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Linguistics: Agricultural roots for Transeurasian languages
November 11, 2021
The Transeurasian language family, which comprises Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic, may have originated in China around 9,000 years ago and its spread was driven by agriculture, a Nature study reveals. The research helps to clarify an important period in eastern Eurasian linguistic history.
The Transeurasian language family is spread all across Eurasia, from Japan, Korea and Siberia in the east to Turkey in the west. Despite its prevalence, however, the origins and spread of this language family are hotly debated, with population dispersals, agricultural expansions and linguistic dispersals all introducing complications.
Martine Robbeets and colleagues combine three disciplines — historical linguistics, ancient DNA research and archaeology — to reveal that Transeurasian languages can be traced back around 9,000 years to early millet farmers in the Liao valley of northeast China. As the farmers then moved across Northeast Asia, the languages spread north and west into Siberia and the steppes, and east into Korea and Japan.
The findings challenge the ‘pastoral hypothesis’, which proposes a more recent origin for this language family, around 2000 to 1000 BC, and a dispersal that was led by nomads as they migrated away from the eastern steppe.
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Astronomy: Nucleic acid precursor detected on RyuguNature Communications
Ecology: Inbreeding may hamper killer whale conservationNature Ecology & Evolution | <urn:uuid:a83051a7-78de-41c7-b68c-fafc88b58666> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://www.natureasia.com/en/research/highlight/13869 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945381.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326013652-20230326043652-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.886565 | 438 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Dyscalculia test online: Find out if your child has math difficulties
What is dyscalculia? Dyscalculia consists of a neurological alteration that causes profound difficulties when identifying numbers and counting. Sometimes this disorder is known as “math dyslexia”.
Dyscalculia can be frustrating for children. They may feel as though they aren’t as smart as their classmates and get discouraged by consistently receiving poor grades on their math homework and tests. For a child with dyscalculia, they often times don’t know there is a problem. Parents and teachers are not as well-trained to look for a math learning disorder, so it often goes overlooked.
Some dyscalculia symptoms and signs are not being able to do mental math or work with abstract ideas. Children that have dyscalculia have trouble finishing homework or exercises for school. You can find a more complete list of dyscalculia symptoms here.
If you are not sure if your child has a learning disability related to math, you can always do a dyscalculia test online to find out. It is quick, and will give you a better idea of how to proceed. Some degree of math learning disability affects between 3% and 6% of children, but this number is just an estimation.
In order to get more reliable data, the school of Psychology at the University of Barcelona proposed “an exploration of boys and girls who may have dyscalculia”. They suggest this dyscalculia test online to help parents find out if their child has dyscalculia or not.
If your child finds it too hard to complete this online test, they may have this learning disability. In this case, you should seek help from a professional to get a more specialized diagnosis.
Dyscalculia test online:
Count out loud: Ask the child to count backwards from 11 to 3, and from 23 to 5. It is normal that young children (6-7) make a few mistakes.
Say the numbers: Orally dictate a series of numbers and have the children write the number.
From 6-7 years-old: 14, 23…
From 8 to 11 years-old: 14, 23, 1200, 756, 4658…
Mental math: Tell the child to solve math problems out loud using simple math problems, like adding, subtracting, and multiplication. 6 year-old children may have trouble adding, while 8 year-olds may make mistakes subtracting and multiplying. Younger children don’t need to do this portion and older children shouldn’t make any mistakes.
Point naming: First, put 15 round chips on a piece of paper so that they form a figure. Give the child 30 chips and tell them to put the same amount on the paper. They don’t need to be the same shape.
Make small figures, between 5 and 10 chips, and have the children count each person’s chips. They should not make mistakes in either of these activities.
Placing numbers on a vertical scale: Give the children a blank number line, whose extremes are 0 and 100. They will put the numbers in order on the scale. Here are some examples:
Children 6-7: place numbers 5-78 on the line. They can make one mistake.
8-11: put 10, 29, and 89. They can have one mistake.
Source: Universidad de Barcelona
Molly is a writer specialized in health and psychology. She is passionate about neuroscience and how the brain works, and is constantly looking for new content from interesting sources. Molly is happy to give or take advice, and is always working to educate and inspire.
This post is also available in: Spanish | <urn:uuid:ccbfb2fd-f6bd-4ae9-a4d1-c56885d24919> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://blog.cognifit.com/online-dyscalculia-test/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540585566.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214070158-20191214094158-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.951374 | 779 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF)/iksˈCHānj - trāded fənd/
A type of financial security bought and sold on the stock market; their purpose is to mimic indexes, sectors, or other assets.
Next word Stock Split | Definition ᐳ
Sometimes, it is challenging to pick a good, passive stock that will provide a steady return for a long period of time. An investor’s main objective is to mitigate their risk and maximize their profits. However, at some point, all investors purchase a share of a corporation which ends with them losing a portion of their initial investment. Investors use one technique to lessen the risk taken on without negatively affecting their chances of profit by investing in exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
What are ETFs?
Exchange-traded funds or ETFs are a type of financial security bought and sold on the stock market. Their purpose is to mimic indexes, sectors, or other assets. Similar to index funds, these financial securities mimic the index’s performance but offer a share for a lower price.
As some corporations’ market share price is steep, it is difficult for some investors to invest in these large corporations, which might lead to them investing with fractional shares. However, ETFs offer investors the opportunity to purchase shares of a financial security that tracks the success of an abundance of high-worth companies.
Furthermore, they allow investors to buy shares of multiple assets at a lower price on the stock exchange. As not everyone has access to high levels of disposable income, ETFs are a good investment strategy for those with low capital, looking for long-term investments as they prepare for their retirement.
What is the Difference between Mutual Funds and ETFs?
The main difference between mutual funds and ETFs is that mutual funds are actively traded and managed while ETFs are not. Mutual funds are when a company pools the funds of many investors together and uses the pooled funds to purchase and hold shares of certain companies.
The main objective of a mutual fund is to try and beat the market. The term ‘beating the market’ means a firm tries to exceed the average annual market return. As a result of these aggressive and ambitious procedures, mutual funds have a higher expense ratio to accommodate the more amount of research and manpower involved with their day-to-day transactions.
On the other hand, ETFs are types of shares that are traded on the stock exchange. These types of shares follow and mimic the performance of certain industries. So, for example, if you wish to buy ETF shares that track the performance of the tech companies, you can purchase shares of NASDAQ: QQQ.
Different Types of ETFs
Now that you understand the main concept of exchange-traded funds, it is important to help you understand and differentiate between the different types.
The commodity exchange-traded funds bundle the shares of the corporations that deal with physical commodities as a part of their daily operations. Some examples of physical commodities used by the companies traded on commodity ETFs are the following: gold, silver, agricultural, and natural resources; one of the main commodity ETFs is NYSEARCA: GLD.
Moving on to bond ETFs, these financial commodities are traded with no maturity date. Although bonds themselves have a maturity date, where the bond's principal amount is repaid to the investor, the exchange-traded fund itself can be traded past the bond's maturity date. The bonds traded on the bond market range from those issued by governments, corporations, and states, which are called municipal bonds.
Actively Managed ETFs
Typically, exchange-traded funds are designed for investors who wish to not actively trade their portfolio and let their money accumulate wealth over time. However, these exchanges are ideal for those who wish to have their money actively traded. In addition, these exchanges actively try to beat the market, aiming to exceed the average market return.
Inverse ETFs work in the opposite way of regular ones. Whenever the market performs poorly, inverse exchange-traded funds perform better. This type of investment is suitable if you wish to mitigate the risk of your current holdings, also known as hedging.
This type of ETF focuses on stocks in a specific industry, such as technology or healthcare. This type of financial security concentrates solely on one sector, so a higher risk is involved when investing due to lower diversification.
Image Credit: Aleksandra Gigowska / Shutterstock.com
How to Purchase ETFs
Purchasing an ETF is quite simple. Similar to regular shares, you can buy and sell ETFs at any time on most trading platforms. Trading platforms such as Robinhood, TD Ameritrade, and Stash allow you to purchase various versions of this financial security at market price.
Benefits of Using ETFs
The main benefit of using ETFs, as mentioned above, is it diversifies your risk amongst many well-known, established corporations at a fraction of the price. In addition, by spending a lower percentage of your investment portfolio on exchange-traded funds, you can use the rest of your funds elsewhere to help expand your holds.
Creation of Passive Income
By increasing the number of positions you hold in different companies, you can increase your number of income streams by attaining dividends, allowing you to create passive income and generational wealth.
Less Research Involved
Another benefit is less research that needs to be done before investing. For example, when trying to pick out a specific stock to invest in, thorough research is required to make the best financial decision. As not everyone has the luxury of time to dive into a company’s financials, ETFs allow investors to purchase shares with less research as they track an abundance of stocks.
Disadvantages of Investing in ETFs
Although ETFs have many benefits, lower diversification is one main disadvantage that people need to become aware of. Although most ETFs cover many stocks to mitigate risks, some focus on stocks in the same industry. When the stocks are in the same industry, there is less diversification, which does not always mitigate the risk.
Therefore, it is important to determine what type of ETF you are investing in to ensure that there is enough diversification to your liking that you believe your risk is being diversified.
Despite all the benefits of ETFs listed above, it is essential to keep in mind that there will be risks involved when investing. Therefore, regardless of what you invest in, whether it be stocks, ETFs, cryptocurrency, etc., always do your research to make sure that you understand where your money is going and whether the investment will make you a profit.
Disclaimer: The information contained in this article should not be considered financial advice. Always do your own research prior to investing. CapWay is not liable for any losses which may be incurred.
Main Image Credit: Maxx-Studio / Shutterstock.com | <urn:uuid:decdb94c-2760-4e21-8f3d-30cb92f3ee23> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://capway.com/learnmoney/moneymeanings/62792aba7b2ef20faec542c5/Exchange-Traded-Fund-ETF- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663006341.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527205437-20220527235437-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.957539 | 1,455 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Clematis (Clematis spp.) are usually deciduous flowering vines, although there are a few evergreen and groundcover or shrub-type varieties. There are many different shapes, sizes and colors of clematis flowers. The flowers bloom from early spring to fall depending on the species. Pruning requirements differ depending on the flowering type: early-flowering, large-flowered or late-flowering. Whether to deadhead depends partly on the flowering type and partly on personal preference.
Clematis need a well-draining soil with about 8 inches of compost worked into the soil before planting. Plant the vines near a support, such as a trellis. For best growth, plant the clematis where the flowering vine will get six hours of sun a day, but the base of the plants and the roots are shaded. They should get at least 1 inch of water per week, and a 2-inch layer of mulch around the base of the vine will help keep the soil moist. You can add general-purpose fertilizer to the soil each spring.
Early-flowering clematis including Alpine clematis (Clematis alpina) and downy clematis (Clematis macropetala), growing in USDA zones 4 through 9, flower in the spring. Prune them after the flowering stops to promote flowering the next season. Avoid cutting into the woody parts of the vines. To get these early-blooming vines to bloom longer, deadhead the flowers to get a second bloom. If you do not deadhead, the flowers will form seed heads and blooming will stop for the season as energy will be directed to forming seeds.
Large-flowered clematis has blooms 4 to 7 inches across. "Nelly Moser" (Clematis "Nelly Moser") and "Niobe" (Clematis "Niobe"), growing in USDA zones 4 through 11 and 4 through 8 respectively, are two large-flowered hybrids. These clematis varieties also bloom twice per year, in the spring and again in the summer. Prune the large-flowered vines in the spring to remove dead wood, and after the first blooms prune the shoots back to encourage new flowers. Deadhead all the spent blooms from the spring bloom period to get the second flowering in the summer.
The late-flowering varieties including Italian clematis (Clematis viticella), growing in USDA zones 4 through 11, and sweet autumn clematis (Clematis terniflora), growing in USDA zones 5 through 9, bloom from spring through summer. They bloom on new growth, so you can cut back the vines to 2 to 3 feet above ground level in the winter during the dormant period. Deadhead flowers if you wish, but you can also leave them alone to form attractive seed heads that will persist into winter on some species. | <urn:uuid:48ce0bab-c46d-4df5-a4b5-875fdae1972a> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.gardenguides.com/info_12281709_supposed-deadhead-clematis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948599156.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217230057-20171218012057-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.922542 | 605 | 3.078125 | 3 |
However, a Michigan State University study is the first to suggest that the exercise habits of expecting moms can actually reverse this long-standing belief and possibly lower a child’s chances of high blood pressure, even though they may weigh less at birth. High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a key factor in cardiovascular health.
The research is a start in getting at the issue of genetic preprogramming of a child’s health characteristics while in the womb and can be found in the Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness.
“We looked at a range of normal birth weight babies, some falling at the lower end of the scale, and surprisingly we found that this lower birth weight and higher blood pressure relationship in these offspring is not supported if the women were physically active,” said James Pivarnik, lead author and kinesiology professor at MSU. “The connection was disrupted, indicating that exercise may in some way alter cardiovascular risk that occurs in utero.”
This phenomenon is linked to what’s known as the fetal origins hypothesis. The theory suggests if something strenuous happens to a mother and her unborn child during critical growth periods in the pregnancy, permanent changes can occur that can affect the health of the baby.
Pivarnik and his colleagues initially evaluated 51 women over a five-year period based on physical activity such as running or walking throughout pregnancy and post-pregnancy. In a follow up to the study, they found that regular exercise in a subset of these women, particularly during the third trimester, was associated with lower blood pressure in their children.
“This told us that exercise during critical developmental periods may have more of a direct effect on the baby,” he said.
The finding was evident when his research team also discovered that the children whose mothers exercised at recommended or higher levels of activity displayed significantly lower systolic blood pressures at 8 to 10 years old.
“This is a good thing as it suggests that the regular exercise habits of the mother are good for heart health later in a child’s life,” Pivarnik said.
Other contributors to the study included Lanay Mudd, MSU; Erin E. White, Winona State University; Rebecca Schlaff, Saginaw State University; and Karissa Peyer, Iowa State University.
Sarina Gleason Media Communications office: (517) 355-9742 | <urn:uuid:c2c4e34f-8244-40b0-81d5-d1a316241acb> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.healthcanal.com/blood-heart-circulation/blood-pressure/58805-mom-s-exercise-habits-good-for-blood-pressure-in-kids.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540579703.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214014220-20191214042220-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.960785 | 498 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Editor’s note: Scientific American contributing editor Christie Nicholson is traveling with nearly 80 scientists conducting the largest tornado study ever completed. Check out her progress and learn about twisters on SciAm’s Twitter feed, and have a look at the photos she's taking along the way.
TOPEKA, Kan. (June 8, 2009)—When I arrived in Colby, Kansas last Thursday to join the VORTEX2 team’s nearly 160 scientists, students and media participating in the largest tornado-spawning storm study in history, the teams were despondent. The jet stream had been unusually displaced far to the north, resulting in one of the more calm seasons in decades. Even potential supercells—storms most likely to produce a twister—were conspicuously lacking.
With only one week left in this five-week study, the funding, resources and time spent were at risk of being for naught. Instead of having data to download in the evenings, students played catch in hotel parking lots.
Then it happened on Friday: A relatively large, long-traveling tornado touched down in an open area west of LaGrange, Wyo.
I was riding in a mobile radar truck called a DOW, for Doppler-on-Wheels, invented by Josh Wurman, president of the Center for Severe Weather Research and lead researcher of VORTEX2. At first, the tornado-spawning storm appeared unremarkable. Over the radio, Wurman told us to drive four miles south of Meriden, Wyo.
Then, a significant wall cloud formed under a wide, low-level circular cloud. Wall clouds are a good indication of a mesocyclone, the rotation required for most tornadoes. It looked like the sky had already formed a grey V with two pink skies on either side.
Minutes later the Storm Prediction Center announced a tornado warning for the area—a first for VORTEX2. Twenty minutes later our truck was in position just off highway 85, about 10 kilometers south of the core of the storm. The team lowered metal posts to level the truck, and started a radar scan.
That made it possible for Justin Walker, researcher at Center for Severe Weather Research, to confirm that the storm had strong rotation. Two of the crew jumped out, set up tripods, along with a photogrammetry team, which takes detailed photos and video to illustrate the storm from various distances, in order to complement the radar data.
Five minutes later, the radio brought the voice of field coordinator for NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory: “Tornado genesis is imminent.” We were a significant distance from the storm, but waiting had made us anxious.
The radar showed a tight coil like a fiddlehead. Walker confirmed it: The wind shear was well over tornado strength.
“This is officially our first tornado of the season,” he said.
As we looked north across the unobstructed wide plain, a thin gray thread snaked down from below a mass of very dark cloud. As soon as the thread touched the ground, however, it grew thick, into what researchers call a stove pipe. “Wow, I didn’t think it would get that big,” said Anthony McGee, a student of photogrammetry at Lyndon State College.
We stood in the wind, up on a ridge, captivated. A few cars pulled over. Within about 10 minutes the massive V-shaped cone twisted into the heavy rain and disappeared. At least, it seemed to disappear, from our vantage point. Closer to the ground I heard later that the twister had become “rain wrapped,” making it even more visible, but only to those within one mile of it.
The tornado traveled for 25 minutes. We scanned for the duration, until we saw a long skinny tube appear against the dark sky. This was its end, known as the “roping out.”
“The really nice thing about this tornado is that it doesn’t look like it passed over any urban areas,” said Jacob Carley, a graduate student at Purdue University. “And I just heard [over the radio] that we got some really good data from this, so it’s a really good day for science.”
This was, in many ways, the cliché’d “perfect storm,” at least when it came to scientific study. First, and perhaps most important, was that the teams had enough time to get into position before the storm got exciting. Ten mobile radars, circle the storm describing winds typically about 120 meters above ground. An army of low-level instruments -- including about 40 anemometers, four distrometers (lasers that measure precipitation), and four balloon launchers -- are positioned various distances from the storm core. All instruments had access, meaning good roads from which to deploy. A windy road full of hills and trees is no good for tornado study.
Second, we had great visibility, with no rain or cloud obstructing the view of the funnel cloud, and later the twister.
Finally, the tornado lasted a while, traveling at 20 miles per hour for about 25 miles, when most tornadoes can last a mere five or 10 minutes.
It was an excellent case study, so a few days later, with a week left on the trip, the team is still thrilled. But they can’t lose momentum. “One data set is great, and we’re all very excited and happy about that, but it’s not enough, the number of grad students is such that we need several data sets in order to get enough data for everyone,” says Don Burgess, a long-time expert in the field, retired chief of the Warning Research and Development Division NOAA, and now at the Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies at the University of Oklahoma.
So today we’re off for Salina, Kan., on the hunt for more tornadoes.
Top, photo taken north of Kimball, Neb., where a funnel cloud just formed and broke up, by Christie Nicholson/copyright Scientific American. Bottom photo of the June 5 LaGrange, Wyo., tornado, courtesy of Rachel Humphrey of the University of Colorado | <urn:uuid:6e501929-bc1d-4665-9463-7c86f5cf5288> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/news-blog/twister-the-vortex2-team-scores-a-t-2009-06-09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575860.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923022706-20190923044706-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.959491 | 1,311 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Audio News for May 5th to May 11th, 2003
Welcome to the Audio News from Archaeologica! I'm Laura Pettigrewand these are the headlines in archaeological and historical news from May 5th to May 11th.
Village of Pocahantas found
In our first story from the United States, archaeologists have identified the location of a 17th-century American Indian settlement on Virginia's York River that may have been the principal residence of the Algonquian (al-GON-kee-an) chief Powhatan (pow-HAT-an), father of Pocahontas. The village of Werowocomoco (weir-o-WO-co-mo-co) was home to the Algonquian (al-GON-kee-an) chief from 1607 to 1609. Preliminary investigations of the site have recovered Native American and European artifacts in quantities that indicate a substantial settlement of the early colonial period. These archaeological deposits, combined with contemporary descriptions of Werowocomoco (weir-o-WO-co-mo-co) by several of the Jamestown colonists, have led the archaeologists to believe that this site was the central village of the Powhatan chiefdom. Experts stated, "Early colonial documentary sources, including John Smith's 1612 map of Virginia, have long offered key indications of where this important settlement might have been located." The village was described as a place of power, and according to the colonial records, Werowocomoco (weir-o-WO-co-mo-co) meant the ‘king's house’, in one translation of the village's name. The American Indian descendants of the site's original residents have been invited to join in the effort to understand the site and its significance. This summer, additional archaeological research will be conducted at the site. The goals of this fieldwork are to determine the extent to which the site remains intact, and to develop a detailed chronology for the village. Powhatan (pow-HAT-an), father of Pocahontas, presided over the chiefdom of the same name that encompassed coastal Virginia from the James River to the Potomac River during the early 1600s. The Powhatan chiefdom represented one of the most complex political entities in eastern North America during this period.
Irish middle ages explored at O'Neill castle ruins
In Ireland, the remnants of a medieval castle believed to be one of the first built in Ulster have been excavated in County Tyrone. The ruins are thought to date back to the early 14th Century and to have been built by Irish chieftain Domnall (DOM-nall) O'Neill. The site lies on a former military base and due to its decades of high security status, the site was inaccessible for study. Recently archaeologists were allowed to examine the site and recovered some 4,000 artifacts dating from the late medieval to post-medieval periods, before it was buried under tons of concrete in preparation for development. The discovery of the ancient remains came during excavations for the erection of a communications tower. During the work, contractors uncovered a two-meter stretch of ancient wall. Given the level of historical interest in the site, the Northern Ireland Archaeological Consultancy was brought in to examine the area that was to be affected by the building work. The medieval features included a defensive wall, which, though damaged, bore "significant resemblance" to some ancillary defenses shown on a well-known map dating back to 1602. Historians have long pinpointed the region as the location of the O'Neill stronghold, dating back to the 10th century, but contemporary references to the castle are few. At least two castles are thought to have been built by the O'Neills before the Flight of the Earls in 1607, when Hugh O'Neill left Ireland for exile in Italy after being stripped of his kingship by the English crown. While the sealing of the site will preserve the remains, it prevents further exploration. But with the closure of the site a potential archaeological treasure remains unexplored for the future.
New Mexico gallery returns rare artifact to Peru
From New Mexico, in the U.S., an art gallery has turned over to authorities a rare 16th century Peruvian altarpiece that had been listed as stolen from a remote village church. The large altarpiece, 10 feet by 10 feet and weighing 800 pounds, was stolen after its removal during repair work in January 2002. The Challapampa (CHY-a-POM-pa) altarpiece, depicting a pair of winged saints with cherubs overhead, is said to have been carved by the 16th century South American artists Bernardo Bitti and Pedro de Vargas, and is described as "irreplaceable." Through a lawyer, the gallery issued a statement saying it had checked to see if the piece had been stolen, and "no evidence of a report of theft was discovered in any well-recognized source." Details of how the piece was recovered could not be revealed because the case is part of a federal grand jury investigation in New York. The artifact was turned over to agents of the U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
Archeologists hope for a hit at Bulgarian Halka Bunar site
In Bulgaria, excavations are to resume this summer 60 miles south of capital Sofia (SAW-fee-ya) on a site more than 2000 years old that has already proved richly rewarding. The explorations at Halka Bunar (HALL-ka BOO-nar), which archaeologists from the New Bulgarian University have carried out for some years, are currently focused on a Thracian (THRAY-shen) settlement discovered in 1999 during archaeological inspection of a known site. A trench dug by grave robbers, and more than 600 holes punched by treasure-hunters, revealed rich Thracian (THRAY-shen) remains. The area is in the center of what was once the Odrysian (oh-DREE-sian) state - the kingdom of one of the biggest Thracian tribes, dating back to the Classical and Hellenistic Ages. It boasts a striking concentration of rich burials, inscriptions in Greek language and coin treasures. The Thracian (THRAY-shen) tribes, ruled by a rich powerful warrior aristocracy, inhabited an area extending over most of modern Bulgaria, northern Greece and the European part of Turkey. One of the artifacts was especially valuable for its confirmation of this history -- a fragment of a gray-colored vessel with a graffito in ancient Greek that appears to be part of a Thracian royal name.
Arizona drought returns ancient Indian ruins to view
Our final story is from central Arizona in the United States, where droughts have lowered the lake levels to the point that ruins of the Salado (sa-LA-do) people have reappeared to varying degrees, allowing archaeologists to view them and learn. The Salado (sa-LA-do) Indians disappeared centuries ago, but the remnants of their civilization linger in central canyons. However, most of the time, only the fish in Roosevelt Lake can see these treasures, since the area was flooded in 1903 to create a 29-mile-long reservoir held back by the Roosevelt Dam. The low water levels have revealed villages and pots, trumpets and jewelry. Shelters big enough for 300 commoners and platform houses built for the elite are still there as well. Clues to the disappearance of the Salado (sa-LA-do) people, who lived in the Tonto Basin between A.D. 1100 and A.D. 1450, are what archaeologists most want to find when the lake levels drop. Warfare is a common theory for the Salado's (sa-LA-do's) disappearance. Climate change, disease and starvation are also suspected factors. The Salado (sa-LA-do) culture, which followed the Hohokam (ho-ho-kam), brought about major social and political changes in Hohokam (ho-ho-kam) history. The Salado (sa-LA-do) buried their dead below ground instead of cremating them. They built stone houses, whereas the Hohokam (ho-ho-kam) before them dug homes into the ground and then made domes above out of sticks and mud. They had major trading routes throughout the West and into Mexico and had well-developed canal systems that supported intensive farming. Experts would love to know what other secrets the unearthed ruins would reveal. An archaeologist with the U.S. Forest Service explained that the topography of the basin is a system of step terraces. "There are sites on all those different terraces, and they're all of varying heights; the lake could go down 5 feet and expose some sites, and then at the end of the summer hundreds more might be seen." Eight U.S. Forest Service archaeologists organize small search teams when the lake falls below 15 percent of its capacity, and sometimes they visit the lake on their own.
That wraps up the news for this week!
For more stories and daily news updates, visit Archaeologica on the World Wide Web at www.archaeologica.org , where all the news is history!
I'm Laura Pettigrew and I'll see you next week! | <urn:uuid:e6f854aa-90dc-45a2-9ff2-458f8abbc386> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.archaeologychannel.org/audio-guide/audio-news/archive-audio-news-guide/748-may-5th-may-11th-2003 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125949489.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427060505-20180427080505-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.960545 | 1,945 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A new requirement is to be phased in in Canada starting August 1, to help reduce the smoking rate to less than 5 percent by 2035. How is this supposed to work?
Ottawa – In You have every single cigarette will in future be provided with a warning. This was announced by the country’s government on Wednesday (local time). Sayings like “poison in every train”, “tobacco smoke harms children” or “cigarettes cause cancer” are planned, the broadcaster CBC reported. The new requirement will be gradually introduced from August 1st, the government said. It should help reduce the smoking rate to less than five percent by 2035. According to the Canadian media, this is currently around 13 percent, in 1965 it was around 50 percent.
Canada is considered a global leader in tobacco control. The newspaper “The Globe and Mail” pointed out that the country was the first in the world to introduce shock images on cigarette packs in 2001. The stricter rules should now warn even more clearly of health risks. The aim is to deter young people and non-smokers, encourage smokers to quit and reduce the number of tobacco-related deaths. According to the government, 48,000 people die every year in Canada as a result of tobacco use.
Australia also announced on Wednesday – just in time for World No Tobacco Day – that in the future not only packs but also individual butts would be provided with warnings. In addition, flavored cigarettes and slim cigarettes are to be banned there. The smoking rate, which is currently twelve percent, should also be reduced to below five percent in Australia, but by 2030. In Germany, according to the Federal Ministry for Health a total of 23.8 percent of women and men aged 18 and over. | <urn:uuid:b73290e3-666e-418c-a223-514f78b2c12a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.archyworldys.com/canada-to-introduce-new-warning-labels-on-cigarette-packs-in-bid-to-cut-smoking-rate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510462.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928230810-20230929020810-00844.warc.gz | en | 0.971984 | 365 | 2.71875 | 3 |
:shy: hello to everyone , im a newbie in VB6, and want some help in VB6 programming, i wish that this would be a good chance that someone would help me in VB6. may i know the source code of how to add three different numbers in Vb6: e.g. 2+2+4=8 and what if two digits: 12+ 34=46 i know that its just a simple thing ,but honestly i just don't know how to work for it. :embarasse i did some little program but not as complex like this. for i want to make a simple calculator on my own. will you please help me. | <urn:uuid:3de51788-ff13-4aba-966c-b7b5d43d6f10> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.go4expert.com/forums/hello-little-help-im-beginner-trying-vb6-t23035/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211185.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816211126-20180816231126-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.959621 | 142 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Memory tips are very important for all of us but most important for students who need to store lot of information in their mind.
The first memory Or retention tip for every child is to re-visit the content one has learned in the day. This is the basic 24 hour rule which to revise whatever you have learn within 24 hours of learning and then revise it in 48 hours and then 72 hours.
But how this re-visit will look like to younger kids that is to not add any new concept in the same day of learning, so if a child is not revisiting learned concept the chances are they are most likely to not retain that. We don’t want our young kids to memorize a lot but we definitely want them to retain.
So for retention make sure child is practicing Or revisiting whatever they have done in the first part of the day.
This tip is going to help students with different abilities also.
Stay happy, keep growing | <urn:uuid:8b479f54-91ee-4be2-b685-c065aaf9a5c9> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://beingaware91.com/2020/09/11/counselors-note-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583408.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016013436-20211016043436-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.967605 | 197 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Submitted to: Southeast Regional Fruit and Vegetable Conference
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: 12/1/2011
Publication Date: 12/1/2011
Citation: Farnham, M.W. 2011. How do High Temperatures Limit Broccoli Production: Is It Possible for this Cole Crop to Take the Heat?. Southeast Regional Fruit and Vegetable Conference. p. 51.
Interpretive Summary: N/A
Technical Abstract: It is generally thought that broccoli does not grow well in most environments during summer months in the eastern United States, because high temperatures can damage the developing heads causing the harvested vegetable to be unmarketable. Identification of broccoli varieties that produce a quality head during hot summer months could make it possible for eastern growers to produce this increasingly important vegetable, during a time of year they previously deemed too risky. The broccoli breeding program at the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory in Charleston, SC, has conducted a breeding effort for over a decade to select broccoli more adapted to the high temperature conditions that occur during Southeastern summers. Particular broccoli hybrids developed by crossing select lines from this program have been compared to some commonly-raised commercial hybrids in high temperature environments and also under more conventional conditions. When current commercial hybrids are tested in autumn field trials, nearly all produce good quality heads. However, these same hybrids fail to produce any marketable heads in summer trials. On the contrary, experimental hybrids developed at the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory produce similar good quality heads in both summer and autumn trials. Results show that the experimental hybrids are uniquely adapted to relatively high temperature environments. Commercial use of this adapted germplasm might facilitate the expansion of broccoli acreage in the East. | <urn:uuid:0ebb5576-b65c-4dc0-b2a0-399a3abc03a8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=276076 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206031946-20231206061946-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.922813 | 354 | 3.0625 | 3 |
(b. 1471, Nürnberg, d. 1528, Nürnberg)
Side and frontal view of the female head type 71528
During his final years Dürer endeavoured to support practice with theory. He had already prepared the first two volumes of his treatise on proportions before his journey to the Netherlands, and he continued working on them after his return. Due to the numerous geometrical drawings and illustrations needed to serve his didactic purposes, and the necessary study of classical sources, the completion of the work on proportions was delayed. Since his first stay in Venice, Dürer had worked on the theory of the ideal human proportions. Dürer linked the depiction of body types with differing proportions to the teaching of the four humours, and as such was the first to indicate the connection between build and character. The first volume dealt with basic geometrical terms such as the point and line, the second dealt with surfaces and bodies, and the third and fourth volumes were dedicated to both the ideal depiction of bodies and the construction of columns, letters and sundials. In the appendix, the reader, artist and craftsman can find a short treatise on perspective and instructions for the use of drawing equipment. The treatise on proportions was published posthumously by Willibald Pirckheimer and Dürer's wife Agnes.
The picture shows an illustration from the Four Books on Human Proportions, Book I, published posthumously by Willibald Pirckheimer and Dürer's wife Agnes.
The insights regarding measure and numbers which Dürer had gained from his lifelong study of the ideal proportions of the human body was summarized in his Four Books on Human Proportions. The head was used as the comparative yardstick for measuring the other parts of the body. | <urn:uuid:56f52783-521a-4c8d-ae69-cd11e8b2395e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.wga.hu/html/d/durer/2/12/9_1528/6books1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144111.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219092153-20200219122153-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.978397 | 373 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Delaminating and separation of obsolete Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is essential for its recycling. This paper presents an alternative environmentally benign process method for PCB recycling. Applying the solvent system, e.g. carbon dioxide and water under certain pressure and temperature, the PCB scraps could be delaminated easily. The separation of PCB into copper foil, glass fiber and polymer will be beneficial for further PCB recycling. The fundamental experiment mechanism is based on the polymer physics and polymerization. When the process temperature is raised above the polymer glass transition temperature Tg, polymer would be decomposed, which caused the main bonding force among PCB layers greatly reduced. Base on this principle several different processing circumstances were explored, including supercritical carbon dioxide; binary solvent system of CO 2 and H 2O; trinary solvent system of CO 2, H 2O and CH 3CH 2OH. The experiment facilities were set up and the input & output parameters were defined to evaluate the PCB delaminating result. Utility functions were developed to optimize the process conditions. The recommendations for future study are illustrated at the end of this paper. | <urn:uuid:c3dc5af6-6a41-4430-b2ab-f108f24e5f33> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://scholars.ttu.edu/en/publications/an-environmentally-benign-process-model-development-for-printed-c-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056392.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918093220-20210918123220-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.935685 | 223 | 2.9375 | 3 |
ARE YOU LOOKING FOR A FUN WAY TO STIMULATE YOUR CHILD’S BRAIN AND MEMORY? OR EVEN YOURS?
For you, the word puzzle may be reduced to the famous colored rubik that all children have, or to riddles. These are indeed puzzles of which the Rubik is the standard bearer but the universe is much wider than that.
Doing a puzzle or trying brain games regularly is helpful. Challenge yourself alone, with others or with your children.They are not only fun for children, they also help good mental brain health of adults. There are all kinds of puzzles in the shape of cubes, puzzles, wooden or even metal boxes. If you've never tried puzzles with your kids, here are some benefits of doing so.
Playing brain games (or smartgames) helps strengthen connections between brain cells. Brain games force participants to remember patterns and shapes, which stimulates memory and thinking. The puzzle that challenges you can increase cognitive functions. The Casse-Tête collection from L'ENFANT MALIN brings together the best brain stimulators on the market for little ones (from 3 years) as for older children.
Puzzle games stimulate memory in several ways:
- require sustained attention and concentration to solve problems and find solutions. This trains the mind to focus on specific tasks, which strengthens working memory.
- puzzle games may require memorization of patterns, diagrams or specific rules, which improves visual memory and spatial memory.
- by regularly engaging in puzzle games, individuals can strengthen their ability to retain information, make associations and recall sequences, which has a positive impact on their overall memory.
DEVELOP PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS
Life requires good problem-solving skills, and brain games can help your children develop them. A puzzle or riddle challenges the brain to find new solutions to problems, which strengthens critical thinking. Puzzles are the ultimate educational games to assemble, allowing the child to play alone if they want, as well as with another player.
WORK BOTH SIDES OF THE BRAIN!
The human brain has two different sides, and they are largely responsible for different things. For example, studies show that the right side of the brain is generally more involved in emotions. The left side of the brain tends to be more active in vision-based languages and speech production.But when you do puzzles or smart games, it works both sides of your brain at the same time.
Simply stimulating brain activity through mental exercises, logic games and puzzles has great benefits. It's easy to find puzzle games or fun games to play alone or with friends, don't hesitate to discover our board games collection.
THE UNIVERSE OF PUZZLES
The family of puzzles is large. It can be divided according to the material (bamboo, metal, cardboard), the number of pieces (from 3 to dozens of pieces), the form (assembly, puzzle, box, padlock, string, rubik) and the difficulty.
-Chinese adult wooden puzzles - Comprising from 3 to 10, 15 or even 20 pieces, these wooden puzzles appear in the shape of a cube, star, cross , sphere or even ball. Some can be extremely difficult and you will need to be very patient to solve them! Most are made of bamboo or oak wood. Undoing is sometimes difficult, assembling will be even more difficult and you will need to be patient! (Medium levelto extreme)
-Puzzles - Often in the form of wooden tangrams, including the famous Montessori tangrams for children, are considered real puzzles! 1,2,3 assemble! (Easy level to medium)
- The Japanese secret box - Many versions of Japanese secret or magic boxes exist, each more mysterious than the other. Logic and cunning are required! (Medium levelto extreme)
- Metal padlocks - Increasingly popular, especially among new generations, these metal puzzles are more solid but just as difficult to solve! (Medium to extreme level)
- The Rubik - Bearing the name of the famous brand, the Rubik is now available in ten shapes with different difficulties and materials. Patience is essential! (Easy level to medium)
- The maze - One of the favorites of the youngest because the maze, especially with a ball, is more "interactive" for children. But be careful, the difficulty can sometimes be very great! (Medium to difficult level)
- The bottle puzzle - Being part of the first category, it is however so popular and so unique that we decided to end with it. For all fans of wine and beautiful bottles, this bottle puzzle brings a little touch of fantasy to the tasting of your favorite bottle! (Middle level)
In summary, puzzles can be cubes, puzzles, mazes made of wood, metal and in the form of a box or box they remain games of logic and thinking par excellence. Knowing how to assemble each piece to make a compact object is the goal! But remember, patience is your greatest friend! | <urn:uuid:ec3d218a-6608-4a33-b821-82b97e449d63> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lenfantmalin.com/en/collections/brain-teaser | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100452.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202203800-20231202233800-00782.warc.gz | en | 0.935606 | 1,031 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Harvard registered for the draft in Wentzville on 30-JUN 1942. He worked in construction for House Erection Company during high school while he was in Wentzville. Harvard started as their clerk but learned construction and became a union carpenter. Harvard traveled to Texas and other places on different construction projects. He was working on a project at Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri when he decided to enlist. When asked why he chose the Navy, Harvard would tell people, “The Navy’s line was shorter than the Army line.” Harvard had three brothers in the Army.
Harvard would later be known as the, “Only man, Johnny Weissmuller (the original Tarzan) could not teach to swim.”
For the rest of Harvard’s story, click on the pdf below. | <urn:uuid:ac765b39-854b-442e-aa89-8942f1c224c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://stcharlescountyveteransmuseum.org/storiesarchive/kessler-harvard-otto/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104672585.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706121103-20220706151103-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.983184 | 171 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Advancing smart and safe sentencing reform policies
Michigan sentencing policies have contributed to a rapid increase in the average prison length of stay, which exceeds national norms. At the same time, research shows that lengthening sentences does not deter crime or reduce recidivism.
Safe & Just Michigan promotes proportionate, cost-effective sentencing policies, including the use of alternatives to incarceration. Michigan can safely reduce the minimum sentence length through adjustments to the sentencing guidelines, revisions to the treatment of habitual offenders, and eliminating mandatory minimum sentences.
Michigan’s indeterminate sentencing system
Michigan has a complicated sentencing system in which multiple decision makers determine how long a person remains incarcerated. Each branch of government plays a role:
- The Legislature sets the maximum sentence for each type of crime.
- The trial judge sets the minimum sentence a person must serve.
- The parole board decides when an incarcerated person who has served the minimum sentence will actually be released.
Michigan’s sentencing guidelines
In 1998, the Legislature adopted sentencing guidelines to achieve proportionality, consistency, and public safety. The guidelines were designed to ensure that punishment is proportional to the crime, and that people with similar prior records, who have committed similar offenses, are similarly treated.
Unlike other states, Michigan does not have a Sentencing Commission to monitor how well the sentencing guidelines reach these goals. The Commission that created the sentencing guidelines was disbanded in 2002.
The Legislature often makes ad hoc adjustments to specific criminal penalties and their sentencing guidelines, moving away from the guideline’s original intent.
“Truth in Sentencing” in Michigan
“Truth in Sentencing” legislation, also enacted in 1998, requires individuals sentenced for a crime to serve every day of the judicially imposed minimum term in a secure facility, such as a prison. People who support “Truth in Sentencing” believe it is necessary to ensure public confidence in the justice system by ensuring that an individual sentenced to a particular minimum term does not return to their community sooner than established.
The adoption of “Truth in Sentencing” eliminated the practice of awarding to incarcerated people disciplinary credits that reduce minimum sentences for good behavior, and the practice of putting people in community residential placements, such as halfway houses, to help them transition into the community prior to their parole date.
Safe & Just Michigan supports needed reforms to enact proportionate, cost-effective sentencing policies, including the use of alternatives to incarceration. | <urn:uuid:abc7c578-52b5-4e0c-88b4-30cff322c2e2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.safeandjustmi.org/our-work/reforming_sentencing_policies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511364.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004084230-20231004114230-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.939927 | 500 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Prose is the name of what most of us do, in one form or another, every day. If you think that you don’t write prose, think again. If you wrote a note, a letter, an email, a report for work, or wrote in your journal, diary or blog or even made a post on the web, chances are that you have written prose. Unless the writing you did was exclusively a poem, you have written prose.
Prose is writing that resembles everyday speech. The word “prose” came to us from the Latin word-“prosa” which literally translates to “straightforward”.
We use prose on a daily basis it is the normal writing that we read and write.It is meaningful and grammatical, written or spoken language without metrical structure or the rhyme characteristics of poetry or verse.
The only writing that is not prose is poetry of all types. Written prose does not contain rhyming, and consists of very little embellishment.
