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Spray Drying Method
Principle of spray drying method
There are many types of drying methods, but the spray drying method is the most widely used one. It refers to atomizing the liquid to be dried into tiny droplets in the drying chamber and let the droplets directly contact and mix with the hot gas of the drying medium to evaporate the water, and then collecting it by gas-solid separation to obtain a powder or granular product. The raw material liquid may be a solution, an emulsion, or a suspension, or maybe a molten liquid or a paste. The drying medium can be air, nitrogen, or superheated steam.
Applications of spray drying method
Spray drying method is very popular among users in pharmaceutical and food industries since spray drying machine can meet the GMP requirements of the two fields and has superior performance. It is especially suitable for the drying and granulation of Chinese and Western medicines and foods. Granules prepared have strong disintegration, good fluidity, and instant solubility, and can be directly used for tableting, capsule filling, granules, and solid drinks.
Spray drying method is also widely used in dye drying. It can dry dye fine powder, super-fine powder, dust-free powder, and hollow granules. This method can be divided into three categories:
(1) airflow atomization, which uses compressed air or water vapor to atomize the material liquid;
(2) pressure atomization, a high-pressure pump is applied to press out the material liquid from the nozzle at high speed and thus forming a mist;
(3) rotary atomization, the material liquid is added to the high-speed rotating disc (7000 ~ 28000r / min) in the atomizer, and then the material liquid is quickly thrown out and atomized. The third category — rotary atomization has a good effect, short time, and high labor productivity, which is favored by the dyestuff industry. But it needs large equipment investment and high energy consumption.
Spray drying method is a representative of systematic technology applied to material drying. After the material is atomized in the drying chamber, the moisture quickly vaporizes in contact with the hot air to obtain the dried product. This method can save the steps of evaporation and crushing. Spray drying method has the characteristics of fast heat-transfer, rapid water evaporation, and short drying time. It can improve the dissolution rate of certain formulations, suitable for heat-sensitive drugs. In addition, spray drying can be used to prepare microcapsules.
Advantages of spray drying method
1. Rapid drying process.
2. Materials can be directly dried into powder.
3. It is easy to change the drying conditions and adjust product quality standards.
4. There is a certain negative pressure in the drying room, which guarantees the hygienic conditions in the production, avoids the dust flying in the workshop, and improves the purity of the product.
5. High production efficiency and fewer operators.
6. Large production capacity and high product quality. The spray volume can reach several hundred tons per hour.
Disadvantages of spray drying method
1. The equipment is complex, covers a large area, and requires a large investment.
2. The price of a spray dryer and powder recovery device is relatively high.
3. The thermal efficiency is not high and the heat consumption is large. | <urn:uuid:d8919958-2d32-4af5-acf9-3eab1de0783d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.hawachdryer.com/spray-drying-method/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038460648.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417132441-20210417162441-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.921428 | 707 | 3.125 | 3 |
December 5, 2013
One of the greatest challenges right now in the implementation of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics is determining the quality of resources, materials, and professional learning that claim to be aligned to the standards. Illustrative Mathematics is a website and growing community focused on illustrating the standards with high quality tasks reviewed by a math expert as well as a classroom expert. Illustrative Mathematics is building a community of expertise that writes and reviews tasks, discusses tasks and standards, and works together to better understand strong mathematics instruction.
The idea of Illustrative Mathematics came from the writing of the Common Core Standards. The author team envisioned example tasks to clarify the meaning and nuances of standards but these examples were not finished in time for the publication of the standards document. These examples became the basis for Bill McCallum’s project, The Illustrative Mathematics Project. The project aimed to illustrate the standards with tasks, and at the same time give recognition to the difficult art of task writing and reviewing. The community worked together to determine the necessary pieces of a good task, and formulated criteria for task reviews. As tasks were discussed, reviewed, edited, and revised expertise developed within the community, and The Illustrative Mathematics Project grew into its current form, Illustrative Mathematics. Illustrative Mathematics images a world where people know, use, and enjoy mathematics and we are collaborating together as a community to create that world.
Currently, on the Illustrative Mathematics website you can find more than 800 task illustrations of standards. Tasks are accessible either by clicking through the domains, cluster headings, and standards to the “see illustrations“ links or in a searchable list where it says “Illustrations” on the left navigation bar. Also, available on the website are task, video, vignette, and lesson sketch illustrations for the Standards for Mathematical Practice. The first of the Common Core progressions documents has been illustrated with seven units on teaching fractions, including videos and tasks aligned to each topic. More Common Core progressions documents will be illustrated in the future.
There are many ways to get involved with the Illustrative Mathematics community. All of the tasks are available for free on the website and do not require a login. If you do choose to login, you can up vote your favorite tasks and make public comments on tasks. Additionally, tasks are used as fodder to bring members of the community together virtually. Once a week on Monday nights, community members join a Task Talk via adobe connect, focused on a different task every week. At least once a month community members come together to think about a particular standard, and then write and review tasks related to that standard in a WebJam. Illustrative Mathematics offers professional development for teachers across the country, bringing together our community of expertise with our illustrative tasks to start conversations and inspire teachers. In-person workshops are available in single day and multi-day formats either in pre-made or tailor-made versions and can be browsed on the website from the left navigation bar where is says “New! Professional Development for teachers.”
Determining the quality of a product and its alignment to the Common Core is not only one of the most difficult tasks at this stage of implementation, but also one of the most important. Using materials of poor quality helps spread the misconceptions that lead to Common Core resistance. By building a community of individuals dedicated to mathematics education who together think deeply about tasks and the way they are used in the classroom makes Illustrative Mathematics a reliable resource for expertise and quality.
Join us at The Intersection by subscribing here. | <urn:uuid:3714e7dc-8195-4b67-83f3-3e86ebfc9d7f> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://hunt-institute.org/resources/2013/12/quality-resources-to-implement-the-mathematics-common-core-standards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036099.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625190306-20220625220306-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.945537 | 728 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Raynaud's is a rare disorder that affects the arteries. The disorder is marked by brief episodes of vasospasm (narrowing of the blood vessels).
Vasospasm of the arteries reduces blood flow to the fingers and toes. In people who have Raynaud's, the disorder usually affects the fingers. In about 40 percent of people who have Raynaud's, it affects the toes. Rarely, the disorder affects the nose, ears, nipples, and lips.
Primary Raynaud's is more common and tends to be less severe than secondary Raynaud's.
About 5 percent of the North American population has Raynaud's. Secondary Raynaud's is more common in women than men.
If you have primary or secondary Raynaud's, cold temperatures or stressful emotions can trigger “Raynaud's attacks.” During an attack, little or no blood flows to affected body parts. As a result, the skin may turn white and then blue for a short time. As blood flow returns, the affected areas may turn red and may throb, tingle, burn, or feel numb.
In both types of Raynaud's, even mild or brief changes in temperature can cause attacks. For example, taking something out of the freezer or being exposed to temperatures below 60 degrees Fahrenheit can cause your fingers to turn blue.
Most people who have Raynaud's have no long-term tissue damage or disability. However, people who have severe Raynaud's can develop skin sores or gangrene from prolonged or repeated Raynaud's attacks. “Gangrene” refers to the death or decay of body tissues.
For most people who have primary Raynaud's, the disorder is more of a bother than a serious illness. They usually can manage the condition with minor lifestyle changes.
Secondary Raynaud's may be harder to manage. However, several types of treatments are available to help prevent or relieve symptoms. With secondary Raynaud's, it's important to treat the underlying disease or condition that's causing it.
Preventative measures include:
During an attack: | <urn:uuid:01819d4b-425e-4551-8038-42ca20fbcf85> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://tillicummedicalclinic.ca/library/condition/raynauds-disease.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103167.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817092444-20170817112444-00663.warc.gz | en | 0.946499 | 442 | 3.859375 | 4 |
The idea of creepy crawly creatures roaming over your body is enough to make anyone nervous. Parasitic infections, however, are far more common than most people realize. While parasitic infections are typically not life-threatening, they can lead to great physical discomfort. When left untreated, however, parasitic infections can spread beyond the skin, affecting the bloodstream and other organs. You should consult our dermatologist at Piedmont Plastic Surgery & Dermatology if you think you or your child may have a parasitic infection.
What is a Parasitic Infection?
A parasitic infection is an infection of the skin that is caused by a parasite. These parasites are usually a small insect or worm which burrows into the skin, where it lays eggs, or bites in order to feed on human blood.
What are the Types of Parasitic Skin Infections?
- Head lice are quite common in preschool and elementary school children. These small, wingless insects bite the host and suck its blood, leaving itchy, red bite marks in their wake.
- Scabies is caused by a mite called sarcoptes scabiei and causes an itchy, red rash to form on the surface of the skin. If this type of infection is left untreated, the mites can burrow into the skin, laying eggs, and plaguing the host for months.
- Creeping eruption is a parasitic infection that is caused by hookworms. Also known as cutaneous larva migrans, or sandworm disease, creeping eruption is characterized by itching, blisters, and a rash which grows in a red, winding pattern on the skin. It can increase in size by up to one to two centimeters per day.
How are Parasitic Infections Treated?
Parasitic infections are treated with anti-parasitic medication which is administered either topically as a cream, wash, or ointment, or orally. In some cases, an oral antihistamine may also be administered in order to control itching. For some parasites, it may be necessary to treat the entire household in order to ensure the infection does not continue to spread. | <urn:uuid:8c67998a-c5d4-4808-8b7b-883e572266f9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://ppsd.com/dermatology/conditions-treated/parasitic-infections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066568.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412023359-20210412053359-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.948058 | 434 | 3.65625 | 4 |
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The story of John Devoy’s 1876 Catalpa rescue is a tale of heroism, creativity, and the triumph of independent spirit in pursuit of freedom. The daily log on board the whaling ship Catalpa begins with the typical recount of a crew intact and a spirit unfettered, but such quiet words deceive the truth of the audacious enterprise that came to be known as one of the most important rescues in Irish American history. John Devoy’s men rescued six Irish political prisoners from the Australian coast, allowing millions of fellow Irishmen and American-Fenians, many of whom secretly financed the dangerous plot, to draw courage from the newly exiled prisoners.
Philip Fennell and Marie King tell the story from John Devoy’s own records and the ship's logbooks. John Devoy's Catalpa Expedition includes an introduction by Terry Golway and the personal diaries, letters, and reports from John Devoy and his men.
Vol. 12 (2001) through current issue
The Joyce Studies Annual is an indispensable resource for scholars and students of James Joyce, it gathers essays by foremost scholars and emerging voices in the field.
Joyce Studies Annual welcomes submissions on any aspect of Joyceâs work, and especially encourages longer essays treating historical, archival, or comparative issues.
Studies in Medieval Word and Image in honour of Jennifer O'Reilly
This interdisciplinary collection, which brings together new research on a range of patristic and medieval texts and visual materials, sets the cultural transformation of early medieval Ireland and Britain in the context of these islands’ inheritance from late antiquity and their engagement with the wider medieval world. It testifies to the imaginative ways in which scholars and artists assimilated and creatively re-interpreted the Christian and Mediterranean culture they encountered through the coming of Christianity, a central theme in the work of Dr Jennifer O’Reilly.
Volume 1: History and Modernity
Despite the ease with which scholars have used the term "memory" in recent decades, its definition remains enigmatic. Does cultural memory rely on the memories of individuals, or does it take shape beyond the borders of the individual mind? Cultural memory has garnered particular attention within Irish studies. With its trauma-filled history and sizable global diaspora, Ireland presents an ideal subject for work in this vein. What do stereotypes of Irish memory—as extensive, unforgiving, begrudging, but also blank on particular, usually traumatic, subjects—reveal about the ways in which cultural remembrance works in contemporary Irish culture and in Irish diasporic culture? How do icons of Irishness—from the harp to the cottage, from the Celtic cross to a figure like James Joyce—function in cultural memory? This collection seeks to address these questions as it maps a landscape of cultural memory in Ireland through theoretical, historical, literary, and cultural explorations by top scholars in the field of Irish studies. In a series that will ultimately include four volumes, the sixteen essays in this first volume explore remembrance and forgetting throughout history, from early modern Ireland to contemporary multicultural Ireland. Among the many subjects addressed: Guy Beiner disentangles "collective" from "folk" memory in "Remembering and Forgetting the Irish Rebellion of 1798," and Anne Dolan looks at local memory of the civil war in "Embodying the Memory of War and Civil War." The volume concludes with Alan Titley’s "The Great Forgetting," a compelling argument for viewing modern Irish culture as an artifact of the Europeanization of Ireland and for bringing into focus the urgent need for further, wide-ranging Irishlanguage scholarship.
Diaspora and Memory Practices
In the second volume of a series that will ultimately include four, the authors consider Irish diasporic memory and memory practices. While the Irish diaspora has become the subject of a wide range of scholarship, there has been little work focused on its relationship to memory. The first half of the volume asks how diasporic memory functions in different places and times, and what forms it takes on. As an island nation with a history of emigration, Ireland has developed a rich diasporic cultural memory, one that draws on multiple traditions and historiographies of both “home” and “away.” Native traditions are not imported wholesale, but instead develop their own curious hybridity, reflecting the nature of emigrant memory that absorbs new ways of thinking about home. How do immigrants remember their homeland? How do descendants of immigrants “remember” a land they rarely visit? How does diasporic memory pass through families, and how is it represented in cultural forms such as literature, festivals, and souvenirs? In its second half, this volume shifts its attention to the concept of “memory practices,” ways of cultural remembering that result from and are shaped by particular cultural forms. Many of these cultural forms embody memory materially through language, music, and photography and, because of their distinctive expressions of culture, give rise to distinctive memory practices. Gathering the leading voices in Irish studies, this volume opens new pathways into the body of Irish cultural memory, demonstrating time and again the ways in which memory is supported by the negotiations of individuals within wider cultural contexts.
W. B. Yeats to Marina Carr, Second Edition
Modern Irish Drama: W. B. Yeats to Marina Carr presents a thorough introduction to the recent history of one of the greatest dramatic and theatrical traditions in Western culture. Originally published in 1988, this updated edition provides extensive new material, charting the path of modern and contemporary Irish drama from its roots in the Celtic Revival to its flowering in world theater. The lives and careers of more than fifty modern Irish playwrights are discussed along with summaries of their major plays and recommendations for further reading.
Gender, Patriotism, and Political Culture in Late Eighteenth-Century Ireland
Vol. 5 (2001) through current issue
New Hibernia Review/ Iris Ãireannach Nua: A Quarterly Record of Irish Studies presents plainly argued scholarship on all aspects of Irish civilization. It seeks to address a readership of both professional scholars and educated readers as it examines, without political agenda, the cultures of the whole of Ireland. All disciplines are represented in the pages of New Hibernia Review; literary studies and history predominate. In additional to fully annotated scholarly articles, the journal also presents new Irish poetry and book reviews, as well as occasional memoirs and informal essays.
Although a number of books have addressed recent changes in Ireland that are related to immigration, both during and after the Celtic Tiger economic boom and bust, they are often limited by a focus on a single aspect of immigration or on either the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland. Race and Immigration in the New Ireland, in contrast, offers a variety of expert perspectives and a comprehensive approach to the social, political, linguistic, cultural, religious, and economic transformations in Ireland that are related to immigration. It includes a wide range of critical voices and approaches to reflect the broad impact of immigration on multiple aspects of Irish society and culture. The contributors address immigration and Irish sports, education systems, language debates, migrant women’s issues, human rights policies, and culture both in the Republic and in the North of Ireland. Further, authors offer a framework for considering this new Ireland in relation to earlier colonial contexts, reading intersections between new racism and old sectarianism.
Irish Folk History and Social Memory
Winner, Wayland Hand Competition for outstanding publication in folklore and history, American Folklore Society
Finalist, award for the best book published about or growing out of public history, National Council on Public History
Winner, Michaelis-Jena Ratcliff Prize for the best study of folklore or folk life in Great Britain and Ireland
“An important and beautifully produced work. Guy Beiner here shows himself to be a historian of unusual talent.”—Marianne Elliott, Times Literary Supplement
“Thoroughly researched and scholarly. . . . Beiner’s work is full of empathy and sympathy for the human remains, memorials, and commemorations of past lives and the multiple ways in which they actually continue to live.”—Stiofán Ó Cadhla, Journal of British Studies
“A major contribution to Irish historiography.”—Maureen Murphy, Irish Literary Supplement
"A remarkable piece of scholarship . . . . Accessible, full of intriguing detail, and eminently teachable.”?—Ray Casman, New Hibernia Review
“The most important monograph on Irish history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to be published in recent years.”—Matthew Kelly, English Historical Review
“A strikingly ambitious work . . . . Elegantly constructed, lucidly written and inspired, and displaying an inexhaustible capacity for research”—Ciarán Brady, History IRELAND
“A closely argued, meticulously detailed and rich analysis . . . . providing such innovative treatment of a wide array of sources, his work will resonate with the concerns of many cultural and historical geographers working on social memory in quite different geographical settings and historical contexts.”—Yvonne Whelan, Journal of Historical Geography | <urn:uuid:ed31d681-9cf1-4e4d-a759-1e36d5ffa688> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://muse.jhu.edu/browse/area_and_ethnic_studies/irish_studies?items_per_page=10&browse_view_type=default&m=21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709224828/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516130024-00034-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92597 | 1,922 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Both the legs and neck of the animal are extremely elongate. The body is short-coupled and the back is sloped upwards from the tail to the base of the neck. There are two ossicones, known by most as “horns” on the skull and a large bump in the middle of the forehead. The eyelashes are quite long and thick.
- Wild – Giraffes are browsers, taking leaves and shoots of Acacia and other trees and shrubs. The only competition that the giraffe has for food is the elephant.
- Zoo – Alfalfa, omolene, tree browse and grain.
All Giraffes are mottled tan and cream to distinct orange or dark liver blotches on a white background. The various subspecies are told by the size and shape of the dark blotches. The edges of the blotches on the Reticulated Giraffe tend to be straight, like cut paper, while those of the Masai Giraffe look like torn paper. Rothchild’s are like the Masai but with a darker center on each spot. The eyes are a dark brown and the mane, ossicone tassels and long tail tassel are black.
Sociable by nature, Giraffes live in loose groups but do not form permanent herds. Adult males, called bulls, have an identifiable pecking order that is established through a ritual of neck wrestling. Females, called cows, move in and out of various groups, and generally hang together more for the watchfulness of others against predators than for companionship. Giraffe very seldom graze, for the same reason that they take great precautions when drinking. Their necks, long as they are, are not long enough to reach the ground. Giraffes must spraddle their legs, or buckle them in a very ungainly manner in order to drink. They must be quite certain that there are no predators around before lowering themselves into such a vulnerable position. Their long necks offer an excellent field of view but they depend on the alarm of others when drinking. If they need to defend themselves, they can run 30 mph, with a stride speed of 25 or more feet.
Giraffes have an extraordinary circulatory system. For instance, they have the highest known blood pressure but, interestingly enough, the blood pressure to the brain drops when the giraffe lowers its head. The blood vessels in the giraffe’s neck are extra heavy – thick walled – in order to withstand the great pressure without a blowout. A giraffe’s long neck has the same number of vertebrae, as most mammals, seven, but each is disproportionately long. Giraffes are ruminants, like cows, with a multi-chambered stomach. The giraffe has a 19-20 inch prehensile tongue that enables the animal to pick shoots and leaves from between the very long thorns of the acacia trees. They have tough mouths and copious amounts of viscous saliva to deal with large thorns.
Breeding & Growth
Females bear one calf that will stay with the mother until the next calf is born, and will often hang out with them for the next year. The calf is about 6 feet tall at birth. The legs of adult giraffes are about 6 feet long to the belly (elbows and knees) so the calf must be that tall to reach the udder for its milk. The calf’s neck is quite short, relatively, but it elongates rather quickly over the calf’s first few months. Giraffe cows deliver standing up. The calf’s front toes appear first, the long legs following, with the neck and nose laid along those legs.
The calf may hang, suspended from the waist for what seems an interminably long time and then whoosh. The cow squats and the calf slips out and slams, splat on its side. The fall is actually only about 3 feet. The shock causes a sudden inhalation and breathing begins. The cow will lick the newborn and it soon raises its head on a wobbly neck. A normal calf stands within about 20 minutes and can run within hours. Giraffes were once thought to be mute, but they do make a soft lowing, especially when with the calf.
- Lifespan Healthy giraffes live about 25 years in the wild.
- Height Males reach 15-20 feet and females 12-17 feet.
- Weight Males range between 1,765-4,255 pounds and females 1,215-2,600 pounds.
- Diet Giraffes browse (take leaves from trees and bushes), they cannot graze (taking grass from the ground).
- Status Vulnerable. | <urn:uuid:effb6d0f-7401-49e2-b9b2-93019e8e07cf> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://fresnochaffeezoo.org/species/giraffe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150134.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724063259-20210724093259-00654.warc.gz | en | 0.942386 | 983 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Journal Article Title: :
Pinning platinum and Pt-oxide nanoparticles on graphite
Nanoparticles of platinum oxide are deposited onto a highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) substrate. The platinum oxide particles are formed by flowing oxygen gas through a hot (1425 K) platinum capillary tube in vacuum. By controlling the temperature and the gas flow, a condition can be reached so that Pt atoms are evaporated from the inner walls of the tube and subsequently oxidised by oxygen either before or after landing on HOPG. Atomic oxygen, produced inside the tube through thermal cracking of O2, is co-deposited onto HOPG. Atomic oxygen form strong bonds with carbon atoms on the HOPG surface and hence a significant number of pinning sites are created for the incoming platinum and platinum oxide...
Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM)
Applied Surface Science
Last update date:
Full Text and Attachments: | <urn:uuid:9ecfd1a1-c098-4690-b6c7-067bc1c26770> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.scholarmate.com/AT/52c71f988a2e88af83ed9e3c69664577 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986657949.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015082202-20191015105702-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.812029 | 201 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Flight Profiles of Estes Alpha Model Rocket
This Demonstration simulates the flight of an Estes Alpha model rocket. The effect of air resistance is taken into account. The altitude and velocity at any time during the flight can be shown using a slider. The time window can be adjusted to focus, for example, on the early moments of the flight. The effect of air resistance is clearly seen in the velocity and altitude graphs. Three different rocket engines can be selected to illustrate the effect of changes in average thrust and thrust duration. The drag coefficient may be adjusted so that its effect may be seen. The time to parachute ejection is calculated and velocity and altitude at this time are plotted.
The flight profile is calculated using NDSolve to compute the velocity as a function of time. Newton's second law gives a differential equation for the velocity, . The equation is complicated by several factors: the thrust and the mass change as the propellant is burned, and the air resistance is a function of the velocity. The thrust is approximated using a constant average thrust during the boost phase. Values for the total impulse and thrust duration are obtained from NAR certified engine data, August, 1996. The average thrust is the impulse divided by the thrust duration. The mass is approximated using a constant average mass computed using the mass of the rocket, .039 kg for a typical Alpha model, plus one half the mass of the propellant, again from the Estes data. The drag is calculated using the equation , where is the drag coefficient, approximated as 0.6 for the Alpha model rocket; is the density of air, 1.2 kg/ at 20 °C and 101kPa; is the cross section area of the Alpha rocket calculated as a circle of radius 0.012 m; and is the velocity of the rocket. With these simplifications, NDSolve easily computes a numerical solution for . The height is obtained by numerically integrating the velocity solution. The velocity and height are plotted as a function of time from liftoff.
Estes Rockets. "001225-Alpha®." (Nov 18, 2014) www.estesrockets.com/rockets/kits/skill-1/001225-alphar. | <urn:uuid:50ff440c-c7ef-4b78-ae73-5f08158ed9ff> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/FlightProfilesOfEstesAlphaModelRocket/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657138718.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712113546-20200712143546-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.920771 | 460 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Is our drinking water safe? When opening the tap for drinking water in our homes, we as consumers always expect perfect drinking water quality almost for free, don’t we? Still there are numerous of cases (in Sweden every week around the year) where water utilities communicate the recommendations to boil the water before drinking, in worst cases too late resulting in outbreaks with thousands of people getting sick annually from drinking the contaminated water from the tap.
Water utilities produce water according to very strict rules and regulations so the drinking water is one of the most controlled foodstuff. However water utilities have problems and challenges to monitor and control drinking water quality throughout the distribution networks, when the drinking water is transported from the water utility to the buildings. In Sweden these long distribution networks (70700 km) are often very old and buried into the ground together with sewage piping’s. One of the main cause of failure and contamination is that sewage water has entered the drinking water distribution network, often either due to the leakage in the distribution lines or by human errors making fault connections between sewage and drinking water piping. Local hospitals are in close contact with the water utilities and alarms if they suspect outbreaks due to contaminated drinking water, when having many patients from the same living area with same syndromes. To isolate and locate the reason for the outbreak takes usually hours or even days, with the risk of exposing even more consumers.
The main method used today to monitor drinking water quality in the distribution lines is to measure samples at the tap that is sent to lab for analysis, which is very time consuming and requires manual labor work. Today most water utilities are using pressure, flow and temperature sensors in the distribution network to mainly monitor and identify leakages that could be a risk when conserving the drinking water quality. Some water utilities even use very expensive multi-probe sensors to measure pH, conductivity, turbidity, chlorine content etc to make a statement of the drinking water quality in easy to access places. Some also use optical sensing and other techniques to measure the level of microbes. These techniques are often very expensive and cannot be placed in places where they bring most value and requires high level of manual maintenance and availability to infrastructure.
The start-up company sense2bits have developed an innovative, robust, reliable, safe and very cost effective sensor system solution based on technology developed at Linköping University in Sweden. This sensor system is an early warning monitoring system that on-line and in real time creates unique drinking water quality data and information for water utilities, that can be installed as a network of sensors placed in optimal places in the whole water distribution network, much closer to the consumer than other existing solutions. The sensor solution have demonstrated at water utilities the ability to detect low levels of sewage water entering the drinking water in pressurized water utility networks, levels as low as compared with sewage water entering a leaking drinking water pipeline during piping maintenance work (0,05% sewage water in drinking water, corresponding in order of tens to hundreds of CFU/100mL E.coli). With a network of sensors out in the distribution lines the water utilities can continuously visualize the drinking water quality in multiple places in real time to early alarm risks of contaminated drinking water and secure a fast reaction (seconds/minutes) to assure that the consumers don’t get exposed to sewage water in their drinking water. This unique drinking water quality data and information can easily be shared with other stakeholders in the drinking water value chain creating even more value.
The targeted market segments for the solution is water utilities and distribution networks, building owners with special needs of monitoring drinking water quality (such as hospitals, elderly homes etc), food industries and private dwell owners.
We are seeking partners to join our vision to safeguard the drinking water value chain by digitalization of the drinking water.
Don’t hesitate to contact us for more information at +46 70 389 2918 or firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:b9d2bc7b-d69b-4183-9a85-38993352fea0> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.sense2bits.se/english/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669352.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117215823-20191118003823-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.945316 | 797 | 3.125 | 3 |
The struggle for Israel's soul
By Franklin C. Spinney, The Hindu, August 20, 2001
THE STRUGGLE for Palestinian independence has exploded into a vicious ethnic war, replete with racial stereotyping and the killing of women and children on both sides. Regardless of how it ends, a legacy of bitterness, mistrust, and alienation will linger for years. A growing number of opinion makers believe the only way to quell the violence is to separate Palestinians from Israelis. But no one seems willing to discuss openly the question of Palestinian water rights, an issue that must be resolved before a just separation can possibly happen. Its answer will bear heavily on how Israel chooses to define itself in the 21st Century.
The idea of separation is an old one in Israel, dating back at least to the theory of the Iron Wall published in 1923 by Ze'ev Jabotinski, a fervent nationalist and father of the Israeli right. But recent events have increased its popularity, and it is now moving overseas. On August 14, Mr. Graham Fuller resurrected it in the Los Angeles Times with an op-ed entitled ``Build a Berlin Wall in the Middle East''.
Mr. Fuller asserted that the rage and psychological scars on both sides made a normalisation of relations inconceivable. The only solution, he opined, was to give the Palestinians an independent state, then cut all its ties with Israel. Mr. Fareed Zakaria, writing in the Washington Post (``The Real Danger for Israel'', August 10), argued for separation and Palestinian statehood, because Israel's neocolonial occupation of Palestinian land requires onerous policies that will eventually destroy Israel's identity as a liberal western democracy.
Mr. Fuller and Mr. Zakaria, like most observers in America, said nothing about the relationship of water to the independent Palestinian state. But access to water will define the nature of that state, and in so doing, the nature of Israel as well.
Over half of Israel's water comes from territories conquered in the 1967 War. For years, Israel has been consuming more water than nature is replacing - and now it is in the third year of the worst drought in over 100 years. The Sea of Galilee is at the lowest level in recorded history. The water level in the mountain aquifer is near or below its red line - the level below which nature cannot replenish itself. Salt water is seeping into the coastal aquifer after years of over-pumping, causing irreversible damage. Israel has been driven out of Lebanon, the only state in the region with a water surplus.
Israelis consume well over three times as much water per capita as the Palestinians. The ratio between settlers and Palestinians is even more unequal, as much as five or six to one. In Gaza, per capita Palestinian consumption is at least 30 per cent below the minimum standard of 100 litres a day set by the World Health Organisation.
How would a separate Palestinian state on the West Bank and Gaza affect the water budget of Israel? It would sit on top of 90 per cent of the replenishment area feeding the mountain aquifer - the underground reservoir that flows from the highlands in the West Bank to the lowlands in Israel. According to Israel's Prime Minister, Mr. Ariel Sharon, this aquifer supplies one-third of Israel's water. Today, Israel consumes over 80 per cent of its annual flows. Under international law, establishing an independent Palestinian state on top of the mountain aquifer would make that aquifer an international waterway. The Palestinian state would be an upstream riparian, giving it a claim on this water. To be sure, Israel would have downstream water rights - but those rights would be like Mexico's water rights to the Colorado River. The unequal distribution of this water would give the Palestinian state a powerful moral as well as legal claim to a far larger share of this water.
A viable Palestinian state could never be surrounded by Israel. Like the isolated Bantustans inside South Africa, such a state would never truly be separate, because it would always be vulnerable to blockade, intrusion, and domination by Israel. The only possible alternative boundary would be one with Jordan along the Lower Jordan River. But if the eastern border of the Palestinian state rested on the banks of the Lower Jordan, that Palestinian state would have a downstream claim on the sources of the water flowing into the Lower Jordan - primarily the drainage basin of the Upper Jordan River that feeds the Sea of Galilee, which can be thought of as a giant holding tank with a drain into the Lower Jordan River. Israel is now pumping so much water out of this drainage basin that the Sea of Galilee is below its red line and its effluent into the lower Jordan is a non-usable saline trickle. An independent Palestinian state, as a downstream riparian, could lay a claim on Israel for some form of compensation for Israel's pre-emption of these upstream water resources.
The upshot: establishing a viable Palestinian state on the West Bank could internationalise as much as two-thirds of Israel's water budget. Such a development would place Israel on the horns of a dilemma: if Israel insisted on its downstream rights to the mountain aquifer, it would validate the same Palestinian claim on water flowing out of the Upper Jordan basin. But if Israel denied the Palestinian downstream riparian claim on the Upper Jordan basin, it would invite a reciprocal pre-emption by the Palestinians with regard to water flowing out of the mountain aquifer.
More than any other country in West Asia, Israel embodies the central ideal of liberal western democracies: namely that government exists for and is grounded on the inalienable rights of the individual - the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In a desert, those rights must include an equitable access to life-sustaining water. Since the total water supply is limited, and because Israel consumes more water than nature replaces, there is only one way to achieve this democratic ideal: Israelis must reduce their consumption to enable increased consumption by Palestinians. But a reduction in Israel's total water consumption raises a second dilemma - and this one reaches deeply into Israel's soul.
In economic terms, there is only one production sector in the Israeli economy that could absorb a meaningful reduction in its water consumption: agriculture. Israel has an advanced high-tech economy, and its agriculture sector is an extremely efficient user of water by western standards. Nevertheless, agriculture contributes only four per cent to Israel's Gross Domestic Product, while it soaks up between 50 per cent and 70 per cent of Israel's water budget. Yet the Zionist ideal rests on agriculture - the heroic struggle of the kibbutz together with the idea of making the desert bloom.
The intifada has impaled Israel on the horns of a dilemma that threatens its very soul: to preserve its sense of a democratic morality based on the rule of law and the idea that every individual has value, Israel must sacrifice the Zionist heritage lying at the core of its heroic national self-image, but to preserve its Zionist ideal Israel must sacrifice the sense of democratic morality lying at the core of post- holocaust Jewish humanism. Left un-addressed, this dilemma will grow steadily worse as the continuing depletion of water resources clashes with the growing needs of a rapidly increasing Palestinian population.
Separation cannot be based on the idea of locking the Palestinians inside parched ghettos on the West Bank or expelling them into Jordan. Israel's new Iron Wall will always leak water, and that leakage requires the kind of farsighted cooperation and sacrifice that will make it a stronger democracy and a beacon of hope to the rest of the world.
Addendum: For a more detailed analysis of the Palestinian water question see Water and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. | <urn:uuid:8218e23d-d089-42d4-8511-cdfb21de966f> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://chuckspinney.blogspot.com/2001/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948673.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327154814-20230327184814-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.943839 | 1,570 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Astronomers working with the Hubble Space Telescope have studied hundreds of thousands of galaxies, to improve their understanding of how galaxies are born and change over time. These new results have allowed them to construct a model of what the Milky Way would have looked like shortly after it was first formed, between seven and 11 billion years ago.A team of astronomers led by Pieter G. van Dokkum of Yale University and Shannon Patel of Leiden University has shed light on how the Milky Way galaxy formed in its early years. By studying images of more than 100,000 spiral galaxies, at distances of up to 11 billion light years away, they were able to build a clear picture of how galaxies like our own typically develop after their initial formation. They found that these early galaxies contain huge amounts of gas, with relatively few stars and very little dust. New stars are produced at a prodigous rate – some fifteen times faster than they are being produced in the Milky Way today – and over time the spirals bulk out into the form they have now. Spirals start with the same basic structure that they carry in later life: A central bulge, probably containing a supermassive black hole, surrounded by a thin disc, like two fried eggs placed back to back. Elliptical galaxies, by contrast, start out with just a large dense core. These galaxies grow through interactions with other galaxies – they fly close by each other, distort each other gravitationally, and eventually coalesce into a new, larger galaxy. Over time the elliptical becomes large enough to consume smaller galaxies, and so it grows ever larger.
As is becoming common in modern astronomy, the scientists did not need to comission time for observations on the Hubble. Instead, they accessed the data from three previous large-scale surveys that had already been performed in earlier research, and filtered out the objects of interest. The projects used were the 3D-HST survey, the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey and the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey. Each survey looked at the sky in a different way, and by combining them the team were able to assemble spectroscopic, infrared and visual imagery of distant galaxies. This information was enough to allow them to identify the age, size, distance and type of each galaxy. They could also measure factors like the rate of star formation, and amounts of dust and gas.
By sampling such a large number of galaxies, astronomers can be sure of catching them at all different ages. “In these observations, we’re capturing most of the evolution of the Milky Way,” explained team member Joel Leja of Yale University. “These deep surveys allow us to see the smaller galaxies. In previous observations we could only see the most luminous galaxies in the distant past, and now we can look at more normal galaxies. Hubble gives us the shapes and colors of these spirals as well as their distances from Earth. We also can measure the rates at which each part of the galaxies grew. All of this is difficult to do from the ground.”
So what does all this tell us about the history of the Milky Way? In the very beginning, a spiral galaxy formed. It was composed mostly of gas, had very few stars, and was quite dim. Dim enough, in fact, that galaxies that far back in time can’t be seen by the Hubble. We will have to wait till the James Webb telescope is built and parked in orbit before we can start looking that deeply into the universe. But eventually it had grown to the point where our story begins – somewhere between seven and eleven billion years ago. At this stage it looks like the bottom panel in the image above – thin, no dust lanes, slightly blue and dotted with thousands of pink star-forming regions as its abundant stocks of gas coalesce into billions of new stars at a rate of about 5 each year. Over time the biggest and hottest of these stars race through their lifecycle and explode into supernovae, seeding heavier elements into the rest of the galaxy. Later on, less massive stars die more gracefully, shedding their outer layers packed with simpler elements like carbon. Together, these outpourings start building up into vast dust clouds, until the galaxy looks as it does today: Thick, bright, opaque, and full of dark patches where dark dust clouds block the light. | <urn:uuid:e28beb2b-5683-42d8-b240-5d868a18629a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.urban-astronomer.com/news-and-updates/what-the-milky-way-looked-like-billions-of-years-ago/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607786.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524035700-20170524055700-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.968177 | 893 | 4.5 | 4 |
/ Published March 26, 2018
Bill Lambert: World War I Flying Ace by Samuel J. Wilson. McFarland and Company, Inc., 2016, 276 pp.
William Lambert, from Ironton, Ohio, a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, was America’s second leading ace behind the famous Eddie Rickenbacker. Like Rickenbacker, Lambert patrolled the dangerous skies over France during the “Great War” delivering justice to the Iron Cross as a member of Britain’s Royal Flying Corps, No. 24 Squadron. The author explains that it was his love for aviation that drew him to service via Canada where he championed flight training and proved himself combat-ready.
The book entitled Bill Lambert: World War I Flying Ace, includes a brief summary of the Wright Brothers’ struggle to make aviation possible. Readers unfamiliar with aviation terminology, such as air foil, wing warping, rudder, elevator control, and ailerons may find it difficult to follow the progress and accomplishments of early American aviation. However, the author, Samuel J. Wilson, does an exquisite job chronicling the life and times of this decorated fighter pilot of the First World War, who largely lived in the shadows of the more vocal aviators in early aviation.
Wilson is a history professor at the University of Rio Grande in Ohio. He is careful to cite the professional work and memoirs of Lambert who kept a daily log during the war and published his book, Combat Report. As Lambert’s timeline advances through 1918, the author provides current events and strategy of the Allies to generate a more complete and much-needed battlefield picture. Though the citations can become a bit distracting, they provide comfort to the reader that this man’s story and his conquests are true and accurate. He also provides corroborating support by examining available squadron historical records. The stories are vivid accounts of contact with the enemy, the perils of an inattentive pilot and the successes of No. 24 Squadron. Pilots faced many challenges flying in an open cockpit and dealing with incessant system failures that plagued operations and degraded the spirits of eager fighter pilots such as Lambert.
Sadly, Lambert’s involvement in the “Great War” ended abruptly and prematurely. He suffered from combat stress or “shell-shock” as it was diagnosed at the time. It is now termed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The chapter dedicated to his diagnosis, and the condition is mind-opening and impactful for anyone who has experienced similar symptoms or knows someone who has struggled with this very real disease. PTSD impacted Lambert for the rest of his life of 87 years, and his character because the way in which he dealt with his problems were less than popular in the court of public opinion. The author is brutally honest in telling Lambert’s personal side, his promiscuous behavior during his barnstorming days after the war, and his stubbornness and crotchety demeanor later in life that only worked to push friends and acquaintances away.
This book can spawn a greater interest in World War I aviation and America’s first fighter pilots. The early machines may lack the appeal of modern-day airpower with all of the bells and whistles of advanced technology, precision guided munitions, and stealth technology. However, these dogfights— told from an ace’s perspective—are real, engaging, and leave the reader in suspense. It is hard to put the book down as each encounter with the enemy keeps the pages turning highlighting Lambert’s 22 confirmed victories. It has the underpinnings of being a Hollywood production as Lambert advances to the edge of greatness, departing the Great War as America’s leading ace only to be outdone by a fellow countryman and equally excellent pilot who is not fully covered in this publication. It is a must read for historians and aviation enthusiasts.
SMSgt Christopher Wlodarczyk, USAF
Creech AFB, Nevada
401 Chennault Circle
Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6010 | <urn:uuid:a1cc04a8-f261-429c-abe7-73c42c64ec52> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/ASPJ/Book-Reviews/Article/1475861/bill-lambert-world-war-i-flying-ace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.961734 | 834 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Governor of Florida declared a state of emergency ahead of Tropical Storm Erika's arrival later this weekend, when it is expected to reach hurricane status. While hurricane season has been fairly quiet to this point, Erika could bring some potential trouble to Florida and other states on the east coast. Because of this, we want to remind everyone that NFPA has hurricane preparedness information and safety basics on our website that will be useful before, during and after a hurricane.
These tips include things like locating area shelters and the best way to travel to them beforehand, and creating disaster supply kits with your family. During a hurricane, it is important to remember:
- Remain inside, away from windows and doors.
- During power outages try to avoid carrying a lit candle. Use flashlights instead. Don't use a lit candle when searching for items in a confined space. Never use a candle for a light when checking pilot lights or fueling equipment such as a kerosene heater or lantern. The flame may ignite the fumes. Read NFPA's candle safety fact sheet.
- Do not be fooled by the calm when the eye of the hurricane is above your area; the worst of the storm is probably yet to come.
- Be prepared for tornadoes caused by hurricanes; remain inside and at the center of your home or in a closet or basement. | <urn:uuid:4ddec603-143e-4aa1-9176-d9bb6fc3ae2d> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://nfpatoday.blog.nfpa.org/safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645167592.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031247-00165-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932666 | 274 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Cattle have been a part of the American agricultural landscape since the arrival of New World colonists beginning in 1493 with the second Spanish voyage. Cattle indigenous to Europe were brought with immigrants during the colonization of America, and the many different types of cattle they brought have provided milk, meat, leather, tallow, draft power, and pleasure for centuries. Modern breed associations maintain pedigree registries of purebred animals for each breed that descends from these colonial, as well as later, introductions. Registration of animals destined to become breeding stock is essential to the long-term security of the breeds. Registration validates purebred status of animals and assures their availability for conservation by future generations.
