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When discussing Nintendo’s rise as a digital dreamsmith in the ‘80s, game designers like Shigeru Miyamoto and Gunpei Yokoi get most of the limelight. But it was the hardware designed by Masayuki Uemura that served up their fantasies to millions around the globe.
I spent 2019 criss-crossing Japan researching my book Pure Invention: How Japan’s Pop Culture Conquered the World, in search of the country’s architects of cool. In March of that year I came face-to-face with a true legend: Masayuki Uemura, the engineer who designed Nintendo’s first cartridge-based game system, the Family Computer, aka the Famicom, aka the Nintendo Entertainment System.
With a design based on the arcade hardware that powered Donkey Kong, the Famicom quickly revolutionized home gaming in Japan when it was released in 1983. As the NES, it revitalized the home video game market in the United States after the Atari market crashed. From then on, it proceeded to deliver a steady stream of Japanese fantasies into the hearts and minds of people around the world. It’s hard to imagine a world today without Uemura’s machine.
Masayuki Uemura joined Nintendo in 1972. Gunpei Yokoi, the inventor and toy designer whose products like the Ultra Hand had transformed Nintendo from a humble maker of hanafuda, Japanese playing cards, into a well-known toy and game company, recruited Uemura away from his previous employer, the electronics company Hayakawa Electric, known today as Sharp. Uemura retired from Nintendo in 2004, and currently serves as the director for the Center for Game Studies at Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto. The university’s leaf-covered Kinugasa campus is a quiet oasis in what is—or was, before COVID-19—a bustling and tourist-packed city. It is also a 10-minute walk from the ancient Zen rock garden of Ryoan-ji temple, whose evocatively arranged boulders and artfully raked gravel seem to me one of Japan’s earliest “virtual realities.”
Departments that teach students how to make video games abound in higher education today, but the Ritsumeikan Center for Game Studies is one of only a handful of academic efforts specifically designed to preserve home video gaming equipment and ephemera. Its archives contain everything from early home versions of Pong to the latest consoles, every controller variation under the sun, and an ever-expanding library of software on tapes, cartridges, and discs. The packed shelves of its climate-controlled storage facility look like something out of a kid’s dream, organized with the obsessive rigor of the Library of Congress. The scent in the air is that paper from countless magazines and strategy guides, tinged with the nostalgic ozone smell of vintage electronics.
Uemura was 75 years old at the time of our interview, but seemed much younger. A benefit of a life spent making playthings for the world? Whatever the case, there is no mistaking the amusement and restless curiosity in Uemura’s eyes as we sit down over a round of Famicom Donkey Kong to talk about the little beige and burgundy machine that touched so many lives.
Kotaku: What was Nintendo like when you joined the company?
Masayuki Uemura: One of the things that surprised me when I moved from Sharp to Nintendo was that, while they didn’t have a development division, they had this kind of development warehouse full of toys, almost all of them American.
Kotaku: What were your impressions of Nintendo’s former president Hiroshi Yamauchi, who ran the firm from 1949 to 2002?
Uemura: He loved hanafuda and card games. I remember once, early on, a birthday party for an employee and he showed up and got right into hanafuda with everyone.
He was a Kyotoite. It’s a city with a lot of long-running businesses, some maybe five or even six hundred years old. In the hierarchy of the city, traditional craftspeople rank at the top. Nintendo, as a purveyor of playthings like hanafuda or Western playing cards, originally ranked down at the very bottom. Doing business in that environment made him very open to new ventures. He wasn’t interested in specializing. He was keenly interested in new trends.
Here’s an example of what I mean. In 1978, he bought around 10 tabletop versions of Space Invaders and placed them in headquarters and our factory. The idea was that we’d playtest them as a form of research. But what ended up happening was the entire company got so obsessed playing it that we couldn’t get a turn in. It was like a fever. Everyone abandoned their posts and stopped working. I was just bummed out that we hadn’t made it ourselves. Shocked and annoyed [laughs].
Kotaku: Did you feel behind the curve compared to other game companies back then?
Uemura: In the 70s, we had no idea what was going on with companies like Namco or Atari because we were here in Kyoto. If you lived in Tokyo, you’d probably pick up lots of things about companies like Taito or Sega or Namco or even what was happening in America. But none of that filtered down to Kyoto at all. That’s Kyoto for you—a little standoffish, going its own way, and proud of it. To a certain degree, not even caring about the outside world. A little conservative when it comes to new things. When I worked for Sharp, I took many business trips to Tokyo. But when I started working for Nintendo, that completely stopped. It’s pretty shocking when I think back on it, but Kyoto has always been kind of closed off that way. So no, there wasn’t any sense of us being behind.
Kotaku: I’ve heard that the atmosphere inside the company was very competitive, with a big rivalry between Nintendo’s two R&D divisions.
Uemura: There wasn’t really any R&D 1 and 2! It was just Yokoi and Uemura. There wasn’t any rivalry! Yokoi found me and recruited me to Nintendo; he was my senpai. It was Yamauchi who set us up as rivals. It was symbolic, which is important in any corporate organization. That’s why he created R&D 1 and 2.
Kotaku: How did the Famicom project come about?
Uemura: It started with a phone call in 1981. President Yamauchi told me to make a video game system, one that could play games on cartridges. He always liked to call me after he’d had a few drinks, so I didn’t think much of it. I just said, “Sure thing, boss,” and hung up. It wasn’t until the next morning when he came up to me, sober, and said, “That thing we talked about—you’re on it?” that it hit me: He was serious.
Kotaku: Were you influenced by other companies’ machines?
Uemura: No. I mean, after I got the order I bought every single one, took them apart, analyzed them piece by piece. I looked at the chipsets, saw what CPUs they used, checked out the patents, all of it. That took about six months. Most of it I did myself, but I did have some help from outside resources, people who worked at semiconductor companies. I looked into Atari’s machine, of course—it was the biggest—and the Magnavox machine. Because those two were the biggest hits, and Atari’s biggest of all.
Kotaku: How did you analyze rivals’ game consoles?
Uemura: I had a semiconductor manufacturer dissolve the plastic covering on the chips to expose the wiring underneath. I took pictures, blew them up, and looked at the circuitry to understand it. I had some experience with arcade games, and right away I knew that none of what I was looking at would be any help in designing a new home system. They simply didn’t have expressive enough graphics. They had a monopoly on patents for them, circuit structures and features such as scrolling. And they were simply old-fashioned. That’s why I couldn’t use anything from them.
Kotaku: Did America’s game industry crash scare you?
Uemura: Japan didn’t really experience a video game industry crash like America did. What we had was an LCD game crash. They stopped selling at right around the same time—Christmas of 1983.
Kotaku: In US the crash made the very concept of games taboo in the industry for a while. What about Japan?
Uemura: In Japan, the issue was that toy stores didn’t know how to carry them. Toy stores didn’t carry televisions. So they didn’t see game systems as things they should carry, either. That’s why a lot of companies tried positioning their products as educational products, with keyboards, more like PCs than game systems. The thinking in the industry was that was the only way to go, back then. The only way to sell a video game was showing it on a screen, and it was a big ask of toy stores, making them purchase TVs. LCD games had their own screens; you could just put them out and they’d sell themselves.
Kotaku: Is that why you chose to style the Famicom more like a toy?
Uemura: It was less of a choice and more that this was the way it had to be.
Kotaku: Why is that?
Uemura: Because that was the cheapest way to do it [laughs]. The colors were based on a scarf Yamauchi liked. True story. There was also a product from a company called DX Antenna, a set-top TV antenna, that used the color scheme. I recall riding with Yamauchi on the Hanshin expressway outside of Osaka and seeing a billboard for it, and Yamauchi saying, “That’s it! Those are our colors!” Just like the scarf. We’d struggled with the color scheme. We knew what the shape would be, but couldn’t figure out what colors to make it. Then the DX Antenna’s colors decided it. So while it ended up looking very toy-like, that wasn’t the intent. The idea was making it stand out.
Kotaku: And it did. Were you surprised when it became a societal phenomenon?
Uemura: I didn’t have time to be surprised! When it really took off, I was totally focused on making the NES for the American market, and also on making the Disk System. I had my hands full. And we were swamped with defective returns. At first we had a very high percentage of defective machines being returned to us. We were just getting so many returns, far more than anything we’d ever seen before. That’s when I realized just how many people out there were playing with them; there hadn’t ever been a system this popular before. That was about the time Super Mario Bros. came out, 1985. Everyone in the company realized we were going to be swamped. Super Mario was fuel on the fire of the fad.
Kotaku: Mario arguably became even more of a phenomenon than the Famicom itself.
Uemura: Super Mario Bros. was the first to really bring a kawaii perspective to game characters. Actually, Donkey Kong was first to do it, in the arcades, and it established that unique sense of design. Until that point, most games followed the arcade style of shooting game design. Super Mario is often cited as the very first game to connect that style of cute character and cute music together. I’m not sure who specifically on Miyamoto’s team connected the dots, but that’s what happened. Probably Miyamoto himself.
Kotaku: After Nintendo went from 3rd or 4th place to 1st in the ‘80s, was there a sense things changed, among people inside the company?
Uemura: No! We’re in Kyoto [laughs].
Well, my salary went up. That’s a fact. So I was getting paid more, but the flip side was my job got a lot harder. President Yamauchi’s attitude played a big part in this, but my feeling was one of “seize the day.” Just go for it. You have to remember, there was a time, after Donkey Kong, that we really didn’t make another game for about two years. Well, not exactly, but pretty much. That’s the period Super Mario Bros. was being developed. That game basically ended up including everything and the kitchen sink, gameplay-wise.
Kotaku: What led to the decision to export the Famicom abroad?
Uemura: There’s a rule in the game industry that fads last for three years. That’s why President Yamauchi targeted America—to get around that. The prevailing sense at the time was that television games would fade into history as they were replaced by personal computers. So we were shocked that the fad kept going. It was Kudo-san, the president of a company named Hudson, one of the Famicom’s first licensees, who said to Yamauchi, “this is a culture.” Yamauchi was like, “What are you talking about?”
Kotaku: Japanese games swept the globe starting in the late 70s: Space Invaders, Pac-Man, Donkey Kong. Why do you think this made-in-Japan culture resonated with people all over the world?
Uemura: Actually, that’s what I want to ask you [laughs].
Super Mario Bros. isn’t set in Japan, but the character’s Japanese. The name Mario sounds Italian, but he isn’t Italian. They were really able to capture that ambiguity. The number of dots you could use to draw the characters was extremely limited, so Miyamoto was forced to use colors to differentiate them. He spent a lot of time working on the colors. In the end, it became the template for how a designer might express themselves through a game. It was a whole new world.
Until video games became able to portray characters, they were nothing more than strategy games like shogi or chess. Once hardware developed to the point where you could actually draw characters, designers had to figure out what to make. Subconsciously they turned to things they’d absorbed from anime and manga. We were sort of blessed in the sense that foreigners hadn’t seen the things we were basing our ideas on.
Matt Alt (@Matt_Alt) is a Tokyo-based writer, translator, and game localizer. He is the author of Pure Invention: How Japan’s Pop Culture Conquered the World, coming 2020 from Crown Publishing. | <urn:uuid:908f0b34-2e86-4ce3-9c54-79b589cc78a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://kotaku.com/the-designer-of-the-nes-dishes-the-dirt-on-nintendos-ea-1844296906 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303864.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122134127-20220122164127-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.977857 | 3,248 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Having seen more than its fair share of devastating tsunamis in recent years, Japan is now set to become home to one of the most ambitious tidal defence projects the world has ever seen.
With an estimated cost of $6.8 billion, the huge seawall will stretch along 250 miles of the country’s coastline while reaching heights of up to 12.5m, the equivalent of a four-storey building.
Some have taken to calling it “The Great Wall of Japan”.
Despite providing protection against future disasters however not everyone is too keen on the idea. Some argue that the sheer size of the project would represent a significant eyesore and that the money would be better spent looking for a more practical solution to the problem.
“The safest thing is for people to live on higher ground and for people’s homes and their workplaces to be in separate locations,” said Tsuneaki Iguchi, the mayor of a town damaged by the last tsunami.
“If we do that, we don’t need to have a ‘Great Wall’.”
Given the amount of damage caused by the 2011 tsunami however, in particular that sustained by the Fukushmia nuclear plant, it is understandable that authorities will be looking for a solution that will mitigate the potential for future disaster as much as possible.
(Source: unexplained-mysteries.com; March 26, 2015; http://tinyurl.com/p2noh2p) | <urn:uuid:adfb37a4-2467-4dae-80b3-ce4d9b026775> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://tautai.com/japan-to-build-giant-250-mile-long-seawall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812978.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220145713-20180220165713-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.958576 | 310 | 3.4375 | 3 |
IN JUNE of last year Channel 4 News aired a story highlighting a "catastrophic" shortage of psychiatrists in the NHS as fewer and fewer UK-trained medics apply for posts. This has led to an over-reliance on overseas doctors to fill training posts. Just one in eight doctors sitting professional psychiatric exams in 2009 were UK graduates.
It’s difficult to understand why psychiatry is facing a recruitment crisis in the UK as it is one of the most interesting and eclectic of all medical specialties.
“The combination of different scientific disciplines covering areas as diverse as neuroscience, psychology, and social science, all brought together within a person-centred approach, is hard to beat within medicine,” writes consultant psychiatrist, Dr Alan Lee.
“I have never once regretted my decision to train as a psychiatrist.”
Psychiatry involves the diagnosis and treatment of patients with mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, personality disorders, learning disabilities and schizophrenia. Management involves a combination of measures including drugs, psychological treatments, working to improve home environments and social networks, and – very occasionally – use of physical treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Psychiatrists work with a range of other professionals, including clinical psychologists, social workers, psychiatric nurses and occupational therapists. Teamwork is essential and the apparent non-hierarchical nature of psychiatric MDTs can seem unusual to new trainees.
Mental health disorders are not diagnosed with a laboratory test. Great communication skills are the most important asset for a psychiatrist. As an added challenge, some of the most seriously ill patients have no insight into their own illness and may need to be treated without their consent under the provisions of the Mental Health Act. A good psychiatrist uses his or her communication and persuasion skills, as well as legal powers, to convince patients that they should cooperate with treatment plans. Most importantly, psychiatric patients get better with treatment. Many patients with psychosis or severe mood disorders will recover, return to work and can rebuild their relationships and lives with psychiatric support.
Entry to the profession
First exposure to the practice of psychiatry for most doctors is during foundation training rotas. Most trusts and deaneries have created foundation posts in psychiatry but numbers around the country vary. On completion of FY2, trainees interested in pursuing psychiatry as a career must apply for specialty training. Entry criteria are based on the key competencies of a good psychiatrist: medical expert, communicator, collaborator, manager, health advocate, scholar and professional. Professor Rob Howard, Dean of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, advises: “If you are interested in people and want to be engaged and involved in the lives of your patients and make a difference to them and their families – then wewant you in psychiatry”.
Many of the qualities of a good psychiatrist can be developed with training but an ability to communicate with patients and their carers and liaise with other professionals are important starting points. This is assessed via a combination of the FY2 portfolio, CV-based questions, a structured interview and assessment of teamwork and empathy potential. There are other ways to demonstrate your commitment to the specialty such as working with voluntary organisations like the Samaritans and Sane Line, or arranging to shadow a local consultant psychiatrist to gain first-hand knowledge of the work.
Training and practice
Specialist training in psychiatry takes 6 years and is divided into 3 years of core training (CT1–3) and 3 years of specialty training (ST4–6). Core training is spent in a wide variety of posts lasting four to six months. To move on to specialty training, STs must pass three written exams and one clinical exam in order to obtain Membership of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.
ST4-6 training is spent in one of the six different psychiatry specialties: general adult, old age, child and adolescent, learning disability, psychotherapy and forensic.
Workload and duties for psychiatry trainees vary widely between jobs. STs are usually responsible for the day-to-day management of in-patients and community patients and review them regularly, presenting updates at ward or community rounds. They also see both new and follow-up patients in out-patient clinics. STs can be involved in administering ECT and assessing patients presenting to accident and emergency. On-call duties are usually less hectic than in the acute specialties and many rotas allow you to be on call from home.
Considering the current challenges it’s likely that the NHS will put more resources into the recruitment of psychiatry trainees. Increased investment has already meant that there are 64 per cent more consultant psychiatrists than there were in 1997. The College is also rethinking how the specialty is perceived among medical graduates and is very keen to show trainees just how much enjoyment and satisfaction a career in psychiatry can deliver.
"I think psychiatry has struggled to attract UK graduates in the past because it has an image of otherness and weirdness; and a misconception that we don't ever cure people,” says Professor Howard.