Examples of prose are:
- Short Stories
- Factual or Non-fiction Prose
- Newspaper Columns
- Personal Essays
- Technical Writing
Many technical writers object to having their detailed and exact writing classified as prose right beside Fairy Tales. Although the writing styles are greatly different both types of writing are prose.
General Guidelines for writing are:
- Be concise, brief: say what you want to say
- Be precise, specific and avoid ambiguities; be clear use personal pronouns and do not write in general terms. The reader should feel confidence that he has read factual information and not be in doubt of what he just read.
- Prefer the active voice; it is much more useful and easier to apply the information that uses the active voice.
- Prefer the Present tense; try to avoid the passive voice, except where it is absolutely required.
- Avoid being too technical, even in technical writing, the reader’s ability to understand and apply what he has read is your priority.
- Follow rules of writing (grammar).
The following types of publications use prose:
- Broadcast Media
- Text Books
- Non-fiction Books
In conclusion, prose is the customary style of writing that we normally use in both writing and speaking. The writing style varies from formal or casual, business or personal, creative or factual even academic or technical.
Relax, enjoy reading prose, writing prose and even speaking prose. It is our usual form of communication.
Patricia M. Hines invites you to visit her at her new personal web-site about her personal writing experiences, trials and successes. There are also great writing tips and prompts at [http://Patricia-Hines.com] | <urn:uuid:57c1fefb-719a-4128-a6c6-ff6c3c3e001f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://write2bemagazine.com/2015/04/22/writing-prose-an-overview-of-the-types-of-prose-by-patricia-m-hines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500058.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203154140-20230203184140-00874.warc.gz | en | 0.938952 | 646 | 3.40625 | 3 |
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- Describe the three types of formal organizations.
- List the defining characteristics of bureaucracies.
- Discuss any two disadvantages of bureaucracies.
- Explain Michels’s iron law of oligarchy.
Modern societies are filled with formal organizations, or large secondary groups that follow explicit rules and procedures to achieve specific goals and tasks. Max Weber (1864–1920), one of the founders of sociology, recognized long ago that as societies become more complex, their procedures for accomplishing tasks rely less on traditional customs and beliefs and more on rational (which is to say rule-guided and impersonal) methods of decision making. The development of formal organizations, he emphasized, allowed complex societies to accomplish their tasks in the most efficient way possible (Weber, 1921/1978).Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (G. Roth and C. Wittich, Eds.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (Original work published 1921)Today we cannot imagine how any modern, complex society could run without formal organizations such as businesses and health-care institutions.
Types of Formal Organizations
Sociologist Amitai Etzioni (1975)Etzioni, A. (1975). A comparative analysis of complex organizations. New York, NY: Free Press. developed a popular typology of organizations based on how they induce people to join them and keep them as members once they do join. His three types are utilitarian, normative, and coercive organizations.
Utilitarian organizations (also called remunerative organizations) provide an income or some other personal benefit. Business organizations, ranging from large corporations to small Mom-and-Pop grocery stores, are familiar examples of utilitarian organizations. Colleges and universities are utilitarian organizations not only for the people who work at them but also for their students, who certainly see education and a diploma as important tangible benefits they can gain from higher education.
Sociology Making a Difference
Big-Box Stores and the McDonaldization of Society
In many towns across the country during the last decade or so, activists have opposed the building of Wal-Mart and other “big-box” stores. They have had many reasons for doing so: the stores hurt local businesses; they do not treat their workers well; they are environmentally unfriendly. No doubt some activists also think the stores are all the same and are a sign of a distressing trend in the retail world.
Sociologist George Ritzer (2008)Ritzer, G. (2008). The McDonaldization of society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. coined the term McDonaldization to describe this trend involving certain kinds of utilitarian organizations, to use a term from the chapter. His insights help us understand its advantages and disadvantages and thus help us to evaluate the arguments of big-box critics and the counterarguments of their proponents.
You have certainly eaten, probably too many times, at McDonald’s, Burger King, Subway, KFC, and other fast-food restaurants. Ritzer says that these establishments share several characteristics that account for their popularity but that also represent a disturbing trend.
First, the food at all McDonald’s restaurants is the same, as is the food at all Burger King restaurants or at any other fast-food chain. If you go to McDonald’s in Maine, you can be very sure that you will find the same food that you would find at a McDonald’s in San Diego on the other side of the country. You can also be sure that the food will taste the same, even though the two McDonald’s are more than 3,000 miles apart. Ritzer uses the terms predictability and uniformity to refer to this similarity of McDonald’s restaurants across the country.
Second, at any McDonald’s the food is exactly the same size and weight. Before it was cooked, the burger you just bought was the same size and weight as the burger the person in front of you bought. This ensures that all McDonald’s customers receive the identical value for their money. Ritzer calls this identical measurement of food calculability.
Third, McDonald’s and other restaurants like it are fast. They are fast because they are efficient. As your order is taken, it is often already waiting for you while keeping warm. Moreover, everyone working at McDonald’s has a specific role to play, and this division of labor contributes to the efficiency of McDonald’s, as Ritzer characterized its operations.
Fourth and last, McDonald’s is automated as much as possible. Machines help McDonald's employees make and serve shakes, fries, and the other food. If McDonald’s could use a robot to cook its burgers and fries, it probably would.
To Ritzer, McDonald’s is a metaphor for the overrationalization of society, and he fears that the McDonaldization of society, as he calls it, is occurring. This means that society is becoming increasingly uniform, predictable, calculable, efficient, and automated beyond the fast-food industry. For example, just 50 years ago there were no shopping malls and few national chain stores other than Sears, JCPenney, and a few others. Now we have malls across the country, and many of them have the same stores. We also have national drugstore chains, such as Rite Aid or Walgreens, that look fairly similar across the country.
This uniformity has its advantages. For example, if you are traveling and enter a McDonald’s or Rite Aid, you already know exactly what you will find and probably even where to find it. But uniformity also has its disadvantages. To take just one problem, the national chains have driven out small, locally owned businesses that are apt to offer more personal attention. And if you want to buy a product that a national chain does not carry, it might be difficult to find it.
The McDonaldization of society, then, has come at a cost of originality and creativity. Ritzer says that we have paid a price for our devotion to uniformity, calculability, efficiency, and automation. Like Max Weber before him, he fears that the increasing rationalization of society will deprive us of human individuality and also reduce the diversity of our material culture. What do you think? Does his analysis change what you thought about fast-food restaurants and big-box stores?
In contrast, normative organizations (also called voluntary organizations or voluntary associations) allow people to pursue their moral goals and commitments. Their members do not get paid and instead contribute their time or money because they like or admire what the organization does. The many examples of normative organizations include churches and synagogues, Boy and Girl Scouts, the Kiwanis Club and other civic groups, and groups with political objectives, such as the National Council of La Raza, the largest advocacy organization for Latino civil rights. Alexis de Tocqueville (1835/1994)Tocqueville, A. (1994). Democracy in America. New York, NY: Knopf. (Original work published 1835) observed some 175 years ago that the United States was a nation of joiners, and contemporary research finds that Americans indeed rank above average among democratic nations in membership in voluntary associations (Curtis, Baer, & Grabb, 2001).Curtis, J. E., Baer, D. E., & Grabb, E. G. (2001). Nations of joiners: Explaining voluntary association membership in democratic societies. American Sociological Review, 66, 783–805.
Some people end up in organizations involuntarily because they have violated the law or been judged to be mentally ill. Prisons and state mental institutions are examples of such coercive organizations, which, as total institutions (see Chapter 3 "Socialization and Social Interaction"), seek to control all phases of their members’ lives. Our chances of ending up in coercive organizations depend on various aspects of our social backgrounds. For prisons one of these aspects is geographical. Figure 4.10 "Census Regions and Imprisonment Rates, 2009 (Number of Inmates per 100,000 Residents)"examines the distribution of imprisonment in the United States and shows the imprisonment rate (number of inmates per 100,000 residents) for each of the four major census regions. This rate tends to be highest in the South and in the West. Do you think this pattern exists because crime rates are highest in these regions or instead because these regions are more likely than other parts of the United States to send convicted criminals to prisons?
Figure 4.10 Census Regions and Imprisonment Rates, 2009 (Number of Inmates per 100,000 Residents)
Source: Data from West, H. C. (2010). Prison inmates at midyear 2009—statistical tables. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
Bureaucracies: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
As discussed earlier, Max Weber emphasized that modern societies increasingly depend on formal organizations to accomplish key tasks. He particularly had in mind bureaucracies, or formal organizations with certain organizational features designed to achieve goals in the most efficient way possible. He said that the ideal type of bureaucracy is characterized by several features that together maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of organizational decision making and goal accomplishment:
- Specialization. By specialization Weber meant a division of labor in which specific people have certain tasks—and only those tasks—to do. Presumably they are most skilled at these tasks and less skilled at others. With such specialization, the people who are best suited to do various tasks are the ones who work on them, maximizing the ability of the organization to have these tasks accomplished.
- Hierarchy. Equality does not exist in a bureaucracy. Instead its structure resembles a pyramid, with a few positions at the top and many more lower down. The chain of command runs from the top to the bottom, with the persons occupying the positions at the top supervising those below them. The higher you are in the hierarchy, the fewer people to whom you have to report. Weber thought a hierarchical structure maximizes efficiency because it reduces decision-making time and puts the authority to make the most important decisions in the hands of the people at the top of the pyramid who presumably are the best qualified to make them.
- Written rules and regulations. For an organization to work efficiently, everyone must know what to do and when to do it. This means their actions must be predictable. To ensure predictability, their roles and the organization’s operating procedures must be written in a manual or handbook, with everyone in the organization expected to be familiar with its rules. Much of the communication among members of bureaucracies is written in the form of memos and e-mail rather than being verbal. This written communication leaves a paper trail so that accountability for individual behavior can later be determined.
- Impartiality and impersonality. The head of a small, nonbureaucratic organization might prefer to hire people she or he knows and promote them on the same basis. Weber thought that impartiality in hiring, promotion, and firing would be much better for a large organization, as it guarantees people will advance through a firm based on their skills and knowledge, not on whom they know. Clients should also be treated impersonally, as an organization in the long run would be less effective if it gave favorable treatment to clients based on whom they know or on their nice personalities. As Weber recognized, the danger is that employees and clients alike become treated like numbers or cogs in a machine, with their individual needs and circumstances ignored in the name of organizational efficiency.
- Record keeping. As you probably know from personal experience, bureaucracies keep all kinds of records, especially in today’s computer age. A small enterprise, say a Mom-and-Pop store, might keep track of its merchandise and the bills its customers owe with some notes scribbled here and there, even in the information technology age, but a large organization must have much more extensive record keeping to keep track of everything.
Max Weber emphasized bureaucracies as a feature of modern life. Key aspects of bureaucracies include specialization, hierarchy, written rules and regulations, impartiality and impersonality, and record keeping.
The Disadvantages of Bureaucracy
Taking all of these features into account, Weber (1921/1978)Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (G. Roth and C. Wittich, Eds.). Berkeley: University of California Press. (Original work published 1921) thought bureaucracies were the most efficient and effective type of organization in a large, complex society. At the same time, he despaired over their impersonality, which he saw reflecting the growing dehumanization that accompanies growing societies. As social scientists have found since his time, bureaucracies have other problems that undermine their efficiency and effectiveness:
- Impersonality and alienation. The first problem is the one just mentioned: bureaucracies can be very alienating experiences for their employees and clients alike. A worker without any sick leave left who needs to take some time off to care for a sick child might find a supervisor saying no, because the rules prohibit it. A client who stands in a long line might find herself turned away when she gets to the front because she forgot to fill out every single box in a form. We all have stories of impersonal, alienating experiences in today’s large bureaucracies.
- Red tape. A second disadvantage of bureaucracy is “red tape,” or, as sociologist Robert Merton (1968)Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. New York, NY: Free Press. called it, bureaucratic ritualism, a greater devotion to rules and regulations than to organizational goals. Bureaucracies often operate by slavish attention to even the pickiest of rules and regulations. If every “t” isn’t crossed and every “i” isn’t dotted, then someone gets into trouble, and perhaps a client is not served. Such bureaucratic ritualism contributes to the alienation already described.
- Trained incapacity. If an overabundance of rules and regulations and overattention to them lead to bureaucratic ritualism, they also lead to an inability of people in an organization to think creatively and to act independently. In the late 1800s, Thorstein Veblen (1899/1953)Veblen, T. 1953. The theory of the leisure class: An economic study of institutions. New York, NY: New American Library. (Original work published 1899) called this problem trained incapacity. When unforeseen problems arise, trained incapacity may prevent organizational members from being able to handle them.
- Bureaucratic incompetence. Two popular writers have humorously pointed to special problems in bureaucracies that undermine their effectiveness. The first of these, popularly known as Parkinson’s law after its coiner, English historian C. Northcote Parkinson (1957),Parkinson, C. N. (1957). Parkinson’s law and other studies in administration. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.says that work expands to fill the time available for it. To put it another way, the more time you have to do something, the longer it takes. The second problem is called the Peter Principle, also named after its founder, Canadian author Laurence J. Peter (1969),Peter, L. J., & Hull R. (1969). The Peter principle: Why things always go wrong. New York, NY: William Morrow. and says that people will eventually be promoted to their level of incompetence. In this way of thinking, someone who does a good job will get promoted and then get promoted again if she or he continues doing a good job. Eventually such people will be promoted to a job for which they are not well qualified, impeding organizational efficiency and effectiveness. Have you ever worked for someone who illustrated the Peter Principle?
- Goal displacement and self-perpetuation. Sometimes bureaucracies become so swollen with rules and personnel that they take on a life of their own and lose sight of the goals they were originally designed to achieve. People in the bureaucracy become more concerned with their job comfort and security than with helping the organization accomplish its objectives. To the extent this happens, the bureaucracy’s efficiency and effectiveness are again weakened.
Michels’s Iron Law of Oligarchy
Several decades ago Robert Michels (1876–1936), a German activist and scholar, published his famous iron law of oligarchy, by which he meant that large organizations inevitably develop an oligarchy, or the undemocratic rule of many people by just a few people (Michels, 1911/1949).Michels, R. (1949). Political parties. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. (Original work published 1911) He said this happens as leaders increasingly monopolize knowledge because they have more access than do other organizational members to information and technology. They begin to think they are better suited than other people to lead their organizations, and they also do their best to stay in their positions of power, which they find very appealing. This latter goal becomes more important than helping the organization achieve its objectives and than serving the interests of the workers further down the organizational pyramid. Drawing on our earlier discussion of group size, it is also true that as an organization becomes larger, it becomes very difficult to continue to involve all group members in decision making, which almost inevitably becomes monopolized by the relatively few people at the top of the organization. Michels thought oligarchization happens not only in bureaucracies but also in a society’s political structures and said that the inevitable tendency to oligarchy threatens democracy by concentrating political decision-making power in the hands of a few. As his use of the term iron law suggests, Michels thought the development of oligarchies was inevitable, and he was very pessimistic about democracy’s future.
Has our society as a whole lost some of its democracy in the ways Michels predicted? Some evidence supports his prediction. For example, many large organizations, including corporations, labor unions, political parties, and colleges and universities, do resemble the types of oligarchies over which Michels despaired. In most of these, decision making is indeed concentrated in the hands of a few, who often do work, at least according to their critics, for their own interests as least as much as they do for the interests of the organization and its members. On the other hand, organizational and political leaders do not work always for themselves and often have the interests of their organizations and the public in mind. Michels’s law might not be so ironclad after all, but it does remind us to be on the alert for the undemocratic processes he predicted.
Gender, Race, and Formal Organizations
We previously outlined three types of organizations: utilitarian, normative, and coercive. What does the evidence indicate about the dynamics of gender and race in these organizations?
We have already seen that women in utilitarian organizations such as businesses have made striking inroads but remain thwarted by a glass ceiling and the refusal of some subordinates to accept their authority. The workforce as a whole remains segregated by sex, as many women work in a relatively few occupations such as clerical and secretarial work. This fact contributes heavily to the lower pay that women receive compared to men. Turning to race, effective federal and state laws against racial discrimination in the workplace arose in the aftermath of the Southern civil rights movement of the 1960s. Although these laws have helped greatly, people of color are still worse off than whites in hiring, promotion, and salaries, affirmative action efforts notwithstanding. Chapter 7 "Race and Ethnicity" and Chapter 8 "Gender and Gender Inequality" will further discuss the experiences of people of color and of women, respectively, in the workplace.
Learning From Other Societies
Japan’s Formal Organizations: Benefits and Disadvantages of Traditional Ways
Although Japan possesses one of the world’s most productive industrial economies, its culture remains very traditional in several ways. As we saw in the previous two chapters, for example, the Japanese culture continues to value harmony and cooperation and to frown on public kissing. Interestingly, Japan’s traditional ways are reflected in its formal (utilitarian) organizations even as they produce much of the world’s output of cars, electronics, and other products and provide some lessons for our own society.
One of these lessons concerns the experiences of women in the Japanese workplace, as this experience reflects Japan’s very traditional views on women’s social roles (Schneider & Silverman, 2010).Schneider, L., & Silverman, A. (2010). Global sociology: Introducing five contemporary societies. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Japan continues to think a woman’s place is first and foremost in the home and with her children. Accordingly, women there have much fewer job opportunities than do men and in fact have few job prospects beyond clerical work and other blue-collar positions. Many young women seek to become “office ladies,” whose main role in a business is to look pretty, do some filing and photocopying, and be friendly to visitors. They are supposed to live at home before marrying and typically must quit their jobs when they do marry. Women occupy only about 10% of managerial positions in Japan’s business and government, compared to 43% of their U.S. counterparts (Fackler, 2007).Fackler, M. (2007, August 6). Career women in Japan find a blocked path. The New York Times, p. A1.
For these reasons, men are the primary subjects of studies on life in Japanese corporations. Here we see some striking differences from how U.S. corporations operate (Jackson & Tomioka, 2004).Jackson, K., & Tomioka, M. (2004). The changing face of Japanese management. New York, NY: Routledge. For example, the emphasis on the group in Japanese schools (see Chapter 3 "Socialization and Social Interaction") also characterizes corporate life. Individuals hired at roughly the same time by a Japanese corporation are evaluated and promoted collectively, not individually, although some corporations have tried to conduct more individual assessment. Just as Japanese schools have their children engage in certain activities to foster group spirit, so do Japanese corporations have their workers engage in group exercises and other activities to foster a community feeling in the workplace. The companies sponsor many recreational activities outside the workplace for the same reason. In another difference from their American counterparts, Japanese companies have their workers learn several different jobs within the same companies so that they can discover how the various jobs relate to each other. Perhaps most important, leadership in Japanese corporations is more democratic and less authoritarian than in their American counterparts. Japanese workers meet at least weekly in small groups to discuss various aspects of their jobs and of corporate goals and to give their input to corporate managers.
Japan’s traditional organizational culture, then, has certain benefits but also one very important disadvantage, at least from an American perspective (Levin, 2006).Levin, H. M. (2006). Worker democracy and worker productivity. Social Justice Research, 19, 109–121. Its traditional, group-oriented model seems to generate higher productivity and morale than the more individualistic American model. On the other hand, its exclusion of women from positions above the clerical level deprives Japanese corporations of women’s knowledge and talents and would no doubt dismay many Americans. As the United States tries to boost its own economy, it may well make sense to adopt some elements of Japan’s traditional organizational model, as some U.S. information technology companies have done, but it would certainly not make sense to incorporate its views of women and the workplace.
The church has been a significant type of normative organization for many African Americans. During the 1960s, black churches served as an important venue for the civil rights movement’s organizing and fund-raising.
Much less research exists on gender and race in normative organizations. But we do know that many women are involved in many types of these voluntary associations, especially those having to do with children and education and related matters. These associations allow them to contribute to society and are a source of self-esteem and, more practically, networking (Blackstone, 2004; Daniels, 1988).Blackstone, A. (2004). “It’s just about being fair”: Activism and the politics of volunteering in the breast cancer movement. Gender and Society, 18, 350–368; Daniels, A. K. (1988). Invisible careers: Women civic leaders from the volunteer world. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Many people of color have also been involved in normative organizations, especially those serving various needs of their communities. One significant type of normative organization is the church, which has been extraordinarily important in the African-American community over the decades and was a key locus of civil rights activism in the South during the 1960s (Morris, 1984).Morris, A. (1984). The origins of the civil rights movement: Black communities organizing for change. New York, NY: Free Press.
Turning to coercive organizations, we know much about prisons and the race and gender composition of their inmates. Men, African Americans, and Latinos are over represented in prisons and jails. This means that they constitute much higher percentages of all inmates than their numbers in the national population would suggest. Although men make up about 50% of the national population, for example, they account for more than 90% of all prisoners. Similarly, although African Americans are about 13% of the population, they account for more than 40% of all prisoners. The corresponding percentages for Latinos are about 15% and almost 20%, respectively (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2009).Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2009). Crime in the United States: 2008. Washington, DC: Author.
Why these patterns exist is unclear. Do they reflect discrimination against African Americans, Latinos, and men, or do they reflect higher offending rates by these groups? The next chapter explores this issue as part of its broader treatment of deviance and crime.
- The major types of formal organizations include those that are utilitarian, normative, and coercive.
- As one type of formal organization, the bureaucracy has several defining characteristics, including specialization, hierarchy, written rules and regulations, impartiality and impersonality, and record keeping.
- Bureaucracies also include some negative characteristics such as alienation and red tape.
- Michels’s iron law of oligarchy assumes that large organizations inevitably develop undemocratic rule.
For Your Review
- Think of any bureaucracy with which you have had some experience. Describe evidence that it was characterized by any three of the defining characteristics of bureaucracies.
- Do you share Max Weber’s view that bureaucracies must be impersonal and alienating? Explain your answer. | <urn:uuid:0aa9541e-c931-401c-80c3-873fa0326227> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Barkan)/04%3A_Groups_and_Organizations/4.04%3A_Formal_Organizations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348502204.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605174158-20200605204158-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.957676 | 5,567 | 3.40625 | 3 |
While summer is the period of growth and harvest for apple trees, winter is an important time to protect and prune them. Trees need winter care to develop well and may not survive without it. Winter pruning is essential, because it creates the shape that produces strong limbs, permits air movement through the leaves, and encourages fruit formation.
On even the coldest winter day, sunlight can warm the dark bark of a tree enough to soften the living cambium layer that lies under the bark. When night-time temperatures drop, the cambium tissue will freeze, causing injury or tissue death. Failure to protect against freeze injury, or sunscald, is a common cause of winter-kill losses. The most frequent sign of freeze injury is split bark.
To protect against freeze injury, trunk guards are used during the first two or three years of growth. In later years, protection can be achieved by painting the trunks white. Trunk guards should be white or light in color, and should extend from a couple inches below the soil surface to 2 or 3 feet above the ground. Trunk guards that are left in place must permit the trunk to grow without restraint, or they will girdle and kill the tree.
Mice and other small rodents will, during a hard winter, nibble bark around the base of a tree. This can result in girdling, and subsequent death of the tree. Trunk guards placed to protect against freeze injury will prevent rodent damage, but when these guards are removed some form of bark protection should be put in place. Some growers use short sections of trunk guard material, buried in the ground and protecting the lower 6 to 8 inches of the trunk.
Deer can cause devastating damage to fruit trees during the winter. They gnaw at the bark, tearing off ragged strips, and breaking tree limbs as they feed. Some growers claim success with various kinds of deer deterrents, but these remedies are generally ineffective over the long term. Fruit trees must be protected from deer with sturdy wire fencing, 8 feet high on 10-foot posts, or a professionally installed electric fencing system.
Maintenance pruning should be done as late in winter as possible. Pruning done in early winter risks winter injury. Remember that heavy winter pruning, done while the tree is dormant, results in a burst of energetic leafy growth in spring. The stored energy used by the tree will decrease fruit production in the following season.
Prune lightly to encourage a sound structure, and make sure the cuts are clean --- use sharp tools, and sterilize the blades between cuts with alcohol. Do not paint anything on the cut surfaces -- the wound will heal better if it is left uncovered.
Young trees being trained to a central leader system should be headed back at about 30 inches above the ground.
Winter winds can harm young trees. Apple trees must be supported for the first few years of their growth. Twin stakes and non-abrasive straps, placed each side of the trunk when the tree is planted, are the best way to provide support while allowing a healthy amount of movement. | <urn:uuid:388063b2-345a-4ce8-9f97-c330b5a8591b> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.gardenguides.com/89317-apple-trees-winter.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447547854.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185907-00076-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933128 | 632 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Diabolical deaths: Fighting to eliminate Rabies virus
Rabies: Aiming for zero by 2030
Rabies continues to be an important global threat to human and animal health causing a disease that is invariably fatal once clinical symptoms are recognised. As a zoonosis, a disease that transmits from animals to man, it is one of the most widely feared pathogens that exists worldwide. Today, rabies virus kills at an estimated 60,000 people annually, often across the poorest populations. More than 40% of those that die are under the age of 15 years of age.
Rabies has a long history dating back over 3000 years with fear of the virus likely having impacted on mankind over millennia. The fact that rabies is invariably fatal and that the major mechanism of transmission to the human population is following the attack and bite of a rabid dog has helped the disease remain at the forefront of feared diseases. The clinical disease symptoms often seen with rabies, a fear of water (hydrophobia), a fear of air (aerophobia), hypersalivation, either aggression and / or paralysis have given this disease a notable reputation. Rabies can infect all mammals although in areas where the virus circulates, the domestic dog, either stray or as a community animal population maintains the virus and is the origin of >99% of human cases.
Electron micrograph of rabies virus (courtesy of Bill Cooley, APHA, UK)
So with responsible dog ownership and vaccination, rabies could be controlled?
Yes, rabies should be easily controlled but cultural shifts are required to drive a reduction in the stray dog population. Further, vaccination must extend to all dogs within an area including community dogs and owned dogs to halt transmission of the virus from domestic species.
Are there good vaccines available?
Efficacious rabies vaccines for humans and animals have existed for decades and even if an individual is exposed, a framework of prophylactic treatment exists that can prevent rabies deaths 100% of the time as long as administered before the onset of clinical disease.
So why are there still so many deaths?
Rabies remains a disease of ignorance, poverty and injustice. The major burden of rabies is across resource limited settings and also in conflict zones, mainly in The Middle East, Asia and Africa. In these areas, dog populations are generally uncontrolled. Veterinary and medical infrastructures are poorly resourced and both awareness of the disease and the availability of prophylactic vaccines and rabies immunoglobulin are often low. Furthermore, human vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin for post-exposure treatment are also often unavailable of prohibitively expensive. Importantly, awareness of rabies and the need to seek prompt post-exposure prophylaxis is often lacking.
The figure shows the global distribution of dog-transmitted human rabies. Dog-transmitted human rabies caused by the rabies virus (RABV) is responsible for most human fatalities. The map does not reflect very low numbers of cases of human rabies resulting from exposure to RABV via wildlife reservoirs in areas where dog rabies has been eliminated (for example, North America). Figure reprinted from World Health Organization. Rabies: epidemiology and burden of disease. http://www.who.int/rabies/epidemiology/en/ (date accessed: 17/10/2017)
How has rabies been eliminated from different regions?
Rabies has been eliminated from domestic dog populations in areas where responsible dog ownership is practised and where infrastructure for vaccination and licensing of dogs is strong. However, rabies also infects and can be maintained in wildlife species and as such can continue to threaten animal and human health. Only Western Europe has successfully controlled and eliminated rabies from all terrestrial species although the threat of reintroduction of the disease is ever present from neighbouring countries where the virus remains. North America has also successfully eliminated the virus from domestic animals but pockets of wildlife rabies (skunks, raccoons and foxes) remain across the United States of America, continually threatening human and animal populations. A further complexity exists with rabies virus in that bat species act as a reservoir of infection although bat-to-human transmission of rabies virus is negligible compared with the number of dog-mediated human cases of rabies. Control in bats is seemingly very problematic and as such it is widely accepted that rabies cannot be globally eradicated in the same way that other viral pathogens such as rinderpest and smallpox have been in the past. Instead, the vision to eradicate dog-mediated human rabies worldwide by 2030 remains a feasible goal.
What is being done now to try and halt this disease?
The tripartite alliance of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) have pledged to eliminate dog mediated rabies by 2030. This global effort will target those populations where rabies transmission remains high risk in an effort to reduce human rabies. By targeting the dog populations alone it is proposed that the number of human deaths will be dramatically reduced.
Professor Tony Fooks from the Animal Health and Plant Agency said: “A key feature of this disease primer is to provide up-to-date information of rabies showing how the burden of human disease can be controlled using strategies to prevent the disease in dogs and ultimately in improving awareness and meeting the vision for eradicating dog-mediated human rabies by 2030.”
To read more about rabies virus see the Nature Reviews Disease Primer on rabies here: http://go.nature.com/2BeTSeM
Image credit: Fox with oral bait containing rabies vaccine (courtesy of Dr Ad Vos, IDT, Germany) | <urn:uuid:82eccf15-0c67-49e6-adba-769095b05725> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://naturemicrobiologycommunity.nature.com/users/74806-paul-arpino/posts/28867-diabolical-deaths-fighting-to-eliminate-rabies-virus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659056.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117163938-20190117185938-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.940859 | 1,184 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Running, if practiced regularly and in a correct and balanced way, can be a panacea for human health. Did you know, for example, that running can repair damage to the brain? A study by the University of Ottawa says so: according to the researchers this would be possible thanks to the nerve growth factor (VGF).
The experiment carried out on a group of mice with brain development deficiency shows that, during the race, the growth factor VGF increases, which seems to be able to repair damage to the myelin sheath. Dr David Piketts said: "The new research is particularly interesting because it helps explain the effect that exercise, such as running, can have on people with neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis in which the myelin sheath is damaged."
Some studies published in the journal of the US Academy of Sciences highlight a connection between constant physical exercise and an improvement in cognitive functions.
Running improves health, mood and repairs the brain
According to research from the University of Kentucky, it observed that a person between the ages of 50 and 69 who runs at least three times a week stimulates the production of new brain cells.
Most researchers agree that running boosts immunity. Running about thirty kilometers per week will have a positive effect on your defense system, while running more than ninety kilometers per week will have a negative effect.
It is proven that running increases the levels of serotonin, the good mood hormone. In some studies it was found that the improvement in cognitive function was linked to the increase in muscle strength. Doctors and scientists have demonstrated the benefits of running on the body in various researches, even going so far as to prove the reduction in the incidence of some cancers.
In some studies it was found that the improvement in cognitive function was linked to the increase in muscle strength. Running is an aerobic physical activity and requires a significant physical effort: this translates into an important calorie expenditure, difficult to achieve with other sports in the same time interval. | <urn:uuid:3855a2f9-6e12-4f2e-a9f2-ff1dd971712e> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.financial-world.org/news/news/running/9002/running-improves-health-mood-and-repairs-the-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335350.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929100506-20220929130506-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.961102 | 399 | 3.515625 | 4 |
31 Oct Brief exercise good for blood sugar
Although a recent study involved children, I think the message is important for all of us.
The study of 28 healthy, normal-weight children found that doing three minutes of moderate-intensity walking every half hour over three hours of sitting led to lower levels of blood sugar and insulin, compared to another day when the children sat for three hours straight.
According to the study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolismn the day the children took brief walks, they did not eat any more at lunch than on the day they remained seated for the entire three hours, .
The findings suggest that brief bouts of activity during otherwise inactive periods could help protect children (and adults) against type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Not only that, but elevated insulin levels can make us tired, disrupt our focus and can hinder concentration; all of which are detrimental to performance.
In our busy lives it can be difficult to fit longer stretches of physical activity into the day. Even if you exercise before or after work, you may still sit or be inactive for long periods, which has been shown to be detrimental to health. This study confirms that even small activity breaks could have a substantial impact on children’s long-term health and no doubt it would have the same or more benefit to adults.
Inactivity after a meal diminishes the muscles’ ability to help clear sugar from the bloodstream. That forces the body to produce more insulin, which increases the risk for cells in the pancreas to ‘fatigue’ which can lead to the onset of type 2 diabetes.
These findings suggest even short activity breaks can help overcome these negative effects, at least in the short term.
With a large proportion of children and teenagers overweight or obese, it is important that we encourage them to insert small activity breaks into their day. And for all of us adults, it is even more important that we add in some form activity into days when we are ‘at our desk’ for long periods. Just a walk around the office or up a flight of steps will help to keep blood sugar levels normal.
What could you add into your day? | <urn:uuid:20bbf54a-b244-406f-a169-983759346067> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://exerciseiq.com.au/brief-exercise-good-for-blood-sugar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258862.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526065059-20190526091059-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.955862 | 449 | 3.171875 | 3 |
This section describes an interesting report of 1768 of the use in Hungerford of the application of toads as a treatment for cancer.
Gilbert White (18 July 1720 - 26 June 1793) was a pioneering naturalist and ornithologist. He was born in his grandfather's vicarage at Selborne in Hampshire. He was a prolific letter-writer, and one of his letters makes a curious reference to Hungerford:
To Thomas Pennant, Esquire
Selborne, July 27, 1768.
I received your obliging and communicative letter of June the 28th, while I was on a visit at a gentleman's house, where I had neither books to turn to, nor leisure to sit down, to return you an answer to many queries, which I wanted to resolve in the best manner that I am able.
In my visit I was not very far from Hungerford, and did not forget to make some inquiries concerning the wonderful method of curing cancers by means of toads. Several intelligent persons, both gentry and clergy, do, I find, give a great deal of credit to what was asserted in the papers: and I myself dined with a clergyman who seemed to be persuaded that what is related is matter of fact; but, when I came to attend to his account, I thought I discerned circumstances which did not a little invalidate the woman's story of the manner in which she came by her skill. She says of herself 'that, labouring under a virulent cancer, she went to some church where there was a vast crowd: on going into a pew, she was accosted by a strange clergyman; who, after expressing compassion for her situation, told her chat if she would make such an application of living toads as is mentioned she would be well.' Now is it likely that this unknown gentleman should express so much tenderness for this single sufferer, and not feel any for the many thousands that daily languish under this terrible disorder? Would he not have made use of this invaluable nostrum for his own emolument; or, at least, by some means of publication or other, have found a method of making it public for the good of mankind? In short, this woman (as it appears to me) having set up for a cancer-doctress, finds it expedient to amuse the country with this dark and mysterious relation. | <urn:uuid:c4f1d0d7-4f76-4692-9d1a-3c5bc1df2f65> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://hungerfordvirtualmuseum.co.uk/index.php/timeline/15-artefacts/89-toads-in-hungerford | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497309.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330212722-20200331002722-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.987201 | 494 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Chinese Paintings and Calligraphy - Asian Art
Classical Chinese painting appeared after the development of Chinese calligraphy. Chinese calligraphy was used as an inspiration for the classic painting. The mural painting or painting on roller are a wide spread genre in China. For over 6 years we offer the largest and finest selection of Chinese paintings. Prices start at just 25$ and we ship to most countries. You will find hundeds of original Calligraphy painting and Chinese paintings. We add new original Chinese paintings every month.
Chinese Paintings, vertical scroll painting
We can find two types of Chinese paintings: Paint on vertical roll and on horizontal roll. Chinese painting has many functions : it can be religious (Paintings of Buddha, paintings of goddess ...) or poetic ( the painting becomes an illustration of a poem, "Chinese Landscape"). The history of Chinese scroll paintings proves to us that China is indeed a culture of 4,500 years old civilization. More so, Chinese paintings are considered the oldest artistic tradition that exists hitherto. The art of painting for Chinese civilization is described as the highlight when we talk about aesthetics.
The classical Chinese painting is defined by its philosophical dimension, we find:
Shanshui landscapes "landscape montage-water" is a painting that evokes the literary, and the natural landscape. In this type of paint there are always calligraphic inscriptions.
Landscapes made of Bamboos (ink on rice paper)
Portraits of Chinese ancestors
Animal Portraits (Portraits of horses, buffalo ...)
The Paintings of characters (representing scenes of everyday life)
The Religious Paintings representing Bodhisattva
The calligraphy brushes are very important in those paintings, it is a very sophisticated tool. | <urn:uuid:24bbeb3d-3d5e-4c83-ace0-e53d3c366e03> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.chinese-items.com/chinese-painting-rub-en-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990551.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515161657-20210515191657-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.93516 | 364 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A Panoramic View of Computing
Come on a journey in computing starting with a 20,000 year old baboon fibula and move through the progression of beads to cogs, tubes to silicon, and quantum particles to what lies beyond. Together we'll explore the long and surprising history of computing and get hands-on experience with examples of computing machines and artifacts from the 15th to 20th centuries (see below). A panoramic view of the art and ingenuity behind the millennia of computer evolution and innovation awaits.
See my image carousel in the next section for a visual tour of the devices available in this program. For a version of this program covering only analog to before the onset of digital computing, see my Difference Engines: Mechanical Brains, Analog Computers offering.
Interested in tracing the evolution of computers from mechanical to digital and beyond? Explore the presentations below to feed your curiosity and browse some of the photos to get a look at my collection of hands-on examples of computing from centuries past.
Please Note: Presentation and materials are for showcase purposes only and not meant to be used without explicit permission.
Computing Artifacts Collection
A sample of my ever growing artifacts in computing collection. Click on any photo to learn more about a device. Use the arrows at the left and right to move to different photos or simply allow the photos to scroll automatically.
Logistics, Fee & Delivery Requirements
Duration: 3.0 hour interactive program | Ages: 8/9-Adult/Senior | Participants: 10-30 | Cost: Starting at $399 for 3 hours ($30 additional 1 hour) | Requirements: Video Projector with HDMI port and speakers ; 2 large tables for presenter's items ; 10 medium tables with 4 chairs each for hands-on stations ; 1.0 hour setup and breakdown times ; additional travel charges may apply. Contact for details.
Look into the Funding Options to help bring STEMpunk programming to your school or organization. | <urn:uuid:68cba0e9-d1ac-418a-bed9-0064fd96a079> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.stempunked.com/art-history-of-computing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677412.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018005539-20191018033039-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.851207 | 399 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Table 3.31: Transformer Full-Load Current, Three-Phase, Self-Cooled Ratings Table 3.34: Transformer Primary (480-Volt, Three-Phase, Delta) and Secondary (208Y/120-Volt, Three-Phase, Four-Wire These two factors are affected by how much wire is used to connect the CT to the instrument. This wiring phase parameters be measured-including the phase power factors. However, the total of the Diagram three live wires plus one grounded return wire, and they can provide two voltage systems: phase-to-neutral and phase-to-phase. Various phase-to-neutral / phase-to-phase voltage systems According to a recent study, global losses from electricity theft in 2015 totaled US$89.3 billion External wiring modifications include swapping phase and neutral wires; disconnecting the neutral The PLC called for a 200-220V, 50/60-Hz supply. However, from day one its supply ordinarily didn't drop below 240V! An unconventional application of 3-phase power solved the single-phase problem. The The Table lists the system capabilities intended for these ICs in polyphase configurations, including three- and four-wire wye and delta wiring errors. In addition, it enables them to remotely .
If so, wire In 3-phase motors, you can change motor direction by changing the wiring connections. Multiple-speed single-phase motors may have six or more terminals or leads. You can refer to a .
3 wire phase to 220v wiring diagram delta Image References
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April 15, 2010 - A new study from the Injury Research Center at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee found obese male drivers have a higher risk of injuries (and more serious injuries, at that) to the face, head, chest, and spine. Drivers who were overweight but not obese had a lower risk of injury, and women suffered more injuries in the abdominal area.
The study was published in The Public Library of Science Medicine and concluded the "higher risk may be attributed to differences in body shape, fat distribution, and center of gravity between obese and normal-weight subjects, and between men and women." Researchers used so-called fat crash-test dummies to simulate the ever-growing American public. According to the American Obesity Association, "approximately 127 million adults in the U.S. are overweight, 60 million obese, and 9 million severely obese." | <urn:uuid:d4181ccf-5b89-403e-81f1-26b79b77e09a> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.examiner.com/article/medical-college-of-wisconsin-milwaukee-study-finds-obese-men-are-at-greater-risk-car-accidents | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398450762.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205410-00098-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965668 | 174 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In the Georgian Criminal Justice System, the people are represented by two separate, yet equally important groups: the thief-takers, who catch criminals in the act (and sometimes work with them for a reward), and the Magistrates, who are usually heavily corrupt and often take bribes from the accused and the accusers.
These are their stories.
All silliness aside, in many respects, life in 18th century Britain would be recognisable to us today. They had coffee shops and seaside resorts, they read newspapers, they traded on the stock market, and they had a legal system based on evidence and trial bu jury. But in many other respects, it was wild and chaotic, and you wonder how anyone could accept living like they did. Of course, they didn’t–that’s why the system evolved into what we have today.
Back then, the list of things you could be arrested for was long and confusing, the methods of catching a criminal were hazy and mostly reliant on luck, and the court system was notoriously corrupt.
What is considered a crime?
The list of offenses that could be considered crimes was extensive, ranging from being seen on the King’s highway with a sooty face, to stealing from your employer, to murder. It’s difficult to find one definitive list because the law changed so much by region and over time, but we can see certain trends.
Obviously, crime against the State was a big one. Lots of things constituted treason, including farting on a poster of the king. Also, selling secrets to the enemy, piracy, defacing currency, sabotaging the military or public institutions, all that sort of thing was very serious and carried the death penalty. Sometimes protesting was considered treason, but it depended how, where, and when (the Licensing Acts of 1662 and 1737 made the satire we associate with the period possible).
Next were crimes against the person. So, murder, manslaughter, assault, impersonations (especially of the clergy), and that sort of thing. Following these were crimes against property: theft, vandalism, damage to property, arson, stealing sheep and handkerchiefs specifically, and a card of white lace stolen by Jan Austen’s aunt from a milliner’s shop in Bath.