Many cattle breeds that were once core components of regional cultures are now in danger of extinction. As cultures are homogenized and historic agricultural traditions abandoned, the flavors and food traditions that revolved around specific breeds are threatened as well.
In response to this threat, The Livestock Conservancy is defining Heritage Cattle, and the Heritage Beef and Milk that come from them. This ensures that the legacy left to succeeding generations has as much genetic breadth and biological robustness as the current generation has itself inherited from previous generations. The definition draws attention to endangered breeds of cattle, supports their genetic integrity and long-term conservation, encourages management strategies that are biologically appropriate and agriculturally sustainable, and celebrates the cultural and culinary traditions of these breeds. Cattle and cattle products marketed as Heritage must meet all of the following criteria.
Heritage Cattle must adhere to all of the following:
Once animals have met the criteria of the Heritage Cattle definition, their products too much evaluated against the criteria established for Heritage Beef, Heritage Milk, and Heritage Milk Products.
Heritage Cattle Products must come from:
A. Definition of Heritage Beef Products:
Beef animals and their products marketed as Heritage Beef must:
B. Definition of Heritage Milk or Heritage Milk Products:
Milk marketed as Heritage Milk must:
Products made with Heritage Milk:
Terms like “heirloom,” “antique,” old-fashioned,” and “old timey” imply heritage and are understood to be synonymous with the definition provided here. | <urn:uuid:241cefb2-6636-436c-8bd0-8ddbda818c9f> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.livestockconservancy.org/index.php/resources/internal/heritage-cattle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648008.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00303-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953951 | 459 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Thanks to new monitoring techniques that improve flood forecasting, Switzerland is now less prone to the catastrophic type of flooding that has hit the country over the past few decades.This content was published on February 8, 2013 - 11:00
“We can now compare the current situation with other situations in previous years, and tell the flood forecasters if there is significantly more snow than average in the mountains that is due to melt over the next couple of days,” says researcher Tobias Jonas.
Jonas is a hydrologist at the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), a Davos-based institute carrying out cutting-edge work in the field.
The research is important as half of Switzerland is over 1,000 metres above sea level and a quarter over 2,000 metres, so roughly a third of all annual precipitation is snow. When it melts, it can lead to spring floods. In May 1999, heavy rainfall coincided with the main snowmelt period, resulting in devastating floods causing damage totalling SFr580 million ($626 million).
The disaster raised awareness of snow hydrology in general and led to the monitoring of snow water resources being integrated into the federal flood forecasting system.
Keeping track of the distribution of snow is vital for predicting run off - the water that flows over the land when the soil is saturated and excess water from rain, melt water or other sources cannot be absorbed.
Water produced by melting snow is known by hydrologists as the “snow water equivalent” (SWE). Until recently, this was very difficult to quantify.
There are only about 40 monitoring stations in Switzerland providing SWE data and the measurements are fairly infrequent, as they are time consuming. Teams of scientists have to dig holes in the snow right down to ground level to extract ice cores, which are then weighed.
The turning point was in 2008, when the WSL was asked to estimate how much water from snow was expected to flow into a Swiss lake. If the lake was likely to flood, preventive measures could be taken.
Unsatisfied with available SWE measurements, Jonas came up with a more accurate way of estimating the snow water equivalent. He developed a snow density model based on old SWE data, which he used in conjunction with current snow depth measurements. The latter are provided by observers in 200 different mountain stations and an additional 135 automatic monitors that deliver new figures every 30 minutes.
Dealing with natural disasters
The main authority for the prevention of natural hazards is the Federal Environment Office. This makes recommendations concerning hazards associated with mass movements, floods and earthquakes. It is also in charge of compiling hazard maps.
The Federal Meteorology and Climatology Office (MeteoSwiss) also plays an important role in disaster risk reduction in terms of forecasts and observing climate change. The Federal Civil Protection Office plans and coordinates emergency measures to be implemented in the case of disasters or acts of terrorism.End of insertion
Helping flood forecasters
This new technique of combining actual measurements with models enabled the WSL to provide daily maps that show how much water the snow will yield at 350 different stations throughout Switzerland. Snow hydrological bulletins are then sent to flood forecasters.
Thanks to this information, flooding was avoided in Zurich in the winter of 2011. The lake level was controlled so that it rose more slowly than in previous years in anticipation of large amounts of melt water from the mountains.
Switzerland’s water resources are in a constant state of flux, so the institute has to stay abreast of new related research. It was involved in a study published in 2012 by the Federal Environment Office, which investigated how climate change would influence the water balance in Switzerland by the year 2100.
The study, called CCHydro, found that as a result of the rise in the snow line associated with increasing temperatures, the amounts of snow and ice stored in the Alps would be greatly reduced. Experts predicted it would become drier in the summer and wetter in the winter and there would be more droughts and flooding.
What is the operational snow-hydrological service?
The operational snow-hydrological service (OSHD) was set up in 2009 by the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research. It monitors the distribution of snow water resources, based on data from several monitoring networks.
The OSHD is integrated into the Swiss federal warning framework for natural hazards. It helps the authorities to take evasive action when heavy rain and melting snow combined put pressure on rivers and lakes.End of insertion
In the light of these findings, the WSL is using the experience gained from dealing with floods to improve drought predictions. It is involved in a research project called Drought.ch, part of a National Research Programme (NRP 61) to develop methods for sustainable water management, particularly in shortage situations.
Drought.ch aims to improve the modeling, observation, and forecasting of droughts in Switzerland, and to develop an early warning system to help the authorities in charge of regulating water use in different areas.
By using models in combination with measurements recorded every day of the year, the research team has already made great strides. Drought predictions that were once only available a few days in advance can now be accessed between ten and 30 days before the predicted event.
The researchers take actual measurements of snow cover, precipitation and the amount of moisture contained in the soil below the snowline. Computer models simulate the conditions for the days ahead, based on these figures, and also using historical data from previous years.
“Modern research products like these enable water managers to visualise and interpret information that was not available before,” says Massimiliano Zappa, head of the WSL’s hydrological forecasting research unit.
If a drought seems likely, a hosepipe ban can be imposed, or new restrictions introduced on the use of rivers. River water can be diverted from elsewhere, potentially saving large areas of crops.
This article was automatically imported from our old content management system. If you see any display errors, please let us know: email@example.com | <urn:uuid:5f03c888-4e01-400b-8a15-6368a266e88e> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/hi-tech-forecasting_snow-monitoring-methods-reduce-flood-risk/34903086 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362287.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202175510-20211202205510-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.951542 | 1,271 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Cities should make the lives of their residents easier and better. Implementing changes that do not serve the citizens would be a mistake. That is why city leaders should encourage citizens to participate in making decision about the city’s future. A good example of this is how city of Minneapolis updated its comprehensive plan. The city’s new comprehensive plan is transparently displayed on a decicated website and residents are encouraged to submit their suggestions and opinions.
Better collaboration between the city authorities and citizens can also be achieved by simplifying the process of applying for something, paying for something, reporting etc. And new technologies can help make that possible. One such example is Seattle’s Find It, Fix It app, which citizens can use to report graffiti, abandoned vehicles or potholes.
Cities should above all evolve in a way that benefits all the city’s residents – including the poorer ones, minorities etc. A great move in this direction was made by mayor of San Francisco Mark Farrell, who supported the idea to develop a project to give high speed internet access to every citizen. This will help residents that live under the poverty line get internet access for free. This way the poorest can integrate better, be more productive and contribute more to their communities. In the end, everybody wins.
A very important aspect of the relationship between city leaders and its residents is trust. If citizens do not trust the local government, they will not support the decisions about the city’s development. That is why cities should explain to the residents why and how the proposed changes will benefit them. The leaders should inform the public how they propose to implement the changes and how much will it cost. By being open, transparent and treating the residents as equal partners, the city leaders can lead the city to a better future.
Photo Source: smartcitiesdive | <urn:uuid:c0cdaa5b-86ef-492e-ac59-f054d381d5da> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://agilicity.com/citizens-are-partners-not-test-subjects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545090.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522063657-20220522093657-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.943897 | 376 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Day eight of LGBT History Month features Truman Capote, a critically acclaimed author of contemporary American literature best known for the novels In Cold Blood and Breakfast at Tiffany’s.
From his bio at the LGBT History Month website:
“Failure is a condiment that gives success its flavor.”
Truman Capote is a critically acclaimed author of contemporary American literature. He is best known for the novels “In Cold Blood” and “Breakfast at Tiffany’s.”
Born Truman Persons in New Orleans, Capote’s parents divorced shortly after his birth. Neglected by his mother, he was sent to Alabama to live with his aunt. While in Alabama, Capote began a lifelong friendship with Harper Lee, author of “To Kill a Mockingbird.” In 1934, Capote’s mother married a successful businessman. She reclaimed her son and the family moved to Manhattan. Truman adopted his step-father Joe Capote’s last name.
At 17, Capote dropped out of high school and worked as a copyboy for The New Yorker. He began writing well-received articles and short stories. In 1948, Capote published his first novel, “Other Voices, Other Rooms.” The novel’s exploration of homosexual themes, coupled with its provocative cover photo of Capote, garnered him fame and controversy.
In 1958, Capote published “Breakfast at Tiffany’s,” which was adapted into an iconic film starring Audrey Hepburn. In 1965, Capote secured his place among the American literary elite with “In Cold Blood.” He based the novel on the high- profile murder of a Kansas farming family. With “In Cold Blood,” Capote created a new literary genre, the nonfiction novel, which combines fact and fiction. Among Capote’s other popular works are “Local Color” (1950), “The Grass Harp” (1951), “The Muses are Heard” (1956), “The Dogs Bark” (1973) and “Music for Chameleons” (1980). He also wrote numerous plays and screenplays, most notably “The Innocents” (1961).
Capote was also famous for his extravagant lifestyle and flamboyant personality. He appeared frequently on television talk shows and was a prominent member of the social elite, often in the company of the Chaplins, the Kennedys and Marilyn Monroe. Capote was openly gay during a period when the subject was taboo. In 1966, he hosted the Black and White Ball, which is regarded as one of the most important social events of the decade. For 35 years, Capote was in a relationship with fellow author Jack Dunphy.
Those going into literature often have a hard time as it is, but add being gay on top of that and having grown up in a disadvantaged home situation and one might think it made a recipe for disaster. Instead Capote lived true to himself and found a way to overcome. | <urn:uuid:2c0779f1-01bd-4b61-bba8-630f41742a10> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://queerphc.wordpress.com/2012/10/08/lgbt-history-month-day-8-truman-capote/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124297.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00204-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981728 | 640 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Hexapod motion and positioning platforms have traditionally been used in engineering, optics, and physics applications for their ability to provide precision motion in all degrees of freedom and flexibility based on a programmable center of rotation. As hexapods become more mainstream, applications expand into medical fields as well. Dental biomechanics deals with the interactions between dental materials, treatment instruments or dentures and the reaction of teeth, biological tissues, etc. to mechanical stresses. A wide spectrum of force systems occur here with masticatory forces exerting loads to 380 N and torques to several Nm.
At the same time, movements of several orders of magnitude are involved: orthodontic equipment can change the position of teeth by up to several mm, whereas —during mastication— teeth are deflected by less than 100 µm and implants by as little as a few microns or less. These combinations of small forces with large deflections on the one hand, and large forces and extremely small deflections on the other, represent a challenge with respect to the biomechanical metrology.
To deal with this challenge, the Dental Clinic of the University of Bonn designed the HexMeS (Hexa- pod Measuring System) based on PI’s M-850 high load hexapod. The ability to move in all six axes in a highly stiff, small package, with resolutions of less than 1 µm (1 arcsec) was key reasons for choosing the hexapod motion system.
Because of the high hexapod stiffness of 100 N/µm, deflections can usually be calculated directly from the Hexapod motion. For high-load testing — simulations of mastication in the 100 N range — the optical sensor of the HexMeS is used, it provides resolution to 0.7 µm / 0.2 arcsec. The performance of the system has been tested with dental implants, telescope crowns, and orthodontic prostheses.
A recent paper on testing commercial short dental implants is available here.
Additional research to improve simulation results has been carried out by scientists at the University of Ulm.
Here, the focus was the adaptation of orthodontic apparatuses, to better understand the response of a tooth (elastically embedded in the jaw bone) to forces and torques. The measurements cannot be done directly in vivo on the patient. FEA simulation alone did not provide a clear answer, because of too many unknowns – e.g. the biomechanical behavior of the connective tissue of the periodontal ligament (PDL).
Scientists from the University of Ulm tried a different approach using realistic simulations on a model. The result is a numerically controlled experimental setup that allows measurements of the clinically relevant forces acting on the tooth during the orthodontic tooth motion. In this way, FEA models can be checked and modified on the basis of real measurements.
Using a Hexapod with 6 degrees of freedom motion and a programmable center of rotation provides advantages for simulating the small motions of a tooth in the jawbone. For simulation, the Hexapod was combined with a force sensor mounted on a rigid rotary table. A phantom tooth (essentially an orthodontic bracket) is mounted directly at the sensor.
Thanks to the high stiffness and positioning accuracy of the hexapod, the force applied to the specimen can be exactly assigned to a position, allowing the stress points at the tooth to be determined.
The results obtained with the simulation model contribute to a better evaluation of orthodontic processes in the oral cavity and a more effective design of corrective measures. Similar results can also be achieved in other areas, for example in dental and hip implants or the like, using suitable test setups.
Authors: Christoph Bourauel and Ludger Keilig, Department for Orthodontics Friedrich-Wilhelms- Universität, Bonn; Martin Geiger, Research Assistant at the University, Hospital of Ulm, Hospital for Orthodontics; Birgit Bauer, Business Development Manager Health, PI (Physik Instrumente) | <urn:uuid:3ef8a8a2-dd04-4280-9081-77c954bf81c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.pi-usa.us/blog/dental-biomechanics-research-based-on-hexapod-6-axis-platform/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.914194 | 850 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Humans lived as hunter-gatherers for most of their existence, and there are still some hunter-gatherer cultures in the contemporary world. Their religious beliefs are not well understood, as hunter-gatherers do not often make a distinction between the natural and supernatural realms. While most hunter-gatherer religions are believed to be a reflection of animatistic or animistic beliefs, recent research has revealed more complexity among some groups.
Those societies that live by hunting, including fishing, and gathering of plant or other resources are termed hunter-gatherers. They are not engaged in food production such as agriculture or herding domesticated animals. While humans have existed for roughly two million years, it is only during the last 10,000 years that most cultures have engaged in food production. Thus, hunting and gathering existed as the primary method of subsistence for over 99 percent of human existence.
Theories about the religious practices of hunter-gatherers of the past are based on ethnographic analogy with modern groups. It has been generally believed that their religious practices are not highly complex. It is also believed that many early human societies, including hunter-gatherers, practiced animatism. This is a belief that all objects, whether animate or inanimate, such as animals, trees and rocks, possess an impersonal supernatural power. Religion centers on controlling or protecting oneself and others from this power.
Another common religious belief among hunter-gatherers is animism. It differs from animatism in that objects are controlled by personal and animate supernatural power. Rather than possessing impersonal supernatural power, natural objects are possessed by intelligent supernatural beings, or spirits, that can interact with humans in beneficial or malevolent ways. Because hunter-gatherer interaction with the natural world is intertwined with all aspects of their culture and subsistence, it is difficult to separate those beliefs that dwell on the supernatural with common beliefs about the natural world.
Sophisticated religion with temple building and monumental architecture was believed to have originated among agricultural societies. However, modern research on at least one site indicates that hunter-gatherers could have also engaged in such activities. The Göbekli Tepe site in southern Turkey is believed to date from 11,600 years ago, during a time when local cultures were hunter-gatherers. This site consists of dozens of large stone pillars as much as 18 feet high, carved with various animal motifs and formed in concentric circles. It represents the oldest known monumental architecture in the world. It was believed that animistic and animatistic hunter-gatherer societies were not organized to the extent to be able to construct huge, elaborate temples, which require large numbers of people and highly organized labor. Göbekli Tepe suggests that hunter-gatherer religion, at least in southern Turkey, could have been more complex than previously known.
John Peterson published his first article in 1992. Having written extensively on North American archaeology and material culture, he has contributed to various archaeological journals and publications. Peterson has a Bachelor of Arts from Eastern New Mexico University and a Master of Arts from the University of Nebraska, both in anthropology, as well as a Bachelor of Arts in history from Columbia College. | <urn:uuid:a8a8b2b2-fd17-43c7-814a-8fb2375ae579> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.theclassroom.com/hunter-gatherers-religious-beliefs-12087030.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646937.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531150014-20230531180014-00657.warc.gz | en | 0.967322 | 673 | 3.71875 | 4 |
When compared to other high school subjects, math is the most widely loathed. Algebra, geometry, pre-calculus, trigonometry, calculus––you name it––they’ve all got a bad reputation, one likely formed in kindergarten and following us well into our lives as college students, and it’s not hard to see why. Math class can be difficult and, more importantly, abstract. As a middle school student, it can be frustrating to understand the importance of algebra II, especially when it doesn’t fit naturally in your strengths.
With that said, math skills are some of the most important for your children to acquire. Not only can math be exciting, but it can also open new doors for your child. A mastery of quantitative skills is one of the best ways to guarantee success beyond high school. Sure, pre-algebra might not seem important now, but it could eventually lead your child to a rewarding career in finance, computer science, or even aviation. The sky is truly the limit.
If your child struggles with math, there is luckily a simple solution: an online math tutor from Thinkster. When it comes to test prep, homework help, and exam practice, our tutors, with their years of experience, can help provide the math help to set your child on a path to success. Here’s how.
The first step of the Thinkster method is figuring out students’ strengths and weaknesses. Before the first tutoring session, your child will take a skills assessment. Whether a learner is above or below their grade level, we’ll determine which math concepts give them the most trouble and meet the student’s needs accordingly.
After this initial phase, our expert math tutors will develop a plan based on the learner’s particular needs. From algebra to calculus––from fractions to geometry––our world-class curriculum can be tailored to meet students in the right place for their needs, addressing difficult concepts in a specialized way unavailable to math teachers in traditional settings. You can even try this all at no cost with one of our free trials.
Technically speaking, your child will interact with their math tutor every time they log on. Each of our online math tutors will design a series of math worksheets tailored to the needs of your student. For example, if a learner needs help with high school geometry, our mathematics tutors will administer a series of worksheets filled with relevant math problems. Similar to traditional math homework, your tutor will grade these worksheets on a daily basis, tracking progress over time. These homework assignments come with sample equations allowing high school students to understand the basics of a mathematical principle before implementing it on their own.
Additionally, with premium Thinkster plans, students can meet virtually with their tutor, wherein they can ask any math questions regarding either their classroom math courses or their customized worksheets. This ability to interact with a private tutor in real-time is one of the things that sets Thinkster apart from other private tutoring services.
When it comes to test prep, be it related to study skills, practice tests, or standardized testing, your Thinkster math tutor is ready to help. When consulting with your tutor, you can specify what your unique goals are. From boosting your GPA to conquering that middle school algebra test, we will provide you with the best math help, backed by years of experience.
In terms of high school math, we currently offer a math curriculum in algebra, algebra II, pre-calculus, calculus, AP calculus, geometry, statistics, and trigonometry. These generally cover most math curriculum requirements in high school.
Apart from high school, we also offer online math assistance for learners from kindergarten to middle school. Regardless of age, we can help your child achieve better grades through the help of our online classroom.
Actually, we have two apps available on both Android and iOs mobile devices.
The first app is for learners. This is where students will set up an account in order to complete their worksheets and meet with their tutors. They can check out leaderboards that allow them to compare their scores to those of their virtual classmates. For those with more competitive learning styles, this feature is a great way to motivate them through their homework questions.
Our second app is designed for parents, allowing you to track your child’s learning and examine if they’re reaching the desired proficiency. Once you link your account to your child’s, you’ll be able to track all sorts of metrics, a unique feature of our online math program. Curious how well a math tutor is reaching your middle school student? Simply log onto the app and check out your child’s progress on geometry worksheets.
Are your math tutoring programs approved by the department of mathematics and Common Core?
All of our online math curriculum materials are aligned with Common Core standards and practices. Whatever the subject, from calculus and geometry and even trigonometry, you can rest assured that our math educators are preparing your child for success in the classroom and beyond.
Our elite math tutors are ready to help make your child a math champion! Sign up for our zero $ free trial to get started today.Start Zero $ Free Trial | <urn:uuid:3c80287d-9b23-46b8-b600-a97b98751862> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://hellothinkster.com/blog/how-a-thinkster-online-math-tutor-can-pave-the-path-to-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195069.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128040731-20201128070731-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.939851 | 1,083 | 2.6875 | 3 |
HTTPS is a protocol that provides secure Internet transactions between web browsers and web sites. You can check to see if the web page you are visiting uses HTTPS by making sure that the URL at the top of your browser begins with HTTPS rather than HTTP. The “S” stands for secure. Some browsers also indicate that you are using a secure connection by displaying a closed lock in the corner of the browser.
HTTPS protects users from certain kinds of Internet surveillance. By encrypting your connection, HTTPS prevents eavesdroppers from seeing the contents of your communication with a website, including potentially sensitive data such as the contents of your email and chats, login credentials, search terms, and credit card numbers. Many sites support the use of HTTPS, but may not turn it on by default. Other sites have failed to implement HTTPS at all. Learn more about HTTPS here.
There are a bunch of Firefox addons, like HTTPS Everywhere, that will enable HTTPS encryption automatically on websites that supported. However, starting with version 76.0, Firefox comes with a hidden built-in setting known as HTTPS Only Mode which does the exact same thing. Let’s see how to enable the setting….
1. Open Firefox and, in the address bar, type
2. Click on Accept the Risk and Continue
3. In the search field type
4. By default, the preference value is set to
false. Double click on it to set it to
5. Restart your browser and you’re all set. Now, when you visit websites that also supports the secure HTTPS protocol, Firefox will force the upgrade. However, if a website still uses the unsecure HTTP protocol you’ll get an error. | <urn:uuid:12e554a8-8dff-4008-a11d-bc5d6fb5bd06> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.funkyspacemonkey.com/how-to-enable-https-only-mode-in-firefox | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926113251-20220926143251-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.891895 | 367 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Ready For Relief
This winter, herbs will help you give sickness the cold shoulder
By James J. Gormley
No one wants to be slowed down by illness, yet every year 1 billion people in the United States get a cold and anywhere from 56 million to 140 million come down with the flu. Your best defenses against sickness are to wash your hands frequently, eat well, get plenty of rest, and keep a positive attitude. (I will stay healthy. I will stay healthy.) But if you happen to catch either a cold or the flu, it's helpful to quickly identify whether your infection is bacterial or viral, and to know how to support your system with herbs as you begin to recover.
Which Do You Have?
A cold begins slowly, often two to three days after infection. It brings on a scratchy, sore throat, followed by sneezing and a runny nose. Body temperature stays about normal, or goes up slightly (except in children, who can run a fever as high as 102 degrees). Cold symptoms can stick around anywhere from two days to one week.
Of the 200-plus viruses that cause the common cold and sinusitis, the great majority are rhinoviruses, or "nose viruses." Nose viruses lead to inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the nasal passages (rhinitis) and bronchial tubes (bronchitis).
Flus, on the other hand, come on like gangbusters, along with headaches, a dry cough, chills, fatigue, and weakness. The incubation period for flu viruses is about 18 to 72 hours. With symptoms that usually become much more severe than those of a cold, the flu—which refers to illness caused by a group of influenza viruses that fall into three major types—makes you feel "knocked out" and often produces muscle aches in your back and legs. Fevers can run high (102 to 104 degrees), though the temperature normally starts to drop on the second or third day, when respiratory symptoms, such as nasal congestion and sore throat, crop up. Fatigue and weakness can go on for days and even weeks.
Over-the-counter cold-and-flu remedies, though popular, simply mask undesirable symptoms. Herbs, when used properly, are safe alternatives that work with your body to provide cold and flu relief.
Over-the-counter cold-and-flu remedies simply mask symptoms, such as fever, congestion, and sore-throat pain, and they decrease nasal secretions and suppress coughs. Despite the fact that many over-the-counter remedies, including cough preparations, combination cold products, pain relievers (analgesics), decongestants, and antihistamines, are considered ineffective and transient, Americans spent around $3.2 billion on such medications in 1995. And the National Center for Health Statistics estimates we now spend more than $5 billion annually on over-the-counter cold-and-flu products.
Herbs To The Rescue
In contrast, an impressive body of evidence—much of it carried out in European studies—is building in support of herbal relief from cold-and-flu symptoms. Victoria Dolby Toews, MPH, and Ray Sahelian, MD, authors of The Common Cold Cure (Avery, 1999), recommend the following ten herbs for help.
Herbs For A Cold
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). To ease sore-throat discomfort, use lozenges or tea. If tea, drink three to four cups a day.
Marshmallow (Althea officinalis). To soothe a sore throat, use lozenges, syrup, or tea; if using as a tea, gargle at the back of the throat.
Mullein (Verbascum thapus). To loosen phlegm and congestion, drink several cups of the tea per day.
Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra). To quell a cough and soothe a sore throat, dissolve lozenges on the tongue, as needed.
Herbs For The Flu
Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum). To reduce a fever over 102 degrees, use one to two teaspoons of the dried herb to make a bitter-tasting tea, or take one to two ml of the liquid extract three times a day. Take homeopathic eupatorium at a schedule of five pellets (at 7C or 9C potency) every hour. Caution: The herbal form (not the homeopathic form) can cause nausea and vomiting if overused. Use only for short periods while suffering from the flu. People with liver problems should avoid the herbal form.
Elderberry (Sambucus nigra). To shorten the duration of the flu, take ten ml of the liquid extract twice a day, or 100 to 200 mg in tablet or capsule form three to four times a day. Begin within 24 hours of the first symptoms.
White willow bark (Salix alba). To ease aches and pains, take one to two ml of liquid tincture three times a day, or 60 to 120 mg of salicin in tablet or capsule form. Caution: Do not take if you are allergic to aspirin or younger than 14 years.
Herbs For Colds And Flus
Echinacea (Echinacea spp). To shorten cold and flu duration, take one to two ml of liquid extract three times a day, or 200 to 400 mg in tablet or capsule form three to four times a day.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale). To ease nausea when suffering from colds and flus, take one gram (1,000 mg) of ginger in tablet or capsule form, or drink several cups of ginger tea a day.
- Green tea (Camellia sinensis). To boost immunity, drink several cups of this tea a day, or take 250 to 750 mg of green tea extract in tablet or capsule form.
Strive For Prevention
Attempting to avoid catching a cold or the flu in the first place is still your best option. Even so, germ exposure happens.
"Barring locking yourself in a bubble, it seems that almost no one can escape the flu every season," says James Duke, PhD, herbalist and author of the upcoming CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, second edition (CRC Press, 2002). "Each year, viruses seem to hit harder than they did in previous years, leaving millions of Americans walking around with fevers, aches, and runny noses." Flu viruses, Duke notes, "can pass along mutations to their offspring, perhaps in an hour or less." Thus, they seem to be "more virulent and more resistant year after year."
So remember to wash your hands, eat well, and get enough sleep. But if this season's batch of maladies catches you off guard, look to a selection of herbs to help you recover.
James Gormley wrote DHA, A Good Fat: Essential for Life (Kensington, 1999). A former editor-in-chief of Better Nutrition magazine, he is a regular health commentator on FOX TV's Good Day New York. | <urn:uuid:208f9630-d050-4f7c-ab3c-8edcfc17687a> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://deliciousliving.com/print/health/ready-relief | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097354.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00221-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915603 | 1,489 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Throat Cancer: Can This Be Genetic?
Cancer is a plague which has been around since as far back as we can remember, only that the technology at previous era were not enough to detect this malady. The symptoms also can be likened to various other infections and diseases, producing misconceptions and wrong diagnoses and treatment that led to past mortality. However, advancement in technology has aided immensely in exposing the mechanism and the occurrences of cancer in the human body.
Throat cancer, like every other cancer is fatal and takes localization in the nasopharynx where it alters the genetic makeup of throat cells and begins to multiply at an exponential rate against the normal bodily functions. The Epstein Barr virus has been tagged as a possible causative agent as it is known to infect and invade the DNA cells in the throat; however, the body immune system easily inhibits the activities of this virus and destroys it so causes are still uncertain.
Nasopharyngeal (throat) cancer is widely spread across the world in parts of North Africa, North America and Asia. No race is seen to be immune to this disease as it has been diagnosed in the Whites, Africans, and Hispanics.
This disease has had an increased number of death tolls over the years but with the advancement in medical technology certain preventive measures have been initiated especially at the early stages of its circle. Diagnosis can be done by biopsy or use of imagery such as x-rays and CT scanning.
The argument of ung thư vòm họng being genetic is affirmative. Throat cancer begins with the alteration of the DNA and if the affected person has a child there is every possibility of passing the genetic makeup to the offspring and this may or may not surface much later in the future. It is pretty dicey but yes, it can be passed down to the next generation. | <urn:uuid:048624cd-6a54-45e3-a472-dc5a35e10844> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://gplusplus.me/throat-cancer-can-this-be-genetic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999273.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620190041-20190620212041-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.971941 | 382 | 3.140625 | 3 |
|International Vegetarian Union (IVU)|
IVU News - Issue 3 - 1998
Thousands of Species Die as Fire Sweeps the Amazon JungleThe green heart of the Amazon jungle, home to more than half the world’s animal and plant species, suffered one of its most serious ecological catastrophies on record after a devastating fire raged out of control for months destroying three million hectares of one of the richest habitats on the planet, killing countless animals and threatening others with starvation or extinction due to the irreparable loss of habitat for the area’s unique inhabitants and the rich biodiversity that sustained them.
The devastating fire in the Brazilian state of Roraima which raged through 37,000 square kilometres of upland savannahs and the tropical Amazon rainforest, destroying precious animal life and unique habitat, was intentionally started with strategically placed torches set by the criminal hands of ranchers who lit fires to clear the land and slash-and-burn farmers who hoped to claim ficticious losses and benefit economically from a level of environmental destruction comparable to that which destroyed 800,000 hectares of precious tropical forest in Indonesia. Both environmental catastrophes were the result of untrammelled human greed and the sinister clearing methods employed by logging companies to gain easy access to legal or illegal cutting areas. About half of Roraima (half the size of the United Kingdom or a quarter of Spain) consists of forest.
To appreciate the environmental impact of such massive destruction of life on the delicate ecosystem of the tropical forest, it is necessary to consider the enormous number of animals and plant species affected in the areas devastated by fire: a single tree can support 43 different species of ants, and 100 different species of trees may be found within a couple of hectares of forest.
Howard and Oprah Court WinIVU President Howard Lyman and American television personality Oprah Winfrey were found not guilty by a federal jury ruling clearing them of charges of slandering the beef industry in a programme on mad cow disease, but concern remains about the “veggie libel laws” and loopholes in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s “mad cow” protection practices. In typical libel cases, the burden of proof is on the plaintiff, but with food disparagement laws the burden is on the defence, which could make consumers and educational groups afraid to engage in healthy debate on important topics. Since the judge ruled that the cattlemen didn’t have a case under the food disparagement laws, attention was turned away from whether or not such laws were unconstitutional.
Howard Lyman exposed the widespread practice of feeding animal remains to other animals, shocking Oprah Winfrey and millions of Americans, who were unaware that the FDA agency allowed the remains of pigs, horses and chickens (as well as blood and gelatin from any animal) to be fed to pigs, chickens and other animals.
Investors lured into Profitable Animal Breeding Schemes
Chinese Herbal Cure for Drug Addiction through Belly ButtonChinese herbal doctors in the southwestern Guizhou province claim to have developed a medicine which if applied externally to the navel attacks the toxicity of drugs and breaks addictions to heroin, morphine, cocaine and other drugs. According to traditional Chinese medicine, the navel is connected with vital organs of the body and elements of the medicine can enter the body through the belly button.
Rat Snakes packed as ShrimpsThousands of Oriental rat snakes, a protected species, were intercepted by a Forestry Department official at Don Muang airport in Bangkok, Thailand. The snakes, packed as shrimps, were bound for the gourmet food trade and for traditional medicine shops in China, where they fetch incredibly high prices. Also, following a complaint about a foul odour emanating from a residence, a man was arrested by Bangkok police in a raid on a suburban house and charged with raising snakes for sale to restaurants in Thailand and abroad. Forestry department and zoo officials seized over 6,000 snakes found in 45 sacks and 120 boxes full of cobras, king cobras and pythons, as well as a large number of other reptiles destined for the meat and skin trades.
Elephant Remains found in Thai National ParkMae Yom National Park officials in Thailand found the remains of a 50-year old elephant — believed to have been owned by an illegal logging operator — whose tusks, tail and sex organs had been removed. The animal, suffering from overwork and a severe shortage of food and water, was thought to have wandered from the work site in search of food. Some villagers said that the elephant was on amphetamines, given by the logging operator to make it work longer hours hauling logs out of the forest. In another shocking incident, highlighting the increasing loss of habitat of Asian elephants and their dependence on human protection for survival, a pregnant female elephant was killed and her body burnt with tyres after she entered a field plantation to eat pineapples.
Sponsor a Billboard Vegetarian Campaign by PETA in America“Beverly Hills” star Jennie Garth and Frida bring a clear and touching vegetarian message to Americans, thanks to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).
Spanish VIA Digital Entices Customers with Bullfight PropagandaAt a time when bullfights should be seen as increasingly unaceptable, both ethically and politically, and when the Spanish Government has spared the remaining 97 sheet metal model bulls from a 1957 publicity campaign to advertise the wines of the Osborne family, known supporters of bullfights — the structures were to have come down as part of a law banning roadside publicity. The aim of VÍA Digital’s nationwide media campaign in support of bullfighting is to atract new business with the promise of yet another bloody season of bullfights for armchair aficionados.
The bullfight season, broadcast by Gran Via channel, consists of an initial daily ration of four hours of bullfight programming — a prelude to a full thematic bullfight channel — showing bullfight-related programmes produced by the public channel Televisión Española (TVE), as well as some of the 2,000 Spanish bullfights planned for 1998, with disturbing close-ups of tortured, choking bulls with punctured lungs, gasping for air and bleeding to death before a “live” audience of mediocre politicians and aristocrats and make-believe intellectuals with the regular patronage of the king’s mother and the occasional appearance of King Juan Carlos himself, both passionate supporters. The fair of San Isidro, named in honour of the patron saint of Madrid, is the start of the main bullfighting season which runs from May until the autumn.
Write, fax or e-mail Via Digital and tell them how you feel about their promotion of bloody bullfights:
Bananas and Potato Vaccines?Animal experiments, coupled with the profit motive and an arrogant desire to improve on nature for the sake of so-called disease prevention, may lead to compulsory medicated vaccinations for everyone, in the guise of bananas or potatoes, before the end of the century.
Offal in pigs’ diet prompts European Study of Health RisksInvestigators at the Animal Health Centre in Valdeolmos, Madrid, are trying to determine if BSE is likely to occur in pigs the way it did in cows. Spain has the second largest pig population in Europe —28 million animals — many of whom eat a mixture of slaughterhouse offal from sheep and cows mixed with their feed, similar to that which caused the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle.
Worldwide Increase in Transgenic CropsAccording to an estimate by French seed manufacturers, between 1997 and 1998 agricultural land use for transgenic or genetically modified crops will increase from 14.2 million to 35 million hectares worldwide, with 88 per cent. of the land situated in the United States, 6 per cent. in Latin America and 6 per cent. in Asian countries. By the year 2000 these crops will cover 60 million hectares: 81 per cent. in North America, 8 per cent in Central and South America, 10 per cent. in Asia and 1 per cent. in Europe. Of this year’s crops, 15 million hectares of soy will be planted in the USA and 2 million in Argentina. Other modified crops include transgenic rapeseed (grown in Canada) and corn, of which some will be planted in France.
International Tribute to Linda McCartney’s “Go Veggie” MessageThe sad news of Linda McCartney’s death brought vegetarians and non-vegetarians together in asking for a lasting and fitting tribute to her family’s call to “Go Veggie”. Thanks to Linda’s promotion of vegetarianism and animal rights issues, tributes were organised worldwide. Tens of thousands of school children had vegetarian lunches on 30th April in Rome, Italy, while in Canada the Winnipeg Vegetarian Society invited restaurants to offer only vegetarian dishes to their guests on that day. | <urn:uuid:e08bad88-2477-4ded-a03e-58993c7eb466> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.ivu.org/news/3-98/brief.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701165378.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193925-00007-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940584 | 1,843 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Grow a variety of different flowering bulbs in your garden for easy, carefree flowers from spring through fall. Plant a wide variety of bulbs that bloom in different seasons to complement your perennial or annual flowers. Some varieties of bulbs need a cooling period, while others are frost-tender and must be dug up and stored in a frost-free location until spring. Schedule your bulb planting according to the bulbs' variety and cultural requirements.
Plant spring-blooming bulbs in early to mid autumn. This includes tulips, daffodils, crocus and hyacinth. Spring-blooming bulbs need a period of cold weather in order for them to grow roots before beginning vegetative growth when the weather warms in spring.
Beginning in late autumn, plant spring-blooming bulbs in pots for indoor forcing during winter. Plant bulbs close together but not touching in 6- to 8-inch pots. Spring bulbs that are forced to bloom indoors out of their regular season need to be exposed to near-freezing temperatures for 12 to 16 weeks before being brought into regular room temperatures to grow leaves, stems and flowers. All types of lily bulbs can be planted in late fall, as well.
Plant tender amaryllis bulbs for indoor blooms any time from early winter through early spring. Amaryllis are tender tropical bulbs native to South America. They produce massive, dinner-plate-size flowers atop a single 18- to 24-inch stem. They do not require a chilling period like spring-blooming bulbs. Amaryllis will bloom approximately 10 to 12 weeks after potting up and their initial watering.
Spring is the time to plant summer-blooming bulbs, such as gladiolus, cannas, dahlias, caladium and tuberous begonias. These are tender bulbs that will not survive winter in any area where frost is present. Gladiolus bulbs are dug up in late summer, stored over winter in a frost-free area and replanted every spring after all danger of frost has past. Although it is recommended that lily bulbs be planted in fall, they can also be planted in mid-spring for blooms approximately 60 to 70 days later.
Fall-blooming bulbs should be planted in early summer, but no later than mid-summer. This includes colchicum, fall crocus, scilla and resurrection lily (also called “naked ladies”). These hardy bulbs will begin to grow foliage in spring and will flower in mid to late autumn, even after their foliage has dried up for the year and turned brown. | <urn:uuid:fcaa4854-a754-4fbe-8ff3-00b378398707> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.gardenguides.com/88533-bulb-planting-schedule.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948064.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426031603-20180426051603-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.931232 | 534 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Insulation and Ventilation to Limit Ice Dam Formation
Technical Letter 1
Design of roof structures should incorporate building materials to limit the formation of ice dams and use materials that help prevent leakage caused by ice dams. GCP’s self-adhered underlayments (GRACE ICE & WATER SHIELD® , GRACE ICE & WATER SHIELD® HT, GRACE ULTRA™, GRACE SELECT™, GRACE BASIK® and GRACE ROOF DETAIL MEMBRANE™) provide protection to roof structures from leaks caused by ice dams but do not prevent ice dams from forming. Ice dams can cause devastating results if the standing water behind the dam gets underneath the roof coverings and into the attic and walls. The damage can be severe, as well as difficult and expensive to repair. In addition to water leakage, ice dams can severely damage roof coverings and other roof components.
Roofs designed with proper insulation and ventilation will help limit the formation of ice dams by minimizing the heat transfer from the building interior to the air in the attic space and removing any warmed air efficiently. The combination of insulation and ventilation is critical since ice dams can form even in buildings that are well insulated. Even small amounts of warmed air in the attic space may cause snow on the roof to melt. The water flows down the slope of the roof toward the eave where it re-freezes, since the eave overhangs unheated space. As the process continues, ice builds up at the eave forming a dam. Standing water becomes trapped behind the ice dam, usually right over the interior wall.
In a properly ventilated attic space, ventilation occurs when air in the attic space is warmed from heat that escapes from the building through the attic insulation.Warmed air rises toward the ridge vent where it can escape to the outside. Cold air is pulled into the attic space through the soffit vents, replacing the air that leaves through the ridge vent. The flow of cold air, that moves upward toward the ridge along the underside of the roof deck, is called a convection current. The convection current helps keep the roof deck cool and slows the melting process on the roof surface.
Proper roof ventilation and insulation design should be left to a qualified design professional and care should be taken to comply with local building codes. However, standard roofing practice is to use 1 ft2 (0.093 m2) of net free ventilation area per 150 ft2 (14 m2) of attic space, split evenly between the ridge and soffit vents. Soffit, ridge, gable, or roof deck vents may be used alone or in combination depending on the specific roof design. Soffit and ridge vents used together provide the most complete ventilation and is the preferred ventilation configuration. Gable vents are sometimes used but are not usually as effective as ridge vents.
It is easy to tell which buildings have well insulated and ventilated roofs. After a snowfall, if the snow is melted from only the top half of the roof, and an ice dam is forming, it is likely that the roof is poorly insulated or ventilated. If the snow does not melt, or melts evenly over the entire slope of the roof, the roof likely has adequate insulation and ventilation to limit ice dam formation.
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Last Updated: 2022-11-24 | <urn:uuid:4f11ebb3-da94-4d74-9cc6-994f9d0b40be> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://ca.gcpat.com/en/solutions/products/grace-ice-water-shield-roofing-underlayment/insulation-and-ventilation-limit-ice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710808.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201085558-20221201115558-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.924119 | 1,149 | 3.1875 | 3 |
|Highest governing body||World Indoor Netball Association|
(cf "outdoor" netball)
|Team members||Six or seven players per team on court|
|Mixed gender||Mixed, ladies or mens|
|Type||Indoor ball sport|
Indoor netball is a variation of netball, played exclusively indoors, in which the playing court is surrounded on each side and overhead by a net. The net prevents the ball from leaving the court, reducing the number of playing stoppages. This gives indoor netball a faster pace than netball.
