farming and manufacturing. Shopping with sustainable fashion brands means purchasing clothing that doesn’t risk the health and wellbeing of those we share the Earth with.
Supports small businesses
Although we're seeing a shift towards the whole fashion industry becoming more sustainable, it’s small businesses leading the movement. When you shop with a sustainable brand, you're supporting people who care deeply about the planet and creating a more environmentally friendly industry. Instead of putting money in the pockets of businesses that prioritise profit over the environment, you can invest in small brands that want to create a better industry for all.
In this blog post, we've explored why sustainable shopping is important for the future of the fashion industry, Earth, and humanity. Sustainable shopping allows us to own beautiful clothes and accessories without paying the price of environmental destruction. Next time you're buying something for your wardrobe, consider the broader impact this has and how shopping sustainably can make a difference. | <urn:uuid:d849dba1-1bcc-4a36-adb1-693786909833> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kulabags.co.uk/blogs/fashion/why-is-sustainable-shopping-important | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.937137 | 1,154 | 2.6875 | 3 |
How to Avoid sharks. The rule of thumb is that the further south you go the bigger the risk is for stumbling upon a shark in the surf. But still the odds are pretty low. In comparison more people are dying from a bee-sting or a lightening strike than by shark attacks.
12 Tips to Avoid the Teeth of a Shark:
- Stay close together in the line-up as sharks often attacks lone individuals
- Don’t surf at night, at dusk or at dawn as this is the time when the sharks are most active.
- Don’t surf if you have bleeding wounds, and if you cut yourself alert other surfers and leave the water.
- Don’t wear any bling on your board or your clothes as the sharks might confuse it with fish scales.
- If there is sewage in the water it can attract sharks.
- If there is a lot of fish, there might be sharks as well. Avoid spots with diving birds or other signs of huge amounts of fish.
- If you see a shark, don’t surf. Not even after waiting a beer or two on the beach.
- Don’t wear bright colors as this attracts the sharks. So leave your pink surfboard and wetsuit at home.
- When sitting in the line-up try not to splash around too much as this attracts sharks. Also don’t paddle for position too often – rather go for longer paddles fewer times.
- Pets in the water attract sharks. Get them out of the water or don’t surf.
- If you see a shark don’t try to clap it – get the hell out of the water.
- If you do get attacked by a shark don’t hesitate to fight back. Hit it, kick it and yell at it, many different things can scare off a shark and people can survive a shark attack because of resistance. Try to hit the eyes and the gills (not the nose). | <urn:uuid:734c762b-32f4-459d-8d4b-768012200742> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://gosurfafrica.com/avoid-sharks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657867.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116195543-20190116221543-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.926398 | 417 | 2.765625 | 3 |
CORVALLIS, Ore. – A new study by researchers in Oregon and British Columbia has found that survival of juvenile salmon and steelhead during their migration to the sea through two large Northwest rivers – the Columbia and the Fraser – is remarkably similar despite one major difference.
The Columbia River has a series of dams, while the Fraser has none. However, the researchers point out, there clearly are other differences between the rivers. And though the study – using both acoustic and transponder tags – found that the average mortality in both rivers was between 70 and 80 percent over a four-year period, the results should be viewed with caution.
Findings of the study were published this week in the journal PLoS Biology .
“Despite the obvious comparison, it would be overly simplistic to say that dams have no impact on smolt survival, because we know they do,” cautioned Carl Schreck, a professor of fisheries and wildlife at Oregon State University and the U.S. Geological Survey and an author of the study. “There also may be some additional delayed mortality of Columbia River smolts caused by the stress of passage through the hydrosystem that is not manifested until the fish reach the ocean.”
Columbia River juvenile salmon can be stressed by navigating the series of dams from Lower Granite to Bonneville. Other stress-inducers can include water temperature, contaminants, predation attempts, and availability of food, forcing fish to channel their energy into survival instead of growth, Schreck pointed out.
“Stress in fish delays development,” he said. “It also suppresses the immune system, which can increase the chance that fish will be susceptible to disease or parasites. Even though these data suggest that the fish survive the freshwater phase of their migration, that kind of weakened condition can be the difference when a young salmon tries to adapt to a salt water environment.”
Schreck, a leading expert on the impacts of stress on fish, last year received the Meritorious Presidential Rank Award at a White House ceremony for his contributions to fisheries science. His work during the past 36 years has centered on the causes of stress in juvenile and adult salmon and steelhead, and the impacts that stress can have.
During the past dozen or so years, OSU scientists have been using telemetry to study survival rates of juvenile salmon below Bonneville Dam. They discovered a high rate of mortality in the estuaries, which led to the surprising discovery of the impact of predation from colonies of terns. In 2000, OSU introduced the use of a new tool – acoustic telemetry – for studying salmon on the West Coast. Acoustic telemetry allows the signals emitted from tagged fish to be picked up by underwater hydrophones in salt water, as well as fresh.