People’s sex lives were of particular interest to lawmakers of the day. Bigamy, sodomy (homosexuality), buggery (bestiality), masturbation, and pretty much any form of sexual behaviour not specifically endorsed by the Bible were strictly off-limits. Punishment in these areas could be more lenient, however, depending on a number of circumstances. For instance, there’s a case from Wiliamsburg where two young men avoided the death penalty because their behaviour only ‘tended toward sodomy’ and therefore no crime was actually committed, and the man who reported the incident was made to watch as he was believed to be ‘not without fault himself’.
Then came various and strange grievances like associating with gypsies, swearing, chipping stone from Westminster Bridge, and enjoying oneself during the hours allotted to worship.
How was crime detected?
The actual detection of a crime is a mostly Victorian concept, when the birth of the detective policeman was invented. Before that, it was the responsibility of the victim to haul the accused before the magistrate, which almost always meant facing them in court. In London, there was an organisation called the Bow Street Runners, the very first proto-police in the country. They could catch criminals (usually in the act), or else run them to ground. The sort of Sherlock Holmes/CSI thing we’re used to, the world of forensics, crime scenes, and clues were wholly alien concepts to people in the 18th century.
Outside of London, things get a bit hazier. The victim still took their perpetrator to court most of the time, but there was also the class of people known as thief-takers. These were a lot closer to bounty hunters than police. And oftentimes, they were in league with the criminals themselves. They would take their cut of any spoils, receive payment from the aggrieved to track down the perpetrators, then be paid by the magistrate if the trial resulted in conviction, and occasionally even more if it ended in an execution. Not all thief-takers were like that, of course, but enough were that it became a common assumption that law enforcement was no better than the criminals.
In fact, the criminal justice system was so unabashedly corrupt that people, like today, sympathised more with the criminals. Pirates and highwaymen were just as popular back then as they are now (though, legitimately also highly feared). Many of them were quite famous and protected by the people, and there are still surviving songs and stories about the most audacious of them.
Dick Turpin is probably the most famous example.
Because crime was so difficult to detect unless criminals were caught in the act, the punishments were intentionally harsh, to deter people from committing them at all. In the 1790’s, there were 200 offences that carried the death penalty.
So you’ve been arrested. What next?
So you’ve been charged with a crime. You’ll be taken before a magistrate or a judge. Usually trials went quickly, sometimes taking as little as 15 minutes start to finish. You are not allowed to see the evidence presented against you beforehand, but you are allowed to write a statement in your defence and you are allowed to call witnesses to speak on your behalf. If you are wealthy, eloquent, well-mannered, well-connected, and well-educated (like Jane Austen’s aunt), you have a good chance of getting off. But I’m giving you a bad day, so you’re not. You are convicted.
So now, you get sentenced. Based on the severity of your crime, your behaviour in court, your social standing, race, sex, religion, possibly political leanings, and whether or not you’re a foreigner, the judge will decide what is best to do with you. You could be fined heavily (just enough so that you can’t afford it, at which point all of your possessions will be sold and you and your family will have to go to the debtor’s prison), you could be branded, you could be whipped, imprisonment (though, imprisonment as a punishment in itself wasn’t widely used), and being forced into military service (many chose ‘the King’s shilling’ over other forms of punishment).
He’s in a bad mood, so you’re going to be sent to the colonies. It’s the 1790’s so probably Australia. You’ll be held in a prison until a ship is ready for you (and you’ll have to pay jailor’s fees. If you can’t, your wife and children will go to the debtor’s prison until you complete your sentence, return, and make enough money to bail them out). If you’re lucky, you’ll survive the hard labour and harder inmates, and return to England in a few years, where you’ll spend the rest of your natural life trying to repair your reputation and earn a living.
Relevance to my story
My two main characters, Alois and Sulat, support themselves through crime–theft, mostly. They operate in a world where there exists a sort of magic black market, and they are employed by various people to find, retrieve, and deliver valuable magical items. Quite apart from the danger inherent in this line of work, the threat of detection and arrest are never far off. They use a variety of techniques (mostly running and hiding) to avoid being caught, but it doesn’t work every time. The thief-takers, Huw and Col, know their style, and lie in wait to catch them.
Andra is a smuggler who often hires Alois and Sulat to find things for her clients. She doesn’t like to get her hands dirty, and she finds the handing out of contracts and the delivering of goods to be more her speed.
Roul and Timur work as Andra’s enforcers. They’re huge, brutish, and not too bright. They are not known to carry weapons, as their size and strength is usually enough to deter too much backtalk. Andra keeps them in line through a combination of cunning and bribery. Usually, that’s enough…
Spotlight on Huw and Col, thieftakers
Huw and Col don’t get a whole lot of time to explain themselves in Magic Beans. There may come a day in later books when I delve deeper into their lives, but for right now, they serve mostly as the ever-present spectre of Justice that hound out heroes. So I’ll go a little into their back story here.
Huw and Col were childhood friends. Huw was a hunter and Col was a musician before the Ettin War. When the fighting started, they both signed up and did their bit. However, while the able-bodied men were fighting, the less altruistic members of society ran rampant with no one to police them.
During a particularly nasty battle, Col’s hand was smashed and he lost the fine motor skills he once prized. Since then, he has regained most of his functions, but he can never play like he used to. He lost his way, and turned to petty theft. Huw returned from the fighting to find that an elderly woodsman friend had been attacked and killed. Huw, always more serious and intense than Col, turned his skill at tracking and fighting and his newfound rage to thieftaking.
Their paths eventually crossed when Huw was hired to capture an auburn-haired dandy and chased his old friend to ground. Unable to take Col before the magistrate, for he would surely hang, Huw decided to forfeit his fees and harbour Col if Col agreed to give up thieving and join him in the business. Col agreed, and they’ve been working together ever since.
Col, the charismatic and charming one, usually deals with the clients, and Huw, the experienced and level-headed one, does most of the actual work. | <urn:uuid:9526ea05-665d-4e97-a640-2207ffca0096> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://avonvanhassel.com/2016/09/05/spotlight-on-history-crime-and-punishment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347436466.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603210112-20200604000112-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.982131 | 2,170 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Like hundreds of thousands of other Palestinians today, human rights activist Sumaya Farhat Naser's movement is restricted within Birzeit, a little hamlet nestling against the imposing background of the Ramallah hills about 25 km north of Jerusalem.
"I am free to move only within a radius of five to eight kilometres. To visit Jerusalem I have to pass through seven checkpoints forced upon us by Israel and spend more than four hours on the road. So most of my work is now confined to the Birzeit area with a weekly trip every Friday to Jerusalem for a workshop," says Naser, 56. This never-say-die activist, writer and academic has won numerous peace awards including the Mount Zion Award for Reconciliation between Cultures and Religions.
Born in 1948, the same year that Israel came into existence, Naser has spent an entire life witnessing the conflict between Palestinians and Israelis. Her dream remains to see the conflict end in her own lifetime. "For this to happen the people must first realise that there is an alternative to war," she says. It is for the same reason that Naser spends all her time training women and young people in the occupied territories of Palestine in conflict resolution, and in writing books like 'Daughter of the Olive Trees: A Palestinian Woman's Struggle for Peace'.
Despite the growing desperation in the area and an alarming increase in suicide bombers, including women suicide bombers, Naser continues to believe in non-violence. In 1995, she was presented the Dr Bruno Kreisky Award for Human Rights; she was back at the Vienna-based Kreisky Forum for International Dialogue recently, to talk about the problems of working and living in Palestine today. A professor of botany at Birzeit University, when Naser is not teaching, she is conducting workshops on non-violence, civic leadership, human rights, tolerance and empowerment.
Most of the young people who attend her workshops come without hope and little will to live. Often, none are able to come: there are restrictions imposed by Israeli authorities on the movement of Palestinians in the occupied territories. This causes them extreme hardship. According to the 2004 report of Amnesty International, about 3.5 million Palestinians are confined to their towns and villages by checkpoints and roadblocks enforced by the Israeli military in the occupied territories.
Some villages have been completely sealed off and urban areas are frequently placed under 24-hour curfews when no one is allowed to leave the house, often for prolonged periods. Palestinians are prohibited from driving on main roads connecting one part of the West Bank to another.
While Palestinians have had their movement restricted in varying degrees since Israel's occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, such restrictions have increased in the past decade. And since September 2000, with the renewal of the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of their land, these restrictions have reached an unprecedented level. New measures adopted by the Israeli military to tighten and enforce closures restrict Palestinians' freedom of movement, their basic human rights, in particular the right to work and to provide a living for themselves and their families. And such conditions have completely shattered the economy of the Palestinians.
When young girls are reluctant to come to the workshop because of a curfew or because they are prohibited from leaving the house without an escort, Naser is happy to have older women and mothers join in. And she is overjoyed when men are willing to come as well; but it is rare for men and unmarried women to attend the same workshop.
When asked about their ambition in life most young people at the workshop say that they want to die. "I would like to go to sleep and I wish that I never wake up," is a typical response at the workshop.
That is when Naser invites a therapist for further talks with those present - to get Palestinians to speak about their deepest fears and anxieties. According to Naser, it is important for young people to say what they think of the daily violence on the street and in the home. And they must be able to talk about increasing incest within families.
Depending on the situation, Naser also shares her own problems with those at the workshop - her emotional stress, given that her son-in-law is a political prisoner and that most of the men in her family are in trouble with the Israeli authorities. She also talks about how she tries to help her daughter cope with this reality.
At the workshops, she could be singing a song, telling a story or spontaneously pointing out a pretty plant. She could also devote an entire session on a ray of sunlight that has suddenly broken through the high walls erected around them, walls that imprison Palestinians in their own homes.
"As long as I am able to get a smile out of my young audience, I am prepared to do anything. The idea is to keep alive that will to live and for young Palestinians to be relatively optimistic in the midst of war," Naser says with a twinkle in her eye and a sweet, sad smile on her face.
Her happiest moment was after an involved discussion on suicide bombings, when a teenager asked her for an alternative to resist the Israeli military. "The child asked me to teach him a language that would help him to argue his point of view with the enemy instead of blowing himself up as a human bomb out of helplessness."
Palestinians seldom talk about suicide bombings with each other. In fact, to call the act 'suicide' is an insult because the bombers are looked upon as martyrs. But Naser tirelessly repeats at the workshops that the job of a human being is to preserve life, to learn to survive and to try to live with each other. "This life does not belong to us, it is a gift from God. We must always give ourselves a chance," she says, explaining to young people that according to the Koran, whoever kills a human being kills the world. | <urn:uuid:8bd81672-48be-4007-99a6-48e7960ec9d9> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=6260 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930259.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00255-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974396 | 1,196 | 2.609375 | 3 |
(CNN) -- First there was the discovery of dozens of bottles of 200-year-old champagne, but now salvage divers have recovered what they believe to be the world's oldest beer, taking advertisers' notion of 'drinkability' to another level.
Though the effort to lift the reserve of champagne had just ended, researchers uncovered a small collection of bottled beer on Wednesday from the same shipwreck south of the autonomous Aland Islands in the Baltic Sea.
"At the moment, we believe that these are by far the world's oldest bottles of beer," Rainer Juslin, permanent secretary of the island's ministry of education, science and culture, told CNN on Friday via telephone from Mariehamn, the capital of the Aland Islands.
"It seems that we have not only salvaged the oldest champagne in the world, but also the oldest still drinkable beer. The culture in the beer is still living."
Juslin said officials had talked to a local brewer about whether the new-found beer might be able to yield its recipe after experts decipher the brew's ingredients.
The newest find came as divers unearthed bottles separate from the earlier champagne find. While lifting a few to the surface, one exploded from pressure. A dark fluid seeped from the broken bottle, which they realized was beer.
All the cargo on the ship -- including the beer and champagne -- is believed to have been transported sometime between 1800 and 1830, according to Juslin. He said the wreck was about 50 meters deep (roughly 164 feet) in between the Aland island chain and Finland.
The cargo was aboard a ship believed to be heading from Copenhagen, Denmark, to St Petersburg, Russia. It could have possibly been sent by France's King Louis XVI to the Russian Imperial Court.
"Champagne of this kind was popular in high levels [of society] and was exclusive to rich groups -- it was not a drink for common people then," Juslin said.
Experts estimated the exclusive bubbly to be worth tens of thousands of euros per bottle. The value of the beer has not been determined. It is also unknown whether the beer went flat while sitting at the bottom of the Baltic for such a long time.
Some of the bottles of champagne were originally produced by Juglar, a premium champagne house no longer in existence, according to Juslin.
He said the cold sea water was a perfect way to store the spirits, with the temperature remaining a near-constant 4-5 degrees Celsius (around freezing temperature in Fahrenheit, or 32 degrees) and no light to expedite the spoiling process.
Investigators and historians have not yet unraveled the mystery surrounding the exact origin of the ship or the date when the ship went down.
Juslin said other artifacts were still lying in the shipwreck, but it would take several months to lift them out of the wreck.
The islands are at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia, in the Baltic Sea. They have Swedish-speaking people, though the island itself falls under Finnish protection. The Aland chain forms a Nordic archipelago of more than 6,000 skerries and islands. | <urn:uuid:6c59a231-36a0-4377-a0a4-fbc0ce2b76bc> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/09/03/baltic.sea.beer/index.html?hpt=T2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00083-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96693 | 650 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Will a child born today experience more heatwaves, wildfires, or droughts compared to a 60-year-old? The answer to this question might seem obvious: “Yes, of course.” But when it comes to the question “How much more?” climate scientists did not have the answer—until recently. In this article, we will describe a study in which we figured out how many extreme climate events a real person in a real location will face, depending on the year they were born and how many years they will probably live. These numbers are not the same across the world—the impacts are especially severe in low-income countries, many of which contribute only minimally to the climate crisis. Our results are a call to action—if the world does not take serious steps to limit global warming, young people everywhere will face a never-before-seen number of extreme climate events during their lifetimes.
The Future Is Warming Up…
Have you seen or read recent news stories about extreme heatwaves and wildfires across the world? These days such stories are common, and it is becoming increasingly obvious to both climate scientists and the public that the world’s weather patterns are changing due to human-caused climate change. Do you ever worry that adults are not doing enough to protect the planet, so that younger generations will have a safe and healthy world in which to grow up and raise their own children? Youth climate advocates like Greta Thunberg are speaking out strongly about the need to protect the planet for future generations by taking bigger steps now to combat the climate crisis, and thankfully the world is starting to listen.
When we talk about the climate crisis, we most often mean global warming—the increasing temperatures caused by the greenhouse gases produced by burning fossil fuels like oil, coal, and gas. Average global temperatures have already risen around 1°C since pre-industrial times (1850–1900) . If all the world’s countries keep fighting climate change at the same level they are today, by 2100 the median global temperature increase will be around 2.7°C. At the meeting of the United Nations Climate Change Conference in November 2021, countries promised to do more. But even if all participating countries follow through on their current pledges to reduce greenhouse gas production, the estimated median temperature rise is still estimated to be around 2.4°C.
While a few degrees of temperature rise might not sound like much, climate scientists know that this change will have serious consequences: sea-level rise, destruction of habitats, and changes in weather patterns. Climate scientists are convinced that rising global temperatures are linked to the increasing number and intensity of severe weather events that you might have seen on the news, including not only heatwaves and wildfires, but droughts, crop failures, river floods, and severe wind and rainstorms called tropical cyclones [2, 3]. Extreme weather can have many dangerous consequences. For example, wildfires and floods can directly injure or even kill people and can cause extensive damage to property. If crops die from drought or flood, food prices can increase, and food shortages (and even starvation) could result. Floods can contaminate drinking water with dangerous bacteria that could make people sick. If an extreme weather event damages the power grid and electricity is down for a long time, hospitals and other critical services could suffer and many lives could be lost (for more information on extreme weather and climate change, click here).
What Makes This Study Special?
Since both warmer temperatures and the extreme climate events associated with them are increasing, it seems obvious that a child born today will experience more climate extremes than a 60-year-old. But how much more? Until we performed our study, climate scientists were good at comparing two time periods to predict, for example, how heatwaves will change between now and 2100 how many there might be, how hot they might be, and how long they might last. However, these scientists typically did not look at the issue from the point of view of individuals…what does climate change mean for a specific person born in a specific place in a specific year?
Our study is special because we determined how many extreme climate events a real person in a real location will face across their entire lifetime, depending on the year they were born and their life expectancy. The results of our study are the first to predict, for example, how likely a person is, over the course of their lifetime, to experience extreme heatwaves (the kind that would only occur once every 100 years in a world without human-caused climate change) or other climate extremes.
We made two main kinds of comparisons. First, we compared average lifetime exposures of younger generations to the average lifetime exposure of a 60-year-old person, under a range of possible warming scenarios. For example, how many more heatwaves would a child born in 2020 face during their lifetime than would be faced by a person who is currently 60 years old, over their entire lifetime? Second, we compared the average lifetime exposure of people living now to that of people living under pre-industrial climate conditions. For example, how would the number of heatwaves experienced by a 6-year-old born in 2020 compare to that of someone living in a world without human-caused climate change?
In addition to heatwaves, we also looked at lifetime exposure to other climate extremes, including droughts, crop failures, river floods, tropical cyclones, and wildfires.
Results: Comparing Generations
Under current pledges, which would bring global warming to 2.4°C by 2100, our results show that children will face many more extreme climate events during their lifetimes than the average 60-year-old person will face, and that this is especially true in low-income countries (see below). On average, babies born across the globe in 2020 will face around seven times more scorching heatwaves during their lives than a person born in 1960—someone of their grandparents’ generation. While heatwaves might not sound like a big deal, they are actually silent killers that cause many fatalities. The 2003 heatwave in Europe caused 70,000 deaths, for example. In addition to heatwaves, babies born in 2020 will, on average, live through 2.6 times more droughts, 2.8 times more river floods, 1.5 times more tropical cyclones, almost 3 times more crop failures, and 2 times the number of wildfires as people born 60 years ago (Figure 1).
Results: Comparing to Pre-Industrial Times
While comparing generations against each other can give us interesting information, it does not account for the fact that people born in 1960 are already facing increasing weather extremes. We just have to look at the recent news to see that such extremes are currently happening across the world. For this reason, we also decided to compare the lifetime extreme event exposures of people living today to imaginary people living in a pre-industrial climate before humans did things to increase global warming. We also extended the upper limit of warming in our study, because it is not at all certain that current climate pledges will be met…and even if they are, they may not be enough to slow warming to 2.4°C.
If 3°C of global warming occurs by 2100, a child who was 6 years old in 2020 will experience 2 times more wildfires and tropical cyclones, 3 times more river floods, 4 times more crop failures, 5 times more droughts, and 36 times more heatwaves in their lifetime, compared to someone living under pre-industrial climate conditions. If global warming reaches 3.5°C, children born in 2020 will experience an average of 44 times more heatwaves!
If warming reaches or exceeds 1.5°C by the end of this century, which seems very likely under current policies, the expected lifetime exposure to heatwaves, crop failures, droughts, and river floods for people born after 1980 would have been virtually impossible (a <0.01% chance) in a world without climate change. This means that people younger than 40 will live extraordinary lives in terms of the numbers of heatwaves, crop failures, droughts, and river floods they will be exposed to, even under the strictest efforts to slow climate change.
Region and Income Also Matter
It is important to note the numbers we have provided so far are for the world as a whole. These global numbers hide important variations across regions. For example, people under 25 years old in the Middle East and North Africa will face at least seven times more extreme events under current climate pledges compared to an imaginary person living under pre-industrial climate conditions. For newborns, this rises to more than nine times, which is much greater than the average increase across the whole world (five times). For children, the second hardest-hit region is sub-Saharan Africa, where children will also experience extreme climate events at levels higher than the global average.
We also examined the relationship between a country’s income and the increase in exposure of young generations to extreme climate events (Figure 2). This analysis told us that low-income countries are hit especially hard: newborns in low-income countries will face by far the strongest increases in lifetime exposure to extreme climate events—more than five times more than a person living in the absence of climate change.
This is a big problem! First, the regions of the world where we will see the greatest impact of climate change on young generations release the lowest amounts of greenhouse gases and thus contribute the least to the climate crisis. Second, children in low- and lower-middle income countries are generally more vulnerable. Their survival often depends on farming and their homes are not well protected against climate extremes like tropical cyclones or heatwaves, so they might suffer more negative effects from extreme climate events. Third, there are huge numbers of children living in these hard-hit regions. For instance, 64 million children were born in Europe and Central Asia since 2015, and those children will experience four times more extreme climate events under current climate pledges compared to a person living in the absence of climate change. However, 205 million children were born in sub-Saharan Africa in that same period, and those children will experience six times more extreme event exposures in their lifetimes, including 49–54 times more heatwaves! So, not only does the average child in sub-Saharan Africa face a much stronger increase in exposure to extreme events, but there are also many more children born into that situation, which means that children in poor countries face an unbalanced burden of climate change.
A Call to Action
Unfortunately, things might be even worse than what you have read so far. Several of the assumptions we had to make to perform our analysis actually simplify reality, and we have good reasons to think that our results underestimate the actual increase in lifetime exposure to extreme climate events. We clearly need to do more to protect the world’s children from the potentially devastating effects of climate change.
Young children have the most to lose if global warming intensifies, but they also have the most to gain if we succeed in limiting global warming. Based on the amount of warming predicted for current pledges (2.4°C by 2100), children will face a 7-fold increase in lifetime heatwave exposure compared to their grandparents; however, if warming is limited to 1.5°C, children will face “only” a 4-fold increase. Further, if global warming is limited to 1.5°C, the lifetime extreme event exposure burden on newborns will be reduced between 10 and 40%, depending on the extreme event category (Figure 3). Here is an interactive website where you can find out about what climate change will mean for your life.
This is a clear message of hope and a clear call to action. There is nothing preventing us from decreasing production of CO2 and other greenhouse gases and limiting global warming to 1.5°C, which would safeguard the future of the world’s young generations. For many years, most people have viewed climate change an issue we must consider for future generations, or for protecting people who live somewhere else. But climate change exists today, and it is everywhere. Even the current 1°C of warming we are now experiencing is causing extreme events around the world. No region is spared. Every 10th of a degree matters for protecting lives.
For decades, climate scientists have been saying the things I am telling you now. The difference is that, today, society and policymakers are finally starting to understand how important this issue is, due in large part to youth climate advocates like Greta Thunberg. Young people from around the world are leading protest marches, school strikes, and even hunger strikes to demand bold climate action. Their message is clear, simple, and incredibly strong: listen to the science, understand the science, and act upon the science. In my case, these young people have inspired my research and earned my deep respect along with that of many of my fellow climate scientists. Policymakers admit that discussions of climate actions, such as the European Green Deal, have become more relevant because young people are demanding it. These youths, who are often not yet old enough to vote, have made it clear that tackling climate change is about safeguarding their lives and their futures.
There has also been a recent surge in climate lawsuits, in which people around the world are suing governments and fossil fuel companies for contributing to negative climate impacts or for not doing enough to stop greenhouse gas release. In many cases, these lawsuits are led by young people, who argue that current policies violate their rights under an agreement called the UN’s Convention on the Rights of the Child. Together, youth protests and climate lawsuits are game changers.
Young people have, and will continue to play, a key role in the actions taken to protect their own futures. You can help, too—in big ways and small. First, as much as possible, conserve energy in your daily life and encourage your family and friends to do the same. The internet has lots of good ideas for conserving energy and decreasing your contribution to greenhouse gases. Also, keep learning, keep up to date with environmental news, and help to spread accurate information. You could even become a climate scientist and do your own studies someday!
A blog post by the scientist who led the research: https://www.isipedia.org/report/the-kids-aren-t-alright/.
What the United Nations Climate Change panel says about the effect of climate change on the lives of today’s children: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/about/frequently-asked-questions/keyfaq3/.
Co-written by Susan Debad Ph.D. graduate of the University of Massachusetts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (USA) and scientific writer/editor at SJD Consulting, LLC.
Climate Change: ↑ Long-term changes in Earth’s weather patterns.
Global Warming: ↑ The long-term heating of the Earth seen since the Industrial Revolution, due primarily to fossil fuel burning.
Fossil Fuels: ↑ Oil, coal, and gas, which are burned to produce electricity, heat buildings, or drive vehicles.
Pre-Industrial: ↑ The period before the Industrial Revolution, when the climate was around 1°C colder than today. This period is often used as a reference by climate scientists to assess climate change.
Current Pledges: ↑ The actions that countries around the world promise to take by 2030, to combat climate change. If these promises are fulfilled, we will end up with around 2.4°C of warming by 2100.
Climate Extremes: ↑ Weather events that occurred only rarely (once every 25 or 100 years) under pre-industrial climate conditions. Climate extremes include heatwaves, droughts, river floods, tropical cyclones, wildfires, and crop failures.
Lifetime Extreme Event Exposure: ↑ The number of climate extremes a person will experience from the year they are born until the year they die.
Current Policies: ↑ The actions that countries around the world are currently taking to combat climate change. If these policies continue, we will end up with around 2.7°C of warming by 2100.
Conflict of Interest
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Original Source Article
↑Thiery, W., Lange, S., Rogelj, J., Schleussner, C. F., Gudmundsson, L., Seneviratne, S. I., et al. 2021. Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes. Science 374:158–60. doi: 10.1126/science.abi7339
↑ IPCC. 2021. Summary for policymakers. In: V Masson-Delmotte, P Zhai, A Pirani, SL Connors, C Péan, S Berger, N Caud, editors, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, In Press. p. 3–32, doi: 10.1017/9781009157896.001
↑ Pokhrel, Y., Felfelani, F., Satoh, Y., Boulange, J., Burek, P., Gädeke, A., et al. 2021. Global terrestrial water storage and drought severity under climate change. Nature Climate Change 11:226–33. doi: 10.1038/s41558-020-00972-w
↑ Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., et al. 2020. Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth’s Future 11:e2020EF001616. doi: 10.1029/2020EF001616 | <urn:uuid:73bacb5c-878d-4aee-8322-6fab2a391e95> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2023.1052367 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510130.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926011608-20230926041608-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.946144 | 3,737 | 3.734375 | 4 |
This statue of Our Lady of Guadalupe in the Extremadura region of western Spain, is not to be confused with the Tilma of Our Lady of Guadalupe at Tepeyac, Mexico. The statue of Our Lady of Guadalupe, which was carved by Saint Luke the Evangelist, was given to Saint Leander, Bishop of Seville, by Pope Saint Gregory I in gratitude to Saint Leander for converting the Visigothic kings, Saint Hermengild1 and Recared.
In the year 714, less than 150 years after Pope Saint Gregory had given Saint Leander the Statue, Seville fell to the Moors. The Image was taken by priests, who were fleeing the Moorish armies, to the region along the Guadalupejo (now Guadalupe) River in Extremadura. The priests who fled north with the Statue buried it in the hills near the Guadalupe River to prevent the Moors from discovering it. The Statue was so well hidden that in fact the Moors never did find it; then again, neither did the Catholics.
At the beginning of the fourteenth century, a shepherd named Gil Cordero began to report apparitions of Our Lady in his field near the present day city of Cáceres. Our Lady ordered Gil Cordero to enlist the help of priests to dig at the place where She had appeared to him. The priests soon unearthed the Statue along with all of the documents and found Our Lady of Guadalupe to be in perfect condition.
Alfonso XI, King of Castile and León, became one of the first regular pilgrims to Guadalupe. King Alfonso XI wanted to expand the chapel of Guadalupe into a church and monastery, but he died in 1350, so it was completed by Juan I of Castile. King Juan I entrusted the shrine to the Hieronymites, Order of Saint Jerome. The Monastery maintained its royal patronage until 1835, when Church properties were seized and religious orders dispersed in Spain during the First Carlist War.
Among the many noteworthy personages that visited the Monastery of Our Lady of Guadalupe, was Queen Isabella I, King Ferdinand II and Christopher Columbus. In 1486, during a Holy Week pilgrimage to this shrine, Columbus met with representatives from the court of the Catholic Monarchs to negotiate royal sponsorship of his voyages to India. After Columbus reached America in 1492 he returned to the Monastery of Our Lady of Guadalupe to give thanks to God, through the intercession of the Virgin of Guadalupe, who had granted him a safe voyage.
The shrine of Guadalupe is a stunning complex of five main structures: the Mudejar cloister, the Gothic cloister, the Plateresque portal, the church building itself, which dates back to 1730 and was designed by one of Christopher Columbus’ descendants, and a painting and sculpture museum that houses works by many of Spain’s finest artists.
In 1907, the Virgin of Guadalupe was canonically crowned and declared the Patroness of Extremadura. Our Lady’s patronage was extended in 1928 to the entire Spanish-speaking world. In 1955, Pope Pius XII declared the Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe a minor papal basilica.
- LEOVIGILD, King of the Visigoths, had two sons, Hermenegild and Recared, who reigned conjointly with him. All three were Arians until Hermenegild and Recared were converted by Saint Leander. Furious at their conversion, their father, Leovigild, had Hermenegild imprisoned and tortured in order to apostasies. Hermenegild refused and was beheaded on Easter night. A bright light shown from his cell letting all know of his martyrdom. Leovigild on his death-bed, though still an Arian, bade his son Recared to seek out Saint Leander, whom he had himself cruelly persecuted, and, following Saint Hermenegild’s example, converted to Catholicism. Recared, on his father’s death labored so earnestly for the extirpation of Arianism that he brought over the whole nation of the Visigoths to the Church. Saint Hermenegild’s feast day is April 13th. | <urn:uuid:4c508093-29d9-4980-98ad-b57c79baac2f> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.tfp.org/our-lady-of-guadalupe-spain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492295.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604223445-20200605013445-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.97133 | 903 | 3.5 | 4 |
Search for WorkSafe publications, fact sheets, forms and guides.
A risk assessment builds knowledge and understanding about hazards and risks that have been identified so that informed decisions can be taken about controlling them.
Risk assessment involves:
- determining what levels of harm can occur.
- determining how harm can occur.
- determining the likelihood that harm will occur.
January 25, 2007 - Information on the security risk assessment and security plan on storing resources for agricultural use of security sensitive ammonium nitrate.14813
November 28, 2003 - Regulations on prevention of falls in the workplace.14761
April 27, 2005 - Advice for clients, contractors and workers associated with the collection of waste involving the operation of plant near overhead electrical cables.21813
May 1, 2011 - Safety measures you and your employees can take when working on and around stockpiles of grain, silage or other agricultural matter.24838
November 30, 2006 - A form for labour-hire employers to assess job safety in the host employer's workplace.10077
August 1, 2013 - A checklist for small business operators on understanding health and safety responsibilities, identifying risks and controlling hazards in the workplace.142561
January 1, 2015 - Information about requests for high risk work licence assessor authorisations for interstate Registered Training Organisations.200556 | <urn:uuid:156bb5f5-ac39-4f14-b3d0-99eaeb2bf754> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/info/home?collection=worksafe-knowledge-centre-web&query=risk%20assessment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514250.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212021458-20171212041458-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.893421 | 271 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Today, children are addicted to video games and television, thus these obstacle races are great ways to keep the children busy and active. Physical activities help improve the child's gross motor skills, coordination, balance and overall child development. Generally, obstacle races are set up outdoors; however, when the weather is bad, they emerge as intriguing indoor obstacle courses.
While setting up an obstacle course, one needs to keep in mind the different activities such as hopping, jumping, crawling, walking, climbing, etc. that can be incorporated into the course activities. Some 6-8 stations are good enough to have a decent obstacle course. There are various obstacle course ideas that one can choose from, to keep the children entertained in one's backyard. However, the suitability will depend on the age group of children you are planning the activity for. Most of the activities mentioned below are meant for children between the ages of 6 to 13.
A newspaper is commonly available at home. Just get hold of as many newspapers as one can and set them aside for this fun activity. Provide the children with two sheets each. Ask them to place one sheet before them and walk from one marked line to another. They need to place one sheet before them and step on it, then place the next sheet in front of them and step on it, and then turn around to lift the previous sheet for the next step.
Dig about 5-6 holes in the ground equidistant from each other. Insert a 2 foot tall bamboo stick into each one. At about a distance of 3-4 feet from the bamboo line construction, erect another bamboo line of the same height. Then tie threads from one bamboo pole of line 1 to bamboo pole of line 2, in a zigzag fashion. This way you will get a thread mesh on top. The children have to crawl on their bellies to complete this obstacle course.
Provide each child with a small fabric bag (with cloth handles). Place golf balls across the backyard at equidistant spots in a line, or in a zigzag pattern. The kids are to squat at the starting line and then jump like a frog towards the golf balls. When they reach the golf ball, they can stand and put the ball into their fabric bag that is hanging onto their wrists. The more the number of golf balls that one can collect, the better.
Mark a route for this activity and place various goodies or objects at different spots on the course. The child is supposed to cycle and collect as many items as he can and place them in the basket. The rule that needs to be remembered is that the child should not leave the bicycle at any time. In order to pick up the item, the child has to cycle towards the side of the object and then bend and pick it up. One can increase the difficulty level, by altering the cycling path.
Tie a sturdy string from one tree to another, or any support you can find. You want to tie it such that the height of the string is about one to feet above the child's head. To this horizontal line, tie bagels, such that the bagel hangs like Christmas decorations from a string. The child has to come and stand before the bagel, keep his hands behind him and chew three bites from the bagel. Buy small bagels, to increase the difficulty level.
If you have some old cushions or pillows in the attic, bring them down for this activity. In this station, one needs to place two to three rows of cushions or pillows, adjacent to each other. The children are supposed to crawl over the cushions and reach the other side.
This station activity involves balloons. The table should be completely masked by the bouncing balloons that have been strung together. For a 3-by-6 foot table, around 100 balloons are required. Use yarn and tape to keep the balloons firmly in place on top of the table, underside and across the four legs. Use foam padding to wrap the legs of the table. Ask the kids to crawl into the sea of balloons (under the table) and come out from the other side.
Place blocks of bricks at a small distance from each other, such that the child can hop from one brick to another. Make the course in a zigzag fashion. Let this brick line lead to the next challenge in the obstacle race. If you manage to get wooden blocks, you can place them instead of bricks.
Using the above-mentioned obstacle course ideas as a guideline, one can come up with many more obstacle course games. The difficulty level of obstacle course for kids can differ depending on the age group, number of children and abilities. After deciding on the number of stations appropriate for the number of children participating, one should ensure that the activities are simpler at the initial stations, with the level of difficulty increasing with every station. If the number of children participating are large, one can sort them into groups. The time to accomplish the feat for each group can be noted with the help of a stop watch. The winning children or teams can be awarded certificates or prizes to add to the excitement. | <urn:uuid:55e42303-95ed-4125-87aa-b807b54711d0> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://aptparenting.com/obstacle-course-ideas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529955.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211045724-20191211073724-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.960017 | 1,043 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Many of us have gotten sucked into food labels as our whole-hearted effort to eat healthy has blinded us to the false promises on packages such as “fat-free," "multi-gran," "gluten-free," and even, "vegan." Our health-conscious effort can end up backfiring on us, since most of these labels can cost us our health if we’re not cautious about the ingredients and servings they contain. While chips and soda have been ousted as the biggest culprits of unhealthy snacking, it’s time to bust a handful of “healthy” snack imposters that have gone under the radar and may actually be harmful for our health.
This popular breakfast and/or snack food has become synonymous with healthy eating, but it could actually be risky to your heart health. A small amount of granola can contain trans-fat and sugar – both known to increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. The snack is a carbohydrate that is cooked in fat, which can produce indigestible molecules that the human digestive, endocrine, and eliminatory systems cannot handle, according to Dr. Henry G. Bieler, physician, and author of Food Is Your Best Medicine. The buildup of these molecules in our system can cause toxicity and result in disorders from colds to heart disease.
You can still consume granola, but be sure to read the ingredients, and avoid mixes with corn syrup or other artificial additives. Serving size is key — a quarter cup of granola will suffice and help you avoid the vicious cereal cycle of adding more granola, and then adding milk to the bowl, followed by more granola. Avoid chocolate chips or yogurt added to your granola mix.
2. Trail Mix
A can or bag of trail mix can seem like the easiest and most effective way to healthy snacking, but this food is actually salt- and sugar-laden. Dried fruit contains a large amount of added sugar to enhance the taste, and this amount of sugar increases the calorie count, which also makes the trail mix even higher in calories, the San Francisco Gate reported. Raisins, apricots, and prunes are among the most popular dried fruits that are often sweetened with added sugar. A small handful of trail mix can contain 300 plus calories and is best suited for those are looking for extra calories to burn, not for those who just want to snack. Trail mix can still be healthy, depending on the individual ingredients used.
3. 100-Calorie Snacks
The 100-calorie label on some of our favorite snacks seem to ease our guilty conscious of consuming these chips and cookies, but this doesn’t automatically classify it as a healthy food. These packaged foods are still high in carbohydrates and fat and tend to be easier to overeat because they come in small portions. A 2008 study found that smaller “snack” packages actually encouraged participants to eat nearly twice as much, without any hesitation, compared to those who ate from larger packages. These 100-calorie snacks may help people curb mindless eating, but only if they limit themselves to one package.
4. Energy Bars
Energy, fiber, and protein bars lure in those seeking to obtain higher amounts of fiber or protein in their diet. However, these bars are often filled with high fructose corn syrup, added sugar, saturated fat, and synthetic ingredients that can actually make us unhealthy rather than keep us fit and trim. The high fructose corn syrup and maltodextrin are often found in both energy and protein bars, and derive from GMO (genetically modified organism) corn, says Dr. Linda Marquez, a nutritionist, on her website. In addition, these bars can create a hormonal imbalance, since most contain protein made from soy, which is 90 percent GMO.
5. Frozen Yogurt a.k.a. “Fro-Yo”
Choosing frozen yogurt over ice cream seems like a healthier alternative when it comes to saturated fat, but not calories or simple sugars. Adding sugar and fat-laden toppings such as cookies, candy, and hot fudge can actually equal to the amount of its ice-cream counterparts. The Boston Globe reported the amount of sugar can vary from 20 grams in a half-cup serving in the more basic flavors to 52 grams in others. However, if you do choose to have fro-yo, go for the fruit toppings.
Fruit smoothies seem like a fool-proof way to healthy snacking, while getting part of your fruit intake, but this can be doing more harm than good. If a smoothie’s main ingredient is fruit juice, it adds calories without providing the good fiber from the fruit itself. Also, the health benefits of smoothies are negative by the sugar or fatty creams used to make them. These smoothies can also have as much as 650 to 1000 calories, more than a cheeseburger, due to the extreme portions of fruit, vegetables, and simple sugars and syrups, according to Dr. Oz. It’s best to avoid premade or store-bought smoothies and make your own at home.
Next time you want to snack healthy, be wise and read what’s behind the label. | <urn:uuid:07b88661-2530-4113-bf75-564e6a65835a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicaldaily.com/unhealthy-foods-avoid-6-healthy-snacks-may-actually-be-ruining-your-health-284868 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947151 | 1,079 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Sub-working group of BWG 4 – Drylands
1. Introduction & Objectives
The Wood- and Shrubland ‘biome’ includes a large range of vegetation types including woodlands, savannas, shrub lands, scrublands and chaparral interleaved with one another in mosaic landscape patterns distributed along the western coasts of North and South America, areas around the Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, and Australia, jointly representing about 5% of the planets surface. Woodlands are important for the wellbeing of many millions around the world in many ways and market institutions are being put in placed to promote the flow of woodland products to the final consumers.
Objective: The objective of the Wood- & Shrubland Working Group is to provide a platform for researchers and practitioners to exchange information and discuss ideas and experiences on Assessment of Ecosystem Services provided by the various types of wood- and shrublands and make the information available to a wider community of users.
2. Lead Team & Members
- Luis C. Rodriguez, CSIRO, Australia
- Pradip Dey, Indian Institute of Soil Science
- Silvie Daniels, Belgium
- Dieter van den Broeck, EarthCollective
If you are interested in becoming a member of the Lead team, please contact the current lead team members.
If you are interested in becoming a member of this Working group, please click here. | <urn:uuid:53b60a5e-7ff4-45aa-8e2e-c5b062af99b2> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.es-partnership.org/community/workings-groups/biome-working-groups/bwg-4-drylands/4a-shrublands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525355.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717161703-20190717183703-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.935237 | 292 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Military Ground Vehicle electric power demands continue to grow as new mission equipment is added. Using an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) consumes less fuel than restarting the main engine frequently to charge batteries. To meet the rising demand for powerful, L-3 Combat Propulsion Systems is developing a family of heavy-fuel rotary engines. Rotary engines offer superior power density making them a good choice for applications that require high power in a limited space. Heavy fuel capability simplifies logistical challenges in the field. However, rotary engines have unique cooling challenges. Unlike a piston engine, the intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust events all take place at their respective fixed positions around the circumference of the rotor housing, leading to large temperature differences around the housing. The cooling system must be carefully developed to minimize these temperature differences in an effort to control thermal deformation, minimize thermal stress, and retain material strength. This paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of a single-fluid cooling concept compared (oil) to a dual-fluid cooling concept (oil and water-ethylene glycol). | <urn:uuid:1543e26c-1a67-4a00-82ab-f21509cc5f85> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://gvsets.ndia-mich.org/publication.php?documentID=203 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991921.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516232554-20210517022554-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.921974 | 218 | 2.828125 | 3 |
© 2005 Marta Hernandez, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ. This picture was taken by
a Raptor Free Flight trainer at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Musuem.
The Prairie Falcon is a cold-hardy and heat-tolerant raptor that is found primarily in the dry land. They can usually be found near dry places. This website will talk about how the Prairie Falcon survives in harsh conditions like those found in the Sonoran Desert.