There are two main types of indoor netball, "6-a-side" and "7-a-side". Indoor netball has a larger focus towards mixed-gender matches than netball does, although ladies' games, and to a smaller extent men's games, are ever-present. While the sport does not have as large a following as netball does, its popularity is growing in countries such as England, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The sport is administered at an international level by the World Indoor Netball Association (WINA).
The rules of indoor netball are similar to that of netball, with two teams aiming to score as many goals as possible. An indoor netball game usually consists of four-quarters of 10 minutes. There are two umpires one for each half of the court. The winning team is the one with the most points at the end of the match. In case of a tie in elimination games, two straight 5-minute overtimes are played; if still tied, whoever is up two points will win.
In this version the court is divided into halves rather than thirds, and there are six players per team rather than seven. The team is made up of two Center's/Link players, two attack players, and two defence players. The two attack players are located in one half and the two defence in the opposite half to their Attacking side. Both the Attackers and Defenders are allowed anywhere in their half of the court which includes the Shooting Circles. The Center/Link players run the full court but are NOT allowed into the Shooting Circles at either end. Scoring is also different. Attackers can shoot from inside the Circle, a successful shot gives you 1 point. Attackers can also shoot from Circle edge or further back-outside of the Circle. A successful shot from this distance or further scores 2 points (much like 3-pointers in basketball). Because the 2-point line is the Circle edge in the Attackers zone, this allows the Centers/Links to shoot for 2 points from the outside along with Attackers. Fundamentally, this changes the game play from normal 7-a-side Netball significantly! with the Attack players working to set up the Center/Link players for the 2-point shot.
Once a goal is scored, a defence player from the opposition team takes a throw-off from the top of their circle. This makes the game even faster as the ball doesn't have to be sent back to the centre third for a centre pass like 7-a-side.
This version is a lot like original netball, with the court in divided into thirds and with seven players similarly positioned. Only 1-point shots are possible, and only from inside the shooting circle.
The ball shall be a universally accepted Netball or Association Football Size 5 and shall be supplied by the centre.
There are all different rules for Players playing:
Penalty: Players in breach of proceeding requirements shall be penalised. The offending player may be removed from the court or a Three (3) Goal penalty will be awarded to the Non-Offending team.
Internationally Australia and New Zealand have contested the Trans-Tasman Shield on a number of occasions. Following this series, South Africa joined the World Indoor Netball Association, and plans were put in place for the 2001 Indoor Netball World Cup in Australia. In June 2002 Australia and England travelled to South Africa for the WINA Tri-Series. Again Open Ladies, Open Mixed and Open Men were contested at this tournament.
In 2003 New Zealand hosted the World Cup in Auckland, contested between Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. This was the first time that 21-&-Under Ladies was contested at a World Cup level, which has appeared in all subsequent Open events. Also at the 2003 World Cup, the World Indoor Netball Association introduced Over-30 Ladies, Over-30 Mixed and 18-&-Under divisions to their calendar of tournaments. In February 2004, Selected Masters & 18s Australian teams travelled to South Africa. The tour was a success and set the foundations for bi-annual tours to continue, with the next International series being held in 2006.
In 2007 a squad of netball players was selected by the (English) Indoor Netball Association (INA) to represent England at the Tri-Nations Cup, which was held in November 2007 in South Africa. Teams were entered in the U-19, Open Ladies and Open Mixed Categories. Australia won at all three levels of the tournament. Australia hosted the 2008 Indoor Netball World Cup in June on the Gold Coast in Queensland, where all four countries played the inaugural World Cup Series.
In 2010, South Africa held a Tri-Nations tournament for Open Men's, Women's and Mixed as well as U21 teams from South Africa Australia and England.
In 2012 Australia again hosted the Indoor Netball World Cup, in Brisbane, Queensland. Australia won every division (Ladies, Mens, Mixed and U21s) in both the 6-a-side and 7-a-side competitions. New Zealand teams were competitive in all divisions, dominating the grand finals.
In 2013, South Africa held the Tri-Nations Masters Series for Over 30s Mixed, Ladies and U18s Mixed and Ladies. South Africa in Australia competed in all divisions with England competing in the Ladies O30s and U18s.
In Australia there are two national championships held annually, the Open National Championships and the Aged National Championships. The Opens have four divisions: Men's, Ladies, Mixed and Under-21 Ladies, whilst the Aged Nationals have four divisions: Over 30 Ladies, Over 30 Mixed, Under 18 Mixed and the Under 18 Ladies. From these tournaments the respective All Star teams are chosen as a reflection of the best players in Australia in each division.
In New Zealand there are three major tournaments, held annually: the Northern Superleague competition (based in Auckland, also including Hamilton), The Central Superleague competition (based in Wellington, also including Manawatu, Taranaki and Napier and the Southern Superleague competition (based in Christchurch).
At the end of these seasons there is a National tournament which the best teams from these three competitions enter. This competition consists of a Mixed Grade,Mens Grade, Ladies Grade, Over40s Grade, Over 35s Grade, Over 30s Grade, Under 21s Grade and an Under 19s Grade. This takes place the first weekend of March each year.
In South Africa there are three national championships held annually, the Open & Mixed National Championships, the Overs and Unders Aged National Championships and the Juniors National Championships. The Opens & Mixed have six divisions: Men's, Ladies A & B, Mixed A & B and Under-21 Ladies, whilst the Overs & Unders Aged Nationals have three divisions: Over 30 Ladies, Over 35 Ladies, Over 30 Mixed, the Under 18 and Under 19 Ladies. All Star teams are chosen as a reflection of the best performers during the tournament in each division.
In 2007 INA England competed in its first Tri Nation Tournament in South Africa, against South Africa and Australia. Following on from this success INA England competed in the 2008 Indoor Netball World Cup in Australia.
In 2010 INA competed in its third World Cup tournament again in South Africa with the Women's Open team gaining a silver medal and an INA England player winning 'Player of the Tournament'.
In the 2012 World Championships held in Brisbane, England's U21s squad gained silver medals.
In 2013, England competed in the Masters Tri-Nations tournament entering an over 30s ladies team and Under 18s women's squad. The over 30s ladies squad reach the semi-finals narrowly missing out on a finals place to Australia. INA England won 'Player of the Tournament' in both the Under 18 and Over 30s section for the 7s a side version. | <urn:uuid:937625d5-4d4f-4cb3-bd73-06596f74f31c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Indoor_netball | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362969.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204094103-20211204124103-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.95911 | 1,800 | 2.546875 | 3 |
It's Time for Year-Round Habitat for Wild Bison in Montana
Posted September 26, 2012 in Saving Wildlife and Wild Places
In July, I wrote about the State of Montana’s historic proposal to open a large chunk of the Gallatin National Forest west of Yellowstone National Park to year-round use by wild bison – as well as year-round use by bull bison in the Gardiner Basin north of the Park.
NRDC fully supports giving wild bison from Yellowstone access to year-round habitat in Montana. The way we see it, the more the merrier.
Much has changed in the bison world in the past decade – land use changes, revised brucellosis rules, permanently closed cattle grazing allotments, recent consensus recommendations from a diverse citizens working group, etc. – and all of these changes have set the table for greater tolerance of wild bison in Montana outside Yellowstone.
(Side note: though “tolerance” is the word often used when discussing bison policy and management issues (and it’s certainly the most accurate description of the situation), it has always irked me, as tolerance has a pejorative connotation to it (i.e., you “tolerate” a noisy neighbor). Minor point, but I wanted to make it.)
The initial scoping phase for the landmark proposal (where comments and questions from the public are collected) has been completed, and the next step is for the State of Montana to issue a draft environmental assessment in the near future. The draft EA will provide details about what exactly is being proposed, and it will offer multiple alternatives (from a status quo “no action” alternative to a few different increased tolerance (appreciation?) alternatives).
Following the issuance of the draft EA, there will be another comment period for the public to weigh in with their thoughts on the alternatives presented. Following the close of that comment period, the State will make its decision and issue a final EA.
Many Montanans are excited for this proposal to move forward and be put into action. Last week, I participated in a film screening in Big Sky, Montana, with representatives from the Sierra Club and the Gallatin Wildlife Association. Following the film, we had a candid question-and-answer discussion with the folks in attendance. Though some important questions were asked, the enthusiasm for allowing wild bison from Yellowstone National Park to access public lands in Montana was incredible.
Similarly, we screened a bison film at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman in April, and the auditorium was packed. People are interested in this issue, and they want – and know it’s time for – change.
We look forward to the release of the draft environmental assessment in the coming weeks.
As I wrote above, the table is set for year-round wild bison habitat in Montana, and the time is now.
Comments are closed for this post. | <urn:uuid:dfaec172-61f3-46c3-aafc-4c6c68760b81> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/mskoglund/historic_yellowstone_bison_pro.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009551.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00088-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955706 | 607 | 2.75 | 3 |
Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989.
William Ewart Gladstone (180998)
Go into the length and breadth of the world, ransack the literature of all countries, find, if you can, a single voice, a single bookfind, I would almost say, as much as a single newspaper article, unless the product of the day, in which the conduct of England towards Ireland is anywhere treated except with profound and bitter condemnation.
WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE, speech on home rule, June 7, 1886.The Speeches of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, ed. A. W. Hutton and H. J. Cohen, vol. 9, p. 127 (1902). | <urn:uuid:4e966457-4882-4338-a982-44581cc50efb> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.bartleby.com/73/530.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00215-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931157 | 161 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Many of us are self-isolating due to the COVID-19 pandemic. If self-isolating it’s more important than ever to practice self-care and to look after our selves.
If someone has symptoms of COVID-19 or has been in touch with someone who has, self-isolation is important. This mean staying at home or in a room away from others for 7 days if there are symptoms, or 14 days if they have been in contact with someone who has COVID.
Self-isolation can be difficult when living with someone, and it won’t always be possible to stay entirely away from other people.
If you’re self-isolating, it’s important to look after basics: eat regular meals; drink plenty of water; have regular showers; and try to get enough sleep.
Staying away from others will be easier if you live alone. If you live with friends or family, this gives you an opportunity to take advantage of their love for you, as they can leave you meals, run your baths, and have treats waiting for you!
Here’s one tip if this is the case: don’t use a bell, don’t download an app that sounds like a town crier, and don’t take the piss! Remember you might have to look after them during the crisis, and then it’ll be payback time.
Maintaining a routine if you’re self-isolating is important. Everyone’s different, but try these tips:
- Set an alarm if you know you’ll oversleep, and force yourself to get up and do something - whether it’s exercise, eating or studying, getting out of bed will help you avoid falling into a slump
- Try to get changed into day clothes to signal to yourself that it’s no longer sleep time
- Try and maintain a regular diet
Try and give yourself achievable goals each day. Having something to aim for will give you a purpose, and mini goals are particularly great in giving yourself a confidence boost. It could be something like sorting out your wardrobe; reading a book; watching a box set; writing a blog, letter or email; or sorting out your desktop. Whatever you do will give you a sense of achievement and will also be beneficial to your body and your brain.
Try and keep talking and communicating with the people you love and get support from. There are so many options including phoning; texting; Tweeting; and videoing.
If it’s that type of friend then check out our tips here about those thirtsy types of communication!
Regular contact with others will remind you that there’s a world outside of your home!
It might feel overwhelming being in self-isolation, especially if everything your reading about is about COVID. Lots of people cope by reducing their contact with the constant stream of news media (especially when it’s often sensational!) or by reducing drama on social media. Now might be a good time to ‘snooze’ some of those social media friends for a week or so.
If you’re not doing OK during self-isolation, it’s OK. We’re living during trying times, and being away from friends, loved ones and regular routines can be tough.
In the UK these services are providing support:
LGBT Switchboard is operated by trained volunteers who will listen to what you have to say. Just like you, they are also LGBT. You can contact them on 0300 330 0630 from 10am – 10pm.
Samaritans operates a free helpline that is open 24/7. You don’t have to be suicidal to call about whatever is getting to you.
Check out our OutLife Forums for a safe and non-judgmental space where LGBTQ+ people can talk to one another about their issues and life experience.
Opening Doors is a charity for older LGBTQ+ people. It runs befriending schemes and aims to prevent older queer people from becoming isolated and lonely. | <urn:uuid:b5a7fa6f-6928-438b-9bf2-64e8bbe3a504> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://prepster.info/covid/self-isolating-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710734.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130092453-20221130122453-00857.warc.gz | en | 0.953077 | 861 | 2.8125 | 3 |
News / Articles
American Art – New Perspectives
FBWE Villagers were introduced to new ways of looking at American art on Feb. 20 at the Smithsonian Museum of American Art. The enthusiastic and engaging SAAM docent led Villagers through highlights of the collection — folk art, abstracts, landscapes, genre paintings — identifying a painting FDR chose to hang in the White House during the Depression, a painter whose expertise with color led to World War I camouflage, the remarkable creativity of untrained folk artists, and how art styles are in or out of vogue. The art teacher who accompanied the Villagers on the tour also added insights and fun into seeing familiar things in new ways.
Check out our events calendar and plan to participate in future programs. Not yet a member? Check out the list of services and benefits and join today. | <urn:uuid:1f606d3a-8a26-4b3b-9dba-2a0df903caa9> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.fbwevillage.org/content.aspx?page_id=5&club_id=471107&item_id=27510 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017222820-20191018010320-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.934874 | 169 | 2.65625 | 3 |
For a Short Time Only
by George Siamandas
LIQUOR IN MANITOBA
After a long campaign for temperance, Manitoba voters took a hard line against the social costs of liquor and voted to introduce prohibition 83 years ago on March 13, 1916. In the days of the Hudson Bay Co, liquor had been imported from Britain for residents of the Hudson Bay posts. The first provincial Liquor Commission was established in 1878 and it allowed one bar for every 300 people. With a population of 7,000, 23 licenses were allowed.
THE IMPACT OF PROHIBITION
In 1916 there were 196 hotels in the province, with 76 of them in Winnipeg. There were 40 liquor wholesale liquor stores and 7 breweries. Put out of work were 1,975 bartenders. Most were expected to move to wet areas in the US or in Canada. For enforcement officials the job became one of dealing with people who went underground with bootlegging. Prohibition lasted for 7 years till Manitobans had second thoughts. In 1923 by a vote of 107,609 to 67,092 Manitobans reversed themselves and decided to allow liquor sales once again. This time a provincially run corporation the Manitoba Liquor Control Commission would regulate the sale of liquor to Manitobans.
THE 1924 LIQUOR ACT
The act was fairly restrictive. The price had to be the same everywhere. Stores were located in Winnipeg, Brandon, Portage La Prairie, The Pas and Dauphin. Advertising was very closely regulated and had to be approved by the Commission. Billboard ads were banned. There were quotas on sales. One could not buy more than 24 quarts a week or 72 quarts of beer per month. Liquor had to be consumed at home only. There was to be no barter of liquor and no transportation of liquor in Manitoba. Liability for a drunken person’s death was established by the act to whomever had supplied it to the individual. Ten ratepayers could stop the establishment of a licensed premise or a beer vendor. And in fact the Mennonite Bible belt was free of liquor for many years. Today Steinbach remains as dry as it ever was. People, could be banned from buying liquor on the authority of the police magistrate or two justices of the peace. They were termed interdicted persons.
RELIANCE ON LIQUOR REVENUE
As with lotteries today, the question of govt reliance on liquor sales and taxes for revenue has always been a dilemma. Government has walked the tightrope of valuing the revenue from liquor while at the same time trying to balance the social cost of drinking in society.
When the Liquor act was passed in 1924 the average Manitobans spent $20 a year on liquor. By 1930 it was $31 per year. During the depression it fell to $14 rising sharply to $62 in 1946 after the troops had returned home. In 1924 liquor revenues were $1.4 annually, declining to less than a million in 1934. But by 1947 revenues were $6 million comprising 27% of govt revenues that year.
THE BRACKEN COMMISSION
In 1954 a commission to study the Liquor Control Act was lead by ex Premier John Bracken. It conducted an exhaustive 750 page study that has the depth of social research you would expect if done today. In 1954 Manitobans had spent $43 million on liquor. At this time a good bottle of whisky cost $4-$5 and a 24 of beer were $3.27.
The research showed alcohol reduced inhibitions helped contribute to poverty and dependency. It struck a tone for scientific and objective reasons for temperance and not moralistic reasons. It surveyed liquor practises throughout the world and reported a s follows. China has a serious problem with opium. Columbia was suffering serious problems with beer made from corn. Mexico had the same problem with home brewed beer. Iceland had lived with prohibition for 40 years and seemed happy with this.
Russia was endemic with alcoholism. There was a liquor store for every 86 inhabitants: 8 times the norm. It was easier to buy liquor in Russia than to find a newspaper. Germany had once had a problem, but by this time it had gotten it under control. Holland was recognised as having the best policies for treatment of alcoholism, funded by the state but provided privately.
A new liquor act was passed in 1956, which is still in effect. It brought the consumption of liquor into the 20th century allowing a liquor vending system to be established. No liquor advertising was instituted. And it voted not to allow the sale of beer in grocery stores. | <urn:uuid:45ec8aec-8c66-49e0-9c4e-24693ae80161> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://winnipegtimemachine.com/tm/?p=286 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370511408.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410173109-20200410203609-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.985411 | 945 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Cuboid + unit conversion - examplesA cuboid is a three-dimensional shape with a length, width, and a height. A cuboid is a rectangular Prism. The cuboid shape has six sides called faces. Each face of a cuboid is a rectangle, and all of a cuboid's corners (called vertices) are 90-degree angles. Opposite faces are parallel. A cuboid has the shape of a rectangular box.
Allan keeps tropical fish. His aquarium is 4 feet long, 1 foot wide, and 2 feet tall. Each fish needs at least 0.5ft³ of water. What is the maximum number of fish that he can keep in the aquarium? Please show your solution. Please
The swimming pool is 10 m wide and 8 m long and 153 cm deep. How many hectoliters of water is in it, if the water is 30 cm below its upper edge?
Fire tank has cuboid shape with a rectangular floor measuring 13.7 m × 9.8 m. Water depth is 2.4 m. Water was pumped from the tank into barrels with a capacity of 2.7 hl. How many barrels were used, if the water level in the tank fallen 5 cm? Wr
Annual rainfall in our country are an average of 797 mm. How many m3 of water rains on average per hectare?
Brick has volume 2.2 dm3. How many bricks can drive truck with capacity 23 ton? The density of brick is 1.6 g/cm3.
- The pot
The pot is in 1/3 filled with water. Bottom of the pot has an area of 329 cm2. How many centimeters rises water level in the pot after add 1.2 liters of water?
Room is 40.1 m long, 25.2 dm wide and 369 cm high. How many people can simultaneously be in this room if for hygiene reasons is calculated 5100 dm3 of air per person?
- Copper sheet
The copper plate has a length of 1 m, width 94 cm and weighs 9 kg. What is the plate thickness, if 1 m3 weighs 8715 kg?
How high should be the milk box in the shape of a prism with base dimensions 8 cm and 8.8 cm if its volume is 1 liter?
Into a full cylindrical tank high 3.6 with base radius 2.3 m we insert cuboid with dimensions 0.5 m, 1.9 m, 0.7 m. How many liters of water will come out?
Aquarium is rectangular box with square base containing 76 liters of water. Length of base edge is 42 cm. To what height the water level goes?
- Milk package
Milk is sold in a box with dimensions of 9.5 cm; 16.5 cm and 6.5 cm. Determine the maximum amount of milk that can fit into a box. Coating thickness is negligible.
- Water tank
Water tank shape cuboid has a width of 3.1 m and length twice larger. How high will reach water if water flow into 13 liters of water per second during 16 minutes?
Workers digging a jump pit in the school yard. Pit has a cuboid shape with a length 12 m, a width 20 dm and depth 36 cm. They excavate 0.4 cubic meters of soil an hour. How much time (hours and minutes) is need to the excavate this pit?
Rectangular rink with dimensions of 68.7 m and 561 dm must be covered with a layer of ice 4.2 cm thick. How many liters of water is necessary for the formation of ice when the volume of ice is 9.7% greater than the volume of water.
Snow fell overnight layer of thickness 19 cm. In the morning I had to clear a path 69 m long and one meter wide. How many cubic meters of snow I clear? How many kilos was it? (1 m3 fresh snow weighs 350 kg)
- Pine wood
From a trunk of pine 6m long and 35 cm in diameter with a carved beam with a cross-section in the shape of a square so that the square had the greatest content area. Calculate the length of the sides of a square. Calculate the volume in cubic meters of lum
- Prism - box
The base of prism is a rectangle with a side of 7.5 cm and 12.5 cm diagonal. The volume of the prism is V = 0.9 dm3. Calculate the surface of the prism.
- Paper box
Calculate the consumption of paper on the box-shaped quadrangular prism with rhombic footstall, base edge a=6 cm and the adjacent base edges forms an angle alpha = 60 °. Box height is 10 cm. How many m2 of the paper consumed 100 such boxes?
- Cuboid 5
Calculate the weight of the cuboid with dimensions of 12 cm; 0.8 dm and 100 mm made from spruce wood (ς = 550 kg/m3).
See also more information on Wikipedia. | <urn:uuid:a6302b0e-4dc8-415c-a537-b4a71ced52fd> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.hackmath.net/en/examples/cuboid?tag_id=9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486936.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218135032-20190218161032-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.924666 | 1,062 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Below is a chronology of significant events in the life and career of President Gerald R. Ford. If you are interested in learning more about the Library’s holdings on a specific topic listed in the timeline, please contact the Library’s reference staff.
July 14, 1913
Gerald R. Ford is born as Leslie Lynch King, Jr. in Omaha, Nebraska to Leslie and Dorothy King.
July 30, 1913
Fleeing an abusive relationship, Dorothy Gardner King and her two-week old son leave Omaha and with her parents relocate to Grand Rapids, Michigan.
December 19, 1913
Dorothy King’s divorce from Leslie King is finalized in an Omaha court.
February 1, 1917
Dorothy King marries Gerald R. Ford, Sr., a Grand Rapids businessman and, although not formally adopted, Leslie Lynch King, Jr. is renamed Gerald R. Ford, Jr.
Young Ford attends elementary school at Madison Elementary in Grand Rapids, MI. He briefly attends East Grand Rapids Elementary while the family lives there.
On his twelfth birthday, Ford joins the local Boy Scout Troop 15 of Trinity Methodist Church in Grand Rapids and two years later attains the rank of Eagle Scout.
Ford attends South High School in Grand Rapids, Michigan where he excels at football, being named to the “All-City” and “All-State” teams. He also works at his father’s paint and varnish factory and a local hamburger stand.
Ford attends the University of Michigan and graduates with a B.A. in Economics. He joins the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and is a member of Michigamua, an esteeemed senior honor society. Ford also plays center on the football team, earns three varsity letters, is named Most Valuable Player on the 1934 team, and plays in the East-West Shrine Game and the College All-Star Game. Ford receives professional football contract offers from the Green Bay Packers and the Detroit Lions, which he declines.
Yale University hires Ford to be an assistant football and boxing coach.
December 3, 1935
He legally changes his name to Gerald R. Ford, Jr.
Ford works as an Intern Forest Ranger at Yellowstone Park’s Canyon Station.
Ford attends law classes at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
Ford is accepted to Yale University Law School. He begins classes in the fall while continuing to coach. While at Yale, Ford supports the isolationist America First Committee as America sees war spread across Europe.
Ford attends law classes at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill.
March 12, 1940
Ford appears in a photograph spread in Look Magazine with then girlfriend Phyllis Brown, a model for Cosmopolitan Magazine.
Ford volunteers for the Wendell Willkie presidential campaign in New York City. As a volunteer, he attends his first Republican convention in Philadelphia.
Ford graduates in the top third of his law school class at Yale.
Ford returns to Grand Rapids and partners with friend Philip Buchen to open a law firm located in Suite 621 of the Michigan Trust Building. He also becomes active in local politics helping launch a reform group opposed to the Republican political machine of Frank D. McKay
February 1942-May 1942
With the U.S. entrance into World War II, Ford volunteers for the Navy. He is assigned to the Navy’s V-5 pre-flight program in Annapolis, Maryland to become a physical training instructor. Upon completion, he is sent to Chapel Hill, North Carolina as an athletic training officer.
Summer 1943- December 1944
Ford is assigned to sea duty aboard the carrier USS Monterey as the ship’s athletic officer and one of the ship’s gunnery officers. He sees action in the Pacific Theater aboard the USS Monterey in the Battle of Makin. The ship also takes part in attacks against Kwajalein and Eniwetok, New Guinea, Saipan, Guam, and Formosa. He also survives a typhoon in the Pacific that batters the Monterey on December 18, 1944.
Ford is promoted to Lieutenant Commander and assigned to Glenview, Illinois, to train new naval officers for sea duty.
Ford is honorably discharged from active duty in the United States Navy. During his service he is awarded the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign medal with one silver star and four bronze stars, the Philippine Liberation Ribbon with two bronze stars, the American Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal.
Ford returns to Grand Rapids and rejoins his friend Philip Buchen with the law firm of Butterfield, Keeney, and Amberg. He becomes active in many civic affairs and charities including chapters of the Red Cross, the American Legion, and the VFW. Influenced by his experience in the war and the internationalist views of Senator Arthur Vandenberg, Ford resumes his involvement in reforming Grand Rapids politics.
Ford is introduced to Elizabeth (Betty) Bloomer Warren by mutual friends.
June 14, 1948
Ford announces his candidacy for the Republican nomination for U.S. House of Representatives, Fifth Congressional District of Michigan. He challenges the isolationist foreign policy approach of incumbent Bartel Jonkman, a McKay associate.
September 14, 1948
Ford defeats Jonkman 23,632 to 14,341 in the Republican primary.
October 15, 1948
Ford and Betty Bloomer Warren wed at Grace Episcopal Church in Grand Rapids. Marrying in the middle of his congressional campaign, the couple honeymoon briefly in Ann Arbor, attend the University of Michigan-Northwestern football game, and then drive to Owosso, Michigan to attend a rally for Republican Presidential candidate Thomas Dewey.
November 2, 1948
Ford is elected to his first term as a U.S. Congressman from Grand Rapids, receiving 60.5% of the vote.
January 3, 1949-1950
Ford is sworn in as a member of the Eighty-First Congress. During his first year in the House, he is assigned to the Public Works Committee. As a member he is invited to tour the White House by President Harry S. Truman. He also helps organize the “Chowder and Marching Club” of young Republican Congressmen with fellow House member Richard Nixon.
March 14, 1950
The Fords’ first child, Michael Gerald Ford is born.
November 7, 1950
Ford wins his second term as Congressman from the fifth district with 66% of the vote.
At the start of his second term in the House, Ford is appointed to the Appropriations Committee. Ford invites Richard Nixon to Grand Rapids to give the annual Lincoln Day Speech. In February 1952 he and other young Republican Congressmen send a letter urging General Dwight D. Eisenhower to enter the Presidential race.
March 16, 1952
The Fords’ second son, John Gardner “Jack” Ford is born.
November 4, 1952
Ford wins his third term as Congressman from Grand Rapids with 66% of the vote.
Ford is a member of the only Republican controlled House between 1949 and 1995. He is appointed to the Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense Spending, and is made Chairman of the Army Panel. As a member of this committee he witnesses test firings of project NIKE that developed the first operational anti-aircraft missile, the Nike-Ajax.
Ford takes a three week tour of U.S. military installations in Asia and the Pacific. He visits Saigon in French Indochina, and during a visit to Korea, witnesses a POW exchange.
November 4, 1954
After declining a run for U.S. Senate, Ford wins his fourth term as Congressman.
Ford continues to serve on the Appropriations Committee in the House, and in 1956 is appointed to the Intelligence Subcommittee, which oversees the CIA’s budget. He serves on this subcommittee for ten years and learns of programs such as U-2 and Bay of Pigs. He also visits NATO headquarters in Paris, and the Allied and Russian Zones of Berlin. He visits a Hungarian refugee camp in Austria.
The Fords move into their newly completed house in Alexandria, Virginia.
May 19, 1956
The Fords’ third son, Steven Meigs Ford is born.
November 6, 1956
After declining an opportunity to run for Michigan Governor, Ford wins election to his fifth term as Congressman.
During his fifth term, Ford is appointed to the “Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration,” chaired by Senator Lyndon Johnson, which would recommend the creation of NASA. He also attends an address of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem to a joint session of Congress in May 1957.
July 6, 1957
The Fords’ youngest child, daughter Susan Elizabeth Ford is born.
November 4, 1958
Ford wins his sixth term as U.S. Congressman.
In January, Ford joins the Republican colleagues in replacing their House leader Joseph Martin with Charles Halleck. In September 1959 Ford spends 3 days touring Moscow and 10 days in Poland on fact-finding missions.
The Michigan delegation at the Republican Convention in Chicago supports Ford as a favorite son candidate to become Richard Nixon’s running mate. Ford gives the nominating speech for the eventual Vice Presidential nominee, Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge.
Ford is elected to a seventh term in Congress.
Ford becomes the ranking Republican on the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee. However, he supports many of President Kennedy’s foreign aid initiatives. He is also awarded the Congressional Distinguished Service Award from the American Political Science Association.
January 26, 1962
Ford’s stepfather, Gerald Ford, Sr., dies in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
November 6, 1962
Ford is re-elected to his eighth term, despite declining Republican numbers in the House.
January 2, 1963
In a Republican caucus revolution led by Congressmen Charles Goodell and Robert Griffin, Ford defeats Charles Hoeven of Iowa for House Republican Conference Chairman.
November 29, 1963
A week after President Kennedy’s assassination, President Johnson appoints Ford to the seven member Warren Commission to investigate Kennedy’s death. On September 27, 1964 they would publish their conclusion that there was no evidence of a conspiracy in the assassination of President Kennedy. Ford would later publish a book about the assassination, Portrait of an Assassin, with friend John R. “Jack” Stiles.
November 3, 1964
Lyndon Johnson is elected President in a landslide over Barry Goldwater. Ford is elected to his ninth term as Congressman.
December 19, 1964
After meeting with fellow Republican House members Donald Rumsfeld, Robert Griffin, and Charles Goodell, Ford announces that he will challenge the incumbent, Charles Halleck of Indiana, for the post of House Minority Leader.
January 4, 1965
Ford unseats Halleck as House Minority Leader by a vote of 73-67.
In his first term as House Minority Leader, Ford offers Republican alternatives to the Great Society legislation of the Johnson administration. He appears with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen of Illinois in weekly press conferences (known as the “Ev and Jerry Show”) to offer critiques of Johnson administration policies. He also campaigns on behalf of Republican candidates during the 1966 midterm elections.
November 8, 1966
Ford wins his tenth election as Congressman with 68 percent of the vote. Republicans make strong gains in the mid term elections.
Ford in his second term as House Minority Leader begins attacking Johnson’s position on the war in Vietnam asking in an August 8, 1967 speech, “Why are we pulling our best punches in Vietnam?”
September 17, 1967
Ford’s mother, Dorothy Gardner Ford, dies in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
August 5, 1968
Ford presides as Permanent Chairman of the Republican Convention held in Miami Beach, Florida. Following Richard Nixon’s nomination, Ford supports New York City Mayor John Lindsay for running mate in conversations with Nixon. Nixon, however, chooses Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew.
November 5, 1968
Nixon is elected President; Ford is elected to his eleventh term as House member.
As House Minority Leader under a Republican President, Ford consistently supports Nixon’s polices in the House.
April 15, 1970
In a speech on the House floor, Ford calls for the removal of Justice William O. Douglas from the Supreme Court for what Ford believes to be inappropriate judicial conduct. The matter is later turned over to the House Judiciary Committee where the issue dies.
November 3, 1970
Ford is elected to his twelfth term.
June 17, 1972
Five burglars break into Democratic National Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C.
June 23-July 7, 1972
Building upon President Nixon’s trip to the People’s Republic of China in February 1972, Ford and Congressman Hale Boggs of Louisiana visit and meet with Premier Chou En-Lai (Zhou Enlai).
August 19-22, 1972
Ford chairs the Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida, where President Nixon and Vice President Agnew are re-nominated.
November 7, 1972
Ford is elected to his thirteenth and final term as a Congressman from Michigan. Despite Nixon’s landslide victory, the Republicans do not gain many House seats. Realizing he may never achieve his goal to become Speaker of the House, Ford contemplates retirement after 1976.
October 10, 1973
Spiro Agnew, under investigation for accepting bribes and income tax evasion while Governor of Maryland, resigns as Vice President of the United States.
October 12, 1973
Ford is nominated to be Vice President by Richard Nixon. He is the first Vice President nominated under the 25th amendment to the Constitution.
November 1, 1973
The Senate begins hearings on Ford’s nomination as Vice President.
November 15, 1973
The House Judiciary Committee begins its hearings on Ford’s nomination as Vice President.
November 27, 1973
The Senate approves Ford’s nomination by a vote of 92-3.
December 6, 1973
The House approves Ford’s nomination by a vote of 387-35. Ford takes the oath as the fortieth Vice President of the United States in front of a joint session of Congress.
With Nixon embroiled in the growing Watergate scandal, Vice President Ford travels the country speaking on behalf of the administration’s policies. Ford remains an advocate and spokesman for the Republican Party, attending fundraisers and campaign events for Republican candidates.
April 30, 1974
Nixon releases edited versions of the Watergate tapes containing White House conversations.
May 9, 1974
The House Judiciary Committee begins impeachment proceedings against President Nixon.
July 24, 1974
The Supreme Court orders Nixon to turn over the unedited versions of the White House tapes.
July 27-30, 1974
The House Judiciary Committee approves three articles of impeachment against Richard Nixon.
August 1, 1974
Nixon’s Chief of Staff, Al Haig, advises Ford that he should prepare for a transition to the Presidency.
August 6, 1974
Ford attends a cabinet meeting and tells Nixon that while he will continue to support Nixon’s policies, he can longer speak on the issue of Watergate to the media and the public.
August 8, 1974
Nixon announces his decision to resign in a televised address.
August 9, 1974
Ford is sworn in as the 38th President of the United States. In his swearing-in remarks, Ford announces “Our long, national nightmare is over.” Following the ceremony, President Ford goes immediately to work, meeting with Congressional leaders, senior White House staff, transition advisors, senior economic advisors, and foreign emissaries.
August 12, 1974
Ford addresses a Joint Session of Congress. He states, “I do not want a honeymoon with you. I want a good marriage.” He also states his first priority is to bring inflation under control, declaring it “public enemy number one.”
August 19, 1974
Ford delivers a major speech to the Veterans of Foreign Wars convention in Chicago, supporting earned clemency for Vietnam War draft evaders.
August 20, 1974
Ford nominates Nelson Rockefeller, former Governor of New York, to be Vice President.
August 28, 1974
Ford holds his first press conference as President. Many of the questions concern unresolved issues surrounding Watergate.
September 8, 1974
Ford pardons Richard Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as President. The surprise announcement stuns the country and Ford’s approval rating plummets in the polls.
September 26-28, 1974
Betty Ford is diagnosed with breast cancer and undergoes surgery.
September 27-28, 1974
The White House convenes a “summit conference” on inflation and the economy.
October 8, 1974
Ford announces his Whip Inflation Now program to a joint session of Congress.
October 15, 1974
Ford signs the Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974, which seek to regulate campaign fundraising and spending.
October 17, 1974
Ford appears before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Criminal Justice to explain the facts and circumstances that were the basis for his pardon of former President Richard Nixon.
October 17, 1974
Ford vetoes the Freedom of Information Act Amendments believing not enough protection is given to sensitive and classified intelligence documents. Congress overrides Ford’s veto on November 21, 1974 making the bill law.
November 1, 1974
Ford meets with an ailing Richard Nixon in a Long Beach, California hospital.
November 5, 1974
Republicans lose 40 seats in the House and 4 in the Senate, widening the Democratic majority in Congress during the mid-term elections.
November 17, 1974
Ford departs for a visit to Japan — the first visit to that country by an American President — and to South Korea and the Soviet Union.
November 23, 1974
Ford and Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R., meet in Vladivostok, U.S.S.R.
December 19, 1974
Following Congressional approval, Nelson Rockefeller is sworn in as the forty-first Vice President of the United States.
January 1, 1975
Ford signs the Privacy Act of 1974.
January 4, 1975
Ford names a Blue Ribbon panel, chaired by Vice President Rockefeller, to review CIA activities within the United States in response to allegations made in a December New York Times article by Seymour Hersh.
January 13, 1975
Ford delivers a “fireside chat” to the nation, outlining his proposals to fight inflation, the economic recession, and energy dependence.
January 15, 1975
In his first State of the Union Address, Ford announces bluntly that “the state of the Union is not good. Millions of Americans are out of work. Recession and inflation are eroding the money of millions more. Prices are too high, and sales are too slow.” To remedy these problems, Ford proposes tax cuts for American families and businesses, and strongly advocates for the reduction of government spending.
February 7, 1975
Ed Levi is sworn in as the new Attorney General of the United States replacing William Saxbe, whom Ford appoints as U.S. ambassador to India.
April 10, 1975
As North Vietnamese Army Divisions approach Saigon; Ford addresses a joint session of Congress to request, unsuccessfully, financial assistance for South Vietnam and Cambodia. During the speech two freshman Democrats, Toby Moffett of Connecticut and George Miller of California walk out in protest.
April 12, 1975
Ford evacuates the U.S. mission in Cambodia as the communist Khmer Rouge advance on the capital Phnom Penh. The Khmer Rouge take over the country on April 17, 1975.
April 23, 1975
In a speech at Tulane University, President Ford declares that the Vietnam War “is finished as far as America is concerned.”
April 28, 1975
Ford orders the emergency evacuation of American personnel and high-risk South Vietnamese nationals, as Saigon falls to Communist forces.
May 12, 1975
Newly Communist Cambodia seizes the U.S. merchant ship, Mayaguez. Ford orders Marines to rescue the ship’s crew.
May 12-15, 1975
When Communist Cambodia seizes the U.S. merchant ship Mayaguez in international waters, Ford orders Marines to rescue the ship’s crew. The civilians are safely recovered and a long hostage crisis averted, but many Marines die. The action signals U.S. resolve despite defeat in Vietnam.
May 28, 1975
Ford departs on trip to Europe for a NATO summit meeting, to visit Spain and Italy, and to meet in Austria with President Sadat of Egypt.
July 8, 1975
Ford formally announces his candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination in 1976.
July 26, 1975
Ford departs on a trip to Europe for visits to West Germany, Poland, Finland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. In Helsinki, Ford joins leaders of 34 nations in signing the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The Act’s human rights provisions greatly help East Europeans seeking an end to their communist regimes.
September 1, 1975
Ford announces a joint Egyptian-Israeli agreement on troop disengagement in the Sinai Peninsula. The agreement is the culmination of 34 days of shuttle diplomacy by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.
September 5, 1975
Charles Manson follower, Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme attempts to assassinate President Ford in Sacramento, California.
September 22, 1975
Sara Jane Moore, a woman with ties to leftwing radical groups, attempts to assassinate President Ford in San Francisco, California.
October 2-3, 1975
Ford hosts Japanese Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako for a state visit. This is the first state visit for an Emperor and Empress of Japan to the United States.
October 29, 1975
Ford urges financial restraint and a financial review for New York City during its budget crisis. Ford refuses to support Federal help for New York at this time. He proposes bankruptcy legislation to ensure the City undergoes an orderly default process. On November 26, 1975, after he believes city leaders have begun to adequately address the crisis, Ford authorizes Congress to extend the City a line of credit.
November 4, 1975
In what the press dubs the “Halloween Massacre,” President Ford orders a reorganization of his cabinet. He names Donald Rumsfeld as Defense Secretary, Elliot Richardson as Commerce Secretary, George Bush as CIA Director, and Richard Cheney as White House Chief of Staff. Henry Kissinger remains Secretary of State; however, he turns over his duties as National Security Advisor to Brent Scowcroft. Under pressure from Republican Party Conservatives, Vice President Nelson Rockefeller withdraws his name from consideration as Ford’s 1976 running mate.
November 15-17, 1975
Ford attends an economic summit at Rambouillet, France with President Valery Giscard d’Estaing of France, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of West Germany, Prime Minister Aldo Moro of Italy, Prime Minister Takeo Miki of Japan, and Prime Minister Harold Wilson of the United Kingdom. November 20, 1975 Former California Governor Ronald Reagan announces that he will challenge Gerald Ford for the Republican presidential nomination in 1976.
November 28, 1975
Ford nominates Judge John Paul Stevens of the Seventh Circuit of the Court of Appeals in Chicago to the United States Supreme Court to replace retiring Justice William O. Douglas. The Senate unanimously approves Stevens by a 98-0 vote. He is sworn in on December 19, 1975.
November 29, 1975
Ford departs for visits to People’s Republic of China, the Philippines, and Indonesia. In China, Ford meets with Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping and Chariman Mao Zedong to build momentum toward normalization of relations.
December 19, 1975
Ford opposes the Tunney Amendments of the Defense Appropriations Bill but the Senate passes them. The amendments prohibit funding for US activities aimed at defeating the Soviet and Cuban backed MPLA factions in the Angolan Civil War.
January 2, 1976
Ford vetoes the Common Situs Picketing Bill.
February 18, 1976
In an effort to reform the U.S. intelligence community, Ford signs Executive Order 11905 to “establish policies to improve the quality of intelligence needed for national security, to clarify the authority and responsibilities of the intelligence departments and agencies, and to establish effective oversight to assure compliance with law in the management and direction of intelligence agencies and departments of the national government.” This executive order also prohibits the United States from engaging in political assassination.