"The fact is that psychiatrists play a vital role in getting people back to work, keeping them out of the justice system, and assessing who is at risk."
Or as Dr Alan Lee puts it: “In psychiatry you can really make a difference to people struggling with the most devastating illnesses and can help them to return to satisfying and fulfilling lives.”
For more information go to www.rcpsych.ac.uk
Jim Killgore is editor of MDDUS Summons
Q&A Dr Jon van Niekerk, ST6 in psychiatry
• What attracted you to psychiatry? My medical student placement in psychiatry was incredibly interesting and varied but too short to do the specialty justice. I decided to do my elective at a big mental health hospital in South Africa and it was here that I became fascinated with the diversity and richness of the specialty. During my specialty training I have had many opportunities to further my understanding of psychology, psychotherapy, philosophy, law and neurology – all subjects that make the specialty even more interesting. I became increasingly curious about what made us behave, think and feel the way we do. It is a privilege to continue to have the opportunity to ask these important questions in life over the span of a career.
• What do you enjoy most about the job? In psychiatry the doctor is the drug most prescribed. The doctor-patient relationship is crucial and communication skills are more important than ordering investigations or following a set algorithm. As a psychiatrist you have the time to really get to knowyour patients well. It can be incredibly rewarding to be able to make a real difference to patients when they are at their most vulnerable. It could be argued that we are the only medical profession that can claim to be truly holistic.
• Are there any downsides? Psychiatry continues to suffer from stigma in the wider society, but also within the medical profession itself. The challenge is for us to advocate for our patients and for our specialty. Psychiatry has some of the most effective therapeutic interventions that medicine has at its disposal, but this is unknown to the wider general public.
• What do you find most challenging? I find it frustrating when I see mental health patients receive poor physical healthcare. There remains an unfair difference between the physical healthcare that patients with a psychiatric diagnosis receive and the rest of the population. This is a challenge for both psychiatry and primary care and I would like to see much closer collaboration in the future. The mortality figures for those with severe and enduring mental health problems are unacceptable.
• What about the role has most surprised you? I have been surprised by the compassion and kindness of carers. I continue to be amazed how these individuals are willing to put their own needs aside and take up these challenging roles for sometimes decades. A lot of our patients need the stability and continuity that carers provide to be able to function in a community setting. We would not be able to deliver care to a lot of patients without these individuals. In fact the whole of the NHS would probably collapse without carers.
• What is your most memorable experience so far? I remember administering electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to a patient that had a severe depressive episode. She was mute and had stopped eating and drinking and there were serious concerns that she might die. A few minutes after finishing the ECT clinic I was in the nursing station, when someone knocked at the door. A patient started asking me in a very assertive way, why the NHS complained about lack of money when they left windows open and the heating on. Much to my surprise I realised that this was the lady that was in a catatonic depressive state only minutes ago!
• What advice would you give to an FY considering psychiatry? Despite psychiatry being the third biggest hospital specialty, we only have about 5% of Foundation posts. Therefore most of you will have to evidence your interest in the specialty in other ways. I would encourage those interested to join the free associateship that has been set up by the Royal College of Psychiatrists. There are several benefits, including free annual conferences, summer schools, an e-newsletter full of advice and free subscription to the College’s journals. A taster session with a psychiatrist can also be invaluable and GP placements are also good to witness primary care psychiatric presentations. Audits are an easy way of showing interest as well. Psychiatrists are usually very approachable and willing to help.
This page was correct at the time of publication. Any guidance is intended as general guidance for members only. If you are a member and need specific advice relating to your own circumstances, please contact one of our advisers. | <urn:uuid:e1e93cb2-b6cc-4041-babb-65924cbae9e0> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.mddus.com/resources/publications/publications-library/fyi/issue-04/careers-not-a-couch-in-sight | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710918.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203011523-20221203041523-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.967391 | 1,970 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Dr. Bonnie Schmidt
President & Founder, Let’s Talk Science
Technological advancements are driving significant transformation in every field. According to the World Economic Forum, 65% of the children now entering primary school will ultimately work in a job that doesn’t exist today. In addition to the changing competencies required, attitudes toward career paths are changing. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) skills are inherently transferable and are critical for success in this rapidly-changing world. Yet, most students leave STEM studies early simply because they don’t understand where they can lead.
“It’s critical that children and youth remain curious, and learn to ask great questions, capable of challenging the status quo. Digital skills are also becoming the new ABCs, fundamental to jobs of the future,” says Dr. Bonnie Schmidt, President and Founder of Let’s Talk Science. Exposure to real careers and STEM role models helps youth rethink preconceived ideas about what a path in STEM looks like.
With this in mind, Let’s Talk Science has recently launched a dedicated career resources webpage to help students explore real career profiles from STEM role models. On its website, users can explore a diverse selection of career profiles, ranging from professionals like Iker Martin, New Product Development Lead at Amgen, to Danika Strecko, Manager of Ocean Literacy at Ocean Wise, to Allison Rumbolt, Helicopter Pilot at Cougars Helicopters Inc.
Students can explore career paths, advice from experts, and what motivated each individual to pursue a career in STEM.
Let’s Talk Science is collaborating with ChatterHigh to present a Canada-wide competition for career discovery. Explore careers, post-secondary options, the labour market, and health and financial literacy information for a chance to win a $25,000 cash prize pot! | <urn:uuid:1b5e97e3-d8e0-4796-bea2-d087b03a58ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.yourcareerguide.ca/insights/careers-are-changing-how-do-we-prepare-canadas-youth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337537.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005042446-20221005072446-00742.warc.gz | en | 0.929837 | 383 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Have you been curious about what someone sees in arts and crafts? If that should like you, you have found the right information. In the article that follows, you will learn all about arts and crafts and how it can be a fun hobby for you.
Have you been seeking a new place to find art supplies? If you go online, there are many websites that offer excellent deals on many different types of crafts. Browse the web and see what you can find. You may even find a shop or two that offers free shipping, as well!
There is a variety of supplies you can use for your projects. A good option is paper items that you toss away. Empty rolls of paper towel or bathroom tissue are good go to use. Newspapers and magazines will also come in handy. Use some creativity in terms of materials or items you typically dispose of, and put them to arts and crafts use instead.
Do you like to make jewelry or want to give it a shot? They carry jewelry making supplies including beads, chains and tools. Many people wear costume jewelry today. By making your own, you’re not spending as much, and you can blend your jewelry with your wardrobe.
Concentrate on one project at a time. You may want to create different types of crafts. However, that leaves things unfinished. Before starting one project, finish the other one. This will allow you to finish them.
When crafting with your kids, the end result doesn’t have to be written in stone. Let your kids create using their imaginations, and see what happens. They can play with their faces like Picasso, for example. Ideas that come from them are more meaningful than the results.
Before you read this, you may have wondered why so many people enjoy doing arts and crafts. Now that you have read the information, you realize how to enjoy arts and crafts on your own terms as well. Apply what you have learned here to start enjoying arts and crafts on your own. | <urn:uuid:88e082d3-8f9b-4f66-a8c0-83a1a86a5eb1> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://needlefelting.net/2017/08/12/arts-and-crafts-info-you-wont-find-elsewhere-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703500028.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116044418-20210116074418-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.972023 | 406 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Dr. Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming
In organic production, tomato, pepper, and eggplant are normally started indoors and transplanted to the field to give them a head start on the weeds. Crops kept free of weeds for the first 4–8 weeks (tomato) or 8–10 weeks (eggplant, pepper) after transplanting can usually outcompete later-emerging weeds. However, late-season weeds can interfere with harvest, promote disease, and propagate themselves.
The most serious weeds of solanaceous (nightshade family) vegetables in the southern United States include yellow and purple nutsedges, morning glories, pigweeds, solanaceous weeds that host tomato or pepper diseases, and several winter annual weeds that harbor tomato spotted wilt virus and an insect pest (thrips) that transmits the virus from weed to crop. Fields heavily infested with these weeds should not be planted in tomato, pepper, or eggplant, and should be rotated to weed-smothering cover crops or perennial sod until weed populations decline to tolerable levels.
Important weed-preventive measures include: crop rotations that alternate warm- and cool-season vegetables, cover cropping, providing sufficient but not excessive nutrients from slow-release organic sources, and stale seedbed (planting delayed after seedbed preparation to allow removal of the inital flush of weeds) to draw down the weed seed bank.
Most organic farmers use one of two strategies to control weeds in solanaceous vegetables:
Variations on these strategies include opaque white or light-reflecting (aluminized) plastic mulch for later plantings when soil warming is not desired; spreading organic mulch over plastic films several weeks after planting to prevent excessive soil heating; and in situ organic mulch from mowed or roll-crimped cover crops.
This article outlines organic weed management strategies and techniques for tomato and related vegetable crops, based on an understanding of:
Tomato, pepper, and eggplant require good early-season weed control for successful production. Once established, these warm-season solanaceous vegetables become less vulnerable to competition from newly-emerging weeds, and tall tomato varieties can hinder weed growth by shading. late-season weeds must be managed to maintain adequate air circulation around crop foliage, and to prevent weed propagation during the long harvest season.
Tomato, pepper, and eggplant are frost-tender summer annual crops in the solanaceous (nightshade) plant family. They require warm temperatures and an adequate supply of nutrients throughout the season to support good growth and yields. Newly-emerged seedlings are highly vulnerable to weed competition, and are usually started indoors in a weed-free potting mix. Once established, these crops become more tolerant of weed pressure. In tomato, the minimum weed-free period (to prevent yield losses to weed competition) has been estimated as the first 4–8 weeks after transplanting (Monks, 1993; Riggs et al., 1991; Teasdale and Colacicco, 1985; Weaver and Tan, 1983). Minimum weed-free periods for pepper and eggplant may be a little longer (8–10 weeks), owing to their slower development and shorter stature.
Because harvests continue until plants are killed by fall frost or disease, mature solanaceous crops remain in the field for a long period, during which additional weed management may be needed. Weeds that emerge after the crop's minimum weed-free period and are allowed to grow can interfere with harvest, promote disease by harboring pathogens or curtailing air circulation, or set seed.
When solanaceous vegetables reach a height of 12 inches or so, they tolerate some hilling up during cultivation, which buries and kills small within-row weeds. Hilling can benefit tomato by stimulating adventitious rooting from the stem, and diverting excess moisture away from the base of the plants (Diver et al., 2007). However, hilling can promote development of southern stem blight (Sclerotium rolfsii), and should be avoided where this pathogen is present (Louws, 2009).
Sweet and hot peppers, eggplant, and compact determinate varieties of tomato (varieties that grow to a fixed mature size and ripen all their fruit in a short period) form upright, bushy plants two to three feet tall. Indeterminate and semi-determinate tomato varieties form longer vines (five feet or more), and are normally staked or trellised.
Tomato prefers moderately warm conditions, giving best growth and production at daily mean air temperatures of 70–75 °F (Peet, 1996, Swaider et. al, 1992) and soil temperatures of 68–86 °F (Tindall et al., 1990). On good soil without hardpan (compact layer that restricts root growth), tomato forms a deep (five feet) root system, which can make established plants less susceptible to weed competition for soil moisture. The heavy foliage of a vigorous tomato crop can shade out weeds; however managing the crop to promote canopy closure can aggravate disease problems, leading to defoliation and yield losses.
Peppers require similar growing conditions to tomatoes, and prefer slightly warmer temperatures, especially the pungent varieties (Peet, 1996, Swaider et al., 1992). Unlike tomato, pepper has a shallow root system, which makes it more vulnerable to weed competition for soil moisture, and to detrimental root pruning from cultivation. Pepper is less prone to foliar diseases than tomato, and can be managed for canopy closure within the bed when disease pressure is light.
Eggplants prefer higher temperatures (daily means about 80 °F, nights not cooler than 65 °F) and a longer growing season than other solanaceous vegetables (Swaider et al., 1992). Like pepper, it can be managed to close canopy within the bed for suppression of late-emerging weeds. The crop develops a moderately deep root system (four feet), and can tolerate shallow cultivation for weed control.
Tomato, pepper, and eggplant are normally started in the greenhouse in a weed-free potting mix, and transplanted to the field at an age of 5–7 weeks (tomato) or 8–10 weeks (pepper, eggplant). Although some large scale conventional growers direct-seed solanaceous crops and apply selective herbicides, nearly all organic farmers minimize early-season weed competition by transplanting vigorous starts (Fig. 1). Tomato is set out after the last spring frost date; pepper and eggplant are often planted a few weeks later, when the soil is thoroughly warm.
Some farmers do succession plantings, with early crops set out in high tunnels before the last spring frost date, and field plantings continuing into late June or early July. Later plantings set out after the late spring flush of weed emergence allow the farmer to reduce weed pressure by preparing a stale seedbed or growing a weed-suppressive spring cover crop. When using the stale seedbed technique (also known as false seedbed), the farmer delays crop planting for several weeks after initial seedbed preparation to allow one or more flushes of weed seedlings to emerge. These are removed by shallow cultivation or flame weeding, and the crop is planted immediately after the final cultivation or flaming.
Figure 1. (a) Vigorous tomato starts at 6 weeks after seeding, ready for transplanting. (b) Pepper starts 8 weeks after seeding. Photo credits: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.
Tomato, pepper, and eggplant require a moderate amount of available N, about 70–130 lb/ac from planting through early fruit set, and ample phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) to support good root growth and fruit quality, respectively (Swaider et al., 1992). Good organic soil management and attention to maintaining optimum growing conditions can enhance the crop's competitiveness toward weeds. Planting when temperatures are below optimum can prolong the minimum weed-free period. Providing too much available N early in the season can give weeds a competitive advantage over the crop, and excessive N later in the season may result in plants with dense foliage and few fruit.
Tomato is usually planted in single rows spaced 5–6 feet apart, either in raised beds or on the flat, with individual plants set 12–48 inches apart, depending on cultivar and production system. Some organic growers use wider row spacing (8–10 feet) to enhance air circulation, sometimes planting a low-growing vegetable or cover crop in the intervening spaces. Plants are normally supported (staked, trellised, or caged), and pruned (suckered) regularly to promote rapid drying of foliage for disease control, and to enhance fruit yield, quality, and ripening. Trellising and stake-and-weave systems that train the crop to a single line allow close cultivation or mulching under the plants, while cages limit weed control options near plant bases. Short varieties and processing tomatoes are sometimes grown without support (ground culture); however, the sprawling plants are difficult to keep weeded unless a plastic mulch is used.
Pepper and eggplant are often planted in staggered double rows, with plants spaced 18–24 inches apart in the row, and double rows on 5–7 foot centers. With this planting pattern, the crop often closes canopy within the bed, thereby suppressing the growth of late-emerging weeds. Pepper is sometimes staked to prevent the shallow-rooted plants from falling over during heavy fruit set.
Solanaceous crops respond very well to mulching. Many commercial organic producers routinely use synthetic mulch—most often black polyethylene film (black plastic)—for tomato, pepper, and eggplant (Fig. 2). Black plastic effectively controls most weeds and warms the soil, thereby promoting crop earliness and sometimes total yield. Drip irrigation is usually laid under the mulch to deliver water and liquid organic fertilizer to the crop. Some growers prefer black woven landscape fabric, which can be reused for seven or more years. Weeds emerging through planting holes are removed manually, and alley weeds are managed by hoeing, cultivation, mowing, organic mulch, or cover cropping.
NOTE: When plastic or other synthetic mulches are used for organic production, they must be removed from the field at the end of the growing or harvest season.
Figure 2. (a) Vegetable growers setting tomato starts into black plastic mulch. (b) Tomato at flowering in black plastic, with hay mulch in alleys. Photo credits: (a) Becky Crouse, Marketing Manager, Potomac Vegetable Farms, Purcellville, VA; (b) Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.
Because tomato yield and quality can suffer from excessive soil heating, some growers spread straw or hay over black plastic mulch when summer heat arrives, or use a light-colored plastic for later plantings. In hot climates, a light-reflecting film mulch may be appropriate for main-season or late plantings of pepper and eggplant as well (Fig. 3).
Figure 3. This light-reflecting film mulch (opaque polyethylene with an aluminized surface), results in lower soil temperatures than black plastic, and repels aphids and some other pests from the pepper crop. Photo credit: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.
If plastic mulch is not used, farmers either hoe or cultivate the crop as needed through the minimum weed-free period, or cultivate once or twice, then spread an organic mulch, such as straw or hay, to delay weed emergence until the crop is fully established (Fig. 4). Because organic mulch conserves moisture and moderates soil temperature, it can enhance tomato yields if applied after the soil has warmed sufficiently (Schonbeck and Evanylo, 1998).