Prairie Falcons live in the hills, canyons, and mountains of arid grasslands and shrug-steppes of southwestern Canada, the western United States, Baja California, and Northern Mexico. Their primary diet is smaller size birds, and they also hunt small mammals like squirrels, rabbits, mice, reptiles and insects, Yum. Prairie Falcons catch prey on the ground or close to the ground. HOW? The Prairie falcon is known for its fast diving, alternating a number of fast strokes with short glides, very fascinating. Most of the hunting is done within thirty meters of the ground. They lay five eggs at the nest that is high enough to keep it out reach from predators. If you click on the website below, it has more information and also pictures of Prairie Falcons.
© 2005 haustka1, The Western Scrub Jay is approximately 10 inches in length, and could be falcon food, although it may be a little big for Prairie Falcon to eat.
Prairie Falcons have these Characteristics
- Like other falcons, the paririe falcon can be distinguished from hawks in flight by tip pointed wings.
- They have light brown feathers on their back and pale feathers on their front. Prarie falcons may also have a dark mustache on their pale face and a dark area beneath the wing area.
- They make "Kree-Kree-Kree" sounds
- Their full length is about 16 inches, and Wingspan is about 40 inches
- They have a short beak that is a dark grayish color
- They have a dark brown cap and cheek and a brown tail
- The wing tips fall a couple inches short of the tail on a perched bird
- When they are immature, Prairie Falcons lack pale bars on their back feathers, making the back appear darker, and they have more heavily streaked underparts.
- As it grows an adult, the prarie falcom acquires pale brown bars on their back feathers, and their whitish underparts have only a few dark streaks on the breast and a few spots on the belly.
They are currently declining, in some places due to habitat loss, and possibly due to nest robbing by people and rodent poisining.
Young Prairie Falcons have 75 percent of chance to survive to become a adult. Even though they can live up to 20 years, the average lifespan is less than 3 years.
Prairie falcons are very interesting birds, and their numbers are currently declining. It is important to study Prairie falcons to preserve and protect them.
More information and pictures are provided at the websites listed below.
Information on the Internet
- Prairie Falcon Falco mexicanus This website shows identification tips for Prairie Falcon and shows some pictures.
- Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group This website shows the facts about the Prairie Falcon.
- Praririe Falcon (Falco mexicanus) This website contains photo and facts about the Prairie Falcon. | <urn:uuid:6539bf6a-ae69-4422-88f6-463e21012fe8> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3201 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425193.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725122451-20170725142451-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.941016 | 713 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Harald zur Hausen's Experiments on Human Papillomavirus Causing Cervical Cancer (1976–1987)
From 1977 to 1987, Harald zur Hausen led a team of researchers across several institutions in Germany to investigate whether the human papillomavirus (HPV) caused cervical cancer. Zur Hausen's first experiment tested the hypothesis that HPV caused cervical cancer rather than herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), the then accepted cause. His second and third experiments detailed methods to identify two previously unidentified HPV strains, HPV 16 and HPV 18, in cervical cancer tumor samples. The experiments showed that HPV 16 and 18 DNA were present in cervical tumor samples. Zur Hausen concluded that HPV, not HSV-2, caused cervical cancer, which enabled researchers to develop preventions, such as the HPV vaccine. | <urn:uuid:676b19bc-8078-4284-b4ca-2b56ff3d6957> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://hpsrepository.asu.edu/handle/10776/11444 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583763839.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121070334-20190121092334-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.918857 | 178 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Why has this quiet, remote valley in Cumbria had such a turbulent past?
It wasn’t always so tranquil here. On and off for 130 years this fellside has been alive with the hustle and bustle of mining. Today just the ruins of Carrock Mine above and the giant spoil tips you can see dotting the hillside are all that’s left of a once huge industry.
But why set up a mine here on this remote mountainside, three kilometres from the nearest village? The answer is under your feet. Deep underground, are mineralised veins containing valuable metals.
From the 1850s small-scale works in lead, copper and arsenic ticked over, until the turn of the century when tungsten was found. Previously considered a useless by-product, tungsten high speed steel and tungsten cutting tools became vital to armaments manufacture – and it was therefore the threat, or reality, of war that brought Carrock Mine into and out of production.
Two Germans ran the mine from 1906 to 1912, employing a workforce of 105 men mining 23 tonnes every year. With the outbreak of World War One, the British, backed by a government in need of tungsten for the war effort, took over and mined almost 14,000 tons of ore up to 1918.
Afterwards mining took place sporadically throughout the 20th century – but only whenever the price of tungsten peaked. After the capture of Burma in 1942 caused a tungsten shortage, a group of Canadian servicemen ran the mine (while living in barracks here on the lonely fell). Later, in the 1950s the Korean War led to another spate of quarrying for tungsten.
Carrock Mine finally closed in 1981, putting an end to over a century of economic boom and bust and leaving behind the peaceful mountain setting you are enjoying today.
In 1917 a German geologist was sent by the Geological Survey to explore Carrock Mine for tungsten. Due to the secret nature of his mission, he refused to explain to the locals what he was doing. They smelt a rat – or, more accurately, a German spy – and decided to take the law into their own hands. A posse of Cumbrians sneaked up on the innocent rock expert, “roughed him up a bit” and locked him in a school. Police cleared up the confusion the following morning – and Carrock Mine would never see such drama again. | <urn:uuid:9eb7a6a4-3f10-48b1-a6f2-8bab7c6d4e5f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/north-west-england/viewpoints/carrock-mine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572077.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814204141-20220814234141-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.964778 | 511 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A valley is a type of landform which usually features as lowland between two higher landforms (which may be mountains or hills). Usually, valleys contain a stream or river flowing along the valley floor. Significant proportions of valleys are connected to other valleys downstream, which ultimately lead down to the coast. Most sides of large valleys in low-lying areas are usually gently sloping with an average slope of just a few degrees. However, in mountainous regions, valleys are typically deep and narrow and the sides have slopes of 35° or more.
All valleys are separated from adjacent valleys by a ridge called a drainage divide. The rain falling on opposite sides of drainage divides flow in opposite directions toward the bottoms of the adjacent valleys. This area bounded by a drainage divide is called a drainage basin, or, in the United States, a watershed, and it represents all of the land area drained by a valley.
The longest and broadest valley in the world is the Mississippi River Valley, which crosses the United States from north to south. Most times, the Mississippi River winds down the center of this valley and is joined at intervals by other major rivers flowing in their own valleys, such as the Missouri, Ohio, and Tennessee rivers.
Also, the deepest valley in the world is a section of the Indus River Valley in Kashmir. It passes through the western end of the Himalayas, the difference in height between the valley bottom and the top of the drainage divide is about 7000 m (about 23,000 ft).
The valleys are totally enclosed by higher terrain, and rivers or streams within them may terminate in a lake. Some examples of valleys that are wholly surrounded by higher ground and do not open to the ocean include Death Valley in California and the Jordan River Valley in the Middle East.
In some instances, valleys have side valleys, which are formed by tributaries to streams and rivers and feed the main stem. If the main channel is carved deeper than the tributary, as commonly occurs during glaciations, the side valleys are left hanging. Whereas, waterfalls often cascade from the outlet of the upper valley into the drainage below.
Some hollows, like those in Appalachia, are small valleys nestled between mountains or hills.
Most times, steep-sided valleys are often found in Young Mountain ranges where the land is still being lifted to create mountains. These steep-sided valleys occur because the uplift tends to increase the channel slope, which in turn causes the river to cut more rapidly into its bed.
For example, the Indus River maintains its course across the western end of the rapidly uplifting Himalayas by eroding its bed at a rate of up to 1 cm/year (up to 0.4 in/year). In most of the world, however, uplift is slow or absent. Thus slopes of most valley floors are low, the erosive power of most rivers is modest, and valley-side slopes tend to be relatively gentle. Valleys are very important landforms which have been known for several ages. They are of historical and economic importance.
Various Examples of Valleys
The following are some great examples of valleys:
- The Lauterbrunnen valley in Switzerland (situated in the Alps between gigantic rock faces and mountain peaks.
- Waipi’o Valley in Hawaii
- Khumbu valley in Nepal
- The valley of Geysers in Russia
- Douro Valley in Portugal
- Kaghan valley in Pakistan
- Jordan River valley in the Middle East
- Death Valley in California
- Napa Valley in California
- Porsmork valley in Iceland
- Hanza valley in Pakistan
- Verde Valley in Arizona
15+ Spectacular Facts About Valleys
Below are some spectacular facts about valleys:
Fact 1: The depth of a valley relative to the surrounding higher landforms is dependent on the degree of steepness of the mountains or hills. Water flows faster on steep mountains, which in turn leads to the formation of deeper valleys. In some cases, the valley formed as a steep canyon.
Fact 2: Interestingly, glaciers (huge sheets of ice) make larger valleys. The glaciers move slowly down a mountain and follow an existing valley (one created by a river). The glacier rounds out the valley in such a way that the resulting valley eventually has a U-shape of a V-shape.
Fact 3: Because of their location, valleys are usually protected from fierce winds and storms.
Fact 4: The Kali Gandaki River in Nepal is the world’s deepest valley. The valley lies between two 8,000-meter Himalayan peaks known as Dhaulagiri and Annapurna. The term ‘Himalayas’ refers to one of Earth’s most active tectonic uplifts, and this valley illustrates the rapid down-cutting that occurs in areas with a rapid uplift.
Fact 5: Most known valley in the world is the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River in Arizona. The Grand Canyon is 1 mile deep and 180 meters (590 feet) to 30 kilometers (19 miles) wide. The valley was formed when the Colorado River incised into a tall upward of sedimentary rocks.
Fact 6: When valley river waters wind closer to the sea, they follow the natural curves in the land by stripping sediment from outside bends and depositing it in the inside bends. The process of down-cutting, rock, and dirt dredged from the middle of the channel, leads to deep, slender chasms such as the Black Canyon in Colorado’s Gunnison National Park.
Fact 7: An important term related to ‘valley’ is ‘vale’. The term is used to describe a valley which has a running river.
Fact 8: Ever heard about the ‘dell’? The term is used to refer to a wooded valley. Dells have a small shape with a secluded feature. In Scotland, the word ‘glen’ is often used when referring to dell and the word ‘strath’ in Scotland is used when referring to a valley which has a running river and flat shape.
Fact 9: Small valleys are often seen on a mountain cover. The valley is formed due to the erosion of geology found in the southern and central Appalachian Mountains. The word ‘hollow’ is used when referring to a valley bordered by ridges or mountains.
Fact 10: Structural valleys are valleys formed during the rise of highlands or even drop faults. While erosional valleys are formed due to the presence of erosion. Some geographical features included as valleys include gullies, ravines, canyons, gorges, kloofs, and chines.
Fact 11: Valleys located in the Napf region of Switzerland include The Black Canyon of North America and upper Inn valleys of Australia. The valleys are some examples of broad V-shaped valleys.
Fact 12: River valleys have been of great importance since the ancient period. River valleys such as the Yellow River, Nile, Ganges, Indus, and Tigris-Euphrates originated the first human society.
Fact 13: Rivers on valleys are useful as a source of food and fresh water for people.
Fact 14: Tectonic activity may form rift valleys. A notable example is the Albertine Rift.
Fact 15: Valleys may not be formed from rivers or glaciers in some cases. Most times, valleys result from regions where two plates are not in complete touch with one another.
Fact 16: In some cases, valleys are created from rushing rivers or streams over several thousands of years.
Fact 17: A major characteristic of valleys is that they are totally enclosed by a higher terrain and rivers or streams which may terminate in a lake.
- Summerfield, Michael A. “Valley.” Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
- 25 Most beautiful valleys in the world. By Sameen (2015, April, 18). Retrieved from: https://www.list25.com/25-of-the-most-beautiful-valleys-in-the-world/2/ | <urn:uuid:a9de4bb6-df43-4ce3-b38b-936b28cf89d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://eartheclipse.com/science/geology/valley-definition-examples-facts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335448.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930082656-20220930112656-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.95201 | 1,698 | 4.0625 | 4 |
My broad topic is about pollution. So i narrow my topic - air pollution
Nowadays, When human has a high level of living, our earth has exhausted of many kinds of pollution, especially is air pollution, -one of the largest polluted sources come from three causes: growing urbanisation, increasing number of vehicles and deforestation by using fire. In this essay, we will look at these three causes of air pollution problem.
One of the main common causes of air pollution is an increase in urbanisation. A lot of people have moved from rural areas to urban areas because they want to look for better schools, hospital and services for themselves. As a result, the city population become overcrowded. Also, the level of air pollution increases in big cities.
A second cause of air pollution is an increase in the number of vehicles. The cost of motorbikes is very cheap and quite afforable for most families. For example: it is quite common for each families to have 3 to 4 motorbikes in the family. As the number of vehicles increases, the levels of air pollution increase.
A third major cause of air pollution is the clearing of forests using fire. In some countries where the population is booming people have to clear forests to make room for buildings, schools, hospitals and supermarkets. Using fire to clear forest is the cheapest available tool. As the result, the smoke which comes from fires, affects and pollutes our air quality.
In conclusion, Air pollution ‘s from 3 sources: urban growth, an increase in the number of mortobikes and clearing forests using fire. It’s the time for our government and us should take actions to protect environemnt for us and our future generations
No one correct this essay for a long time. So please help me to correct it. Thanks for ur help | <urn:uuid:9228c509-5270-4c6c-acda-050f6b4c5a80> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/64163-Please-correct-my-free-type-essay(Pollution) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928486.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00090-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946781 | 372 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Engineering Statistics Handbook
Publisher: NIST/SEMATECH 2003
The goal of this handbook is to help scientists and engineers incorporate statistical methods in their work as efficiently as possible. Many parts of the book feature case studies or short examples with computations from Dataplot, the free, downloadable software.
Home page url
Download or read it online for free here:
(multiple PDF files)
by Leon van Dommelen
This book was written for engineering graduate students who find themselves caught up in nano technology. The first part of the book provides a solid introduction to classical quantum mechanics, the second part discusses more advanced topics.
by William Hallauer - Virginia Tech
This is a formal college engineering textbook, complete with homework problems. It will be understandable for students of engineering system dynamics, a valuable teaching resource for course instructors, and a useful reference for self-study.
by A.R. Parkinson, R.J. Balling, J.D. Hedengren - Brigham Young University
In this text we discuss a computer-based approach to design optimization, to search for the best design according to criteria that we specify. Further, we employ sophisticated algorithms that enable the computer to efficiently search for the optimum.
by Kamran Iqbal - Bookboon
This book is addressed to engineering students and practicing engineers. It covers the fundamentals of commonly used optimization methods in engineering design. These include graphical optimization, linear and nonlinear programming, etc. | <urn:uuid:fccc2bba-ceaa-4a96-a43f-fd673649aca4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://e-booksdirectory.com/details.php?ebook=4025 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371893683.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410075105-20200410105605-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.876185 | 301 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The American Red Cross provides a list of iron-rich foods that includes meat and plant-based sources. Consuming these foods reduces the risk of developing iron deficiency anemia. The body absorbs more iron from meats than other food sources.Continue Reading
For best absorption of iron, meals should also include a source of vitamin C. Drinking citrus juice or consuming foods such as broccoli, melons, strawberries or tomatoes with the meal help to provide more of this vitamin. The body uses iron to produce hemoglobin, the substance in the blood responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the other cells. Iron deficiency anemia causes the person to feel fatigued and out of breath. Other symptoms include headaches, dizziness and feeling cold.
While a poor diet is one cause of iron deficiency anemia, other causes include blood loss, disease and an increase in the body's need for iron. Women, individuals over 65, dialysis patients and people who take blood thinners are at a higher risk for anemia. Some people have difficulty absorbing iron, which increases their risk for anemia. Doctors treat iron deficiency anemia by diagnosing and treating the underlying cause. Some patients with this type of anemia require oral iron supplements and a change in diet to recover from the condition.Learn more about Nutritional Content | <urn:uuid:d49987f1-bf8b-44cc-8bc3-4ae6987be553> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.reference.com/health/can-list-foods-rich-iron-2a8fce25adcbac87 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688966.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922130934-20170922150934-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.926927 | 262 | 3.671875 | 4 |
MauricioOfficially known as the Republic of Mauritius, it is a famous world tourist destination. The island is located in the Indian Ocean, southeast Africa, about 560 kilometers east of the island of Madagascar. There are many curious and interesting facts about Mauritius that you should know if you want to travel there. Groups ethnic like Africans, French, Asians and Chinese reside in this country.
Although the country occupies slightly less than 1300 kilometers square meters, it is very attractive worldwide making it one of the most visited destinations today. Formed as a result of rashes Underwater volcanic, this island has a lot to offer you, take note:
- The security, the army and the police function on the island of Mauritius are carried out by service personnel, who are commanded by the Commissioner of Police. The island does not have its own army.
- The national animal of Mauritius is Dodo, which has already become extinct. The bird was brutally hunted by the first settlers, as it provides good meat and was easy to hunt.
- The flower Mauritian national is Trochetia Boutoniana, which is commonly seen during the months of June to October.
- The first people to set foot on the island were the Portuguese in 1505. The dutch They followed soon after.
- This leaf-shaped island is the most populous in Africa. It also ranks seventeenth among the most populous countries in the world.
- The life expectancy of people residing in Mauritius is 73 years.
- About 40% of the island's population is in Port Louis, Which is the capital. It was created by the French in 1736.
Most MYSTERIOUS Ocean Facts! (March 2023) | <urn:uuid:811e2769-e05f-4607-b7bb-2ff9ed45271b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://hardhobbittobreak.com/2632-curiosities-about-mauritius | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949701.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401063607-20230401093607-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.973373 | 359 | 2.96875 | 3 |
20 June 2013
A University of the Sunshine Coast research project is screening the “physical literacy” of almost 1,000 local children in Years 1-8 to determine whether they have learned basic skills related to movement.
The USC team has just finished four months of recording how the children performed seven movement competencies – squat, lunge, push, pull, hinge, brace, rotate – along with their heights, weights and activity levels.
USC Research Fellow and Sport and Exercise Scientist Dr Mark McKean said the data would now be analysed. Depending on the findings, a further research project could develop an intervention model for the participating schools’ Physical Education (PE) classes.
“We’ve certainly noticed issues with the children’s movement abilities and we think it’s great the schools are keen to move to the next step with our research,” Dr McKean said.
“The children who performed well in these movements also were generally active during the day, through sport or fitness, games or lunchtime play. That may be one of the key factors.”
Dr McKean said many modern health problems were related to a lack of movement or could be treated by increased movement.
“Global research has proven the link between children who can’t move well and obesity,” he said.
“If a child doesn’t enjoy physical activity or feel capable, they won’t put themselves in that situation. They stay sedentary and inactive into adulthood.”
He said the ability to move was once a standard part of any child’s daily life and most children had a sound physical literacy that progressed into adulthood.
“However, with increasing technology, safety issues and environmental restrictions, many children no longer grow up with a movement-based approach to fun and daily activity,” he said.
“In order to provide our children with these basic foundations we must first understand the movement competencies required to develop this physical literacy.”
Dr McKean and his researchers screened the children between February and May this year at Sunshine Coast Grammar School and Immanuel Lutheran College after the principals offered their support.
Immanuel Lutheran College Principal David Bliss said: “Optimal exercise and movement competencies, flexibility and agility are cornerstones of healthy habits and lifestyle.
“Coupled with the proven links between ‘physical literacies’ and cognitive function, it was an easy decision for us to get in at the ground floor of this significant research.”
Sunshine Coast Grammar School’s Head of Primary School Paul Clegg said: “Our children are born into a digitised world where sedentary activities such as computer gaming and television viewing can take the place of physical games and activities in parks and backyards.
“We live in a protective environment where walking or riding to school has been replaced with transporting children to the school gate. Along with inactivity, childhood obesity threatens the future health and wellbeing of children.
“Children who are physically skilled are more confident, participate more, and are more likely to continue with physical pursuits later in school and life. Less-physically skilled children often stop trying and a pattern of inactivity can affect their confidence and self-esteem in other areas of learning and life.
“Sunshine Coast Grammar School is honoured to be part of the Physical Literacy Research program that will make a difference to the lives of our students now and into the future.”
The project will also have wider scope, incorporating the results of 150 children screened in Sydney and collaboration with the University of Wales in the United Kingdom.
Dr McKean, a former physical education teacher, said the current PE curriculum might need modification to address the lack of activity among modern children.
— Julie Schomberg | <urn:uuid:2746388b-08cd-4181-baaf-11d831a946d5> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.usc.edu.au/explore/usc-news-exchange/news-archive/2013/june/research-targets-childrens-physical-literacy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121644.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00347-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96434 | 795 | 3 | 3 |
Scientists at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory have created a recipe for a renewable 3D printing feedstock that could spur a profitable new use for an intractable biorefinery byproduct: lignin.
Two leaders in US manufacturing innovation, Thomas Kurfess and Scott Smith, are joining the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory to support its pioneering research in advanced manufacturing.
The construction industry may soon benefit from 3D printed molds to make concrete facades, promising lower cost and production time. Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are evaluating the performance of 3D printed molds used to precast concrete facades in a 42-story buildin...
As leader of the RF, Communications, and Cyber-Physical Security Group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Kerekes heads an accelerated lab-directed research program to build virtual models of critical infrastructure systems like the power grid that can be used to develop ways to detect and repel cyber-intrusion and to make the network resilient when disruption occurs.
The Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory is now producing actinium-227 (Ac-227) to meet projected demand for a highly effective cancer drug through a 10-year contract between the U.S. DOE Isotope Program and Bayer.
A novel method developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory creates supertough renewable plastic with improved manufacturability. Working with polylactic acid, a biobased plastic often used in packaging, textiles, biomedical implants and 3D printing, the research team added tiny amo... | <urn:uuid:ef9d105e-0440-43ea-8988-c9b7063fd89c> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.ornl.gov/news?f%5B0%5D=all_news_date%3A2018&f%5B1%5D=all_news_news_type%3ANewsReleases&f%5B2%5D=all_news_news_type%3AProfiles&f%5B3%5D=all_news_news_type%3AStoryTips&f%5B4%5D=all_news_science_area%3A954&f%5B5%5D=all_news_science_area%3A969&f%5B6%5D=related_news_topics%3A1160&f%5B7%5D=related_news_topics%3A1165&f%5B8%5D=related_news_topics%3A1167&f%5B9%5D=related_news_topics%3A1168&f%5B10%5D=related_news_topics%3A1174&f%5B11%5D=related_news_topics%3A1177 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141211510.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130065516-20201130095516-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.910041 | 326 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Read this in:
Gender-based violence is a complex epidemic. However, there is an incredibly simple strategic element for effectively addressing GBV that too often gets overlooked – boys and men are the root of the solution. There are many reasons why this makes sense, but the most obvious is the fact that boys and men are the primary perpetrators of violence against women. Eradicating GBV demands a comprehensive approach. Programmes and policies that focus only on women and girls are only partial solutions. | <urn:uuid:55a5d856-7efd-4b26-a0d7-a2f666186b28> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://guides.womenwin.org/gbv/engaging-boys | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363229.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206012231-20211206042231-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.966866 | 99 | 2.75 | 3 |
I have spent all evening trying to solve the following by many different ways to no avail. Would you please show me how to modify the ordinary formula for combination and permutation to suit the question:
Find the number of (a) combinations and (b) permutations of four letters each that can be made from the letters of the word Tennessee?
Could you explain why we need not consider the fact that we must use 9 letters to form 4-letter words, i.e.
In Case 1 for instance: n=9, k=4 (for 4-letter words), and r=4 (repeated letters) so that
9P4= n!/[(n-k)!r!] <--I know this is wrong but don't know why.
Pardon me for not knowing how to use latex for the factorials.
I appreciate the time given me for the help.
Case I. This is where we select 1 of each of the 4 different letters; so that's selection and arrangements of these 4 different letters.
Case II. One letter repeated; for example: e, e, n, s.
There are 3 ways of selecting which letter is to be repeated, and then ways of selecting which two of the remaining 3 different letters will accompany the repeated letter. So that's selections.
We can then arrange 4 letters which contain one pair of repeated letters in ways.
Case III. Two letters repeated: e, e, n, n, for instance. I think that's just ways of selecting which 2 of the 3 repeated letters we'll use. So I get a different answer here.
Then I agree with the answer of arrangements of 4 letters with 2 repeated pairs.
Case IV. I think this means 1 letter repeated 3 times. So that's the letter e with one of the remaining 3. That's 3 choices and arrangements of 4 items with a group of 3 'like' items.
Case V. This means 1 letter repeated 4 times. So that's 1 selection (all e's) and 1 arrangement.
So, when we add up, we get 17 selections (combinations) and 47 arrangements (permutations).
I have more questions on the permutations for case II, III, and IV.
They seem to imply one choice of repeated items.
I am thinking:
Case II: since there are three choices for the doublets.
Case III: since there are 3! ways of pairing the doublets.
Case IV: since there are 3 other distinct characters that can accompany the triplets.
I am still not too sure that I have included all scenarios.
Note: I am grateful that you and GRANDAD help me change my way of thinking. I could not make a headway last evening because I was too fixated by the rule which said An arrangment of any r n of objects, .
Thank you for reviewing my offer. You got me thinking again.
I listed the the following into the computer and do it un-mathematically.
I fed the each listed as follows and got 12 arrangement each for Case II:
12 for 2n's + s + e
12 for 2n's + s + t
12 for 2n's + t + e
12 for 2s' + n + e
12 for 2's + n + t
12 for 2's + e + t
12 for 2e's + t + s
12 for 2e's + t + n
12 for 2e's + s + n
Total arrangements for Case II = 108 arrangements
For Case III:
6 for 2e's + 2s's
6 for 2e's + 2t's
6 for 2s's + 2t's
Total 18 arrangements for Case III.
For Case IV:
4 for 3'e + t
4 for 3'e + s
4 for 3'e + n
Total 12 arrangements.
For total inclusive arrangements is 163.
I see your work everyday. You guys are very sharp. | <urn:uuid:50421ab2-910b-43fb-b11f-7c9319e23c69> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://mathhelpforum.com/discrete-math/108395-permutation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00272-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924175 | 838 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Controlling the environment: Restaurant game
Activity: Imagine you are going out for a meal in a restaurant with at least one other person. Here is a picture of a floor plan showing different scenarios you might find in a restaurant.
1. Select each of the seating areas to find out the pros and cons of communicating there.
2. Select which location is the best to hear conversation as well as possible? | <urn:uuid:bd303cf3-9d50-4221-8f22-d4f83609c67a> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://c2hearonline.com/Documents/comm-tactics/page06c.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145869.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224010150-20200224040150-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.962479 | 83 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This is an example presentation related to one of conference theme and strands this year:
Realize that everything connects to everything else –Leonardo da Vinci.
How are Socrates, da Vinci, Johann Pestalozzi, Edward Austin Sheldon, Buckminster Fuller, Janine Benyus, and Theodor Seuss Geisel connected? How are the Common Core Learning Standards and the Next Generation Science Standards connected to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math), to these individuals, and to students in our education system? This presentation will attempt to answer these questions and feature the activities that use NATURE to bring Common Core and STEM education into classrooms and improve learning outcomes. A work in progress, always remembering: “Nature is trying very hard to make us succeed . . .” (Buckminster Fuller). | <urn:uuid:e81089db-e55e-4b64-87ac-77a2df65f434> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://fallconference.com/2013/09/25/common-core-stem/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103033816.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220624213908-20220625003908-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.892654 | 167 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Reunifying families with substance use disorders
The tension between these two timelines — the urgency for children to be reunified with their families as soon as possible, versus the time needed for recovering parents to engage in services and prepare to safely care for their children — is a challenge.
With substance abuse being one of the primary reasons for removal from their homes (accounting for up to a third of all removals in 2015)1 timely reunification of children and youth in foster care with their parents can be a challenge. Recovery is a lifelong and cyclical process, with relapse not uncommon and often a part of the process to recovery. The federal Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) requires that children achieve permanency within 15 months of their 22 months in care, a difficult challenge at best, but especially for those getting treatment for substance abuse. The tension between these two timelines — the urgency for children to be reunified with their families as soon as possible, versus the time needed for recovering parents to engage in services and prepare to safely care for their children — is a challenge.
The single strongest predictor of reunification for families affected by substance abuse is completion of treatment. Studies have shown that women who complete 90 or more days of treatment nearly double their likelihood of reunification.2 Mothers who enter early into substance abuse treatment programs are more likely to reunify than mothers who don’t, and their children spend less time in foster care.3 Strategies that help motivate parents to enter and remain in substance abuse services are critical to enhancing treatment outcomes.
8.7 MILLION CHILDREN nationwide have a parent who suffers from a substance use disorder.4
- Identifying the issues related to substance abuse early is critical to the success of reunification and long-term recovery. Screening family members for possible substance abuse with culturally appropriate and validated tools should be routine. As the child’s advocate, inquire whether this has been completed.
- Engage recovery coaches. Studies show that parents are more likely to enter treatment quickly and stay longer if they have a recovery coach. Recovery coaches work with parents, child welfare caseworkers, treatment agencies and advocates to remove barriers to treatment and provide ongoing support to families.
Provide encouragement and frequent feedback to parents. Well-deserved praise can have a powerful impact on adult behavior. Recognize the hard work and struggle that is happening in the recovery and treatment process. Feedback that is timely, therapeutic and motivating instead of punitive or authoritative will be far better received
- Inquire about Family Treatment Drug Courts (FTDCs)5. FTDS are courts that bring together treatment services with case management in a supportive setting and coordinate those efforts with child protective services. Research shows that family reunification rates are higher, and children spend less time in care, when their parents participate in FTDC.6
- Ensure that parents are set up for success. Although reunification is a motivating force for recovery, mothers and fathers report experiencing significant stress from parenting for lengthy periods of time after they have regained custody. The emotional stress of being reunified can overwhelm coping resources and increase the risk of relapse. In addition, many parents do not have strong support networks in place to assist them after they reunify with their children. Help parents identify new and healthy relationships and supports to avoid social isolation. Make sure that they have things in place to be successful in reunification like stable housing, child care, a mentor, a schedule for meetings located in a convenient place, etc.
- Participate in the development of a safety plan in the event of relapse. Ensure that the team is coordinating with treatment providers to develop and implement a safety plan in the event of parental relapse. The plan may include identifying individuals who regularly check on the well-being of children. This plan can identify homes where the child can stay if the parents are unable to provide a safe environment. The plan can help the parent identify trigger behaviors that would necessitate safety planning.
- Learn about addiction and how it affects the whole family. Learn how treating the family holistically — rather than an individual child or parent in isolation — can be more effective in addressing a family’s underlying issues.
- Consider attachment-based parent-child therapy and/or trauma-informed services as key components to improving parent-child relationship given the stress that addiction can create in child-parent relationships.
- Celebrate families and equip them with supports as they journey on their road to recovery. A combination of therapies and other direct services tailored to meet the parent’s needs might include housing, transportation, child care, employment, and educational services. Studies show that treatment that provides parenting support and employment opportunities results in higher rates of reunification.7
- Collaborate widely and often. Integrated service provision with providers who are flexible and committed to the success of parents is needed. When all parties work together, studies have shown that treatment works better, faster, and produces stronger families.8
Ensure that the team is coordinating with treatment providers to develop and implement a safety plan in the event of parental relapse.
Sobriety Treatment and Recovery Teams (START) Multiple sites, United States
START serves families involved with child welfare in which caregiver substance abuse is a factor in the child abuse or neglect allegation and in which at least one child is age five years or younger. Specially trained child protection caseworkers and parent mentors share a caseload of 12 to 15 families to provide intensive intervention based on a holistic assessment, shared decision-making, access to treatment, and supportive services such as flexible funding. Parent mentors are recovering individuals with at least three years of sobriety who themselves have been involved in child welfare. Services are based on a holistic assessment and include prompt intervention and access to treatment, shared-decision-making, and flexible funding.
In an evaluation involving a sample of 322 families (531 adults; 451 children), mother’s achieved sobriety at 1.8 times the rate of those receiving usual treatment and their children were placed in out of home care at only half the expected rate. 40% of men and 66% of women achieved sobriety compared with treatment as usual rates of 37% for both men and women. Currently, work continues to refine the model to improve treatment outcomes for all recipients, but especially for men.
Below are tools and examples of programs that support reunification of families with substance use disorders.
This family-inclusive, trauma-informed, skill-building program is for families with a parent with a substance addiction. It was developed to prevent children’s future addiction and mental and physical health problems. The program combines prevention and intervention to support the healing of families in early recovery while developing skills to prevent future addiction.
This 12 week home-based intervention is designed to promote maternal enrollment and retention in substance abuse services. Program specialists address barriers to treatment (e.g., transportation, child care), and therapeutic contacts focus on validating a mother’s feelings about delivering a substance-exposed baby; highlighting losses and missed opportunities as well as competencies and strengths; helping a mother understand her life situation as a consequence of her difficult life circumstances; instilling hope; and strengthening bonds between a mother and her child, family, and other natural supports. The program has been found to increase the percentage of women who enroll in drug treatment programs and receive at least four weeks of services.
PCIT is an evidence-based treatment for young children with behavioral and emotional challenges that places emphasis on improving the quality of the parent-child relationship and changing parent-child interaction patterns. It uses a unique combination of behavioral therapy, play therapy, and parent training to teach more effective discipline techniques and improve the parent-child relationship. Research shows that parents who participate in PCIT learn more effective parenting techniques, the behavior problems of children decrease, and the quality of the parent-child relationship improves.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2016). The AFCARS report. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb
- Grella, C., Needell, B., Shi, Y. & Hser, Y. (2009). Do drug treatment services predict reunification outcomes of mothers and children in child welfare? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36, 279–293.
- Green, B. L., Rockhill, A., Furrer, C. (2007). Does substance abuse treatment make a difference for child welfare case outcomes? A statewide longitudinal analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 29, 460–473.
- American Academy of Pediatrics, April 2018.
- See Issue Brief on “Family Drug Treatment Courts.”
- Marlow, D., Carey, S. (2012). Research update on family drug courts. National Association of Drug Court Professionals. Retrieved from http://www.nadcp.org/sites/default/files/nadcp/Reseach%20Update%20on%20Family%20Drug%20Courts%20-%20NADCP.pdf
- Grella, C.E, Needell, B., Shi, Y., Hser, Y. (2009). Do drug treatment services predict reunification outcomes of mothers and their children in child welfare? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36, 278-293.
- Green, B. L., Rockhill, A., & Burrus, S. (2008). The role of interagency collaboration for substance-abusing families involved with child welfare. Child Welfare, 87(1), 29.
- See http://www.celebratingfamilies.net/
- See https://www.crimesolutions.gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?ID=56
- See http://www.pcit.org/ | <urn:uuid:bd6d2bba-a7ed-409f-804f-512ae5219946> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://advocacyinaction.casaforchildren.org/permanency/reunifying-families-with-substance-use-disorders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711114.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206192947-20221206222947-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.938711 | 2,031 | 2.625 | 3 |
Fisher Mound Group facts for kids
Quick facts for kidsFisher Mound Group
|Location||in Will County, Illinois, near the point where the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers combine to form the Illinois River|
The Fisher Mound Group is a group of burial mounds with an associated village site located on the DesPlaines River near its convergence with the Kankakee River where they combine to form the Illinois River, in Will County, Illinois, about 60 miles southwest of Chicago. It is a multi-component stratified site representing several Prehistoric Upper Mississippian occupations as well as minor Late Woodland and Early Historic components.
The site contains a total of 12 burial mounds, the main ones being the Big East Mound and the Big West Mound. Around the mounds are 50 house pits.
History of archaeological investigations
George Langford, a mechanical engineer, located the site and excavated it for several years, eventually bringing it to the attention of the archaeological world. According to Langford, he first visited the site in 1898 and by 1906-1907 he was excavating on a small scale with the assistance of Howard Calmer.
In 1922 the site began to be impacted by farming activities and Langford realized the loss of information that was taking place. This spurred him into large-scale excavations with his associate Albert Tennik, starting in 1924. In 1927 Langford issued the first site report. After Langford's work, additional excavations took place under the auspices of the University of Chicago and the WPA.
The Fisher site, which was first excavated over a century ago, was one of the first Upper Mississippian sites in Illinois to be investigated intensively by archaeologists. The stratified deposits present at the site aided in the development of a timeline for cultural timeline of the region. As a result, subsequent excavations at Upper Mississippian sites in the American Midwest were often analyzed through the typological framework developed at Fisher. Comparisons with other sites have helped archaeologists define the cultural identity of the Fisher and Langford Traditions and how they relate temporally and spatially with other Upper Mississippian cultures such as Huber and Oneota.
Fisher Mound Group Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:60b47728-b585-4eac-aa4d-24dc385eaded> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Fisher_Mound_Group | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038862159.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418224306-20210419014306-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.959235 | 468 | 3.234375 | 3 |
At a time when Indiana is falling short of its higher education completion goals and the proportion of Hoosiers with some college but no degree exacerbates the skills gap, an education process called ‘reverse credit transfer’ can help address both needs. This strategy would award associate’s degrees to students who have earned all the right credits but who missed out on a diploma after transferring from community college to a four-year university.
This report finds that over half of the students who transfer from Indiana’s community colleges to four-year universities have no degree after six years. Meanwhile, there are almost 890,000 Hoosiers with some college education, but no degree to show for it, including over 600,000 with a year or more of studies. At the same time, only 33.8 percent of Indiana’s working population has at least an associate’s degree, well short of its goal of 60 percent attainment by 2025. These Hoosiers are often stuck in low-skill, low-wage jobs, and are the target population for reverse credit transfer.
Earning an associate’s degree through reverse credit transfer would benefit Indiana’s students, employers and the state. Students with an associate’s degree earn an average $5,000 more per year than those with some college education, but no degree, and are nearly a third less likely to be unemployed. Going along with increased personal earnings, for every Hoosier who earns a degree through reverse credit transfer, the state stands to gain $292 per year in increased revenues. If Indiana can convert a third of its ‘some college, no degree’ population to associates degrees through reverse credit transfer, the state stands to gain an additional $59,259,356 each year.
While a dozen other states have received grants of up to $500,000 to implement reverse credit transfer programs, Indiana has been left behind because to date the state has not articulated a cohesive statewide plan. This has become an issue of competitiveness, as states and neighbors such as Ohio have used reverse credit transfer to advance their ‘number one priority’ of college completion.
The report makes six recommendations for Indiana to create a reverse credit transfer program and to become competitive for potential grants: 1. incorporate a coordinated reverse credit transfer program into the state’s existing completion strategy; 2. cast the widest net possible to get degrees for the most students possible; 3. scale up to a statewide approach that includes as many majors and degree pathways as possible; 4. reach back and boost completion by including ‘near completers’ from previous years; 5. communicate effectively and keep student costs to a minimum; and 6. use best practices from other states to Indiana’s benefit.
A proposal is gaining ground in New York State that would allow all students—including those who are undocumented immigrants—equal access to the state’s Tuition Assistance Program. Last year, the Fiscal Policy Institute published an analysis of the costs and benefits of the proposal. This report digs deeper into the fiscal and economic benefits to New York State, and shows that if the proposal were financed through the income tax the cost to a typical taxpayer would be 87¢, the price of a donut.
- February 1, 2013
- Staff Report
After years of declining state investment in higher education due to failed tax policy, Kansas college students incur higher debt and reduced economic prospects.
In the past, college was the ticket to a bright future. Each year of education after high school increases earning potential and opens the door to more stable, rewarding careers. Furthermore, education
beyond high school increases opportunity and cultivates a skilled workforce vital to a thriving Kansas economy, making the state more attractive to businesses and families. | <urn:uuid:38e6c77c-64a5-484c-a1d1-b1ca12b4a057> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://earn.us/issue/education/page/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176049.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124082900-20201124112900-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.962992 | 769 | 2.625 | 3 |
A few days ago I attended a talk by Dr. Neil Faulkner on the theme of Lawrence of Arabia’s War, which he gave in support of his new book on this subject.
Several times during the talk, Faulkner made points about T. E. Lawrence that immediately connected the latter to Alexander. For example, both had dominant mothers and both were inspired by heroic figures of the past (for Lawrence it was the Crusaders, for Alexander, Achilles).
To them I would add that both benefitted from deep friendships; that neither held the natives of the countries they were in with contempt, and both were not just fighters but explorers.
However, it was one other statement of Faulkner’s that really stuck out, and that is that one reason why the Arab Revolt succeeded when many insurgency movements of the past had failed, was because they had guns. Guns allowed them to do greater damage from a safer distance before escaping.
In the past, Faulkner said, if you wanted to kill someone, you had – generally speaking – to get up close to them so that you could jab them with your spear or slash with your sword.
Of course, one could use a javelin or sling but the former could only be thrown once and the latter had a slow rate of fire in comparison to a gun. Plus, the use of these weapons greatly increased your chance of being killed before being able to make your escape. And that was vital to the Arabs’ success. Not only because they lacked numbers but because they were in the fight as much for the loot as the promise of their own nation. Killing was no good if they died and could not take booty home with them.
When Faulkner started talking about the role of the gun, I immediately wondered if that was a reason why Spitamenes’ insurgency against Alexander failed. Thinking about it now, I would say it is one reason, but not the only one.
Spitamenes had another problem – he lacked the necessary tactics. When I read him in Arrian, he comes across as an insurgent trying to fight in a traditional manner. For example, he puts Maracanda under siege (IV.4), he captures a Macedonian fort (IV.16); he fights Andromachus’ and Caranus’ detachment in a set-piece battle (IV.5-6), takes on Craterus directly (IV.17), and fights another set-piece battle against Coenus (IV.18).
On all these occasions, he only comes off best when his opponents are either incompetent (the Macedonian detachment) or after using guile instead of brute force (the Macedonian fort). When he tries to fight in the traditional manner, he loses. And in the end, this cost him his life.