February 26, 1976
Ford edges Reagan by 1,250 votes in New Hampshire primary, taking 17 of 21 delegates. This begins a string of primary victories for Ford which include Florida and Illinois before a series of losses to challenger Reagan in North Carolina, Texas, Georgia, Alabama, and Indiana.
March 25, 1976
Ford sends a message to Congress requesting a special appropriation for the National Swine Flu Immunization Program. He signs the measure into law on August 12, 1976.
May 15, 1976
Ford becomes the first President since Harry Truman to campaign by train as he crosses southern Michigan prior to the primary there.
June 20, 1976
Ford orders the evacuation of the US embassy in Beirut, Lebanon following the assassination of embassy officials on June 16.
July 4, 1976
America’s Bicentennial of independence. The year is marked by numerous head of state visits and state gifts to the United States. On July 4, President Ford attends events at Valley Forge, PA; Operation Sail in New York City; and in Philadelphia, PA.
July 7, 1976
President and Mrs. Ford welcome Queen Elizabeth II to the White House for a state dinner as part of the Bicentennial celebration.
August 18, 1976
When North Korean soldiers axe-murder two U.S. soldiers on a tree-pruning mission in the Demilitarized Zone, Ford weighs strong military action but decides on other measures.
August 19, 1976
Ford is nominated at the Republican Convention edging out former California Governor Ronald Reagan. Ford names Senator Robert Dole of Kansas as his running mate. Public opinion polls following the convention have Ford trailing the Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter by wide margins. The Gallup poll favors Carter 56% to 33% and the Harris poll favors Carter 61% to 32%.
September 13, 1976
Ford signs the Government in the Sunshine Act requiring that many government regulatory agencies must give advance notice of meetings and hold open meetings. The new law also amends the Freedom of Information Act “by narrowing the authority of agencies to withhold information from the public.”
September 15, 1976
Ford kicks off his general election campaign at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
September 23, 1976
First presidential candidate debate between President Ford and Governor Jimmy Carter in Philadelphia. This is the first presidential candidate debate since the Nixon-Kennedy debates in 1960.
October 6, 1976
Second presidential candidate debate, on foreign policy and defense issues, in San Francisco. During the debate Ford comments that, “there is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and there never will be under a Ford administration.” This misstatement is fodder for the press and public for the next several days.
October 22, 1976
Third and final presidential candidate debate in Williamsburg, Virginia.
November 1-2, 1976
President Ford attends his final campaign rally in Grand Rapids, Michigan at the Pantlind Hotel. He casts his vote on November 2 and attends the unveiling of the Gerald R. Ford mural by artist Paul Collins at the Kent County Airport before returning to Washington.
November 3, 1976
Ford concedes the Presidential election to Jimmy Carter of Georgia. Ford loses the Electoral College 297-240 and receives 39,147,793 votes (48% of the votes cast) to Carter’s 40,830,763 (50.1% of the votes cast).
December 14, 1976
Ford sends a letter to the Archivist of the United States and the President of the University of Michigan offering to deposit his papers in a Presidential Library to be built on the University of Michigan campus.
January 12, 1977
In his final State of the Union Address, Ford tells Congress and the American People, “I can report that the state of the union is good. There is room for improvement, as always, but today we have a more perfect Union than when my stewardship began.”
January 20, 1977
Carter is sworn in as the 39th President of the United States. In his inaugural address, Carter states, “For myself and for our Nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land.” Ford retires to Palm Springs, California and Vail, Colorado. During his retirement, Ford serves on various corporate boards, participates in many charitable causes, remains involved in many national and international causes and issues, participates in many Republican Party functions, and is called to service several times by later Presidents.
March 9, 1977
President and Mrs. Ford sign contracts to publish their memoirs.
March 24, 1977
Ford returns to the White House for the first time since he left office and meets with President Carter in the Oval Office. They meet for an hour and a half discussing a range of national and international issues.
June 6, 1979
Ford’s memoir, A Time to Heal, is published.
Ford considers another run for the Presidency in the 1980 election.
March 16, 1980
Ford officially takes himself out of consideration for the Republican Presidential nomination, stating “…America needs a new President. I have determined that I can best help that cause by not being a candidate for President, which might further divide my party.”
At the Republican National Convention in Detroit, Michigan, representatives of Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford attempt to work out the details of having Ford on the ticket as Vice Presidential nominee, but to no avail. However, many newspapers inaccurately report that Ford has been selected for the post.
November 1, 1980
Ford appears on NBC’s Meet the Press to discuss the Iranian hostage situation and stump for candidate Reagan.
April 27, 1981
Ford dedicates his Presidential Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
September 18, 1981
Ford dedicates his Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
October 10, 1981
At the request of President Reagan, Ford joins former Presidents Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter as part of the official American delegation attending the funeral of assassinated Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.
October 3, 1982
The Betty Ford Center is dedicated.
November 10, 1982
Ford hosts a conference on the Presidency and the War Powers Act at the Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Ford makes a cameo appearance with former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger on the ABC show Dynasty.
November 15, 1984
Ford joins President Carter for a symposium at the University of Michigan on “New Weapons Technologies and Soviet-American Relations.”
April 25, 1985
About thirty scholars join President Ford for a conference at the Ford Library in Ann Arbor to discuss the state of the presidential primary system. The proceedings of the conference were later published in a volume edited by George Grassmuck entitled Before Nomination: Our Primary Problems.
September 17-19, 1986
Ford hosts the symposium “Humor and the Presidency” at the Ford Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
To mark the bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution, Ford participates in conferences with former President Carter at both the Carter and Ford Libraries entitled, “The Presidency and the Constitution.”
October 1, 1987
Ford publishes Humor and the Presidency drawn from the September 1986 conference at the Ford Presidential Museum.
November 18, 1988
Former Presidents Jimmy Carter and Gerald Ford meet with President-Elect George H.W. Bush to present the recommendations of the American Agenda Group, an organization of experts and former administration officials who studied the most critical issues confronting the United States.
April 6-8, 1989
Ford and many members of his administration participate in a conference at Hofstra University that examines the Ford presidency.
October 8, 1994
The University of Michigan retires President Ford’s football jersey number 48 at halftime of the Michigan State game. It is only the fifth football number to be retired by the university.
August 12, 1996
Ford speaks at the Republican National Convention in San Diego, California on behalf of his former running mate and Republican presidential nominee, Robert Dole.
December 21, 1998
Following the House of Representatives’ impeachment of President Clinton, Ford co-authors a New York Times Op-Ed piece with former President Carter. They argue for a bipartisan resolution of censure as an alternative to an impeachment trial.
August 8, 1999
Ford writes an Op-Ed piece in the New York Times defending the University of Michigan’s system of admission standards that uses affirmative action.
August 11, 1999
President Ford is awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian award, by President Clinton.
October 27, 1999
President Ford receives the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest award bestowed by the Legislative branch.
April 7, 2000
In conjunction with the opening of nearly 40,000 pages from the Ford Library’s holdings on the Vietnam War, Ford hosts the conference “After the Fall: Vietnam Plus Twenty-Five,” at the University of Michigan.
May 11, 2000
Ford attends the ceremony that renames the Kent County International Airport after him.
September 12, 2000
Ford is present as The University of Michigan’s School of Public Policy is renamed for him.
January 30, 2001
Following the closely contested 2000 Presidential election, Former Presidents Ford and Carter are named as honorary Co-Chairmen of the National Commission on Federal Election Reform.
May 21, 2001
The John F. Kennedy Foundation presents Ford with the Profiles in Courage Award for putting the nation’s interest above his own political future with the pardon of Richard Nixon.
June 5, 2001
President Ford opens public hearings of the National Commission on Federal Election Reform at the Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The Commission, which was co-chaired by Former Presidents Ford and Carter, presents its findings to the White House on July 31, 2001.
September 14, 2001
Following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, President and Mrs. Ford attend the National Day of Prayer and Remembrance ceremony at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) establishes the “NCAA President’s Gerald R. Ford Award.” The award honors an individual who has provided significant leadership as an advocate for intercollegiate athletics on a continuous basis over the course of their career. The first recipient of the award was Father Theodore Hesburgh, former President of Notre Dame.
September 20, 2004
The State Bar of Michigan honors Ford, recognizing him as the state’s twenty-ninth legal milestone.
November 12, 2004
Ford attends the groundbreaking for the new Joan and Sanford Weill building that will house the Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan.
November 26, 2005
An article Ford writes, reflecting on passing of journalist Hugh Sidey, appears in the Washington Post.
The NCAA names Ford as the fourteenth most-influential student-athlete of the last 100 years.
June 19, 2006
The National Archives hosts a tribute to President Ford, entitled “President Ford’s Washington and the World.” The tribute featured presentations by former Ford administration officials including: Henry Kissinger, David Gergen, James Cannon, and Carla Hills.
December 26, 2006
President Ford dies at his California home. He is 93 years old. The nation enters a period of mourning, and funeral services are held in Palm Desert, California; Washington, D.C.; and Grand Rapids, Michigan.
December 30, 2006
At the conclusion of funeral services at St. Margaret’s Church in Palm Desert, California, President Ford’s body is flown to Washington, D.C. to lie in state at the U.S. Capital Rotunda and for services at the National Cathedral. Before arriving at the Capital, the funeral procession drives to Alexandria, Virginia and the Ford’s former home there. The procession also pauses for a ceremony at the World War II Veteran’s Memorial in Washington, D.C.
January 2, 2007
Funeral services are held for President Ford at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. Eulogies are given by President George W. Bush, Former President George H.W. Bush, Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, and Journalist Tom Brokaw. Following the service, President Ford’s body is flown back to Grand Rapids to lie in repose and for services.
January 3, 2007
Funeral services are held for President Ford at Grace Episcopal Church in Grand Rapids, Michigan. During the service, eulogies are given by Former President Jimmy Carter, Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, and Historian Richard Norton Smith. Following the service, President Ford is interred on the grounds of his Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan. | <urn:uuid:1a90f28b-7e82-483b-94cd-89aad4292be9> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.geraldrfordfoundation.org/about/gerald-r-ford-timeline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274979.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00063-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942087 | 7,735 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Brief SummaryRead full entry
The dwarf antelopes in the genus Madoqua are known as dikdiks. Groves (2011) recognizes 12 Madoqua species, nearly all of which are confined to the Horn of Africa (M. damarensis is found in southwestern Africa). Most of these species were formerly considered subspecies of M. saltiana or M. kirkii (the other two traditionally recognized species are M. piacentinii and M. guentheri, the latter of which Groves states includes two strongly distinct subspecies that might better be treated as species). The former subspecies of M. saltiana are M. phillipsi, M. hararensis, M. swaynei, and M. lawrancei; the former subspecies of M. kirkii are M. hindei, M. cavendishi, and M. damarensis. Madoqua thomasi was formerly treated as a synonym of M. kirkii.
Dikdiks are very small antelopes with long legs and a fine soft coat. They have relatively large eyes and ears, a prominent crest, and a fur-covered nose that is enlarged into a proboscis in some species and functions as part of a cooling system (dikdik species without this well developed system may stay cool by being mainly nocturnal). The tail is vestigial, but the pale underfur can be fanned to create a striking visual signal. These are arid-adapted antelopes and Kingdon (1997) notes that the two arid regions in which they occur (Horn of Africa and southwestern Africa) have often been connected by an arid corridor in the past.
All dikdiks rely on low thickets and succulents growing on well-drained soils with little grass. If dense, tall grass becomes established, the dikdiks move away. Males scent-mark their territories, but their territories are determined largely by the movements the females. Territories are around a third of a hectare and population densities range from around 5 to 20 per square km. Many disturbances may elicit a discreet crouching or creeping departure, but a sudden flight tends to elicit breathy whistles from both partners in a territory, sometimes in a duet. When a pair reunites there is often face-rubbing in which the female may lick the male's preorbital glands, which secrete in response to excitement. Flight is generally brief but swift (speeds of up to 42 kph have been recorded).
The flexible well developed proboscis in some dikdik species is lined with numerous blood vessels in the mucus membrane. These are cooled by increasing the normal breathing rate from one to nearly eight breaths per second. The cooled blood returns to the heart via a sinus where hot blood going to the brain is cooled by this returning blood in a form of rete mirabile. Selective cooling via this countercurrent exchange mechanism minimizes the risk to brain function as general body temperature rises. | <urn:uuid:07183e1b-eef7-4cb5-a021-3d5a15b2684d> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://eol.org/pages/39384/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163785316/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204132945-00062-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948207 | 636 | 2.984375 | 3 |
April 1, 2015
As Kader Sevinç said in her paper for Euractiv , one of the main challenges for our generation is to better conduct the transition toward a transnational world in order to be able to providing solutions in accordance with our expectations and values. EU has difficulties to find solutions, and should deal with institutional and governance efficiency reforms, reaching more transparency and democratic outputs, deepen and widen its market. But we cannot expect such huge changes if our decision makers do not understand the deep necessity of it. For most part of them, they belong to old world that configured their way of thinking. The today’s world is mostly characterized by two new and increasing phenomenons.
The first phenomenon is interdependency. In the old fashioned world it was possible to make a better Europe with a mindmap limited to national interests. But today, our world is affected by what is happening in other locations and time. The nuclear bomb has been the first strong element making people aware they belong to a common world; the liberal economy strengthened this feeling, especially in times of crisis, we can pick up many examples in the current affairs showing a faraway economic event affecting all the world peoples (Fed decisions, Shut Down…). The earth concerns is the most recent element making of the different peoples lives a common future. The last IPCC report –The Physical Science Basis – informs us that humans activity is well at the origin of the global warming and that consequences are everyday more important if we do not change our way of living. So we are in an interdependent world in terms of space and time.
The second phenomenon is complexity. In the old world times things was much easier to figure out as we were dealing with few actors (Heads of States or Governments), having a clear and precise role (protect the country from external threats and keep control on the domestic affairs) in a bipolar world (cold war). The combination of new technologies in a globalized economy reshaped this world. There are many new stakeholders competing at different level with States: just think about international firms, civil society organizations, international criminality, or new international organizations. In a multipolar world where poor countries tend to converge with developed countries, the best way for States to protect its people is to contribute to act for a safer world. In other words, to face global issues as rising inequalities, epidemics, water depletion or illegal migrations, decision-makers cannot act anymore with the means of a traditional foreign policy.
Europe has been at the core of the progressive values that made us proud of our last generations, providing values of freedom, democracy, justice, and citizenship to our societies. But in a world everyday more interdependent and more complex, European Union and Turkey are not mature yet. The Turkish accession process to EU is mired in small ambitions by a lack of strategic vision of our elite. There is a lot to do, Mrs. Sevinç emphasized some of them, and the Turkish accession to EU is not a priority for a better world, but it would be the meaning that a page has turned over, and a generation with that. It is our generation’s responsibility to achieve it. | <urn:uuid:3b4a887e-4197-4c2c-86d3-5e7e10f273ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://kadersevinc.blogactiv.eu/2015/04/01/old-elite-in-a-new-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280133.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00006-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948032 | 645 | 2.5625 | 3 |
One of the hottest food trends for 2007 may well have its origins dating back thousands of years.
Take a look down the aisles … and it's all about hemp!
Hemp has been grown for at least the last 12,000 years for fiber and food. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson both grew hemp and in fact Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence on hemp paper.
First thing to understand is that "hemp" is NOT "marijuana."
Industrial hemp and marijuana are both classified as Cannabis sativa, a species with hundreds of different varieties, which is a member of the mulberry family. Industrial hemp is bred to maximize fiber, seed and/or oil, while marijuana varieties seek to maximize THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana).
Industrial hemp has a THC content of between 0.05 percent and 1 percent. Marijuana has a THC content of 3 percent to 20 percent. The hemp plant is tall and stalky and the marijuana plant is short, shrub-like, and has "buds". It's an annual plant that grows from a seed, and because of its quick growth (average of 4 months) it requires limited pesticides.
In Canada and the European Union, only varieties containing less than 0.3 percent THC in their flower portions are permitted as commercial crops. Hemp growing has been illegal in the United States since the early 1950s, but the importing of foods made from hemp seeds and oils is allowed. Before the seed is used as a food ingredient, the hull is usually removed, effectively removing all but the most microscopic amounts of THC. The shelled hempseeds used in food each typically contain less than 3 parts-per million (ppm) of THC. For example, if 20 percent of a food's ingredients are shelled hempseeds, and assuming a 2 ppm THC level, a human being would have to eat 50 pounds of the food in question to become intoxicated.
Thirty countries around the world permit the cultivation of industrial hemp and the subsequent use of hemp by-products in human food. Regulations governing acceptable thresholds for human ingestion vary quite considerably between these jurisdictions or are simply non-existent. For example, Canada's food safety regulator, Health Canada, currently permits foods to contain up to 10 parts per million THC but is expected to revise this level to 2 ppm. In Switzerland, government policy mandates below a 20 ppm limit. In contrast, U.S., regulators prohibit any level of THC in food—an assessment based in large part upon a 1937 U.S. tax act on marijuana.
Why foods from hemp?
Hempseeds are actually nuts (31 percent of the nut is fat) with a nutty flavor similar to pine nuts and while the nuts are very small, they are big on nutrition, with up to 35 percent of the hemp nut being protein. Most of this protein is edestin, a highly digestible storage protein. Unusual for plant protein, hempseed protein contains all nine essential amino acids in a favorable ratio for human needs.
There are twenty different types of fatty acids that our body needs for optimum health. We can manufacture all but two (2) of these twenty - known as the Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs); OMEGA-6 Linoleic Acid (LA) and OMEGA-3 Linolenic Acid (LNA) the source of these two come from our foods nutrients. To be most effective, these two EFA’s need to be consumed in a balanced ratio; the World Health Organization recommended ratio is 4:1.
The hempseed is one of the most balanced sources of omega-3 and omega-6 Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs). Studies link many common ailments to an imbalance and deficiency of EFAs in the typical Western diet: too much omega-6 and not enough omega-3. Fish and fish oils are typically recommended because they provide the omega-3 derivatives of SDA, DHA, and EPA, but for some consumers the concern over the contamination of fish by mercury and other environmental toxins (which has led the FDA to warn pregnant women and nursing mothers to restrict their fish intake) hemp’s omega profile is a good alternative to fish. The seeds also provide other phytonutrients, including phytosterols and carotenes as well as Vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
Hemp oil is the richest known source of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids (the "good" fats) and it is also rich in some essential amino acids, including gamma linoleic acid (GLA), a very rare nutrient also found in mother's milk.
Since the early 1990s, shelled hempseeds have been used as a food ingredient in a wide variety of foodstuffs, including baked goods, snacks, breakfast cereals, beverages, frozen desserts, tofu, and milk substitute.
Let’s taste some hemp!
Nutiva Organic Shelled Hemp Seeds - These shelled hempseeds are 33 percent protein and rich in vitamin E as well as Omega-3 and GLA. While some other firms heat their hempseeds, Nutiva simply removes the seeds' hard shells, yielding a 100 percent raw gourmet product that tastes like pine nuts. 1.1-ounce packet $1.89: 10-ounce packet $9.99. www.nutiva.com
Manitoba Harvest Organic Hemp Seed Oil has a nutty flavor and is one of the few vegetable oils that contains large quantities of the omega-3 essential fatty acid (EFA) called alpha-linolenic acid (20 percent). Manitoba Harvest Organic Hemp Seed Oil is made by hemp seeds that are cold pressed to ensure that valuable enzymes are not destroyed and nutrients such as chlorophyll and vitamin E remain intact. Unlike conventional oil refining, their "Fresh Pressed" process does not subject the oil to poisonous chemicals or destructive heat. 8-ounce bottle $10.99; 16-ounce bottle $19.99. www.manitobaharvest.com
Manitoba Harvest Hemp Seed Butter is a spread that contains more omega 3 & 6 essential fats than any other nut butter and is one of nature's richest sources of complete protein (35 percent). Hemp Seed Butter contains no trans fats, no hydrogenated oils, no cholesterol, no added sugar, low saturated fat, no gluten, no preservatives, and no artificial colors or flavors. To produce Manitoba Harvest Hemp Seed Butter, hemp seeds are cracked to expose the soft inner "nut." This inner nut is then ground at a low temperature until a rich, creamy texture is achieved. No other ingredients are used in this raw "living" food that is made in small batches. Hemp seed butter has an attractive emerald green color due to its content of chlorophyll, a powerful antioxidant. A 10-ounce jar sells for $9.99. www.manitobaharvest.com
Living Harvest's Hempmilk™ is a nutty tasting non-dairy beverage that provides essential and balanced nutrition for the whole family. An alternative to soy milk or dairy, it has a naturally occurring well-balanced ratio of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Essential Fatty Acids that can help maintain a healthy heart, a sharp mind, a strong immune system, and glowing skin. Available in three flavors: Original, Chocolate and Vanilla. Each serving contains: 0.9 grams Omega-3, 2.9 grams of Omega-6 with GLA, all 9 Essential Amino Acids, 4 grams of Protein , Essential Vitamins A, B12, D, E, Riboflavin and Folic Acid, Essential Minerals Magnesium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Iron and Zinc, 46 percent of RDA of Calcium. 32 oz. carton retails for $3.99. www.livingharvest.com/
Nutiva® HempShakes™ - The powdered shakes contain nourishing superfoods, such as hemp, blueberries, pomegranates, açai and goji berries, maca root, and ramon nuts, that are rich not only in protein but in minerals, antioxidants, and healthful fatty acids. Hemp protein contains 66 percent edestin—easier to digest than soy—and, unlike most soy protein, isn’t processed with hexane solvents. 1.1-ounce packet $1.89; 16-ounce container $19.99. www.nutiva.com/
Nature's Path Hemp Plus Granola - Organic rolled oats, organic evaporated cane juice, organic expeller pressed soybean oil, organic brown rice flour, organic flax seeds, hemp seed, organic oat syrup solids, sea salt, organic molasses, rice bran extract. Sells for $3.99. www.naturespath.com/
Healthy Hemp Brownie Bites - Chewy dense chocolate brownie swirled with caramel and packed with hempseed. Hempseed are packed with Omegas 3 & 6 fatty acids. A sweet and satisfying dessert! Healthy Hemp Brownie Bites will be sold nationally in Natural Food Stores and conventional supermarkets beginning in 2007. $4.99-$5.99. www.frenchmeadow.com/
, bread and tortillas - contains the highest amount of protein and fiber of any bread available! Packed with organic shelled hempseed, organic flaxseeds, and organic pumpkin seeds. A rich source of protein, dietary fiber, minerals, vitamin E, iron, all 9 amino acids, and a near perfect composition of the fatty acids Omega 3, 6 & 9. Sold in the frozen section. $3.99-$5.99. www.frenchmeadow.com
Nature's Path Hemp Plus Organic Waffles - Frozen waffles contain organic whole wheat flour, organic expeller pressed soybean oil, organic evaporated cane juice, organic flax seed, organic hemp seed, leavening, organic oat bran, non-GMO soy lecithin, organic pear juice, sea salt, organic rice bran. Net weight: 11 ounces (312g). Sells for $3.59. www.naturespath.com/
Phil Lempert is food editor of the TODAY show. He welcomes questions and comments, which can be sent to email@example.com or by using the mail box below. For more about the latest trends on the supermarket shelves, visit Phil’s Web site at . | <urn:uuid:71e341f3-c95d-4526-b012-d5c59de1c691> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.today.com/food/nutty-hemp-hot-food-trend-wbna16637630 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320707.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626101322-20170626121322-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.917642 | 2,174 | 2.875 | 3 |
What is the poverty rate in Bellflower, California?
The poverty rate in Bellflower is 14.8%. One out of every 6.7 residents of Bellflower lives in poverty.
How many people in Bellflower, California live in poverty?
11,450 of 77,275 Bellflower residents reported income levels below the poverty line in the last year.
How does the poverty rate in Bellflower compare to the rest of California?
The Poverty Rate across the state of California is 15.1%, meaning Bellflower has a slightly lower than average percentage of residents below the poverty line when compared to the rest of California.
|Year||Poverty Rate||YoY % Change||National|
|Race||Population||Poverty Rate||National Poverty Rate||Population|
Two Or More Races
The Poverty Rate of black residents in Bellflower, California is dramatically lower than the national average of 25.2%. 1,161 of 10,240 black Californians live below the poverty line. Approximately 13.2% of the total population of Bellflower, California are black.
The Poverty Rate of asian residents in Bellflower, California is dramatically lower than the national average of 11.9%. 920 of 10,363 asian Californians live below the poverty line. Approximately 13.3% of the total population of Bellflower, California are asian.
The Poverty Rate of white residents in Bellflower, California is the same as than the national average. 1,848 of 12,580 white Californians live below the poverty line. Approximately 16.2% of the total population of Bellflower, California are white.
The Poverty Rate of hispanic residents in Bellflower, California is the same as than the national average. 7,447 of 42,646 hispanic Californians live below the poverty line. Approximately 54.8% of the total population of Bellflower, California are hispanic.
The Poverty Rate for men who live in Bellflower, California is 13.4%.
The Poverty Rate for women who live in Bellflower, California is 16.1%.
5,048 of 37,632 males in Bellflower live below the poverty line.
6,402 of 39,643 females in Bellflower live below the poverty line.
Understanding where poverty hits hardest in Bellflower can be better understood by segmenting poverty by whether or not the resident is in school or not.
Poverty for younger ages in Bellflower is seen as the most undesirable for the future of the community.
Poverty for developing children and young adults in Bellflower can have drastic impacts on graduation and college attendance rates.
Adult students in college, graduate or professional schools generally bring employers, revenue and higher living wages post-graduation and are seen as a positive to the community.
Children Under 6
Children 6 to 11 Years Old
Adolescents 12 to 17 Years Old
Adults 18 to 59 Years Old
Adults 60 to 74 Years Old
75 to 84 Years Old
Over 85 Years Old
The Poverty Rate for residents of Bellflower, California who were born citizens of the United States is 14.2%.
The Poverty Rate for residents of Bellflower, California who were born citizens of a country other than the US is 16.1%.
Of the 52,978 residents of Bellflower, California who were born citizens of the United States, 7,527 (14.2%) had income levels below the poverty line within the past year.
Conversely, 3,923 (16.1%) of 24,297 residents of Bellflower, California who were born citizens of a country other than the US reported income levels below the poverty line within the past year.
|La Cañada Flintridge||3.0%|
|La Habra Heights||3.0%|
|Lake Los Angeles||30.1%|
|Marina del Rey||12.4%|
|North El Monte||14.0%|
|Palos Verdes Estates||4.7%|
|Rancho Palos Verdes||4.5%|
|Rolling Hills Estates||4.5%|
|Santa Fe Springs||13.9%|
|South El Monte||18.7%|
|South Monrovia Island||14.6%|
|South San Gabriel||13.1%|
|South San Jose Hills||16.6%|
|View Park-Windsor Hills||10.4%|
|West Puente Valley||8.9%|
|West Rancho Dominguez||20.5%|
|West Whittier-Los Nietos||9.0%|
|Desert View Highlands||11.9%|
|East Los Angeles||22.4%|
|East Rancho Dominguez||21.6%|
|East San Gabriel||10.4%| | <urn:uuid:3760e335-d1eb-456c-b2b0-0b15ec4351a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.welfareinfo.org/poverty-rate/california/bellflower | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305494.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128104113-20220128134113-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.652895 | 2,710 | 2.59375 | 3 |
her life, Marie Hilson Katzenbach worked
to improve education in New Jersey. A member of the State
Board of Education for 44 years, she served as president
for nine years. Katzenbach worked tirelessly at the New
Jersey School for the Deaf, which was renamed in her honor
Morrow Parker became the first African-American
public school teacher in Bergen County in 1922. She was
hired to teach fifth and sixth grade in the Hackensack
public schools. During her early years of teaching, she
and her family were subject to criticism by the Daughters
of the American Revolution and the Knights of Columbus,
and to harassment by the Ku Klux Klan.
more information on New Jersey Women’s History, please
visit the Women’s
Project of New Jersey. | <urn:uuid:1bcc4ec3-c9ff-4d76-b23a-31db5f974189> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.nj.gov/hangout_nj/200303_womens_history_p2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121423.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00156-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959924 | 172 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Brief History Of Regional Integration Efforts In East Africa
The East African Community includes the countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi. The origins of the integration of East Africa first occurred when colonialists tried to integrate the countries for greater control of that region of the continent. “Prior to the 1926 Governor’s Conference, which laid a groundwork for future areas of cooperation, the region witnessed the establishment of supranational institutions such as the Kenya-Uganda Railway, the Court of Appeal of East Africa (1902), a common currency (1905), a Postal Union (1917) and a Customs Union (1917)”.
After examining the dynamics of the area, researchers reported that the area of East Africa could be more closely integrated. At this time, the East Africa High Commission was formed. This organization was officially formed in 1948 and included officials of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. It is important to note that this commission was able to put forth laws in all three countries which had to be followed. Still, the people of the region did not afford the East Africa High Commission a great deal of respect because of its origins as a product of colonialism. Finally, in 1961, the EAHC was replaced by the East African Common Services Organization.
There were some significant differences between the East African Common Services Organization and the EAHC. One significant difference is that it was formed by an agreement between the governments of the three countries of East Africa who were to be involved instead of their colonialists. Furthermore, it was geared toward an African perspective. “The EASCO served as a platform for enhancing cooperation among the territories. The political elites of the territories viewed the independence of their respective territories as the first step, followed by the creation of a Federal East African state. In 1963, the political leaders of the East African states signed a declaration of federation. The declaration, amongst other provisions, aimed at establishing a federation of East Africa”. Just as its predecessor the East Africa High Commission was a product of colonialism, key decision makers in the region felt that the East African Common Services Organization was too similar to the political structure of the region during the times of colonialism. Furthermore, a central bank and common market could not be set up in the region because of the poor state of the economies of the region at this time. However, those in the area were still interested in cooperation. This paved the way for the establishment of the East Africa Community in 1967. | <urn:uuid:997f493b-7f95-44b4-9e23-b70891941410> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://typewriter-typewriter.com/an-essay-sample-on-regional-integration-in-east-africa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578747424.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426013652-20190426035652-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.971144 | 509 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Most of us are familiar with the term “carbon footprint,” which denotes the amount of carbon emitted by an activity or event. Personal carbon footprint calculators abound, and private and public enterprises continually seek new ways to lower their carbon footprints, thus demonstrating their commitments to a greener future. The concept of a carbon footprint has led to a number of other footprints, including water, food, and land footprints. Indeed, measuring and lowering footprints has become en vogue not only in sustainability circles, but also in government and industry circles as our increased interest in all things green has infiltrated marketing campaigns across the globe.
In March, Friends of the Earth Europe (FOEE) released a report investigating Europe’s land footprint, which is one of the highest in the world. They define a land footprint as “the land needed to produce all the products and services we consume.” The idea of a land footprint is vitally important because land is a clearly defined planetary boundary. The world has a limited amount of land, and an even more limited amount of usable land. The earth’s development of new land is an exceedingly slow process, whereas destruction and degradation of land can happen in an instant. If we cease to live within our land boundary, we face the dangers of production shortages, famine, large-scale migrations, and economic failure—not to mention decline of biodiversity and ecosystems.
High consumption drives the overuse and degradation of arable land around the world. (photo courtesy of the Knowles Gallery via flickr)
One of the key messages of the report is that consumption is a major driver of land use. Every item we buy, from meat to laptops, has an embodied land footprint – the amount of land used to produce that particular item. This embodied land footprint consists of land used to grow coffee plants, or to mine lithium for batteries, or to grow cotton for textiles. For example, a cup of coffee requires an average of 4.3 m2 of land to produce, and a car requires 150 m2 of land from mining and production processes. Of course, the land on which coffee is grown continues to produce for years, and can be cultivated in harmony with the environment, whereas mining depletes a finite amount of resources. Different production processes certainly influence land footprints, and many industries are focusing on lessening their ecological impacts and reducing the amount of physical space needed for their production. Globally, meat products have the highest footprint (997 million hectares annually), followed by raw milk (620 million hectares annually). Think about it this way: it takes 75 ft2 of grazing land and land for growing animal feed to produce a single, quarter-pound hamburger. Importantly, all this land, which feeds both our physical needs and our consumption addiction, functions as a global commodity, imported and exported as a virtual good embedded in products.
In our globalized world, products are increasingly imported, bringing with them embodied land. Europe’s consumption habits far outstrip their land capacity, leading to significant land imports which are used elsewhere to grow, extract, or process goods for European consumption. Friends of the Earth Europe found that 40 percent of agricultural land required to satisfy Europe’s demand for products is located in other regions of the world. (And the report focuses only on crop production and livestock farming, ignoring forestry and industrial land use, which, if incorporated, would surely make the results even more disturbing.) Within Europe, the largest net importers of agricultural land are Germany and the United Kingdom. Grazing land, oilseed, and wheat are the largest contributors to embodied land.
This increased appetite for goods contributes to land grabbing in other regions of the world, particularly in places with ambiguous or uncertain property rights, or where natural resources can be taken by the state and sold to the highest bidder. Policies that on the surface seem to be protecting the environment and natural resources are having unforeseen and dangerous consequences. For example, the Renewable Energy Directive, an attempt to lower emissions from transport fuels, increases the demand for biofuels and exacerbates the land footprint issue, though its purported goal is an admirable one. Increased biofuel production is a dominant driver of land grabbing. Additionally, the European Union’s trade liberalization agenda, seeking access to cheap raw materials to keep its own export markets cheap and competitive, undermines developing countries’ abilities to protect their natural resources.
Beyond contributing to land degradation and overuse, Europe’s high consumption and dependency on foreign land leads to the loss of indigenous knowledge and livelihoods. For example, much of South America has devoted itself to producing animal feed to feed Europe’s cattle, leading to the clearing of tropical forests and the forced expulsion of natives. As the recognition of land limitations spread, a focus has been on increasing land productivity. Technological advances and the mechanization of farming, while increasing productivity, contribute to native job losses and indigenous communities losing their cultural histories as they are forced to adapt to rapidly changing technologies and development. Though industrial agriculture benefits from such advances, to the detriment of the environment, organic farming offers an alternative path to increased productivity, while accounting for local knowledge and environmental preservation.
Organic farming has been touted as one way to lower our land footprint, by functioning in harmony with the ecosystem instead of in opposition. (photo courtesy of thebittenword.com via flickr)
Organic agriculture seeks to use years of local knowledge and ecological understanding to maximize profit while still preserving the balance of nature. Though results differs depending on crop type and farming techniques, organic farming can produce just as efficiently as can industrialized agriculture. FOEE argues for an integrated strategy to satisfy the world’s nutritional requirement: make agriculture in industrialized countries less intensive, using fewer inputs and producing and consuming less meat. In some developing countries agriculture can be enhanced by utilizing systems that respect the ecology, like agro-ecological methods, by combining traditional knowledge with technology. In countries with unfavorable land tenure conditions (where ownership is unclear or lacks legal recognition), inclusive and transparent agrarian reforms are necessary.
Recognizing that global land flows must be accounted for, a coalition has made a united call for European governments to lower the continent’s land footprint. The coalition, consisting of a variety of NGOs, individuals, and non-profits, have called upon individual countries and the EU to measure and report their land footprints, set land footprint reduction targets, incorporate land footprint analysis into new policies, protect customary and traditional land rights, and require large companies to report and reduce their land footprints. Specific policy options to reduce land use include: increasing organic agriculture; increasing local and regional material flows as opposed to global ones; reducing food waste; increasing recycling and reuse rates; abandoning biofuel targets; and individually, reducing meat and dairy consumption, and purchasing recycled products. Certainly nobody is suggesting that we cease cultivating land. When farmed, mined, and developed within its ecological capacities, land functions as a sort of renewable resource, nurturing life for years to come. The danger lies in the fact that high consumption rates are coercing people to simply increase productivity, discounting environmental degradation. Additionally, lands that traditionally have been sustainably farmed are increasingly being bought up by large corporations and governments and used for industrial agricultural and unsustainable extraction processes,threatening both the environment and indigenous livelihoods. However, if Europe and the rest of the world unites in a global effort to reduce land footprints, food distribution will become more equitable, soil quality will increase, local economies will improve, and environmental degradation across the world will be mitigated. | <urn:uuid:5d2090cb-51bd-4110-bedb-8cff94dfd024> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.worldwatch.org/this-land-is-our-land-your-land-is-our-land/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936454 | 1,543 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Efficient and highly effective control of infectious diseases can be achieved by targeting interventions towards farms that are highly connected “super-spreaders” in animal movement networks. However, from an implementation standpoint, it is unclear how much movement data is required to gain an accurate picture of farm connectivity, nor how quickly movement networks change over time. For example, can movement data from last year be used to identify potential super-spreaders this year? How often do such analyses need to be updated? Answering these questions is key to moving from science to practice in terms of successful deployment of network-based targeted control strategies in swine production systems. In this study, Dr Dennis Makau and the VanderWaal lab aim to answer these questions for production systems in the United States.
Using network theory, we analyzed 282,807 pig movements between 2,724 farms from two production systems in the United States between 2014 and 2017. We examined farm-to-farm loyalty in pig movements (i.e., how often is a movement between two specific farms repeated), consistency of farm’s position in the network through time (e.g., number of trading partners), and overall changes in network structure through time. We also simulated the efficacy of targeted interventions at fragmenting between-farm infection chains when using data from different historical timepoints to define potential super-spreaders.
Key findings and their relevance
How many months of data are needed to adequately represent a network?
- Network stability was achieved after aggregating six months of data, and minimal shifts in node-level and global network metrics were observed when adding more data. This indicates that a temporal resolution of six months for pig movement data would be reliable for identifying potential superspreaders and high-risk farms with minimal random variation expected in the network.
How often should network analysis be updated when using network-based targeted control strategies?
- The effectiveness of targeted interventions on high-risk swine farms based on network data from 1-2 years ago was as effective as using current data to identify high-risk farms (see figure below).
- Using previous data is more effective than random interventions on farms (see figure below), although its effectiveness/reliability decreases considerably with data more than 30 months old.
- When simulating the impact of targeted interventions, vaccinating 10-15% of highly connected farms effectively disrupted disease transmission (assuming 100% vaccine effectiveness and disease transmission primarily through animal movements). In contrast, in random vaccination, more than 60% of the farms would have to be vaccinated to achieve a similar impact.
How often are movements between specific farms repeated?
- Repeated movements between specific farms (i.e., loyalty) contributes to the scale of temporal stability in swine movement networks.
- Loyalty in farm-to-farm pig movements was mainly exhibited for movements from sow farms to nurseries and from nurseries to finisher farms. The average proportion of specific farm contacts repeated at least once within a 52-week interval was 51–60 % and 12–22% for weaned feeder pig movements, respectively. These loyalty trends were cyclic; episodes of increased loyalty observed at intervals of 8 and 17–20 weeks for weaned feeder pig movements, respectively. These cycles corresponded to the pig lifecycles and expected time spent at the two stages of production in a multisite production system.
Understanding network stability aids in decisions of disease management, monitoring and surveillance. Moreover, the observed network stability and reliability of historical data indicate that historical data is better than no data. | <urn:uuid:b30a5e86-5e61-4cf4-a96d-3ed1e7bc38d5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://umnswinenews.com/2021/06/01/temporal-stability-of-swine-movement-networks-in-the-u-s/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099514.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128115347-20231128145347-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.954057 | 725 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What Parents Need to Know
Parents need to know that this movie includes realistic representations of shooting deaths (in the first scene, committed by adolescent boys) and a terrorist bomb attack on a bus in Brooklyn. The political intrigue is occasionally complicated, involving discussions of assassination, genocide, racism, and the desire for revenge. Characters drink, smoke, and use some mild language (they also name and drink Starbucks coffee).
- Families can talk about the U.N.'s roles in world peacekeeping and diplomacy, as well as recent turmoils in Sudan, Rwanda, or Zimbabwe. Families can also talk about the way that children are affected by daily and traumatic violence. Is vengeance the only or most effective response to violence? How do you know when you can trust a friend or a colleague? | <urn:uuid:abb827e3-56a9-41cd-ae7e-0efc4fc65a5e> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.movies.com/movie-reviews/theinterpreter-review/m19982?viewmore=metascore | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398460942.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205420-00142-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945501 | 159 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- The CDC and the advisory committee together with AAFP and other different professional organizations of medicine have released immunization schedules for 2017 for children and adults.
- This year some changes have been done and these changes includes recommendations for the nine valent vaccine of HPV and its schedule of two dose. These recommendations are for the patients of 11 to 12 ages.
When this annual schedule of immunization was released, the concerns were that the administration of Trump has given proposal to appoint the group who could study the effectiveness and safety of these vaccines.
Meigs said clearly that the vaccines are effective and safe and it saves life as well. Meigs further explained that the allegations of the link between autism and vaccines have been debunked thoroughly
1 – Childhood and its schedule highlights:
For the patients taking vaccination of HPV9 at the age of 15 or after that age, the recommendation for immunization schedule is about three doses. After taking first dose, the second one should be taken after the gap of one to two months. Similarly 6 months gap should be there between first and third dose.
2 – Schedule highlights of adults:
The recommendation of HPV for adults did not change actually. The young and teen adults who have started vaccination at the age of 15 to 26, will continue their vaccination with three HPV vaccines doses.
Immunization schedules for 2017 | <urn:uuid:65fa080e-654c-49b4-ad67-43ae827ea652> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://7fame.com/aafp-releases-immunization-schedules-2017/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526948.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721102738-20190721124738-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.96319 | 271 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Land Ordinance of 1785
The Land Ordinance of 1785 was adopted by the United States Congress of the Confederation on May 20, 1785. It set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west. Congress at the time did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation, so land sales provided an important revenue stream. The Ordinance set up a survey system that eventually covered over three-quarters of the area of the continental United States.