Figure 4. (a) Tomato in hay mulch passed through its minimum weed-free period before weeds began to break through the mulch. (b) Straw mulch, applied after cultivation and when soil temperatures were near optimal for eggplant and pepper, has given excellent weed control. Crops were planted in double rows, and the eggplant has closed canopy, thus shading out late-emerging weeds. Photo credits: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.
Tall tomato varieties grown on trellises or tall stakes can cast sufficient shade to hinder between-row weed growth. However, in moist conditions, the tomato crop may lose its foliage to diseases toward the end of the harvest period, which allows weed growth to resume.
Some of the most widespread and troublesome weeds in solanaceous crops in the Southern region include yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), purple nutsedge (C. rotundus), morning glories (Ipomoea spp.), and pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) (Fig. 5) (Webster, 2006). Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), johnsongrass (Sorghum halapense), crabgrasses (Digitaria spp.), foxtails (Setaria spp.), and galinsoga (Galinsoga spp.) have also been cited as major weeds of tomato family in some southern states.
Figure 5. Some troublesome weeds for solanaceous crops: (a) Yellow nutsedge and two species of morning glory emerging in alley between tomato rows. (b) Purple nutsedge competing severely against pepper. (c) late-season morning glories climbing mature tomato plants, with pigweeds growing in alleys (foreground). Photo credits: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.
Morning glories are especially troublesome because they can emerge through six inches of straw mulch, readily grow toward and emerge through planting holes in plastic mulches, and climb crop plants. The fast-growing, entangling vines interfere with harvest and can smother the crop.
The sharp-pointed shoots of emerging nutsedges and Bermuda grass can penetrate black plastic film or landscape fabric. The weeds then compete with the crop, and complicate end-of-season mulch removal.
Pigweeds compete aggressively against solanaceous crops, owing to their tall stature and rapid growth during hot weather. Later-emerging pigweed can cause problems, even when the crop is large enough to shade out most grassy weeds and nutsedges.
Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) (Fig. 6a), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and other solanaceous weeds are alternate hosts for diseases such as early blight (Alternaria solani), septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici), and late blight (Phytophthora infestans) of tomato, and phytophthora blight (P. capsici) of pepper. Many weed species, including winter annuals like common chickweed (Stellaria media) (Fig. 6b), mouse ear chickweed (Cerastium vulgatum), cutleaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata), and cudweeds (Gnaphalium spp.) can harbor tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and thrips (Thysanoptera), an insect pest that acts as a vector (carrier) and transmits the virus from weed to crop (Louws, 2009; Martinez, 2008). TSWV is most serious in areas with mild winters that do not kill off thrips populations.
Figure 6. Two weeds that pose a disease and pest hazard to solanaceous crops. (a) Horsenettle hosts early blight and septoria leaf spot of tomato, phytophthora blight of pepper, and false potato beetle, which can severely damage eggplant. (b) Common chickweed can harbor the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and its thrips vector over the winter, thereby propagating the disease from one season to the next. Photo credits: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.
Preventive weed management begins with planning and field preparation. If possible, avoid planting tomato, pepper, and eggplant in fields with high populations of nutsedge, Bermuda grass, or other aggressive weeds. Use stale seedbed prior to planting to reduce seed populations of pigweed, morning glory, and other summer annual weeds. Weeds known to carry a disease or pest of solanaceous crops that is prevalent in the area should be well controlled before rotating the field to tomato or other crops in this plant family.
A good crop rotation that includes weed-smothering cover crops can reduce weed problems in tomato, pepper, and eggplant (Diver et al., 2007). Alternate warm- and cool-season vegetables in successive years, and grow competitive summer cover crops like buckwheat, cowpea, and sorghum–sudangrass during the season prior to tomato family production. Rotate heavily weed-infested fields into a perennial grass–clover sod for 1–3 years to reduce the weed seed bank.
Optimize soil temperature for crop establishment. For early plantings, use black plastic or fabric mulches, low or high tunnels (Fig. 7), or other strategies to raise soil temperature, so that crop development is not delayed by cold soil. Be sure the soil is thoroughly warm, (~70 °F) before transplanting eggplant or hot pepper. Delay application of straw or other soil-cooling mulches near plants until the soil has reached optimal temperatures. For late-season tomato plantings during hot weather, use a white or reflective film mulch (for best weed control, use an opaque white-on-black film, or coat black plastic with a nontoxic whitewash), or apply straw soon after planting to limit solar heating of the soil.
Figure 7. Tomato planted in March in a high tunnel will begin producing fruit by June at Dayspring Farm in the Tidewater region of Virginia. The companion crops of lettuce and bok choi have limited early-season weed growth, and will soon be harvested. Photo credit: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.
Use slow-release organic nutrient sources to meet crop nutritional needs. Avoid more soluble, faster-releasing fertilizers, which could stimulate early-season growth of pigweeds, black nightshade, and other N-responsive weeds. On good, biologically active soil, tomato N needs can be fully met with legume cover crops and compost, and yield better with these N sources than with soluble fertilizers (Diver et al., 2007).
Use in-row drip irrigation to deliver water and liquid organic fertilizers (if needed) preferentially to the crop (Fig. 8). Subsurface drip irrigation (lines buried several inches deep in the crop row) provides moisture to crop roots while leaving the soil surface dry and thereby deterring weed seed germination.
Figure 8. In-row drip irrigation can give the crop the edge over weeds, especially in a dry season. A mulch application would further enhance the crop's advantage. Photo credit: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.
Transplant the crop immediately after preparing the bed, especially if plastic mulch is not laid before planting. Even a couple days' delay can give the weeds a significant head start. For tomato, choose row spacing, plant spacing, and method of support that optimizes air circulation for disease control, and facilitates cultivation or mulching. For pepper and eggplant, where disease pressure is light, plant a staggered double row at a plant spacing that promotes canopy closure within the bed or grow zone without unduly crowding the plants.
If plastic film or fabric mulch is not used, cultivate or hoe around the plants when the first flush of weeds is less than one inch tall. Cultivate shallowly to avoid root pruning, especially in pepper. If crop plants are large enough and the southern stem blight pathogen is not present in the soil, adjust cultivation implements to throw soil into the crop rows to bury small within-row weeds, rather than trying to sever or uproot them.
Without mulch, as many as three cultivations may be needed before the end of the minimum weed-free period. Many organic growers hoe or cultivate once or twice to remove early weeds, then apply 3–4 inches of straw, hay, or other organic mulch. This approach conserves soil moisture, adds organic matter, prevents soil splash during rains, and can provide excellent weed control in fields that are not heavily infested with aggressive perennial weeds or morning glories.
For tomato, pepper, and eggplant transplanted into plastic film or fabric mulch, some manual labor is usually needed to remove weeds that emerge through planting holes. Usually, one manual weeding is sufficient, after which the growing crop shades out emerging weeds. Control alley weeds by cultivation, hoeing, mowing, or spreading straw or other organic mulch in alleys and overlapping edges of the plastic.
Once the crop has passed through its minimum weed-free period, manage later-season weeds so that they do not hinder air circulation and promote foliar diseases (Fig. 9), interfere with harvest, or propagate themselves. Pull or cut morning glories and other vining weeds before they begin to climb the crop. Remove large "escapes" before they set seed. Hoe, cultivate or mow closely any nutsedge or other invasive perennials to disrupt formation of new rhizomes and tubers.
Figure 9. These weeds emerged late enough not to compete directly with the established tomato crop; however, they reduced air circulation and promoted the development of fungal diseases, which have defoliated the lower parts of these plants. Photo credit: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.
Winter cover crops, such as cereal rye–hairy vetch or barley–crimson clover, can be roll-crimped or flail-mowed for no-till planting of summer vegetables. The rye–vetch mulch appears especially promising for tomato production. In a study in Beltsville, MD, tomato planted in mow-killed hairy vetch yielded about 20% more than tomato in black plastic (Abdul-Baki and Teasdale, 1993, 1997). Mowed rye mulch can suppress weeds for 4–8 weeks without adversely affecting tomato yield (Smeda and Weller, 1996) and vetch residues have been shown to enhance disease resistance, prolong active photosynthesis and delay leaf senescence in tomato by modifying tomato gene expression (Kumar et al., 2004). No-till planting into mechanically killed cover crop is recommended for main-season and late tomato plantings, but not early plantings, as the cover crop mulch may delay soil warming, crop establishment, and fruit ripening.
Winter cover crops can be strip-tilled several weeks before tomato or pepper planting to promote soil warming in the crop grow-zone. Cover crops growing in alleys can be maintained by mowing to keep alley weeds down (Fig. 10); in some cases, the mowings can provide clean mulch for the vegetable. Season-long living mulches of white clover, subterranean clover, or ryegrass, managed by mowing or partial tillage, have also been used successfully for alley weed control in tomato (Diver et al., 2007). However, clovers host nematode pests that affect tomato, such as root-knot nematode; thus, clovers should not be grown with or immediately before solanaceous vegetables in fields in which these nematode pests are present.
Figure 10. A winter rye cover crop was strip-tilled prior to transplanting tomato at Seven Springs Farm in Check, VA (Appalachian region). The cover crop, maintained by mowing, has suppressed alley weeds. Photo credit: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.
Finally, cover crops can be planted in alleys between beds several weeks after vegetable planting (relay intercropping) to suppress weeds, protect soil, and add organic matter. Examples include buckwheat, cowpea, millet, or white clover, mowed if needed to maintain air circulation around the crop.
This is an eOrganic article and was reviewed for compliance with National Organic Program regulations by members of the eOrganic community. Always check with your organic certification agency before adopting new practices or using new materials. For more information, refer to eOrganic's articles on organic certification. | <urn:uuid:b694d66c-5c52-4ffd-a25a-e96c47fb14f0> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.extension.org/pages/65212/weed-management-strategies-for-organic-tomato-pepper-and-eggplant-in-the-southern-united-states | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270877.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00494-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909457 | 5,087 | 3.359375 | 3 |
20-Year-Long Study Shows Common Butterfly Species Is on the Decline
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The most extensive and systematic insect monitoring program ever undertaken in North America shows that butterfly abundance in Ohio declined yearly by 2%, resulting in an overall 33% drop for the 21 years of the program.
Though the study was limited to one group of the insect class and one geographic area, the findings provide an important baseline for what's happening more broadly with insect populations amid climate change and other human-caused disturbances, the study's corresponding author said. The findings also are in line with those of butterfly monitoring programs in multiple European countries.
"These declines in abundance are happening in common species," said Oregon State University researcher Tyson Wepprich, who led the study. "Declines in common species concern me because it shows that there are widespread environmental causes for the declines affecting species we thought were well adapted to share a landscape with humans. Common species are also the ones that contribute the bulk of the pollination or bird food to the ecosystem, so their slow, consistent decline is likely having ripple effects beyond butterfly numbers."
Findings were published today in PLOS ONE.
Wepprich, a postdoctoral scholar in botany and plant pathology in OSU's College of Agricultural Sciences, used more than 24,000 butterfly surveys contributed by trained citizen scientists from 1996 through 2016 to establish his findings.
"Because it's easier to monitor butterflies than other insects - lots of people like butterflies and enjoy keeping track of them - butterflies tend to be the best source of abundance data for tracking insect population declines and increases," Wepprich said. "Environmental assessments use them as an indicator for the general trajectory of biodiversity since they experience the same types of pressures from land-use changes, climate change and habitat degradation as other insect groups."
The data from Ohio enabled population trends to be estimated for 81 butterfly species and found three times as many species were trending downward as upward - three out of every four species with a positive or negative trend grew less abundant over the course of the monitoring. Forty of the analyzed species had no significant trend up or down.
"Species with more northern distributions and fewer annual generations declined the most rapidly," he said, adding that these species are adapted to cooler regions and may do worse in Ohio with warming temperatures.
Wepprich noted that even some invasive species associated with human-dominated landscapes are declining, which suggests the trends are rooted in widespread environmental causes.
"Analyses of insect declines are dominated by European studies about butterflies, but our study is showing that the rate of change in Ohio butterfly abundance is very similar to that found in monitoring programs in the UK, the Netherlands and Spain," Wepprich said. "The rate of total decline and the proportion of species in decline mirror those documented in comparable monitoring programs. What's common among all of the monitoring programs is that they are in areas with a high human impact and made possible by dedicated volunteer recorders."
Even though the common butterfly species aren't yet close to extinction, declines in those species will nevertheless have an outsized, negative impact on ecosystem services provided by insects, he said.
Earlier studies involving intensive, long-term monitoring of individual butterfly species have allowed for rigorous estimates of declines in those species, Wepprich said. Over the past two decades, the migratory eastern North American monarch has declined by more than 85% and the western North American monarch by more than 95%, said Wepprich, adding that some of the rarest butterflies have also fallen off sharply.
"Monarchs and rare species were monitored because people are worried about them going extinct," Wepprich said. "In Ohio, they monitored every species they could and found declines in species previously not on the radar for conservation."
The rate of butterfly decline in Ohio is greater than the global rate of 35% over 40 years, Wepprich said, and is closer to the estimated rate for insects in general: a 45% decline over 40 years.
"Our study adds another example of declines in common butterfly species thought to be well suited to human-modified habitat," he said.
Reference: Tyson Wepprich, Jeffrey R. Adrion, Leslie Ries, Jerome Wiedmann and Nick M. Haddad. 2019. Butterfly abundance declines over 20 years of systematic monitoring in Ohio, USA. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216270.
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Vine Deloria, Jr. Biography
Vine Deloria, Jr.Leading Standing Rock Sioux scholar, writer and activist
Born: March 26, 1933
Birthplace: Martin, S.D
Deloria, of Standing Rock Sioux origin, was born in South Dakota near the Pine Ridge Oglala Sioux Indian Reservation. He was educated at reservation schools, graduated from Iowa State University in 1958, received a master's degree in theology in 1963 from the Lutheran School of Theology in Illinois, and a law degree at the University of Colorado in 1970.
He began his career as an eloquent, and often highly provocative spokesperson for Indian identity and social change while working at the National Conference of American Indians in Washington from 1964 to 1967. In 1969 he published the first of more than 20 books, Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto. His most famous book, Custer shattered Indian stereotypes and challenged white audiences to take a hard look at brutal history of American expansionism across the west. His prose and ideas were charged with biting wit (?When asked by an anthropologist what the Indians called America before the white man came, an Indian said simply, ?Ours.? ?) and incendiary statements meant to shock audiences out of their complacency (Custer, he said, was ?the Adolf Eichmann of the Plains.?)
Among his other books are We Talk, You Listen (1970), Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties: An Indian Declaration of Independence (1974), God Is Red: A Native View of Religion (1994), and a variety of works on history, theology, and contemporary Indian life.
He taught at the University of Arizona from 1978 to 1990, and then at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He retired in 2000 but continued to write and lecture until his death.Died: Nov. 13, 2005
Here are the facts and trivia that people are buzzing about. | <urn:uuid:f9316aa7-8697-4269-8444-be486a350e5d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.infoplease.com/biographies/society-culture/vine-deloria-jr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038056869.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410105831-20210410135831-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.960517 | 392 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Dengue fever vaccine remains elusive
Much-anticipated trial produces mixed results
A promising vaccine against dengue fever produced disappointing protection rates in a recent trial. The vaccine guarded against three of the four virus strains, or serotypes, that cause the disease, but did not block the fourth, reducing its effectiveness. Still, researchers maintain that the results represent progress.
The search for a vaccine for dengue — a tropical disease that causes a characteristic rash and can lead to internal bleeding — has become more pressing in recent years as disease rates have risen dramatically. Today dengue is endemic in 128 countries compared to nine countries before 1970, and about half a million people are hospitalized with the disease annually, according to the World Health Organization. More than 2.5 billion people worldwide are at risk.
“People in endemic regions, they really, really want the dengue vaccine and they want it now,” Anna Durbin, a member of the Dengue Vaccine Initiative at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore said. “They have large epidemics [that] overwhelm their health care systems. We had hoped that a lot of questions would be answered with this trial, but now we have a lot more questions.”
Researchers working for the French vaccine company Sanofi Pasteur, originally predicted that their second round of human trials would show high rates of protection in the 2,699 Thai children they inoculated. The actual success rate, published in a Lancet article last month, was only 30.2 percent, too low to offer productive protection.
Although these results fell short of expectations, the trial was significant in helping to quell safety concerns about testing new vaccine formulas in humans. A patient who has had one serotype of dengue is protected against that strain for life, but can still get the disease again—and often this second infection is more severe. Researchers were concerned that the trial vaccine might offer the same type of protection, which could put the participants at risk for more dangerous symptoms if they ultimately got dengue. But the study found no evidence of more intense disease in participants who contracted dengue during testing.