Spitamenes was not an incompetent commander – his decision not to fight a close-quarters battle against the Macedonian detachment but instead make use of his horses shows that, and he was adept at melting into the countryside when required to; however, his tactical ability had not caught up with the exigencies of his insurgent operation. And for me, this is the key thing; had Spitamenes superior weaponry he would still have needed to improve his strategy in order to use it effectively. If he didn’t, all the guns in the world wouldn’t make a difference. For Alexander would have had them and he certainly knew how to adapt. | <urn:uuid:a5a60bc4-bbaa-45b2-818e-3fd7e072bd22> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://thesecondachilles.com/2016/05/30/why-did-spitamenes-fail-to-defeat-alexander/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436316.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728002503-20170728022503-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.988186 | 717 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This first chapter reviews the theory of special relativity. It can be skipped if desired. Special relativity is not needed to understand the discussion of quantum mechanics in the remainder of this book. However, some parts of this chapter might provide a deeper understanding and justification for some of the issues that will come up in quantum mechanics.
The main reason for this chapter is that the book can be used as a review and expansion of typical courses on “Modern Physics.” Such classes always cover relativity. While relativity is nowhere as important as basic quantum mechanics, it does have thatEinstein mystiquethat is great at parties.
The chapter starts with an overview of the key ideas of relativity. This is material that is typically covered in modern physics classes. Subsequent sections provide more advanced explanations of the various ideas of special relativity. | <urn:uuid:edfc9f13-8998-4a6d-95d9-af2be2a36a1a> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://dommelen.net/quantum2/style_a/sprel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362619.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203091120-20211203121120-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.949505 | 168 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Hand eczema, also known as contact dermatitis, is mainly caused by frequent hand washing and exposure to common irritants, for instance hand soap, detergent, hair colouring etc. Hence why housewives, nurses and hairdressers are prone to this skin problem. Some common symptoms include inflammation, blister or ulcer triggered by bacteria infection. Soap-based or alcohol-based detergents strip away skin’s natural sebum, damage the skin barrier, leaving skin vulnerable to irritants. The skin become easily irritated and itchy. The more you wash, the more you itch. Break the itch-scratch cycle. | <urn:uuid:ee0bcdfc-d1bd-4095-b6a0-53607eca4378> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.stopitch.com.my/soothingfamily/hand-eczema-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141733120.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204010410-20201204040410-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.939373 | 132 | 2.515625 | 3 |
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERIKG CHEMISTRY
cent catechol would prove more serviceable for a particular application such as a tire tread or a conveyor belt cover than the same vulcanizate without these modifying agents. However, for a complete evaluation of such a compound it would be necessary to study the effect of the modifying agents on the stability of the unvulcanized compound and the effect on the physical properties of the vulcanizate a t elevated temperatures. The fact that the properties of a given vulcanizate can be so varied opens up a new field of compounding research since it is obvious that other combinations of these or other chemicals may be expected to produce similar 01more desirable results.
The carbon black in the compounds is a type commonly used in the rubber industry, but it should not be inferred that the varieties of carbon black that are found to be best in the compounding of rubber to meet definite physical requirements are necessarily best for the compounding of neoprene to meet the same requirements.
Literature Cited (1) “Compounding Ingredients for Rubber,” New York, Bill Bros. Publishing Corp., 1936. ( 2 ) Lessig, E. T., IND. EKG.cHEM., Anal. Ed., 9, 582 (1937). (3) Winkelmann, Proc. Am. SOC.Testing Materials, 31, 897 (1931).
Nomenclature of Synthetic Rubbers HARRY L. FISHER U. S. Industrial Alcohol Company, Stamford, Conn.
A brief history of synthetic rubbers and of synthetic rubberlike substances is given, together with an outline of the reasons for the continued use of the term “synthetic rubber,” especially for the rubberlike polymers of butadiene and its derivatives, including chloroprene. Recent and new class terms for rubberlike substances are given and their uses discussed. The new term “elastomers” is suggested to cover all rubberlike substances, “elastoprenes” for the diene polymers, “elastolenes” for the polyisobutylenes, and “elastothiomers” for the polyethylene sulfides (Thiolrol). It is also suggested that Stevens’ term “elastoplastics” be used for the growing class of rubberlike plastics such as plasticized vinyl chloride (Koroseal), certain polyacrylic esters, etc. “Plastomer” is used for the true and the thermosetting thermoplastics. A classification of all rubberlike substances is tabulated.
IXTY years ago, synthetic indigo, a dream of organic chemists, became a reality. Thirty years ago the increase in the knowledge of the chemistry of rubber made organic chemists dream also of synthesizing that important natural product. However, rubber or, more specifically, the rubber hydrocarbon has not yet been synthesized (8) in spite of the tremendous amount of time and effort already expended on this intriguing problem. But in scientific journals, books, newspapers, and advertisements there is much that is published about “synthetic rubbers.” Indigo was synthesized and there is no question about speaking of synthetic indigo. Since rubber has not been synthesized, why do we hear so much about synthetic rubbers? Are there any other names which could be used to describe the various “synthetic rubbers” and other rubberlike
products? These are the questions which will be discussed in this paper. Indigo is crystalline and can be purified easily; the rubber hydrocarbon can be crystallized only under very special conditions, cannot be distilled, and therefore is not easy to purify. Indigo has a comparatively low molecular weight which can easily be determined; the rubber hydrocarbon is an elastic polymer, the molecular weight of which is very high and cannot be determined with precision. A determination of the identity of the natural and synthetic samples of indigo can readily be made, but with rubber it is almost impossible with our present methods to show the absolute identity of two specimens, although it is possible for all practical purposes to do so.
History of Synthetic Rubber As long ago as 1860 Williams (42) separated isoprene as a definite compound among the products of the destructive distillation of rubber. Fifteen years later Bouchardat (4) recognized the probable relation of isoprene to rubber and actually converted it to a rubberlike solid. I n 1882 Tilden (38) discussed the possible industrial significance of the polymerizability of isoprene, provided it could be obtained commercially from a source other than natural rubber; in 1892 he reported (39) that isoprene which had been prepared from turpentine had spontaneously polymerized to a rubberlike product-he said “rubber.” Early in the present century Kondakoff (20) found that 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, a homolog of isoprene, slowly polymerizes to a rubberlike product, and similar observations were made concerning piperylene or 1methylbutadiene (16, 37), and butadiene itself (14, 21). Commercial quantities of “synthetic rubber” were manufactured in Germany during the World War from 2,3-dimethylbutadiene; the product was known as methyl rubber (13,30,41). There was a lull in synthetic rubber research until the rise in the price of rubber in 1925 furnished a stimulus to further work. In the present decade wonderful strides have been made, and now large quantities of “synthetic rubber” are being made from butadiene in Germany and Russia, and from a chloro derivative of butadiene (chloroprene) in this country. These “synthetic rubbers” are all prepared by processes of polymerization, and they bear a strong resemblance to natural rubber. They differ chemically from natural rubber,
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
VOL. 31, NO. 8
‘ Butadiene rubbers:
Sodium butadiene rubber, Russia (1, 16) Buna rubbers, Germany (19) Piperylene rubbers (16) Isoprene rubbers: Polyprene: natural rubber Elastoprenes Sodium isoprene rubber (16) (derivatives of butadiene) . Heat-polymerized isoprene rubber (15) Dimethylbutadiene rubbers: Cold polymer: methyl rubber H (13, 41) Heat polymer: methyl rubber W (13,41) Haloprene rubbers: Polychloroprene rubber: neoprene (10) ELASTOMERS Polybromoprene rubber (9) Polymers, such as polyisobutylene, formed in the presence of a catalyst-e. g., boron trifluoride: Elastolenes Vistanex, Oppanol B (6, 31) Elastothiomers Polyalkylene sulfidea: Thiokol, Perduren ($2, 27) ( Rubberlike polymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters: Acranal, Plexigum (19) Rubberlike mixed glyptals (43) Plasticized polyvinyl chloride: Koroseal, Igelite, Mipolam (7, 18) Polyvinyl acetate, above 40’ C. (40) Elastoplastics Polystyrene, above 6 5 O C., and when partially solvated ($4, 38, 40) Polyarylenethylenes or polyxylenes: AXF, from benzene, ethylene chloride, and aluminum chloride
Pdlyphosphonitrilic chloride (PNCh)z, an inorganic rubber (23, $9,86) True thermoplastics PLASTOMERS Thermosetting plastics
Shellac, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, celluloid, cellulose acetate Bakelite, glyptals, formaldehyde-urea polymers, acrylic resins
The Term “Synthetic Rubber”
“Artificial” is a perfectly good word, but unfortunately it carries a connotation that is not always desirable. Artificial flowers, artificial light, artificial gems, and artificial teeth illustrate this point. Artificial means “produced or modified by human skill or labor, in opposition to natural.” The building u p of an artificial rubber or a substitute for rubber is so much like a regular chemical synthesis of a desired product that the term “synthetic rubber” appears to be a good and appropriate name. It is of interest that a somewhat similar situation has arisen in the nomenclature of artificial fibers. The name “rayon” was given to fibers and threads made from viscose t o replace the term “artificial silk.” At present there are several kinds of rayon made from different cellulose derivatives, and similar fibers are made from casein and resinous products; the latter are also sometimes called “rayon.” I n other words, rayon has become the name of a type of fiber. Similarly “synthetic rubber” covers a type of material. Houwink (16) gave the following broad definition of a rubberlike material: “An organic material may be called a rubber when it shows a high elasticity of 100 per cent or more a t room temperature, and when it does not lose this property upon storage at room temperature during considerable periods.” This definition was criticized by Stevens (35) partly because it includes substances other than real rubber. Midgley (24) discussed the question as follows:
We can see, therefore, that the use of the term “synthetic rubber” has been widespread, although strictly speaking it is not properly used. However, when the situation is considered carefully, there does seem to be justification for it. If a piece of ‘(syntheticrubber” is handed to a man, he will note its similarity to natural or vulcanized rubber and quickly say, “That’s rubber.” If it is not natural or vulcanized rubber, then what should It be called? It may be called a substitute rubber or properly an artificial rubber. Harries (16),who was one of the foremost workers in the field of synthetic rubber, wrote a book covering his researches, and he was careful a t that time (1919) to use the German word kiinstlichen (artificial) rather than synthetischen (synthetic).
It is impossible at the present time to define synthetic rubber in chemical terms.. . . .Expressed in physical terms, the simplest definition is, “thpse substances which possess the physical properties of rubber.” Such a statement is functional, and should be revised in terms defining a uni ue physical property of rubber. Several organic substances of %gh molecular weight may be stretched to many times their original lengths, i. e., gums, tars, waxes, jellies, etc.; but only rubber forcibly retracts to substantially its original size and shape after such stretching. Hence the definition becomes: “Synthetic rubbers are those organic substances which possess the property of forcibly retracting to a proximately their original size and shape after being greatly gistorted, i. e., such as being stretched x per cent of their original lengths.” Here 5 is some arbitrary value. It should be over 100, probably 400, possibly 600, but certainly not higher.
but most of them, especially the German Buna and the American Neoprene, have physical properties which in the vulcanized state make them superior to similar products from natural rubber; i. e., they are more resistant to the action of oils, fats, solvents, heat, air, sunlight, and, in some cases, abrasion. There are also other synthetic rubberlike materials, and some of them are called “synthetic rubbers,” although they are not related chemically to natural rubber or to the polymeric derivatives of butadiene-namely, methyl methacrylate rubberlike polymers, polyalkylene sulfides (Thiokol), polyisobutylenes (Vistanex, Oppanol), plasticized polyvinyl chloride (Koroseal), polystyrene above 65” C., polyvinyl acetate above 40” C., the inorganic rubberlike polyphosphonitrilic chloride, etc. They also must be classified. All the synthetic substances so far mentioned have properties resembling rubber; they have been described in the literature not only as “synthetic rubbers” but also as “synthetic elastics,” “rubberlike polymers,” “rubberlike substances,” “products with rubberlike properties,” “plastic rubberlike materials,” “rubbery polymers,” etc. Rubber is also a plastic as well as an elastic substance and so are these other substances, but they all have these properties to different degrees.
NOTES os TABLE 11. STRUCTURAL Butadiene
CHI - CH CH - CH=CHz CH3
CHz= C- CH
H3C CHI I 1 CHz= C- C = CHz
c1 CHz = C - CH = CHz
--CHZ-CH=CH-CHI--CHZ-CH =CH-CHz-The Russian synthetic rubber is a sodium polymeri~edbutadiene. The numbered Buna rubbers (Buna 32, etc.) are also sodium polymers. Buna S consists of mixed polymers of butadiene and styrene, polymerized in the form of an emulsion. Buna N similarly consists of mixed polymers of butadiene and acrylic nitrile (CHz = CH-CN) prepared in the form of an emulsion. CH3 CHs I I - CH = CH - CHz--CH - CH CH - CHz--CH CHa CH3
I --CHz - C
CH - CHz-CHzC = CH - CHFIn the natural rubber hydrocarbon, the methyl groups occur regularly along the chain. In the synthetic isoprene rubbers, the methyl groups occur more or less irregularly, since, whgn stretched, they do not give the x-ray fiber diagram. These unsymmetrical polymerides, judging from both chemical and x-ray results, have groupings somewhat as follows: CHa CHa CH3 I I I -_ CHz- C = CH- C H y C H z - CH = C- CHz-CHzC = CH-CHHac CH3 Hac CH3 I I I I -- CHz-C‘= C-CHs---CHz-C=C-CHz-The methyl groups occur regularly along the chain, as shown by chemical evidence, and this polymeric product when stretched gives an x-ray fiber diagram. c1 c1
--CHz- C = CH - CHz---CH2-
Structure of the product is not known. The unsaturation is very low and probably occurs only in the “end molecule” of isobutylene. It is presumed that Oppanol B is the same or a similar substance. When stretched it gives an x-ray fiber diagram ( 6 ) .
CH3- C = CHz
C = CH - CHIn this polymeride the chlorine atoms evidently occur regularly, since when stretched it gives an x-ray fiber diagram.
SUBSTANCES ENUMERATED IN TABLE I
Probable or Possible Structures of Polymers
Starting Materials CHz = CH - CH = CHz
Ethylene chloride sodium polysulfide
CHzCl - CHzC1 + S’aS,
CHz = CH - COOCHD
I1 I1 HS - CHzCHz - S -S - CHzCH-S - S - . . . . . - CHzCHz - SH Similarly with 2,2’-dichloroethyl ether, ClCHzCHz- 0 - CHzCHzCl, etc. II
CHz- CH-CHz-CH-CHzI I CH30CO CHaOCO
CHz = C - COOCHD
I Mixed glyptals “ 0 Phthalic anhydride
+Mixed esters of high - molecular weight -
CH20H+ Hz? - ‘\O CHzOH HzC-C’
0 Ethylene Succinic glycol anhydride
CHz = CH - OCOCHa
OCOCHs I CHz - CH-CHz-
c1 I CH-
0 vn v“3 OcH=CHz *() 0 0 0 I
Styrene (vinyl benzene)
CHz = CHCl
c1 Vinyl chloride
CH-CHzCH-CHzThis formulation is according t o Staudinger (33)
-CHzCH-CH-CHz-CHz-CH--CH-CHThis is according to Midgley et al. (66) Ethylene chloride benzene
Phosphorus pentachloride ammonium chloride
CHzCHz - CBHh-CHzCHzCsHa-CHzCHzc&4The position of attachment on the benzene nucleus is not known; therefore, only the molecular formula is used. c1 c1 (PNClZ),
-pI = N-p= I
c1 ci Phosphonitrilic chloride
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Bridgwater (5) describes “synthetic substances with rubberlike properties” as substances that resemble rubber in the simple property of extensibility or deformability under moderate loads, coupled with a tendency to recover their original form when the load is removed, although not necessarily to a degree comparable to the recovery exhibited by natural rubber. The question of the underlimit of extensibility and of the rate and extent of retraction of a substance to bring it into the class of synthetic rubber or rubberlike materials has never been settled. A decision by an international agreement of organizations interested in these materials and, in fact an international effort to bring order into the entire subject of rubber terminology, as already suggested by Dawson ( I I ) , would be helpful.
VOL. 31, NO. 8
Another suggestion is “caoutchoid” or “couchoid” by Patterson ($8). He points out that the word rubber is English and not an international word, and that therefore rubberoid (rubberlike) would not be generally acceptable. Accordingly he uses the word caoutchouc as the basis of a better derivative and suggests the words given. Since caoutchoid has “an abominable spelling” he thinks that the unpronounced letters could be dropped to form the simple term “couchoid.” These suggestions are good, and only time will tell how much they will be used. To the writer “collastic” seems to emphasize the colloidal property in preference to the more important elastic property of rubber. “Elastoplastic” has much to recommend it although i t has five syllables and is not easy to speak. “Couchoid” has an excellent derivation but it, too, is not easy to say.
The Names Rubber, Isoprene, etc. Rubber was given its name because it has the property of rubbing out pencil marks, according to a record left by Joseph Priestley in 1770 ( 2 ); but the word was probably in use before that date. Languages other than English use words which were derived from the native words caa o-chu or cahuchu, meaning weeping tree-namely, caoutchouc in French, Kautschuk in German, etc. “Elastic gum” has been used in English, and similar words appear in Spanish and Italian, but rubber is not a true gum and therefore this is not a proper term. The word “rubber” stands for more than a single chemical compound or a typical natural product. It is also used for vulcanized rubber and articles made from it-overshoes, elastic bands, etc. As Stevens (34) says, “It is not an elegant word, and its derivation is almost ludicrous in contrast with its modern applications.” It is also not an international term. There is a question, therefore, whether i t is advisable to use the word in a general term covering all types of rubberlike materials. Weber named the rubber hydrocarbon “polyprene,” which was coined from polymer and isoprene. Isoprene was named by Williams (42) who states: “I have given the substance thus examined the name of isoprene. It would have been more grateful to me to have retained one of the names given by the previous observers, if that course had been possible; but Himly has not named the fluid discovered by him boiling between 33’ and 44”,and the term caoutchhne having been applied by Bouchardat to a fluid boiling a t 14.5’, I could not adopt it; moreover, it is too like caoutchine.” The suffix prene has also been used in chloroprene which is structurally similar to isoprene, with a chlorine atom in the place of the methyl group in position 2 of butadiene. Although the origin of the suffix prene is not known, it has been associated with rubber for many years and therefore is worth keeping in future names.
Recent Class Terms for Rubberlike Substances Although there is some justification for the term “synthetic rubber,” it seems best that it be used chiefly in connection with products that are related chemically to natural rubberthat is, to the various derivatives of butadiene. Usage, however, will determine this. At any rate there is a need for a single term which can be used to cover all rubberlike products. The subject of the use of the words “synthetic rubber” and the need for a single term was discussed recently in the correspondence of Stevens (35), Barron (S), and Naunton (26). I n this correspondence the most desirable words suggested are “collastics,” from colloid and elastic, by Barron, and the selfexplanatory “elastoplasts” by Stevens, or “elastoplastics” as modified by Naunton. These have good derivations and are worthv of consideration.
New Suggestions The writer also comes into the discussion with new suggestions, the first of which is “elastomer.” This word is reminiscent of isomer, electromer, metamer, and polymer, and it is hoped that it may prove of general service. I n a conversation on this subject, the writer’s colleague, W. C. Moore, suggested “plastomer” to cover the nonelastic plastic substances, and the writer presents elastomer to cover the elastic or rubberlike substances. Elastomer is easy to speak, has a scientific derivation, and emphasizes the elastic properties of all these substances. For a general term to cover the rubberlike polymers of butadiene and its derivatives, including chloroprene, the writer suggests “elastoprenes” ; for the polyisobutylenes, “elastolenes” ; and for the polyethylene sulfides, “elastothiomers.”l The derivation of each of these terms is obvious. He further suggests that Stevens’ term “elastoplastics” be used as the name of that growing class of rubberlike plastics which includes the rubberlike glyptals and polymethyl methacrylates, plasticized vinyl chloride, etc.
Classification Jacobs (17) recently classified synthetic rubbers under the following four headings: (a) halo- or halogenorubbers (Neoprene), (b) alternative or eo-rubbers (Buna), ( c ) thiorubbers (Thiokol and Perduren), and (d) plasto- or resorubbers (vinyl polymers and other unvulcanizable thermoplastic polymers made from hydrocarbons). The classification given in Table I is offered for all the synthetic rubbers and rubberlike polymers and plastics. Table I1 contains structural notes on the substances mentioned in Table I. The long bonds in the structural formulas of the polymers are used to indicate the places where the original molecules are joined together. This article is not presumed to be the last word on the subject. It is written with the hope that it will help to clarify the present confused situation in regard to the use of the term “synthetic rubber,” and to help classify all the substances with rubberlike properties. It is also hoped that the article will stimulate more thinking on the subject and soon bring order out of the present nomenclatural chaos. After this paper was presented the author accidentally came across the terms “lastic” and “synlastic,” used by Ellis (12). Also, his attention was called to the proposals of Kindscher (18) in which crude rubbers, synthetic rubbers (from butadiene and its derivatives, Thiokol, Neoprene, etc.), and rubberlike polyvinyl compounds, polyisobutylenes, etc., are classified under the terms Kautschukgeqe, Kautschukoide, and Gummoide. 1 In t h e paper as originally presented, the polyethylene sulfides were called “thiolastics.”
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Acknowledgment The writer is grateful to E. J. Crane, H. E. Howe, H. J. D’Innocenzo, W. C. Moore, and A. M. Patterson for their interest, encouragement, and helpful suggestions.
Literature Cited (1) Akob~hanov,Rubber Chem. Tech., 8,430 (1935). (2) Barker, Rubber Age (N. Y . ) ,43, No. 2, 103 (May, 1938). Chem. I n d . , 55,844 (1936); I n d i a Rubber J., 92, (3) Barron, J . SOC. 542 (1936). (4) Bouchardat, Compt. rend., 80, 1446 (1875)and 89, 1117 (1879); Bull. SOC. chim., 24, 108 (1875). (5) Bridgwater, I n d i a Rubber World, 44, No. 1, 21 (Oct., 1938). (6) Brill and Halle, Naturwissenschaften, 26, 12 (1938); Rubber Chem. Tech., 11, 687 (1938). (7) Brous and Semon, IND. ENCI.CHEM.., 27,667 (1935). (8) Carothers, Ibid., 26, 30 (1934). (9) Carothers, Kirby, and Collins, J . Am. Chem. SOC., 55,789(1933). (10) Carothers, Williams, Collins, and Kirby, Ibid., 53, 4203 (1931). (11) Dawson, Proc. Rubber Tech. Conference, London, 1938, 1003. ENG.CWEM., 28, 1138 (1936). (12) Ellis, IND. (13) Gottlob, I n d i a Rubber J . , 58,305,348,391,433 (1919);“Technologie der Kautschukwaren,” 2nd ed., p. 211, Brunswick, Germany, Friederich Vieweg & Sohn, 1925. (14) Harr!os, Ann., 383, 157 (1911). (15) Harries, “Untersuchungen uber die naturlichen und kunstlichen Kautschukarten,” 1919. (16) Houwink, I n d i a Rubber J., 92,455 (1936). (17) Jacobs, Caoutchouc & gutta-percha, 35,35 (1938). (18) Kindscher, Kautschuk, 14, 140 (1938); Rubber Age (London), 19,286 (1938).
(19) Koch, Rubber Chem. Tech., 10, 17 (1937); paper presented a t 97th Meeting of A. C. S., Baltimore, 1939. (20) Kondakoff, J . prakt. Chem., 64,109 (1901). (21) Lebedeff, J . Russ. Phys. Chem. SOC.,42, 949 (1910); Chem. Zentr., 1910,11, 1744. (22) Martin and Patrick, IND. ENG.CWEM.,28, 1144 (1936). (23) Meyer, Trans. Faraday SOC.,32, 148 (1936); Rubber Chem. Tech., 9, 422 (1936). (24) Midgleu, “Chemistry and Technology of Rubber,” 678 (1937). (25) Midgley, Henne, and Leicester, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 58, 1961 (1936). (26) Naunton, J . SOC. Chem. I n d . , 55,297,328 (1936). (27) Patrick, Trans. Faraday SOC.,32, 347 (1936). (28) Patterson, A. M.,personal communication. (29) Schenck and Romer, Ber., 57, 1343 (1924). (30) Schotz, “Synthetic Rubber,” London, Ernest Benn, 1926. (31) Schwartz, Kunststofe, 29, 9 (1939); I. G. Farbenindustrie, British Patent 432,196 (1935); and other patent literature. (32) Shinkle, Brooks, and Cady, IND. ENQ.CHEM.,28,275 (1936). (33) Staudinger, Ber., 59, 3036 (1926); 62,241,2406 (1929). (34) Stevens, J , SOC.Chem. Ind., 55, 814 (1936). (35) Ibid., 55, 276,328,443,814 (1936). (36) Stokes, Am. Chem. J . , 17,275 (1895); 19,782 (1897). (37) Thiele, Ann., 319, 226 (1901); Bayer & Co., German Patent 235 686 I1 909). (38) Tilden, Chem. News, 46,120 (1882). (39) Ibid., 65,265 (1892). (40) Whitby, Trans. Inst. Rubber Ind., 5, 184 (1929); 6,40 (1930). ENQ.CHEM.,25, 1204, 1338 (1933). (41) Whitbv and Katz. IND. (42j Williams, C. G.,Trans. Roy. SOC.(London), 150, 241 (1860); Proc. Roy. SOC.(London), 10, 516 (1860); J . Chem. SOC., 15, 110 (1862). (43) Wright, Chem. & Met. Eng., 39,438 (1932). - - - I - - -
Svnthetic Elastic Polvmers in the Cable Industrv J
R. A. SCHATZEL AND G.W.CASSELL General Cable Corporation, Rome, N. Y. The position of plastic materials in the ca,ble industry is dependent upon cost and properties. Plastics, irrespective of costs, are being used where necessary properties cannot be obtained with the older, more commonly used materials. As might be expected, many of the first applications will be discarded when cost and service records are weighed one against the other. On the other hand, rapid and constant improvements in these new materials will greatly extend their use. Increased consumption will lower their present costs and permit applications which are now too expensive. At the present market price of rubber, the plastics and rubberlike materials discussed above are from three to seven times more expensive. This increase in cost can be justified only by a much longer life in service. If, through greater resistance to deterioration from elements met in service, these materials improve the dependability of electrical service by freedom from shutdown and need of replacement, the advantage in their use will justify a larger original investment. All of the materials discussed have certain weaknesses, but it is reasonable to believe that a few of them will be improved to make a more balanced
composition. It may be through the use of better plasticizers or it may result from mixtures of various synthetic resins. In any event, if progress is as rapid in the next decade as it has been in the past ten years, there will be a great many useful synthetic materials for the cable industry.
HE place of synthetic elastic polymers in the cable industry cannot yet be evaluated, and no final conclusions can be drawn from a survey a t this time. The development in this field has been very rapid and is by no means complete. However, a useful purpose may be served and some direction given to those interested in the development and manufacture of the basic materials, by setting forth the ideas of those who are using these materials for special applications. They have a place in the cable industry, but the extent will be determined by the following considerations: 1. Whether economies in the cost of cable, or cable operation, result in the replacement of present insulating or protecting materials now in use. 2. Whether these materials will provide satisfactory products where none exist at present. 3. Whether these substances will complement present materials to form an improved product.
The materials covered by this brief review are those which are manufactured on a commercial basis and have been more or less widely used in this country or abroad. For the sake of | <urn:uuid:15e59b5c-489e-4e8f-8a99-9661a710a8ac> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://datapdf.com/nomenclature-of-synthetic-rubbers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.899587 | 7,603 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Room-temperature ice sounds like a contradiction. But it might not be such a soggy invention. In a strong electric field, scientists report that warm water seems to immobilize in a distinctly icy fashion. Although it sounds unnatural, room-temperature ice might occur throughout the natural world--and even explain why the regular kind forms.
Water molecules are dipoles; most of their negatively charged electrons are clustered at one end of the molecule, leaving the other end positively charged. In liquid water, the charges are only loosely arranged But if an electric field is applied, the charges snap into formation, all pointing in the same direction. When water freezes from the cold, its molecules lock into a hexagonal shape. Theoretical physicists have predicted that a large enough electric field should ‘freeze' water molecules in a similar way. However, simulations have calculated that that would take a huge electric field, about 109 volts per meter, to overcome water's thermal energy--100 times more than it takes to unleash a lightning bolt.
The simulations were wrong. In the 19 August issue of Physical Review Letters, researchers from Seoul National University in Korea report this effect at fields 1000 times weaker than predicted. The group began by placing a water droplet on a gold surface and passed the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope within a few angstroms of the drop. Over such short distances, even small electric fields are very intense. The team applied a field of tens of millivolts over a few angstroms, which is equivalent to just 106 volts over a meter. So the team was shocked to see a thin layer of water form from the drop that appeared solid, despite an ambient temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.
"I found the paper very intriguing," says Harald Reichert, a physicist at the Max Planck Institute for Metal Research in Stuttgart, Germany. Although he cautions that the researchers do not know if the solid layer was structured like normal water ice, Reichert notes this may solve the mystery of how normal ice begins to freeze. If tiny ice nuclei are forming all the time in the tiny fields of crevices, they may be the seeds for regular ice crystals.
How normal ice freezes | <urn:uuid:a76a742c-acd0-40fe-b5e1-acfaa6fc4938> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2005/08/ice-served-warm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982290497.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195810-00056-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94079 | 456 | 3.8125 | 4 |
The chronotron - a neuron that learns to fire temporally precise spike patterns
For several decades it was thought that the mean firing rate of neurons encapsulated all the relevant information exchanged by neurons. More recently, scientists have revealed increasing evidence of the importance of precise spike timings to representing information in the brain. Learning in neural networks that represent information through a firing rate code has been thoroughly studied; however, we have lacked efficient, theory-supported learning rules for spiking neurons with temporal coding of information.
Răzvan V. Florian has developed two new supervised learning rules for spiking neurons, which allow such neurons to process information that is encoded, for both input and output, in the precise timings of spikes. RIST's scientist has shown how single neurons can perform classification of input spike patterns into multiple categories, using a temporal coding of information with sub-millisecond precision. The E-learning rule is analytically derived, with approximations, and has a high memory capacity. The I-learning rule is heuristic, but is more biologically plausible, because synaptic changes depend directly on the synaptic currents at the timings (actual and target) of the postsynaptic spikes.
A chronotron with 10 thousand synapses can memorize about 14 kilobits of information. If all neurons in the brain would process and memorize information according to the chronotron model, the brain would be able to store at least 150 terabytes of information.
Florian, R. V. (2012). The chronotron: A neuron that learns to fire temporally precise spike patterns. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e40233. | <urn:uuid:09c5342b-57c7-49c8-8ca1-97e7676c32b7> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://rist.ro/en/details/news/the-chronotron-a-neuron-that-learns-to-fire-temporally-precise-spike-patterns.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174135.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00375-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914702 | 341 | 3.390625 | 3 |
This week marks 50 years since Fannie Lou Hamer, a leader of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), delivered a historic speech to the credentials committee of the Democratic National Convention about voter suppression and racist law enforcement violence -- themes that are making headlines again today.
The MFDP was organized in 1964 during the civil rights movement by African Americans in Mississippi with help from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Council of Federated Organizations. It sought to challenge the legitimacy of what was then the segregationist Mississippi Democratic Party.
In August of 1964, more than 60 MFDP members traveled by bus to the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey with the aim of unseating the official, all-white Mississippi delegation by challenging the legality of the segregated delegate election process, which violated party rules and federal law.
The Democratic Party referred the MFDP's challenge to the convention's Credentials Committee, which televised the Aug. 22 proceedings. Fearing that an MFDP victory would result in his losing Southern support to Republican opponent Barry Goldwater, President Lyndon Johnson preempted Hamer's televised testimony with a press conference. But later that night, the major news networks broadcast the former sharecropper's shocking story of the racist brutality she suffered simply for registering to vote and encouraging other black citizens to do likewise.
The speech garnered widespread support for the MFDP, though in the end the party's effort to be seated at the convention failed. Johnson, with the help of Vice President Hubert Humphrey and party leader Walter Mondale, offered a deal in which the national Democratic Party would give the MFDP two at-large seats, allowing them to watch the floor proceedings but not take part. The MFDP refused.
"We didn't come all this way for no two seats when all of us is tired," Hamer famously said.
While the MFDP didn't succeed in unseating the Mississippi delegates, it did draw attention to white supremacist violence and black disenfranchisement in the South. That in turn helped secure the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which led to a dramatic increase in the number of registered black voters in Mississippi and other Southern states.
But today, gains made by African Americans as a result of the Voting Rights Act are in jeopardy following last year's U.S. Supreme Court Shelby County v. Holder decision that struck down a key provision of the law and weakened federal oversight in jurisdictions with a history of discrimination, most of them in the South. Following the decision, legislatures from North Carolina to Mississippi made changes to election laws and procedures that make it more difficult for blacks and other minorities to vote.
Hamer also drew attention to racist brutality by law enforcement, another issue in the headlines again today because of the recent deadly police shooting of unarmed black teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri -- a place that in its segregation, poverty, and lack of black political representation is not completely unlike the Mississippi of Hamer's time.
Though law enforcement officers did not kill Hamer, they came close: On June 9, 1963, she was traveling home to Mississippi on a bus with fellow activists who had attended a voter registration workshop in South Carolina when they were arrested on bogus charges. Hamer was brutally beaten in jail by two other black prisoners using a blackjack under orders from a Mississippi Highway Patrol officer, leaving her with a damaged kidney and eye.
"All of this on account of we want to register, to become first-class citizens," Hamer told the Credentials Committee. "And if the Freedom Democratic Party is not seated now, I question America."
Though the MFDP lost its bid to be seated in 1964, four years later Hamer became the first African American since Reconstruction and the first woman ever to serve as an official Mississippi delegate to the Democratic National Convention, where she spoke out against the Vietnam War. She continued to be active in the civil rights movement until her death from heart failure in 1977 at the age of 59. Her tombstone features one of her famous quotes: "I am sick and tired of being sick and tired."
Marking the 50th anniversary of Hamer's historic testimony, we share the audio of her speech and the full transcription:
Mr. Chairman, and to the Credentials Committee, my name is Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer, and I live at 626 East Lafayette Street, Ruleville, Mississippi, Sunflower County, the home of Sen. James O. Eastland, and Sen. Stennis.
It was the 31st of August in 1962 that 18 of us traveled 26 miles to the county courthouse in Indianola to try to register to become first-class citizens.
We was met in Indianola by policemen, highway patrolmen, and they only allowed two of us in to take the literacy test at the time. After we had taken this test and started back to Ruleville, we was held up by the city police and the state highway patrolmen and carried back to Indianola where the bus driver was charged that day with driving a bus the wrong color.
After we paid the fine among us, we continued on to Ruleville, and Rev. Jeff Sunny carried me four miles in the rural area where I had worked as a timekeeper and sharecropper for 18 years. I was met there by my children, who told me that the plantation owner was angry because I had gone down to try to register.
After they told me, my husband came, and said the plantation owner was raising Cain because I had tried to register. Before he quit talking the plantation owner came and said, "Fannie Lou, do you know -- did Pap tell you what I said?"
And I said, "Yes, sir."
He said, "Well I mean that." He said, "If you don't go down and withdraw your registration, you will have to leave." Said, "Then if you go down and withdraw," said, "you still might have to go because we are not ready for that in Mississippi."
And I addressed him and told him and said, "I didn't try to register for you. I tried to register for myself."
I had to leave that same night.
On the 10th of September 1962, 16 bullets was fired into the home of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Tucker for me. That same night two girls were shot in Ruleville, Mississippi. Also Mr. Joe McDonald's house was shot in.
And June the 9th, 1963, I had attended a voter registration workshop, was returning back to Mississippi. Ten of us was traveling by the Continental Trailway bus. When we got to Winona, Mississippi, which is Montgomery County, four of the people got off to use the washroom, and two of the people -- to use the restaurant -- two of the people wanted to use the washroom.
The four people that had gone in to use the restaurant was ordered out. During this time I was on the bus. But when I looked through the window and saw they had rushed out I got off of the bus to see what had happened. And one of the ladies said, "It was a state highway patrolman and a chief of police ordered us out."
I got back on the bus and one of the persons had used the washroom got back on the bus, too.
As soon as I was seated on the bus, I saw when they began to get the five people in a highway patrolman's car. I stepped off of the bus to see what was happening and somebody screamed from the car that the five workers was in and said, "Get that one there." When I went to get in the car, when the man told me I was under arrest, he kicked me.
I was carried to the county jail and put in the booking room. They left some of the people in the booking room and began to place us in cells. I was placed in a cell with a young woman called Miss Ivesta Simpson. After I was placed in the cell I began to hear sounds of licks and screams, I could hear the sounds of licks and horrible screams. And I could hear somebody say, "Can you say, 'yes, sir,' nigger? Can you say 'yes, sir'?"
And they would say other horrible names.
She would say, "Yes, I can say 'yes, sir.'"
"So, well, say it."
She said, "I don't know you well enough."
They beat her, I don't know how long. And after a while she began to pray, and asked God to have mercy on those people.
And it wasn't too long before three white men came to my cell. One of these men was a state highway patrolman and he asked me where I was from. I told him Ruleville and he said, "We are going to check this."
They left my cell and it wasn't too long before they came back. He said, "You are from Ruleville all right," and he used a curse word. And he said, "We are going to make you wish you was dead."
I was carried out of that cell into another cell where they had two Negro prisoners. The state highway patrolman ordered the first Negro to take the blackjack.
The first Negro prisoner ordered me, by orders from the state highway patrolman, for me to lay down on a bunk bed on my face.
I laid on my face and the first Negro began to beat. I was beat by the first Negro until he was exhausted. I was holding my hands behind me at that time on my left side, because I suffered from polio when I was six years old.
After the first Negro had beat until he was exhausted, the State Highway Patrolman ordered the second Negro to take the blackjack.
The second Negro began to beat and I began to work my feet, and the State Highway Patrolman ordered the first Negro who had beat me to sit on my feet -- to keep me from working my feet. I began to scream and one white man got up and began to beat me in my head and tell me to hush.
One white man -- my dress had worked up high -- he walked over and pulled my dress -- I pulled my dress down and he pulled my dress back up.
I was in jail when Medgar Evers was murdered.
All of this is on account of we want to register, to become first-class citizens. And if the Freedom Democratic Party is not seated now, I question America. Is this America, the land of the free and the home of the brave, where we have to sleep with our telephones off the hooks because our lives be threatened daily, because we want to live as decent human beings, in America? | <urn:uuid:c8a18919-2489-4a5f-9526-6a6ab015ad39> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.facingsouth.org/2014/08/i-question-america-remembering-fannie-lou-hamers-c.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174124.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00112-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982101 | 2,211 | 2.609375 | 3 |
One Avocado A Day Helps Lower ‘Bad’ Cholesterol For Heart Healthy Benefits
However, veganism is a stricter form of vegetarianism that prohibits the consumption or use of any products that come from animals, including dairy, eggs, honey, leather goods, wool, and silk. Vegan diets typically cut out more objects than vegetarian diets do, however that doesn’t imply all you’re eating is kale. “Veganism is the omission of all animal products, so very strict vegans positively don’t eat meat, seafood, or eggs,” says Emily Wood, RD. And many do not eat honey or gelatin, both. Vitamin B12 The adult recommended intake for vitamin B12 could be very low, however this is an essential nutrient so vegetarians should pay attention to good sources. Fortified meals, similar to some manufacturers of cereal, nutritional yeast, soymilk, or veggie “meats,” are good non-animal sources.
Bestvegan Indian Restaurant In Denver
This standardly makes up part of the arguments that it’s wrong to eat animals. As it could be that meat farming wrong, it could be that animal product farming is wrong for comparable causes. These causes stem from concerns about plants, animals, humans, and the environment.
While meat offers plenty of protein, it also supplies a ton of fats — particularly saturated fats. Which signifies that by slicing out meat, you’ll be slicing out plenty of dangerous fats, and replacing it with issues which are probably not only lower in fats, but that include some good fat. This significantly reduces your risk of coronary heart illness, and in reality quite a few studies have shown that vegetarians are inclined to have a decrease danger of heart illness, in addition to hypertension, diabetes, most cancers and other ailments. If you’re not interested in changing into vegetarian or vegan, please skip this submit (and don’t flame me within the feedback).
Studies have proven that, over time, vegans and vegetarians have decrease charges of chronic disease. However, vegan and vegetarian diets aren’t automatically more healthy, Fricke says. Dried beans and peas, lentils, enriched cereals, entire-grain products, dark leafy inexperienced vegetables, and dried fruit are good sources of iron.
Actually, meat eaters normally soak up way more protein than they need. Protein requirements for the common grownup are decrease than folks suppose. | <urn:uuid:4fcd35a0-1260-46fa-8d96-9a53d52b1128> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://weightloss-diet.net/vegan-vs-vegetarian.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500641.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207201702-20230207231702-00653.warc.gz | en | 0.940621 | 510 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How Purring Cats Can Improve Your Health
Meet “Moo”—my daughter Tupelo’s beloved new kitten.
Whenever she cradles him, he happily purrs while Tupelo relaxes. These past few days have been the most relaxed I’ve seen her in months!
And it makes sense, according to the science. Interestingly, there are a number of studies pointing to the healing powers of cats—especially the sound of their purring.
Cats have been shown to provide therapeutic effects for heart health, longevity, and even bone and tissue healing!
In this issue of Sound Health, you’ll learn all about the healing power of a purr and why a furry addition to your family could literally be a life saver.
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Cats slash heart attack risk up to 40 percent
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, claiming nearly 17.9 million lives each year.