The earlier Land Ordinance of 1784 was a resolution written by Thomas Jefferson calling for Congress to take action. The land west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River was to be divided into ten separate states. However, the 1784 resolution did not define the mechanism by which the land would become states, or how the territories would be governed or settled before they became states. The Ordinance of 1785 put the 1784 resolution in operation by providing a mechanism for selling and settling the land, while the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 addressed political needs.
The 1785 ordinance laid the foundations of land policy until passage of the Homestead Act of 1862. The Land Ordinance established the basis for the Public Land Survey System. The initial surveying was performed by Thomas Hutchins. After he died in 1789, responsibility for surveying was transferred to the Surveyor General. Land was to be systematically surveyed into square townships, 6 mi (9.7 km) on a side, each divided into thirty-six sections of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2) or 640 acres (260 ha). These sections could then be subdivided for re-sale by settlers and land speculators.
The ordinance was also significant for establishing a mechanism for funding public education. Section 16 in each township was reserved for the maintenance of public schools. Many schools today are still located in section sixteen of their respective townships, although a great many of the school sections were sold to raise money for public education. In later States, section 36 of each township was also designated as a "school section".
The Point of Beginning for the 1785 survey was where Ohio (as the easternmost part of the Northwest Territory), Pennsylvania and Virginia (now West Virginia) met, on the north shore of the Ohio River near East Liverpool, Ohio. There is a historical marker just north of the site, at the state line where Ohio State Route 39 becomes Pennsylvania Route 68.
The Confederation Congress appointed a committee consisting of the following men:
- Thomas Jefferson (Virginia)
- Hugh Williamson (North Carolina)
- David Howell (Rhode Island)
- Elbridge Gerry (Massachusetts)
- Jacob Read (South Carolina)
On May 7, 1784, the people reported "An ordinance for ascertaining the mode of locating and disposing of lands in the western territories, and for other purposes therein mentioned." The ordinance required the land be divided into "hundreds of ten geographical miles square, each mile containing 6086 and 4-10ths of a foot" and "sub-divided into lots of one mile square each, or 850 and 4-10ths of an acre", numbered starting in the northwest corner, proceeding from west to east, and east to west, consecutively. After debate and amendment, the ordinance was reported to Congress April 26, 1785. It required surveyors "to divide the said territory into townships seven miles square, by lines running due north and south, and others crossing these at right angles. — The plats of the townships, respectively, shall be marked into sections of one mile square, or 640 acres." This is the first recorded use of the terms "township" and "section."
On May 3, 1785, William Grayson of Virginia made a motion seconded by James Monroe to change "seven miles square" to "six miles square." The ordinance was passed on May 20, 1785. The sections were to be numbered starting at 1 in the southeast and running south to north in each tier to 36 in the northwest. The surveys were to be performed under the direction of the Geographer of the United States (Thomas Hutchins). The Seven Ranges, the privately surveyed Symmes Purchase, and, with some modification, the privately surveyed Ohio Company of Associates, all of the Ohio Lands were the surveys completed with this section numbering.
The Act of May 18, 1796, provided for the appointment of a surveyor-general to replace the office of Geographer of the United States, and that "sections shall be numbered, respectively, beginning with number one in the northeast section, and proceeding west and east alternately, through the township, with progressive numbers till the thirty-sixth be completed." All subsequent surveys were completed with this boustrophedonical section numbering system, except the United States Military District of the Ohio Lands which had five mile (8 km) square townships as provided by the Act of June 1, 1796, and amended by the Act of March 1, 1800.
Howe and others give Thomas Hutchins credit for conceiving the rectangular system of lots of one square mile in 1764 while a captain in the Sixtieth, or, Royal American, Regiment, and engineer to the expedition under Col. Henry Bouquet to the forks of the Muskingum, in what is now Coshocton County, Ohio. It formed part of his plan for military colonies north of the Ohio, as a protection against Indians. The law of 1785 embraced most of the new system. Treat, on the other hand, notes that tiers of townships were familiar in New England, and insisted on by the New England legislators.
Support for public schooling was established in the Land Ordinance through school lands which granted Section 16 (one square mile) of every township to be used for public education: "There shall be reserved the Lot No. 16, of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within said township." Section 16 was located near the center of the township but for states surveyed under the federal rectangular system, survey townships and civil townships usually have the same boundaries, but there are many exceptions.) Section 36 was also subsequently added as a school section in western states. The various states and counties ignored, altered or amended this provision in their own ways, but the general (intended) effect was a guarantee that local schools would have an income and that the community schoolhouses would be centrally located for all children.
The School Lands are part of the Ohio Lands, comprising land grants in Ohio from the United States federal government for public schools. According to the Official Ohio Lands Book, "by 1920, 73,155,075 acres of public land had been given by the federal government to the public land states in support of public schooling."
Layout of townships
Each western township contained thirty-six square miles of land, planned as a square measuring six miles on each side, which was further subdivided into thirty six lots, each lot containing one square mile of land. The mathematical precision of the planning was the concerted effort of surveyors. Each township contained dedicated space for public education and other government uses, as five of the thirty six lots were reserved for government or public purposes. The thirty six lots of each township were numbered accordingly on each township's survey. The centermost land of each township corresponded to lot numbers 15, 16, 21 and 22 on the township survey, with lot number 16 dedicated specifically to public education. As the Land Ordinance of 1785 stated: "There shall be reserved the lot No. 16, of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the said township."
Knepper notes: "Sections number 8, 11, 26, and 29 in every township were reserved for future sale by the federal government when, it was hoped, they would bring higher prices because of developed land around them. Congress also reserved one third part of all gold, silver, lead, and copper mines to its own use, a bit of wishful thinking as regards Ohio lands." The ordinance also said "That three townships adjacent to Lake Erie be reserved, to be hereafter disposed of by Congress, for the use of the officers, men, and others, refugees from Canada, and the refugees from Nova Scotia, who are or may be entitled to grants of land under resolutions of Congress now existing." This was not possible, as the area next to Lake Erie was property of Connecticut, so the Canadians had to wait until the establishment of the Refugee Tract in 1798.
Many historians recognize the influences of the colonial experience in the land ordinances of the 1780s. The committees that formulated these ordinances were inspired by the individual colonial experiences of the states that they represented. The committees attempted to implement the best practices of such states to solve the task at hand. The surveyed townships of the Land Ordinance of 1785, writes historian Jonathan Hughes, "represented an amalgam of the colonial experience and ideals." Two geographically and ideologically distinct colonial land systems were competing at such time in history – the New England system and the Southern system. While the primary influence on the Land Ordinance of 1785 was the New England land system of the colonial era, marked by its emphasis on community development and systematic planning, the exceedingly individualistic Southern land system also played a role.
Even though Jefferson's committee had a Southern majority, it recommended the New England survey system. The highly planned and surveyed western townships established in the Land Ordinance of 1785, were heavily influenced by the New England settlements of the colonial era, particularly the land grant provisions of the Ordinances which dedicated land towards public education and other government uses. In colonial times, New England settlements contained dedicated public space for schools and churches, which often held a central role in the community. For instance, the 1751 royal charter for Marlboro Vermont provides: "one Shear [share] for the First Settled Minister one Shear for the benefit of the School forever." By the time the Land Ordinance of 1785 was enacted, the New England states had used land grants for over a century to support public education and build new schools. The clause in the Land Ordinance of 1785 which dedicated "Lot Number 16" of each western township for public education reflected this regional New England experience.
In addition, the use of surveyors to precisely chart out the new townships in the westward expansion was directly influenced by the New England land system, which similarly relied on surveyors and local committees to clearly delineate property boundaries. Defined property boundary lines and an established land title system, provided colonials with a sense of security in their land ownership, by minimizing the likelihood of ownership or boundary disputes. This was an important consideration in the Land Ordinance of 1785. One of the primary purposes of the Ordinance was to raise funds for the increasingly insolvent government. Providing land speculators security in their purchases encouraged additional demand for the western lands. In addition, the organized and communal nature of the western settlements, allowed the government to reserve a number of well-defined plots of land for future government development. Since the rest of the township would have been developed by the time the government decided to develop such reserved lands, there was an already built-in assurance of land value appreciation for the reserved lands. This had the effect of increasing the value of government assets without much further investment by the government.
The New England land system, while the primary influence on the great land ordinances of the 1780s, was not the only land system influence. The Southern land system, marked by individualism and personal initiative, also helped shape the ordinance. While the New England land system was premised on community-based development, the Southern land system was premised on individual frontiersman appropriating undeveloped land to call their own. The Southern pioneer claimed property and the local surveyor would demarcate it for him. The system did not protect people from competing claims or set up an orderly chain of title. The process was called 'indiscriminate location". This system encouraged individuals to amass large plantations instead of settling into dense communal development. This system was supported by the use of slave labor. Perhaps the committee's resistance against indiscriminate location and support for limited and disciplined land settlement was an implicit attempt to create a structural barrier to developing a plantation economy that was dependent on slave labor. The committee could have been attempting to effectively eradicate slavery in the West after Jefferson failed to outlaw it in the Land Ordinance of 1784.
While the Land Ordinance of 1785 created a New England style land system, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 determined how the townships would be administered. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, like the Land Ordinance of 1785, was inspired by the New England colonial settlements, and manifested this influence by further encouraging the worship of religion and the spread of education. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 stated, "Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." However, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also contained Southern characteristics of municipal governance. The Southern influence can be felt in the Western townships in that once the federal land was dedicated to the particular township, the township was relatively free of the influence of the federal government, and the local municipality was left to govern itself. This manifested itself in public education as well. Once the land was dedicated, the actual development of the public schools was the responsibility of the local township or the particular state. Although the great Ordinances of the 1780s set the framework for a national system of schools by dedicating land across the West, the devolved development and administration by the state and local government led to unique results.
Retaining central land in each township ensured that these lands would create value for the federal government and the safety of the people. Instead of disbursing funds to the new states to create public education systems, dedicating a central lot in each township provided the new townships with the means to develop educational institutions without any transfer of funds. This was a practical and necessary way to achieve the committee's goal in a pre-Constitution America. Aside from raising funds for a financially struggling government, the westward expansion outlined in the Land Ordinances of the 1780s also provided a framework for spreading democratic ideals. Jefferson proposed an article in the Ordinance that would have outlawed slavery in the new states after the year 1800. However he could not amass enough votes to pass the anti-slavery article. Later Jefferson did succeed, however, in ensuring public funding of education by dedicating land to education in the Land Ordinance of 1785. Public education was an ideal already developed in the New England colonial settlements. New Englanders provided for public education in their land grants due to a belief that public education could be used to further unite the young nation and spread democratic ideals.
The systematic and highly organized westward settlements, with their local governments and central square dedicated towards public education, were a concerted effort to inspire civic duty and participation in the democratic process. Usher relates this initiative to "the Supreme Court in Cooper v. Roberts (1855), 'plant in the heart of every community the same sentiments of grateful reverence for the wisdom, forecast, and magnanimous statesmanship of those who framed the institutions of these new States." The westward expansion therefore was not only a tool for raising much needed funds, but also a tool in a grand socializing experiment to inoculate the settlers to democratic ideals. The hope was that the unique planning of each township with a public school centrally located, coupled with the obligation of each township's local citizens to take part in the civic process of governing the township, teaching and building the schools, and maintaining order, would instill the democratic ideals crucial to the nation's success.
- Vernon Carstensen, "Patterns on the American Land." Journal of Federalism, (1987) 18#4 pp. 31–39.
- Richard P. McCormick, "The 'Ordinance' of 1784?," William and Mary Quarterly, Jan 1993, Vol. 50 Issue 1, pp 112–22
- Journal of Continental Congress, Vol. 28, p. 375, May 20, 1785 Library of Congress
- White, C. Albert. A History of the Rectangular Survey System (Bureau of Land Management, 1983)[page needed]
- White, A History of the Rectangular Survey System
- Williamson 1880 : 226
- The Oregon Territory Act (August 14, 1848) 9 Stat. 323 initiated practice of setting aside section 36 for schools: Section 20 "And be it further enacted, That when the lands in the said Territory shall be surveyed under the direction of the Government of the United States, preparatory to bringing the same into market, sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six in each township in said Territory shall be, and the same is hereby, reserved for the purpose of being applied to schools in said Territory, and in the States and Territories hereafter to be erected out of the same."
- Journal of Continental Congress, Vol. 27, p. 446, May 28, 1784 Library of congress
- Higgins 1887 : 33–34, 78–82
- Peters 1918 : 58
- 1 Stat. 464 – Text of Act of May 18, 1796 Library of Congress
- 1 Stat. 490 – Text of Act of June 1, 1796 Library of Congress
- 2 Stat. 14 – Text of Act of March 1, 1800 Library of Congress
- Howe 1907 : 134
- Treat 1910 : 179–182
- A compilation of laws, treaties, resolutions, and ordinances: of the general and state governments, which relate to lands in the state of Ohio; including the laws adopted by the governor and judges; the laws of the territorial legislature; and the laws of this state, to the years 1815-16. G. Nashee, State Printer. 1825. pp. 534. page 17.
- "Ohio Lands: A Short History Part 5". Retrieved 10 March 2011.
- John Kilbourne (1907). "The Public Lands of Ohio". In Henry Howe (ed.). Historical Collections of Ohio ... an Encyclopedia of the State. Vol. 1 (The Ohio Centennial ed.). The State of Ohio. School lands, page 132. (Volume 1 originally published in 1847 as Historical Collections of Ohio.)
- George W. Knepper. "The Land Ordinance of 1785" (PDF). The Official Ohio Lands Book. Retrieved 10 March 2011. page 56.
- "PublicEducationInLandGrantsSGrenbaum - AmLegalHist - TWiki".
- Knepper 2002 : 9
- Knepper 2002 : 51
- See Payson Jackson Treat. The National Land System. William S Hein and Co., 2003. and Jonathan Hughes "The Great Land Ordinances." Minnesota Legal History Project http://www.minnesotalegalhistoryproject.org/assets/hughes.pdf (accessed March 2013).
- Treat, pp. 22–23.
- Hughes, p.11
- Treat p.26
- Hughes, p.13
- David Carleton, Landmark Congressional Laws on Education. Connecticut, Greenwood Press, 2002. p. 15.
- See Treat p.25
- The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, Article 3. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=8 (Accessed March 2013).
- Alexandra Usher, "Public Schools in the Original Federal Land Grant Program" The Center on Education Policy; April 2011 p. 8 http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED518388&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED518388 (Accessed March 2013)
- Usher, p. 8.
- Carleton, p. 15
- Usher, p. 7
References and further reading
- Higgins, Jerome S. (1887). Subdivisions of the Public Lands, Described and Illustrated, with Diagrams and Maps. Higgins & Co.
- Howe, Henry (1907). Historical Collections of Ohio, The Ohio Centennial Edition. Vol. 1. The State of Ohio. ISBN 9781404753761.
- Knepper, George W (2002). The Official Ohio Lands Book (PDF). State of Ohio.
- Peters, William E (1918). Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision. W.E. Peters. p. 58.
- Treat, Payson Jackson (1910). The National Land System 1785–1820. E.B. Treat and Co. p. 179.
- Williamson, James A.; Donaldson, Thomas (1880). The Public Domain. Its History, with Statistics. Government Printing Office. p. 226.
- Johnson, Hildegard Binder. Order upon the Land: The U.S. Rectangular Land Survey and the Upper Mississippi Country (1977)
- Geib, George W.. "The Land Ordinance of 1785: A Bicentennial Review," Indiana Magazine of History, March 1985, Vol. 81 Issue 1, pp 1–13 | <urn:uuid:ec3e1fb3-5ecb-4f65-ac74-0a5fdabfa14a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wiki.alquds.edu/?query=Land_Ordinance_of_1785 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.943855 | 4,546 | 3.6875 | 4 |
National language: Greek
Name in national language: Ελληνικά
Geographical position: 37° 44' N, 26° 50' O
Altitude: 0-1433 m
Population: 42.000 (Census 2005)
UTC difference: + 2 h (summer time + 3 h)
ETC difference: + 1 h
Surface: 468 km²
Population density: 90 Inhabitants/km²
Banks are normally open from 08:00 to 14:00 Monday to Friday and closed Saturday and Sunday.
Post offices operate from 07:30 to 14:30 daily from Monday to Friday and closed Saturday and Sunday.
Holidays in Greece:
January 1st is New Year's Day, January 6th is Epiphany. The seas around Piraeus are blessed. A Cross is thrown into the sea and young men dive to retrieve it. Ash Monday is 41 days before Easter. Lent begins. On Ash Monday, Greeks fly kites, eat lenten food and celebrate the koulouma. March 25th is Independence Day and the Feast of the Annunciation, Military parade. Easter is Good Friday-Easter Monday. Vesper evening is on Good Friday and every church decorates an Epitaphios (bier). The Epitaphios processions, followed by people holding lit candles and chanting hymns, fill the streets of every city, town and village in the country. Anastasi (Resurrection) is celebrated with fire-works and lit candles at midnight, on the eve of Easter Day. Pascha (Easter) is on that Day Greeks traditionally eat lamb, spit-roasted on charcoal. The festivities include singing and dancing through the day. May 1st is Labour Day is. Many Flower Festivals take place all over Greece. White Monday is 50 days after Easter. August 15th is Dormition (Assumption) of The Virgin is. October 28th is rejection of the Italian ultimatum in 1940. Military parade. Christmas is December 25th -26th. | <urn:uuid:d13f6ddf-9599-4af4-a2c7-0dc64192ab9b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.samosguide.com/listingview.php?listingID=22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621450.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615145601-20210615175601-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.945558 | 432 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Before America’s Coins Could Celebrate the Space Race, It Had to Win
Posted on 4/8/2019
In the early 1960s, it was painfully obvious that the US was losing the Space Race. The Soviet Union had launched the first satellite (Sputnik in 1957), the first unmanned spacecraft to the moon’s surface (Luna 2 in 1959) and the first person to orbit the Earth (Yuri Gagarin in 1961).
In the months after his inauguration in 1961, President Kennedy decided that a manned mission to the moon was necessary, not only to restore national pride but also to keep pace technologically with the its Cold War rival. That year, in May, Kennedy asked Congress to support the enormously expensive undertaking in a special message. In September, he gave a speech in Texas in which he famously said: "We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win."
The Mercury Program brought the US its earliest successes with manned spaceflight. In May 1961, the Freedom 7 mission lasted a mere 15 minutes, but it was enough to make Alan Shepard the second person—and the first American—in space. In February 1962, Friendship 7 made John Glenn the third person to orbit the Earth, and the first American. The six manned Mercury flights, each with a single American on board, wrapped up in 1963.
But the Soviet Union continued to reach milestones first, including the first spacecraft to carry a crew (Voskhod 1 in October 1964) and the first spacewalk (Voskhod 2 in March 1965).
The Americans responded with the 10 manned missions of the Gemini Program in 1965 and 1966. These two-man missions accomplished a series of complex tasks in Earth orbit that would set the stage for the moon missions a few years later. Gemini 5 tested astronauts’ endurance with the first weeklong flight. On Gemini 8, on their first mission into space, Neil Armstrong and David Scott achieved the first orbital docking.
By 1967, the Americans' Apollo Program and the Russian's Soyuz Program both seemed well-positioned to catapult their respective nations to the moon. But that year, a pair of tragedies underscored the dangers inherent in space exploration.
In January, during a dress rehearsal on the launch pad in Florida, a fire in the Apollo 1 capsule killed the three-man crew. Meanwhile, the lone Russian aboard Soyuz 1 died when his capsule crashed on re-entry in April. It was clear that both programs needed significant improvement. Manned spaceflight did not resume until October 1968, with Apollo 7 and Soyuz 3.
On Apollo 7, Walter Schirra, Donn Eisele and R. Walter Cunningham helped the Americans regain their footing with a 10-day mission in Earth orbit.
Apollo 8 was the first manned mission beyond the Earth, with astronauts Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders achieving lunar orbit on Christmas Eve 1968. Other highlights of the mission included a series of television transmissions from the crew, as well as the famous Earthrise image of the Earth, appearing as a blue and white marble, floating over the horizon of the moon.
In March 1969, the Apollo 9 crew orbited the Earth for 10 days, testing the Lunar Module. The moon landing depended on the complicated choreography required to separate this module from the spacecraft so it could descend to the lunar surface, before relaunching and rendezvousing with the rest of the spacecraft.
In May 1969, these maneuvers were tested once again, this time in lunar orbit by a crew consisting of Thomas Stafford, John Young and Eugene Cernan. The crew gave lighthearted nicknames to their Command Service Module and and the Lunar Module: Charlie Brown and Snoopy. The lander got as close as a few miles to the moon’s surface.
Thus, the stage was set for the crew of the Apollo 11 crew: Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins.
Mission commander Armstrong was a 38-year-old Ohio native, a Navy veteran who went on to a distinguished test pilot career and who was now a civilian. On his only other trip to space, he saved the Gemini 8 mission when the capsule tumbled out of control due to a stuck thruster.
|NASA Photograph of the Apollo 11 crew, from the Armstrong Family Collection™ and certified by Collectibles Authentication Guaranty (CAG), an affiliate of NGC. From left are Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.
Click image to enlarge.
Aldrin was a 39-year-old New Jersey native who had served in the Air Force his entire career. On his only other mission, Gemini 12, he had demonstrated his mastery of spacewalking.
Collins, like Aldrin, was a 39-year-old Air Force serviceman. On Gemini 10, he gained valuable experience rendezvousing with two target vessels and conducting a spacewalk at each. As the pilot of the Apollo 11 Command Module, Columbia, he was tasked with keeping vigil in orbit of the moon while his crewmates descended to the surface.
By the time their rocket was being assembled in Florida in early 1969, NASA had already selected the friendly terrain of the Sea of Tranquility as the primary target for the landing.
An earlier draft of the Apollo 11 mission insignia, showing an eagle approaching the surface of the moon with open talons, was replaced by a more serene version in which the eagle clutched an olive branch, symbolizing peaceful intentions. The eagle theme was carried over to the call sign used for the Apollo 11 Lunar Module.
On July 16, 1969, with the help of a massive Saturn V rocket, the Apollo 11 mission blasted off from the Kennedy Space Center. Four days later, Armstrong and Aldrin entered the lander and descended toward the lunar surface. A computer glitch set off alarms, but it was determined not to be a threat. But finding a safe place to land on the lunar surface was challenging, and Armstrong was running low on fuel to maneuver with.
The stakes were high. Hundreds of millions of people back on Earth watched the coverage on live television to see history unfold. Finally, to enormous relief back at Mission Control, Armstrong radioed home: “Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed.”
Fellow astronaut (and future moonwalker) Charlie Duke back on Earth responded to Armstrong: "We copy you on the ground. You've got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."
Six hours after landing, Armstrong stepped onto the moon’s surface, declaring it to be “one giant leap for mankind.”
The historic mission was captured in various memorable images:
- Aldrin descending the ladder from the lander to the surface
- a bootprint left by an astronaut left in the moon’s thick dust
- the US flag planted on the surface, with its colors providing vivid contrast to the gray moonscape; and
- the historic landing scene reflected in the curved visor of Aldrin’s helmet.
|NASA Photograph of Buzz Aldrin on the moon, from the Armstrong Family Collection™ and certified by CAG.
Click image to enlarge.
As a reminder of the intensity of the Space Race, an unmanned Soviet probe crash-landed on the moon while Armstrong and Aldrin were still on the surface. The probe, had it been successful, would’ve returned the first Soviet lunar samples.
After the Apollo 11 mission, the Soviet Union – which never got anyone beyond Earth orbit – focused its attention on launching the world’s first space station. NASA went on to land 10 more men on the moon through December 1972. They included Duke, who at age 36 became the youngest person to walk on the moon; today he is 83.
The Apollo 11 astronauts returned with rocks collected from the moon’s surface and other mementos they had packed before the mission, such as medals, flags and even pieces of the Wright Flyer. They left behind part of the spacecraft, with a plaque that proclaimed: ”We came in peace for all mankind.”
The three men splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969, fulfilling Kennedy’s vision not only for the timeframe but also for the safe return to Earth. President Nixon flew to the aircraft carrier that recovered the crew in the Pacific Ocean to greet them in person.
|NASA Photograph of President Nixon and the Apollo 11 Crew in Quarantine, from the Armstrong Family Collection™ and certified by CAG.
Click image to enlarge.
The US basked in the glow of its historic achievement. The astronauts were celebrated as heroes and, after being released from quarantine, they were sent on a global goodwill tour. The mission was celebrated in a variety of ways, including on the nation’s coins. The mission insignia, showing the eagle with the olive branch, was adapted for the reverse of a US dollar coin issued starting in 1971, with former President Eisenhower on the obverse.
Now, 50 years after the Apollo 11 mission, the US is again honoring this towering feat on its coinage. Commemorative coins, available in gold, silver and clad, are proving to be some of the most-sought-after collectibles in years from the US Mint.
|2019 Apollo 11 50th Anniversary Uncirculated Silver Dollar Commemorative Click images to enlarge.|
|2019-D Apollo 11 50th Anniversary Uncirculated 50 Cent and 2019-W Apollo 11 50th Anniversary Proof Gold $5 commemorativesClick images to enlarge.|
Special curved planchets help highlight the design, which features two of the iconic images from the mission. A bootprint in the lunar dust appears to sink into the concave obverse, beneath the names of the three American space programs that laid the groundwork for that moment: Mercury, Gemini, Apollo. The convex reverse was inspired by the image showing the reflection of the lunar landing scene in Aldrin’s visor.
The 5-ounce silver version of the 50th anniversary commemorative coin proved especially elusive to collectors, as it went on back order just a few minutes after it was made available to the public.
In a nod to President Kennedy’s role in promoting the Apollo Program, the US Mint also issued a special set featuring one Kennedy Half Dollar (the first of its kind in an Enhanced Reverse Proof format) paired with an Apollo 11 50th Anniversary Commemorative Half Dollar Clad Proof.
Each of the Apollo 11 50th Anniversary Commemorative Coins carries a surcharge, half of which benefits the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum’s “Destination Moon” exhibit. The educational endeavor, which includes the Columbia command module, wraps up a four-city tour in Seattle this spring and summer. The remaining proceeds benefit the Astronaut Memorial Foundation and the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation, the latter of which also benefits from the special label that NGC created for use with the Apollo 11 coins.
Hopefully these coins and the renewed interest in America’s space program that they helped to foster, will bring the next triumphs in space a little closer to reality.
Want news like this delivered to your inbox once a month? Subscribe to the free NGC eNewsletter today! | <urn:uuid:34f82223-20be-4401-a88b-ca42da206cb7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ngccoin.com/news/article/7286/the-space-race/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.950578 | 2,400 | 3.65625 | 4 |
A major frustration of foodservice operators is that, very often, chicken parts, believed to have been cooked well done, will still have bloody bones and blood around the bone area, as in the case of the legs, thighs, and wings. A small experiment was performed in order to obtain photographic examples of chicken parts that have been more than adequately pasteurized but would be extremely unacceptable to customers because of blood.
According to the poultry industry, today's marketed chickens are considerably younger and far more tender than they were years ago. Their bones have not yet matured and are still somewhat soft and porous. As a result, there can be seepage of bone marrow through the soft bone and into the surrounding meat.
When a young chicken is deep chilled, frozen ice crystals form inside the bone. They expand and force the heme out of the marrow through the soft, porous bones. During the cooking process, the tissue will darken in color. Although the appearance is unappetizing, the meat is not harmed when this happens.
Examples of pasteurized, bloody chicken
Figure 1 shows a piece of chicken thigh broiled in a frying pan in an oven. Figures 2 and 3 show chicken thighs that have been cooked to 155F center temperature for 30 seconds around the bone, as measured with an Atkins 33040 thermocouple meter with a micro-tipped probe [Atkins Technical, Inc.; Gainesville, Florida]. It is obvious that no consumer would eat this chicken, although it is juicy, delicious, and absolutely safe with an estimated10D Salmonella reduction.
Figures 4 and 5 show the two parts to the wings. These parts were cooked to 175 to 185F. Yet, these chicken parts also have an unacceptable, bloody appearance.
If chicken, as shown in Figures 2 through 5, is served in a restaurant, consumers are likely to call the local health department with a food safety complaint, when in fact, the chicken is pasteurized and safe.
The chicken industry has stated that it is doing research to solve the problem, which is, that the chicken is so young--6 1/2 weeks at slaughter--and the bones are too porous, even though the animal is large enough to be sold for food. Because the objective of the industry is to grow chickens as rapidly as possible, it is doubtful that this blood and color problem will be solved in the near future. It would be probably more efficient to teach consumers to eat bloody chicken, if cooks can convince consumers that they have a thermocouple and know how to use it to validate pasteurization.
The retail food industry is being forced to sell grossly overcooked chicken in order to get rid of the red blood color around the bones. The result is chicken that is dried out, unappealing, and does not taste good. A counter measure is to needle the chicken, pumping in solutions of phosphates, flavoring compounds, and water, which puts pathogens in the middle of the chicken. If consumers were taught to eat safely prepared, bloody chicken, as they want to do with beef, they would be able to enjoy juicier chicken. This is an interesting problem for the USDA to solve. | <urn:uuid:55646365-42d0-4d7c-8db8-a171422fe7ec> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.hi-tm.com/Documents/Bloody-chik.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095183.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00270-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966796 | 648 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
"Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics" and its companion volume, "Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics", are designed to develop in first-year ... Show synopsis "Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics" and its companion volume, "Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics", are designed to develop in first-year engineering students the ability to analyze any problem in a simple and logical manner, and to apply basic engineering principles to its solution. Each chapter begins with an introduction and a set of learning objectives, and ends with a chapter review and summary. The body of the text is divided into units, each consisting of one or several theory sections, one or several sample problems, and a large number of problems to be assigned during the class or as homework.The sample problems serve the double purpose of amplifying the text and demonstrating the type of neat, orderly work that students should cultivate in their own solutions. This allows students to organize in their minds the theories and solution methods learnt before they tackle the assigned problems. Each unit corresponds to a well-defined topic and can generally be covered in one lesson.The key features include: practical applications are introduced early; new concepts are introduced in simple terms; fundamental principles are placed in the context of simple applications; the presentation of the principles of kinetics is unified; free-body diagrams are used both to solve equilibrium problems and to express the equivalence of force systems; a four-color presentation uses color to distinguish vectors; optional sections offer advanced or speciality topics; and a wide range of problems develops application skills: sample problems, problems for students to solve on their own, homework problems sets, review problems, and problems to be solved using computational software. | <urn:uuid:259ccec2-0718-467d-b2e6-80eb2160af17> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.alibris.com/booksearch?qwork=7004866&qcond=6&matches=63&qsort=p&cm_sp=1rec-_-RHS-_-p1-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273676.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00396-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941809 | 347 | 3.359375 | 3 |
If you’re the sort for whom the holidays don’t really start until you’ve strung several hundred (or hundred thousand) lights, then you’re probably gearing up for the annual ritual of taking stock. Some bulbs, or even entire strands, will inevitably need replacing, which gives you the opportunity to think about which sort of lights are best for your holiday decorations.
LEDs, short for light-emitting diodes, are bulbs that use a semiconductor to generate light more efficiently than traditional incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. What are the advantages of all that efficiency? Try these on for size:
- According to the U.S. Department of Energy, LED bulbs can last up to 25 times longer than traditional bulbs. That can amount to a whopping 25,000 hours of life.
- An Energy Star rated string of decorative LED lights is much easier on your electric bill, consuming up to 50 percent less energy than a string with incandescent bulbs.
- LED lights can be a much safer alternative, particularly in household with children. They generate much less heat than incandescent or fluorescent bulbs, and present a significantly lower fire hazard than other types of outdoor bulb.
- A recent Department of Energy report shows that LED bulbs have a much smaller environmental impact than incandescent bulbs. That’s due in part to the absence of mercury in the bulbs, which makes them easier to dispose of with less risk of contamination.
So go ahead and pull out those green plastic strands. Assess the wear and tear from last year, the number of missing or burned-out bulbs. If you decide it’s time to replace a few (or a few dozen) strands, then it’s time to consider upgrading to a better bulb.
Got questions about this article or any other garden topic? Go here now to post your gardening ideas, questions, kudos or complaints. We have gardening experts standing by to help you! | <urn:uuid:f59ec791-9be7-46df-bd17-5210f6722170> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://gardenclub.homedepot.com/why-led-decorative-lights/?cm_mmc=hd_email-_-L03_DY_TA1_-_-20131106_GC165_holidayLights_L03_WIN-_-POD_GROWINGUP&et_rid=33163012 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988310.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00011-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939802 | 406 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The World Wide Web is all abuzz with Google Earth images of Antarctica that appear to show pyramids in the icy landscape.
The images show what appears to be three pyramids with four sides similar to the famous Giza pyramids in Egypt. Could these be authentic man-made pyramids created by an ancient civilization?
Who Made the Pyramids?
There are numerous theories about the origin of these pyramids. Some of the more controversial suggestions are that the pyramids were remnants of an earlier Atlantean civilization in Antarctica, or that they were built by extraterrestrials.
These scientists have suggested that the “pyramids”, may actually be nunataks. Nunataks are the peaks of mountains that protrude through the ice and are higher than the surrounding terrain.
The Research of Dr. Charles Hapgood
Two of the ‘Antarctica pyramids’ can be found 10 miles (16 kms) from the coast. The third pyramid is located near the shoreline.
The discovery of these pyramids suggests that Antarctica may have been inhabited by humans sometime in the past 6,000 years.
It was around this time that man was building pyramids in the Old World. Charles Hapgood’s research supports the possible existence of an ancient civilization on a continent which is now covered by ice.
In Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, Dr. Charles Hapgood published the Piri Reis Map of Antarctica. This 16th century map shocked the world because it showed the way Antarctica looked without ice.
The Piri Reis map was found in Turkey. A Turkish Navy officer sent the map to the U.S. Navy Hydro Graphic Bureau in 1953. M.I. Walters, the Chief Engineer of the Bureau, sent the map to Arlington H. Mallery to be evaluated.
Mallery determined that Piri Reis map was completely accurate and may have been copied from a map made 6,000 years ago.
Confirming the Piri Reis Map
The Piri Reis map of Antarctica is very accurate. Using seismic soundings and sonar, researchers found that underneath the ice-cap the coastlines, mountain ranges, plateaus etc. on the Piri Reis map matched the Queen Maud land, Antarctica.
Olhmeyer, leader of the British-Swedish expedition to Antarctica wrote Hapgood the following letter:
Dear Professor Hapgood,
Your request of evaluation of certain unusual features of the Piri Reis Antarctica map of 1513 by this organization has been reviewed. The claim that the lower part of the map portrays the Princess Martha Coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctic, and the Palmer Peninsular, is reasonable.
We find that this is the most logical and in all probability the correct interpretation of the map.
The geographical detail shown in the lower part of the map agrees very remarkably with the results of the seismic profile made across the top of the ice-cap by the Swedish-British Antarctic Expedition of 1949.
This indicates the coastline had been mapped before it was covered by the ice-cap. This part of Antarctica ice free. The ice-cap in this region is now about a mile thick.
We have no idea how the data on this map can be reconciled with the supposed state of geographical knowledge in 1513.
Harold Z. Olhmeyer Lt. Colonel, USAF Commander
The letter from Ohlmeyer confirmed Dr. Charles Hapgood’s theory that the Piri Reis map was probably copied from a map made in ancient times.
Dr. Charles Hapgood wrote in Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings that he was sure that although the Piri Reis Map contained latitudes and longitudes plotted out at right angles in a traditional plane geometry, it had to have been based on an earlier map.
Hapgood was sure the map was ancient in origin because the Piri Reis map’s creator used spheroid trigonometry which was thought to have been invented in the 18th Century, even though the Piri Reis map has been dated to 1513.
No matter what the origin of the snow pyramids may be, the discovery of these mysterious features will increase speculation on the possible human habitation of Antarctica in recent history.
By Clyde Winters / Cover Image: One of the so-called pyramids of Antartica. Source: VAN ALEXIS MORALES GONZALEZ/ Google Maps / This article was originally published on Ancient Origins and has been republished with permission. | <urn:uuid:e753ee93-29fd-4f3f-bf02-65df612365de> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://humansarefree.com/2016/12/the-ancient-pyramids-of-antarctica-piri-reis-map-suggests-a-thriving-ancient-civilization.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146647.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227033058-20200227063058-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.953038 | 942 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in and around the membranes of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of generating adenosine triphosphate, the main energy currency of all cells, by using oxygen as a final electron acceptor. The two main steps of oxidative phosphorylation are electron transport and chemiosmosis, both of which use the movement of charged particles to transfer energy.Continue Reading
Oxidative phosphorylation is the main method whereby eukaryotic cells produce ATP aerobically. The step before oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, creates ATP, but in far smaller quantities. Glycolysis also takes place away from the mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation starts by using electron transport to move electrons between various molecules in mitochondria. This also serves to draw protons, which are hydrogen nuclei without electrons, across the membrane of the mitochondria. This movement is into an area of higher concentration against the tendencies of diffusion. As such, it requires energy.
Once the electrons stop moving the protons, they are then freed to travel back across the mitochondrial membrane in a process known as chemiosmosis. The process of moving the protons in one direction required energy, and the spontaneous movement back across the membrane releases it. It is this energy which is used to bind a phosphate group to ADP, creating ATP.Learn more about Biology | <urn:uuid:4d4c4051-6984-4b26-9427-702e48cf3a26> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.reference.com/science/oxidative-phosphorylation-occur-66497d484ef5adc8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102393.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816191044-20170816211044-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.893245 | 296 | 3.9375 | 4 |
1. The Normal Child Locked Inside Model
Originating with Bruno Bettelheim (The Empty Fortress), this model holds that locked inside every autistic child is a normal child and that sufficiently drastic changes to his or her environment, including sufficiently intensive therapy, can unlock this child.
In Bettelheim's day, the favorite cause of autism was "refrigerator mothers" who had willed their child's non-existence, and what would unlock the normal child was Freud-inspired psychotherapy, along with removal of the child from his or her parents.
Later, blame was lifted, somewhat, from mothers, and the intensive therapeutic remedies morphed into some combination of play based therapy (e.g., Floor Time) and behaviorist therapy (e.g., ABA). While professionals no longer claim that these therapies can unlock a fully normal child, bestselling miracle cure books by parents (Let Me Hear Your Voice; The Boy Who Loved Windows) claim otherwise. Some locked-in children may also be partially liberated by assistive communication devices like keyboards or a Dynavox.
More controversial remedies for locked-in children include Facilitated Communication (The Mind Tree), whereby previous mute children, via a keyboard and a supportive hand from a highly trusted companion, apparently express complex emotions, empathy, and subtle (if quirky) humor, perhaps in sophisticated prose and/or poetry.
The locked-in child version of autism best describes those whose autistic-like symptoms are caused either by some sort of withdrawal-inducing sensory overload, or by a serious impairment in fine motor control (e.g., apraxia) that makes speaking, gesturing, and controlling eye gaze difficult or impossible. Help the child regulate his intake and processing of sensory information, or supply him with assistive communicative devices, and a socially normal personality may start to emerge.
2. The Brain Injury Model
This model holds that some kind of brain damage/abnormal brain development is responsible for autism--usually pre- or perinatal, for example, German Measles--that may be deep enough that there is no longer a normal child inside and that restoring full or partial normality can only be achieved, or restored, via drastic measures. Specific recent theories about causes include the dysfunctional mitochondria theory (causing deficiencies in the fueling of neurons), theories about problematic in utero environments (the parental age theory; the close birth spacing theory) or insufficient time spent in an utero environment (the premature birth theory).
More popular with lay people is the discredited vaccine injury theory, which first indicted the MMR vaccine for its live measles virus (which, it is imagined, induces a "leaky gut" that then allows "opioid-like" gluten molecules to enter the brain and stupefy it), and then vaccines in general for their mercury (Unraveling the Mystery of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder; Evidence of Harm).
No responsible medical professional has proposed cures for autism-related brain damage; pet remedies of the vaccine injury proponents include the Gluten-Free Diet and Chelation (the highly dangerous and ineffective process of removing heavy metals from the body). Much safer, effective remediations, again, are tried and true therapies like ABA. Specific remedy aside, the idea here isn't to unlock a normal child, but to reverse the damage, bypass damaged circuitry, and/or or teach the child ways to compensate, "habilitate," or pass as normal.
The brain injury model best fits those whose autism includes not just social impairments, but cognitive impairments, linguistic impairments that are unrelated to social impairment, and/or impairments in sensory processing and self-regulation.
3. The Quirky Personality (or Extreme Maleness) model
Popularized by Simon Baron-Cohen (The Essential Difference), this model holds that autism is caused by excess exposure to testosterone in the womb, and/or by "assortative mating" in which highly unsocial, analytical people are more likely to find one other in today's interconnected world, to intermarry, and to produce even more extremely unsocial, analytical offspring (concentrated in areas like Silicon Valley).
This model best explains those children whose primary deficits are social, and who excel in things like engineering and computer programming: the Temple Grandins of the world. Some of those who embrace this type of autism have argued against intensive treatments (beyond helping the child with basic social skills). In this view, AS is just another personality type, and why should the burden be primarily on the child, rather than on the rest of society, to make the necessary adjustments?
Reconciling the models?
Different specialists don't seem to spend a lot of time reconciling their particular autism model with others. Depending on who you read, or what kind of child you have, either a more normal child is waiting in the wings; or a once potentially normal child was neurologically damaged; or there never was a normal child in the first place, but why worry?
Looking at my son, I wonder if all three might somehow be true. | <urn:uuid:89f683e9-632f-4e75-b72b-9e4fa5c937f1> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://oilf.blogspot.com/2011/03/models-for-autism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246641266.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045721-00170-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94165 | 1,044 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Sadly the First World War and the ongoing crisis in the Middle East are linked in a way that shames the British state.