A team led by David Welch, a British Columbia scientist and lead author of the PLoS paper, subsequently established a series of listening stations along the continental shelf, and also began using the same acoustic technology used by OSU researchers to study the survival of smolts in the Fraser River.
Comparing smolt survival from one river system to another is complex, because there can be a huge difference in the overall “quality” of smolts – even before they begin their long journey to the Pacific Ocean, according to Shaun Clements, a biologist with the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife and co-author of the study, who conducted some of the tagging studies.
Clements, a former senior research associate at OSU, said the health and fitness of the smolts that are captured at the Columbia River’s Lower Granite dam varies significantly.
“One day, we’d get a group of fish that were released from one hatchery and they’d be relatively weak, then a few days later we’d get a bunch of fish from a different hatchery and they would be robust,” Clements said. “Hatcheries weren’t the only variable – sometimes fish from the same hatchery would range from poor to excellent in quality, possibly due to environmental factors such as water temperature in the reservoirs. These same mechanisms may also apply to wild fish where we see different watersheds producing smolts of differing quality.
“The point is that the quality of smolts entering into the system can have an impact on their ability to survive the entire migration – and the transition into the ocean,” Clements added. “We don’t really have a good understanding of the link between fish quality, hydrosystem operations and delayed mortality.”
The PLoS study used a variety of methods to evaluate survival. In the impounded reach of the Columbia River, the researchers used Passive Integrated Technology (PIT) tag data to evaluate survival between the upper and lower most dams. Tens of thousands of smolts in the upper river are routinely implanted with PIT tags by a number of resource agencies and the data is available online. Below Bonneville Dam and in the Fraser River they had to use acoustic tags, which are bigger, to pick up a signal from greater distance. The researchers tagged between 300 and 600 fish annually during a four-year period.
The studies in the Fraser River and the Columbia River determined that the survival rate of the smolts – at least to the estuary – was almost identical. Interestingly, both Clements and Schreck have been involved with other studies, on Oregon’s Nehalem and Alsea rivers, that also found a general mortality rate of about 60 percent. In rivers without dams, mortality can be a function of predation – especially by fish, birds and seals – or it can be from disease, poor water quality, or lack of food.
“One question that this study raises is: Is significant mortality during in-river migration natural? And if so, what proportion of the fish that are killed by dams in the Columbia – directly or indirectly – would have died anyway,” Clements said.
Judging historic survival rates of smolts is practically impossible, according to Schreck. Though there is good historical data on returns of adult salmon to river systems, it is difficult to estimate how many smolts they produced and how many young salmon survived their migration to the ocean. Judging what is a healthy survival rate – in historic terms – is a challenge.
Schreck did say that new fish passage technologies and increased release of water over spillways has improved smolts’ initial survival of the eight dams on the Columbia River. But there also is evidence that smolts delay their migration for days before trying to navigate past the first dam, which combined with lower river flow rates because of the dams, leads to a delay in entering the ocean.
“We can’t emphasize enough how complex salmon survival is,” Schreck said. “It begins with the adults returning from the ocean loaded with contaminants, some of which is passed on through the eggs. There can be an impact on the embryo development and transition to the smolt phase. Parasites and disease play a role, as do water quality and other factors.
“Navigating dams may have become easier,” he added, “but the process could still be inducing enough stress to cause higher mortality upon reaching the ocean.” | <urn:uuid:2c9c7e27-ef26-438d-9a83-8530c3e6a2a1> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2008/oct/new-study-salmon-smolt-survival-similar-columbia-and-fraser-rivers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997895170.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025815-00090-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960586 | 1,506 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Recently, Sustainable Prosperity, in partnership with the Forest Products Association of Canada (FPAC) and others, launched a research project to explore the links between productivity and natural capital. You can learn more about the project here.
This 2-year research project looks at how our environmental and economic successes are linked – and aims to ultimately shed light on how we can optimize our practices and develop good policies. The project’s rationale goes something like this – we care about the environment, we care about our economic prosperity, and the two are highly linked, as the graphic below shows.
To explore these linkages, we’re looking at the forest products sector as a case study. Canada’s forests are a form of natural capital that provides a flow of value to humans through the timber and other natural resources we extract and through the ecosystem services they provide – forests sustain habitat for biodiversity, store carbon, preserve soils, purify air, moderate climate and provide a place for recreation and of spiritual importance. After all, the value of a forest is much more than the market value of the timber we extract from it.
So why explore the forest products sector as our case study? Well, for a few reasons. (Note that the references for these statistics are available on page 14 of the report):
- First, the forest products sector is a sector of great economic importance to Canada -- in 2014, forestry’s contribution to GDP was $22.7 billion;
- Second, the forest products sector has seen significant change recently, in particular during the 2008-09 economic downturn, which offers the potential for interesting analysis and policy relevant findings,
- Third, related to this change in the sector, new innovations in products and processes are developing – this presents an opportunity to continue our analysis in the future in order to track these changes even further; and
- Fourth, the environmental track record of the forestry sector has shown marked improvement recently (see this FPAC report for more info), which will make for particularly interesting analysis.