But according to a 2009 study from the University of Minnesota, owning a cat may significantly lower your risk for developing this far too common disease.
The study was conducted over a span of 20-years years and included nearly 4,500 participants between the ages of 30 to 75. Nearly half the participants owned a cat at the time of the study or had previously owned a cat at some point in their lives. The other half had never owned a cat.
Researchers found that compared to cat owners, those who never owned a cat had:
- 40 percent higher risk of suffering a heart attack
- 30 percent greater risk of dying from some form of heart disease.
The researchers attribute the cat owners’ improved health markers to previous studies showing that pet ownership reduces stress and lowers blood pressure—two factors that decrease overall heart disease risk.
But the health benefits of cat ownership don’t stop there…
The healing frequencies of a cat purr
There’s also a fascinating connection between the frequency of cat purrs and the healing of broken bones and injured soft tissues.
I realize this may sound a little “out there,” but according to the research, the sound frequency of purring offers quite the therapeutic healing benefit.
According to Scientific American, the frequency of a cat’s purring ranges between 25 and 150 hertz (Hz). This is the same range of frequencies used by the ultrasound devices doctors have been using to fuse broken bones, improve bone mass loss, and even heal wounds.
A 2015 study found that this sound frequency therapy works to improve bone strength by increasing bone formation. This is done with a very low sound frequency of 30 Hz—just above what the human ear is able to hear.
In another 2015 study, 116 women suffering from osteoporosis received 30 Hz of vibration for 10 minutes for five days a week. This therapy helped increase bone mineral density by an average of 4.3 percent.
Another 2014 study highlights how a 60 Hz frequency stimulated the growth of new blood vessels in hard-to-heal wounds like diabetic ulcers. And while these doctors use electronic devices to create these frequencies, our furry friends can do it, too.
Tapping into your own healing frequencies.
Cat’s aren’t the only ones with the ability to soothe themselves with sound…
You can, too!
You’re built with the ability to generate your own healing frequencies. In order to enjoy their healing benefits, all you need are a few sound-based techniques.
But the best way to get the most powerful health benefits from self-generated sound is to put these techniques into action on a regular basis.
Fortunately, there’s an easy-to-use tool to help you develop a consistent practice.
It’s called the Inner Sound Method. Every week, I’ll send you a 10-minute video tutorial, designed to help you jumpstart and maintain your own sound healing routine—all while improving your day-to-day life and improving your long-term health.
It’s completely different from anything I’ve ever done. Think of it as having regular, private, guided sessions with me, for as long as you need!
If you’re ready to go beyond the basics and access your deeper healing potential, just click here.
Oh, and one more thing: Moo told me he wants you to, “stay safe, be kind, and take care of one another.”
Cardiovascular Diseases. (n.d.). World Health Organization. Retrieved from: who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases/#tab=tab_1
Lyons, L. (2006). Why do cats purr? Scientific American. Retrieved from: scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-cats-purr/
Ogechi, I., et al. (2016). Pet Ownership and the Risk of Dying From Cardiovascular Disease Among Adults Without Major Chronic Medical Conditions. High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Prevention. 23(3): pp. 245 – 253. Retrieved from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27174431/
Thompson, W., Yen, S., and Rubin, J. (2015). Vibration therapy: clinical applications in bone. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. 21(6): pp. 447 – 453. Retrieved from:ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458848/
University of Cincinnati. (2014). Range of electrical frequencies that help heal chronic wounds tested by researchers. ScienceDaily. Retrieved by: sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140304113538.htm
Qureshi, A., Memon, M., Vazquez, G., and Suri, M. (2009). Cat ownership and the Risk of Fatal Cardiovascular Diseases. Results from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Study Mortality Follow-up Study. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Neurology. 2(1): pp. 132 – 135. Retrieved from: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3317329/
Weber-Rajek, M., Mieszkowski, J., Niespodzinski, B., and Ciechanowska, K. (2015). Whole-body vibration exercize in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Przeglad Menopauzalny. 14(1): pp. 41 – 47. Retrieved from: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4440196/ | <urn:uuid:7123a085-e604-4bf7-a56f-5a3b286f71df> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://donovanhealth.com/article/how-purring-cats-can-improve-your-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657155816.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715035109-20200715065109-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.895145 | 1,409 | 2.5625 | 3 |
HTML and CSS Reference
Figure 13-17. The Agent page with multiple sessions
In this relatively brief introduction to WebSockets you created a simple chat system that allows an agent to chat
with multiple clients simultaneously. While the server implementation was pretty involved, the client side was
fairly simple. After creating the WebSocket object, specifying the location of the WebSocket server, you just wire
up event handlers to be notified when the connection is established, when a message is received, and when the
connection has been closed.
In this demo, you created a standalone application, but in many cases you'll simply add the chat capability
to your existing web application. For example, you might ask the user if they want assistance with the page they
are viewing and if they do, this simple code will allow them to chat right from that page.
The server side requires a bit of protocol handling. First, the server receives handshaking messages using
http . The request key is obtained and used to generate the response key. The entire response is then sent back to
the client. The actual messages are sent using the ws protocol, which includes a frame header. Messages from the
client are masked, which require logic in the server to unmask it. Messages from the server are not masked.
The demo application provides a chat capability. This is only one possible use of WebSockets. They can also
be used any time the server needs to initiate communication with the client. Keep in mind, however, that the
client must initiate the connection with the server. | <urn:uuid:2a85e43a-b2c1-46bf-92f7-2f74e157cf08> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://what-when-how.com/Tutorial/topic-64429lv/HTML5-with-Visual-Studio-2012-338.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424623.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723222438-20170724002438-00577.warc.gz | en | 0.891654 | 323 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Handel – Suites for Keyboard
History repeats itself
George Frideric Handel was a true European. He had a German work ethic, Italian passion and a Dutch head for business. And after training in Germany and Italy, from 1711 he went on to win the hearts of the British. He wooed them with his many operas and oratorios, and with instrumental works like his Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks.
Yet during his lifetime, he was renowned not only as an organist, but also as one of the greatest harpsichordists of his day. The public couldn’t get enough of him on the harpsichord, either as a composer or a musician. Evidently times change. However, if we take a closer look at the period during which Handel settled in London, we soon see that people were occupied with the same issues then as they are today.
The signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 finally brought peace after a long period of war, and with it a lasting balance of power in Europe. It was a historic moment, comparable to the foundation of the European Union. Historic, partly because it was the first time a treaty had been signed not on the battle field but at the negotiating table. For Handel it was a fortunate development as it allowed him to move much more freely around Europe. At the same time, England had not done badly out of the peace deal it had struck in Utrecht. Welfare in the country increased, certainly in London.
It was in this prosperous climate that Handel made his home in the city. From his London base he gave concerts throughout Europe and his compositions were on sale everywhere. There was more sheet music in circulation by Handel than there was by Bach or many other of his contemporaries – a keen measure of his immense popularity. Handel even managed to cash in on the Treaty of Utrecht itself: he composed the Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate, which were performed during a thanksgiving service in the brand-new St Paul’s Cathedral. For many years these pieces were rarely heard in the Netherlands, but since 2005 the Te Deum has been performed annually in Utrecht.
Britain had been flourishing economically since the European treaty of 1713, when it won the right to trade slaves in the Spanish colonies. The South Sea Company bought these trading rights from the British government, and issued shares to cover the massive debt. They were bought by the 30 directors themselves, who then went on to issue more shares at ever higher prices. London could smell money, and many members of parliament as well as the likes of Sir Isaac Newton and Handel bought shares. But the sale turned out to be a swindle.
When the price was at an absolute peak, the directors sold off all their shares in the knowledge that the company would never be able to pay its debts. The result was a vast financial crisis that drove many into bankruptcy: the South Sea Bubble. The bubble brought down other companies with it and the crisis spread across borders.
Handel sold his shares just before the price crashed. But many of his patrons, like the Duke of Chandos, lost so much money that Handel was obliged to seek new sources of income. The publication of the suites was one such source. An indirect consequence of the South Sea Bubble was that Handel began to compose more oratorios as well as operas: an astute businessman, he spread his risks and chances of making a profit. In investor’s terms, he expanded his portfolio.
Digitisation has made it virtually impossible to enforce existing copyright laws. CDs and DVDs are widely copied or made available on the internet without a penny going to the owners of the rights. Handel also lost out from the illegal distribution of his music.
In the early decades of the 18th century, Amsterdam was one of the most important publishing cities in the world. Vivaldi, Corelli, Albinoni and Locatelli all chose to publish in Amsterdam rather than in Venice because of the superior quality of Amsterdam publications. But pirate copies soon came on the market, for which the composer did not receive a penny. In 1719 – from the presses of the reputable publisher Roger no less – an unauthorised version of a number of Handel’s pieces for harpsichord appeared. In 1720 Handel responded with an edition of his own:
‘I have been obliged to publish some of the following Lessons, because surrepticious and incorrect Copies of them had got Abroad. I have added several new ones to make the Work more useful, which if it meets with a favourable Reception; I will still proceed to publish more, reckoning it my duty, with my Small Talent, to serve a Nation from which I have receiv’d so Generous a protection.’
The ‘Suites de pièces pour le clavecin – Premier volume’
Handel thus brought together new and old material, but just what was old and what was new we do not know. Probably some of the work dated from his student days in Germany, some from his years in Italy, and the new material from his time in London. The German folksongs in the Air of the Suite in d [track 5] and the Passacaille from the Suite in g [track 16] could well have been composed in his German years, as could some of the Fugues. The Suite in F, with its variation of Adagios and Allegros, takes the form of an Italian Sonata da Chiesa – could the entire Suite have been composed in Italy? Then the opening sections of the Suite in d [track 1] and the one in g [track 11] in particular sound very French. However, they could equally have been written in London.
The Suites HWV 323 to HWV 433 are known collectively as the ‘Grand Suites’. A showcase of Handel’s ability, they reveal him to be a master of every European style. The pieces were hugely popular and were even republished. Handel was apparently pleased with them himself; for one thing, he was later to use the Presto from the Suite in d [track 6] as the closing section of the Concerto Grosso Op. 3 No. 6. The harpsichord pieces are a match for the very best work for the instrument by his contemporaries.
Mozart, who revised and orchestrated Handel’s Messiah, was a great admirer of Handel. In his youth he went to great lengths to get hold of as much sheet music of Handel’s work as he could. In 1782 he composed his Suite ‘Dans le style de G.F. Haendel’, which sadly remained unfinished – he got no further than the first three movements. The Allemande from the suite is a baroque gem built on classical foundations. Mozart’s homage to the master.
Handel’s oratorios, operas and orchestral works have always remained popular. It is therefore hard to fathom why Handel’s harpsichord works should receive so little attention today. But history repeats itself, so perhaps one day the tide will turn.
Text: Alexander Klapwijk, translation: Michael Blass | <urn:uuid:a43cbccb-367b-47d2-b7f9-72c92b9d0d85> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.dariavandenbercken.com/recording/handel-suites-for-keyboard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323895.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629084615-20170629104615-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.985201 | 1,524 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Leptinella belong to the daisy family (Asteraceae / Compositae). As a rule, they are perennial creeping herbs forming a compact turf. Current estimates suggest there are c.33 species centred on Australasia with outliers in South Africa and South America. New Zealand has c.24 species, most of them endemic. However, the taxonomy of the New Zealand species is well overdue for revision having last been treated in 1972 (Lloyd 1972), with only minor tweaks since then (Heenan 2009), indications are that we probably have a few more species yet to describe, and a few adjustments will also need to be made.
Leptinella are probably better known to people as ‘cotula’, and under that name, they are renowned for the ‘no-mow’ lawns that they can create when planted closely together. Indeed, cotula are (or at least they were before ‘astro-turf’ dulled the imaginative) the preferred turf for New Zealand’s bowling greens.
All of the New Zealand species are creeping or small tufted herbs, that is except one, the Chatham Islands button daisy, Leptinella featherstonii – this one seriously bucks the trend. Instead of forming a turf it is a woody shrub up to 1.2 m tall.
Leptinella featherstonii is named after Dr Issac E. Featherston (1813–1876) who settled in New Zealand in 1841. He resided in Wellington where he was a physician, politician, first Superintendent of Wellington Province, and first Agent-General for New Zealand in London. The species was named for him by the renowned German botanist Ferdinand von Mueller (1825–1896) who was the state botanist of Victoria, Australia. Featherston, along with William T.L. Travers (1819–1903) helped finance the first serious botanical investigation of the Chatham Islands (Mueller 1864; Connor 1998).
Mueller was at first puzzled by the specimens of Chatham Islands button daisy that he received. Their upright woody growth habit he considered sufficiently unusual that he briefly flirted with the idea of naming a new genus, “Traversia” (in honour of his main New Zealand based financial botanical backer for the Chatham’s project W.T.L. Travers) to accommodate it. However, he eventually placed the plant in the genus Leptinella, a decision which prompted Joseph D. Hooker (1817–1911) his arch rival in all things botanical (Connor 1998), to place Mueller’s new species in Cotula. There it stayed until 1987 (123 years later no less!) when the Late David Lloyd and Colin Webb reassigned it Leptinella (Lloyd & Webb 1987).
When I first saw this species in 1996, I could not understand how on earth it was ever placed in Leptinella or Cotula. That was my first jaunt to the Chatham Islands – the most easterly outlier of the New Zealand archipelago, sitting perched on the Chatham Rise c.830 km east of Christchurch. The plants I saw then were located on a small rock stack near the north-eastern settlement of Kaiangaroa, on Rekohu (Chatham Island), the largest of the islands in the group.
At that site the species was all but functionally extinct. It had been discovered that Leptinella featherstonii thrives on a high nutrient overload. Without frequent guano and faecal enrichment, and constant disturbance, plants simply wither away and die. At the time the Department of Conservation elected to fertilize the remnant population with dollops of slow-release fertilizer. This measure has worked exceptionally well, allowing island visitors with an interest in the Chathams biota to see a plant that is otherwise known only from the predator-free, largely inaccessible often privately-owned outer islands, islets and rock stacks (see for example, an account of the Flora of Western Reef by de Lange & Sawyer (2008)). On those pockets of land, the seabird / seal ecosystem (known to ecologists as the ‘ornithocoprophilous’ ecosystem (see Norton et al. 1997)) remains intact, and there Leptinella featherstonii flourishes, on Rekohu (Chatham Island) that ecosystem is effectively extinct; so on that island the Leptinella, is also all but extinct.
Recently (over the last decade), the Taiko Trust (see https://www.taiko.org.nz/) have, in an ambitious restoration programme, started to recreate the ‘ornithocoprophilous’ ecosystem on headlands along the South Chatham coast of Rekohu. As part of that work they have been translocating Chatham Island seabirds and their associated flora to Rekohu. It’s working very well, and it is pleasing to see that new functional Leptinella featherstonii populations are now present within their restored sites, thriving on the ‘mess’ left behind by the albatrosses and petrels they have restored to the headlands.
Taxonomically though, Leptinella featherstonii remains anomalous. No other Leptinella has such a prominent, upright, shrubby habit, or produces wood. Was Mueller right to place this plant in Leptinella, or should it go into another genus after all? The advent of molecular systematics has helped clear up the situation. Leptinella featherstonii it transpires is correctly assigned to Leptinella (Himmelreich et al. 2014). Mueller was indeed right to make that decision. What is even more bizarre is that the sister species to it, is Leptinella pyrethrifolia, a South Island, scree-inhabiting species with the usual scrambling herb habit (de Lange 2018). We now know that the Chatham Islands endemic flora is derived from 29 separate dispersal events from mostly the westerly lying main islands of New Zealand, followed by some 6–2 million years of separate isolation and divergence (Heenan et al. 2010). The ancestral lineage of what of is now Leptinella featherstonii and L. pyrethrifolia split two ways, one branch colonized the Chatham Islands where it developed the unique, woody shrub habit to become L. featherstonii, whilst the other became a scree specialist we know as L. pyrethrifolia today.
- Connor, H.E. 1998: The Vegetation of the Chatham Islands by Ferdinand Mueller (1864): an appreciation. Muelleria 11: 13–25.
- de Lange, P.J. 2018: Leptinella pyrethrifolia var. pyrethrifolia Fact Sheet (content continuously updated). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=918 (23 November 2018)
- de Lange, P.J.; Sawyer, J.W.D. 2008: Flora of Western Reef, Chatham Islands. New Zealand Journal of Botany 46: 425-431
- Heenan, P. B. 2009: A diminutive new species of Leptinella (Asteraceae) from arid habitats of the South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 47: 127–132.
- Heenan, P.B.; Mitchell, A.D.; de Lange, P.J.; Keeling, J.; Paterson, A.M. 2010: Late Cenozoic origin and diversification of Chatham Islands endemic plant species revealed by analyses of DNA sequence data. New Zealand Journal of Botany 48: 83–136.
- Himmelreich, S. Breitwieser, I.; Oberprieler, C. 2014: Phylogenetic relationships in the extreme polyploid complex of the New Zealand genus Leptinella (Compositae: Anthemideae) based on AFLP data. Taxon 63: 883–898.
- Lloyd, D.G. 1972: A revision of the New Zealand, Subantarctic, and South American species of Cotula, section Leptinella. New Zealand Journal of Botany 10: 277-372.
- Lloyd, D.G.; Webb, C. J. 1987: The reinstatement of Leptinella at generic rank, and the status of the ‘Cotuleae’ (Asteraceae, Anthemideae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 25: 99-105
- Mueller, F. 1864: The vegetation of the Chatham-Islands – a flora of Chatham Island plants including descriptions of 129 indigenous species. Melbourne, Australia.
- Norton, D.A.; de Lange, P.J.; Garnock-Jones, P.J.; Given, D.A. 1997: The role of seabirds and seals in the survival of coastal plants: lessons from New Zealand Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 765-785 | <urn:uuid:21f55836-497e-48a7-8f28-0385caea56b9> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://chathams.co.nz/chatham-oddities-the-anomalous-chatham-island-button-daisy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740733.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815065105-20200815095105-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.900698 | 1,945 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Malawi’s vegetation can be divided into several broad types or ‘zones’, each with characteristic plants (from tiny flowers to giant trees), as well as associated birds and animals. These zones are complex, and firm division lines are impossible to draw. There are considerable overlaps, pockets of one zone within another, and varying definitions among biologists.
Malawi has a great diversity of indigenous wild flowers. This is due to the wide range of habitats, from high mountains and plateaus to tropical evergreen forest and low-altitude woodlands. For visiting flower enthusiasts this range of habitats in such a small area means many species can be seen in a relatively short period of time. Malawi also stands at a .biological crossroads. with species common to the Central, Southern and East African regions.
Malawi is particularly famous for its orchids and, despite its small size, contains one of the largest number of orchid species of any African country. The current figure is over 400; this includes over 280 terrestrial species, divided into about 30 genera, and over 120 epiphytic species, with about the same number of genera. Botanists believe that several more hidden .specials. wait to be catalogued. The majority of terrestrial orchids flower in the rainy season, from November to early April, with a few species (mostly Eulophia) starting at the end of the dry season around October. The peak viewing time is January and February.
Good spots for flowers include the Nyika National Park, where montane grassland areas support many terrestrial orchid species and the patches of evergreen forest support epiphytes. Proteas and aloes are found on the lower slopes. Other highland areas include the Zomba Plateau and Mount Mulanje, where terrestrial and epiphyte orchids occur, as do proteas, aloes, stag.s horn lily and various tree ferns, plus helichrysums (the dried effect of which gives them the name everlastings). Kasungu National Park is also a good area; the miombo woodland is rich in tree species and the grassy dambos support orchids, gladioli, lilies and everlastings. Other forest areas supporting orchids include Dzalanyama, Dedza and Viphya. In miombo woodland areas, such as Liwonde and Majete, aloes also occur, plus the Sabi star (also called Impala lily). The lagoons in Liwonde are also noted for their water lilies and reed beds.
For keen botanists, several local field guides are available. Others can be found at the Wildlife Society of Malawi bookshop in Limbe. | <urn:uuid:a057826a-1662-48ec-903f-fe823bbab4bc> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.lonelyplanet.com/malawi/wildlife/plants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172404.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00370-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94776 | 574 | 3.5625 | 4 |
For hundreds of years, poets have written about flowers, using them to symbolize love and many other human emotions. Commonalities between humans and flowers may explain why the plants have such resonance in literature and popular culture.
Like humans, many varieties of flowers engage in sexual reproduction. Flowers have ovaries, ovules, and stamens analogous to male and female sexual organs.
Like humans, who may wear perfume or cologne to attract a sexual partner, flowers produce scents to attract pollinators such as bees and moths.
Flowers come in a variety of shades and hues, as do human hair and skin. Flower color is guided by evolutionary processes; some colors more efficiently attract pollinators or deter pests.
All living things on Earth have DNA. DNA molecules, organized into genes and chromosomes, encode the essential natures of both humans and flowers.
The most basic thing that flowers and humans share is life. Flowers and humans both are born, grow, reproduce, and then die. On the scale of the universe, there are not many things for which this can be said.
- Photo Credit Image by Flickr.com, courtesy of NATALIA PHOTOS Image by Flickr.com, courtesy of Valeriano Della Longa Image by Flickr.com, courtesy of Louise Docker Image by Flickr.com, courtesy of Michael Knowles
What Flowers Do Bees Like?
If you've decided to plant a garden, attracting bees may be part of your plan. Because bees help gardens thrive with pollination,...
How Does the Strong Scent of a Flower Benefit a Plant?
The strong scent of flowers benefit the plant because it attracts pollinators, such as hummingbirds, bumblebees and butterflies. Understand how flowers regenerate... | <urn:uuid:bc1cc329-5b81-47a8-b3f1-24d23241d359> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.com/facts_5701690_do-humans-flowers-common_.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00527-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918234 | 356 | 3.375 | 3 |
The International Space Station will soon be equipped with its very own same-day delivery service, for returning critical scientific samples back to Earth. The service will be provided by the Terrestrial Return Vehicle (TRV), a small, wingless capsule that can be loaded up with samples and ejected from the airlock, guaranteeing delivery back to Earth in under 24 hours. A number of these TRVs will be shipped up to the ISS as part of a normal cargo run (via the SpaceX Dragon capsule, perhaps), and then the astronauts aboard the space station will be able to send samples back down to Earth whenever they want — a bit like a gravity-powered courier service (and coincidentally, probably the most reliable courier service in the world).
As you probably know, getting to the International Space Station is a rather arduous and expensive task: Generally, it involves loading up a fairly big capsule with a few tons of cargo, and then burning millions of gallons of fuel (and hundreds of millions of dollars) to lift it a few hundred miles into space. Technically it should be a lot easier to get stuff back to Earth from the ISS — you can always trust gravity to take care of everything — but for some reason, the ISS’s only return capability is provided by the very same cargo capsules. In other words, to send something back from the ISS, we first have to spend a few hundred million dollars getting a return vehicle up there.
The Terrestrial Return Vehicle, made by Intuitive Machines, will change all that. The TRV is a small, wingless capsule that looks a lot like the Space Shuttle or Boeing X-37B space plane, but without the stubby little wings. There’s no word on the TRV’s actual dimensions, but I think it’s probably no more than a meter long. The concept art suggests it’s about the size of a small child. (But no, amusingly enough, the first version of the TRV won’t be able to carry living things.) The TRV will be loaded up with scientific samples, pushed into an airlock, and then shunted out into space by the Space Station’s Japanese-made robot arm. It will then return to Earth much like any other spacecraft, descending through the atmosphere, eventually deploying a drogue parachute to slow it down from supersonic speeds, and then a larger parachute to bring it safely down to a landing site in Utah.
The return to Earth will take about six hours. Because the ISS orbits the Earth about 15 times per day, the total delivery time should always be under 24 hours. This is significant because the International Space Station is home to many scientific experiments — and the samples produced by those experiments would much prefer it if they could be sent straight back to Earth, rather than waiting weeks for the next cargo ship. As Popular Science points out, the ISS is actually a very important location for research because of its zero-gravity environment — some things, like bioprinting organs or developing new pharmaceuticals, are much more effective when cells can freely grow in three dimensions, rather than on Earth where gravity crushes everything.
Intuitive Machines’ TRVs are being developed in coordination with NASA and CASIS — the non-profit Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, which was recently endowed with the responsibility of making sure that we make good use of the US laboratory aboard the ISS. The first batch of TRVs is scheduled to be sent up to the ISS in 2016. At first, the TRVs will just be used to return scientific samples — but apparently they’re working on a version that’s capable of returning live rodents, too.
(NASA is currently preparing to send mice up to the ISS, but the current plan is to butcher them up there, and send their frozen organs back to Earth — couriering live rodents in a TRV would be a little more humane, I guess.) | <urn:uuid:d5b28af5-a736-469e-94a6-55a94a31382a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/192365-the-space-station-will-soon-have-a-same-day-delivery-service | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104160.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817210535-20170817230535-00646.warc.gz | en | 0.930972 | 810 | 3.25 | 3 |
Learning at Home: Families’ Educational Media Use in America
Since 1999, a series of studies undertaken by academic experts, consumer advocates like Common Sense Media, and philanthropies such as the MacArthur Foundation, Kaiser Family Foundation, and the Pew Charitable Trusts has documented the rise of media consumption by youth. More research, however, should be done on children during the preschool and middle-childhood periods, which scholars in child development, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience have pointed to as critical for all that follows. Surely a real understanding of the new norms of behavior among younger children and their families in what we at the Joan Ganz Cooney Center have termed “the digital Wild West” will help prepare educators, parents, and policymakers... Read More >
Round two of Zero to Eight: Children’s Media Use in America for Common Sense Media
October 28, 2013
"Even a casual observer of children and families today knows big changes are afoot when it comes to children and new media technologies. This report, based on the results of a large-scale, nationally representative survey, documents for the first time exactly how big those changes are." Read More >
Most parents of children 8 and younger aren't concerned about media use, NU report says
In the popular press, much is made about how new digital technologies such as iPads and smartphones are revolutionizing family life. Children and parents alike now have a growing stream of new technological resources at their fingertips, offering increased opportunities for engagement, entertainment, and education. But while anecdotes about families and media abound, empirical evidence on national trends is much harder to come by. This study explores how parents are incorporating new digital technologies as well as older media platforms into their family lives and parenting practices. Read More >
Children, Teens and Entertainment Media: The View from the Classroom
October, 2012. Read the New York Times story on the national survey of teachers we directed for Common Sense Media, about how teachers view the impact of entertainment media on students’ academic skills and social development. Download the full report or visit Common Sense Media’s research library for more of their work.
Digital Literacy and Citizenship: The Teacher’s Perspective
This survey snapshot for Common Sense Media surveys teachers regarding how they assess their students’ digital skills. Download Survey >
Social Media, Social Life: How Teens View Their Digital Lives
June 26, 2012: Read the new study we directed and wrote for Common Sense Media, about how teens think social media impacts their social and emotional well-being. Download Report >
Download Infographic >
October 2011: Having an accurate understanding of the role of media in children’s lives is essential for all of those concerned about promoting healthy child development: parents, educators, pediatricians, public health advocates, and policymakers, to name just a few. The purpose of this study is to provide publicly accessible, reliable data about media use among children ages 0 to 8, to help inform the efforts of all of those who are working to improve children’s lives. Read More >
Children, Media, and Race: Media Use Among White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American Children
June 2011, Northwestern University Study
This report documents differences in the role of media in the lives of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian children in the United States: which types of media they use, how much time they spend in various media activities, which media platforms and devices they own, and what the media environment is like in their households. The data presented here are the result of new analyses of two data sets, breaking out the findings by race and ethnicity: the 2010 Kaiser Family Foundation Generation M2 survey of media use among 8- to18-year-olds, and the Foundation’s 2006 survey about media use among children age six and under (The Media Family). Read More >
Conference on children, media and race for Northwestern
June 8, 2011, Washington, D.C.
How should we interpret, explain and understand the differences in media use by children of different races and ethnicities? What are the broad implications for young people and society? These were the questions that Northwestern University’s Center on Media and Human Development wanted to address at its annual Lambert Family Communications Conference. VJR Consulting brought together a lively and eclectic group of experts ranging from Federal Communications Commission member Mignon Clyburn to the head of MTV’s Latino network MTVTr3s and the Deputy Director of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Click here to see the agenda for the conference.
Protecting Our Kids’ Privacy in a Digital World: A Common Sense Policy Brief
December 2010, Common Sense Media
Most kids today live their lives online, immersed in a mobile and digital landscape. This brave new world has revolutionized childhood. Kids and teens now create and consume enormous amounts of online and mobile content. Their access to people and information presents both possibilities and problems. While the Internet is a platform for innovation and economic growth and brings rich resources for entertainment and learning, the very nature of digital interaction creates deep concerns about kids’ privacy.
Today, our kids are growing up in public. Whatever they text or post can be searched, copied, pasted, distributed, collected, and viewed by vast invisible audiences. Parents rightly fear that their children’s activities and personal information are being tracked and traced. Read More >
Vicky Rideout speaks with 360 Kid’s Scott Traylor about the release of new research on media use among children ages 0-8. Watch Video> | <urn:uuid:78cdfdff-b677-44e4-9694-1a30cc75f869> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://vjrconsulting.com/recent-projects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270577.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00054-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934649 | 1,137 | 3 | 3 |
You may have seen a friend drop food the on the floor, pick it up, and eat it, while declaring, “Five-second rule!” The old adage says that food dropped on the floor for five seconds or less is still likely to be clean. But is that true?
Students at Britain’s Ashton University, led by microbiology professor Anthony Hilton, tested the rule and found it to have some scientific basis. The study’s results show that food dropped for five seconds is less likely to contain bacteria than if it sits there, according to Hilton. Some of the results were published in a news release on Ashton University’s website.
The students also found that the type of flooring where the dropped food lands has an effect. Bacteria are least likely to transfer from carpeted surfaces. It’s most likely to transfer from laminate or tiled surfaces when moist foods make contact with them for more than five seconds.
There is still a risk of infection if certain bacteria are present on the dropped surface, so consumers should still be cautious. “However, the findings of this study will bring some light relief to those who have been employing the five-second rule for years, despite a general consensus that it is purely a myth,” Professor Hilton said in a statement.
Will You Eat That?
To test out the rule, the Ashton University students dropped toast, pasta, biscuits, and candy onto a variety of indoor floor types that had been exposed to two common bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus. They measured how much of the bacteria transferred to the food when it was left on the floor for durations that ranged from three to 30 seconds. The university has not yet released the complete study.
The research team at Ashton also surveyed 500 people to find out who employs the five-second rule. Of the people surveyed, 87% said they would eat food dropped on the floor, or have done so in the past. Of those people, the majority were women. “Our study showed . . . [people] are also more likely to follow the five-second rule, which our research has shown to be much more than an old wives' tale,” Hilton says.
Still, scientists say you should be careful about eating food dropped on the floor, especially if you don’t know the cleanliness of the surface. A video about the five-second rule embedded on npr.org from the Smithsonian’s website features molecular biologist Eric Schulze, who points out that one in six Americans get sick from food poisoning every year. “Eating food off the floor is a bit like playing Russian roulette with your gut,” Schulze says in the video. | <urn:uuid:447eec6e-b7f0-486b-9372-6fe7315ed468> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.timeforkids.com/news/testing-five-second-rule/152426 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00185-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971337 | 578 | 3.15625 | 3 |
|Amazonian manatee range|
The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) is a species of manatee that lives in the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. It has thin, wrinkled brownish or gray colored skin, with fine hairs scattered over its body and a white chest patch. It is the smallest of the three extant species of manatee.
The specific name, inunguis is Latin for "nailless." The genus name Trichechus, comes from Latin meaning "hair", referencing the whiskers around the manatee's mouth.
The Amazonian manatee is the smallest member of the manatee family and can be distinguished by its smoother rubbery skin and lack of vestigial nails on its flippers.Ranges of body weight and size observed are 7.5–346.5 kg and 76.0 –255.5 cm for captive males, 8.1–379.5 kg and 71.0–266.5 cm for captive females, and 120.0–270.0 kg and 162.0 –230.0 cm for free-ranging manatees, respectively. The maximum actual Amazonian manatee weight reported is 379.5 kg. Calves of the species are born weighing 10–15 kg and 85 –105 cm long. The Amazonian Manatees increase in length approximately 1.6-2.0 mm per day. This length is measured along the curvature of the body so absolute length can differ between individuals. As calves, they gain an average of 1 kilogram per week.
Amazonian manatees are large, cylindrically shaped mammals, with forelimbs modified into flippers, no free hind-limbs, and the rear of the body in the form of a flat, rounded, horizontal paddle. The flexible flippers are used for aiding motion over the bottom, scratching, touching, and even embracing other manatees, and moving food into and cleaning the mouth. The manatee's upper lip is modified into a large bristly surface, which is deeply divided. It can move each side of the lips independently while feeding. The general coloration is grey, and most Amazonian manatees have a distinct white or bright pink patch on the breast.
Amazonian manatees, similar to all living manatee species in the family Trichechidae, have polyphyodont teeth. Their teeth are continuously replaced horizontally from the caudal portion of the jaw to the rostral portion throughout the manatee's life, a unique trait among mammals. Only the closest living relative of order Sirenia, elephants, show a similar characteristic of teeth replacement, but elephants have a limited set of these replacement teeth. As the teeth migrate rostrally in the manatee, the roots will be resorbed and the thin enamel will wear down until the tooth is eventually shed. Referred to as cheek teeth, differentiation of manatee teeth into molars and premolars has not occurred, and manatees additionally do not have incisors or canine teeth. These teeth migrate at a rate of about 1-2 mm/month, based on wear and chewing rates.
The Amazonian manatee lacks nails on its flippers, setting it apart from other manatees. Additionally, Amazonian manatees have a very small degree of rostral deflection (30.4°), which can be used as an indication of where in the water column the animal feeds. A small degree of deflection means that the end of the snout is straighter with regard to the caudal portion of the jaw. Animals with a greater degree of deflection, such as D. dugong at about 70° of deflection, are more of a benthic species, feed on the seafloor, and have snouts that point almost completely ventrally. Only T. senegalensis has a smaller rostral deflection of about 25.8°. This is believed to maximize the efficiency of feeding. A small degree of rostral deflection allows Amazonian manatees to feed more effectively at the surface of the water, where much of their food is found.
Behavior and biology
The Amazonian manatee is the only sirenian that lives exclusively in freshwater habitat. The species relies on changes in the peripheral circulation for its primary mechanism for thermoregulation by using sphincters to deflect blood flow from areas of the body in close contact with water. They also rely on subcutaneous fat to reduce heat loss.
Manatees have nostrils, not blowholes like other aquatic mammals, which close when underwater to keep water out and open when above water to breathe. Although manatees can remain under water for extended periods, surfacing for air about every five minutes is common. The longest documented submergence of an Amazonian manatee in captivity is 14 minutes.
Manatees make seasonal movements synchronized with the flood regime of the Amazon Basin. They are found in flooded forests and meadows during the flood season, when food is abundant. The Amazonian manatee has the smallest degree of rostral deflection (25° to 41°) among sirenians, an adaptation to feed closer to the water surface. It is both nocturnal and diurnal and lives its life almost entirely underwater. Only its nostrils protrude from the surface of the water while it searches river and lake bottoms for vegetation.
The Amazonian and West Indian manatees are the only manatees known to vocalize. They have been observed vocalizing alone and with others, particularly between cows and their calves.
The manatees themselves feed on a variety of aquatic macrophytes, including aroids (especially Pistia, aka "water lettuce"), grasses, bladderworts, hornworts, water lilies, and particularly, water hyacinths. They are also known to eat palm fruits that fall into the water. Maintaining a herbivorous diet, the manatee has a similar post-gastric digestive process to that of the horse. The manatee consumes approximately 8% of its body weight in food per day.
During the July–August dry season when water levels begin to fall, some populations become restricted to the deep parts of large lakes, where they often remain until the end of the dry season in March. They are thought to fast during this period, their large fat reserves and low metabolic rates – only 36% of the usual placental mammal metabolic rate – allowing them to survive for up to seven months with little or no food.
Reproduction and lifecycle
The Amazonian manatee is a seasonal breeder with a gestational period of 12–14 months and a prolonged calving period. Most births take place between December and July, with about 63% between February and May, during a time of rising river levels in their native region. After the calf is born, it will begin to eat while staying with its mother for 12 – 18 months.
Population and distribution
As of 1977 the population count of the Amazonian manatee was estimated to be around 10,000. As of now the total population count is undetermined, however the population trend seems to be decreasing. They are mainly distributed throughout the Amazon River Basin in northern South America, ranging from the Marajó Islands in Brazil through Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador. They are occasionally found overlapping with the West Indian manatee along the coasts of Brazil.
Amazonian manatees occur through most of the Amazon River drainage, from the headwaters, in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru to the mouth of the Amazon (close to the Marajó Island) in Brazil over an estimated seven million square kilometers. However, their distribution is patchy, concentrating in areas of nutrient-rich flooded forest, which covers around 300,000 km² They also inhabit environments in lowland tropical areas below 300 m asl, where there is large production of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants; they are also found in calm, shallow waters, away from human settlements
The Amazonian manatee is completely aquatic and never leaves the water. It is the only manatee to occur exclusively in freshwater environments. The Amazonian manatee favors backwater lakes, oxbows, and lagoons with deep connections to large rivers and abundant aquatic vegetation They are mainly solitary but sometimes they will gather in small groups consisting of up to eight individuals. They engage in long seasonal movements, moving from flooded areas during the wet season to deep water-bodies during the dry season
Natural predators include jaguars, sharks, and crocodiles.
The main threat to the Amazonian manatee is illegal hunting. They are hunted for subsistent and local use, not commercially. The hunting has led to the large decline in the population and low population numbers. Between 1935 and 1954, over 140,000 manatees are estimated to have been killed. Despite the laws in place against hunting, hunting continues to occur even in protected areas. Traditional harpoons are most common weapon used against the manatees but in Ecuador they are also known to be caught in Arapaima fish traps.
They are mainly hunted for their high value meat but the fat and skin are also used for cooking and in medicines. The meat is sold locally to neighbors or at produce markets. It can be illegally sold as sausage or mixira in public markets in Brazil and Ecuador. Mixira is a meat preserved in its own fat and is expensive which drives the hunters.
Between 2011 and 2015, 195 manatees were killed for meat in a single region of Brazil. In another region, 460 were killed in a protected area between 2004 and 2014.
The IUCN red list ranks the Amazonian manatee as vulnerable. Population declines are primarily a result of hunting, as well as calf mortality, climate change, and habitat loss. However, due to their murky water habitat it is difficult to gain accurate population estimates.
There are no national management plans for the Amazonian Manatee, except in Colombia. As of 2008, the INPA takes care of 34 captive manatees and the CPPMA is caring for 31 manatees. The manatee has been protected by Peruvian law since 1973, via Supreme Decree 934-73-AG, prohibiting hunting and commercial use of the manatee.
Hunting remains the largest problem and continues in much of its range, even within reserves. In 1986, it was estimated that the hunting levels in Ecuador were unsustainable and it would be gone from this country within 10–15 years. While hunting still occurs, an increasing risk to its continued survival in Ecuador is now believed to be the risk of oil spills. The oil exploration also means an increase in boat traffic on the rivers.
The Amazonian manatees of Peru have experienced much of their decline due to hunting by human populations for meat, blubber, skin and other materials that can be collected from the manatee. Such hunting is carried out with harpoons, gillnets, and set traps. Much of this hunting occurs in the lakes and streams near the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve in northeastern Peru. The species is slow-moving, docile, and is often found feeding at the surface of the lakes and rivers it inhabits. Manatees are also at risk from pollution, accidental drowning in commercial fishing nets, and the degradation of vegetation by soil erosion resulting from deforestation. Additionally, the indiscriminate release of mercury in mining activities threatens the entire aquatic ecosystem of the Amazon Basin.
- Shoshani, J. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- Marmontel, M.; de Souza, D.; Kendall, S. (2016). "Trichechus inunguis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22102A43793736. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
- "Manatees". Canisius Ambassadors for Conservation. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
- Trichechus inunguis. Sandra L. Husar. Mammalian Species, No. 72, Trichechus inunguis (Jun. 15, 1977), pp. 1-4. Published by: American Society of Mammalogists Article Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503928
- Trials of a Primatologist. - smithsonianmag.com. Accessed March 16, 2008.
- "Manatees". Canisius Ambassadors for Conservation. Institute for the Study of Human-Animal Relations. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- Amaral, Rodrigo S. (27 October 2010). "Body weight/length relationship and mass estimation using morphometric measurements in Amazonian manatees Trichechus inunguis (Mammalia: Sirenia)". Marine Biodiversity Records. 3 (e105): 4. doi:10.1017/s1755267210000886.
- Rosas, Fernando Cesar Weber (1994). "Biology, conservation and status of the Amazonian Manatee Trichechus inunguis". Mammal Review. 24 (2): 49–59. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1994.tb00134.x.
- "Animal Info - Amazonian Manatee". Animal Info. animalinfo.org. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- Domning, D.P.; Hayek, L.-A.C. (1984). "Horizontal tooth replacement in the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis)". Mammalia. 48 (1): 105. doi:10.1515/mamm.1922.214.171.124. S2CID 83985834.
- Domning, D.P.; Morgan, G.S.; Ray, C.E. (1982). "North American Eocene Sea Cowe (Mammalia: Sirenia)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology (52): 1–69. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.52.1.
- Amaral R.S., V.M.F da Silvia, and F.C.W Rosas. (2010). Bodyweight/length relationship and mass estimation using morphometric measurements in Amazonian manatees Trichechus inunguis Mammalia: Sirenia. Marine Biodiversity Records. 3:e105-e109.