The current suffering of the Palestinian people can be directly traced to the cynical and botched Balfour Declaration of 1917.
In January 1917 British troops fighting the Turks - allies of Germany - in the Middle East started their conquest of Palestine. This led to the idea of the creation of a Palestinian national home for the Jewish people, and that was the basic concept of the Balfour Declaration.
Superficially, it was a noble idea, but it did not take into account the needs, interests and aspirations of the Palestinians. In 1917 there were around 90,000 Jews living in Palestine - and more than 500,000 Arabs.
But then, and for many years afterwards, the Arabs lacked effective leadership, despite the romantic posturing of T E Lawrence. They could not present a coherent riposte to the Declaration. In the context of the First World War the British saw the Arabs as useful, because they were fighting the Turks. But the idea of an embryonic Jewish state in Palestine seemed a snub to the Arabs, to put it gently.
Arthur Balfour and David Lloyd George, the British architects of the Declaration, were distinguished statesmen and their intentions were decent. They believed they were extracting something benign from the mayhem and carnage of the most hideous war in history. Lloyd George apparently thought that the Balfour Declaration was the most positive single legacy of that war.
But the problems in implementing the Declaration were huge, and barely understood by the tired imperial power that was Britain. Many of the consequences were not foreseen as they should have been. The current, continuing mess is a direct result of this bungling and interference by far-away imperialists, including Winston Churchill.
Even in the early years of Nazi Germany in the 1930s, Zionists within Germany thought that both Nazis and Zionists could manage to work together peacefully to encourage Jewish emigration to Palestine. In retrospect it can almost look as if the project to create a Jewish homeland in the Middle East was to solve a supposed European "problem" rather than to help the Jews.
As for the Arabs, no-one seemed to care very much about them. The Arab interest was undoubtedly a secondary consideration as the project to create a new Jewish state developed.
The slaughter of six million Jews in Nazi Germany was the worst crime in human history and it can be offensive to look for any good coming from it, but it did give momentum to the idea of creating a Jewish state.
Even after the Second World War officially ended in 1945, the Palestine project continued to be botched. Britain had tried to hold the peace in what was to become Israel but it did not have the resources or the will to sort a problem it had created, so the British troops withdrew.
This led some to ask if the British had any concern for the interests, even the basic safety, of the Palestinian people. Arabs were not granted their due rights and safeguards as the new Jewish national home rightly and justly developed into a fully fledged state.
Denied effective representation, the Arabs were displaced. By the 1950s, supposedly a decade of much-needed peace, the seeds of intense and continuing conflict had been well and deeply sown.
Yet the Arabs in Palestine still lacked coherent leadership.
The emergence of the Palestine Liberation Organisation, and an effective leader in Yasser Arafat, changed everything. Few western statesmen trusted Arafat and even among his own he was regarded with widespread suspicion, but he sustained the Palestinian cause.
The PLO was based in Jordan, and was eventually expelled, but the Palestinian cause now had a focus and an authentic commander. Unfortunately he increasingly saw terrorism as the best way forward.
While it is wrong to blame the British for every twist and turn in this sorry saga, Britain's culpability is nonetheless real and current.
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Moderation is undertaken full-time 9am-6pm on weekdays, and on a part-time basis outwith those hours. Please be patient if your posts are not approved instantly. | <urn:uuid:0a038623-6f60-4e94-b6aa-e3db536bfcef> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/columnists/britain-is-shamed-by-crisis-in-the-middle-east.24924718 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657124236.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011204-00004-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975576 | 910 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Back in 1924, John Maynard Keynes postulated that a “master-economist must
possess a rare combination of gifts. He must be mathematician, historian,
statesman, philosopher – to some degree.”
Numerous economists feel that this
description is still valid today. And potentially disruptive technologies, from
digitalisation to biotechnology, will simply add to the list of requirements, as
economists will need to understand just what is innovative about the new
procedures. Keynes’s list of requirements is certainly not sufficient to really
An excellent cryptocurrency economist must have a
software background in order to read and understand the bitcoin code. This is
necessary, as the code contains the relevant rules, the so-called bitcoin
protocol. They must be hardware experts in order to understand the global,
decentralised network and the mining process. And they should have an
understanding of blockchain technology in order to understand the link between
bitcoin transactions and the mining process.
That is why traditional economists
are finding it difficult to get a grasp on the bitcoin phenomenon. Their forecasts
about the future development of bitcoin are often based on traditional, historical
patterns. The mantra “this time is different” has always turned out to be wrong in
financial market history – just remember the financial crisis of the past decade.
This knowledge about the circle of “Manias, Panics and Crashes” 1 is now
applied to cryptocurrencies. Consequently, bitcoin is regarded as a digital Ponzi
scheme, and traditional economists like to call bitcoin today’s tulip bulbs2. | <urn:uuid:c9482fd0-cc4b-4f21-9057-295d5dee85e8> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://euforecast.com/blog/2020/03/17/cryptocurrency-economists-need-a-broad-range-of-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711013.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205064509-20221205094509-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.90768 | 367 | 2.625 | 3 |
Free Ethical Dilemma Essay Topics & Examples
How often do you find it exacting to make a certain decision just because of its ethical aspects? At this point, it is inevitable to mention that our values and ideas are frequently influenced by ethical dilemmas. Even if you are convinced that a certain decision was right at the time, you may change your mind in a matter of weeks.
Therefore, when it comes to ethical dilemmas and their specifications, it is critical to be attentive and cautious. The issue presupposes a lot of different aspects that should be taken into account.
As ethical dilemmas have already become a significant part of our lives, a considerable number of people keep discussing the theme not only in their everyday talks but also mentioning their thoughts in academic papers.
Generally, essay creation is one of the most challenging and exacting assignments college students have to deal with, but the task becomes even more complicated if its topic is related to an ethical dilemma. What aspects should be mentioned? Are there any issues to skip? How is it possible to achieve the desired result fast and efficiently? If you have ever asked similar questions, this article is right what you need. Check out simple guidelines that will inspire you and direct you to excellent results.
Top 3 Steps on the Way to Successful Paper Writing
Working on the academic paper, learners face a lot of problems and challenges, which start from the selection of the topic and end up by making a relevant conclusion. Are there any effective ways to simplify the process and succeed with its outcomes fast? Here are numerous tips and recommendations that may help you thrive with certain stages of paper creation, drawing you closer to the well-structured and coherent paper you need.
Inspiring Ethical Dilemma Essay Topics
What does the essay writing process start with? In the overwhelming majority of instances, college students fail to choose an influential and inspiring essay theme that will intrigue the readers and motivate them to dive into reading. Consequently, such works are destined to failure right from the very beginning.
Browsing the website, you will come across an impressive database of exciting and relevant essay topics related to an ethical dilemma. Make sure you do not just copy the themes but analyze the available ones and take maximum advantage of the ideas you get. Check out a few most interesting topics that will turn your essays about the ethical dilemma into unique and authentic works:
- Experienced Ethical Dilemma - Essay Sample
- Shaw Shank Redemption Ethical Dilemmas - Film Analysis Essay
- Ethical Dilemma in Facebook Inc.
- The Apple Inc.'s Ethical Dilemma
- Ethical Dilemma in Genetic Privacy Essay
- Developing a Health Advocacy Campaign: Ethical Dilemma in Advocacy for Type-2 Diabetes
- Ethical Dilemma in the Attorney-Client Privilege Essay
- Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice Essay
- Paper Example on Legal and Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing
- Essay on Ethical Dilemma of Birth Control
Coherent Sample Papers
Once you have selected an influential topic, you are ready to proceed to the next stage of the writing process. At this point, it is inevitable to emphasize that reading ethical dilemma essay examples may become the most beneficial and useful experience, as it will help you learn interesting facts, discover new writing techniques, and find out other options that will draw you closer to the desired result.
Browse an immense database of personal ethical dilemma essay examples and get inspired before you start working on your own paper.
Similar to other types of academic works, ethical dilemma essay writing requires attention to detail that can predetermine the final result. Structure, formatting, absence of typos and inaccuracies are the fundamental points learners should pay due attention to.
Make sure your ethical dilemma essays are edited and proofread, as trivial grammar and punctuation errors and mistakes may affect the quality of the writing.
Custom Written Papers About Ethical Dilemma
Have you already read an influential ethical dilemma sample essay, made an effort to write a consistent text, read a lot of topical information and taken a lot of other actions in order to create an efficient and influential paper but failed every single time? No need to get disappointed and embarrassed, as there is always a way out. Just take your time to find it.
Browsing the page, you will find a lot of useful facts and important data that motivate learners, inspire them and help achieve the desired results. However, apart from sample papers and useful guidelines, there is another section worth attention.
College students who lack time, desire, knowledge or skills to come up with a coherent ethical dilemma paper can get the assignment accomplished by professional scholars. Learn the information presented on the website and thrive. Pay attention to details, giving as many instructions as possible so that the writer can meet all your expectations and help your work stand out from the crowd.
What Are Ethical Dilemma Essay Samples?
Ethical dilemma essay samples are essays that illustrate the ethical issues faced by a person or organization.They can also explore the ethical considerations of a particular situation or action.
Where Can I Find Ethical Dilemma Essay Samples?
You can find ethical dilemma essay samples online on Proessays.net
What Topics Are Covered in the Ethical Dilemma Essay Samples?
The topics covered in the sample essay on ethical dilemmas include ethical issues related to the environment such as climate change, ethical considerations at work such as discrimination, harassment, and controversial topics such as the death penalty, abortion, gun control.
Are the Ethical Dilemma Essay Samples Written by Experts?
Yes, ethical dilemma essay samples are often written by experts in the field.
Q5. What can I learn from reading the ethical dilemma essay samples?
Learn how to analyze ethical dilemmas, and how to present arguments in favor and against a particular course. You will also learn how to apply various ethical theories to analyze and evaluate the ethical implications. | <urn:uuid:1d71ea92-222d-4070-b8a1-b939abe0fc70> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://proessays.net/essays/category/ethical-dilemma?page=9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647459.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531214247-20230601004247-00731.warc.gz | en | 0.922824 | 1,261 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Child From A Burn Injury or
How to Fire Safe Your Home
Infants and children are especially susceptible to burns because
their skin is so thin. Toddlers are curious, and don't know that certain things might hurt
them. Most burn injuries to children occur in the home; the most likely areas for burn
injury to happen are the kitchen and the bathroom. Here are some tips for keeping your
child safe from burns:
In the Kitchen:
- Turn pot handles inward so children cannot pull cookware off the stove, and try to use
only the back burners.
- Keep long appliance cords toward the back of counter tops.
- Never leave hot foods or liquids unattended or at the edge of a table to be pulled down
by a toddler.
- Keep youngsters at a safe distance while pouring or drinking hot liquids. Grabbing is
common for children.
- Place babies and children in a playpen while you are cooking. This keeps them from
playing underfoot, where hot spills are likely.
- Seat a child at the table only after all the food has been served and placed far from
the child's reach.
- Be sure that foods and liquids are cool before giving them to a young child.
- Keep appliances from children's reach.
- Do not microwave your baby's bottle. Microwaves can make the plastic bag inside the
bottle burst, and they heat unevenly, possibly causing scalding temperatures.
In the Bathroom:
- Lower your hot water heater to 120 F. At this temperature, it will serve all your needs,
but will not produce burn-causing temperatures. Remember: at temperatures above 120 F, a
third degree burn can happen to a young child in only seconds!
- There is also an issue of live bacteria in your water tank and we strongly suggest that
you contact your local utility company on this matter. Consider installing pressure
balancing/ thermostatically controlled shower/tub valves which reduce the water
temperature to 115 degrees F. or less. These valves can be attached to the bathtub
fixtures, installed in the wall at the bathtub, or connected at the water heater. These
temperature-controlling valves vary in cost and installation requirements, and can be
purchased at some hardware stores or through plumbers. The resulting safety is worth the
- NEVER leave a young child alone in a bathroom - not even for a few seconds. If the phone
rings during a child's bath, take the child with you to answer it.
- Run cold water into the tub first, and then add hot water to warm it. Bath water for
babies and children should be about 100-105 F.
- Keep chemicals far out of the reach of children. Drain cleaner, cleansers and other
toiletries can be fatal to a child, and contact with skin can cause deep and painful
- Keep young children out of the bathroom while using appliances like curling irons, hair
dryers, shavers, etc. Never leave these products plugged in.
- Keep the bathroom door closed at all times to prevent small children from entering
Around The House:
- Place child guards on all unused electrical outlets in the house.
- Keep electrical appliances in a child's room up high and out of reach.
- If your child needs a vaporiser, use a cool-mist vaporiser and keep it at a safe
- Keep children far away from radiators and space heaters.
- Keep matches and lighters high on a shelf where children can't reach. Teach your
children that such items aren't toys, and they shouldn't be used for play.
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Consumer requirement for fewer wires connecting their home entertainment systems is driving up the demand for wireless active speakers. In order to achieve the best audio quality from high end active speakers, adoption of alternative technologies can improve performance; in this context, digital active crossovers can be shown to make a significant contribution.
Current wireless active speakers consist of four elements in the signal path before the drive unit; receiver, DAC, amplifier and crossover. The receiver may be Bluetooth running a high performance codec. The amplifier could be a conventional analogue input class AB type to ensure a high audio quality with high a performance DAC at its input. The final element in the signal path is a passive crossover network.
Alternatively, utilising high performance Class D amplifiers, efficiency savings can make direct driving woofer and tweeter a reality. If the Class D amplifier features a digital input, the availability of DSP resources can facilitate the implementation of high performance digital crossovers which can offer substantial advantages over their passive counterparts.
Read the complete article - "Improving high-end active speaker performance using digital active crossover filters" - on EDN. | <urn:uuid:9b162bb2-b99d-40d0-af8d-043684f70197> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1280894 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447881.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00152-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859341 | 225 | 2.53125 | 3 |
LARAMIE — Just before the end of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln met with Oakes Ames, a founding member of the Massachusetts Republican Party, to discuss expanding the nation's transportation system. Lincoln had signed the Pacific Railway Act in 1862, authorizing the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, but after the long and difficult war years, not a single mile of track had been laid.
"Lincoln called Oakes in on Jan. 20, 1865, and said, 'This railroad project just isn't getting off the ground,'" Anna Lee Ames Frohlich, Oakes Ames' great-great-great granddaughter, said. "He asked for Oakes' help."
Later that year, Ames and his brother, Oliver Ames, pledged $45 million to the railroad project.
"That didn't mean that he would have to spend it, but he would back it if necessary," Frohlich explained. "In the end, he ended up paying the last $8 million in debt for the railroad out of his family's pocket."
Today, Frohlich and several others are working to have Ames Monument, which is dedicated to the brothers, listed as a national historic landmark through the National Parks Service. It is currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places, but landmark status is considerably more prestigious, according to Larry Ostresh, vice president of the Laramie Railroad Depot Association.
The monument is a 60-foot high granite pyramid located on West Vedauwoo Road in southeastern Albany County. The state took ownership of the monument in 1983 from the Union Pacific Land Company, Upland Industries, Frohlich said.
State officials, volunteers and contractors have been working on restoration and upkeep since the fall. They have removed lichen from its exterior, repointed the stonework and restored the soil around the base, according to Ostresh. Future planned improvements include new signage, road improvements and a parking lot near the monument.
It appears to be solid, but a large passageway not open to the public traverses its entire perimeter. A team of volunteers recently explored, measured, photographed and recorded the inside. The entrance to the monument was sealed off after the exploration.
The Albany County Commission approved a $6,500 grant agreement to be sent to the State Historic Preservation Office to nominate Ames Monument as a national historic landmark on Tuesday.
The monument was designed by Henry Hobson Richardson, a pre-eminent American architect, in the late 19th century. Builder and civil engineer Orlando Whitney Norcross assisted Richardson in the design and construction, and prominent American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens created the bas-relief likenesses of the Ames brothers on two of the four monument sides.
Oakes Ames died in 1873, six years before the Union Pacific decided to erect the monument and dedicate it to the Ames brothers, Frohlich said. Oliver Ames lived to see it designed in 1879, but it was Oliver's son, Fred Ames, who was most involved in its placement and development.
"It was placed at the highest point on the Transcontinental Railroad and serves as a splendid reminder of that great enterprise," Frohlich said.
The monument once sat about a quarter-mile from the now-defunct Wyoming town of Sherman at about 8,200 feet above sea level.
The design itself is still a mystery, Frohlich said. Richardson may have been influenced by pre-Columbian styles, the landscape in the area or the idea that the Ames brothers and several others who spearheaded railroad construction were the "kings of the railroad."
"This deserves the recognition that it has lost over the years. It has just blended into the area, and yet it stands for an enormous feat that many, many people took part in," Frohlich said."It is a fascinating architectural and artistic piece. It has historical value, it also has artistic value." | <urn:uuid:821951a9-0300-4f59-b090-813489261dca> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/wyoming/article_dd73ee7a-1b7f-11e0-81a1-001cc4c03286.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207985.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00575-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971215 | 799 | 2.53125 | 3 |
DSM study points to importance of adequate intake of vitamin E when dietary PUFA is increased
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is recognized as a key essential lipophilic antioxidant in humans, and plays a key role in protecting lipoproteins and cellular and intracellular membranes from damage. The paper highlights that the presence of vitamin E is of key importance in cellular membranes rich in highly unsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). It has been shown that when vitamin E accumulates in DHA-rich, rather unstructured domains, it stabilizes the membrane and protects DHA from oxidative damage2.
Current daily vitamin E intakes are below recommended levels in more than 90% of North Americans as well as in some European countries3. To quantify the vitamin E need, a basal vitamin E level plus an additional vitamin E requirement for dietary PUFAs is often considered. PUFAs are involved in a wide range of processes that are related to physical and mental health in humans, including brain and visual functioning throughout the life course.
“The ratio of vitamin E to PUFA in the human diet is critical and requires deeper examination,” says Dr Daniel Raederstorff, principal scientist, DSM Nutritional Products, Human Nutrition & Health. “However, so far, there has been no consensus on the exact vitamin E to PUFA ratio to determine the vitamin requirement, as it might not be applicable to all types of diet and health status.”
The published human data for a diet with an average content of PUFAs indicates that the additional vitamin E requirement ranges from 0.4 to 0.6 mg RRR-α-tocopherol/g of PUFA in the diet. Using the proposed average of 0.5 mg, the estimated requirement for vitamin E varied from 12 to 20 mg/day for a typical range of dietary PUFA intake.
“Even if more research is needed to precisely define the vitamin E requirement in humans, it is important in view of the critical interactions between vitamin E and PUFAs to ensure adequate intake,” adds Professor Manfred Eggersdorfer, Senior Vice President, Nutrition, Science & Advocacy at DSM and Professor for Healthy Ageing at Groningen University.
DSM has partnered with a number of leading scientific experts to launch a series of webinars on the latest science on vitamin E and benefits to human health, such as combating non-alcoholic fatty liver. To access the presentations, please visit www.brighttalk.com/channel/12499.
Vitamins in Motion
Vitamins play an essential role for health, wellness and disease prevention throughout the lifecycle. They are key to solving our global nutritional challenges. DSM, a global leader in health and nutrition science, is leading an initiative - Vitamins in Motion - to highlight the important role of vitamins. The campaign advocates for increased access, through innovative solutions, to the essential vitamins all people need to be healthy and well-nourished. To learn more, visit www.vitaminsinmotion.com.
2 Atkinson J, Harroun T, Wassall SR, Stillwell W, Katsaras J. The location and behavior of alpha-tocopherol in membranes. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2010;54(5):641-51. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900439.
3 Troesch B, Hoeft B, McBurney M, Eggersdorfer M, Weber P. Dietary surveys indicate vitamin intakes below recommendations are common in representative Western countries. Br. J. Nutr. 2012;108(4):692-8. doi: 10.1017/s0007114512001808. | <urn:uuid:a7420393-b03e-406c-994a-dc1c99dfb348> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.dsm.com/products/qualityforlife/en_US/informationcenter-news/2015/08/2015-08-24-dsm-study-points-to-importance-of-adequate-intake-of-vitamin-e-when-dietary-pufa-is-increased.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576345.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923084859-20190923110859-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.887919 | 787 | 3 | 3 |
Osteopathy for Peds: Otitis Media, Tonsillitis and Head Injuries
Non-Invasive Approaches to Common Conditions
Osteopathic Manual Medicine (O.M.M) is a form of body work performed by physicians that integrates and applies understanding of anatomy, physics, and medical science to treat injuries and disease. With a very low risk profile, O.M.M. is a worthwhile option to try prior to more invasive procedures and therapies. Through subtle interactions with the body and cranial structures, Osteopathy has been shown to resolve many issues that can be difficult to treat with standard primary care approaches. Below are a few common pediatric pathologies with strong outcomes using O.M.M.
Our approach to otitis media promotes middle ear drainage by removing eustachian tube and temporal bone compression. Clinical data from my own personal osteopathic practice over the last 5 years has shown nearly a 100% significant improvement rate in patients with acute or chronic otitis media. A larger study in 2014 showed statistically significant outcomes as well (1).
Chronic tonsillitis is about more than drug resistance and the presence of tonsils. It is important to promote lymphatic and vascular circulation so that immune system can gain adequate access to the oropharynx, sinuses, and the body as a whole (2). A key part of this treatment is addressing mouth breathing and tongue mechanics by treating orofacial structures.
Standard of care for head injuries emphasizes watchful waiting and return to play times. However, there are ways to support glymphatic drainage and cranial circulation and therefore improve outcomes (3). O.M.M. techniques are capable of removing cranial and somatic strain patterns from the injury that caused the concussion, ultimately promoting the inherent healing mechanisms of the CNS and body.
1. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2014 Jun;114(6):436-47
2. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2012 Jan;237(1):58-63
3. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, March 2016, Vol. 116, e13-e17 | <urn:uuid:680ad272-d607-464c-b591-a7af8e20d0ec> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.drkirstenmackey.com/post/osteopathy-for-peds-otitis-media-tonsillitis-and-head-injuries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.903908 | 462 | 2.6875 | 3 |
South Carolina Standards & Learning
SC.5.P. PHYSICAL SCIENCE: MATTER AND MIXTURES
5.P.2. The student will demonstrate an understanding of the physical properties of matter and mixtures.
5.P.2B. Conceptual Understanding: A mixture is formed when two or more kinds of matter are put together. Sometimes when two or more different substances are mixed together, a new substance with different properties may be formed but the total amount (mass) of the substances is conserved. Solutions are a special type of mixture in which one substance is dissolved evenly into another substance. When the physical properties of the components in a mixture are not changed, they can be separated in different physical ways.
Students who demonstrate this understanding can:
5.P.2B.1. Obtain and communicate information to describe what happens to the properties of substances when two or more substances are mixed together.
5.P.2B.2. Analyze and interpret data to support claims that when two substances are mixed the total amount (mass) of the substances does not change.
5.P.2B.3. Develop models using observations to describe mixtures, including solutions, based on their characteristics. | <urn:uuid:e6362582-57cb-4df8-934d-cade803c35bd> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://newpathworksheets.com/science/grade-5/elements-mixtures-and-compounds/south-carolina-standards | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391923.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526222359-20200527012359-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.893274 | 255 | 3.71875 | 4 |
By Bento, Luis San Miguel
Posted on 2006-09-20 Last edited on 2009-12-11
It was proved that treating liquors with hydrogen peroxide, the performance of decolourization resins use afterwards will improve (Bento, 2004). During oxidation, aldehydes and color compounds with double bonds react forming acids. This fact will decrease colorants molecular weight and will increase colour removal of colour by ion exchange mechanisms. As unsaturated compounds have a high hidrophobicity, they will be preferentially fixed to resins by hydrophobic inter-action. Some of these compounds have an anionic charge and their fixation to the resin is enhanced (Williams, 1992). During resin regeneration these compounds can switch from hydrophobic to ion exchange fixation mechanism (Bento, 1992). This effect will be the cause of resin poisoning and the rapid decrease of decolorization capacity of styrenic divinil-benzenic resins. By oxidation of these compounds, their fixation to resins by ion-exchange mechanism and their removal from resins, during regeneration, will be easier.
Bento L.S.M. (1992) “Organic and Inorganic compounds influence on the sugar colourant-ion-exchange resin
Comment on this entry | <urn:uuid:f3072fac-c9ac-4d2c-9538-c22360d11490> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://sucropedia.com/entries/E0039 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866984.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624160817-20180624180817-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.896481 | 269 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A new research claims that cigarette smoking may actually aid in decreasing the risk for Parkinson's disease. This study reveals a sequential association between smoking and reduced risk of Parkinson's disease.
This research was conducted by Evan L. Thacker and colleagues from Harvard School of Public Health. They claim that it is not their intention to promote nicotine but urge the scientific community to consider the possibilities of neuro-protective chemicals that may be present in tobacco leaves.
This study published in the March 6th issue of Neurology had scrutinized smoking habits of 79,977 women and 63,348 men. It was found after nine years of follow up that 413 people had developed Parkinson's disease.
The research claims that former smokers had a 22% lower risk of Parkinson's disease and current smokers had a 73-percent lower risk. Similar results followed when gender also was considered.
Thacker also noted that more years of smoking, fewer years since quitting, more cigarettes per day, and a higher total amount of lifetime smoking in former smokers were correlated to a lower Parkinson's disease risk. Duration of smoking and the time since quitting had a major effect on the risk of getting affected by Parkinson's than the average daily smoking. He says that a component in the tobacco leaf may actually be protecting people from Parkinson's disease. | <urn:uuid:c4b84e3a-5e8e-42ff-bdb1-f3f942a305ec> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.medindia.net/news/view_news_main.asp?x=19321 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172902.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00148-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981971 | 262 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Read this tip to make your life smarter, better, faster and wiser. LifeTips is the place to go when you need to know about Water Pollution and other Water Filter topics.
What causes water pollution? That question can be quite difficult to answer, because so many different factors contribute to water supply contamination. The three primary sources of water pollution are: (1) municipal, (2) industrial, and (3) agricultural.
Municipal: Waste water from residential and commercial facilities is sent to municipal wastewater facilities for treatment. The process of treating water for reuse is a very complex and costly undertaking, and the stresses placed on treatment facilities increases as populations grow and industrial waste products become more complex and dangerous.
Industrial: Wastewater resulting from industrial activities contributes directly to both the increased stress placed on municipal wastewater treatment facilities and to direct pollution of the water supply itself. Pollution types vary by industry, based on the types of organic and synthetic substances used during the manufacturing process and the byproducts present in the resulting wastewater.
Agricultural: Both surface and groundwater are subject to pollution from agricultural waste. Agriculturally based water supply contamination can result from animal waste, the use of chemical fertilizers, and sedimentation that occurs due to the erosion of farmland. | <urn:uuid:8a7d3c43-5fd9-4d85-b618-0bc424a1a079> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://waterfilter.lifetips.com/tip/145032/water-pollution/water-pollution/primary-sources-of-water-pollution.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123270.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00625-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932902 | 258 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Powdery mildew resembles a light dusting of flour on top of the leaves of the vegetable plant, it is actually caused by a fungus that is airborne. It can occur on just about any vegetable, even some fruits such as sage, tomatoes, beans, watermelons, honeydew, pumpkins and marrows
What to do?
Normal milk will actually control powdery mildew and contains a natural foliar fertilizer, boosting the plant’s immune system in the process. A mixture of at least 10% milk mixed with 90% water will significantly reduce the severity of powdery mildew when sprayed weekly on the infected plant. | <urn:uuid:5463c552-9966-4ac0-91be-6299e63fe5f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://aristonorganic.wordpress.com/tag/pests-and-diseases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500904.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208191211-20230208221211-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.926813 | 134 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Constitutional regulation is a body of legislation which defines the position, powers, and structure of various entities within a state , namely, the chief , the parliament or legislature , and the judiciary ; in addition to the basic rights of citizens and, in federal nations such because the United States and Canada , the relationship between the central authorities and state, provincial, or territorial governments. It should be nicely recollected that in 1792 an act handed, directing the secretary at conflict to place on the pension record such disabled officers and troopers as should be reported to him by the circuit courts, which act, so far as the duty was imposed on the courts, was deemed unconstitutional; but a few of the judges, considering that the regulation might be executed by them within the character of commissioners, proceeded to act and to report in that character.
From the alternative side of the political spectrum, University of Virginia regulation professor Richard Schragger , a leading tutorial skilled on native government, has printed an necessary new article on what he calls the attack on American cities: growing red-state legislative efforts to limit the autonomy of blue city enclaves inside their jurisdiction.†Schragger describes a wide range of issues on which Republican-managed state legislatures have sought to override the autonomy of Democratic cities, including immigration, environmental coverage, labor regulation, and others.
Federalism in Canada rests on a trilogy of things: the distribution of powers ; the interpretation of these powers by the courts, which should ensure that the distribution of powers in the Structure isn’t violated and that all enacted laws is constitutional; and the formulation for constitutional amendment.
Most jurisdictions, just like the United States and France , have a codified constitution, with a invoice of rights A latest example is the Constitution of Fundamental Rights of the European Union which was intended to be included in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe , that failed to be ratified. | <urn:uuid:8292e5c3-0fce-4772-9a37-fd8b78fd7775> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://www.brokenrstables.com/journal.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347436828.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604001115-20200604031115-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.953665 | 380 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Robust Texturing for Additive Manufacturing Designs
By Kiegan Lenihan, Saigopal Nelaturi, Kyle Kloster, Ehsan Haghighat, Larry Shatos, Weixiong Zheng, Nick Harrington, Emily Williams, Jens Schmidt, Ruiqi Chen
1. Textured surfaces provide form and function
Texturing plays a critical role in product design. Designers can enhance the functionality and aesthetics of mechanical parts by creating intricate surface patterns, such as raised grips, logos/engravings, or directional textures to optimize fluid flow. Textures can significantly improve the performance and usability of mechanical components, ensuring optimal functionality and user experience. By leveraging the incredible capabilities of 3D printing and incorporating texture mapping into the design process, product designers can unlock new levels of creativity, functionality, and customization in their creations.
Since the design process is iterative, engineers need a tool that can automatically apply high quality textures quickly. Unfortunately, generating textures computationally is often a difficult task. Most texturing algorithms are used by animators to create realistic skins on characters or scenes. However, texture maps used for mechanical design are more difficult to generate since the texture must be applied to more of the part than what is simply visible in a scene environment (see Section 2). Furthermore, most mechanical parts come from CAD systems, which often yield poor triangle meshes, which are difficult to process (see Section 3). We use a recent advancement from discrete differential geometry to form the basis of a fast, robust, and high quality texturing tool, greatly reducing the design effort spent on texturing.
2. Texture and displacement maps
Texture maps are essential tools used in computer graphics to add realistic details and visual richness to digital surfaces. They are 2D images wrapped around the surface of 3D models, providing information about color, reflectivity, transparency, and other surface properties.
Displacement maps take texture mapping a step further by applying a grayscale image to a texture map and displacing the positions of points on a surface using the grayscale values, creating intricate surface details, and adding depth to the geometry. By manipulating the geometry based on the displacement map, artists and designers can generate complex surface effects such as bumps, wrinkles, tiles, and dents, resulting in more functional and visually compelling designs as shown in Figure 2.
2.1. Discrete conformal equivalence
Mapping three-dimensional shapes onto a two-dimensional plane poses varying levels of difficulty depending on the inherent characteristics of the shape. Take, for example, a sphere and a cube. The process of preserving the shape and area of a sphere when mapping it to a plane can be quite challenging . On the other hand, a cube can be easily cut along its edges and flattened onto the plane. The mathematical intuition behind the vastness in difficulty of these tasks is due to the difference in the distribution of curvature around the two surfaces. On the cube, every point is intrinsically flat (zero curvature) except for the eight “corners”. The sphere however has a uniform distribution of curvature at each vertex. To map a surface to the plane, it must have zero curvature at all internal vertices, and must be a topological disk (Euler characteristic equal to 1 ). Thus, a cube can be cut to a disk using a simple graph search algorithm and then laid out in the plane by laying out faces incrementally. We could cut the sphere to a disk as well, but vertices not on the boundary of the cut sphere would have non-zero curvature.
We recognize this simple property in the first step of our algorithm, which is to compute a discrete homeomorphism of our input surface, concentrating curvature to a few special vertices, which we call “cones”. A homeomorphism is a continuous, bijective, invertible function that provides a structure preserving map between shapes. A discrete homeomorphism is applied via per-vertex affine transformations; in the context of texture mapping, we are interested in scaling. Given an edge of a triangle that connects vertices i and j and has length , we apply per-vertex scale factors and to scale the edge length to via the formula . This formula is derived from the notion of discrete conformal equivalence . In the smooth setting, conformal maps preserve angles, but unfortunately, this definition is far too strict for triangle meshes, since only rigid motion can be applied to triangles if one must preserve all angles. We can however take advantage of the positive metric scaling definition of conformal equivalence, which states that two Riemannian metrics and are conformally equivalent if they are related by a positive scaling for per vertex scale factors u, which is captured by . Unfortunately, discrete homeomorphisms are difficult to implement without creating invalid geometry (as shown in Figure 3). This is because some scale factors will break the triangle inequality () and thus will invalidate the homeomorphism.
Invalid geometry made it impossible to demonstrate a discrete analog to the Uniformization Theorem, which guarantees that any smooth surface can be conformally mapped to one of constant curvature . It wasn’t until recently that Boris Springborn showed a discrete analog for triangle meshes, which says that any vertex curvatures can be realized by some vertex scaling u, as long as the triangle mesh data structure is able to represent an equivalence class of shapes, which can be embedded into various geometric spaces . Two years later, a robust data structure called the intrinsic triangle mesh was used to realize Springborn’s discrete analog to the Uniformization theorem . We use this intuition as the basis for our robust texture mapping algorithm.
2.2. Intrinsic Delaunay triangle meshes
Intrinsic triangle meshes serve as the ideal framework for computing discrete homeomorphisms due to their inherent ability to capture surface properties independent of the embedding space. By capturing geometric properties solely with edge lengths, these meshes abstract away the extraneous details of the embedding, allowing for a more robust and accurate analysis of the surface’s intrinsic characteristics. An intrinsic triangle mesh consists of two triangulations, one static, whose connectivity is fixed, and one dynamic, whose connectivity is allowed to change. The static triangulation can be thought of as a standard triangle mesh. Each vertex has coordinates in Euclidean space, and a half-edge data structure describes the connectivity of the vertices. Unlike the static triangulation, we don’t actually care how the dynamic triangulation sits in space. We use the same half-edge data structure to describe connectivity, but we encapsulate geometry solely by storing edge lengths for each half-edge.
Connectivity can be changed by the intrinsic edge-flip . Given an edge that connects two intrinsic triangles, simply break the edge and connect the two vertices on the triangle pair that were not part of the original edge. Oftentimes, we determine if an edge should be “flipped” by determining if it is Delaunay. An edge is intrinsically Delaunay if the sum of its opposing angles is less than 𝜋 radians. If this condition is satisfied globally, we are left with an intrinsic Delaunay triangulation. These meshes exhibit a wide range of good-behavior for numerically sensitive algorithms, like parameterization . To track how the static and dynamic triangulations interact with each other, we leverage the integer connectivity scheme which utilizes normal coordinates from algebraic topology to implicitly capture crossings of static and dynamic edges, the latter of which are thought of as geodesic curves.
2.3. The hyperbolic picture
As mentioned in Section 2.1, the triangle inequality can break for certain scale factors, which invalidates the Euclidean metric and creates invalid geometry. However, we can apply arbitrary vertex scaling in the hyperbolic setting by realizing our surface as an ideal hyperbolic polyhedron . To execute this realization, we assign Penner coordinates for each edge, where . Recall the conformal Riemannian metric described by . By substituting the formula for in terms of Penner coordinates and simplifying, we get an equivalent definition of the conformal Riemannian metric in terms of Penner coordinates . An equivalent definition of the triangle inequality is then . This inequality is always valid, regardless of the scale factors , . Thus, by utilizing our flexible equivalence class data structure (the intrinsic triangle mesh), we can apply arbitrary vertex scalings, and yield valid hyperbolic geometry, even in cases where the Euclidean metric becomes invalid. One can always convert a Euclidean edge length to a Penner coordinate, and then apply arbitrary vertex scale factors to yield valid hyperbolic geometry. We could apply the formula to yield Euclidean edge lengths, but this may yield invalid geometry. One can rectify this issue by applying a greedy edge-flipping algorithm (using the Ptolemy relation ) for each edge that does not satisfy the local ideal Delaunay condition . Remarkably, if this condition is satisfied globally, the edge lengths l describe an intrinsic Delaunay triangulation in the hyperbolic and Euclidean case . The intrinsic Delaunay condition is also always recoverable which means that we can embed our surface into hyperbolic space, apply any vertex scaling, apply a greedy edge flipping algorithm using Ptolemy flips, and yield a valid Euclidean metric.
2.4. Minimizing conformal energy
With intrinsic triangulations and Ptolemy flips, we can use any convex minimizer to yield the scale factors , which induce an intrinsically flat surface M̃. At each iteration, the curvature of the surfaces incrementally concentrates around cones (see Section 2.5), which serve as constraints during optimization.
2.5. Full parameterization pipeline
After calculating M̃, we cut it to a topological disk using a simple graph search algorithm . To assign UV coordinates to every vertex of the cut mesh, we use the robust “layout in the light cone” method of . This yields two vertex coordinates and for the original and UV projected mesh, respectively. We use the projective interpolation method which is achieved by performing linear interpolation on homogeneous coordinates and for a vertex scale factor . This interpolation scheme can be visualized by tiling a checkerboard texture over the original surface (as shown in Figure 6).
Sample points on the surface and perturbing them according to some tileable texture function allows the user to generate textured meshes, which can immediately be sent to the printer for manufacturing. Textured versions of computationally challenging models from the Thingi10k dataset are shown in Figure 7.
3. Intrinsic mesh algorithms can handle poor triangulations
As mentioned earlier, texture mapping is the critical mathematical problem that must be addressed to enable the utilization of displacement maps. Unfortunately, the performance of most texture mapping algorithms is inherently linked to the quality of the input triangulation. In the context of the Carbon ecosystem, where triangle meshes are frequently derived from CAD systems, most models are poorly triangulated (high aspect ratio, skinny triangles) as shown in Figure 8.
These triangulations can pose difficulties for texturing algorithms (Figure 9 shows a highly distorted texture map using Boundary First Flattening ), potentially resulting in distortions and inaccuracies in the mapping. Therefore, addressing triangulation quality becomes a crucial consideration to ensure optimal texture mapping and subsequently enable the successful implementation of displacement maps.
The standard approach to rectify poor triangulations is to extrinsically remesh the surface. Extrinsic remeshing involves generating a new mesh with improved triangle quality by redistributing vertices and creating new triangles. Unfortunately, remeshing introduces a fundamental tradeoff between mesh size (number of faces) and geometric accuracy. As the remeshing process strives to bring the new mesh closer to the original surface geometrically, the number of triangles significantly increases (as shown in Figure 10). This increase in mesh size can pose challenges for downstream algorithms, making them more computationally intensive and harder to solve. Therefore, there is a delicate balance between achieving a geometrically accurate representation of the surface and maintaining a manageable mesh size for efficient processing and algorithmic feasibility.
Optimal triangle meshes for geometric computation are often difficult to realize, since they inherently try to have two properties: encode the shape of the original surface (geometric accuracy), and serve as a useful domain for computation (isotropic, low aspect-ratio triangles). This paradigm is broken by the intrinsic triangle mesh. The static triangulation encodes the shape exactly, while the dynamic triangulation encodes the domain for computation. With intrinsic edge flips, we can vastly improve computational results without changing algorithms. We simply run a computational geometry algorithm on the dynamic triangulation of the intrinsic triangle mesh, then transfer the results to the original triangulation, enabling out-of-the-box robustness improvements on a wide variety of geometry processing algorithms.
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3450626.3459763 Mark Gillespie, Boris Springborn, and Keenan Crane. “Discrete Conformal Equivalence of Polyhedral Surfaces”. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 40.4 (July 2021). ISSN: 0730-0301. DOI: 10.1145/3450626.3459763.
- John Parr Snyder. Flattening the earth two thousand years of map projections. The University of Chicago Press, 2002.
- Xianfeng David Gu and Shing-Tung Yau. Computational conformal geometry. International Press, 2008.
- Jeff Erickson and Kim Whittlesey. “Greedy Optimal Homotopy and Homology Generators”. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms. SODA ’05. Vancouver, British Columbia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2005, pp. 1038–1046. ISBN: 0898715857.
- M. Rocek and R. M. Williams. “The Quantization of Regge Calculus”.Z. Phys. C 21 (1984), p. 371. DOI: 10.1007/BF01581603.
- Feng Luo. Combinatorial Yamabe Flow on Surfaces.2003. arXiv: math/0306167 [math.GT]
- https://doi.org/10.1080/00029890.1981.11995320 William Abikoff. “The Uniformization Theorem”. The American Mathematical Monthly 88.8 (1981), pp. 574–592. DOI: 10.1080/00029890.1981.11995320.eprint:
- Boris Springborn. “Ideal Hyperbolic Polyhedra and Discrete Uniformization”. Discrete & Computational Geometry 64 (2020), pp. 63–108.
Nicholas Sharp, Yousuf Soliman, and Keenan Crane. “Navigating Intrinsic Triangulations”. ACM Trans. Graph. 38.4 (July 2019). ISSN: 0730-0301. DOI:
for Simplicial Surfaces”. Discrete Comput. Geom. 38.4 (Dec. 2007), pp. 740–756. ISSN: 0179-5376.
Alexander I. Bobenko and Boris A. Springborn. “A Discrete Laplace—Beltrami Operator
- Mark Gillespie, Nicholas Sharp, and Keenan Crane. Integer Coordinates for Intrinsic Geometry Processing. 2021. arXiv: 2106.00220 [cs.GR].