The Forest Products sector has a strong record of improving it’s productivity (measured via a traditional metric of labour productivity) – outranking all Canadian sectors from 2000-2012 with the exception of agriculture, as shown below. At the same time, the sector has seen its environmental performance improve, particularly in the growing share of certified forests found in Canada and improvements in environmental footprint (FPAC tracks environmental footprint through a metric made of 12 indicators – for more, see page 15 here).
We hope that by looking at the broad question of how natural capital and productivity are linked, through the specific lens of the forest products sector, we’ll shed some light on how our economic activity relies on the flows of goods and services provided by natural capital stocks, and on how pollution and other impacts of economic activity may depreciate the value of these stocks.
There are challenging questions related to this research area, such as: How do we measure and assess natural capital’s role in our economic productivity? How is our natural capital’s potential to provide value influenced by our current economic activity? What might we do better, in order to improve both our economic and environmental performance? While we aim to produce an environmentally-adjusted measure of productivity for the forest products sector, we’re also hoping to raise the profile of these important questions, in hopes of encouraging further discussion and research.
The unique partnership behind this research project – where academics, government, research institutes and private industry all come together and contribute what they can, be it funding, data, or analytical capacity – equips us well to move this research area forward. And beyond forestry, we hope that our exploration of the forest products sector as a case study will provide some insights that are relevant for other resource sectors as well. | <urn:uuid:2f702f0f-7518-47b1-b59b-86acdc2e487d> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://institute.smartprosperity.ca/content/linking-natural-capital-and-productivity-why-forest-products-sector-such-interesting-case | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578553595.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422115451-20190422141451-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.935251 | 778 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In 1106, students should:
*Continue to practice writing as a process, using multiple invention and
*Write in several genres that require paraphrase, synthesis, analysis,
evaluation, argument and documentation skills
*Practice writing from primary and secondary research and developing different
types of research projects–including fieldwork as well as library and online
*Demonstrate a knowledge of the conventions of bibliographic citation forms
*Demonstrate an understanding of the uses of source material of all types,
taking care to always distinguish between source material and the student’s own
So what is the purpose of 1106?
“The purpose of 1106 is to continue developing the writing students practiced in 1105, and to learn about conducting and writing about research. Research can include traditional library sources and academic journals, but it can also include primary research like fieldwork, surveys, and interviews. Writing up all this research and comparing it can be a difficult task, and 1106 offers students a place to learn about conventions of writing research.”
“English 1106 (‘Writing from Research’) is a course on writing from research. That means that students focus on what it means to investigate a subject, come to some conclusions from that investigation, and then represent those conclusions in writing that indicates where the writer looked to find information or to get ideas.
“Though some might think ‘writing from research’ is about writing a ‘research paper,’ I’d say that is an extremely narrow view of what the course is meant to and should do. It is, for example, much more difficult to learn how to represent research in a number of different fields or genres than it is to learn how to follow one citation format (MLA, say).
“A good researcher uses the citation style called for by both the field and the genre. A writer for Harpers Magazine or Scientific American (to name two magazines that publish in-depth stories) must indicate where she or he has gotten information, but that won’t show up in a works cited list. Good writers indicate their research in the way that best works with the situation.
“Again, this comes down to understanding the rhetorical dimensions of a writing task, and especially the ‘rhetorical situation’ that calls for a specific piece of writing.”
“One of my goals for 1106 is to change the way students think about research. I want them to understand that research–i.e., looking outside oneself in order to gain knowledge, answer a question, solve a problem, and integrate information (while giving credit where credit is due)–is happening all around them and that, whether they acknowledge it or not, they are likely to spend a good part of the day ‘researching,’ whether it’s by studying for a class, reading articles online, observing their peers, or even sending and receiving emails and text messages. My job, as I see it, is to open their eyes to the research they already to and to introduce them to the research they don’t yet know how to perform. I also try to give them the opportunity to make inquiries and participate in ongoing conversations in fields of academic research that interest them.”
“Learning to use other people’s intellectual property ethically and effectively has always been difficult, but the digital age and the composing possibilities it offers have really complicated things, often for the better, mind you, but man, it’s complicated. Knowing how to locate, access, critically evaluate, acknowledge, and deploy other people’s ideas and creations so that they serve your purposes is no small feat. It is, in fact, the process of becoming an engaged citizen and intellectual. The purpose of 1106 is to help students become engaged citizens and intellectuals.” | <urn:uuid:d7ae59ef-d73b-46bf-aa1f-9de1fe7c4ca1> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://oldvtocelot.wordpress.com/course-goals/1106-course-goals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677964.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018055014-20191018082514-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.954289 | 797 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Promoting Positive Behaviour
This is a 1 day course (approximately 5 hours), suitable for childcare settings such as nursery, pre-school, child minders and nannies.