“The study shows that a vaccine against dengue is possible,” said Derek Wallace, Sanofi Pasteur’s regional director of clinical development in Singapore. “The absence of safety concerns and the evidence of protection against serotypes 1, 3 and 4 were encouraging.”
Though researchers are reassured by the study’s safety findings, the pressure to actually produce a working vaccine has not diminished. Successful vaccines already exist for diseases closely related to dengue like yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis, but the disappointing protection rate in this study may signal that a truly effective vaccine for dengue is a long way off. | <urn:uuid:62c2a79e-dcb5-4393-bf68-0870fadb2de1> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://scienceline.org/2012/10/dengue-fever-vaccine-remains-elusive/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832385.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00019-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962759 | 572 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Velocity Part 3 – Five Basic Steps to Effective Constraint Management
Constraint management is at the heart of Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints (TOC). This management process involves five basic steps [i] :
- Identify the constraint
- Exploit the constraint
- Subordinate other activities to the constraint
- Elevate the constraint
- Avoid negative inertia and Go back to step 1
In my last blog entry, I identified “the capacity and the will to change” as the limiting constraint of cultural change projects. So I believe I am done with step one. I understand from steps two and three that all efforts must then be shifted to exploiting the identified constraint and that, while doing that, this constraint must be at the center of all our other decisions.
Since we are talking about humans here as being part of the identified constraint, and not about a machine or a piece of equipment, the use of the word Exploits in step 2 of TOC could certainly start us on the wrong foot, in our efforts to promote change. I believe that, for cultural/organisational change projects, it should be replaced by the word Recognise. Recognise what? The existence of this capacity and will to change of those affected, which is the very least we can do when contemplating any change. Once we have recognised this and accepted it, all our decisions will have to go towards analysing this constraint and doing everything to improve its current condition…or at least maintain it, if the way it behaves is acceptable. This is the key to making the contemplated change a success and, if possible, accelerating the benefits associated with this change.
In most change management endeavours, it is rare that we speak very positively of the initial conditions met, people wise, at the beginning of the project. The words that come to mind are not desire to change but rather resistance to change. The capacity and will to change constraint is not seen as something positive we can use, but rather as something negative we have to fight. So, while no one is talking about exploiting resistance to change, not many recognise the positive aspect of one’s capacity and will to change.
I believe most people have a desire to change, if the right conditions are met. According to the Change Gap model, for any group in a given change situation, roughly 10% are change enablers and are seeking change. Eighty percent of the group are waiting to see how things evolve but are still open to persuasion. The remaining 10% would prefer to die rather than admit they can be in a better position if they accept the change. So I believe we can build part of our change strategy on the desire to change of the change enablers. We must also recognize the high potential of the 80% to be change agents with the right persuasion.. For that, we have to do the right things and find the right conditions to increase both their capacity and will to change
The next step, once we recognise that we are not dealing with negative resistance to change but rather with positive potential desire to change, is to work towards changing this potential into real desire. We have to elevate the capacity and will to change of those 80% who are open to persuasion and ready to get their own benefits from this change…if they recognize the benefits and have the means to get to them. This can only be done by working on both parameters of the constraint, the capacity and the will to change. In my next blog entry, I will propose means and strategies to elevate or increase the capacity to change. In the entry after that, I will propose means and strategies to elevate the will to change.
Anyone, invited to manage a cultural/organisational change project, has to look at it very positively. So, instead of fearing and fighting resistance to change, this person should see desire to change as a positive force to harness and, hence, should design ways to elevate current capacity and will to change.
Don’t forget to leave your comments below | <urn:uuid:6370d6f8-d0b0-4e20-a2f7-69284a1b269d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.projecttimes.com/articles/velocity-part-3-five-basic-steps-to-effective-constraint-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510942.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002001302-20231002031302-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.948709 | 826 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Perhaps the most famous personal account of the Holocaust, The Diary of Anne Frank was written in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, between 1942 and 1944. The Franks were a Jewish family originally from Germany, where Anne was born in 1929. Anne’s father, Otto, had come from a wealthy background, but his family’s fortune was lost after World War I.
In 1933 the Franks moved to the Netherlands to escape Nazi persecution. The family lived in relative peace until 1940, when Germany occupied the Netherlands and imposed stringent anti-Semitic laws. These new measures prohibited Jews from riding streetcars, forced Jews to attend separate schools, imposed boycotts of Jewish-owned businesses, and required Jews to wear yellow stars to identify themselves as Jewish. The quality of life of even highly assimilated Jews, like the Franks, became precarious. Within two years after these anti-Semitic laws were imposed, many Jews in the Netherlands were harassed, arrested, and sent to concentration camps where they were herded together and killed. The Franks and other well-connected families were able to heed warning signs in time to make arrangements to go into hiding. This decision put their own lives and the lives of those who cared for them at great risk.
Anne was thrilled to receive a diary on her thirteenth birthday and expressed hope that it would become her one trusted confidant. She immediately began filling her diary with details of her life, including descriptions of her friends, boys she liked, and events at school. Less than one month after she began documenting her relatively carefree childhood, Anne and her family were suddenly forced into hiding.
Margot, Anne’s sixteen-year-old sister, had been “called up” by the Gestapo, Germany’s brutal secret-police force. It was common knowledge among Jews that being called up meant eventually being sent to one of the notorious concentration camps. The Franks were relatively prepared, since they had been sending furniture and provisions to a secret annex in Otto’s office building in anticipation of the Gestapo. The Franks and another family, the van Daans, had arranged to share the annex while some of Otto’s non-Jewish colleagues agreed to look after the families. The Franks later invited one more person, Mr. Dussel, to share their annex.
While they were in hiding, the Franks used a radio to keep up with news from the war, and Anne frequently wrote in her diary about events that caught her attention. These bits—speeches by Winston Churchill; the advances by the British—provide a vivid historical context for Anne’s personal thoughts and feelings.
The Gestapo finally arrested Anne and her family on August 4, 1944. Two secretaries who worked in the building found the books containing Anne’s diary entries strewed over the floor of the annex. The secretaries handed over the diaries to Miep Gies, an assistant in Otto’s office. Miep held the diary, unread, in a desk drawer. When the war ended in 1945, Miep delivered the diary to Otto Frank, who had survived the horrors of the Auschwitz concentration camp. Anne and Margot died of typhus at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in February or March of 1945. Their mother died of hunger and exhaustion in Auschwitz in January 1945. The van Daans and Mr. Dussel also perished in the camps.
Otto Frank knew of his daughter’s wish to become a published writer. Anne originally kept the diary only as a private memoir, but in 1944 she changed her mind after hearing a broadcast by Gerrit Boklestein, a member of the Dutch government in exile. Boklestein declared his hope to publish Dutch people’s accounts of the war, which inspired Anne to think about the possibility of writing for posterity. In addition to her diary, Anne wrote several fables and short stories with an eye toward publishing them someday. She also had thoughts of becoming a journalist.
Mr. Frank reviewed the diary and selected passages, keeping in mind constraints on length and appropriateness for a young-adult audience. He also left out certain passages that he considered unflattering to his late wife and the other residents of the annex. When Mr. Frank died in 1980, the Anne Frank Foundation in Basel, Switzerland, inherited the copyright to the diary. A new, complete edition, which restored the passages Mr. Frank left out of the original edition, was published in 1991. | <urn:uuid:145e8749-399b-41fb-b1f7-7c7284809bf4> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/annefrank/context/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141681209.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201170219-20201201200219-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.983402 | 920 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Learn More About Thermostats
What is a thermostat?
A thermostat is a device that allows you to control the temperature inside your home by controlling the functions of a heating and / or cooling system. Today's electronic models are a vast departure from earlier mechanical styles. Microprocessors allow you to program your home temperatures to suit your lifestyle, so you can keep things comfortable while you're home and automatically set back your temperatures to save energy when you're away or sleeping.
How do thermostats work?
A typical thermostat turns on the heating device whenever the temperature falls below a certain temperature and turns it off whenever the temperature rises above another temperature. Those two temperatures are slightly separated so that the heating device doesn't turn on and off too rapidly, and are usually set within a couple degrees from the desired temperature (also called a set point). If, for example, you set your thermostat to 68°F, it does not maintain the temperature precisely at 68°F. The temperature will fluctuate between approximately 67°F - when the thermostat turns your heating device on, and 69°F - when it turns your heater off. More sophisticated models can also control cooling devices - like turning an air conditioner on to cool the room down faster and turning it off when the air reaches the desired temperature.
What are the different kinds of thermostats?
There are three main kinds of thermostats:
In a typical electromechanical thermostat, a coil made of two different metal strips sandwiched together tips a small mercury-filled glass bottle. As the temperature changes, the two metals expand differently and the coil winds or unwinds. As it does, it tips the glass bottle and the mercury rolls from one end of the bottle to the other. When the mercury falls to one end, it allows an electric current to flow between two wires and the furnace turns on. When the mercury falls to the other end of the bottle, the current stops flowing and the furnace turns off. So the winding and unwinding of the coil controls the furnace and the home temperature tends to hover at the point where the bottle of mercury is almost perfectly level.
These are the oldest kind of thermostats. Although newer digital models are quite popular these days, electromechanical thermostats are still widely spread because of their simplicity and cheap cost. Their main setback is that they are less accurate than digital ones and cannot support programming features.
Digital manual thermostats
Digital thermostats work in much the same way as older electromechanical thermostats did, except that the metal coil is replaced with an electronic temperature sensor. The microprocessor inside compares it's readings to the desired temperature you select. Then, it gives start and stop commands to the heating or cooling system to bring the temperature to a level that makes you comfortable.
While digital thermostats are more accurate than electromechanical ones, changes in their temperature settings still have to be done manually. Digital thermostats (both manual and programmable) also contain no mercury, making them more environmentally friendly.
Digital programmable thermostats
Programmable thermostats basically work the same way as the digital manual ones, but they are far more convenient. Once you program the thermostat to customize the system's operation to fit your lifestyle and schedule, all you have to do is relax and let it do all the work. To stay comfortable and save energy all season, you simply program into its memory the temperatures you need, at what time of the day. You only need to program your thermostat once - until the season or your lifestyle changes.
Depending on the model, a thermostat can be programmed in one of four ways:
- 1-day programming: The desired temperature can be set to change throughout the day
- 5-2-days programming: Like above, and you can have separate programs for weekdays and weekends
- 5-1-1-days programming: Like above, and you can have separate programs for weekdays, Saturday and Sunday
- 7-days programming: Like above, and you can have separate programs for each day of the week
What are the benefits of using a thermostat?
- Convenience. Instead of heading towards your furnace every time you need to tweak the temperature up or down, you can place a thermostat at a convenient spot.
- Energy savings. Instead of running your heater or furnace 24-7, a thermostat turns it on only when it is needed to maintain the desired temperature. If you have a programmable thermostat, you can program it to turn the heat down when you do not need it. Programming temperatures around 63°F on cold winter nights, when you're snuggled under blankets, can help you save as much as 30% on your heating costs. You can save even more by programming your system to "setback" the temperature when your family is away at work, at school, or on vacation.
Where should my thermostat be located?
For best results, the thermostat should be located where people spend the most time. It should be about 5 feet off the ground and at least 18 inches away from an outside wall. It is best to keep your thermostat away from any sources of heat other than the air in the room. It should be kept away from heaters, vents, windows, and hot-water pipes and out of direct sunlight. It also works best when not away from stairways or corners, because they can affect the circulation of air.
Installing a thermostat
Some thermostats are simple enough to be installed as a DIY project, while other require professional installation. In many cases, some wiring work may be required. Consider the following guidelines when installing your thermostat:
Go back to:
- Make sure you have the right thermostat for your system. A thermostat meant to be used with a heat pump may not fit any other heating system.
- The thermostat should be located away from the room's cooling or heating vents or device, yet exposed to general airflow from the room to be regulated. If the thermostat is too close to the air vent, the system will tend to "short cycle", with numerous starts and stops that can be annoying and in some cases shorten equipment life.
- Placing the thermostat in open hallway may be most appropriate for a single zone system, where several rooms are operated as a single zone. In this case, the doors to these rooms should be open when the system is in use.
- For a larger area, setting up multiple zones controlled by different thermostats can save considerable energy, allowing different rooms to vary in temperature, and turning the heat and / or cooling off completely where it is not needed. | <urn:uuid:ca53aec4-56ed-4fa6-8379-5b316e603a2e> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.todaysconcept.com/thermostats-info.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095273.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00020-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925632 | 1,404 | 3.25 | 3 |
It can be hard enough to get all the nutrients you need as an adult, but trying to get the kids to eat healthy foods often feels like an exercise in futility—especially when they’re picky eaters. Add to that the fact that sometimes it’s not exactly easy to figure out what the “essential nutrients” for kids even are, much less remember that on a daily basis. This parenting business—it’s complicated. I decided it might be a good idea to revisit the basics as to the essential nutrients kids need daily, so that I can tweak my own menus and fine-tune the things I’m sliding in front of them. With that in mind, based on my research, here are the five essential nutrients kids need daily, in no particular order of importance.
To get more healthy eating ideas once you’re done reading, take a look at 10 Superfoods That Your Children Might Actually Eat
Essential Nutrients Kids Need Daily #1—Vitamin C
Vitamin C is important for the immune system, and we know kids need all the help they can get when it comes to avoiding illness! After all, they’re around all those kids and germs and grossness all day every day at school, so boosting those immune systems is paramount to keeping sickness outta the house! Plus, Vitamin C can help speed up the healing process for cuts and scrapes, while also strengthening the blood vessels, bones, and teeth. Kids ages 4 to 8 should get about 25 mg per day, and kids ages 9 to 13 need 45 mg daily.
Clearly, there’s a need for vitamin C among the little ones. Even better is the fact that you can find this nutrient in many kid-friendly foods. Some great sources of Vitamin C include:
- Fruit juice
Essential Nutrients Kids Need Daily #2—Calcium
It should come as no surprise that kids need calcium on a daily basis, as this is a pretty essential nutrient. In fact, everyone needs to eat calcium-rich foods every day. But, I’ll admit to being totally shocked at how much kids need of this essential nutrient—a whopping 1,000 mg a day from ages 4 to 8, and 1,300 mg per day from ages 9 to 18.
Getting enough calcium is imperative if you want your kids to have strong bones and teeth. And since these early years is when their bones are ready to soak up all the calcium they can, this helps build a strong foundation of bone mass which will serve them well for years to come. Encourage them to eat the following calcium-rich foods:
- Calcium-fortified cereals
- Sweet potatoes
If you’re having trouble getting your kids to eat calcium-rich foods, check out: Calcium for the Picky Eater’s Diet—A Parenting Sneak Attack.
If you’re like me and have kids who don’t drink milk, eat yogurt, or much cheese, put up the white flag immediately and reach for a calcium supplement to help you check that I’ve got the ‘essential nutrients for kids covered’ box. I’m admittedly biased, but that’s where FitFormula’s Cal-EZ Calcium + D is a quick and easy solution.
Essential Nutrients Kids Need Daily #3—Potassium
Among the essential nutrients for kids is potassium, an electrolyte that’s responsible for helping maintain blood pressure. It also helps the muscles contract normally, which means it’s important for heart health. Children ages 4 to 8 need 3,800 mg per day, and those ages 9 to 13 need 4,500 mg per day.
Some of the main nutrients kids need are found in foods that most children love, and potassium is no exception. Here’s where to get this essential nutrient for kids:
- Orange juice
- Sunflower seeds
Essential Nutrients Kids Need Daily #4—Iron
Iron keeps the blood healthy, as it helps the body produce red blood cells. When kids don’t get enough iron, they can end up with anemia, which can cause fatigue, irritability, dizziness, and developmental delays. And unfortunately, iron deficiency is among the most common nutrient deficiencies in the US.
To avoid that, make sure your kids get about 10 mg of iron per day if they’re 4 to 8 years old, and 8 mg per day if they’re older. They can get it from the following foods:
- Red meat
- Leafy greens
- Iron-fortified cereal
Essential Nutrients Kids Need Daily #5—Fiber
Fiber is another essential nutrient kids need daily and it’s especially useful for keep kids feeling full—which we all know is important if we don’t want to deal with those requests for snacks every few minutes! It also keeps the system regular (as in good pooping) and can reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease.