- https://doi.org/10.1145/2261250.2261270 Jeff Erickson and Amir Nayyeri. “Tracing Compressed Curves in Triangulated Surfaces”. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry. SoCG ’12. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2012, pp. 131–140. ISBN: 9781450312998. DOI: 10.1145/2261250.2261270.
- Robert C. Penner. Decorated teichmüller theory. European Mathematical Society, 2012.
- Patrick Mullen et al. “Spectral Conformal Parameterization”. Proceedings of the Symposium on Geometry Processing. SGP ’08. Copenhagen, Denmark: Eurographics Association, 2008, pp. 1487–1494.
37.1 (Dec. 2017). ISSN: 0730-0301. DOI: 10.1145/3132705. https://doi.org/10.1145/3132705
Rohan Sawhney and Keenan Crane. “Boundary First Flattening”. ACM Trans. Graph. | <urn:uuid:99128cae-6cf1-4d01-a26b-23f77be6b910> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.carbon3d.com/resources/blog/robust-texturing-for-additive-manufacturing-designs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506669.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924223409-20230925013409-00710.warc.gz | en | 0.86267 | 3,622 | 3.203125 | 3 |
oil is pressed from the fruit of the olive tree. Olive trees
have been cultivated for thousands of years. During the summer,
olives change from green to reddish violet, then turn black when
ripe. Workers shake the trees to loosen the olives which are
caught on nets below. During the first 72 hours, olives are
ground to form a paste which is pressed between flat disks. The
reddish oil and water mixture is separated and then the oil is
filtered. The remaining olive paste is pressed again. It takes
2,000 olives to produce one quart of extra virgin olive
oil—which comes from the first cold pressing.
2 pounds small red potatoes
garlic cloves, crushed in a garlic press
tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
teaspoons dried rosemary, crushed in
a mortar with a pestle
teaspoon ground black pepper
Preheat the oven to 350°.
2. Place the
potatoes, garlic, oil, salt, rosemary and pepper in a
casserole, toss well.
3. Bake for 1 hour, | <urn:uuid:246dfce0-8306-4fe3-bb38-468ce35ceacc> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.seasonedwithlove.com/garlic_red_potatoes.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540507109.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208072107-20191208100107-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.895698 | 233 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Project: Eureka Stockade
About the Project
This is a sub-Project of the Australia Project.
The Eureka Stockade was one of the most significant events in Australia. It was a key event in the development of democracy in Australia.
Peter Lalor, the leader of the rebellion, later went on to become a member of parliament.
We swear by the Southern Cross to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties!' The diggers' oath, 30 November 1854.
The term digger, went on to become the name used for Australian Soldiers, embodying the principles of mateship adapted by the "diggers" at the Eureka Stockade.
The mission is to link WikiTree profiles (or create them) for people known to be involved in the Eureka stockade, the diggers, politicians, soldiers, and tell their stories, and to research their family trees. Where did they come from? What brought them here?
This will also link with the Australian Cemeteries Projects.
Please go to the The Eureka Rebellion page if you have any one to add.
Please contact the Project leader Paul Bech to join. You will receive the Australia Project badge (you might also like to join one of the other Australia related projects).
Discussion is through the Australia Project Google Community.
This page was last modified 14:01, 19 May 2015. This page has been accessed 817 times. | <urn:uuid:b6cbd4e1-b11d-45c6-8858-7924b7b56933> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Project:Eureka_Stockade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696653.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926160416-20170926180416-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.956576 | 305 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Classification / Names
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Siluriformes
(Catfish) > Sisoridae
(Sisorid catfishes) > Glyptosterninae
Etymology: Glyptothorax: Greek, glyptes = carver + Greek, thorax = breast (Ref. 45335). More on author: Berg.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Freshwater; benthopelagic. Temperate
Asia: endemic to eastern and southeastern Turkey and adjacent areas.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 12.5 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 1441)
Inhabits rivers (Ref. 1441).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Fricke, R., M. Bilecenoglu and H.M. Sari, 2007. Annotated checklist of fish and lamprey species (Gnathostoma and Petromyzontomorphi) of Turkey, including a Red List of threatened and declining species. Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. Sea A (706):1-172. (Ref. 58342)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 120744)
CITES (Ref. 115941)
Threat to humans
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningSpawning aggregationFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00340 - 0.01773), b=3.07 (2.89 - 3.25), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 3.2 ±0.4 se; Based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref. 69278
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100) . | <urn:uuid:d117bbfb-863f-46c6-933c-aedf8c9a4a3e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Glyptothorax-armeniacus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144429.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219214816-20200220004816-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.679323 | 602 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Updated: Jun 21
The claim is proposed by a class of trinitarian apologists is that the Bible sometimes applies a plural connotation to the creator by using plural verbs. -e.g “Let Israel rejoice in their MAKERS; Let the children of Zion be joyful in their King.” (Psalm 149:2). This fallacious claim also extends to adjectives and nouns. While many asserters of fact are interested in inflating their assertions to make them as impressive as possible, facts can be tested and lies, when exposed, are always impaired.
Examples of pluralism can be found in Psalms 149:2 mentioned above, it uses a masculine plural construct. Also, see Job 35:10, Gen. 20:13, Gen. 35:7, 2 Sam. 7:23, Ps. 58:11, and Ecclesiastes 12:1.
In the grand scheme of things, merely claiming God possesses a plurality doesn’t solve the later doctrine of 3 in 1 simply for the fact that there are many relevant passages that uses plural forms for a single subject yet should be understood as having a singular meaning. E.g. Abraham is called "lord," where a plural form, adonim ("lords"), is used (Gen. 24:9-10). Likewise, Potiphar is called the adonim (“masters”) of Joseph (Gen. 39:2, 3, 7, 8, 19, 20) and the “lords” of Joseph in Genesis 39:16 and 40:7. Joseph is called the man who is the “lords” (adonim) of the land and the “lords” of the country (Gen. 42:30, 33).
It is also important to note that there are other linguistic explanations as to why this unusual ungrammatical oddity transpires. First, we must accept the words (verbs, nouns & adjectives) are certainly plural, but likely to be understood as singular. Hence why in most cases the translator renders them in the singular form. It would be unfair to suggest that the translators or the scribes used those grammatical features because they were driven by a certain theological obligation. Moreover, the plural can [sometimes] express excellence or comprehensiveness. But the more likely explanation is the phenomenon called "linguistic attraction”. This oddity is expressed likewise in our English vernacular. Basically, in unique instances of obvious grammatical mismatches in the Bible, this linguistic phenomenon is potentially present. It is where verbs, adjectives, or pronouns are strongly connected to the grammatical number of a nearby emphatic noun that proximity overtakes the proper grammar construct. See Reaching agreement as a core syntactic process commentary of Bock & Middleton Reaching Agreement.
For instance, Psalm 149:2 presents us with a 3rd person plural verb, "makers” (עָשָׂה) that seemingly describes the covenant God of Israel who created them. Upon further review, we see a string of plural nouns and adjectives attached before and after in the immediate context. בְּנֵי [beni/Children], a plural construct is in close proximity to the plural verb עָשָׂה. Israel (יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל) is also understood to be plural in meaning.
The absolute plural adjective “hasadim”[חֲסִידִים/saints] is positioned right before vs 2 is introduced. This is a clear example of where an attraction likely occurred. Scribes are accustomed to doing such this in ancient literary works. Here, we have a plural noun and a plural adjective surrounding the plural verb in question. It seems when nuanced out that these oddities are strictly grammatically and not theologically motivated.
So, in relation to the few examples of where יְהוָה (Israel’s covenant God) is certainly the subject, in conjunction with plural forms of verbs (nouns or adjectives), e.g Gen 20:13, it's highly probable that this is an illustration where “linguistic attraction” has likely occurred. For instance, even though it literally asserts a plural in the Hebrew, we understand the Hebrew Bible is not saying that “the gods” caused Abraham to wander from his father’s home (Gen. 20:13). Neither does it suggests a compound unification. Note that the the SP and LXX read those verbs in the singular, against the MT: התעו vs. התעה (ἐξήγαγέν) and נגלו vs. נגלה (ἐπεφάνη). Although Gen. 20 may not be an allusion to the covenant God of Israel at all. Or “the gods” revealed themselves to Jacob at the place called El Beth El (Gen. 35:7), “the gods” redeemed Israel (2 Sam.7:23), or “the gods” judge the earth so that humankind can be pleased that justice prevails (Ps. 58:11-12). Rather, we can understand that we are reading examples in Hebrew where linguistic “attraction” has transpired.
More on Gen. 20.13 (a popular text for the poly-personal God camps), firstly, it's possible that Abraham is accommodating Abimelek’s cultural milieu, or that Abraham has some residual polytheism/henotheism in his mind. Admittedly, the latter seems less likely within the broader scope of the narrative. Although I would add that the hiph. of תעה generally means something like “to lead astray, cause to err.” This would not make much sense to assign the God of Israel in this text. Nevertheless, significantly, no one in the GNT (Greek New Testament) appeals to these Genesis plurals nor any OT (Old Testament) plurals for that matter as apologetic proof-texts for the Messiah’s and Holy Spirits shared status as a deity with God, the Father. When conveyed in this manner, it is apparent that there are grammatical irregularities at play. However, Hebrew grammarians who translate the Hebrew text into English appear not to be caught off guard. They translate these into English in singular forms, knowing there is no mysterious thing happening here.
The word אדניו (which is plural = אדנים שלו) is paired with a singular adjective (המצרי) and a singular verb (וירא). The same thing happens several times in that chapter. Genesis 39. A visual provided below.
Some scholars suggestions
Westermann, Continental Commentary:
But the unusual plural construction התעו אלהים scarcely belongs to such alteration. Some exegetes (O. Procksch, O. Eissfeldt, and others) are of the opinion that a real plural is intended, “the gods”; it is “an accommodation to pagan ideas” (B. Jacob). But this is most unlikely in the present chapter where the God of Abraham speaks also to Abimelech and gives him instructions. The plural construction therefore is intended in a singular sense (so H. Gunkel and others), something that also occurs elsewhere, as well as in the Amarna letters.
Westermann, C. (1995). A Continental Commentary: Genesis 12–36 (pp. 326–327). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
The construction of אֱלֹהִים God with the plural of the predicate may be explained (apart of course from such passages as 1 K 19:2, 20:10, where the speakers are heathen, and אֱלֹהִים may, therefore, be a numerical plural) partly as an acquiescence in a polytheistic form of expression, partly from the peculiar usage of one of the early documents of the Hexateuch, called E by Wellhausen, &c., B by Dillmann; cf. his commentary on Numbers—Joshua, p. 618, and above, § 124 g, note 2. So Gn 20:13 (but in conversation with a heathen); 31:53, 35:7, cf. also Jos 24:19. That this construction was afterwards studiously avoided from fear of misconception, is shown by such passages as Neh 9:18 compared with Ex 32:4, 8, and 1 Ch 17:21 compared with 2 S 7:23. Cf. Strack’s excursus on Gen 20:13 in Die Genesis, Munich, 1905, p. 77.
Gesenius, F. W. (1910). Gesenius’ Hebrew grammar. (E. Kautzsch & S. A. E. Cowley, Eds.) (2d English ed., p. 463). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Victor Hamilton's footnote:
Note the use of the pl. verb hiṯʿû with ʾĕlōhîm. ʾĕlōhîm occurs with a pl. verb here and in 31:53; 35:7; Exod. 22:8 (Eng. 9); 2 Sam. 7:23 (but sing. in the parallel verse in 1 Chr. 17:21); with a pl. participle in Ps. 58:12 (Eng. 11); in the expression “living God,” Deut. 5:26; 1 Sam. 17:26, 36; Jer. 10:10; 23:36. The SP reads the sing. here: htʿh. Speiser (Genesis, p. 150) suggests that the accompanying pl. verb allows one to translate ʾĕlōhîm with a broader connotation, something like “Heaven, Fate, Providence.” GKC, § 145d, suggests that such constructions (ʾĕlōhîm with pl. verb/adjective) may be a vestige of an earlier polytheistic form of expression. But if so, why were these few left untouched, while most, presumably, were modified?
Hamilton, V. P. (1995). The Book of Genesis, Chapters 18–50. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
Side note: Alter Rebbe’s in his “The life, teachings, and works of Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi”, founder of Chabad, says;
‘This plural expression — “Makers” — refers to our physical world that is filled with kelipot and sitra achra, which are called “a public domain,” i.e., a domain of multiplicity, and “mountains of separation,” in that they are arrogant and separate from one another.” Also, the Greek OT (LXX) of Gen 20:13 has a singular verb form (ἐξήγαγε(ν), aorist II), most English versions usually translate this as "God caused".
The principal of normalcy
It is only until recently we were confronted here with the few plural verbs in relation to אֱלֹהִים (Elohim), in the Old Testament. There over 2300, I repeat 2,300 verses with singular verb forms, proving the singular view for YHWH in literature. Footnotes of a few alternate plural verbs does not have priority over the norm, yes they should be considered and we must provide answers, but the more clearer passages always trump the less clear, therefore the less clear should be read in light of the more clear. This leads me to suggest we should now deduce the more clear passages (singular verbs modifying the singular pronoun) rather than the less clear (plural modifying the singular). The question should be, should we establish the eccentric text as priority? Or the conventional way things fit, almost exclusively? Is it comprehensible to recognize why we have three synoptics and not one? When Jesus said "The scripture cannot be broken," did he in fact know about dissimilarities in the ancient scrolls he likely beheld? Of course he did. What the three synoptics should express to an attentive student is the recurrence of events; the same event may or may not be repeated, but a certain "normalcy" is established by the whole. (We do not say one synoptic is weightier in general than another).
Accordingly, the principle of normalcy is a principle of unbroken text. Particular issues have to be mediated by the reconciliation in turn, of discrepancies or linguistic explanations in any single book in the synoptic tradition.
Fun fact: John Calvin’s interpretation; “ When God caused me to wander (430) Because the verb is here put in the plural number, I freely expound the passage as referring to the angels, who led Abraham through his various wanderings”.
This fairly new fallacious claim is solely a product of linguistic fallacies, contextual negligence and an over-dependence on a single manuscript tradition. To simplify... Even today, the plural בְּעָלִים is used of one who owns a business, even if it is one person. Why? That person has absolute power over the business or property. They can decide tomorrow to shut down the business or destroy the property. It's theirs, and no one can come to them with any claim if they chose to destroy it. Another example would be the use of אֱלֹהִים, who is occasionally the patron deity of many people. Thus, כְּמוֹשׁ is the patron deity of Moab, and he was called אֱלֹהֵי מוֹאָב in the plural. Again, the fact that Potiphar is called אֲדֹנֵי יוֹסֵף in the plural is relevant to this very same phenomenon that plurals in some rare instances does not require a hint of a later developed ideology. Hebrew also uses plurals in relationships in which a person has total power over another person or thing.
Some may object that to read plurals in a “non-trinitarian” way, i.e. Plural majestic, exhortation plurals, or plurals of self-deliberation, would be anachronistic. Well, Genesis 39 isn't today. The issue with this charge is that they are essentially saying that since הפרה האדומה means "the red heifer" in modern Hebrew, then it doesn't mean "the red heifer" in ancient Hebrew. If the same thing happens at both levels in the linguistic development, it can be compared as the same. The fact that it happens now doesn't mean that it didn't happen then when the evidence shows that it did.
I personally am not fully invested in the plural of Majesty interpolation. I am however sympathetic to the idea. But if it helps, Rainey identifies a few plurals of majesty in Amarna Canaanite literature.
Note: OGIO apologetics bears no responsibility for the accuracy, legality or content of any external website that is linked or cited, or for that of subsequent links. | <urn:uuid:166b5752-1914-4ab9-8315-1fb1939e8186> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ogio.online/post/plurality-in-verbs-equals-3-equals-syllogism-fallacy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510697.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930145921-20230930175921-00820.warc.gz | en | 0.933366 | 3,343 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Development of rural settlements in Estonian SSR
After Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union, the new regime started rearranging settlements both in town and in the country. The visual change was extensive in both areas, although the effect on daily life was more radical in the country. As production was concentrated in collective and state farms, new centralised collective farm villages were planned. Its rhetorical aim was to bring rural and urban life closer together. The existing low-density area was to be replaced by a denser architectural environment, the rural settlement. The collective farm centre was an urban-type settlement, which consisted of production and administrative buildings, and the residential houses for the collective farm members. Moving into new settlements meant losing old landmarks and erasing unsuitable memory, and as such it constituted an effective means in creating the new identity.
Collective farm building can be divided into at least two periods: from the late 1940s until the middle of the 1960s, and thereafter. The plans of the first period were grand although construction itself was minimal. Numerous plans did not materialise as compact collective farm settlements. As large-scale building was financially restricted, old buildings were used and adapted for new functions (e.g. a farmhouse into stables or a manor house into a community centre-club).
By the middle of the 1960s the rural enterprises in Estonian SSR had reached a better economic standard and become prestigious and profitable places to work and reside. There was more money going round in wealthier agricultural enterprises than in towns, and architects could realise their more daring ideas. Trying to outdo one another, the collective farms commissioned innovative architecture. Although at the same time standard design was widely spreading, the more significant buildings in wealthy collective farms all had special architectural projects. Several collective farm centres (in the function of the previous community houses) belong among the best architectural achievements in Estonian SSR. Soviet Estonian collective farm architecture became a singular phenomenon, attracting attention even in magazines and exhibitions abroad.
The situation in residential building was rather different. By the 1960s when the collective farms had become more affluent and the rural building increased, standard designs had been worked out for residential houses. Urban design methods and even the same standard projects were now used in rural settlements. All this left strong traces in Estonian rural areas, which seem totally out of place even today.Details about this article
Created: 08.10.2009 21:07
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The architectural structure and software had to be tightly linked according to Jobs. Functionality would be sacrificed if one were to allow for multiple software producers. While Microsoft could be used on any hardware, Jobs refused to have Apple computers fragmented by the work of partners who did not follow Apple’s rules. On the customer level, Jobs refused to allow users to alter the product, pitching the idea that Apple products were more user friendly (which they were). He did not want to give users control. The closed system is useful for the iPhone era but not from 1981 until the mid to late 1990s with IBM (Big Blue) and Microsoft working across platforms; Apple’s competitive advantage in the PC market eroded dramatically in the early to mid 1980s. By scaling with multiple hardware platforms such as IBM PCs, Dell, and Compaq, software developers had an open-source alternative to the closed Apple system. Bill Gates realised this closed system problem in the early 80s and exploited it. Jobs wanted end-to-end control so that software developers had to buy into the Apple system, however, critical mass was essential for that to work. In 1982, Jobs wanted the industry standard to be Apple software + hardware, he did not want sales cannibalization that comes with allowing other computers to use the Apple Operating System on their computers. But for developers, the labour required to work within Apple’s ecosystem was prohibitive compared to the gains made by working on an open-source PC world. As a result, in 1997, Jobs admitted that they had been overly proprietary, and thus failed to see how that was hurting their marketability from 1984-1997. In the 2000s, the closed system had the advantage as Apple become a premium/closed brand through carefully working with 3rd parties. | <urn:uuid:b40804ce-2f98-4b52-9d6b-a05736207c39> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://professornerdster.com/from-steve-jobs-life-the-believe-in-a-closed-system-product-control/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358774.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129134323-20211129164323-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.980443 | 360 | 3.1875 | 3 |
September is gynaecological cancer awareness month, and it is crucial to recognize the symptoms of different types of gynaecological cancers. Ovarian cancer, in particular, can often go undetected due to its similarity to common illnesses. Bloating, for example, is a typical symptom of ovarian cancer, but many women may dismiss it as a result of their diet or menopause. Early diagnosis is vital as it improves the chances of successful treatment. This article aims to provide an overview of ovarian cancer, including its causes, symptoms, and available treatments.
Ovarian cancer starts in the ovaries, which are the two small, oval-shaped organs responsible for releasing eggs during the ovulation and menstrual cycle. It is estimated that around 7,400 women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer in the UK each year. Most ovarian cancers are believed to originate from the cells at the end of the fallopian tube and then spread to the ovaries or the peritoneum. The most common type of ovarian cancer is epithelial ovarian cancer, accounting for 80% of cases. Other types include borderline tumors and rare germ cell ovarian tumors.
The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but it is more common in women over the age of 50. There may also be a genetic predisposition, as ovarian cancer can sometimes run in families.
Recognizing the symptoms of ovarian cancer is crucial for early detection. Alongside bloating, other common symptoms include fatigue, back pain, and a swollen abdomen. While these symptoms can be caused by various factors, if they occur frequently (around 12 times or more a month), they should not be ignored. Additional symptoms may include indigestion, constipation or diarrhea, frequent urination, loss of appetite, weight loss, and post-menopausal vaginal bleeding.
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult your GP. They will ask questions about your health and family medical history and may conduct a physical examination. If necessary, they will refer you to a specialist who will determine the appropriate course of treatment based on factors such as the size and type of the cancer, its location, and your overall health.
Treatment options for ovarian cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies, and hormone therapy. Surgery often involves the removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes, while a hysterectomy may also be considered. These procedures can be combined with other forms of treatment depending on the specific case.
For more information and support related to ovarian cancer, visit Macmillan or speak to your healthcare provider.
– [Source 1]
– [Source 2] | <urn:uuid:6ac186f8-2699-433f-be55-a644d938a575> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/news2/bloating-back-pain-and-fatigue-are-all-signs-of-this-serious-disease/77720/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506420.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922134342-20230922164342-00646.warc.gz | en | 0.953876 | 543 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Many individuals do not understand the difference between education and training. This which means of Education would give rise to the Goal, as disseminating formally, non-formally, culturally, nationally, scientifically and ritually-expertise, literacy, information, norm and values, as pedagogies of the establishments giving rise to the purpose.
The rising understanding is that globalization is being reflected in an educational agenda that enables for numerous, and numerous, improvements upon the education system that enables the educators themselves to increase on their instructing, and current students with real world conditions that require them to “assume exterior the box”, or outdoors the realm of their explicit field, if you’ll.
Whatever the increased prices, students are still finding it obligatory to remain in school and get as much accreditation as they’ll before getting into the job market. On-line education permits extra students to get an education. If mother and father still have the same mentality immediately, their baby will find it tough to make a residing in today’s world which has turn into very competitive.
Thus the meaning of Education would give rise to the Purpose, as disseminating formally, non-formally, culturally, nationally, scientifically and ritually-expertise, literacy, data, norms and values as pedagogies. The second query offers with what parents can do to help their children develop together with the efforts of the education system.
The ratio of teachers to college students is simply too excessive and although troublesome to acknowledge, some students merely will fall between the cracks within the system. New also technology permits for a faster, more efficient, and more interactive classroom expertise.
A distance studying course is an internet primarily based course that has helped people who may already be working or those that need to stay at residence achieve a degree. The one simple factor that oldsters ought to do to help within the formal education of their little one is to take an interest in all features of their kid’s college actions: teachers, extra-curricular activities and relationships. | <urn:uuid:4d763ea6-91bf-44f4-b0af-c670a367a3bb> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.mwasecs.org/education-which-means-purpose-and-function.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141169606.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124000351-20201124030351-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.968603 | 422 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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Canada has aligned the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS).
This document discusses the WHMIS requirements after the alignment of WHMIS with the GHS. Information in this document is based on the federal legislation – the amended Hazardous Products Act and the new Hazardous Products Regulations (HPR).
Health Canada is the government body responsible for making the required changes to the overall federal WHMIS-related laws. Note that WHMIS-related occupational health and safety regulations for the provinces, territories and federally regulated workplaces will also require updating.
While much is known with the federal legislation updates, legislative updates for each provincial or territorial jurisdiction may affect some of the information in this document.
The WHMIS 2015 legislation is currently in force. "In force" means that suppliers may begin to use and follow the new requirements for labels and safety data sheets (SDSs) for hazardous products sold, distributed, or imported into Canada. However, there is a transition period with various stages. At the outset of the transition period, the supplier must fully comply with either the repealed Controlled Products Regulations (WHMIS 1988) or the HPR (WHMIS 2015) for a specific controlled or hazardous product. The classification, label and (material) SDS must comply fully with the specific regulation chosen by the supplier, and not be a combination of the two.
Please refer to the following OSH Answers documents for information about WHMIS 2015:
Pictograms are graphic images that immediately show the user of a hazardous product what type of hazard is present. With a quick glance, you can see, for example, that the product is flammable, or if it might be a health hazard.
Most pictograms have a distinctive red "square set on one of its points" border. Inside this border is a symbol that represents the potential hazard (e.g., fire, health hazard, corrosive, etc.). Together, the symbol and the border are referred to as a pictogram. Pictograms are assigned to specific hazard classes or categories.
The graphic below shows hazard pictograms. The bold type is the name given to the pictogram; the words in the brackets describe the hazard.
The following pictograms will be associated with these hazard classes and categories.
The flame pictogram is used for the following classes and categories:
The flame over circle pictogram is used for the following classes and categories:
The gas cylinder pictogram is used for the following classes and categories:
The corrosion pictogram is used for the following classes and categories:
The exploding bomb pictogram is used for the following classes and categories:
The skull and crossbones pictogram is used for the following classes and categories:
The health hazard pictogram is used for the following classes and categories:
The exclamation mark pictogram is used for the following classes and categories:
The biohazardous infectious materials pictogram is used for the following classes and categories:
* Both the Flame and Explosive pictogram are used for Self-reactive substances and mixtures (Type B) and Organic peroxides (Type B)
NOTE: Physical Hazards Not Otherwise Classified and Health Hazards Not Otherwise Classified classes are required to have a GHS pictogram that is appropriate to the hazard identified.
No. There are hazardous products that meet the criteria for a hazard class or category, but these classes and categories do not require a pictogram. The product label and Section 2 (Hazards Identification) of the SDS still require the signal word, hazard statement(s), and other required label elements.
WHMIS 2015 classes and categories that do not require a pictogram are:
Pictograms will be on the product supplier labels of the hazardous products you work with. They will also be on the SDSs (as the symbol or words that describe the symbol). Please see the following for more information:
Add a badge to your website or intranet so your workers can quickly find answers to their health and safety questions.
Although every effort is made to ensure the accuracy, currency and completeness of the information, CCOHS does not guarantee, warrant, represent or undertake that the information provided is correct, accurate or current. CCOHS is not liable for any loss, claim, or demand arising directly or indirectly from any use or reliance upon the information. | <urn:uuid:cfe2211f-28c2-49c9-8980-0388696939b1> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/whmis_ghs/pictograms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823712.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212022517-20181212044017-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.896917 | 952 | 2.703125 | 3 |
January – Operation Weiss (White) commences. A joint Italo-German campaign to eliminate Yugoslavian partisans.
January 2 – British frogmen sink the Italian cruiser Ulpio Traiano in Palermo with explosive charges.
January 7 – Italian destroyer Bersaglieri is sunk in Palermo by U.S. bombers.
January 8 – Conte Ciano meets with Bottai and Farinacci about possible replacements for Mussolini. Some names mentioned include Field Marshal Ugo Cavallero, Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio, Dino Grandi and Gottai and Farinacci themselves. Although Mussolini’s gastric problems were growing ever more serious, he kept abreast of possible overthrows of his government through informers and the OVRA, who notified him at his retreat in La Rocca della Caminate. He decides to clear out most of the members of his government with new loyalists.
January 9 – Italian destroyer Corsaro sinks off the coast of Tunisia after hitting a mine.
January 10 – The Arditi Regiment, in teams of 9 to 10 men, parachute in various places in Libya, Tunisia and Algeria for covert warfare duties. Although not as successful as they had hoped to be, they managed to destroy or damage the bridges in Bonira, Beni Mansour and Uadi Bouduvaou.
January 12 – Italian Torpedo Boat Ardente sinks after being rammed by destoyer Grecale.
January 17 – Italian destroyer Bombardiere is sunk off the coast of Sicily by British submarine HMS United.
January 31 – Mussolini replaces armed forces Chief of Staff, Field Marshal Ugo Cavallero, with General Vittorio Ambrosio.
Italian Torpedo Boat Marcello Prestinari sinks after hitting a mine.
February 3 – Italian destroyer Saetta and Torpedo Boat Uragano sink off the coast of Tunisia after hitting a minefield.
February 5 – Mussolini fires Conte Ciano as Foreign Minister.
March -The consequences of Ultra begin pitting the Germans against the Italians. The British receive advance warning of the actions in Medenine through the deciphering of Enigma. They then begin to spread word that they learned of these plans from senior Italian officials. The same applied to Alam el Halfa battle in August 1942. Tension begins to mount between the Germans and Italians, who deny the allegations.
Considerable losses inflicted on the British 56th Division by Italian forces in Mareth.
March 1 – Italian destroyer Geniere is sunk in Palermo by U.S. bombers. Italian Torpedo Boat Monsone is sunk near Naples by U.S. bombers.
March 5 – Fiat Aeronautics plant in Turin goes on strike. This is the first strike since Mussolini enters office in 1922. Mussolini calls on his Fascists troops to stop the strike, but they refuse to make the workers stop protesting. Other strikes erupt, grounding Italy’s war making capabilities.
March 8 – Italian Torpedo Boat Ciclone sinks off the coast of Tunisia after hitting a mine.
March 24 – Italian destroyers Lanzerotto Malocello and Ascari sink off the coast of Tunisia after hitting a mine field.
April 1 – Italian destroyer Lubiana (Former Yugoslav destroyer Ljubljana) runs aground off Tunisia and is considered a lost.
April 6 – Mussolini meets with Hitler in Austria. Mussolini requests that Germany and Italy attempt to make peace with Russia in order to concentrate on the weakening Axis forces in Africa. Il Duce fears an eventual invasion of Italy was possible once Africa was lost. Hitler dismisses the idea of peace with Russia and assures Mussolini of a victory in the conquest of the Soviet Union. Mussolini returns to Rome with renewed hope. General Ambrosio assigns his top aides to come up with a plan to oust Mussolini.
April 10 – Italian cruiser Trieste is sunk near La Maddalena by U.S. bombers.
April 16 – British destroyer HMS Pakenham and Italian Torpedo Boat Cigno sink after a convoy battle off the coast of Sicily.
April 19 – Italian destroyer Alpino is sunk in La Spezia by U.S. Bombers.
April 20-21 – Folgore Parachute division, dwindled to 200 men, succeed in conquering the Takrouna stronghold whose village was was placed on a hill deemed impracticable to climb. There the Folgore defended it to the end until they were finally overwhelmed by superior allied forces, resisting until they were completely annihilated.
April 28 – Italian Torpedo Boat Sagittario sinks British MTB 639 off the coast of Sicily.
Italian Torpedo Boat Climene is sunk off the coast of Sicily by British submarine HMS Unshaken.
April 29 – Considerable losses inflicted on the British 56th Division by Italian forces in Enfidaville. | <urn:uuid:f8ac9a52-13be-4f10-86b3-f1ae43f3f777> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.comandosupremo.com/1943.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00308-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939313 | 1,025 | 2.625 | 3 |
Reading is Essential –
Reading is essential to increase graduation rates and decrease incarceration rates. The ability to read and write is essential for an individual’s success in school, employment and in life. Reading difficulties impact student’s learning in all subjects including, Math, Sciences, English and Social Studies. At least one in five individuals have dyslexia or a related learning disability. “Dyslexia is neurologically-based, often familial disorder which interferes with the acquisition and processing of language. Varying in degrees of severity, it is manifested by difficulties in receptive, and expressive language including phonological processing, in reading, writing, spelling, handwriting and sometimes in arithmetic. Dyslexia is not the result of lack of motivation, sensory impairment, inadequate instructional or environmental conditions but may occur together with these conditions” (International Dyslexia Association).
Dyslexia Does Not Discriminate
Dyslexia is a hidden disability which has no boundaries. Dyslexia affects individuals regardless of race, gender, culture and socioeconomic standing. Dyslexic individuals have average or above average intelligence but are often seen as being inattentive or lazy because they are not reading at grade level. Dyslexia often causes poor self-esteem, lack of confidence and a poor self-image of themselves as a student. Dyslexia is a life-long disability with no cure but with remediation and accommodations dyslexics can lead successful lives. Some dyslexic individuals also have AD/HD or other learning disabilities such as dysgraphia (handwriting disability), and dyscalculia (math disability). Dr. G. Reid Lyon, the former chief of the Child Development and Behavior Branch within the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development states that “substantial research supported by NICHD shows clearly that without systemic, focused and intensive interaction, the majority of children” with dyslexia “‘rarely catch up’. Failure to develop basic reading skills by age nine predicts a lifetime of illiteracy. Unless these children receive appropriate instruction, more than 74% of the children entering 4th grade who are at risk for reading failure will continue to have reading problems into adulthood.”
Decrease Incarceration Rates
According to the National Right to Read Foundation, “people who read poorly often end up in low paying jobs, on welfare rolls or in jail, at a cost to the country of $224 billion a year.” Dyslexic individuals are “at risk of joining the ranks of the 90 million U.S. adults who are at best, functionally literate, meaning they can read just well enough to get by” (Star Telegram). Learn to read or go to jail is unfortunately a true statement for some. The Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report on the Educational and Correctional Populations by Caroline Wolf Harlow, PhD. states that the percentage of state prison inmates who have not completed high school or obtained their GED include 66% of inmates with a learning disability and 59% with a speech disability (can be a symptom of dyslexia). According to the Citizens Alliance on Prisons, the state of Michigan incarcerates nearly 44,000 people and spends $2 billion a year on corrections. Education Week states that 75 percent of the crimes committed in the United States are committed by high school dropouts.
“Michigan’s high school graduation rate is almost 4 percent below the national average and is trending downward, according to the latest annual report on graduation rates from Education Week, a specialty newspaper for educators. Michigan graduated 70.9 percent of public school students in 2010, ranking the state 40th overall” (Mlive.com). We have a choice to make here in Michigan. We are currently facing a crisis where we are increasingly spending more money on incarcerating people than we are on educating them. We have an opportunity to make a bold move in reversing this vicious cycle. We can choose to reallocate millions of dollars currently being spent on corrections and launch a daring new initiative to ensure that all of Michigan’s students are reading by the 3rd grade through innovative programs to assess and remediate dyslexia and related learning disabilities.
Tackle Michigan’s Laws
In order to improve the graduation rate and lower the incarceration rate in Michigan, we must tackle the issue of dyslexia which affects approximately 20% of the population. Dyslexia laws must be passed by the Michigan Legislature to identify and remediate dyslexia in students so they can become productive and successful citizens. The State of Michigan needs to make a financial commitment to ensure the success of this endeavor. This can be accomplished by:
- State recognition of dyslexia as a learning disability and assessment of all students. Test all new students by the end of kindergarten and test all transfer students as they enter their new school. Those students who are identified as being at risk for dyslexia must receive immediate, appropriate and continuing instruction.
- Provide training for all teachers and certify (additional training) a dyslexia teacher/specialist for each school. Establish dyslexia and learning disability instruction in the colleges and universities within the state which provides teaching degrees.
- Implement technology to aid dyslexic students such as text to speech software, books on tape, IPads, Kindles, etc.
Dyslexia does not have to be a prison sentence. With Orton-Gillingham based reading remediation programs, dyslexics can be very successful. In fact, 35% of all dyslexics are entrepreneurs including Sir Richard Branson, Charles Schwab, Barbara Corcoran, Steve Jobs, Bill Hewlett, Ted Turner and Tommy Hilfiger. The key to success is early screening and proper remediation.
Anne Kloth is a co-founder of Reading Success Plus, a tutoring center for struggling readers and dyslexic students. She is also a founding member of Decoding Dyslexia – Michigan, and is a Board member of the Michigan Branch of the International Dyslexia Association. Learn more at: www.readingsuccessplus.com. | <urn:uuid:d1086b51-c30e-4b39-9eeb-e8737e93939e> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://readingsuccessplus.com/tag/incarceration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621055646-20180621075646-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.954658 | 1,258 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Born in County Cork, Ireland, on April 24, 1874, Annie Moore was the first immigrant to pass through Ellis Island when it opened on January 1, 1892. (Prior to that, immigrants entered through Castle Garden.) Between 1820 and 1920, over four million Irish men and women came to America through the Port of New York. Annie, along with her younger brothers Anthony and Philip, left Ireland on December 20, 1891. Their parents had already moved to Manhattan ahead of them. As the first person processed through Ellis Island, Annie received a ten dollar gold piece (worth over $200 in today’s economy). As an adult, Annie would marry Joseph Schayer, with whom she had eleven children. She died of heart failure on December 6, 1924, and was buried at Calvary Cemetery in Queens in an unmarked grave. The grave was identified in 2006, and a headstone was soon erected over the grave, a Celtic cross made of Irish blue limestone. | <urn:uuid:60761b2b-b5c3-48ad-b9d7-b36e518de0da> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.patheos.com/blogs/mcnamarasblog/2014/07/whos-buried-in-catholic-cemeteries-annie-moore-1874-1924.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982799 | 199 | 3 | 3 |
100 Chemical Myths deals with popular yet largely untrue misconceptions and misunderstandings related to chemistry. It contains lucid and concise explanations cut through fallacies and urban legends that are universally relevant to a global audience. A wide range of chemical myths are explored in these areas; food, medicines, catastrophes, chemicals, and environmental problems. Connections to popular culture, literature, movies, and cultural history hold the reader's interest whilst key concepts are beautifully annotated with illustrations to facilitate the understanding of unfamiliar material. Chemical Myths Demystified is pitched to individuals without a formal chemistry background to fledgling undergraduate chemists to seasoned researchers and beyond. | <urn:uuid:c845f9bc-f0eb-4ede-b3a1-a1bd8524542c> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.adlibris.com/fi/kirja/100-chemical-myths-9783319084183 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690318.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925040422-20170925060422-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.89842 | 128 | 2.515625 | 3 |
On June 8, 2017, British citizens will vote in general elections. Prime Minister Theresa May called snap elections with the explicit purpose of securing a strong Tory majority in Westminster after the political turmoil triggered by the outcome of the June 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union. “Brexit” represents the first attempt by a long-standing member state to abandon the EU, and perhaps the most dramatic moment in the process of European integration so far.
By using data from the REScEU mass survey conducted in the United Kingdom in the fall of 2016, this article investigates some factors behind the outcome of the referendum, and respondents’ preferences about future UK-EU political and economic relationship. The article focuses in particular on the role played by immigration and Britons’ “welfare chauvinist” attitudes.
Explaining anti-EU attitudes
Several scholars explain voting behaviour in EU-related referendums relying on voters’ values and preferences for European integration. They take into account factors such as respondents’ cognitive skills (Gabel 1998) and post-materialist values (Inglehart 1997), self-motivated cost-benefit analysis (Anderson and Reichert 1995; Gabel 1998), culture and identity patterns (McLaren 2002; Hooghe and Marks 2004), and anti-immigrants feelings (de Vreese and Boomgardner 2005).
Another stream of literature argues that the key predictors of attitudes and behaviours related to the EU come from the domestic politics. Citizens tend to rely on cues from the domestic political realm, such as their satisfaction with the democratic process, their evaluation of the national economy, and their trust in parties and the main political institutions (Franklin et al. 1994; Franklin et al. 1995). An important role is also played by partisanship: parties act as a filter for the interpretation of political messages, and cues and help poorly informed voters to choose which outcome is closest to their ideal point (Hobolt 2006; 2007; 2009).
The relevance of immigration and welfare chauvinism
Infographics #9 #10 and #11 have already showed our sample’s opinions on the Brexit referendum and on post-referendum scenarios. Here, I empirically test what factors affect two different dependent variables related to Brexit. The first is the probability that respondents voted Leave in the referendum, while the second is the probability that they now prefer a “hard Brexit”, i.e. the idea according to which the United Kingdom should give up full access to the European single market and to the free movement principle.
The regression models includes several predictors related to the theoretical arguments illustrated above, such as the socio-economic status of respondents, their perception of material deprivation, their political sophistication and degree of cosmopolitanism, their support to the integration process and their attitudes toward the openness of the domestic welfare state to immigrants. The model also includes respondents’ satisfaction with the way democracy work in the UK, their evaluation of the national economy and the party for which they voted in the 2015 general election.
Respondents’ perception of a relative material deprivation, measured through the evaluation of their household financial situation in the last five years, has no significant effect on their voting choice in the referendum, but it positively affects their preference for a hard Brexit.
Figures 1 and 2 show, respectively, how much the probability of having voted Leave and the probability to prefer a hard Brexit changes according to a variation in the predictors that are significantly associated with the two dependent variables in the regression models.
Figure 1: The impact of statistically significant predictors on the probability that respondents voted Leave.
Figure 2: The impact of statistically significant predictors on the probability that respondents prefer a hard Brexit.
In line with some previous studies (e.g. Clarke et al. 2017), once one controls for the effect of attitudinal variables, age, gender, occupation and education are not significantly associated to “Brexit”. Respondents’ perception of a relative material deprivation, measured through the evaluation of their household financial situation in the last five years, has no significant effect on their voting choice in the referendum, but it positively affects their preference for a hard Brexit. Respondents who have visited another country for work, study or leisure have a 14% lower probability of having voted Leave. Furthermore, they have a 6% lower probability of preferring hard Brexit. Unsurprisingly, the predicted probability of having voted Leave by respondents who think that the integration process should be strengthened is 42% lower compared to those who think that integration has already gone too far. Furthermore, pro-integration respondents have an 11% lower probability of preferring a UK-EU agreement that restricts free movement.
For some respondents voting in the referendum represented an occasion to voice their protest against the EU.