Promoting positive behaviour is a key strategy for behaviour management. This course will look at practical strategies for promoting positive behaviour within the early years setting. The course covers:
• The types of behaviour experienced and how to manage them
• The causes of challenging behaviour
• The importance of being consistent
• Reinforcing positive behaviour
• Evaluating strategies used and when to use them
• The use of the ABCC to plan interventions
• The assault cycle and importance of identifying triggers
• The behavioural charter
Group bookings are available in your own setting. Bespoke courses are available on request.
Book your place now or find out more about the course by completing the form. | <urn:uuid:1a12fbe6-6c8f-47fd-b17f-d3c1933e9122> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.hampshireacademytraining.co.uk/promoting-positive-behaviour/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141187753.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126084625-20201126114625-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.907567 | 177 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In our last post, we talked about reckless driving. This dangerous behavior can take many different forms, from speeding out on the road to failing to obey street and traffic signs. When reckless drivers are out on the road, the chance of a motor vehicle accident greatly increases.
We’re discussing all of this again because the data on fatal motor vehicles accidents in the United States paints a scary picture for the coming years. For most of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and even 1990s, the number of people that died every year in the U.S. due to a motor vehicle accident routinely hovered in the 40,000s. There were even numerous years with more than 50,000 fatalities related to motor vehicle accidents.
Since 2008 though, the numbers have dramatically dropped. From 2007 to 2008, there was an 11 percent drop in the number of deaths related to motor vehicle accidents (41,259 deaths to 37,423 deaths). And from there, the numbers kept going down, culminating in a modern-day low of 32,479 deaths in 2011.
But in 2015 and 2016, something changed. The years of low 30,000s in motor accident-related deaths suddenly disappeared. 35,485 people died in 2015 (an increase of 10.5 percent over 2014) and in 2016 there were 37,461 deaths related to car accidents (an increase of 5.6 percent over 2015).
Distracted driving and reckless driving certainly are two major factors contributing to this new rise in motor accident fatalities.
Source: Wikipedia, “Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year,” Accessed April 2, 2018 | <urn:uuid:8d6a3e12-6558-4c06-a384-630cba86c0f7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.altoonainjurylaw.com/blog/2018/04/on-motor-vehicle-accident-fatalities-and-their-sudden-rise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.964057 | 337 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Kavir (Desert) National Park is a 400,000-hectare (1,000,000-acre) protected ecological zone in northern Iran. The park is
located 120 kilometers south of Tehran and 100 kilometers east of Qom, and it sits on the western end of one of Iran’s two major deserts, the Dasht-e Kavir (Sand Desert).
The Landsat 7 image above shows the stark landscape of the park. The scene is dominated by Daracheh-ye Namak (Salt Lake), the huge white salt pan immediately outside the park boundaries. This is actually a salt marsh, and water flows into the lake from the north via the Qom River, which also flows through the northern part of Kavir National Park. The
Qom is one of the very few permanent rivers through the entire desert expanse in Iran.
Other prominent features include the high reefs of elevated rocks in the park, and streaked-gray fans of alluvial wash spreading from the base of these outcroppings. The area appears quite barren and brown, though it is populated with a sturdy desert scrub. The large, semi-circular rock outcropping in roughly the park’s center is Siah Houh (Black Mountain). Beyond the park’s eastern boundaries are the Sand Desert and Central Desert to the south.
The park encompasses landscapes of desert and steppes, and is sometimes known as “Little Africa,” for its safari-like wildlife, including native goats, rams, hyenas, wolves, gazelles, leopards, the rare Asiatic cheetah, and the Persian panther. Typically, the area receives around 150 millimeters (6 inches) of rain a year, most of which falls between November and May. The vegetation in the region is adapted to drought and salty soils. To retain water and combat grazing by animals some plants grow leaves with thorns, much like thorn trees and bushes
found in Africa desert landscapes.
This image combines data from two different satellite overpasses of the area collected by the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) on the Landsat 7 satellite. The left half of the image was acquired on August 28, 2000, the right half on September 7, 2001. The imagery combines red, green, and blue wavelengths of reflected light to create a natural-color view (ETM+ bands 3, 2, & 1).
NASA image created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data obtained from the University of Maryland’s Global Land Cover Facility. | <urn:uuid:781a670b-d56c-4841-a530-1ae8092e5228> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/5733/kavir-national-park-iran | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00756.warc.gz | en | 0.939016 | 538 | 3.5 | 4 |
Not everything about plastic is bad. Here is a look at the gray areas of our use of plastic.
One of the goals of “Sustainable We” has been to explore the choices we have around the many issues that do not have black-or-white solutions. With all the decisions we make in a day, we do tend to want an easy “right” and “wrong” choice — but sometimes that isn’t possible.