- Gallican G.J., R.C. Best, and J.W. Kanwisher. (1982). Temperature regulation in the Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis. Physiological zoology. The University of Chicago Press 255-262.
- "Facts about Manatees". Manatee World. 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- "Manatee Trichechus". National Geographic. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
- Metabolism and Respiration of the Amazonian Manatee (Trichechus inunguis). G.J. Gallivan and R.C. Best. Physiological Zoology, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Jul., 1980), pp. 245-253. Published by: The University of Chicago Press. Article Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30155787
- Reeves, Randall R.; Leatherwood, Stephen; Jefferson, Thomas A.; Curry, Barbara E.; Henningsen, Thomas. "Amazonian Manatees, Tricheus inunguis, In Peru: Distribution, Exploitation, and Conservation Status" (PDF). Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- "70. Amazonian Manatee (Trichechus inunguis)". edgeofexistence.org. Zoological Society of London. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- Pazin-Guterres, Michelle (2014). "Feeding Ecology of the Amazonian Manatee (Trichechus inunguis) in the Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves, Brazil". Aquatic Mammals. 40 (2): 139–149. doi:10.1578/AM.40.2.2014.139.
- Gorog, Antonia (1999). "ADW: Trichechus inunguis: INFORMATION". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
- Bullock, Theodore H. ; Daryl P. Domning; and Robin C. Best (1980). "Evoked Brain Potentials Demonstrate Hearing in a Manatee (Trichechus inunguis). Journal of Mammalogy. 61(1): 130-133. Published by: American Society of Mammalogists Article Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1379969
- "Amazon manatee | WWF". wwf.panda.org. WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature. 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- Ecology, Distribution, Harvest, and Conservation of the Amazonian Manatee Trichechus inunguis in Ecuador Robert M. Timm, Luis Albuja V. and Barbara L. Clauson Biotropica, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Jun., 1986), pp. 150-156 Published by: The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation Article Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388757
- Seasonal Breeding in the Amazonian Manatee, Trichechus inunguis (Mammalia: Sirenia) Robin C. Best Biotropica, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar., 1982), pp. 76-78 Published by: The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation Article Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2387764
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- Ecology, Distribution, Harvest, and Conservation of the Amazonian Manatee Trichechus inunguis in Ecuador. Robert M. Timm, Luis Albuja V. and Barbara L. Clauson. Biotropica, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Jun., 1986), pp. 150-156. Published by: The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. Article Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388757
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trichechus inunguis.|
|Wikispecies has information related to Trichechus inunguis.|
- ARKive - images and movies of the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis)
- Amazonian Manatee article at sirenian.org
- Multiple new species of large, living mammals (part III) - Tetrapod zoology. Accessed March 16, 2008.
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California has been blessed with a wet winter this year. At the time of publishing, most of the state is at or well above the historical average precipitation to date for this time of year and Sierra Nevada snowpack is at more than 140% of historical average. That’s been good news for the California plants, animals, and humans that rely on water to survive and recreate. But lots of precipitation now doesn’t necessarily mean that California will have lots of water when it needs it. That’s because what matters is not only how much water we get, but when and how we get it.
The “bathtub” of California storage doesn’t capture most water from extreme rainfall
Consider California’s water system as a bathtub. That bathtub has a faucet pouring water in and a drain pulling water out. The faucet in this analogy is our precipitation, the drain is our water use, and the bathtub is our storage capacity—that is, how much water we have available to use in our three main types of storage: surface reservoirs, groundwater aquifers, and snowpack. There’s only so much water California’s natural and human systems are using at any given time – only so fast that the drain pulls water out. If water (snow and rain) were to flow in through the faucet at the same rate as the drain pulls water out, then we wouldn’t need the bathtub or the storage system. But this almost never happens in California’s highly variable hydroclimate. In reality, the faucet often flows fast, the bathtub fills up quickly (two-thirds of California’s yearly precipitation falls in less than 4 months – a shorter wet season than anywhere else in the United States), and for the rest of the year—or year-round during a drought—we’re mostly draining water out.
Now imagine that we point a firehose at our bathtub for a few minutes—that’s more or less what the atmospheric rivers that bring California’s extreme precipitation events do. It’s what happened to the state in recent storms and is happening this week. Some of these atmospheric rivers can carry an amount of water vapor into California that’s up to 15 times what flows out of the mouth of the Mississippi River. Because our proverbial bathtub isn’t big enough or located in all the right places to hold that much water, most of that water – some experts estimate up to 80% – goes over the tub’s edge, which in our analogy would be into the Pacific Ocean. So just because the faucet is turned on full blast over the state, it does not mean that people, plants, and animals will have all of that water available to use during the dry summer months. Add to that the risks to people and property that come with getting our water in this extreme form, including the flooding, evacuations and mudslides along the Russian River that have come with this week’s storms.
Extreme precipitation will likely intensify with climate change
Atmospheric rivers are a natural part of California’s water cycle, and it’s long been the case that we get most of our water in just a few storms. Our recent storms reflect this: in just the last month, California went from average year-to-date precipitation to more than 20% above average. Across most of Southern California, 20-30% of precipitation comes from just one atmospheric river event.
Climate change is likely to intensify our storms, and further compress California’s precipitation into extreme events, as a number of studies have shown. In the next 50 years, another 25-30% of California’s annual rainfall could come during these extreme events. That’s a third more of our precipitation coming out of the faucet in a way that our bathtub currently isn’t well equipped to hold. Oroville Dam was almost exactly 50 years old when its spillway failed during an extreme rainfall event in 2017, raising concern that the dam itself would fail and leading to the mandatory evacuation of nearly 200,000 downstream residents. These increasing extremes brought about by climate change will happen well within the lifespan of our current infrastructure.
So what do we do? Build bigger, stronger bathtubs? Put our bathtubs in different places? Use other peoples’ bathtubs? Change the size of the drain?
We need a smarter bathtub
We could cope with these changes in California’s hydroclimate if our bathtub were smarter. At the moment, our snowpack is storing a lot of the deluge we’ve gotten over the last few months. But climate change is already jeopardizing that part of our storage. As temperatures rise, more precipitation will fall as rain rather than snow; the snow that does fall will melt and run off more quickly; and there will be increased risk of rain-on-snow events, in which warm rainfall washes down huge amounts of snowpack at once.
We can pick up some of that slack with our dams and reservoirs. There is valuable work happening now to improve the way we forecast atmospheric river events and incorporate those forecasts into reservoir operations, so that we can store more winter water while still keeping our rivers and wetlands healthy and buffering against floods. But it’s hard to imagine where and how we would build enough surface reservoir capacity to capture and store the massive precipitation and runoff events of the future. Meanwhile, the consequences of our reservoirs failing to hold these flood events is only too fresh, as the newly reconstructed Oroville Dam spillway awaits its first use.
Luckily, the state of California has over 850 million acre feet of available groundwater storage – more than 15 times the available surface reservoir capacity – that could replace snowpack as our natural reservoir system as we get more of our precipitation in liquid rather than solid form. The 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, which creates a statewide framework for stabilizing California’s groundwater resources, could open the door to using groundwater to sustainably manage California water under a changing climate. There’s plenty of work left to do in figuring out where and how to recharge those floodwaters into our enormous underground storage, but there are lots of promising leads. Urban areas are also increasingly figuring out strategies to capture and use stormwater locally.
Profound changes are already underway in California’s climate and our water supply. As the climate changes, how and when we get our water in California is changing and so must how we manage it. If we’re going to be able to keep using what we get, we need to need to start creating a smarter bathtub now.
Support from UCS members make work like this possible. Will you join us? Help UCS advance independent science for a healthy environment and a safer world. | <urn:uuid:50635ad2-5c77-4987-9d01-95c83b2d3599> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://blog.ucsusa.org/geeta-persad/wet-weather-in-california-now-doesnt-equal-lots-of-water-later | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671249.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122092537-20191122120537-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.949634 | 1,416 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Every year, millions of people around the world are affected by natural or human-made disasters. With the advancement of science and technology, and better management, the number of deaths due to natural disasters is decreasing over the years. However, disasters like earthquake, cyclone, drought and flood are posing serious threats (Below, 2017; Guo, 2010) to mankind. In fact, earthquakes, cyclones and floods and other related natural events are the leading cause of death in recent years. Given India’s population and weak state of its institutions of governance, adopting precautionary measures to disaster preparedness becomes imperative.
The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme events, coupled with poor governance and lack of awareness, cause severe damage in many parts of the world. The impact, in terms of loss of life, livelihoods, and displacement of population, is particularly high in developing nations. The rescue and rehabilitation needs of the community affected by any disaster depend on both the intensity of the disaster and the efficiency of the governance mechanisms in place.
We are fortunate that in the present day agencies around the world are constantly observing the occurrences of disasters across the globe, and analysing their pattern, origin and the damages caused. These determinations are frequently shared among scientific bodies for better preparation of upcoming events and the learnings from similar events are also shared freely. Finding reliable and accurate data is crucial. It plays a vital role not only in disaster preparedness, but also in post-disaster management. As such, domestic capability gaps can often be bridged to a large extent by establishing good networks and communications systems with such global entities.
The efforts of the European Space Agency (ESA) are a good case in point. When a disaster strikes, a group of international space agencies, pool their resources and expertise to support relief efforts on the ground (ESA, 2017). Also, several organisations across the globe work on specific disasters, some of which even offer data about the natural disasters in the open domain to promote more scientific research. International centres are sharing datasets for particular disasters – for example, the global earthquake model (GEM) holds a global historical earthquake catalogue from the year 1000 to date.
India is home to 1.3 billion people (UN, 2018) which accounts for almost 17.74 per cent of the world’s population. The growing frequency and intensity of extreme events, combined with uncontrolled, rapid urbanisation and poor governance makes the country extremely vulnerable to natural disasters. In India, about 60 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; close to 5,700 km long coastline out of the 7,516 km, is prone to cyclones; about 68 per cent of the cultivable area is susceptible to drought (NDMA 2018). The Andaman & Nicobar Islands, the East and part of West coast are vulnerable to Tsunami. The deciduous/ dry-deciduous forests in different parts of the country experience forest fires. The Himalayan region and the Western Ghats are prone to landslides (ISRO, 2017).
India has an institutional framework in place for dealing with disasters which is rapidly growing in capability. The nodal agencies for disaster management in India are the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) and International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). These agencies, along with state disaster management authorities are responsible for disaster management. Research institutes like the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) and Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) are continually conducting scientific research and providing data to disaster management authorities.
The key to preventing or minimising the scale of disasters we face lies in these agencies being able to deploy the latest scientific tools and knowledge available, nationally or internationally, in a timely and systemic manner to predict the likelihood of extreme events and translate this knowledge into response action needed by the administrative set up. Neither the lack of data or knowledge nor the lack of coordination among various agencies responsible for timely response action can any longer be an acceptable excuse for avoidable high losses, particularly in terms of lives lost.
Prime Minister Modi had declared that “In India, we are committed to walk the talk on the implementation of Sendai Framework” during the Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in New Delhi, in November 2016 (PIB, 2016). India has all the technical capabilities it requires to ensure that we are indeed able to walk the talk, and build/strengthen any gaps that may exist. Modern technologies like satellite imaging (for imaging the extent of impact), Internet of things (IOT) (informed decisions), unmanned aerial systems (UAS) (surveillance and rescue), Decision Support Systems (timely decision), GIS technologies (spatial enabled decision), crowdsourcing (disaster management and rescue) and artificial intelligence (inference and learning and decision making)—all of which can contribute to better disaster preparedness— are available in India.
The need of the hour is for the government to strengthen the institutional framework for disaster management by requiring every state to have a disaster preparedness and response network comprising (i) Academic and research organisations that could model vulnerabilities to relevant extreme events in a state bearing in mind the underlying socio-ecological contexts therein (ii) Weather forecasting agencies that have the capability and must take responsibility, for forecasts at relevant time and geographical scales (iii) Large infrastructure service providers that are themselves vulnerable or can add to vulnerability (iv) Municipal and state functionaries who would need to lead preparedness, and enforce it, on the basis of precautionary principles, and finally (v) the agencies that would be involved in relief and rescue operations. Such a network would need to be coordinated by a small empowered committee and chaired by a professional in the rank of a minister. Cross-border coordination must be ensured by the chairmen of the empowered state committees. The only remaining barrier to a more effective mitigation of disaster consequences is one of application.
Below, P. (2017). Hoyois – EM-DAT: The CRED/OFDA International Disaster Database–www.emdat.be–Université Catholique de Louvain–Brussels–Belgium. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
European Space Agency, 2017. Pooling and Sharing of Secure Government Satcoms, November 21.
Guo, H. (2010). Understanding global natural disasters and the role of earth observation, 8947. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2010.499662.
Indian Space Research Organisation (2017), Retrieved September 15, 2018, Available at: https://www.isro.gov.in/applications/disaster-management-support-programme.
National Disaster Management Authority, 2018, Vulnerability Profile, Available at: bitly/2CydOrp
Press Information Bureau, 2016. Prime Minister’s address at Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, Prime Minister’s Office, November 3.
United Nations (2018). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. Retrieved September 15, 2018. | <urn:uuid:d0fec72f-4531-4483-9bb7-a89abc0355ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://geographyandyou.com/disaster-preparedness-in-an-increasingly-uncertain-world-aligning-science-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103639050.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629115352-20220629145352-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.91382 | 1,507 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Sunk-Cost Effects Made Ancient Societies Vulnerable to Collapse
The collapse of ancient societies such as the Mesa Verde-region pre-Hispanic Pueblos has puzzled generations of scientists. Many explanations for particular cases have been suggested, from combinations of social, political and economic factors (Tainter 1988), to climatic factors such as drought. Here we propose a new hypothesis, suggesting why precisely societies that invested in impressive structures became vulnerable to disturbances. Empirical evidence shows that humans have a strong tendency to hold on to previous investments even if this is a rationally bad choice. We argue that this leads to a tendency not to abandon settlements if much has been invested in them, even if resources become scarce. We use a stylized model to illustrate under which conditions sunk-cost-related collapse is likely, and present archeological evidence that sunk-cost effects may be important in explaining the delayed demise (relative to hamlets) of pre-Hispanic Puebloan villages in the face of resource stress.
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If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form. | <urn:uuid:0929d2e7-e429-479a-968d-21f61316619e> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://ideas.repec.org/p/wop/safiwp/02-02-007.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686169.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920033426-20170920053426-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.885996 | 439 | 2.84375 | 3 |
EASTER EGG HUNT
Hiding Easter eggs year after year can become a drag. Who has the energy of an Easter Bunny to hop around and find clever hiding places for dozens of plastic eggs filled with treats?
As I pondered this question, the answer became the solution, namely, THE CHILDREN.
Children have the energy and they love to hide things. They’re also very creative, such as, hiding a yellow egg in the center of a yellow flower, or a blue egg in an area of stones.
Here’s how it works: ALLOW THE CHILDREN TO HIDE THE VARIOUS-COLORED EGGS, THEN SEARCH FOR JUST THEIR ONE COLOR. Toddlers to teenagers together enjoy this egg hunt because there are no losers, and no one feels cheated.
I first tried this idea with five young grandchildren. One grandson said, “Grandma, are you sure you thought this through? If we hide the eggs, we’ll know where they are.” I just said, “Trust me, please.” Who was the last child to find all his eggs? My little doubter.
1. Obtain multiple eggs in different colors – one or two colors for each child.
2. Have a bag for each child’s eggs. Put a child’s name on each bag.
3. Gather treats to put in the eggs, such as wrapped candy, stickers, balloons, coins, erasers, etc.
(Enough of every treat for each child to get one or more.)
4. Fill the first set of assorted eggs, putting the same treat in one egg of each color.
5. Put one of these eggs in each child’s bag.
6. Repeat steps 4 & 5, using the different treats, until all the eggs are filled.
7. Prepare 4” strips of paper, one for each child. At one end of each paper write the name of a color you are using in the eggs.
(For toddlers, identify the color with crayon.)
THE GAME BEGINS
1. Give each child their bag of multi-colored eggs. Tell them what areas they can hide the eggs, plus any rules, such as, not
completely covering the egg, etc. Remind them not to lose their bag.
2. When it’s time to search for the eggs, hold out the 4” strips of paper, hiding the ends that indicate the color. Have each
child choose a strip and tell you their color.
3. Explain that they are only allowed to gather eggs in their color. If they see another color of egg, don’t tell anyone, and
don’t move it. Tell them how many eggs they should find.
4. When they have all their eggs, come back to you, but don’t open the eggs yet.
5. If little children have trouble finding their eggs, let older children help them, or team a little child with an older child.
6. It’s best to have all the children open their eggs at the same time where adults who are present can enjoy watching.
7. The children can put their treats in their paper bag and give you the eggs for next year. | <urn:uuid:bf8c5fe6-e2eb-416b-9490-b63dd1fd7873> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.prisonmarriageministry.org/easter-egg-hunt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154471.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803191307-20210803221307-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.936152 | 695 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Maya glyphs found in Mexico
Published on February 9th, 2010 | by Admin1
Epigraphists point out that the finding will bring in new information regarding Maya grammar, since it shows linguistic features yet to be deciphered.
The discovery adds up to the sarcophagus recently uncovered by specialists of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH). The wall dated in 708 AD was detected at El Palacio; a stucco portrait of K’inich B’aaknal Chaahk, the most powerful seignior of the ancient Maya city, was found as well.
Dr. Juan Yadeun Angulo, coordinator of Tonina Conservation and Research Project, declared that K’inich B’aaknal Chaahk forged “one of the greatest military seigniories of Maya history before Mexica people arrived to the region”.
Two vaulted rooms found with the wall and portrait are part of El Palacio or Casa de las Luciernagas (Palace or House of Fireflies), an architectural complex at the Acropolis, which is “one of the greatest pyramidal structures of Mexico and the world”. | <urn:uuid:23ef0329-1367-458c-9425-95e3de7eab9f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.ablogabouthistory.com/2010/02/09/maya-glyphs-found-in-mexico/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122886.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00014-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901669 | 254 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Do you want to hide some important data from anyone? Fine, but for that you have to use one of the Windows feature termed as hidden files and folders. But, I think first you must need to know about the hidden files and folders.
What is Hidden Files?
The Hidden files are the files that reside in your computer system but does not appear when you search or explore. It is basically used to prevent an unauthorized user to view or modify your files and to prevent from deleting your important data accidentally.
Windows introduces this feature in order to hide files and folders from unauthorized users. After using this feature, no one is able to read or modify these files. Although sometimes, if you may want to modify or delete any file from the hidden folder then you can go through this article where you will learn, how to show hidden files in Windows 10, by implementing the steps as explained below.
Steps to Show Hidden Files in Windows 10
Step 1: Open a “Control Panel” by clicking on the “Start” button.
Step 2: Click on “Appearance and Personalization”.
Step 3: You will find many options, click on “File Explorer Options”. The “File Explorer Options” window will open up.
Step 4: Select “Show hidden files, folders and drives” radio button in the “Hidden files and folders” category under the “Advance Settings” and then Click on “OK”.
In the same way, you can check “Don’t show hidden files, folders, and drives” in order to hide a particular file or a folder.
That’s all guys. Keep reading. | <urn:uuid:87a3de9f-526e-45f0-aaca-0d4ae48044d7> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://quehow.com/how-to-show-hidden-files-in-windows-10/4568.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823442.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210191406-20181210212906-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.910405 | 357 | 3.234375 | 3 |
HOW A TERRITORY DIFFERS FROM A STATE
from Statehood for Alaska
by George Sundborg, Sr.
THE TERRITORIAL plan of government was devised for regions under the sovereignty of the United States to which Congress felt itself compelled to allow a measure of self-government, but to which it was unwilling at once to grant full membership in the Union. The status of territory has always been regarded as a sort of governmental adolescence, from which, with increasing population, the area would eventually grow into adult statehood. When a territory has acquired about 60,000 people, it has usually been regarded as of age. Every state west of the Alleghenies, except Texas and California, passed through this stage of development.
COURTS UNCERTAIN WHAT CLAUSE MEANS
Since the whole theory of territorial government was based on the assumption that the period of territorial tutelage would be short, and would be followed by statehood, not too much time or effort was ever expended by Congress in perfecting it. As applied to the continental area, the ill consequences of any imperfections in the territorial system could only be temporary. What is this system, and how well adapted is it to provide government on a more or less permanent basis to such an area as Alaska?
The fundamental law of the land has very little to say on the subject of the relationship of American territories to the Union. The only indication of the intention of the makers of the Constitution is in Article IV, Section 3, which reads: "The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States." The rest of the instrument seems to postulate, both in spirit and in wording, a group of states and nothing else. Since the time of the annexation of Louisiana in the early 1800's the interpretation of this clause has vexed the nation.
The Supreme Court has answered that the power to govern all the areas not admitted to statehood resides in Congress. The extent of this congressional authority was a subject of contention before the courts all during the last century and is not yet entirely settled. Territories such as Alaska and Hawaii are sometimes classified as "incorporated" territories as distinguished from such "unincorporated" possessions as the Virgin Islands, American Samoa and Guam. The term refers to the fact that territories like Alaska and Hawaii have been incorporated into the Union, that is, brought entirely under the protection of the Constitution. The treaty with Russia providing for annexation of Alaska declared that: The inhabitants of the ceded territory, shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the right, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States; and shall be maintained and protected in the full enjoyment of their liberty, property, and religion."
Of course, the people of Alaska are to this day conspicuously denied one of the rights and advantages which citizens of the United States hold most dear. This is the right, through the ballot to control in some measure the functioning of the national government.
It is obvious, but not often appreciated by those who do not reside in the territories, that American citizens participate in determining the policies of the national federation only through the medium of the states. The President is selected by an electoral college composed of members from each state. The Senate is made up of two members from each state. The House of Representatives is apportioned according to the population of the states.
PEOPLE DENIED MANY BASIC RIGHTS
An amendment to the Constitution must be approved by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress - houses chosen by the states - and approved by the legislatures of or conventions in three-fourths of the states. From beginning to end, the reins which guide the progress of the national government lead only from the states and citizens of the states. The territories and possessions are out of it. Apparently it was inconceivable to the founding fathers that Americans anywhere or of any era should exist for long under a form of government in which the benefits of suffrage and representation are denied them.
It is true that Alaska sends a Delegate to Congress. But this representative has no vote. His influence, if any, is personal. It is also true that both of the major political parties grant representation to the territories in their nominating conventions. But this results in only indirect, indefinite power. As for any share in the formal, legal control of the federal government, such as the citizens of the states have, the people of Alaska have no more than the bears in the hills, the salmon in the sea, the trees in the forest or indeed the stones in the field.
Not only are territories inferior to the states in that they exercise no influence over the federal government but also in that the federal government has much more authority over the territories than over the states: first, from the general theory of the federation itself; and, second, from the interpretation which the courts have put upon the constitutional restrictions on Congress.
FINAL AUTHORITY RESTS WITH STATES
It is fundamental in the constitutional theory of the American federation that the states are sovereign in certain fields; that they have certain inherent powers, certain authority which is neither granted nor delegated to them. The federal government, on the other hand, has only the powers specially delegated to it, such as the powers to declare war, to levy taxes, to regulate commerce between the states, and to coin money. All governmental powers not granted to the national government are, according to the Tenth Amendment, reserved "to the states or to the people."
The theory of federal power does not apply to the territories. They are not sovereign. They have no inherent powers. Any authority which they have is delegated to them by Congress. One of the prime tests of sovereignty of an area is its ability to change its form of government. States can do this at will, except only as limited by the federal constitutional provision that they shall have a republican form of government. But the territories have governments handed to them by Congress.
All governmental powers over the territories are in Congress. The Congress allots what authority it wishes to whatever agencies it desires to set up in a territory such as Alaska. Nor are there any limitations upon the legislative powers of Congress, as respects territories, save those imposed upon it by the Constitution, which in this respect are slight indeed. All "those powers reserved to the states" by the Constitution repose, in the case of Alaska, in the federal government. From time to time, and especially in the Organic Act of 1912, Congress has granted certain local and territorial legislative powers to the people of Alaska. This grant of powers is not absolute. Congress may legislate - and does continue to do so - in purely local and territorial matters.
U.S. ALSO EXERTS AUTHORITY LOCALLY
The acts of Congress take precedence over and repeal acts of the Territorial Legislature in conflict therewith. At any time Congress may increase or decrease its grant of powers to the Territorial Legislature. Although some mentally resourceful "constitutional lawyers" have sought to maintain the opposite, it is no doubt true that Congress could entirely withdraw this grant of power. Any law passed by the Territorial Legislature is subject to veto by the Governor of the Territory, a federal official, and laws may be passed over his veto only by a two-thirds vote in each house of the legislature. Any law of the legislature may be rendered void by a specific action of Congress. Otherwise, it is for the courts to decide upon the legality of territorial legislation if and when it is challenged.
The power of the national government over the territories differs from the power of the national government over the states not only as to the establishment of local government but also as to the regulation of the social and personal relations of the people. Over them in the territories Congress has also that power which in our federal plan we have allotted to the states. The chief additional power in dealing with the local affairs of the territories is what is known as "the police power of the states." This is the power to make laws concerning the private affairs of individuals, concerning property, contracts, public safety, public health, public morals, and the general welfare of the community.
As Judge Morrow of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit once declared, in a decision respecting Alaska: The United States having rightfully acquired the territories and being the only government which can impose laws upon them has the entire dominion and sovereignty, national and municipal, federal and state… It may legislate in accordance with the special needs of each locality and vary its regulations to meet conditions and circumstances of the people. Whether the subject elsewhere would be a matter of local police regulation, or within state control under some other power, is immaterial to consider.
RIGHTS OF STATE VERSUS ALASKA'S
And so, while congressional acts regulating the speed of automobiles, the making of contracts, or the closing of shops on Sunday within the state of Oregon would be
unconstitutional as invading the functions of the state government, yet the same laws for Alaska would be entirely within the rightful powers of Congress.
As to the rights of individual citizens, however, except for the right to take a hand in controlling national affairs, people in Alaska are not inferior to those of the states. The humblest newborn child in Fairbanks could no more have the plentitude of his privileges of American citizenship taken from him than could the governor of New York. In terms of political rights the differences between Alaska and the State of California are these: Over Alaska, Congress has powers of local regulation, unrestricted by many of the usual curbs, while it has no such power over California; Congress could give to the people of Alaska any type of government which congressmen, in their wisdom, thought appropriate, while the people of California themselves determine their own mode of government, subject only to the constitutional provision that it be republican in form; the people of Alaska can have no share in the control of the federal government, even as respects their own area, while the people of California exercise such control through voting representation in Congress, through choice of the electors who select the President and through their powers of amending the Constitution; for amendments to the Alaska Organic Act Alaskans must depend on the federal government, while the people of California, without reference elsewhere, may change their laws and their state constitution in the manner prescribed in that document; any law of the Alaska Legislature could be amended or abolished by Congress, while the laws of the California Legislature are not subject to national review except by the courts as to their constitutionality; finally, Alaska's chief executive, the Governor, possessing veto power over acts of the Territorial Legislature, is appointed by the President, while the people of California elect their Governor from among their own number. | <urn:uuid:aa229b8e-3d33-4cc6-b91a-65264fa89b97> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.alaska.edu/creatingalaska/statehood-files/territory-differs-from-st/index.xml?__xsl=cms-print.xsl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102819.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817013033-20170817033033-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.963764 | 2,190 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Programming with the C++ Standard Library can certainly be difficult task. Nicolai Josuttis’s The C++ Standard Library is one of the best available books to using the built-in features of C++ effectively.
The C++ Standard Library provides lots of built-in functionality in the form of the Standard Template Library (STL). The STL was created as the first library of generic algorithms and data structures for C++, with four ideas in mind: generic programming, abstractness without loss of efficiency, the Von Neumann computation model, and value semantics. The functionality is for containers like vectors, stacks and linked lists, as well as generic algorithms like sorting, searching and manipulating elements inside containers.
For the beginning or intermediate C++ programmer, The C++ Standard Library can be a real timesaver. It arranges and explains the complexities of the C++ Standard Library and STL in a manageable format that’s great as a reference and as an approach to programming. —Richard Dragan
Topics covered: history of C++ and the Standard Library, template basics, Big-O Notation, the std namespace, standard exceptions, allocators, standard library utilities, pairs and auto_ptr, numeric limits, the Standard Template Library (STL) basics, containers, iterators, algorithms, vectors, lists, deques, strings, sets, multisets, bitsets, maps, multimaps, stacks, queues, iterator adapters, function objects, element requirements, value and reference semantics, complex numbers, valarrays, stream classes, stream manipulators and formatting, file I/O, internationalization, and locales. | <urn:uuid:590c4cc8-b963-43e5-909f-5c2f04bb64fb> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.mycplus.com/computer-books/programming-books/the-cplusplus-standard-library/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257481.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524004222-20190524030222-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.827494 | 335 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Winter Dryness: Navigating the Challenges of Dry Mouth During Cold Months
As the winter chill sets in, many of us encounter an unwelcome companion – dry mouth. Particularly prevalent in colder months, this condition, often unnoticed, can significantly affect our oral health. Understanding and addressing dry mouth is crucial. Waterloo dentistry experts often see an increase in patients with dry mouth symptoms during winter, highlighting the need for greater awareness.
Understanding Dry Mouth
Dry mouth, or xerostomia, is characterized by a decrease in saliva production. Symptoms include a sticky, dry feeling in the mouth, frequent thirst, and sometimes sore throat. In Waterloo, dental professionals note that winter’s harsh conditions and indoor heating can exacerbate these symptoms. It’s a common issue brought to the attention of many Waterloo dentists.
Causes of Winter Dry Mouth
While essential for comfort, indoor heating systems significantly reduce indoor humidity, contributing to dry mouth. Additionally, people tend to consume less water in colder weather, further dehydrating the body. A Waterloo dental expert would also point out that increased consumption of hot beverages like coffee or tea, which are diuretics, can worsen dryness.
Dry mouth isn’t just uncomfortable; it can lead to more serious oral health issues often addressed in dentistry in Waterloo.
- Oral Health Issues: Sometimes, dry mouth can lead to various oral health problems. Without enough saliva to neutralize acids and wash away food particles, there’s an increased risk of tooth decay and gum disease. Saliva also helps to remineralize the teeth, so its absence can weaken tooth enamel. Dentists in Waterloo often find that patients with dry mouth have a higher incidence of cavities and gingivitis.
- Difficulty in Eating and Speaking: Lack of saliva can make chewing, swallowing, and even speaking more challenging. This can affect nutrition and overall quality of life. A Waterloo dentist may note that patients with dry mouth often complain of a burning sensation in the mouth or tongue, altered taste, and difficulties in wearing dentures.
- Systemic Health Problems: Dry mouth isn’t just an oral health issue; it can indicate broader health problems. Conditions like diabetes, Sjögren’s syndrome, and certain medications can cause dry mouth. Therefore, it’s not just a matter for dentistry in Waterloo; it may also require consultation with other healthcare professionals.
- Psychological Impact: The discomfort and social embarrassment caused by dry mouth can lead to stress and anxiety. Addressing these psychological aspects as part of a comprehensive treatment approach is important. Regular consultations with Waterloo dental health providers can help manage these impacts effectively.
Preventive Measures for Winter Dry Mouth
- Maintaining Indoor Humidity: One of the most effective preventive measures is to manage indoor humidity levels. In the winter months, the use of heating systems can dry out the air significantly. Utilizing a humidifier can help reintroduce moisture into the air, thereby reducing the dryness of the mouth. A Waterloo dental clinic might also suggest placing bowls of water near heating sources as a simple way to increase humidity.
- Hydration: Staying adequately hydrated is crucial. It’s common for people to drink less water during colder months, but maintaining a regular intake of water is essential for saliva production. A Waterloo dentist typically recommends drinking at least eight glasses of water daily and even more if engaging in physical activities.
- Dietary Adjustments: The diet can significantly impact the dryness of the mouth. Consuming less caffeine and alcohol, both of which are dehydrating, can help. Including fruits and vegetables with high water content in your diet is also beneficial. Dentistry in Waterloo often emphasizes the importance of avoiding overly salty or spicy foods, which can exacerbate mouth dryness.
- Oral Hygiene Practices: Good oral hygiene can help prevent the complications of dry mouth. This includes brushing and flossing, as well as using alcohol-free mouthwashes. Regular dental check-ups, including cleanings and fillings, at a Waterloo dental clinic are also essential.
When to See a Professional
Persistent dry mouth should prompt a visit to a healthcare provider or a Waterloo dentist. They can offer professional treatments and interventions, such as saliva substitutes or medications to stimulate saliva production. Regular cleanings and fillings at a Waterloo dental clinic can also help manage the effects of dry mouth.
Lifestyle changes can significantly impact dry mouth symptoms. Quitting smoking and modifying your diet can be beneficial. Stress management is essential, as stress can exacerbate dry mouth symptoms – a common discussion point in Waterloo dentistry consultations.
Dealing with dry mouth, especially during winter, requires a proactive approach. Understanding its causes, implications, and remedies is essential. Whether it’s through lifestyle changes, home remedies, or seeking professional advice, addressing dry mouth is vital. Regular visits to a Waterloo dentist for cleanings and fillings, along with following their guidance, can help navigate the challenges of dry mouth in the winter months. | <urn:uuid:68535358-42f2-4004-8b71-fb177de110cd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ashrafdentistry.ca/blog/winter-dryness-navigating-the-challenges-of-dry-mouth-during-cold-months/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474523.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224044749-20240224074749-00577.warc.gz | en | 0.930402 | 1,029 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Johann Sebastian Bach
Looking at it today, Bach's lifetime achievement seems even more incredible than it might have looked for earlier generations: it is so much music that we can hardly imagine that it is possible to even just copy it using only a quill and ink within his lifespan of 65 years, let alone compose it. And we must not forget that he was not only a composer, but also a performer (which even for someone like Bach requires practice and rehearsal, at least from time to time), a civil servant, teacher, father and husband. The complete works of Johann Sebastian Bach nowadays exceeds the duration of far more than 100 CDs, which places his oeuvre not only artistically beyond comprehension but also makes it only comparable to those of Michelangelo, William Shakespeare or Pablo Picasso.
Nevertheless almost every attempt to approach the private person Johann Sebastian Bach has failed, even if a number of biographers have tried to do so over the last centuries and, while doing so, have shown a remarkable courage for pure fiction. Aside from his countless musical manuscripts, there is only one single document in his own handwriting that we possess, this being the infamous letter to the authorities in Leipzig that made posterity assume that he Bach was a rebellious character. Marten t'Haart quite reasonably argues that this might also be proof of the exact opposite: During all those years as an employee of surely not only agreeable nobility and authorities, there was only one incident that made him rebel?
We know nothing. The true nature of the human being Johann Sebastian Bach, let's just be honest, does not matter for playing and listening to Bach's music, as this music is pure and absolute and, due to this pureness, rich in possible meanings: Every player and every listener reads, plays, hears and feels different and individual details. This music shows as many varieties as human nature itself and comes in all aspects of human intellect and soul, equal only to the way that nature makes humans different from and similar to each other at the same time.
It seems that we will not come much closer to a true biography of Johann Sebastian Bach than a list of places where Bach was at certain times in his life, and even that list has huge gaps in it for long periods of time. The only thing that we can and should try is to imagine the world that he entered when, between schoolteaching, children, copyists, musicians, servants and other domestic upheavals, he wrote works like the Goldberg Variations, the passions, the B Minor Mass, Violin and Cello Suites and, last but not least, for many years a cantata every week. He certainly had no time for self-indulgence.
St Thomas Church in Leipzig is the place where he is now buried, under a plate that simply reads "Bach", similar to the marriage certificate of Elizabeth II. that states as "Father's profession" simply: "King".
© Martin Rummel / paladino media | <urn:uuid:24568320-4b0c-4807-8c63-b456b0cbb14a> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.paladino.at/people/johann-sebastian-bach | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743294.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117061450-20181117083450-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.972502 | 612 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Landfalling Pacific storms caused 105 deaths and $8 billion in damage from 1995 to 1998.
An Infrared satellite image of a Pacific storm on 3 February 1998 that caused flooding rains, hurricane force winds, and heavy surf during CALJET. The core experimental observing network consisted of a NOAA P-3 research aircraft, which provided atmospheric and oceanic data up to 1000 km offshore, NOAA/ETL's coastal network of 915-MHz wind profilers (box), and two Doppler-on-Wheels (DOWs) mobile radars from the University of Oklahoma. CALJET's base of operations (star) was located at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.
Presidential Disater Declarations 1965-1998
Baker Mapping Coordination Contractor | <urn:uuid:bb4f5eb1-60ad-4bd7-a57a-05cce2bf1e81> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://esrl.noaa.gov/psd/programs/pacjet/2002/impact.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273766.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00135-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915527 | 163 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Discussions of gender inequality in the workplace often focus on the more visible manifestations of the imbalances between men and women: wage inequality, the motherhood penalty, or the lack of paid leave. These are all important issues that, if fixed, would help women. More difficult to pinpoint and address, however, are the ways that what sociologists call “emotional labor” also reinforces workplace gender inequality.
A key feature of the modern economy—and a way work has deviated from what it was in the past—is that the outputs of many jobs have become invisible. In her seminal book The Managed Heart, the sociologist Arlie Hochschild describes how the transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy has brought on the commodification of emotions. Hochschild’s argument is that in service jobs, workers do not produce tangible commodities like they did in manufacturing positions. Rather, they are required to provide “good service.” The ways that this phrase becomes defined and mandated means that organizations expect workers to create and sell emotional states in themselves and in others. This introduces a host of questions, like who “owns” emotions when organizations can require workers to feel happy, pleasant, and congenial in order to earn their paycheck?
Hochschild focuses on the work done in the airline industry. She documents the ways flight attendants sell a certain emotional experience to flyers. Rather than simply offering drinks and peanuts, they have to ensure that passengers feel cared for and safe. They muster feelings of deference, and suppress any feelings of irritation, annoyance, and anger that might emerge in response to demanding or rude flyers. Other professions mandate other feelings: Bill collectors, for instance, are encouraged to emote belligerence and combativeness in order to compel debtors to pay up.
These divergent emotional norms are significant because they can reproduce gendered inequalities. As Hochschild notes, the fact that women are required to generate traditionally feminine emotions while men do the opposite furthers the idea that certain occupations are “for men” or “for women.” Thus, being a flight attendant becomes seen as a “natural” job for women, given the expectations of nurturing attached. Meanwhile, being a pilot or an air-traffic controller may not seem such an obvious fit.
Emotional labor in the airline industry also has adverse consequences for minority workers, though these develop through a different mechanism than what Hochschild describes in her book. In a study of black pilots and flight attendants, the sociologist Louwanda Evans observed stressful, near-constant emotional labor in response to racist remarks from colleagues and passengers. For instance, one white female passenger approached a black pilot to explain that she was afraid to fly with him because, after seeing commercials for the movie Soul Plane, starring Snoop Dogg, she had become convinced that he’d pilot the plane like a marijuana-smoking rapper. And then there was the passenger in the gate area who said, “That nigger better not be flying my plane.” On top of this, black airline employees report being subjected to extensive questioning by their coworkers to prove their competence.
Because airlines do not have procedures in place to address the distinctive, racialized challenges faced by workers of color, these employees are left to do a great deal of extra emotional labor on their own—sometimes in response to the statements and behaviors of others in the organization.
Emotional labor is of course not limited to the airline industry. Jennifer Pierce, a University of Minnesota sociologist, found that the expectations for emotional labor in the legal profession apply to women working in every part of the field. In other words, while male attorneys—generally speaking—are allowed and even expected to be aggressive and domineering, that does not extend to female attorneys, who are frequently penalized if they attempt to conform to these emotional norms. Meanwhile, female legal secretaries described expectations that they would be deferential and caretaking towards (mostly male) attorneys, but male secretaries were not subject to the same norms. Thus, even when women worked in male-dominated positions, the emotional expectations deemed “appropriately” feminine still applied in ways that made it more difficult for women to do their jobs. Once again, the hidden component of this work renders it less visible but no less taxing.
On the face of it, emotional labor can seem something normal and commonplace in an economy where service jobs are so ubiquitous. But as a lot of research shows, the pressure to produce and manufacture certain emotional states can be more draining for some employees than others. When thinking through various workplace inequalities, such as wage gaps and a lack of diversity in certain occupations, it’s just as critical to consider how important unseen labor is in shaping how work gets done, and who gets to do it. | <urn:uuid:1d10a852-687f-49af-9f34-5d9d054de97f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/01/gender-emotional-labor/427083/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689686.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923141947-20170923161947-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.964613 | 993 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Originally constructed over two hundred years ago, the Monmouthshire and Brecon and Abergavenny canals were built for carrying coal, iron and limestone. Their commercial demise came as a result of competition from the Great Western railway, and the present navigable section (leisure traffic only now!) consists of the Brecon & Abergavenny Canal from Brecon to Pontymoile, where it then joins the northern end of a short length of the Monmouthshire Canal, navigable (though slow going) down to Five Locks Basin. Beyond is the now defunct section which drops through thirty (unusable) locks in some six miles to Newport.
The Monmouthshire Canal, including a branch from Malpas to Crumlin, was opened throughout in 1799 with the Brecknock & Abergavenny extending from Brecon to Gilwern by 1800 and reaching Pontymoile by 1812. Both canals were supported by horsedrawn tramroads that were mainly used to bring coal, limestone and iron ore from the hillsides. In 1880 the Monmouthshire & Brecon Canals, as they were then known, were taken over by the Great Western Railway. Within 35 years, commercial carrying had all but ceased.
Throughout the 20th century various parts of the Monmouthshire Canal and its Crumlin Arm were filled in for road construction. The line was all but obliterated through Cwmbran, and was effectively unnavigable further north. However vigorous campaigning by canal enthusiasts heralded a new dawn for the canal, and in 1968, restoration work from Brecon to Pontymoile began in earnest.