However, the attitudinal variable that display the strongest impact on the Brexit vote is the respondents’ opinion on the openness of the domestic welfare state to immigrants. Compared to respondents who think that foreign citizens should have access to the same social security benefits as natives, those who opt for a restriction of welfare benefits only to citizens of other EU member states (“EU bonding”) show a 17% higher probability of having voted Leave, and a 10% higher probability to prefer a hard Brexit. Choosing to restrict welfare rights only to British citizens (“welfare chauvinism”) instead increases the predicted probability of having voted Leave by 43%, and the probability to prefer a hard Brexit by 19%.
In addition, partisan cues played an important role in shaping the outcome of the referendum. Compared to those who in 2015 elections voted for the Liberal Democrats—the party with the most Europeanist stance—Tory voters have a 25% higher probability of having voted Leave, while the same predicted probability increases by an impressive 53% for those who voted UKIP. Even those who casted a blank ballot in 2015 have a 25% higher probability of having voted Leave, signalling that for some respondents voting in the referendum represented an occasion to voice their protest against the EU.
What is behind welfare chauvinism?
So far, empirical results show that attitudes toward cross-borders welfare rights played a key role in explaining voting behaviour in the referendum and attitudes toward a total withdrawal of the UK from the EU. I took a further step by investigating what reasons lie at the basis of the association between welfare chauvinism and Brexit.
Scholars adopt two main logics to explain why citizens of Western democracies fear immigration and opt for “demarcation” (Kriesi et al. 2008; 2012). The “cultural approach” argues that immigration is mainly associated with cultural values that have more to do with conceptions of national identity rather than concerns about personal economic circumstances. Therefore, European integration bringing together people of different countries, regions and cultures and with different ethnicities and religions, threatens the cultural identity of resident populations who seek to defend their traditional way of life. The “economic competition” approach instead argues that massive immigration, especially in a period of economic stagnation and rising unemployment, may intensify competition over scares resources, such as jobs and social security benefits. This is particularly true for unskilled workers in those economic sectors more exposed to foreign markets, and for recipients of welfare benefits, such as the retired or the unemployed.
I tested these two arguments by making the variable measuring respondents’ attitudes toward cross-borders welfare rights interact with two exogenous variables measured at the regional level: the 2011-2015 net difference in foreign-born residents, and the difference in the unemployment rate in the same period. If Brexit has been mainly driven by the respondents’ perceived cultural threat we should expect a stronger effect of welfare chauvinism in those regions where citizens experienced a “cultural shock” determined by increasing migration flows (Ward et al. 2001). On the contrary, if Brexit was caused by respondents’ self-motivated cost-benefit calculations, we should expect a stronger impact of welfare chauvinism in regions where the unemployment rate decreased less from the peak of the economic crisis. These two hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
This finding runs against one of the most common narratives of Brexit, according to which the latter is mainly driven by fears of cultural diversity associated with migration flows.
Figure 3 shows two graphs plotting the marginal effect of a discrete change in welfare chauvinist attitudes on the probability of voting Leave (first graph), and the probability of preferring a hard Brexit (second graph). The marginal effects are computed at changing values of the net difference in the share of foreign-born residents in British regions in the 2011-2015 period and while holding other covariates at their mean.
Figure 3: Marginal effect of a discrete change in welfare chauvinist attitudes on the probability of having voted Leave (graph above) and on the probability of preferring a hard Brexit (graph below) for different values of the 2011-2015 net difference in the share of foreigners.
The two graphs reported in Figure 3 clearly show that the impact of respondents’ welfare chauvinist attitudes on both the probability that they voted Leave and they prefer a hard Brexit does not get stronger in regions where the share of foreign-born residents increased between 2011 and 2015. This finding runs against one of the most common narratives of Brexit, according to which the latter is mainly driven by fears of cultural diversity associated with migration flows.
Figure 4 displays two graphs analogous to those in the previous figure, in which the marginal effect of welfare chauvinism on Brexit attitudes is computed for different values of the net difference in the unemployment rate between 2011 and 2015 in the forty British regions.
Figure 4: Marginal effect of a discrete change in welfare chauvinist attitudes on the probability of having voted Leave (graph above) and on the probability of preferring a hard Brexit (graph below) for different values of the 2011-2015 net difference in the unemployment rate.
As the two plots show, welfare chauvinism has a stronger impact on both the probability that respondents voted Leave and, above all, that they prefer a hard Brexit in more depressed regions , in which unemployment decreased less between 2011 and 2015. These results provide empirical evidence in support of the economic competition argument. Respondents’ desire for the United Kingdom to “take back control” of its borders seems to reflect their fear of losing jobs and social security benefits in favour of foreign citizens.
The above findings confirm the salience of the issue of free movement and the relevance of Britons’ attitudes toward the openness of the welfare state to immigrants in explaining Brexit (Glencross 2016; Clarke et al. 2017). This article also underlines an important political implication for the current UK-EU negotiations. Even though Theresa May will be able to secure a strong majority for her party in Westminster, she will face an apparently insuperable challenge: she has to try conciliating UK participation in the EU single market, as requested by major British companies, with the spirit of the referendum outcome, which demonstrated deep popular dissatisfaction with the EU’s intrusion in British sovereignty, especially when it comes to free movement.
Photo Credits CC Ben Chapman | <urn:uuid:d175a94a-b8ca-434d-9532-666bc06a0eac> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.euvisions.eu/the-causes-of-brexit-free-movement-concerns-and-welfare-chauvinism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368608.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304051942-20210304081942-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.940435 | 2,278 | 2.703125 | 3 |
At 3:30 p.m., a breach formed on a dam holding back iron ore waste. Operations to drain the reservoir were initiated, but the structure ruptured at 4:20 p.m. The forebay drained completely into the valley downstream, which caused a second dam to rupture. A mudslide, evaluated at roughly 60 million tons, engulfed a village having a population of 620 inhabitants. The operator notified some residents by telephone, but the list was incomplete. The plant was not equipped with alarms, as dictated by the good practices observed within the activity. There was no plan established to alert nearby populations or to evacuate.
Nineteen dead and an ecological disaster
Regarding human lives, 19 people were killed, including two children, and 50 injured. The sludge, which the operator described as non-toxic, continued to spread along the Rio Doce. Several rivers were polluted, as well as protected natural areas. Millions of fish were killed. The pollution extended all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, 650 km away. The mouth of the river, known for its ecotourism and breeding area for a species of giant marine turtle, was also affected. 280,000 people were deprived of drinking water.
Structural weaknesses were to blame
Seismic shocks were recorded in the area on the day of the accident, but the link with the failure of these embankment dams has not been established. The dam was in the process of being elevated as it was at the limit of its capacities. Accident scenarios largely minimised the magnitude of the flow of residues in the event of a collapse: they were based on the construction height established in 2008, i.e. 45 m, although the dam was double that height on the day of the accident.
Public opinion highlighted inadequate inspection of these installations by the authorities and the slow review process of the mining code, which had been under negotiation for several years. The government, which describes this event as “the biggest environmental disaster in the country,” suspended the operating license.
According to the press, the first dam had already experienced several technical incidents:
- April 2009; infiltrations up to 1 m in diameter were discovered, which had resulted in internal erosion of the structure. The reservoir was urgently emptied, and the dam was consolidated.
- 2010; the dam’s main gallery was buried by sand. The expansion joints had opened up, and a collapse and cracks were observed. The body of the dam was reinforced, the stormwater drainage system replaced, and the old galleries were filled in.
- 2013 to 2015; 4 resurgences appeared in the body of the dam. During this period, the operator increased its production by 37%, and thus also the height of the dam.
- July 2015; during the last inspection, a resurgence appeared on the right side. The drains installed to deal with the previous resurgences on the left-hand side were declared saturated. The piezometers indicated massive infiltrations in the dam’s structure.
Repairing the environmental damage
The government fined the operator 2 billion reals (450 M€) for the civil parties. It also initiated criminal proceedings against the operator for environmental crime and homicide. An agreement was signed March 2nd, 2016. The operator undertakes to pay € 5.6 billion to finance a 15-year program. Its objective is to repair the social and environmental damage caused by the disaster. In particular, the program includes the restoration of 40,000 hectares of permanent protection zones and 5,000 springs that were devastated in the river basin, and to safeguard wildlife.
In May 2016, the public prosecutor requested $43 billion from the structure’s owners. This legal action seeks to “fully” compensate for the human, economic and environmental damage caused by the tragedy. | <urn:uuid:5798d1f5-ec30-4d69-abe9-69a951c7c6f6> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/accident/47369_en/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390442.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526015239-20200526045239-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.983349 | 779 | 3.75 | 4 |
It often gets really hot in May in Phalodi, a city in the arid northeastern Indian state of Pajasthan. But last Thursday, it got really, really hot.
The thermometer reading that day peaked at 51 degrees Celsius, the equivalent of 123.8 degrees Fahrenheit, the Times of India reported. For perspective, that's the hottest temperature ever recorded in India, beating the previous mark set back in 1956. It also was the third-highest temperature ever documented on Earth, exceeded only by the 134 degrees F in California's Death Valley on July 10, 1913, and the 131 degrees F in Kebili, Tunisia on July 7, 1931.
NEWS: What's Ahead for Climate Change in 2016?
It got so hot in the city of 45,000 inhabitants that those brave–or perhaps unwise–people who dared to venture outdoors despite an official curfew found it difficult to remain there long. One man, a government employee named Murari Lal Thanvi, told BBC News that the heat was so punishing that his mobile phone, which he was trying to use to take pictures, stopped functioning because of overheating.
"I was able to switch my mobile phone on after putting a wet cloth on it for about 20-25 minutes," he explained.
The unprecedented high was part of a heat wave that's been punishing northern India, according to the Indian Meteorological Department, a division of the national governments's Ministry of Earth Sciences. The department issued a warning of brutally more hot temperatures over the next five days. While there's typically a stretch of several weeks in the spring when temperatures exceed 100 degrees in the run-up to the monsoon season, this year is much more brutal.
NEWS: Earth's 2015 Temperatures Warmest on Record
It got so hot it even hindered the city's extensive solar power-generating system. The latter, which has a capacity of 700 megawatts, reportedly generated 3 to 5 percent less electricity than usual. That's because solar power is produced by the contrast between low-energy electrons in solar panels and the sun's higher energy. When panels get too hot, it lessens the contrast, according to an FAQ by scientists at the University of California-Santa Barbara.
The New York Times reported that the heat wave has exacerbated the punishing effects of a drought, caused by inadequate rainfall from last year's monsoon season. That's led to lower crop yields and thirsty farm animals. | <urn:uuid:77c88931-aa5a-424e-8477-1d09a25fb3ad> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.seeker.com/why-is-indias-heat-wave-off-the-chart-1817001576.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.958333 | 497 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Last week I started working on a unit on Aesop’s fables for some of the younger learners I currently serve. So here, hot off the press, is a lesson plan on the fable “The Hare and the Tortoise” along with the reading and worksheet that constitutes the work of the lesson.
I figured it wasn’t a bad idea to start with one of the chestnuts.
If you find typos in these documents, I would appreciate a notification. And, as always, if you find this material useful in your practice, I would be grateful to hear what you think of it. I seek your peer review. | <urn:uuid:ef9defae-d1c7-47fe-8171-727f101a3353> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://markstextterminal.com/2020/02/10/aesops-fables-the-hare-and-the-tortoise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038089289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416191341-20210416221341-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.96117 | 137 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Entrepreneurship is not a preferred career option for most Europeans, as established by the flash Eurobarometer n°192 (2007). However, studies show that teaching entrepreneurship in school is an effective way to increase the number of entrepreneurs.
The aim of the YES project is to contribute to European competitiveness and to accelerate regional economic growth through promoting the entrepreneurial mindset in the next generation. Thus, the project aims at integrating an entrepreneurial perspective in the education system and increase the number of young entrepreneurs.
YES will influence policies like regional/local development plans, growth and innovation plans and school curricula by capitalising on new knowledge and good practice on how to integrate entrepreneurship in the education system.
The project originates from the regional need to absorb new knowledge and inspiration on youth entrepreneurship strategies. YES seeks to work with new methods in order to review regional policies concerning youth entrepreneurship and to spread lessons learned and good practice gained. For example,
Eight partners, including six regional governments, one national youth entrepreneurship organisation and the Assembly of European Regions form the project partnership. Its activities result in a Best Practice guide, action plans and improved policies regarding the integration of entrepreneurship in the education system.
- Developing a method for mapping prerequisites for promoting youth entrepreneurship in regional development policies and in education systems.
- Conducting interregional mapping and a joint interregional analysis where similarities, differences, strengths and weaknesses are identified.
We propose the following definition of entrepreneurship education:
"Fostering within the education system, the attitudes and skills of young people to self-employment, by developing personal qualities - such as creativity, responsibility, risk-taking, problem-solving, team-working - and relevant business competencies on how to create and run an enterprise".
| Last News
YES at the ‘Youth on the Move’ conference!
YES project has been shown in the framework of the ‘Youth on the Move’... [read +]
Murcia Disseminates YES!
Murcia organized a Dissemination Seminar within Yes Project... [read +]
Ireland: A Morning for Student Entrepreneurs
“A Morning for Student Entrepreneurs” was a very informative and... [read +] | <urn:uuid:834c77c6-c21f-4af8-be9f-ea3725ae204c> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.young-entrepreneurs.eu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663060.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00462-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899056 | 456 | 2.625 | 3 |
To download Piecing Together the Puzzle of Insect Evolution mp3 for free: Right Click -> Save Link As.../Save Target As...
One hundred researchers studied 144 insect species to fill in the blanks of insects’ evolutionary history. Source: sciencefriday.com
An international team of physicists reexamined the radius of a proton, and found it to be 4 percent smaller than previously thought. Are they mistaken, or is something missing from the long-held theory of quantum electrodynamics? Physicist Brian Odom of Northwestern University discusses.
Scientists reported this week that they've made an important fossil find -- a fish in the process of developing land-crawling limbs. | <urn:uuid:6c361ebe-7de0-4f29-928d-3a7033b1bf19> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://podcast.getwebreader.com/mp3/piecing-together-the-puzzle-of-insect-evolution/2014/11/121-557166 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823360.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019175016-20171019195016-00736.warc.gz | en | 0.862632 | 142 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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The number of soldiers who died from sickness, disease and infection outnumbered battlefield deaths in the Civil War (1861-1865). A surgeon who lived to see the medical advances of the 20th century marveled at the primitive state of army medicine in the 1860s. "We operated in old blood-stained and often pus-stained coats...we used undisinfected instruments...we knew nothing about antiseptics and therefore used none." The courage and fortitude of Union and Confederate soldiers began on the battlefield and continued in the hospitals. Menander Patrick of Massachusetts brought this medicine cup home from the South, a reminder perhaps of comrades who never returned.
top of page | <urn:uuid:929860cf-91b5-456c-908a-3e2fc0105f27> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/postcards/make.do?itemid=6059 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098990.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00072-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930617 | 175 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Scheduled at 8:00am in Lakehouse on Wednesday, November 14.#17691
- James Fleming, Beacon College
- Length of Session: 1-hr
- Format: Lecture
- Expertise Level: Beginner
- Type of session: General Conference
There is an increasing need for understanding and incorporating assistive technology in education and in the workplace. Recognizing this need, a college level course was designed (Introduction to Assistive Technology) to help students’ learn the practice of and incorporating assistive technology. The outcomes of the course also help to develop an interest in the field as well as improving their personal needs.
Beacon College is an institution exclusively for students with Learning Disabilities. In the spirit to the inistution and its mission, an Introduction to Assistive Technology course was designed and required for the Computer Information Systems major. The course addresses assistive technology especially working with those with cognitive disabilities. The course is designed for students to understand the definition, governmental, medical, educational, and application of assistive technology. Students in this course have studied the concepts related to assistive technology and then they apply their concepts to designing their own prototypes to help those with disabilities. This presentation will discuss the design of the course and show examples of student projects.
- Incorporating assistive technology in technology majors.
- Awareness of assistive technology among college level students.
- Using hands-on experiences to learn about assitive technology.
Assistive Technology, Faculty Instruction/Accessible Course Design, Including Accessibility in Curriculum, Information Technology, Uncategorized, Web/Media Access
Have worked at Beacon College since 1999. Completed doctorate degree in 2005 with dissertation examining assistive technology use and programs offered at U.S. private colleges and universities. | <urn:uuid:401014dd-8973-48cf-aeb7-27bdd9772a81> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://accessinghigherground.org/educating-college-level-students-on-asssistive-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509960.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016010149-20181016031649-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.937652 | 367 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A stye is a swollen lump located near the eye lashes on either the outer edge or the underside of the eyelid. The cause of a stye is an infection of the oil glands or hair follicles on the eyelid. Styes typically heal on their own within a few days, so most stye treatments attempt to limit the associated symptoms by reducing the swelling and accelerating the natural rupturing of the stye. Medical treatment options are to lance or open the stye, drain it, and treat it with an antibiotic ointment and steroid cream. When suffering from a stye, one should try to avoid touching the eye, avoid using contact lenses, cosmetics, or eye creams, and it should not be lanced by anyone other than a doctor.
Most styes will heal on their own in a few days and do not typically require extensive stye treatments or a visit to the doctor. As a result, most stye treatments are geared towards minimizing symptoms and promoting healing. One of the best treatments is to place a warm, wet compress on the stye to soothe the pain and to naturally assist in the rupturing of the stye. White or green tea bags, steeped in hot water and cooled to a safe temperature, can also be placed on the stye for soothing comfort and their antibacterial properties. These treatments should be done several times a day for ten minutes at a time.
When a stye lasts longer than a week, the eye is severely swollen or painful, or pus is observed, it may be necessary to see a doctor. Typical medical stye treatments involve lancing the stye and draining the fluid. When this procedure is done, the patient will be given an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection and sometimes a steroid cream to minimize the swelling.
It is important to prevent the spread of a stye while it heals. The stye should never be ruptured because the infection could spread, accidentally injure the eye, or become severely infected. Anyone suffering from a stye should avoid touching the area or rubbing the affected eye, and if the stye sufferer wears contacts, the contacts should not be used until the stye heals. The use of cosmetics and lotions around the eye should also be avoided to prevent the spread of the infection, accidentally rupturing the stye, or aggravating the sensitive skin surrounding the stye. | <urn:uuid:7d28b62a-620c-4fac-8097-2a50cb6f5ce7> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-stye-treatments.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400219691.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924163714-20200924193714-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.930223 | 485 | 2.75 | 3 |
Ve (В в; italics: В в) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.
It commonly represents the voiced labiodental fricative /v/, like ⟨v⟩ in "very".
In the Early Cyrillic alphabet, its name was вѣдѣ (vědě), meaning "I know".
In the Cyrillic numeral system, it had the value of 2.
In standard Ukrainian pronunciation (based on the Poltava dialect), Ve represents a sound like the English W ([w]) when in the word final position. Because of this, it is not uncommon to see words ending in ⟨в⟩ transcribed to end in ⟨w⟩, for example, Владислав = Vladyslaw for Vladislav.
Additionally, some Ukrainians also use this pronunciation in words where the letter is directly preceded by a consonant, while for others all occurrences of the letter Ve denote [w]. In the Eastern Ukraine, the letter Ve may represent a voiceless [f], but this is considered a Russianism, as word-final devoicing does not occur in standard Ukrainian. For example, the standard Ukrainian pronunciation of the word сказав (being said) is /skazaw/. However in the Eastern Ukraine one is likely to hear the Russified [skazaf] (with final devoicing).
In Belarusian, the letter Ve represents only the sound /v/. In the word final position, or if directly proceeded by a consonant, it mutates to the letter Short U (Ў ў), a Belarusian letter representing the sound /w/. E.g., the Belarusian noun "language" is мова (mova), but the adjectival form is моўны (mowny), and the genitive plural of the noun (formed by removing the final ⟨а⟩) is моў (mow).
In Serbian, the letter Ve represents only the sound /v/.
In Macedonian the letter is used for the sound /v/, but if the letter appears at the end of the word then it is pronounced as /f/. An example of this is the word бев [bɛf] ('I was').
Related letters and other similar characters
- Β β : Greek letter Beta
- Б б : Cyrillic letter Be
- Ѵ ѵ : Cyrillic Letter Izhitsa
- B b : Latin letter B
- V v : Latin letter V
- W w : Latin letter W
|Unicode name||CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER VE||CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE||CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ROUNDED VE|
|UTF-8||208 146||D0 92||208 178||D0 B2||225 178 128||E1 B2 80|
|Numeric character reference||В||В||в||в||ᲀ||ᲀ|
|KOI8-R and KOI8-U||247||F7||215||D7| | <urn:uuid:fc963d99-812e-4c2d-ba97-204aededb391> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Ve_(Cyrillic).html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710978.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204172438-20221204202438-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.791114 | 850 | 3.8125 | 4 |
On Thursday, a volcano in Southern Chile erupted for second time in a day. The eruption threw smoke and ashes seven miles up into the sky.
Chile is a long n, narrow country stretching along the corner’s of South American western edge. It is located near the tourist town of Puerto Varas.
The volcano, known as Volcano Calbuco, is considered as one of its dangerous active volcanoes. Last time, it has erupted nearly four decades ago. However, it also released gases and steam in 1996
Shortly after the eruption, Onemi emergency office of Chile declared a red alert in the region. High officials immediately enforced curfew in the region.
Concerned authorities reported that evacuation orders has been given to people within the radius of 20 kilometers. Up till now, more than four thousand people have been shifted to nearby area.
Derek Way, a resident of Puerto Varas, reported to Reuters that a large number of people were on roads when eruption occurred. Majority of them were going to gas station for gas fill up. Astonishingly, people did not panic at the time of eruption.
The eruption also compels authorities to cancel all the flights. Numerous people stuck at the airports of Argentina and Santiago.
Lucia Newman, a reporter of Al-Jazeera inform that the flights near 630 Km were not taking off. | <urn:uuid:0b7870b3-13d4-4f4b-9cf6-e470964d4ddf> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://statementtimes.com/2015/04/24/volcano-erupts-chile-4000-residents-evacuated-fights-cancelled/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244231.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926134026-20200926164026-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.979894 | 276 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Rodents are mammals that are distinguished by a single pair of constantly growing teeth known as incisors in both their upper and lower jaws. These incisors are kept short by the constant gnawing that the animal does on wood, food, predators and unfortunately in and around homes. About 40% of mammals are classified as rodents, compromising the majority of these species. Common rodents include mice, rats, squirrels, porcupines, beavers, guinea pigs and even hamsters. Contrary to popular belief bats, moles, and weasels, despite common associations, do not belong to the rodent family.
Many rodents have had an adverse effect on humankind. For instance, rodents cost billions of dollars in lost crops each year and some carry diseases such as bubonic plague, typhus and hantavirus. The best way to prevent human exposure to rodent disease is rodent control. This includes eliminating food sources such as open garbage bags, sealing entries to the home and trapping rodents in and around the home.
Northwest Exterminating’s Wildlife Team specializes in the exclusion, removal, and control of wildlife nuisances. A Wildlife Services Representative will inspect your business or property for evidence of wildlife and will determine the points of entry being used by these critters to access your building. A customized plan will be developed to get the immediate nuisance under control and to seal off any known points of entry. If you have more questions, please give us a call at 1-888-466-7849. | <urn:uuid:469c4d67-b362-4d8e-b3ed-e6347b69aeef> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.callnorthwest.com/2012/10/8983/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537804.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00597-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951262 | 309 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In cities across North America, Europe, and Australia, tourists and locals may find an artist creating an ephemeral street painting using hand made soft pastels mixed with pigments. Street painters, madonnari, strassenmalerie, buskers, pavement artists, and other names for this unique art form have been creating there work for centuries. No one knows for sure where the art form originated but there are many stories of how artists create ephemeral visual images through out the seven continents. In North America, the ancient Aztecs used ground flower pedals to create images of their gods to invoke rain. To this day in Mexico City one can find a group recreating this ancient ritual for donations. In Europe, this art form was a religious tradition for artist to make copies of the Madonna for coins thrown in their baskets. It is said that El Greco from Syria traveled across Europe to work in the courts of Spain and he arrived in Spain by the dropped coins he received while creating street paintings in local towns and festivals. The oldest recording of a street painting is of an artist drawing the Madonna in London taken around the turn of the 20th century. The oldest street painting festival is in Grazie, Italy. George Orwell wrote a novel about a street painter, “Down and Out in London and Paris” and Charles Dickens mentioned a street painter in his novel Oliver Twist.
Today the art form is going through a revival by younger artists. Before work was finished in one day, now artist will spend days sometimes weeks on one work. Artist will take all measures to protect their work from the rain and elements by building tents and using sand bags and tarps. Many styles and techniques are being used. On lookers will find images of architectural master pieces to abstract expressionism layed out on the pavement. Another term being used for the artists are the new 3D pieces based on the work of Andrea Mantegna and Hans Holbein. These works are based on camera lenses and one point perspective.
Today’s street painters are fascinated with the process and the battle with the elements. Street painters will spend hours and days planning the work they will create on the pavement. Once the time is right they will execute their work on site for the thousands of people that will watch the process over a long period of time. To the street painter this performance is what creates the satisfaction and not the finished product. Today with the invention of the digital age, the work of the street painter is finally being recorded and appreciated.
Through out the world organizers are hosting street painting festivals to show off the wonderful talents from around the world. In the United States there is a street painting festival for every weekend in the year. Street painters are brought to cities and towns to be featured artists and teach their methods to a wanting audience.
Today Murals of Baltimore and Michael Kirby are leaders in this unique art form. Recognized world wide for innovation and originality they are constantly at work recreating this ancient art form. | <urn:uuid:98dd6381-ba0e-48c8-9e0a-e496fd966487> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://muralsofbaltimore.com/sp_history.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864405.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521142238-20180521162238-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.965914 | 615 | 2.984375 | 3 |
For network administrators, computer memory is the performance lifeblood of our components -- especially in a Windows...
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environment. Providing workstations and servers with adequate computer memory affects processor speeds, upgrades in disk subsystems or other software-based performance tweaks.
You may know that, but you may not be familiar with the basic differences among computer memory types or what the advantage or disadvantage may be when choosing one memory type over another for a server or workstation.
Typically, the systems manufacturer and/or the type of motherboard limits the choice of memory that's available. To start, computer memory chips are classified by several different criteria, including:
- Memory form factor: the type and size of the memory module on which the chips are mounted.
- Memory chip type: the method used to store memory (static or dynamic) as well as the specific technology used on the memory chip (EDO, SDRAM, DDR).
In this computer memory guide I will explain the various memory form factors and chip types. In short, you'll walk away understanding the basic difference between SO DIMM and MicroDIMM, and be an expert on how to choose memory for your server or workstation.
I've broken the guide into four sections: Form factors, Memory types, Types of DRAM, and Error-Correcting Code (ECC) memory and parity.
Types of DRAM
Error Correcting Code and Parity
About the Author: Bernie Klinder is a technology consultant for a number of Fortune 500 companies. He is also the founder and former editor of LabMice.net, a comprehensive resource index for IT professionals who support Microsoft Windows NT/2000/XP/2003 and BackOffice products. For his contributions to the information technology community, Bernie was selected as an MVP (Most Valuable Professional) by Microsoft. | <urn:uuid:45bf0a11-f247-46d0-80db-888c9e7aa9be> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/news/1073859/Computer-memory-for-your-Windows-environment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661962.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00139-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919472 | 419 | 3.046875 | 3 |
These new boilers were the recently introduced Thompson dish-ended types. They were raised above the boiler-house floor with the fire-doors at about head height and firing must have been quite tricky. They were insulated by layers of bricks and flued on the Hyde - Bennett principle whereby the hot flue gases were allowed to circulate between the covering brickwork and the top of the boiler. The boiler-house itself was not enclosed when the photo was taken - some time between 1900 and 1905 - although the corbal stones which suported the original roof timbers can be seen on the engine-house wall level with the boiler tops
The engines supplied by these boilers were said to operate at 100 psi and they were protected by dead-weight safety-valves carrying ten plates. The pressure-gauge reading on the nearest boiler which is venting steam from the safety-valve, although somewhat indistinct,, seems to be reading at about the 10 oclock position, suggesting that the guages could read up to 300 psi.
They do not seem to have been fitted with low-water safety valves which is rather surprising. The water-level sight glasses were not protected by glass casing either - this only became mandatory in 1911.
The feed water was supplied along insulated pipes and the steam main was also well insulated although the flanges were unprotected. There was no superheating of the steam. The boilers were hand fired and the ash disposal arrangements are not obvious. | <urn:uuid:5ad8c502-753c-4d1a-95f6-6f3434a46ff2> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.pleasley-colliery.org.uk/html/boilers.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462070.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00145-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992271 | 299 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Athlete’s foot is a common foot fungus that spreads easily in public places such as indoor and outdoor swimming pools, locker rooms, and showers, as these are moist conditions where people usually walk barefoot. The symptoms of athlete’s foot are itchy, burning feet with scaling and redness between the toes. Eventually, the inflammation can become painful, causing blisters and cracks in the skin. The fungus can also occur along the soles, arches, and sides of the feet. The condition can be chronic, and bacterial infections can develop in the cracks and blisters resulting from athlete’s foot.
There are many different types of fungi that cause athlete’s foot, so the type of medicine used to successfully treat athlete’s foot depends on properly identifying the fungus responsible for the outbreak. A doctor should be seen to properly diagnose athlete’s foot. There are several over-the-counter creams, sprays, and powders available to treat athlete’s foot. Medications of any kind should not be used without first consulting a healthcare professional or doctor. A doctor can also prescribe topical or oral medications to treat severe cases. | <urn:uuid:e5e42a10-22a8-4000-a470-5362bfc4a0da> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://advancedfootcarecenters.com/term/athletes-foot-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144429.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219214816-20200220004816-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.938017 | 241 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Nature and conservation
At low tide a broad mudstone platform is exposed, revealing beds of Neptune’s necklace, pink coralline seaweeds, and patches of sea grass mixed with a lively rockpool community of fish and shellfish, including golden limpets.
Offshore the interplay of the warm East Cape current and the colder South Wairarapa current means many typically ‘northern’ and ‘southern’ marine species occur in the reserve. Sometimes these can even be seen swimming together, or sheltering in the same crevice. Rock lobsters are conspicuous.
In April 2011 a heavy rainfall event coincided with a shallow magnitute 4.5 earthquake, resulting in inundation of the rock platform by 14 landslides. In places landslides covered the full width of the platform (more than 100 m), completely burying or sweeping away the biological communities living there. Within a few months however relentless wave action had begun to uncover the platform, and positive signs of recovery were evident throughout the intertidal zone. A couple of years later, the reserve had almost completely recovered.
History and culture
The name of the reserve was chosen by Ngati Kere to honour local history. When Ngati Kahungunu settled the region, central Hawke's Bay was divided between Te Aomatarahi and Taraia.
Te Aomatarahi, a descendent of Porangahau, was given the lands east of Tukituki River and mana whenua passed to his descendents Tu Mapuhiarangi and Te Angiangi. The area covered by the mana of Te Angiangi included what is now the marine reserve.
Turn off State Highway 2 at Waipawa or Waipukurau. The drive will take approximately 30 minutes from either town. From Waipawa follow Pourere and Gibraltar roads to Aramoana. From Waipukurau follow Farm, Motere and Long Range roads to Blackhead.
Know before you go
There is evidence of widespread poaching at Te Angiangi Marine Reserve. As at 2013, 20% of marine reserve convictions nationally were for fishing here.
The extent of poaching has compromised scientific study and the integrity of Te Angiangi’s ecosystem.
Report offences to the Department of Conservation on +64 6 759 0350 (office hours), or the 24 hour conservation emergency hotline 0800 DOC HOT (0800 362 468).
All plant and animal life, alive or dead, in the marine reserve is totally protected. No fishing, seaweed or shellfish gathering is allowed. The reefs and sea floor are also protected so nothing can be removed from the reserve.
It is illegal to discharge any firearm, or any substance which may harm, or threaten plant and animal life in, or into the marine reserve. It is also illegal to release any plant or animal into the reserve which does not naturally occur there.
Horses and motor vehicles can be ridden or driven along the sand at the top of the rock platform but are not permitted on the rocky areas below mean high water.
Avoid disturbing wildlife. Birds and marine mammals should be observed from a distance and dogs kept on a leash at all times. | <urn:uuid:3cb622eb-6197-42ef-83bf-6b7bdf7da2ce> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/hawkes-bay/places/te-angiangi-marine-reserve/?activity=other-activities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863516.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620085406-20180620105406-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.936462 | 660 | 2.75 | 3 |
Stambeli: The sound of African music in Tunisia
Tunis - The sounds of the drums grew louder as a crowd of men and women playing music and chanting entered the narrow alley leading to the shrine of Sidi Ali Lasmar. Waving coloured flags, the crowd held a ceremony during which a black goat was sacrificed.
Once settled in the house, the stambeli musicians begin to play as attendees fell into a trance that lasted till the next morning. The first chant dedicated to praise of the Prophet.
This ritual, called Al Chaabania, is a stambeli celebration that became an attraction not to just the seekers of the blessings of Sidi Ali Lasmar but also those who are drawn to the spiritual and musical fervour that stambeli music offers.
Stambeli is a musical genre associated with Tunisia’s black community and relates to the ancestral memory of those who were displaced and enslaved. The community’s heritage was preserved through the music, the chants and the dance.
Stambeli music arrived in Tunisia with sub-Saharan Africans who came north through slavery, migration, or trade. These settlers, though coming from different regions, shared a similar heritage.
“Stambeli music came into Tunisia with the migration movement of tribes coming from sub-Saharan Africa and countries like Nigeria and Chad back in the 18th century,” said Mounir Hentati, consultant at the Centre of Arab and Mediterranean Music.
“African tribes reached Tunisia through caravans of trade. Some came from Timbuktu, from Mali, from Nigeria, even from Chad. For instance, the Barnou family in Tunisia comes from there,” said Salah el Ouergli, a stambeli musician.
“They explored different regions then settled in Tunisia. In doing so, they brought along with them the language, the rituals and the music of their ancestors. They introduced the desert music in the use of the gombri instrument.”
El Ouergli is a master of gombri, a stringed instrument and one of the most important in stambeli music. He acquired the status of yenna — master — after years of learning from the best gombri players in Tunisia, most of them now dead.
Stambeli is conceived of as both a healing and a religious practice. It combines music, dance and chants in trance-like performances often dedicated to religious occasions. There are different views on how it got its name.
“It is hard to find an exact version. Some say it was named ‘stambeli’ after Istanbul to praise the Bey who gave the authorisation to these rites. Others say it is connected to language of the tribes,” Hentati said.
Stambeli also contains elements of pre-Islamic West African animism.
“Stambeli is primarily a practice of animism, which believes in spirits. When African tribes came to Tunisia, they had to adapt to the Muslim faith and tried to combine both,” Hentati said.
“Although stambeli was adjusted to the Muslim context, it still has elements of the old beliefs in good and bad spirits. Some rituals and dances are dedicated to conjure up good spirits for their blessings. Others are meant to drive evil spirits away for the protection of people from their possession,” Hentati explained.
“For many women, stambeli shows are the only opportunities to let go, dance and to feel emancipated in terms of body and soul. It becomes a form of healing through music,” he said.
Stambeli today is only performed in a few places. One of them is the shrine of Sidi Ali Lasmar, which continues to resist the neglect of memory and heritage. Situated in the medina, the shrine is named after a black saint who lived in that part of Tunis. “Till today, all the black community in Tunisia gathered in the shrine twice a year: during the month that precedes Ramadan and during the Mouled. These houses used to be located at the outskirts of the old medina so that the music and the rituals do not disturb the people,” said Riad Zaouech, a gombri musician and guardian of the shrine of Sidi Ali Lasmar.
“This shrine was not revived until the end of (former president Habib) Bourguiba’s rule (in 1987). They used to celebrate religious occasions like most of the Sufi orders. The African influence on the music of stambeli shows in the rhythm and the themes such as heritage of ancestors and love of mother nature and the land.”
Stambeli musicians also seek to ensure its continuity by experimenting with new musical genres. El Ouergli is working on introducing Western instruments to stambeli music to create a fusion.
“I have noticed over the last years that more and more youth became interested in stambeli music and started attending the few shows that are still performed. This inspired me to bring a new spirit to stambeli by adding Western instruments and influences,” El Ouergli said.
“It is the heritage that could enlighten the country and represent Tunisians in the world,” he said. “Stambeli has beautiful elements that could achieve more. To be able to play and enjoy stambeli, you need to be passionate and to fully embrace it.” | <urn:uuid:e741c776-672d-45c0-aacc-1164244150b6> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://thearabweekly.com/stambeli-sound-african-music-tunisia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527828.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722072309-20190722094309-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.962218 | 1,134 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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If the dinosaur or paleontology term you are looking for is not in the dictionary, please e-mail us.
Plesiosaurs (meaning "near lizard") were flippered marine reptiles from the Mesozoic Era - they were not dinosaurs. Plesiosaurs are divided into two groups: the Plesiosauroids with long, snake-like necks, tiny heads, and wide bodies, and the Pliosauroids, which had large heads with very strong jaws and short necks.
ANATOMYPlesiosaurs were large, marine reptiles from the Mesozoic Era that ranged in size from 8-46 feet long (2.5-14 m). They had four flippers, sharp teeth in strong jaws, and short, pointed tails. Plesiosaurs may have evolved from the Nothosaurs or Pistosaurus, a mid-Triassic reptile.
No one knows how the long-necked plesiosaurs held their necks; either they held the neck horizontally, or else it was supple and could move readily.
WHEN PLESIOSAURS LIVED
Plesiosaurs lived during the Mesozoic Era, from the early Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous.
Plesiosaurs lived in the open oceans and breathed air. Some Plesiosaurs have been found with small stones in their stomachs; these may have been used to help grind up their food, or as ballast, to help them dive. They probably laid eggs in beach sand (like modern-day sea turtles).
Plesiosaurs may have laid eggs in nest that they dug into the sand, much as modern-day sea turtles do.
Plesiosaurs ate fish and other swimming animals. They had strong jaws and sharp teeth.
Plesiosaurs swam using their four paddle-like flippers in a manner similar to that of modern turtles. They might have been able to move a little bit on land, as modern seals do.
Plesiosaurs are reptiles, but not dinosaurs. They are:
DISCOVERY OF FOSSILS
- Kingdom Animalia (animals)
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)
- Superclass Tetrapoda (four-legged animals)
- Class Reptilia (reptiles) or
- Sauropterygia (which includes both plesiosaurs and nothosaurs).
- Order Plesiosauria (Plesiosaurs) - the pointed-tailed flippered marine-adapted reptiles which included two types:
- Plesiosauroids - had long, snake-like necks, tiny heads, and wide bodies. They ate small sea creatures, probably using their long necks like a snake to catch their prey. They included:
- Plesiosaurus - 7.6 feet (2.3 m) long - with a long neck, 4 wide, paddle-shaped flippers, and a tapered body. From England and Germany during the early Jurassic period.
- Cryptocleidus - 13 feet (4 m) long - with curved, interlocking teeth and large flippers. From England during the late Jurassic period.
- Muraenosaurus - 20 feet (6 m) long - with a very long neck, and a wide body. From England and France during the late Jurassic period.
- Woolungosaurus - 26-33 feet (8-10 m) long - with a very long neck. From Queensland, Australia, during the early Cretaceous period, about 110 million years ago.
- Elasmosaurus - 46 feet (14 m) long with an extremely long neck that was up to half of its length. It had and had 71 vertebrae, 28 of which were in its neck. It had four very long paddle-like flippers, and a short, pointed tail. From Japan and Kansas, USA, during the late Cretaceous period.
- Thalassomedon - 40 feet (12 m) long with a very long neck (the neck had 63 vertebrae). From Colorado, USA, during the late Cretaceous period
- Pliosauroids - had large heads with very strong jaws, short necks, and resembled modern-day whales. They ate larger sea creatures. They included:
- Macroplata - 15 feet (4.5 m) long with long, toothed jaws and a long neck (with 29 vertebrae). From England during the early Jurassic period.
- Peloneustes - 10 feet (3 m) long with a big head, streamlined body, long head, and relatively few, not very sharp teeth. The neck had only about 20 vertebrae. Fossilized stomach containing suckers from cephalopods (e.g., squids) have been found. From England and eastern Europe during the late Jurassic period.
- Kronosaurus - 30 feet (9 m) long with a short neck and huge head and jaws. The flat-topped head was up to 9 feet (2.7 m) long, about 1/4 of the entire length of the body. From Queensland, Australia during the early Cretaceous period.
- Liopleurodon - 39-49 feet (12-15 m) long with a large head, short neck, powerful jaws and teeth, and four long, wide, strong flippers. It had a whale-like appearance. From England, France, Germany, and eastern Europe during the late Jurassic period.
- Pliosaurus - 33-40 ft (10-12 m) long and the crocodile-like skull was 5-6.6 ft (1.5-2 m) long. From England and South America during the Jurassic period. May be the same as Liopleurodon.
Plesiosaur fossils were discovered over 200 years ago, long before any dinosaurs were unearthed. Many Plesiosaur fossils were found between 1800 and 1821 by Mary Anning, the first professional fossil hunter. Plesiosaurus was named by W.D. Conybeare in 1821. Plesiosaur fossils have been found all over the world in Cretaceous and Jurassic sediment.
PLESIOSAUR ACTIVITIES AND LINKS
A Liopleurodon printout
A Plesiosaurus printout
An Elasmosaurus printout
Elasmosaurus information sheet from Enchanted Learning.
Kronosaurus information sheet from Enchanted Learning.
Plesiosaur fossils at the UCMP, Berkeley.
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EnchantedLearning.com ------ How to cite a web page | <urn:uuid:994f6bf8-283b-475e-aa9c-ae83c20a6480> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinos/Plesiosaur.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398457799.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205417-00161-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924414 | 1,588 | 3.890625 | 4 |
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