In the case of microbeads, there has been a relatively easy choice to make. Do we really need tiny bits of toxic plastic in our personal care products that get into our water and impact the fish we eat? No. So… legislation around that has built relatively quickly.
In the case of pesticides, where you come down on the decision to use glysophate/Round-Up, for example, comes down to whether you value uniformly green lawn compared to its impact on pollinators and stormwater run-off into our lakes and rivers. An easy decision for some. A contentious issue when neighbors disagree — or when residents and Park Board decision-makers disagree — as we discussed at “Sustainable We” forum #1.
At “Sustainable We” forum #2 — about the life cycle of waste — we focused on consumption habits. How it is our purchasing that drives the biggest waste of resources — not simply what we toss in the garbage at the end of its life.
While we touched on it, one big consumption habit we did not talk about deeply is Plastics.
Why Plastics Is Not a Black/White Choice
As Madalyn Cioci, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, has explained it: “Plastics sure aren’t perfect. They generally have chemicals in them that can leach into our food and drinks. And, left in the open environment — like in oceans and lakes — they don’t degrade.”
Cioci also sees the flip side, however. “One of the reasons that plastics grew to be so popular as packaging is that they resulted in so much resource conservation. Lightweight packaging in the latter 20th century and into the 21st has resulted in much lower tonnages of waste over time than we would have had if everything now in plastic was still packaged in heavier steel/tin and glass. And less material means less overall environmental impact — less mining, less energy needed.
Points raised by Green Divas, juxtaposed with questions about how to be a more Sustainable We:
- Over the last ten years we have produced more plastic than during the whole of the last century. The question: what should our alternatives be?
- Of the plastic we use, 50 percent of it we use once and throw away — plastic bags, sandwich bags, water bottles. How can we extend its life: to hold garbage, wash and re-use, replace with a thermos or water bottle we use again and again?
- Of all the plastics, we recycle only five percent of the plastics we produce. There are a lot of plastic streams that the industry has not developed recycling systems or collection systems for. Little Tykes, for example, doesn’t collect its toys for recycling. Who is finding new purpose for plastics? Can we phase out plastics that don’t have a recycling purpose? Can we support only those companies that offer re-use options?
- The average American throws away about 185 pounds of plastic per year. On the other hand, if our packaging was still made out of tin or glass, it would be much heavier and require more raw materials to make.
- The production of plastic uses around oil — but less understood — is that much of that is made from byproducts (a re-use of sorts) of oil refining and natural gas production. More fossil fuels are used to make paper or aluminum or glass than is used in making or becoming plastic.
- It takes 500-1,000 years for plastic to degrade.
One of the biggest issues with plastics is using them poorly, such as making silverware that could be biodegradable, but is not. And then, continuing to buy those plastics instead of the biodegradable version. | <urn:uuid:8d5897c1-4edb-4bdb-aaa7-37de5e0e14da> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://mikkimorrissette.com/the-nuance-of-plastic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195967.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129004335-20201129034335-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.959247 | 872 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Chairs can be a crucial factor in preventing back pain as well as in improving employee performance in office work. As the majority of office workers spend most of their time sitting, a properly designed and adjustable chair for comfort, efficiency, and for the task being performed is critical. All adjustments should easily be made from the seated position. A good chair provides necessary support to the back, legs, buttocks, and arms, while reducing exposures to awkward postures, contact stress, and forceful exertions.
Importance of an ergonomic chair
When an employee spends six to eight hours in the chair, the height of the chair and the work surface are critical. The chair height is correct when the entire sole of the foot can rest on the floor or a footrest and the back of the knee is slightly higher than the seat of the chair. This allows the blood to circulate freely in the legs and feet.
Poor back support and inappropriate postures may result from inadequate backrest size, material, positioning, or use. Working in these postures may lead to back pain and fatigue. Backrests should support the entire back, including the lower region, and conform to the natural curvature of the spine.
Using a chair with a seat that is too high may force the user to work with the feet unsupported or encourage the user to move forward in the chair to a point where the back is unsupported making it more difficult to maintain the S-shape of the spine. These awkward postures can lead to fatigue, restricted circulation, swelling, numbness, and pain.
An inappropriately sized seat pan can be uncomfortable, provide inadequate support to the legs, and restrict movement. One that is too short can place excess pressure on the buttocks of taller users; one that is too long can place excess pressure on the knee area of shorter users and minimize back support. A seat pan that is too small can restrict movement and provide inadequate support. Prolonged use can restrict blood flow to the legs and create irritation and pain.
Armrests that are not adjustable, or those that have not been properly adjusted, may expose you to awkward postures or fail to provide adequate support.
Armrests that are too low may cause the user to lean over to the side to rest one forearm. This can result in uneven and awkward postures, fatiguing the neck, shoulders, and back.