Kids should get 25 grams of fiber per day when they’re between 4 and 8 years old. Boys between 9 and 13 years old need 31 grams per day, while girls the same age need 26 grams daily. They can get fiber from the following foods:
- Sweet potatoes
- Whole-grain bread
- Whole-grain cereal
Ready to join me in my quest to getting more of these five essential nutrients kids need daily onto their plates and in their bellies? For me, that doesn’t mean they still won’t eat plenty of Doritos and other things that aren’t great for them, but if I can manage to balance that with a fair amount of these essential nutrients too, I’ll call it a win. And trust me on that calcium front, especially if your kids aren’t big dairy lovers or are lactose intolerant—adding a packet of FitFormula’s Cal-EZ to their favorite food or drink makes it easy, breezy to make sure they get their 1,000 mg of calcium. For me, it makes it one less thing I have to think about, which I need. Even better—Get 50% off when you order today using code: FitFormula50!
Want to go overboard on this essential nutrient business? Check out these Five Healthy Winter Recipes Your Children Will Love and let me know if you think any of them will be winners in your house.
Other resources on this topic: | <urn:uuid:b892b503-b07f-4eb1-ac29-7b15dcb7e27d> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://fitformulawellness.com/five-essential-nutrients-kids-need-daily/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211146.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816171947-20180816191947-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.922687 | 1,355 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Healing The Liver and Gallbladder
In the last issue of the newsletter, we explored the anatomy and physiology of the liver from a natural health perspective. In this issue, we get to reap the reward for our diligence. We cover what can go wrong with the liver, how doctors test for it, and what you can do about it -- again from a natural health perspective. In addition, we will spend some time on the gallbladder and biliary tree, the bile ductwork that ties everything together. Considering that gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) is now one of the most common surgeries in the world, with over a half million performed each year in the U.S. alone, that should be of interest to a number of people. In fact, roughly 20 million Americans suffer from gallstones, and 750,000 of them undergo cholecystectomies each year. There are 800,000 hospitalizations and $2 billion spent annually on gallbladder disease in the U.S. The bottom line is that gallbladder surgery pays for many boats for many doctors every year -- and there are far better, less expensive ways to deal with the problem.
What can go wrong with the liver
As we learned in the last issue of the newsletter, the liver is amazingly resilient and, at the macroscopic level, not much goes wrong with it. Because it is so well protected, it is rarely affected by trauma, but when it is (automobile accidents, war, etc.), it is often fatal because of the large blood supply that serves it. Likewise, although primary liver cell cancer is common in Africa and Asia (related to a very specific combination of "insults" to the liver's cells), it is very rare in the United States and the rest of the developed world where those insults tend not to exist. Although hepatitis (particularly hepatitis B) and cirrhosis can be contributing factors, the primary cause of hepatocellular carcinoma is aflatoxin B1.
Aflatoxin B1 is the most potent liver cancer-forming chemical known. It is a product of a mold called Aspergillus flavus, which is found in food that has been stored in a hot and humid environment (common storage conditions in much of the third world, especially Southern China and Sub-Saharan Africa). This mold is found in such foods as peanuts, rice, soybeans, corn, and wheat (all staples in the third world). It is thought to cause cancer by producing changes (mutations) in the p53 gene. These mutations work by interfering with the gene's important tumor suppressing (inhibiting) functions. Generally, both hepatitis B and aflatoxin B1 are required for hepatocellular cancer.
That said, metastatic cancer, which is carried to the liver from other organs (think back on how the portal system feeds blood from the intestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen through the liver) is very common.
Hepatitis A is a viral disease that affects the liver. Transmission can occur through:
- Direct person-to-person contact
- Exposure to contaminated water or ice
- Contaminated shellfish (think oysters on the half shell)
- Fruits, vegetables, or other foods that are eaten uncooked and that were contaminated during harvesting or subsequent handling.
The symptoms of hepatitis A are fever, lack of appetite, nausea, and fatigue, and then jaundice. Jaundice is a yellow or orange tint to the skin or whites of the eyes. Some persons with hepatitis A will have no symptoms at all -- especially children. The symptoms of hepatitis A, if you have them, usually last about one or two weeks, and, in most cases, no specific treatment is required in order to get better. Infected persons shed the virus in their stools from a week or two before symptoms begin until a few days after jaundice begins. Because of this, persons who are ill with hepatitis A should not work in restaurants, child care centers, or nursing homes until their symptoms have resolved.
The hepatitis A IgM test is used to screen for early detection of infection and is used to diagnose the disease in patients with evidence of acute hepatitis. Hepatitis A IgM is the first antibody produced by the body when it is exposed to hepatitis A. On the other hand, hepatitis A IgG antibodies develop later and remain present for many years, usually for life, and protect you against further infection by the same virus. There is no test specifically for hepatitis A IgG antibodies, although a total antibody test (which detects both IgM and IgG antibodies) detects both current and former infection with hepatitis A and will remain positive even after receiving the hepatitis A vaccine.
The hepatitis B virus results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing infected blood. Possible forms of transmission include (but are not limited to) unprotected sexual contact, blood transfusions, re-use of contaminated needles & syringes (which explains why the incidence of hepatitis B among drug users is so high), and transmission from mother to child during childbirth. It should also be noted that if you are into the latest fashion trends centered around body piercing and tattooing, you have to be extremely careful with the equipment that is used on you. Make sure the equipment is totally sterile. Using non-sterile equipment can transfer the hepatitis B virus or other blood born diseases to your body.
Also, be careful when eating out. Eating uncooked, raw food or eating from outside vendors can infect you with hepatitis B. This is of particular note when visiting third world countries, but can still be a problem in any developed country.
Symptoms of hepatitis B include:
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Itching all over the body
- Pain over the liver (on the right side of the abdomen, under the lower rib cage)
- Urine becomes dark in color -- not yellow, but dark like tea
- Stools are pale in color (grayish or clay colored)
The danger of hepatitis B is that it can become acute, and then chronic -- ultimately leading to severe liver damage. Unfortunately, there is no treatment that can prevent acute HBV infection from becoming chronic once you get it. The degree of liver damage is related to the amount of active, replicating (multiplying) virus in the blood and liver. Antiviral agents, the medical treatment of choice for chronic hepatitis B, do not work in all individuals with the disease, and may not even be required as in many cases the infection may resolve itself over time.
Although, it's difficult to prevent hepatitis B from progressing if you get it, it is possible to protect yourself from getting it in the first place through immunization. The primary test for hepatitis B is for HBsAg (the hepatitis B surface antigen). Its presence indicates either acute or chronic hepatitis B infection.
Hepatitis C (HCV) is the most dangerous of the hepatitis viral infections, and it is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in North America. It is difficult for the human immune system to eliminate the virus from the body once infected, and infection with HCV usually becomes chronic. Over time (often decades), hepatitis C damages the liver and can lead to liver failure. As mentioned, it is difficult for the immune system to clear the virus -- with up to 85% of newly infected people failing to clear it -- and thus most people become chronically infected. It is estimated that in the U.S. alone more than three million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C, with between 8,000 to 10,000 people dying each year. In the U.S., hepatitis C is the leading cause of liver transplant surgery.
Treatment usually involves a combination of an antiviral (most often ribavirin) and alpha interferon. Alpha interferon is an antiviral protein normally made in the body in response to viral infections. The alpha interferon used in treating hepatitis C, however, is not natural. It is a recombinant form that usually involves the addition of a large molecule of polyethylene glycol to "improve" uptake, distribution, and excretion of the interferon, not to mention prolonging shelf life -- and of course, increasing profits for the companies holding patents.
Peginterferon (owned by Roche), the current alpha interferon of choice, can be given once weekly and provides a constant level of interferon in the blood, whereas standard interferon must be given several times weekly and provides intermittent and fluctuating levels. In addition, peginterferon is more active than standard interferon in inhibiting HCV and yields higher sustained response rates with similar side effects. Because of its ease of administration and better efficacy, peginterferon has replaced standard interferon both when used alone and as part of a combination therapy for hepatitis C.
Combination therapy can indeed lead to rapid improvements in up to 70 percent of patients, but it often doesn't last. Long-term improvement only occurs in 35-55 percent of patients. And unfortunately, there are side effects, which frequently include profound fatigue, headache, fever, muscle pain and chills. In fact, that's just the tip of the iceberg.
Fortunately, there are natural alternatives. Ten years ago, I was introduced to someone who had hepatitis C and who reacted badly (extremely so) to his interferon treatments. By the time I met him, he had reached the point that he had stopped his interferon treatments, as death was preferable to the side effects associated with his treatment. As I said, those side effects can be profound. Fortunately, using a different approach, which we'll talk more about at the end of this report, he was able to drop his numbers to undetectable levels -- and maintain those for years. When I last spoke to him about two years ago, he was still symptom free after eight years -- and that's despite never giving up many bad habits including heavy, daily cigarette smoking. Since then, I have personally seen that experience duplicated several more times with other HCV patients.
Testing for hepatitis C, usually involves a series of five tests -- each filling in a piece of the puzzle.
- Anti-HCV tests detect the presence of antibodies to the virus, indicating exposure to HCV. These tests cannot tell if you still have an active viral infection, only that you were exposed to the virus at some point in the past.
- HCV RIBA testing confirms the presence of antibodies to the virus. It is used to verify the results of the Anti-HCV test.
- HCV-RNA testing identifies whether your infection is active.
- Viral Load or Quantitative HCV tests determine the level of infection and are used to determine if treatment is working.
- Viral genotyping is used to determine exactly which type of hepatitis C is present. As it turns out, there are 6 major types of HCV, and they all respond differently to treatment. This test is often ordered before treatment to give your doctor an idea of the likelihood of success and how long treatment may be needed.
Cirrhosis of the liver
Cirrhosis is a degenerative disease of the liver that is often caused by alcoholism, but also may result from hepatitis and even parasites. It is characterized by formation of fibrous tissue, nodules, and scarring, which interfere with liver cell function and blood circulation and can often lead to blood backflow. Symptoms include weakness, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal swelling due to fluid accumulation, clotting defects, jaundice, and tenderness and enlargement of the liver. Tests for cirrhosis include prolonged prothrombin time and decreased albumin. Cirrhosis is untreatable and when advanced ends in portal hypertension, liver failure, hepatic coma, and death. As already mentioned, the primary tests for cirrhosis include prothrombin time (a test that measures how long it takes blood to clot) and decreased albumin. As discussed last issue, the liver makes all prothrombin and fibrinogen (clotting factors) for the blood, as well as albumin, the major blood protein. Thus, tests indicating low levels of these proteins would be indicative of liver problems.
Liver enzyme tests
A simple liver blood enzyme test is often your doctor's first step in determining liver problems. The test is simple. Under normal circumstances, liver enzymes reside exclusively within the cells of the liver, but if the liver is injured for any reason, these enzymes spill out into the blood stream. Thus, if tests reveal them in the bloodstream, it's an "indication" of problems. Specifically, your doctor is looking for the two aminotransferase enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT). Again, if these enzymes are found in the bloodstream, they are indicative of liver problems. They are not, however, conclusive.
Higher-than-normal levels of these liver enzymes do not automatically mean that you have liver problems. For example, high levels of these enzymes can be caused by muscle damage -- such as that produced by intense exercise. Moderate alcohol intake can also raise levels as can aspirin. Also, even if the levels are raised as a result of real liver problems, the actual levels are not indicative of the extent of liver damage. For example, patients with hepatitis A may demonstrate very high levels for one to weeks before the condition, as mentioned earlier, totally resolves itself and goes away. On the other hand, patients with chronic hepatitis C infection typically show very little elevation. Again, liver enzyme tests merely indicate a potential problem.
In addition to the liver enzyme test, the prothrombin time test, and the albumin test mentioned above, a complete liver panel will usually include one more test, the bilirubin test. Again as we discussed last issue, the liver excretes bilirubin, the broken-down pigments from dead red blood cells, by metabolizing it with bile salts and excreting it through the feces. Bilirubin is what makes our feces brown. If for some reason, bilirubin is not excreted (as in obstructive jaundice) the feces will turn clay-colored. Likewise, if bilirubin is found in the bloodstream, it's indicative that something is amiss in the liver and that bilirubin is flowing in the wrong direction -- out into the bloodstream.
Gallstones and the biliary system
As we discussed last issue, gallstones don't start in the gallbladder; they are related to cholesterol metabolic defects originating in the liver itself. They also happen to be associated with obesity and pregnancy. Essentially, if the cholesterol produced in your liver is too thick and becomes too concentrated in the bile and sits too long in the gallbladder, it can crystallize and form gallstones. It is estimated gallstones result in some 600,000 hospitalizations and more than 500,000 operations each year in the United States alone. Bottom line: it's one of the most prevalent digestive disorders known.
The usual treatment is laparoscopic surgery to remove the gallbladder. The surgery itself has now become so routine that it can be completed in about an hour and the patient leaves the same day -- back to work the next day.
However, because it does not address the underlying cause of the problem (metabolic issues in the liver), gallbladder surgery often does not resolve the patient's discomfort. And because it eliminates the body's regulating mechanism for the release of bile when needed, it often creates new digestive problems of its own. In fact, after gallbladder removal, some 13% of patients report persistent pain. Another 17% report chronic diarrhea, and another 20% report intermittent digestive problems and pain. The bottom line is that although surgeons will report an almost 100% success rate for the surgery, patients will report a 50 % failure rate. It's all a matter of perspective. The surgeon considers the surgery successful if the patient survives, there are no immediate problems, and she collects her fee without a lawsuit. The patient, unfortunately, has to live with the long term results.
The biliary tree
The biliary tree is the anatomical term for the treelike path by which bile is secreted from the liver on its way to the duodenum.
It is referred to as a tree because it begins with a multitude of small branches coming from the thousands of liver lobules which empty into the common bile duct, which is sometimes referred to as the trunk of the biliary tree. Hanging off the trunk, tucked up into the liver is the gallbladder. It is a secondary outpouching, if you will -- an outpouching of the bile duct coming from the liver, which is itself an outpouching of the digestive tract. The gallbladder lies in a groove under the liver, between the two lobes, and is a soft, thin-walled sac, shaped like a fat carrot, with its narrow end pointing toward the bile ducts.
Liver duct system
Bile drains from the ultra small bile ducts (ductiles) that service each of the liver's tens of thousands of lobules into progressively larger ducts, culminating in the common bile duct. The right and left hepatic ducts join just outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
Bile passing through the common bile duct exits and enters the gallbladder through the cystic duct. Most physicians refer to the gallbladder as a vestigial organ (as they do the appendix) -- meaning that it's lost most of its original function and now pretty much "gets in the way." To them, this explains why the gallbladder does not usually empty completely, which allows gallstones to form -- leading to pain, infection, inflammation, and even cancer. This also explains why they remove upwards of half a million gallbladders a year in the United States alone.
They are wrong!
The gallbladder serves a definite function. It is not vestigial. It regulates the flow of bile so that it can "push out" into the digestive tract in bursts as needed to assist in the digestion of fats. In fact, the gallbladder will contract to squeeze out stored bile when stimulated by a fatty meal. Without the gallbladder, bile merely dribbles out in a constant flow, thus being present when not required and insufficiently present when needed. This can lead to a whole series of digestive problems including poor digestion, intestinal distress, diarrhea, and an inability to fully break down fats. In fact, many people, as they age, need to take an ox bile supplement (available at all health food stores) with their meals to compensate for insufficient bile in their digestive tracts. If you have digestive problems after eating fatty meals, it's one of the first things you (and your doctor) should look at.
It is important to understand that problems with the gallbladder rarely stem from the gallbladder itself. They stem from the liver, which if not functioning properly will manufacture bile that is prone to "stoning." Thus removing the gallbladder does not eliminate the problem; it merely eliminates ONE place problems can manifest. Where else can problems manifest? If you follow the biliary tree down past the gallbladder, you will find that the common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct before entering the duodenum through the ampulla of Vater. And there's the problem. Although stones and sludge formed in the liver can no longer get trapped in the gallbladder (if it's been removed), they can still quite easily get lodged in the pancreatic duct and ampulla of Vater. This causes the digestive juices secreted by the pancreas to back up into the pancreas itself and start inflaming and digesting pancreatic tissue. This is called pancreatitis.
In other words, by merely removing the gallbladder and not addressing the underlying problem of "bad bile" being formed in the liver, you may potentially merely be moving symptoms from the gallbladder to the pancreas. Fortunately, there are alternatives. Dietary changes will often help. But the best way to optimize the health of your liver, gallbladder, and pancreas is to regularly cleanse and flush the liver and gallbladder.