Restoration was not without its setbacks. Following a major breach at Llanfoist in 1975, it was a further six years before the line from Brecon to Pontymoile was reopened. More recent developments have included a complete regeneration of the terminus at Brecon, and various works to reclaim the navigation between Pontymoile and Newport. Part of the Crumlin Arm has also been restored by the Mon & Brec Canal Trust and their visitor centre at Fourteen Locks is open regularly: mbact.org.uk
Few traders on the canal in its commercial operating days can have been more colourful than E J Goodden of Gilwern. A big man in every sense of the word – he weighed 18 stone – it was said of him that he used to stand on the Navigation Bridge and say “I am the jaw straightener and the rib bender. When I shout the village trembles.” Edwin John Goodden was born in Louther or possibly Louthfield in Devon in 1847. By the 1870s he was living in Norfolk and there married Anna Newton Butler, daughter of miller William Newton Butler of Tottenhill. Edwin and Anna later moved to South Wales, they had six children. Albert, Lily, Ethel, Ernest, Blanche and Victor. (The 1881 census records Edwin Goodden as an auctioneer.
Perhaps he specialised in livestock as all three of his sons became butchers). In March 1892 he appears for the first time in Great Western Railway wharf age books as a trader on the Monmouthshire and Brecon canal. He may well have bought out the business of E. Williams, who stopped carrying at that time. In 1894 Goodden had licences for two boats. Alfred Edwards, who appears in the 1901 census as a Gilwern boatman, probably worked for Goodden. Coal from Govilon to Gilwern was the staple trade – sold from the Goodden compound at the back of the towpath just upstream of Gilwern Bridge – but coal was also carried to Llangattock and Llangynidr. Other cargoes to various destinations included timber, stone, bricks and beer. Possibly as early as 1895, the business had begun to diversify into pleasure boating.
In 1918 there were 10 boats; by 1928 they had 25 rowing boats and a ‘tow boat’, the ‘Grace Darling’. The boats varied in style and class; responsible customers would be hired boats with cushions. Boys did not get cushions! Dora, the best boat, was named after Albert’s wife and boasted three cushions and space for a picnic hamper at the bows. In those heady days thousands of people flocked to Gilwern on sunny summer weekends. There would be standing room only on the wharf, which stretched from the bridge to the school, and boats might have bookings up to 5 hours ahead. The Gooddens’ Road House Café did a roaring trade and on Bank Holidays a Lyons van made special deliveries to keep them supplied with ice cream. Edwin John Goodden died in 1920 and the running of the business was taken over by his eldest son Albert. Family tradition describes Bert as a ‘real miser’. Certainly he was very careful in his dealings with GWR and in his first year cut licence costs by reducing the rowing boat fleet to 21.
In its final years in Goodden hands the business was run by Gordon Price, son of Edwin’s daughter Blanche and her husband John William Price. In 1972 Gordon Price sold out to Messrs. Coe and Vowles, who diversified by adding steel narrowboats for hire, and in 1985 the business, now known as Road House Narrowboats, was bought by John and Jenny Smith who over 26 years replaced the narrowboats with new boats specially designed for the shallow waters and narrow sections of the Mon & Brec Canal.
As of April 2011 Nigel & Sally Curtis became the fifth owners of the boat business and property with the four traditional cruiser style narrow boats. In March 2012 Nigel & Sally reopened the former Café room within 50 Main Road as a reception/gift shop as Mr Smith had previously for a period of time. In April 2013 a Bed & Breakfast room was made available at the same premises.
Road House Narrowboats thus has a direct commercial succession from Goodden’s carrying operations. By far the oldest boating company on the canal, we maintain a boating operation started well over a hundred years ago.
Information has been gathered by John Norris from several sources, including oral recollections from Edwin John Goodden’s great grandson Mel, to whom we express our gratitude.
Click here to see our boats | <urn:uuid:83a9c039-95df-4022-8ded-cb0e20be68f1> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.narrowboats-wales.co.uk/monmouthshire-brecon-canal-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887981.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119125144-20180119145144-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.981936 | 1,321 | 2.65625 | 3 |
There are buckyballs in space. More formally known as fullerenes, these carbon molecules such as C60 have long been known to exist in space due to the complex chemistry that can occur between gas and dust in interstellar clouds. But we now know fullerenes can help explain one of the nagging mysteries of astronomy known as diffuse interstellar bands.
Diffuse interstellar bands are absorption features seen in stellar spectra. While many absorption lines can be identified with particular atoms or molecules, DIBs don’t have a clear identification. But two bands in the infrared (at 958 and 963 nanometers) were thought to be caused by C60. Now a paper in Nature confirms this hypothesis. In this work, the team looked at the spectra of buckyballs when cooled to about 6 Kelvin (a common temperature for interstellar clouds). They observed absorption bands 963.27 ± 0.1 and 957.75 ± 0.1 nanometers, in good agreement with the interstellar bands.
So that’s two DIBs identified, and a few hundred more with origins yet to be discovered.
Paper: E. K. Campbell, et al. Laboratory confirmation of C60+ as the carrier of two diffuse interstellar bands. Nature 523, 322–323 (2015) | <urn:uuid:e9d8a660-548d-4750-8fc6-a000a6de7cd6> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://briankoberlein.com/2015/07/17/spaceballs/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203529.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324230359-20190325012359-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.93966 | 268 | 3.59375 | 4 |
UK sugar levels soaring - but sugar levels in fish and chips are very low
Article Date: 2014-01-09
It makes for harsh reading. The amount of sugar in some foods is far too high, with experts reporting the levels must be dramatically reduced. Some key statistics include:
Doctors and academics say levels must be reduced by up to 30 per cent They found that even zero-fat yoghurts can contain five teaspoons of sugar Heinz tomato soup has four while a Mars bar has eight teaspoons of sugar Obesity and diabetes already cost the UK over £5billion a year
Food giants are being told to cut the amount of sugar they use because it has become the ‘new tobacco’.
Simon Capewell, professor of clinical epidemiology at the University of Liverpool, said, "Sugar is the new tobacco. Everywhere, sugary drinks and junk foods are now pressed on unsuspecting parents and children by a cynical industry focused on profit not health. The obesity epidemic is generating a huge burden of disease and death.
Obesity and diabetes already cost the UK over £5billion a year. Without regulation, these costs will exceed £50billion by 2050."
Fish and chips - our national dish - is extremely low in sugar, and can be eaten with a clear conscience whilst helping to contribute to a nutrionally-balanced diet. | <urn:uuid:d0e9a446-e5f2-4203-b8b3-7dc1809aff5f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.nfff.co.uk/news/item/uk-sugar-levels-soaring-but-sugar-levels-in-fish-and-chips-are-very-low | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256948.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522183240-20190522205240-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.954356 | 276 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Full Sun, Partial Sun, Does it Really Matter?
By Sheereen Othman | October 8, 2018
There has been a recent craze in the plant scene. Suddenly everyone wants house plants, desk plants and mini succulents that they can scatter throughout. And why shouldn’t they want plants, there are so many benefits to them environmentally and aesthetically.
Naturally, I jumped on the fad and bought my first succulent, a leatherpetal. I put it on my nightstand under my window and figured my work was done. But then a couple weeks later the leaves started to droop. What was happening to my succulent?
I (embarrassingly) overlooked one of the most basic rules of plant care: sun exposure. My succulent was under my window, so it wasn’t getting enough sun. In fact, it wasn’t getting any sun.
That same care my succulent needed transitions to outdoor plants as well, like trees. Of all the things we tout when it comes to tree planting and care, the right tree in the right place is at the top of the list. And it’s because there is SO much that can impact the health of a young tree. Things like planting a sun-loving species in a shaded area or a shade-loving tree in a sunny spot.
Sun exposure is no joke — I learned this firsthand. When you’re in the selection phase of tree buying and looking for the right tree for the right place, keep in mind the amount of sun your designated planting spot will get. Trees depend on the sun to photosynthesize and having too much sun or too little sun can weaken—and even kill—young trees.
So, what is the difference between full sun and partial sun/partial shade and does it really matter?
Full Sun: at least six hours of direct sunlight every day.
Partial Sun/Partial Shade: four to six hours of sunlight every day.
Full Shade: two hours or less of sunlight every day.
The shade tolerance of a tree isn’t how much shade a tree requires, it’s how well a tree can thrive with limited sun exposure. Often, the deeper the shade is, the more challenging it can be for a tree to develop properly because it can’t photosynthesize.
Sun exposure also affects a tree’s foliage density and flowering and fruiting characteristics. If you’re creating a layered landscape with trees, make sure the canopy of large trees won’t block the sun from small trees, unless they are shade tolerant species. Some species of trees are hardy enough to flourish with dappled sunlight.
Some young trees are so hardy that it’s easy to forget they require care and strategic planning. So, does sun exposure really matter when it comes to tree care? Yes, yes it does. Sun exposure is just one factor that can impact a tree’s health. Before choosing the right tree for your desired planting spot, make sure the planting location meets all the conditions the tree needs to thrive including sun, soil type, and the space it needs to grow. And if you’re growing an indoor plant that requires sun, make sure it’s in front of a window and not under.
Check out the Tree Planting & Care section for more tree care tips.
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This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. | <urn:uuid:febc203f-0f6a-4ab7-a4eb-9aa96ea6dbb2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://utahlawncare.com/full-sun-partial-sun-does-it-really-matter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.93005 | 750 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Toolkit includes four kinds of resources:
Tool: Customizable resources, e.g., program observations;
Sample: Documents used by five urban districts and their partners, e.g., staff handbooks, position descriptions and enrollment forms;
Tip Sheet: Additional advice from field experts on how to use materials on each topic;
Guidance: For each tool, sample, and tip sheet, an explanation of what it is, why it’s important (with connections to research), who can benefit from it and tips for effective use.
In addition, the
Summer Planning Calendar and
Sustainability Tools include detailed companion and facilitation guides with tips to help you develop your planning process.
Click here to learn more about the National Summer Learning Project and how the Toolkit’s materials were developed. | <urn:uuid:14d310dc-5e16-49af-8851-994191ac5d9d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.wallacefoundation.org/knowledge-center/summer-learning/toolkit/pages/default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337529.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004215917-20221005005917-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.91782 | 173 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Published on February 25th, 2013 | by Nicholas Brown6
Study Finds Fuel Economy Standards Less Cost Effective Than Fuel Tax
February 25th, 2013 by Nicholas Brown
According to a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) study, government-set fuel economy standards, which have been practiced for many years, are 6 to 14 times less effective than a fuel tax for reducing gasoline usage.
The concept of fuel efficiency standards ensures that new vehicles are more efficient, but, what about the rest of the cars on the road? The objective of fuel economy standards is to reduce gasoline usage overall, but it only reduces the fuel consumption of new cars by making car manufacturers build more efficient vehicles.
Most people cannot buy new cars because they are all very expensive. However, a fuel tax would be an incentive for drivers of all cars — from old to new — to use their fuel more efficiently by hypermiling, using shorter routes, switching to more efficient cars (even if they are used), car pooling, using public transportation, travelling by foot, and to driving less overall.
A fuel tax is also an incentive for manufacturers to build more efficient cars. All of this is because a fuel tax drives up the cost to drive all fossil-fuelled cars.
“A tax on gasoline has proven to be a nonstarter for many decades in the US, and I think one of the reasons is that it would be very visible to consumers every time they go to fill up their cars,” said Valerie Karplus, the lead author of the study and a researcher with the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. “With a vehicle efficiency standard, your costs won’t increase unless you buy a new car, and even better than that, policymakers will tell you you’re actually saving money.”
“As my colleague likes to say, you may see more money in your front pocket, but you’re actually financing the policy out of your back pocket through your tax dollars and at the point of your vehicle purchase.”
Source: Green Car Congress
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Own or lease an electric car? Complete out EV Owner/Lessee Survey. | <urn:uuid:f8fc0f2b-50ec-4021-92f9-30c71f7642b2> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://cleantechnica.com/2013/02/25/study-finds-fuel-economy-standards-more-cost-effective-than-fuel-tax/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042985140.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002305-00162-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95739 | 511 | 2.71875 | 3 |
“Growing Up to Become Like Children”
by Isaac Watson, ATS Graduate Intern
“And if he finds it, truly I tell you, he is happier about that one sheep than about the ninety-nine that did not wander off.” – Matthew 18:13
In C.S. Lewis’ imaginative classic, The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, the four main characters are Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy. Peter, being the oldest, is only just about the age that you start high school and Lucy, the youngest, only old enough to be starting grade school. Despite their ages the four children come to the magical land of Narnia where, under the direction of Aslan the lion (the Christ character), they save the realm from the curse of the White Witch whose spell keeps it “always winter but never Christmas.”
Through the whole story, the only ones who take any real issue with the age of the four main characters are the main characters themselves. Aslan and his companions see these two “sons of Adam” and two “daughters of Eve” as essential to fulfillment of prophecy and the dreams of all that peace will be restored to Narnia. As the drama unfolds, the children’s confidence grows, they are given the needed tools to perform in their roles, lead a valiant and victorious charge against the evil forces of the White Witch, and become kings and queens. These youngsters accomplish things that we hardly imagine possible for children.
Jesus tells us that, in turning from our sins and seeking to enter his kingdom, we must become like little children. So often, the afflictions and actions that have become synonymous with “adulthood” keep us in our sins and out of the kingdom: stress, discord, jealousy, manipulation, deception, impurity, fear, insecurity, worry, bitterness and rage. These things leave us discouraged, depressed and defeated. They stamp out our dreams and God’s design for us. Like Paul, we need to “put away childish things” and become like children: innocently humble in all that we do, quick to honor others, resting in the Lord’s good and capable care. We can learn from the children in our midst how to foster our “inner child.” We can grow up to simply love one another, quickly forgiving others in the same way that a child rebounds from a fall or a lost toy and concentrates on the next good thing to come! We can begin to approach the ups and downs in life with a rejuvenating joy sustained by our Father in heaven. We can confess our sins to the One who is full of grace and truth and release the fear and anger that keep our souls in a never-ending winter. In the process, we can encourage others in their own development. Through these actions, God’s kingdom becomes alive on earth, and our imaginations are invited to thrive!
In this dark and dreary world it is up to us to be shining lights. God calls us to be child-like, combating the world’s darkness with simple, innocent and joyful rejuvenation and healing. Committing ourselves daily to being youthful will bring about positive change. By displaying Christ-like love in everything that we do and say we will begin to see God’s Kingdom become alive on earth! | <urn:uuid:56a595a5-a20b-41a8-9311-6bb9bfc7fe1d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://life.nyack.edu/lent-devotions-day-6-growing-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945331 | 700 | 2.75 | 3 |
This week in Swift Class we are learning:
English- This week we are continuing with the theme of a lost toy from the story of the ‘Knuffle Bunny’ and the children will write parts of a story.
Maths- Addition and subtraction.
Science- Identifying and naming a variety of common animals including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
ICT-To understand that digital texts can include words, numbers, graphics, film and sound.
Child Initiated Learning: To continue to develop independence in using classroom areas.
Phonics- Phase 2 and phase 3
Jigsaw- Being Me
History- To understand what does the past mean.
- Monday- Book bags and water bottle to be handed in
- Tuesday- Book bags to go out
- Thursday- Book bags to be handed in
- Friday- PE today and book bags go home | <urn:uuid:6a39d704-806f-477b-b45a-6c31120d3217> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://bromet.herts.sch.uk/swift-class-autumn-week-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690307.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925021633-20170925041633-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.934932 | 185 | 3.375 | 3 |
Right now is a good time of the year to plant spring-flowering bulbs. There are many available varieties for venturesome gardeners to consider, and we regularly recommend trying unfamiliar botanical treasures. Today’s column features daffodils, which could well be the most popular and most frequently hybridized of the geophytes.
Here are reasons for including daffodils in your garden.
Many flowers are delightful in the garden, and many gardeners have their favorites, but just about everyone enjoys daffodils, especially when they declare the arrival of the spring season. Daffodils have graceful stems, attractive foliage, and unique blossoms. Trumpet daffodils, the most familiar division within the genus Narcissus, have blossoms that feature the trumpet-shaped corona surrounded by six petal-like tepals, which form the perianth. The corona and perianth might have the same color, or different colors.
A very large and growing number of hybrid daffodils are available through garden centers and mail order nurseries. Many plants are yellow or white, or combinations of those colors; hybridizers have introduced cultivars with green, pink, orange and red elements. There are interesting and pleasing color combinations for various tastes.
The growing number of hybrids includes variations of shapes, particularly in the coronas that might be single or double in form, or might have ruffled or frilly edges.
There are also varieties that bloom in at various rtimes, as early a late December and as late as early, mid- or late spring, so with a little planning you can create an extended display.
During their growing season, many hybrid daffodil bulbs form side bulbils that develop new bulbs and provide more flowers in the following season. A clump of daffodils will increase in sixe from one season to the next. In time, the clump can be come crowded, and the gardener can dig up the bulbs for replanting over a larger area, or gift them to friends.
Some varieties will develop seeds and sow them naturally to form additional populations of plants Over a few seasons, they can spread throughout a meadow area, providing a stunning display.
Free of Pests and Diseases
The bulbs and foliage of daffodils are poisonous to most pests, because all parts of the plant includes the toxic chemical, lycorine. Consequently, the plants have minimal problem with deer, gophers or other rodents. If such pests tend to favor your garden, daffodils will provide a fine display without the expectation that plants will disappear when you’re not looking.
Daffodils are not immune to diseases, and basal rot and fungi could attack the plants, as will as nematodes, bulb flies, or viruses. However, plants grown in good soil with good drainage, and regular care generally will resist such difficulties. The references listed below include helpful information about managing such problems.
Easy to Plant
Daffodil bulbs are planted three times the width of the bulb apart, three times the width of the bulb deep. They can be planted singly, with a trowel or other tool, or in groups by removing the desired amount of soil from the planting area, positioning the bulbs, then replacing the soil. Each gardener has a favorite planting method. In any case, planting a large number of daffodil bulbs can be accomplished quickly.
For more information, here are recommendations of Becky Fox Matthews a past president of the American Daffodil Society:
The American Daffodil Society – The ADS is :The AmericanCenter for Daffodil Information” providing rich resources on its website.
Daffseek – A online photo database with an incredible amount of features (different languages, photos from all over the world, daffodil genealogy and more), made free to the public by the American Daffodil Society;
Daffnet – A discussion forum for For people interested in growing, showing, or hybridizing daffodils
Dafflibrary – Books, articles and journal about daffodils
Dafftube – Slide presentations and video recordings, many of which were presented originally during national or regional meetings of the American Daffodil Society.
Many thanks to Becky Fox Matthews for sharing these links.
Another useful source of information is the website of England’s The Daffodil Society. The Society was established in 1898 as the specialist society of Great Britain for all who are interested in the Genus Narcissus
Daffodil bulbs will be available now, and through most of the fall months from local garden centers and several mail order nurseries. Several mail order nurseries throughout the United States will offer daffodil bulbs. An Internet search for “daffodil bulbs” will list several sources.
Many gardeners will favor west coast suppliers on the premise that they grow their bulbs under conditions like those of the local area.
In addition, I will list Brent and Becky’s Bulbs, located in Gloucester, VA, not the west coast. This family business began in the early 1900s as a daffodil specialist and has since grown to offer over 1,000 varieties of bulbs. Daffodils continue to be their favorite product, and they offer many beautiful cultivars. Their website also offers solid advice on cultivation. Click on the menu for “Media.”
If you don’t already have daffodils in your garden, this is the time to select and order cultivars that speak to you, and plant the bulbs in preparation for a delightful display in the spring. | <urn:uuid:30a20ec6-6bdd-42d4-998e-2459c637ab30> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://ongardening.com/?tag=geophytes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.94102 | 1,178 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Picture Wall of Lahore Fort
Established as the world’s largest mural Picture Wall, it was exquisitely decorated with glazed tile and faience mosaics, embellished brickwork, filigree work and frescos during the Mughal period in the reign of Emperor Jahangir in 1624 AD and completed under Emperor Shah Jahan’s reign in 1632 AD. It is 1450’x50’ (450 meters long and 17 meters high) wall seen right there as you enter the Lahore Fort. Each individual mosaic gives us an insight into the life and entertainment in the royal courts, such as battles scenes, royal portraits, mythical creatures, dance and music and geometric patterns; these unique elements became the principal reason for the Lahore Fort being declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.
Somehow, the wall had been neglected and not much importance was given to it in terms of tourism and conservation. People didn’t know that it forms the longest mural wall in the world, decorated in fine embellishment of glazed tile mosaics, giving the Lahore Fort a world heritage status. This wall envelops the Summer Palace and the Shah Jahan quadrangle, which includes the exquisite Sheesh Mahal and Naulakha Pavilion. The Hathi Pol gate forms an extension of the wall and entrance to the rest of the fort and latter structures, whereas the entrance to the surrounding context is served by the Postern Gate. A rich historical immediate context to the Picture Wall also includes the Sikh religious building of the Samadhi of Ranjit Singh; additionally adjacent are the Huzoori Bagh, Badshahi Mosque and Roshnai Gate.
The Picture Wall was constructed of small brick masonry with lime mortar; the bricks used were a special size specific to the Mughal period. There are various decorative schemes used on the facade including the typologies of glazed tile mosaic work, filigree work, fresco painting, brick imitation work, glazed lime plaster, pietra dura work, stone fret work, cut and dressed brick work and terracotta screens.
In September 2015, the Aga Khan Cultural Service Pakistan began the documentation, presentation and promotion of the Lahore Fort Picture Wall, with financial support from the Royal Norwegian Embassy and the Aga Khan Trust for Culture facilitated by the Walled City of Lahore Authority. This was the first step towards the conservation of the wall. Extensive documentation of the monument was carried out by a small technical team from the AKCS-P. Using laser electronic measurement and photo-ortho rectification technologies, an accurate highly detailed scaled record was created, depicting the wall’s present condition. This documentation was done according to high standards of precision, in compliance with the relevant international legal and technical requirements, as it is an international heritage site.
The first phase of the project involved the complete documentation of the 350’x50’ western section of the Picture Wall. The architectural documentation of the facade using electronic distance measurement devices was completed and high resolution rectified photography was done. Such techniques were used for the first time in Pakistan. This site has also been recorded as part of a demonstration for 3D laser scanning, which will be used extensively in future phases of work. A geo-technical and structural analysis was initiated through exploratory archaeological test pits along the base of the facade. Ground-penetrating radar was used to investigate the original level of the foundations of the fort, and identify potential sub-surface archaeological structures.
Specialists Mr. Talib Hussain, recognized for Architecture in 1983 for his work on the Tomb of Hazrat Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan, and Dr. Nadhra Khan, renowned historian of 16th-18th century Sikh and Mughal art, were also taken on board for supervising the material testing of the glazed tiles, preparing a chronology of past interventions and carrying out the interpretation and historical analysis of the iconography of the mural, which will culminate in an inventory and classification of its decorative elements and mediums.
The minor interventions done by the Sikhs in terms of embellishment and sealing parts depicting the existing condition and problems with the Picture Wall were also revealed. The Sikh civil war also caused damage to this wall as we can see bullet holes on the surface of the facade. A British intervention on a larger scale can also be seen through old photographs, involving the construction of barracks across the façade of the western segment of the wall, deteriorating the decorative surface of the bottom register. Later interventions include attempts at restoration in the 70’s and a recent intervention in 2014.
In 2018 the Aga Khan Culture Service Pakistan and Walled City of Lahore Authority took up the conservation of the western façade of the picture wall which is almost240 feet long in length and 50 feet high on average whereas it consists of 635 decorated recessed panels composed on three levels and is most decorative and embellished.
The conservation of this picture wall is a land mark project in this region. The process of conservation included the stabilization and consolidation of the Picture Wall’s structure, as well as its decorative elements, and warranted the expertise of both heritage crafts as well as conservators. It also included archeological excavation in order to expose the original Mughal era floor level which is 7 feet below the present ground level.
The conservation of the Picture Wall was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr. Imran Khan in 2019 who appreciated the efforts of the teams. | <urn:uuid:293a6f03-a702-4207-ac5d-480f8dec44b6> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://walledcitylahore.gop.pk/picture-wall-of-lahore-fort/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103035636.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625125944-20220625155944-00731.warc.gz | en | 0.954322 | 1,142 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Your Rights and Responsibilities under Federal and State Law
Three federal laws identify the rights and responsibilities of people who use guide dogs. These three laws, the Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA), the Fair Housing Act (FHA), and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), work to defeat discrimination by guaranteeing access and accommodation rights to people with disabilities who use service animals.
Despite the fact that Seeing Eye dogs have improved the quality of life for people who are blind since 1929, federal legislation concerning access rights of persons with disabilities was virtually nonexistent until the mid-1980s. In its absence, each state created its own law(s) to address the rights and responsibilities of people with guide dogs.
To date, all states and the District of Columbia have laws to protect access rights. However, the extent of coverage varies considerably from state to state and sometimes conflicts with federal laws. Generally, federal laws preempt state laws, but the ADA yields to state laws that provide better access.
For more information, contact The Seeing Eye Advocacy Council toll-free at 1-800-539-4425 or email email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:d5c837ac-8b84-428b-9ce5-508548610965> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.seeingeye.org/news/default.aspx?M_ID=382 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007832.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00204-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953795 | 233 | 3.1875 | 3 |
And antidepressant prescriptions have risen sharply over the same period
The number of antipsychotic drugs prescribed to patients with intellectual disabilities has hardly changed in over a decade despite official recommendations for clinicians to stop using them due to side effects, finds research published in the online journal BMJ Open.
And there’s been a sharp rise in antidepressant prescriptions over the same period.
Mental ill health is common in people with intellectual disabilities, with the prevalence of psychosis estimated to be around 4%. But antipsychotics are sometimes prescribed for adults with intellectual disabilities who don’t have a record of severe mental ill health–often for problem behaviours–despite limited evidence to back their use beyond short-term sedation.
Experts have voiced concerns over the use of antipsychotics in people with intellectual disabilities because the drugs have various disabling, painful and disfiguring side effects, some of which can be life threatening, such as tardive dyskinesia (which causes stiff, jerky and uncontrollable movements of the face and body), cardiac arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.
In 2016, a national campaign was launched by NHS England and various royal colleges to get clinicians to reduce or stop prescribing antipsychotics for people with intellectual disabilities who don’t have psychosis, where appropriate.
To find out whether antipsychotic prescribing patterns have changed, the researchers looked at the number of psychotropic drugs prescribed to people with intellectual disabilities living in Greater Glasgow, and associated mental ill health diagnoses, over a period of 10 years. Psychotropic drugs include antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilisers, stimulants, and anti-anxiety agents.
The researchers drew on data for 1190 adults living in the NHS Greater Glasgow area who had agreed to be on a primary care intellectual disabilities register and take part in the study between 2002 and 2004. And they extracted data from primary care records for 3,906 patients on the register and living in the health board area in 2014.
Around half (51%; 603) of the adults in 2002-04 and a similar proportion (48%; 1,881) in 2014 were prescribed at least one psychotropic drug.
Around one in four (24.5%; 292 out of 1,190) in 2002-4 and nearly 17% (653 out of 3,906) in 2014 were being treated with antipsychotics, while around one in 10 (11%; 133) in 2002-4 and one in five (19%; 746) in 2014 were being treated with antidepressants.
Around a fifth (21%; 62 out of 292) of those prescribed antipsychotics in the earlier time period had psychosis or bipolar disorder. A similar proportion (20.5%; 60) had problem behaviours but no psychosis or bipolar disorder. But a third (33%; 97) had no mental ill health or problem behaviours.
From the initial group of 1190 patients in 2002-4, 545 were still alive and their records linked to prescribing data for 2014. These data showed that psychotropic drug use had increased from 47% (256 out of 545) in 2002-4 to 58% (315) in 2014.
Use of antipsychotics didn’t change significantly, but there was an increase in the use of antidepressants, hypnotics/anxiolytics, and antiepileptic drugs prescribed to this group.
Over the decade, prescriptions for antidepressants rose sharply – from 11% in 2002-4 to 19% in 2014 — but this was even greater among the 545 people for whom data were available for both time periods, rising from 10% to 22%.
Although fewer new antipsychotic prescriptions were issued in 2014, patients prescribed these drugs in 2002-4 were unlikely to have them withdrawn over the next decade.
The researchers acknowledge that not all general practices agreed to the use of their data, and there were different methods of data collection between the two time periods which meant a large amount of information was missing. Nevertheless, the study is large and the groups representative, making the results generalisable, they say.
“Despite numerous calls and guidelines in the UK for the withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs from people with intellectual disabilities who do not have psychosis/bipolar disorders, our longitudinal, linked cohort analysis shows no progress over a decade,” they write.
While fewer prescriptions were issued for antipsychotics in 2014, people prescribed these drugs in 2002-4 were still likely to be taking them 10 years later, they point out, adding: “Adults with intellectual disabilities need frequent and careful medication reviews.” | <urn:uuid:ff591e78-9ba3-4848-ae2f-8b02317fde12> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjopen/2020/09/17/antipsychotic-prescriptions-havent-budged-in-10-years-despite-recommendations-to-curb-use/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153515.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727233849-20210728023849-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.944764 | 939 | 2.578125 | 3 |
From the climate talks in Paris, to our global ADVANCE project sites and beyond, science matters when it comes to managing climate change. To kick off our work together, we’ve asked renowned climate scientists from our partners at the Center for Climate Systems Research to share their thoughts on some of our most timely and pressing climate questions:
Will biodiversity be safe if we limit global warming to 2°C?
The answer to this question depends largely on which species or ecosystems we are considering. Some species and ecosystems are more sensitive to change than others. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a 1-2°C increase will pose a risk to unique and threatened systems. And scientists have also demonstrated through modeling that impacts on biodiversity can continue for decades after climate stabilization.
So far the planet has warmed by about 1°C since pre-industrial times. Even with this level of warming, scientists have already recorded many impacts on species and ecosystems. These observed changes include shifts in blooming dates of flowering plant and timing of animal reproduction, migration and hibernation. These types of changes will become more prevalent as the planet continues to warm.
Finally, it is important note that the goal of the climate negotiations in Paris is to limit the average global annual temperature increase to 2°C above pre-industrial conditions. Even if we achieve this goal, some areas of the planet will experience greater amounts of warming than others, particularly at the poles. This means that some species will be exposed to average annual temperature increases far greater than 2°C in addition to changes in weather extremes, shifting seasons, rising sea levels and more acidic oceans. While some species may benefit, these changes will result in shifting ranges for many species and possibly even extinction. Furthermore, as changes in climate will affect the availability of food sources, some species will experience a decline in numbers even if they are able to withstand changes in temperatures and precipitation.
Considering the bleak climate projections, have we already passed the ‘tipping point’?
A tipping point signifies a point of no return, whereby the global climate or a local ecosystem is pushed beyond the boundaries of its current state. Some researchers say that we have surpassed the tipping point for global ice sheets and that they will melt at rates that would result in catastrophic sea level changes. Other scientists are not so sure, and believe that if nations of the globe can agree on limiting their emissions as soon as possible, the global climate system can still be preserved with more limited impacts. Regardless, the message is clear that actions to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions today will benefit future populations by stemming the worst effects of climate change.
On regional scales, specific locations will face greater levels of warming, more frequent droughts, or heavier downpours that could push local ecosystems beyond their current state. Some regions with degraded habitats, sensitive ecosystems, and low carrying capacity are likely to be very close to or have already surpassed their tipping points. However, understanding how the ecological systems have changed so far and identifying regional climate changes and impacts will help guide conservationists on how to increase resilience of these systems.
Because it is not possible to know exactly where a tipping point may be, a risk averse approach argues for reducing emissions quickly to dramatically to lessen the risk of climate and ecological surprises.
If we stop burning fossil fuels altogether today how long would it take for the climate to stabilize?
Even if humans were to completely stop burning fossil fuels like oil, coal and natural gas, the Earth’s atmosphere would continue to warm for at least decades and possibly centuries. This is because carbon dioxide, the major greenhouse gas, remains in the atmosphere for hundreds of years after it is released when we burn fossil fuels.
Given this time lag, we also need to remember that even after temperatures stabilize, other systems such as oceans, ice sheets and biomes will continue to change far into the future. Even under low emissions scenarios, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggests that climate would not ‘stabilize’ until hundreds or even thousands of years from now.
A changing climate system affects biodiversity. We can and must slow the rate of global warming, but even the most aggressive efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions will not stop change for a very long time to come, well beyond our own lifetimes.
Why are some countries more vulnerable to climate change than others and which countries will be impacted the most?
The amount of warming, rainfall patterns, sea level rise, storms and other changes in the climate vary across the earth. Local climate conditions, geography (e.g., low-lying coastal areas), exposure of people and infrastructure, sensitive ecosystems, and capacity to withstand risks and recover all vary from country to country. While all countries are vulnerable to climate change both directly (through climate changes within their borders) and indirectly (through climate changes in other countries that lead, for example, to increases in the price of food), some regions are more vulnerable than others. Small island nations and nations with large populations living in megadeltas (e.g., Bangladesh and much of Southeast Asia) are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise and coastal flooding. Those least developed countries in the subtropics and tropics that rely on highly variable precipitation for staple crops—many of which are in Africa—are also highly vulnerable.
How can smallholder farmers in the developing world start to adapt to changing climate conditions without the resources that large-scale farmers have in the developed world?
In many respects, smallholder farmers are at a disadvantage in the face of climate change. They may lack access to capital markets and agrotechnology. However, these farmers are often knowledgeable about traditional varieties of crops and crop management strategies that are more suitable for the projected conditions (e.g., rice varieties that are more tolerant to droughts). Some smallholder farmers may also have strong social support networks. Making sure these farmers have access to climate risk information at seasonal and longer time scales is a step towards leveling the playing field. This type of climate information can also assist government and aid agencies as they target suitable resources and build capacity to help farmers adapt.
How is science improving climate projections? Do we know enough to act now?
Climate models are our best available tool for simulating the climate of the future. Climate models will continue to improve, but for many climate problems, we already have enough information to act. Many of the largest obstacles to mitigation and adaptation are not related to a lack of climate information but rather are related to existing systems and policies.
After decades of advances in scientific understanding and computational power, today’s climate models are able to simulate many of the large-scale climate features that impact local climate, including high-pressure systems, mid-latitude storm tracks, and the jet stream. Projections of many important climate changes, such as the amount of warming and sea level rise are robust. As climate models continue to advance, they will tackle finer-resolution processes like what will happen to sea breezes and local storms. But we cannot wait for models to improve before taking action. We must make decisions today with the information we already have.
Answers provided by:
• Cynthia Rosenzweig, Senior Research Scientist, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University
• Radley Horton, Associate Research Scientist, Center for Climate Systems Research, The Earth Institute, Columbia University,
• Manishka De Mel, Staff Associate, Center for Climate Systems Research, The Earth Institute, Columbia University,
• Danielle Peters, Staff Associate, Center for Climate Systems Research, The Earth Institute, Columbia University | <urn:uuid:195f8543-23a1-457c-9739-1a24a567e157> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/climate-blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295192.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00241-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933701 | 1,541 | 3.5 | 4 |
Aside from that, it only takes a fifth of a second for high electric current to cause a fatal condition. It inevitably reminds you to handle electricity at all time carefully.
But being careful in using your electrical appliances is not enough. Think of using your oven with a grounding fault, and touching the knob could severely shock you. Fortunately, you can control these mishaps through using a smart protective gadget called Residual Current Device (RCD).
An RCD or Residual Current Device is an electrical protective device that can protect you from getting electrocution or shock in case of touching electrically live parts and wires. It is designed to switch off the power supply when it detects a sudden current change in the wiring.
As it operates for emergency purposes, it reduces the probability of electrical fire in your home. Also, RCDs come in portable versions that offer a level of personal protection that fuses and circuit breakers cannot provide.
Many parts of Australia, under RCD regulations, require sold or leased residential homes to have at least two of the device to protect the electrical system. On the other side, there are additional requirements for installing non-portable RCDs as set out in AS/NZS 3000:2007: Writing Rules.
The RCD monitors your wiring system permanently to detect any leaking current or abrupt change in current flow. It measures the current passing in the live and neutral wires in your electrical system.
It cuts the power system 10 to 50 milliseconds when it detects a massive current in one of the wires or current difference for more or less than 300 mA. Also, it switches off the power supply when the current is missing that could potentially leak somewhere in the wiring system.
Furthermore, the safety device can continuously monitor the electrical current in an entire building, single equipment or an individual circuit. The broad spectrum of usability of RCD from your whole house to a single outlet can reduce any electrical hazards.
The ability of RCD to ensure safety is essential in electrically dangerous areas in your home, such as the bathroom and garden. It’s good to know that there are different types of RCD to secure you as always as possible in these areas of your home.
This type of RCD provides the highest level of protection as it covers the whole electrical system in your house. It’s installed in the fuse box that protects individual and groups of circuits.
On top of that, this type of RCD makes a safe wiring system and any appliances connected to it.
RCD of such type can replace the standard socket-outlet. It’s a socket-outlet with a built-in RCD that can protect the person in contact with the equipment plugged into the special socket-outlet.
The portable RCD is quite very helpful in anywhere you go. You can plug it to any standard socket-outlet providing you and your equipment a sense of security and safety from electrical hazards.
Checking if your RCD works is an easy task to do. Go to your consumer unit and see if there is a pushbutton marked ‘T’ or Test. The test button is part of the RCD with an additional label of ‘test quarterly’.
Testing your RCD every three months is necessary with the guide of a competent person. Also, if you are using a portable one, then you’ll check if it works properly every time you use it. Testing your RCD to work efficiently strongly indicates it is working reliably and safely.
Aside from the benefits it brings, it’s also consumer-friendly in terms of using and maintaining the device.
Electricity is amazingly useful; however, the danger awaits in every improper usage of it. But using an ingenious protective device such as residual current device can save you from any electrical mishaps.
Moreover, RCD is a life-saving investment. It ensures electrical safety for your whole house, equipment and to your family. The protective device can ensure you’re far from getting electrical fire, electric shock or electrocution.
Sutherland Shire Electrician can help you install, inspect and replace RCD in your home. We make sure that RCD continues to secure you from getting an electric shock and electrocution. With our level 2 electricians, we’re proud to provide lifetime warranty regarding your electrical system problems.
Call us at (02) 8378 2825 today, and we are always ready to help.
Reliable & On Standby 24/7
Upfront Honest Prices
5 Star Service
© 2019 Sutherland Shire Electrician. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:4ed593cd-c1bc-444a-9123-661c67ba86b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://sutherlandshireelectrician.com.au/what-is-residual-current-device/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103620968.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629024217-20220629054217-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.911932 | 971 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Editorial Notebook; When the Neighbors Refuse the Refuse
By ROGER STARR
Published: December 15, 1990
Gov. Robert Casey of Pennsylvania ran for re-election this year with the help of a television commercial showing him turning away out-of-state trucks carrying garbage to Pennsylvania's modern landfills. That commercial sent two messages to New York, where dwindling landfill space and the need to export solid waste figured in a strike of private trash haulers.
The first message is that New York can no longer count on exporting its garbage. Pennsylvania law limits out-of-state waste to no more than 30 percent of what goes into Pennsylvania landfills, and other states are said to be considering similar legislation.
The second, more hopeful lesson is that, like Pennsylvania, New York can create modern landfills. But to do so will require political courage and serious money.
New York City by itself produces more than 26,000 tons of waste daily -- 1,000 truckloads. Half of that has been buried in other states. While Gov. Mario Cuomo proposes state help to close substandard New York State landfills and to improve others like Staten Island's Fresh Kills, he's unwilling to help open new, high-technology landfills.
In the long run, of course, the best hope for reducing the need for landfills lies in successful recycling and other programs, including clean-burning incinerators. But there will always be a need for safe landfills, and right now that need is pressing.
The first requirement is a geologically suitable site surrounded by enough vacant land to protect neighbors from psychic and physical contamination. Such a site has been found by private landfill operators in northeastern Pennsylvania. The new facility, in Northampton County, is as different from the Fresh Kills site as the Waldorf-Astoria is from a flophouse. Fresh Kills has scavenging gulls, noxious smells and a leaky bottom. Pennsylvania's landfill has none of the above.
Most existing landfills -- built when they were called dumps -- are dangerous because they release pollutants downward and up. As rain falls on the compacted waste, it leaches out chemical and bacterial pollutants into the soil and underground water sources. Fermentation and other biochemical processes in the waste generate methane, a flammable, smelly gas that seeps upward, occasionally ignites hard-to-extinguish fires and always produces unpleasant pollution.
To capture the leached pollutants, the Pennsylvania landfill is protected with two separate liners, each consisting of a double layer of waterproof material. Two sets of pipes -- one inside each liner -- collect the pollutants and flush them into a water treatment plant that removes impurities. The methane gas, meanwhile, is drawn off in a third set of pipes and pumped to the landfill power house, where it is burned to generate electric power adequate to run all stationary machinery at the fill site.
There is no smell; there are no gulls. The older parts of the landfill are now covered with grass and trees. Manholes are provided so inspectors can check conditions within the pile of waste.
Even improved recycling and high-temperature incineration won't enable New York to dispense with landfills within the foreseeable future. As other states join Pennsylvania in closing their frontiers, the time to create new, high-tech landfills in New York has come. They can be financed privately, but public help in land acquisition is essential. | <urn:uuid:a58626f5-cd99-40af-8608-5f441b84e14c> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/15/opinion/editorial-notebook-when-the-neighbors-refuse-the-refuse.html?src=pm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608686.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526222659-20170527002659-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.922914 | 714 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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