Armrests that are too high may cause the user to maintain raised shoulders, which can result in muscle tension and fatigue in the neck and shoulders.
When the armrests are too wide the users is likely to reach with the elbow and bend forward for support. Reaching pulls the arm from the body and can result in muscle fatigue in the shoulders and neck.
Armrests that are too close to the body can restrict movement in and out of the chair.
Large or inappropriately placed armrests may interfere with the positioning of the chair. If the chair cannot be placed close enough to the keyboard, the user may need to reach and lean forward in the chair. This can fatigue and strain the lower back, arm, and shoulder.
Armrests that are made of hard materials or that have sharp corners can irritate the nerves and blood vessels located in the forearm. This irritation can create pain or tingling in the fingers, hand, and arm.
Armrests, if provided, should be soft and allow the user's shoulders to relax and elbows to stay close to the body. They should be adjusted so they just make contact with the lower arms when the lower arms are positioned comfortably at the users' sides.
Possible solutions for chairs
If the seat cannot be lowered (for example, it would make the keyboard or monitor too high), use a footrest to provide stable support for the feet.
Provide a chair with a seat pan that is adjustable and large enough to provide support in a variety of seated postures. It is recommended that the seat should be:
Height adjustable, especially when shared by a number of users. The chair height is appropriate when the entire sole of the foot can rest on the floor with the back of the knee slightly higher than the seat of the chair.
Padded and have a rounded, "waterfall" edge.
Wide enough to accommodate the majority of hip sizes. Chairs with oversize seat pans should be provided for larger users. | <urn:uuid:490ffb30-3eb5-4232-a2ae-a13fcad3365c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://protect.iu.edu/environmental-health/occupational-health/ergo-program/office/components/chair.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191396.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00127-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938427 | 891 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Ancestral Puebloans (formerly known as Anasazi) are probably the most studied of all prehistoric cultural groups in North America. At a time when many Europeans were living in thatched huts the Ancestral Puebloans were building four- and five-story residential complexes and building straight-line roads tens of miles long across the high desert. The Ancestral Puebloans also enjoyed the daily use of oftentimes distinctly shaped and highly decorated pottery made with processes long lost and only now being rediscovered. Distinctive pottery was so common-place for so many years that today's archaeologists are able to reliably place events in time based on the pottery shards found in the layers of trash.
Areas of southern Colorado, Utah and Nevada form a northern boundary of Ancestral Puebloan territory. The western boundary extends to southern Nevada while the southern boundary reaches to the Colorado and Little Colorado Rivers in Arizona and the Rio Puerco and Rio Grande in New Mexico. The eastern boundary extends onto the Great Plains as far as the Pecos and Cimarron Rivers. All that said, that "boundary" was elastic and overlapped other major cultures and, over time, other minor cultures separated and were re-included. There is evidence throughout the area that there was regular communication and dissemination of ideas, mechanical and agricultural processes, principles of architecture and engineering, and spiritual principles and practices. There is also evidence found indicating regular trade with cultures hundreds and thousands of miles away.
Archaeologists say the Ancestral Puebloans became a distinct culture early in the Early Basketmaker II Era, about 3,500 years ago. Among those distinctions are the construction (and evolution) of the pithouse: a shallow hole in the ground covered with a thatched roof. Pithouses were also in use in the Hohokam and Mogollon areas to the south and the Hohokam were just beginning to develop irrigation systems, a necessary development given their location in the Sonoran desert. Development of irrigation also required development of the village and that was one of the developments that ushered in the Late Basketmaker II Era. Another of those developments was the vastly increased amount of maize in the people's diet. Agriculture required a more sedentary lifestyle and people probably banded together more for "distribution of labor" purposes and for security. It was in the middle of the Late Basketmaker II Era that a crude form of brown pottery first began to appear. The development of pottery also goes hand-in-hand with a more sedentary lifestyle and culture. The development of highly refined and highly decorated pottery indicates a culture of considerable sophistication. | <urn:uuid:730bad02-68be-44c4-9f13-ba215665ee8e> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.eyesofthepot.com/history/anasazi.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541301014.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215015215-20191215043215-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.974845 | 550 | 3.75 | 4 |
Our scientists pioneering world first stent coating
There’s no doubt that cardiac implants or stents save lives. Coronary heart disease - a narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels of the heart - kills thousands of Canadians each year.
The small scaffold stent props open the diseased artery to prevent heart attacks. But because the body treats stents as foreign, the risk of blood clots is ever present.
Narrowing or blocking of the stented blood can occur in as many as half of all patients. This can cause a relapse of chest pain and other symptoms, and in extreme cases can be fatal. ‘Drug eluting’ stents were made to address this, secreting drugs to lower the risk of re-narrowing, but the trade-off is a higher risk of heart attack due to blood clots forming in the stent.