The liver gallbladder flush
Of all the things I talk about in my books and newsletters, the one that medical doctors have the hardest time with is detoxes and flushes. In fact, the "scientific" community will regularly speak out against the concept. But most of that hostility comes from confusion, misunderstanding, and prejudice. Yes, it's true that there is a great deal of "noise" that contributes to that confusion. A search on the internet shows that the word detox has been associated with everything from shampoos to footpads. On the other hand, it's not that hard to separate the wheat from the chaff-- if one wants to. Certainly there's a whole lot of chaff in the medical community that must be ignored: hormone replacement therapy, angioplasties, and Tamiflu to name just a few.
That said, the principle of the liver/gallbladder flush is simple. You deprive the body of all fats and oils for a period of time to allow bile and cholesterol to build up in the liver and gallbladder. You then consume a drink containing a large amount of olive oil, which requires the liver and gallbladder to purge all of their bile in an attempt to digest this sudden intake of fat. This produces a figurative "wringing" action on both the liver and gallbladder causing them to empty. In addition to the purging of bile and cholesterol, a good flush will also help the liver purge accumulated fats and toxins. There are several cautions when doing a liver/gallbladder flush.
- You will want to have done an intestinal cleanse before doing the liver flush. Why? Because when the liver and gallbladder purge, they dump into the duodenum. If the intestinal tract is not flowing smoothly the purged bile and toxins can either backup into the bloodstream through the liver or be reabsorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal tract. This can lead to a cleansing reaction.
- You will want to soften any gallstones before doing the flush. Otherwise, if the stones are large and hard, it will be quite painful (possibly even harmful) when the hard rough stones are squeezed through the bile ducts. At one time I used to recommend products such as Phosfood Liquid, Super Phos 30, and liquid extracts of chanca piedra. And they work. In the end, I designed my own softening formula that works far better and faster than these other alternatives -- often in a matter of one to two hours. But more importantly this formula helps with all kinds of stones including kidney, gallbladder, and pancreatic. In any case, you will want to do one of these programs before doing a liver detox to soften the stones.
One day versus five day liver cleanses
If you search under liver flushes on the net, you will find two programs recommended -- a five day program and a one day program. The principles of both programs are the same. The one day program is essentially the same as the last day of the five day program. I prefer the five day program for a number of reasons.
- You get to build the strength of the morning purge drink from one to five tablespoons of olive oil over five days. This not only provides a cumulative effect; it also allows the body to adapt, thus making the five tablespoon drink easier to handle.
- Whereas both programs will purge the gallbladder, the five day program does a much better job of purging the liver too.
- The five day program is accompanied by herbal teas and tinctures that also contain:
- Lipotropics so they help purge fats from the liver
- Antiparasitic herbs so they help flush parasites from the liver
- Liver rebuilding herbs such as milk thistle and Picrorhiza kurroa that help regenerate liver function
- And are accompanied by juice fasts that help the entire body rebuild and repair itself
What you can expect on the liver detox
If you are so inclined (and you should be), you should examine what you deposit in the toilet during the liver/gallbladder flush. Check for "stones" which may or may not be visible. The bile from the liver gives some stones their typical green color, but also look for black, red, and brown stones, as well as stones with blood inside them. During the course of the cleanse, some people will pass many. Be glad, because the more you pass, the healthier you become. You may also find untold numbers of tiny white cholesterol "crystals" mixed in with the waste. But do not be fooled. Oftentimes, the olive oil is converted into little "soap beads" in the intestinal tract, and many people confuse these little beads with actual stones. Also, keep in mind that if you are softening your stones before doing the flush, they will develop the consistency of toothpaste -- thus they will be significantly elongated when "squeezed" out and not look very beadlike at all. And if you are taking psyllium during the program (which I recommend), most of the waste will be encased by the psyllium and not be visible at all.
If you don't notice anything, though, it doesn't mean the flush is not working. Also, many people don't have gallstones. But they do have toxins and accumulated fat in the liver, and those are being purged. In the end, though, it's not what you see, it's how you feel. Wait for a few days after the cleanse and then evaluate. Did you lose weight? Do you feel lighter and cleaner? Did your senses come alive? Does food taste better? Are colors brighter? Is your breathing a little easier, less congested? These are the true evaluations of the liver detox.
Go to the liver detox site
I am not going to go into the details of how to do a liver flush in this newsletter. It's too involved to cover in a single newsletter, and we've covered it in great detail at the Baseline of Health® Foundation website. Everything you need to know is there including things like:
- Everything you need to buy
- Exactly how to make the morning flush drinks
- What to eat and juice during the flush
- Daily walkthroughs and hour by hour schedules
- What to do if you're diabetic
- What to expect
- Live Q and A sessions
Check it out at: Baseline of Health Foundation Liver Detox and Blood Cleanse
And that concludes our section on the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. When next we return to our exploration of the anatomy and physiology of the intestinal tract from a natural health perspective, we will pick things up with the small intestine. | <urn:uuid:2eb74a96-3f59-4070-85a5-a018702983a4> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://jonbarron.org/article/healing-liver-and-gallbladder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511744.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018063902-20181018085402-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.951358 | 5,649 | 2.515625 | 3 |
While everyone agrees that islands possess a geographical specificity, linked to the geographical discontinuity between land and sea, situations generated by this geographical fact, which are grouped under the term ‘insularity’, are not necessarily perceived in the same way, depending on the author and the discipline. The great diversity of islands, at the level of the planet, but also at the level of the country or region, is a reality that geographers have long recognised. The geographical particularities of islands also constitute a generally acknowledged reality. Nonetheless, there are those who refuse to attribute any particular value to insularity: an island must be regarded as a space like any other, such as mountain, plain or valley; for them, then, insularity is no more than a mere geographical object. Others, to the contrary, consider insularity to be at the heart of the issues affecting islands, and give it a central place in their scientific investigations.
An analysis of isularity relies significantly, but not uniquely, on quantifiable data, and leads to the defining of different indices that make it possible to classify islands according to various criteria. An assessment of these indices will seek to find answers to certain questions: are some islands more ‘island’ than others ? What is the size at which an islet becomes an island? What dimensions in area cause an island to become a continent ? This approach, which aims at a typological classification of islands, primarily according to spatial or demographic criteria, is disputed, in particular by geographers who are representative of the cultural geography trend. Preferring to ignore the debates that aim at eliminating this or that island judged to be too large or too small, too heavily or too sparsely populated, they make their appeal to social insularity.
Thus, for Philippe Pelletier, insularity is the dynamic relationship that is built up between an insular space and the society that lives in it, the issue of size being in his view less important than that of human settlement. François Doumenge has tried to develop and enrich this qualitative and qualitative approach to insularity through the creation of different indices based on geographical and statistical data. For statistics, insularity is all the more pronounced when the location is more isolated from other islands, and most of all from a continent, and insularity is only effective when the whole emerged land is exposed to marine influences.
Geographers are not the only ones to use the concept of insularity. Economists, demographers and statisticians have also reflected on the importance of the island in the economic and political domain. Naturalists, however, are definitely the most interested-and have been so for some time-in islands and their theoretical contributions to sciences related to biology. Scientific works carried out on islands and islets by biologists have made possible essential developments in the framework of the theories of evolution of species and of insularity.
See also : ocean | <urn:uuid:5a982da6-273c-42cd-980d-f950de3b825b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://hypergeo.eu/spip.php?article352 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00126-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955856 | 588 | 3.140625 | 3 |
In our following series of blogs, we will be leading you through the several stages in schools from Reception to Key Stage 4. We will be providing you with an idea on the type of work, the structure and the expectations you might experience working for each stage. These blogs may even help you determine which age group is for you and support you on your path to becoming a Teaching Assistant.
What You Can Expect!
In Reception, you will be teaching students from the age of 4-5 years old. Throughout this year, you will mostly be focusing on the development of the children through games and play. According to Gov.uk, the areas of learning covered will be:
- Communication and Language
- Physical Development
- Personal, Social and Emotional Development
- Understanding the World
- Expressive Arts and Design
The first three points are the ones most highly focused on, which are components of the Early Years Foundation Stage, which reception curriculum follows.
Communication and Language
One of the most fundamental ways a child learns is through speaking and listening. At this age, your job as a Reception assistant is crucial in preparing a child’s knowledge of how communication works. Children will learn communication through telling stories, conversation, and non-verbally by using facial expressions, movement or even dance.
As you work to support student’s mental development, you also will need to encourage the students with their physical development. Helping a child mental development can involve motivating the children on being more capable and confident to move and how to be healthy, care and look after themselves.
Personal, Social and Emotional Development
Included with their physical develops is a child's, personal, social and emotional development. As a Teaching Assistant, you are aiming to help these kids have the best start to their life by giving then a positive outlook. Incorporated in this, is how they work on friendship and relationships and giving them the confidence to become self-aware and managing how they feel and how they should behave.
How you will be Teaching
One of the main things you will be teaching will be the phonics systems, which is a learning technique to help children start reading. You will be teaching them the letters of the alphabet by the sound they made not how they are spelt. Children will then begin to learn how to pronounce words by combining the sounds.
The next part of what you would expect to be teaching children on a daily basis is basic numeracy — using bricks, counters or any form of object that can be counted. You will then assist in helping children learn off by heart methods like number bonds up to times tables.
Finally reading, as a Teaching Assistant, you will be there when a child can read their first book independently. Once you’ve assisted in a child’s understanding of the phonics alphabet and how words are pronounced, you will then be there to help the children move onto their first short books.
Qualifications You’ll Need
To assist with the teaching of Reception students, you may need a qualification. At The Training Room, we can help you achieve a nationally recognised qualification with the support and experience most schools desire. We will help you achieve not only your qualification but help you into a placement and pair you up with our ever-growing list of corporate partners.
With our courses being able to be done in around 3-6 months, and as it’s an e-learning based course, you can learn at your own pace whenever it suits you. Be supported throughout your whole course with our dedicated tutor supports, who will help you become career-ready!
When the course is completed, you will receive the following qualifications:
- TQUK Level 3 Certificate in Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools (RQF)
- TQUK Level 3 Certificate in Understanding Autism
- TQUK Level 2 Certificate in Understanding Children and Young People's Mental Health
And additional qualification with our Professional course of:
- ABC Award Level 3 Special Educational Needs (SEN)
If you’d like to find out more information about how to begin your career in education, click the button below:
[Download your free prospectus now] | <urn:uuid:90c32f9f-113e-42f6-8a6a-13850c61a454> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.thetrainingroom.com/blog/education-and-teaching/january-2020/what-to-expect-working-in-reception | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585653.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023064718-20211023094718-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.946607 | 861 | 3.171875 | 3 |
He makes several points about Extension and our online work. Below, I am continuing the conversation.
- Cooperative Extension’s 100 year history and purpose is to help improve lives through education.
- Cooperative Extension is about changing for benefitting individuals and communities.
- Cooperative Extension bases its education on research. Research, sometimes, can appear to conflict with other research. An example where research can lead to confusing recommendations is with sun exposure. Low Vitamin D can lead to fatigue, increase cancer and cardiovascular disease risks. Researchers recommend 20 minutes in the sun without sunscreen. However, other researchers suggest that sun exposure increases skin cancer risks. We see similar conflicting research around topics like environment, food production, and health. Cooperative Extension’s strength is to make sense of research, particularly research that conflicts, and understand and communicate research in context. “Content without context is just noise.” (from @rands).
- Cooperative Extension will continue to keep its local community ties, but has and will continue to grow an online presence. Cooperative Extension’s online presence is not a replacement for our local, face-to-face contacts, but rather a way to build, maintain, and strengthen these relationships. Early in my use of social media, the best—and first recognized—benefit was the ability to maintain and build understanding with people I already knew.This understanding, credibility, and trust gained were and are immeasurable. Many people who don’t interact online don’t realize that relationships can be built successfully online and they often discount the value of these relationships. Those who fail to see the benefit of building relationships online are failing their organizations.
- Just as in our personal lives, online we have different levels of relationships. Building and developing relationships online occur when we take the time to listen and interact with others—just like we expect Cooperative Extension professionals to develop local relationships—they should do this online.
- Cooperative Extension is no longer bound by county, state, and national boundaries.
- The game changer (Chris Raines uses the term) for Cooperative Extension is that we can now research, build content, and build knowledge with anyone in physical, online, and “expert” communities. Building knowledge activities are not constrained to land-grant faculty, but can and should be encouraged with others who share the passion and knowledge. We are no longer limited to those who are close geographically, those who we have personally met, or those communities we already familiar with.
- Online environments give Cooperative Extension new ways to do basic Cooperative Extension work. Seaman Knapp and George Washington Carver embedded themselves in communities, by working with individuals to develop experiments and create on-site and personally learning environments.
- Cooperative Extension’s online presence is imperative, not only to disseminate information (if we think this is all there is in social media we are doomed), but to also embed ourselves in communities, working with individuals to help with research and develop educational content.
Some Cooperative Extension educators are interacting online. The challenge is we need more Extension professionals, like Chris Raines, to participate—by listening and engaging—in online communities for the purpose of building knowledge and learning. | <urn:uuid:c21b80a9-a69a-4a08-a83f-4d5d8b4b745a> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://blog.anneadrian.com/2010/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741569.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114000002-20181114022002-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.94047 | 654 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Why Do We Live Past Menopause?
Humans, killer whales, and short-finned pilot whales are remarkable in that females of these species can live well past reproducing age. Though some scientists have speculated that humans experience menopause solely due to advancements in medicine and technology, recent research suggests an evolutionary benefit to staying alive without having more children.
Key Facts In This Video
A 2012 study suggested that post-menopausal killer whales play a crucial role in helping their pods find food. (0:44)
Menopause in humans may be adaptive, as postmenopausal women could have aided their relatives and thereby increased the transmission of their own genes. (2:21)
Killer whale males will stay with their mothers for their entire lives. (4:29) | <urn:uuid:bf393ef3-617a-46d5-a9da-f22fbfa26705> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://curiosity.com/topics/why-do-we-live-past-menopause-curiosity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718034.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00418-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948121 | 162 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Heart-Healthy Living Also Wards Off Type 2 Diabetes
WEDNESDAY, Jan. 16, 2019 (HealthDay News) -- There could be an added bonus to keeping your cardiovascular health on track -- a heart-healthy lifestyle can also prevent type 2 diabetes, researchers say.
And it's better to prevent type 2 diabetes than to have to treat it, the Ohio State University researchers added.
"Healthy people need to work to stay healthy. Follow the guidelines. Don't proceed to high blood sugar and then worry about stopping diabetes," said study leader Dr. Joshua Joseph, an endocrinologist at the university's Wexner Medical Center, in Columbus, Ohio.
For the study, the researchers assessed diabetes among more than 7,700 participants in a stroke study.
The investigators used the American Heart Association's "Life's Simple 7" factors to measure heart health. That well-known tool assesses physical activity, diet, weight, cholesterol, blood pressure, blood sugar (glucose) and tobacco use.
Participants who were in the recommended ranges for at least four of the seven heart health factors had a 70 percent lower risk of developing diabetes over 10 years, according to the report.
"What's interesting is when we compared people who had normal blood glucose and those who already had impaired blood glucose," Joseph said.
"Those in normal levels who attained four or more guideline factors had an 80 percent lower risk of developing diabetes. Those who were already diabetic or prediabetic and met four of the factors had no change in lowering their risk for diabetes," he said in a university news release.
The findings show that people need to take steps to prevent diabetes before they're at risk, he explained.
By the time diabetes is diagnosed, people need high-intensity interventions that focus on physical activity and diet to promote weight loss and, possibly, medications, Joseph added.
According to Dr. K. Craig Kent, dean of the College of Medicine, "This research adds to our collective understanding about how physicians can help their patients prevent a number of serious diseases, including heart disease, cancer and now diabetes."
Nearly one-third of Americans have prediabetes or diabetes, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The study results were published Jan. 16 in the journal Diabetologia.
The U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases has more on diabetes prevention.
SOURCE: Ohio State University, news release, Jan. 16, 2019 | <urn:uuid:3b9ebeed-fdbc-4c45-88d6-0b8fc3ea379d> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://library.oumedicine.com/Conditions/Diabetes/NewsRecent/6,741533 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997533.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616022644-20190616044644-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.942538 | 518 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Amache Rose that once bore witness is blooming
Shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 prompting the relocation of West Coast residents of Japanese descent to camps, including one near Granada, Colo., known as Amache. Many of the people interred were American citizens and many worked in agriculture and horticulture on California’s coast and Central Valley.
A rose in Colorado’s former Japanese Internment Camp that bore witness to that portion of the state’s history is making history now, 80 years later. The Amache rose’s foliage is bright green and the bloom, no larger than a pinky fingernail, is a cheerful pink. The bloom was discovered the day of the annual pilgrimage to the site of the former Granada Relocation Center, during Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, and shortly after the site was added to the list of National Parks.
Dr. Bonnie Clark, a professor of Archaeology at the University of Denver has studied the gardens and gardeners of Amache for about 15 years. The project has involved, among others, archaeobotany, archeological pollen and phytoliths, digital mapping, and countless hot days spent on site. It is one of the nation’s newest National Parks, though John Hopper and his students at Granada High School have long cared for the site, guided tours, spoke about the site’s history, and maintained the museum.
The rose, according to Clark, is growing in a sea of yucca, prickly pear, and rabbit brush, about three miles from the Arkansas River on a stabilized sand dune. Discovered by research survey crews in 2012, she said it was most certainly brought to Amache by someone detained there, as the site was bulldozed by the War Relocation Authority prior to the construction of the camp. Clark said the bloom could be the result of recent rains or it could be the result of the pruning it received when cuttings were taken.
The rose bush is located near the base of a barracks building, climbing across a doorway. Clippings from the plant were taken last fall by staff at the Denver Botanic Gardens, and carefully transported back to the greenhouse in Denver to be propagated, though none have bloomed yet.
Clark said the National Park Service will make a determination about the future of the Amache rose. Where it is currently rambling across a doorway is not its historic location as it would have been more likely planted in the narrow beds near the barracks.
After the annual pilgrimage to the site and a visit to the cemetery, Clark and a small group from the National Park Service, Denver Botanic Gardens, Granada mayor Argie Thrall, and Amache Alliance leader Mitch Homma, an Amache descendent, visited the rose bush. It was not the carefully managed cuttings at Denver Botanic Gardens that bloomed, but the original plant.
She sent a photo to Carlene Tanagoshi Tinker, an Amache survivor who has volunteered during each summer on site. Clark said Tanagoshi Tinker was young when the war ended and Amache closed, so her memories are limited, and her parents didn’t speak of those years. Working at the site, though, has helped her piece together that time in her life. At her home in California, Tanagoshi Tinker cherishes two potted cuttings from the plant, gifted to her after they were collected. John Hopper was also given cuttings, which will be a part of the Amache Museum. Botanists at the gardens are currently propagating second generation Amache roses from cuttings, ensuring plenty of cuttings.
Clark’s team has unearthed evidence of cottonwood trees dug by the river and transplanted to the camp, the planting hole amended with materials at hand. The victory gardens and produce gardens were determined to have been amended with fish meal and crushed eggshells. A hill and pond garden like those common in Japanese garden design was constructed and maintained in one block, flanked by large round river cobble rock and surrounded by a neat wooden fence. The figure eight shaped pond featured a curved wooden bridge. Clark’s team used photos taken by internee and amateur photographer Jack Muro, as well as existing landmarks, ground penetrating radar images, and excavation to determine the historic details of the area.
In Clark’s Finding Solace in the Soil, she said interned school children grew large victory gardens enthusiastically, sharing their bounty with the community and the war effort. The Amache Agricultural Fair was featured in a 1943 issue of the Granada Pioneer. One display of the victory gardens’ bounty is an American flag display made from vegetables grown in just such a garden.
Many of the internees helped area farmers bring in sugar beet crops and shared their knowledge, Clark said, about raising crops unfamiliar to southeastern Colorado farmers, like celery. The produce grown at the camp fed the some 7,000 interred there and the balance went to the war effort.
Bromegrass is headed out and native meadows are beginning to grow rapidly with warmer temperatures the past couple weeks. Is now the time to make grass hay?
Start a dialogue, stay on topic and be civil.
If you don't follow the rules, your comment may be deleted.
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Monkey Fruit Benefits – Monkey fruit is also known as Artocarpus lacucha. Monkey Jack fruit is a species of pine-shaped tree in the tropics and belongs to the Moraceae family. This monkey tree is widespread throughout the Indian and Asian subcontinent such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Basically, this tree is appreciated because the wood is taken, but the fruit which is called a monkey can also be consumed as a cure for disease.
This tree has several popular names such as Monkey jack, Monkey fruit, Monkey jack tree, and Monkey jack fruit. The generic name comes from the Greek word “Artos” which means “bread” and the word “karpos” which means “fruit”. The fruit is very nutritious and includes fruit that is good enough in human consumption to get additional nutrients for the body. Monkey fruit contains many vitamins and some of them are antioxidants namely vitamin C and beta-carotene.
Description of Monkey Fruit Plant
This is a tree with medium to large leaves and can grow from 10 to 15 minutes. The monkey tree grows in lowland hill forests, sometimes in villages and open areas with a height of up to 300 meters above sea level. This plant grows locally along Mandai Road, in the Nee Soon Swamp Forest, and Ubin island.
Monkey trees prefer areas with deep soil and good drainage and humidity. The skin is gray with oblique striped skin and the sap is milky white. Branchlets are 3-6 mm thick, this tree is also called Arthashastra.
The leaves are large, usually 25-30 cm long, and 15-20 cm wide. Sometimes the shape of the leaves are curved wedge-shaped, with the tips of the leaves obtuse. The edges of the leaves are entirely jagged.
Flower and Fruit
The monkey tree has unisexual flowers, female flowers and male flowers are separate but in the same tree. Male flowers are yellow orange and female flowers are reddish. All female flowers form fruit, almost round and irregular. The width can be 2 to 5 inches. The color of the fruit is green to greenish yellow. The color will turn brownish yellow when the fruit is ripe perfectly, sweet and sour taste and can be eaten immediately but usually made curries or chutney. The size can be 5 to 10 cm with a weight of 200-350 grams per fruit. The seeds are varied, some are 10 and even the seeds are up to 30. The size of the seeds also varies and is irregular. The seeds contain white gum which is very sticky like jackfruit sap.
The texture of the monkey fruit like jackfruit with a fibrous, fibrous consistency, and it is rather springy. Lakucha fruit is very rich in nutrients with antioxidants from beta carotene and vitamin C. These antioxidants are very good for maintaining general health, preventing heart disease, and coronary disease and preventing cancer, it can also treat cancer that has already occurred.
Benefits of Monkey Fruit Prevents a Host of Diseases
This nutrient-rich fruit has captured the attention of many scientists and Ayurveda experts to look in more detail and explore how it is used in various medical interests. However, based on research, consuming monkey fruit regularly can prevent dangerous diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and prevent coronary heart diseases. Monkey fruit is also rich in anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic, this is an important fruit in Ayurveda medicine.
Lakucha or monkey jack fruit has a unique and unusual taste, maybe the taste will be difficult to find in a number of other fruits. The taste of the fruit is sweet mixed with sour and sharp. Monkey fruit or lakucha is a source of vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and fiber that provides a number of health benefits if consumed in the right amount.
Benefits of Consuming Monkey Fruit
Lakucha or monkey fruit is reported to be beneficial for health. It is beneficial for refreshing the heart, and refreshing the grains. While the fruit sap is used as a laxative. The skin and seeds of the Lakucha plant are also often used as a stomach and liver medicine. its use in the context of anti-inflammatory therapy and works very well for rejuvenation and anti-aging by providing the additional effect of whitening the skin.
The benefits of monkey or lakucha are also felt by hair loss, and it is able to strengthen hair follicles so that they can overcome and prevent hair loss. This is the benefit of lakucha in treating skin diseases so that the scalp can also be treated so that the hair follicles become strong. It can also eradicate skin darkening and make skin glow and whiter. Monkey fruit is also useful for treating dysentery and rheumatic diseases, swelling and wound disease.
The amount of drug content in lakucha or monkey fruit makes this fruit able to treat many diseases at once, but must be consumed with the right amount. Below we see what are the benefits of monkey or lakucha for human health.
Benefits of Consuming Monkey Fruit and Traditional Uses
- Lakucha fruit extract can stimulate hair growth, reduce hair loss, skin diseases, herpes and can fade dark skin.
- Monkey fruit can also treat rheumatism, swelling, dysentery and can clean wounds.
- The monkey porridge is useful as a medicine for the liver, refreshing the liver, the seeds and the sap act as a laxative.
- The bark consists of 8.5% tannins and this is useful for treating skin lesions.
- The skin powder can be used as medicine to heal wounds and remove purulent substances from various abscesses.
- The seeds and bark of a monkey tree are useful for liver disease and stomach ailments.
- The sweet sour fruit becomes a tonic on the liver
- The juice and seeds of the monkey plant are used as a laxative
- Its roots are used as a refresher in treating friable pain.
- This wood extract has been used as a traditional treatment for inflammatory drugs and as an anti-aging skin.
- Lakocha is also widely used as a traditional medicine for several types of diseases in India.
- The extract has also been used as a drug in the treatment of tapeworms.
- Lakocha tree root is acting as an astringent and as a laxative.
- Saturated extracts from the lakocha tree are used as a poultice in skin diseases and are also used as a headache medicine.
- The sap and juice are used as medicine for boils and zits and wounds. | <urn:uuid:ad94687f-6da7-4506-bc9b-6f9ce245cd80> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://loveinshallah.com/monkey-fruit-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103639050.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629115352-20220629145352-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.959169 | 1,409 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Hillenbrand's Description of Koreans...One of the most shocking episodes in the book is the Japanese massacre of 5,000 Koreans on Tinian, which I have never heard of. Before discussing trustworthiness of this episode, let me talk about Hillenbrand's description of Korean people in her book.
Hillenbrand portrays the Koreans as powerless, miserable slaves just as she does POW's detained in Japan. I found the way she describes Korean people in her book quite insulting and inappropriate.
She does not seem to have done much research about Japan-Korea relationship at that time.
Koreans during Japan's Annexation of Korea(1910-1945)Did Japan steal all Korean's wealth during the annexation period? No! Unfortunately, the Korean peninsula had been in a chaotic situation for a long time. Thus, Japan invested into Korea with the tax money from mainland Japan.
Infrastructure was built. Here are pictures of Namdaemun Boulvard in Seoul in 1880's and 1936.
Japan established 5,213 elementary schools all over the peninsula, resulting in a dramatic increase of the literacy rate from 3.8% to 80%.
Did Japan prohibit the Koreans from learning Korean language? No, here is the textbook. The top is one type of Japanese script, katakana and the bottom is Korean script, Hangul.
Yes, they had to learn both for communications.
Japan established higher education institutions as well. For example, the current Seoul National University was formerly Keijo Imperial University, one of the most prestigious universities.
Koreans were allowed to enter the Imperial Japanese Army Academy.
Korean population doubled from 13 million to 25 million and their life expectancy was extended from 24 years to 56 years during the annexation period.
Korean people had a right to vote in mainland Japan. (the ethnic Japanese did not have a right to vote outside mainland Japan, either.)
Though not perfect, Koreans were treated almost equally with Japanese.
Fore sure, Korean people under the annexation were not miserable slaves.
If you are interested in the Japan-Korea annexation, I strongly recommend this book:
"The New Korea" by Alleyne Ireland (in English with Japanese translation)
Koreans Portrayed in "Unbroken"Koreans appear in "Unbroken" in two episodes. One is in the episode when Zamperini was detained in Omori camp. Second episode is the massacre in Tinian. Hillenbrand mentions this incident twice.
Omori Camp EpisodeFirst, the Omori camp episode. Hillenbrand claims that the POW's in Omori were treated as slaves.
One day, Zamperini's colleague POW handed in a bag of stolen rice to a Korean driver in exchange for an English laguage paper. (p.399 in my paperback version)
My first question is, giving stolen rice to someone else? Weren't the POW's starving? The description of Omori in "Unbroken" is full of contradictions, in my opinion.
There is another book about Omori camp titled "Clutch of Circumstance" written by Lewis W. Bush. Here is the Japanese version.
This book will give you quite a different perspective about POW's life in Omori camp.
Second question is how the POW distinguished Korean from Japanese? At that time, Koreans in Tokyo could speak Japanese. And why not Japanese? It is more likely to encounter ethnic Japanese in Tokyo. Because the Japanese are all cruel? Because they all regarded POW's as slaves? Instead, Koreans were suppressed by Japanese just as POW"s were? That's why POW's considered Koreans as their fellows?
Tinian Massacre EpisodeAnother episode of Koreans is, of course, the Japanese massacre of Koreans in Tinian. Hillenbrand mentions this even twice.
"...Tinian, where the Japanese held five thousand Koreans, conscripted as laborers....the Japanese employed the kill-all policy. They murdered all five thousand Koreans." (p.354)
"...Japan had brought atrocity and death on a scale that staggers the imagination...
In accordance with the kill-all order, the Japanese massacred all 5,000 Korean captives on Tinian, ..."
Hillenbrand states that before the landing of the U.S. Marines on Tinian that took place on July 24, 1944, Japanese slaughtered all the Koreans on the island.
You know, Saipan, only 3.5 miles away from Tinian, had been already taken by the United States on July 9, 1944. Wouldn't it be better for the Imperial Japanese Army to save bullets and get prepared for the battle with the Marines?
Why the Japanese Army had to be bothered by killing Japanese citizens? Koreans were not slaves, but Japanese citizens!
And what is the kill-all policy? We have never heard of it!
Also, if the author's claim were true, how were the Koreans murdered? Were they standing in front of soldiers so that they were killed systematically because they were powerless slaves? Was the killing of 5,000 people that easy?
Again, if the murder were true, what were the reactions of their fellows in Korean Peninsula or mainland Japan?
And most importantly, what would be the reaction of Korean officials or soldiers in the Japanese Imperial Army? Did they keep silent because they were too coward?
Didn't Hillenbrand realize that there were Korean officials and solders in the Japanese Army. I bet not! | <urn:uuid:d1e0dde0-c9b5-4b18-856e-62a083e7711d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://shobara-jp.blogspot.kr/2014/07/portrayals-of-koreans-in-unbroken.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817908.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180226005603-20180226025603-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.974966 | 1,131 | 3.25 | 3 |
today's labor history
Click here to check out this week's Labor History Today podcast. Union City's Chris Garlock hosts, with Joe McCartin, Leon Fink and Patrick Dixson. On this week's show: Kohler strike, longest in U.S. history, begins; strikes by baseball and hockey players and minor league umpires; 15,000 union janitors strike in LA. PLUS: Saul Schniderman on Rose Schneiderman of the New York Women's Trade Union League.
Music this week includes “Glory Days” by Bruce Springsteen, “El Pueblo Unido,” by Inti Illimani, “One People, One Struggle,” by Anti-Flag, and “The People United Will Never Be Defeated!” by Fredric Rzewski.
The Union Label Trades Department is chartered by the American Federation of Labor. Its mission: promote the products and services produced in America by union members, especially those products identified by a union label, shop card, store card, and service button - 1909
The Supreme Court declares unconstitutional a 1918 Washington, D.C., law establishing a minimum wage for women - 1923
Major league baseball players end a 232-day strike, which began the prior August 12 and led to the cancellation of the 1994 postseason and the World Series - 1995
Compiled/edited by Union Communication Services
Comments are closed. | <urn:uuid:638356cc-defc-4371-9f95-eff81cb606d6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.dclabor.org/home/todays-labor-history3333660 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224651325.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605053432-20230605083432-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.922537 | 308 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Products that may interest you:
Endometriosis is a gynecological disorder that usually shows up during a woman’s reproductive years. According to one 2010 report, endometriosis affects up to 10% of women in the United States. (1)
It has been determined that endometriosis has a strong relationship with:
- Gut dysbiosis
- Candida albicans
- Autoimmune disorders
So far, there is no cure for the disorder. The best a doctor can do for a patient with endometriosis is manage symptoms.
Most often, symptoms include:
- Severe pelvic pain
Each month, a woman’s ovaries produce hormones that tell the cells lining the uterus to multiply. When a woman does not get pregnant, these cells slough off and are shed with a woman’s menstrual blood. When these cells are found living and growing outside of the uterus, this is what is known as endometriosis. These endometrial cells grow and bleed just like the cells in the uterus.
Common symptoms of endometriosis include pelvic pain, constipation, and even infertility. Although the condition has no cure, women can find relief by calming inflammation and strengthening the immune system!
As these cells bleed according to a woman’s monthly cycle, blood is released wherever the cells are located. Endometrial cells have been known to implant on the:
- Lining of the pelvis
Once these cells bleed, there is swelling, and the body will often mount an immune response.
Endometriosis Promotes the Growth of Candida
A study published in 2002 in the Journal of Human Reproduction looked for a connection between endometriosis and the microorganisms in the intestinal tract. (2)
While researchers used rhesus monkeys in their study, it was their hope that the findings would shed some light on this common condition that affects so many women.
The study determined that:
- Intestinal inflammation occurs more frequently in those with endometriosis than those without it.