In a joint project, researchers from the Immunobiology Group and the Translational Reserch and Bioengineering Group, are developing the world’s first stent coating technology that uses a biomimicry approach, fooling the body so that it integrates with the foreign stent. This will hopefully mean in the future doctors will be able to implant stents that are more compatible with the body, leading to better outcomes for cardiac patients, and less subsequent risk of complications and death.
“The problem with the current steel stents is that they are not biocompatible: they are prone to blood clotting and cells don’t like growing on them. That translates to going back to hospital in three to five years. Some people think that’s a reasonable trade-off, to go and get your stent fixed up every few years. Our argument is that we can do better,” says Dr Christina Bursill, Immunobiology Group Leader at the Heart Research Institute.
“This remarkable coating technology achieves a 10-fold reduction in clotting and enhances blood vessel healing after the stent is placed, thereby improving the outcomes of patients undergoing stenting procedures. This result has profound implications for the development of next generation stents with much better clinical outcomes for patients.” | <urn:uuid:098d3c95-a2bb-4264-8aa7-31649f2330a6> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.hricanada.org/latest-news/december-2014/world-first-research-stent-coating-that-fools-the | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526888.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721040545-20190721062545-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.930679 | 453 | 3.171875 | 3 |
在亞拉姆語裡，「哀悼( mourning )」可以解釋為：悲傷、悲痛、痛苦、或痛惜。 這些意義大多具有負面的含義，而且暗示了對「失去」的執著。 然而，當專注於哀痛的價值時，還有一個更重要的含義可以被表達出來。 我所指的是「淨化與釋放」的行為。 這和「悲傷與失去」的內在化相當不同。 當一個人最初認清並經歷悲傷時，就如同苦難降臨了。 起初是震驚，接著是沮喪，因此他轉向內在來承受情緒和精神上的創傷。這就是悲痛。當過程達到最後的臣服階段時，「哀悼」產生了。 當他體會到接受與釋放，「哀悼」是那自然流露的淚水。 在那種情況下，即使他已失去某些執著的人事物， 「心」仍可以感受到生命的持續。 一旦釋放了那些無法保留的人事物，他就痊癒了。 透過釋放，這個人被賜福了。 悲痛是執著於那已經失去的～而「哀悼」則是釋放的行為。 當悲痛襲擊時，沒有人會覺得自己是被賜福的。我也從來不會建議這種事。 然而，透過淨化、放下、和淚水的宣流來釋放悲傷，最終，痊癒將會發生。
In Aramaic, ‘mourning’ could mean sorrow, grief, pain, or regret. Most of these meanings have negative connotations and suggest a clinging to loss. However, there is an even more important meaning that could be expressed only in a context which focused upon the value of mourning. I was referring to the act of purging and releasing. This is quite different from the internalizations of sorrow and loss. When a person first recognizes and experiences grief, it comes as an affliction. First there is shock, then depression, and so one turns within to suffer the emotional and spiritual wounds. This is grief. As the process completes itself in the latter stages of surrender, there is mourning. Mourning is the free flowing of tears as acceptance and releasing are experienced. In that state, the heart can perceive a continuity of life even though certain attachments have been lost. In letting go of that which cannot be retained, one heals. It is through releasing that one is blessed. Grieving is clinging to that which has been lost– mourning is the act of letting go. No one feels blessed at the onset of grief. Never would I suggest such a thing. Yet, in the releasing of grief through purging, relinquishing, and the flowing of tears, healing can occur at last.
“This process is relevant to the loss of anything, not just the loss of a loved one. The loss could have been a dream or a hope. Even sensing childhood slip away could bring on a time of mourning to honor the love that is being released. Such purging opens a space in which to celebrate a newly emerging stage of life. There are also times to acknowledge the end of a career or role in life. In releasing and honoring what has been, there may be tears, but there will also be doors opening to future possibilities. “Accepting this process is great therapy and can result in many blessings.
This is because there are two parts to love—attaching and letting go. Only through living and understanding both phases of love is a being complete. The reaching, connecting, and embracing aspects of love are easy and joyful. Letting go and saying good-bye is a great deal more difficult. There is a time to release everything, and in releasing, you let go of the clinging, and you are made whole again. Thus you are blessed."
— Love Without End | <urn:uuid:68a42042-3e59-408f-b43d-d7f3e20093c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://wintervolleyconsulting.com/2015/08/07/%E6%84%9B%E7%B5%82%E7%B5%90%E5%82%B7%E7%97%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320679.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626050425-20170626070425-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.759671 | 1,352 | 3.125 | 3 |
Primary vs Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Although there is a considerable difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics, many would not have thought about that. In a very brief statement, primary characters are the sexual organs, but secondary characteristics are the sexual hormones and other related functions. Therefore, a better understanding about primary and secondary sexual characteristics becomes demanding.
Primary Sexual Characteristics
Any anatomical part involved with the reproductive system of an organism is a sexual organ, aka primary sexual characteristic. These characteristics develop in an organism during the gestation period and male and female differentiation takes place in sexually dimorphic organisms. The Y chromosome from the father has a specialized gene responsible for the determination of testes during foetal development; otherwise, the gonads will develop into ovaries. Therefore, the male and female primary sexual characteristics are same in origin, but different in eventual appearance. External genitals are primary sexual characteristics, and those are the only external clue about exact sex of a newborn of any animal. However, sexual organs do not function fully, until puberty. However, without well-developed sex organs, secondary characteristics will never operate. Examples for male and female primary characteristics include penis, testicles, epididymis, prostate, scrotum, cervix, clitoris, fallopian tubes, uterus, vulva, vagina…etc.
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
These are the features with the capability to distinguish a male from a female of any organism. However, these features are not completely related with the reproductive system. Despite the undoubted importance of the primary characteristics, it would be a failure without secondary sexual characteristics. In the animal world, there are many examples to describe secondary sexual characteristics. Mane of male lion, bright face and rump of mandrills, horns of cattle, and the extravagant tail feathers of peacocks are some of the prime examples of secondary characteristics. In humans, pubic hairs, genital hairs, breasts of females and facial hairs of males are prominent physical secondary characteristics. These changes take place only after the puberty, and it involves complex mechanisms based on hormonal influence inside the bodies of animals. Testosterone in males and estrogens in females are the main responsible hormones for the occurrence of secondary sexual characteristics. In addition to the physical changes, the mental states are subjected to change according to the hormone secretion inside the bodies as secondary sexual characteristics.
What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Sexual Characteristics?
· Primary sexual characteristics are the sexual organs, while secondary characters are the other changes occur in relation with the development of the organism.
· Primary sexual characteristics start to develop during the foetal development of an organism, whereas the secondary sexual characteristics start to develop only around the pubertal age.
· Primary sexual characteristics have a direct physical relationship with the reproductive system, while it is not necessarily a physical contact with the reproductive system for the secondary sexual characteristics.
· Except for the genitals and reproductive systems, there is no major difference between male and females as far as primary characteristics are concerned. However, the two sexes differ in appearance with the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
· Behavioural and attitude differences are considerable between two sexes with secondary sexual characteristics, whereas those are low between males and females with primary sexual characteristics. | <urn:uuid:744bed22-d953-4e9e-84c3-2cd433b57392> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-primary-and-vs-secondary-sexual-characteristics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106367.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820092918-20170820112918-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.939557 | 654 | 3.25 | 3 |
In Ancient Egypt, Sirius was regarded as the most important star in the sky. In fact, it was astronomically the foundation of the Egyptians’ entire religious system. It was revered as Sothis and was associated with Isis, the mother goddess of Egyptian mythology. Isis is the female aspect of the trinity formed by herself, Osiris and their son Horus. Ancient Egyptians held Sirius in such a high regard that most of their deities were associated, in some way or another, with the star. Anubis, the dog-headed god of death, had an obvious connection with the dog star and Toth-Hermes, the great teacher of humanity, was also esoterically connected with the star.
The Egyptian calendar system was based on the heliacal rising of Sirius that occurred just before the annual flooding of the Nile during summer. The star’s celestial movement was also observed and revered by ancient Greeks, Sumerians, Babylonians and countless other civilizations. The star was therefore considered sacred and its apparition in the sky was accompanied with feasts and celebrations. The dog star heralded the coming of the hot and dry days of July and August, hence the popular term “the dog days of summer”.
Several occult researchers have claimed that the Great Pyramid of Giza was built in perfect alignment with the stars, especially Sirius. The light from these stars were said to be used in ceremonies of Egyptian Mysteries.
Star alignment with the Great Pyramid of Giza. Orion (associated with the god Osiris) is aligned with the King’s Chamber while Sirius (associated with the goddess Isis) is aligned with the Queen’s Chamber. A fascinating aspect of Sirius is the consistency of the symbolism and meanings attached to it. Several great civilizations have indeed associated Sirius with a dog-like figure and viewed the star as either the source or the destination of a mysterious force. In Chinese and Japanese astronomy, Sirius is known as the “star of the celestial wolf”. Several aboriginal tribes of North America referred to the star in canine terms: the Seri and Tohono O’odham tribes of the southwest describe the Sirius as a “dog that follows mountain sheep”, while the Blackfoot call it “Dog-face”. The Cherokee paired Sirius with Antares as a dog-star guardian of the “Path of Souls”. The Wolf (Skidi) tribe of Nebraska knew it as the “Wolf Star”, while other branches of knew it as the “Coyote Star”. Further north, the Alaskan Inuit of the Bering Strait called it “Moon Dog”. | <urn:uuid:d840da36-40f2-4d33-a087-0271f47bc9f3> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://infocus247.com/tag/cosmic-meditation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704800238.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126135838-20210126165838-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.973125 | 548 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.