- An inflamed gastrointestinal tract contains different microorganisms than a healthy gastrointestinal tract.
- When it comes to gastrointestinal inflammation, Candida albicans is especially prevalent.
Candida albicans is native to the human body and part of a healthy inner ecosystem. Only when Candida grows beyond control does it pose a toxic threat. This can happen for a number of reasons, but the most common are poor diet and excessive use of antibiotic therapy. Both a poor diet and antibiotic use can disrupt the natural balance of microorganisms that live in the body.
Researchers of the 2002 study found that inflammation can also disrupt the balance of microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract. Later studies have found that endometriosis has a clear and direct association to inflammation in the gut. (3)(4)
A healthy inner ecosystem keeps Candida in check. Without friendly bugs and without balance, the yeast Candida is able to quickly dominate its environment and colonize other areas of the body.
Women with endometriosis are at higher risk for Candida overgrowth. (5)(6) Part of this risk has to do a disturbance in the delicate balance of microorganisms in the gut.
Management and Care Begin in the Gut: 2 Ways to Calm Inflammation
Even though endometriosis involves multiple systems in the body, so far physicians only manage the disorder by lowering overall estrogen.
While endometriosis may or may not be an autoimmune condition, there is enough evidence telling us to support the immune system. Endometriosis:
- Is commonly found with other autoimmune disorders.
- Occurs with other inflammatory bowel conditions.
- Puts a woman at higher risk for Candida overgrowth.
One of the best ways to balance the immune system is to support gastrointestinal function. In fact, when it comes to an autoimmune disorder, a balanced inner ecosystem is essential because it reinstates the gut barrier, which protects the body from further flare-ups and inflammation.
We can manage the immune system and decrease inflammation by doing two things:
- Eat foods that nourish the body, promote alkalinity, and do not feed infection. See specific guidelines in The Body Ecology Diet.
- Consume probiotic-rich foods every day in order to inoculate the gut with healing, beneficial microorganisms. An easy way to get the highest quality, living probiotics is through a few ounces of InnergyBiotic.
Keep in mind that probiotic-rich fermented foods and beverages are superior to the probiotics you may find in a capsule at the store. If you purchase fermented foods at the supermarket, make sure that these foods are found in the refrigerated section.
What To Remember Most About This Article:
Up to 10% of women in the US suffer from a gynecological disorder called endometriosis during their reproductive years. To date, endometriosis doesn't have a cure; most medical treatment is used to manage symptoms like infertility, constipation, and severe pelvic pain.
2002 research reveals that intestinal inflammation occurs more often in women with endometriosis. An inflamed digestive tract contains different microorganisms than a healthy gut, with a higher risk for Candida overgrowth. Later research discovered that endometriosis is directly associated with gut inflammation, leaving women with the condition at an even greater risk for toxic Candida overgrowth in the digestive tract.
Although there is no cure for endometriosis yet, you can use two important tips to decrease inflammation and balance the immune system to alleviate symptoms caused by the disorder:
- Follow The Body Ecology Diet to eat nourishing, alkalizing foods that will not feed infection in the body.
- Eat probiotic-rich foods daily to support the gut with healing, beneficial bacteria by drinking a few ounces of high-quality InnergyBiotic.
- C Bulletti, et al. Endometriosis and infertility. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2010 Aug; 27 (8): 441–447.
- MT Bailey, et al. Endometriosis is associated with an altered profile of intestinal microflora in female rhesus monkeys. Hum Reprod. 2002 Jul; 17 (7): 1704-1708.
- T Jess, et al. Increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease in women with endometriosis: a nationwide Danish cohort study. Gut. 2011 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
- K Ballard, et al. Endometriosis and irritable bowel syndrome: co-morbidity or misdiagnosis?. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2009; 116: 129–130.
- K Lamb, et al. Endometriosis: a comparison of associated disease histories. Am J Prev Med. 1986 Nov-Dec; 2 (6): 324-329.
- TR Nichols, et al. The association of atopic diseases with endometriosis. Ann Allergy. 1987 Nov; 59 (5): 360-363. | <urn:uuid:b84c5735-b810-443e-92d0-3c55a451a2e5> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://bodyecology.com/articles/find-out-what-this-widespread-reproductive-disorder-has-to-do-with-candida | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775083.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00161-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911828 | 1,468 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Your New Pet has a Condition: What’s Next?
Rescuing and rehoming animals is a team effort, and we would not be able to save animals if it were not for dedicated adopters like you!
Because we have an on-site hospital and medical staff, we’re able to save the lives of animals with medical issues. Every animal is medically
cleared before it is available for adoption. But sometimes that means a new pet goes home with medication or needs special care for the short
term. Your adoption counselor will give you specific instructions if that’s the case for your new friend.
What Is Heartworm Disease?
Heartworm disease is a serious and potentially fatal disease in pets in the
United States and many other parts of the world. It is caused by heartworms
that live in the heart, lungs and blood vessels of affected pets, which if left
untreated, can cause severe lung disease, heart failure and damage to other
organs in the body and even death.
Can My Dog Transmit Heartworms To Another Dog?
No! Heartworm disease is spread by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes that bite an
infected dog, fox, wolf, or coyote can transmit the infection to unprotected
dogs. Mosquitoes can survive all year, even in parts of the country where
there is a cold winter, so all dogs are at risk. Keeping your dog on heartworm
preventative all year is the safest and most effective way to prevent a heartworm infection in your dog. | <urn:uuid:ce2ee159-727d-4d40-a5b2-0f1adaf97241> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://operationkindness.org/heartworms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824059.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212155747-20181212181247-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.922381 | 321 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Nursing Central is the award-winning, complete mobile solution for nurses and students. Look up information on diseases, tests, and procedures; then consult the database with 5,000+ drugs or refer to 65,000+ dictionary terms. Explore these free sample topics:
-- The first section of this topic is shown below --
[Fr. restrainte, a tying back]
1. Refraining from any action, mental or physical.
2. The condition of being hindered.
3. In medicine, the use of environmental, pharmacologic, or physical means to prevent patients from harming themselves or others.
The FDA defines restraint as “a device, usually a wristlet, anklet, or other type of strap intended for medical purposes and that limits a patient's movements to the extent necessary for treatment, examination, or protection of the patient.” Protective devices include safety vests, hand mitts, lap and wheelchair belts, body holders, straitjackets, and protection nets.
Restraints should be fitted properly and comfortably. They should be applied so as to protect the patient from accidental self-injury, such as strangling or smothering by slipping down in a bed, wheelchair, or chair.
Caregivers are legally and ethically responsible for the safety and well-being of patients in their care; however, when the patient's protection or the achievement of the therapeutic goal appears to require physical or pharmacological restraint, health care providers must consider that such action limits the patient's legal rights to autonomy and self-determination. Decisions to institute restraint must be based on a clear, identifiable, documented need for their use.
With many patients, effective alternatives to physical restraint include providing companionship and close supervision of activities; explaining procedures to reduce anxiety; when possible, removing indwelling tubes, drains, and catheters to reduce discomfort and the potential for displacement; providing good lighting, ensuring that pathways are clear, and that furniture is adequately secured to minimize potential hazards; maintaining beds in low position and using bed alarm systems that signal if the patient’s body is not in contact with the mattress; using an alarm system when the patient is in a chair or wheelchair; ensuring that the call button is easily accessible to facilitate patient requests for help with ambulation; reducing unwelcome distractions, e.g., background noise; enabling the patient's access to diversions such as music and videos to encourage relaxation; and encouraging ambulation and exercise to meet the patient's needs for mobility.
Informed consent must be obtained from the patient or guardian before restraints are to be used. Restraints should not be used without a specific order from the treating health care provider. Almost any type of restraint has the potential for harming the patient; thus it is extremely important to monitor use and be certain that it is applied correctly and removed periodically.
The nurse records behavior that demonstrates a need for restraint; describes nursing actions to achieve the therapeutic objectives of without resort to restraint and the effects of the restraint; suggests the minimum amount of restraint for achieving the objectives; secures or reviews practitioner orders for specific types of restraints; validates informed consent; explains the use of the specific type of restraint to the patient and family members as a reminder needed for protection; and encourages verbalization of feelings and concerns and provides emotional support.
The nurse follows these guidelines for application of restraints: the device that is most appropriate for the purpose is selected. For example, padded mitts protect against patient removing intravenous or other invasive tubing by limiting his or her ability to manipulate the equipment with his or her fingers, but the mitts do not elicit the restlessness and frustration that occurs when the hands are tied down with wrist restraints. The status of tissues is assessed and documented before application. Bony prominences in contact with the restraining devices are padded before application of restraints. Restraints are applied to maintain a comfortable, normal position, and mobility is limited only as much as is necessary to protect the patient (the nurse may change the position without defeating the objectives of the restraint). The nurse anchors restraint devices securely and ensures that they do not interfere with blood flow to the limbs or trunk; ensures that the restraints can be released quickly in an emergency; documents application and evaluation of current status; assesses and records at frequent intervals, e.g., every 30 min, the effects of the restraint on the patient's behavior and on the neurovascular status distal to the site of the restraint; promptly reports signs of increased agitation; releases restraints (one at a time if the patient is unreliable or combative) and allows or provides range-of-motion exercises two to four times each shift; and evaluates the need for continuing restraint at least once each shift, discontinuing the devices as soon as the patient's status permits. | <urn:uuid:7cc30431-3de6-4ee4-9e1b-86dabbe1ce09> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/738574/all/restraint | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987756350.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021043233-20191021070733-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.923739 | 979 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Canis dirus is known to occur as far north as southern Alberta (Canada) and south into South America to southern Bolivia (Dundas, 1999).
Canis dirus has a deep and robust mandible, a short and robust canine, a p1 that is single rooted and with a single principal cusp, a p2 that is double rooted with a small posterior accessory cuspid, a p3 with a large posterior accessory cusp, a large and robust p4 that is larger than the p3, and a massive and heavy ml with small accessory cuspids on the posterior margin of the trigonid (Merriam, 1912; Berta, 1988).
Canis dirus would have filled the pursuit-predator niche in the tropical environment of Terapa, hunting large mammals such as Bison, Equus, large antilocaprids, and camelids that frequented the local environments, which are interpreted to have been a marsh with thorn-scrub to deciduous forest including some component of a grassland.
Craniofacial morphology and feeding behavior in Canis dirus, the extinct Pleistocene dire wolf.
New body mass estimates for Canis dirus, the extinct Pleistocene dire wolf.
Quaternary records of the dire wolf, Canis dirus, in North and South America.
A morphological comparison of Canis dirus and the extant bone crushing hyena, Crocuta crocuta. | <urn:uuid:cb837e54-8991-4364-8fbf-1d19d252dec2> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Canis+dirus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825399.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022165927-20171022185927-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.885714 | 306 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Some ways to think about your syllabus as a whole:
There are some tools that can help you assess you syllabus:
Who is on the syllabus:
Goal: By including diverse authors on a syllabus, students connect to the material and to class discussions because some will see their own success represented and others will see that success can be shared among many different kinds of people.
Some questions to ask for each reading you assign as you construct and revise your syllabus:
Why was it chosen?
Goal: By examining why something was chosen, we can identify places where more inclusive material can be used and move away from “we’ve always just used this.” This can also identify where there is a lack of diversity in your field.
It can be a challenge to works by diverse authors in your field. Some tips:
Your professional organization likely has an "Emerging Voices" or similar round table. Attend a meeting at the next conference, reach out to their chair or organizer, and follow their social media channels to keep current.
Subject-specific resources can be found online. Librarians suggest the following:
Did we miss one? Send your suggestions to your subject liaison!
Brandeis Library is here to support your teaching, and we strive to develop collections that support the curriculum of the University. As you consider diversifying your syllabi, please suggest additions to our collections.
Subject specialist librarians are available through Brandeis Library to work with you on search strategies and to help you obtain the materials you've selected.
Whether you are creating a course from scratch or revising an existing course, we are here to support you as you design a more diverse and inclusive syllabus.
The lists below points to some of our library databases which include content from underrepresented groups or locations. This does not represent the extent of our collections; you may want to browse our full list of databases to find sources in a specific area. | <urn:uuid:5086725b-4b29-4341-b757-21a6c917cd15> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://guides.library.brandeis.edu/HellerDEI/reading_list | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.951421 | 404 | 2.625 | 3 |
5.3 Eruption aids
An impacted tooth is a tooth blocked from breaking through the gum, some factors cause this, and sometimes a tooth can be partially impacted. This means it has started breaking through the gum. Sometimes an impacted tooth has no symptoms, and they can only be discovered with the help of a routine x-ray which can be done at your dentist’s office.
Impacted teeth do not give any sign at all in most people, and in some cases, it can cause:
These symptoms can come and go, and they can also persist for weeks or months.
An impacted tooth occurs when there is no enough space in your mouth. This lack of space can be caused by orthodontic treatment or genetics.
The most impacted teeth are the wisdom teeth, which are the last teeth that grow between the ages of 17 – 21. The wisdom teeth are also called the “third molars”, and by the time they come in, the jaw has already stopped growing.
The jaw and mouth may be too small to accommodate them, and the wisdom is usually removed if there are causing problems, and besides, there is no real need for wisdom teeth anymore. You are more likely to have impacted tooth if you have a small jaw.
The second most common teeth that are impacted are the maxillary canines; they are also called the upper eyeteeth or the cuspid.
It is advisable to remove these teeth because they play an essential role in the mouth; treatment is carried on to encourage the eruption of the teeth instead of removing them.
It is advised that you see a dentist as soon as possible if you suspect that you have an impacted tooth. An x-ray will be carried out, and your teeth examined to see if an impacted tooth is the cause of the symptoms.
If an impacted tooth causes the symptoms, your dentist will discuss treatment options with you and also tell you the risks and the benefits of each treatment.
These treatment options may include:
This will help the dentist see if any problem has developed. Please ensure you attend your regular check-ups.
They can also carry out an extraction if the impacted tooth will negatively affect other teeth. This surgery (tooth extraction) is done as an outpatient procedure in the surgeon’s office.
The procedure takes about 45 minutes to one hour, local anaesthesia will be used, and you can return home after the surgery is conducted that same day. Although, you might need 7 -10 days to recover, and you can resume work or school after a few days of having the procedure.
Also, baby teeth or adult teeth that are blocking the canine may be extracted; this method is most effective on younger people. The impacted tooth will be removed and replaced with a bridge or dental implant if eruption can not be achieved.
You can not clean or care for impacted teeth since they do not break out through the gum, and it will be more challenging to clean them properly if the tooth is partially impacted.
This puts your teeth at a higher risk of dental problems such as:
You can use over-the-counter painkillers to relieve pain caused by impacted teeth, but you are advised not to give aspirin to children less than 16 years old. It can increase the risk of Reye’s syndrome in children; it is a severe health condition that can damage the brain and liver.
Ice can also be placed on the cheeks to reduce inflammation; you can swish warm salt water in your mouth to relieve pains. Your dentist can also prescribe a painkiller if the pain is severe and you can not find relief from OTC painkillers or home remedies.
These painkillers should only be used on a short term because they have unpleasant side effects. An Impacted tooth that causes severe pain can be removed surgically or treated with other medical interventions.
There is no way to treat impacted tooth, and sometimes they are removed surgically to prevent damage to the other teeth, infections, and other complications.
Regular check-up from an early age can help your dentist diagnose impacted teeth from the onset, and they can also offer a treatment plan when it is necessary.
To have your teeth examined, call to book an appointment today on 020 71834091, or you can visit us at Smile Works Dental, Harley Street London. | <urn:uuid:630f1b36-5fa1-4da4-b771-a518b1c2ac54> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.smileworksdental.co.uk/conditions/impacted-teeth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100327.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202042052-20231202072052-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.96046 | 890 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Ike Selects D-Day
by Joseph Balkoski
Posted June 2, 2014
For four months Eisenhower had focused his undivided attention on OVERLORD, but as of May 8, 1944, he had yet to issue the fundamental order that every Allied serviceman in Britain needed to know: When would the invasion take place? “No single question had been discussed more often,” noted a U.S. Navy OVERLORD study, but at a May 8 SHAEF meeting, Ike resolved to answer that question once and for all. Since January, when Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Combined Chiefs of Staff had agreed, at Montgomery’s insistence, to delay OVERLORD by a month, SHAEF had designated June 1, 1944, as “Y-Day,” code-named HALCYON; as of that date, Ike ordered, all air, land, and naval forces must be ready to execute their OVERLORD mission. However, before Eisenhower selected the invasion date and time, designated in OVERLORD orders as “D-Day” and “H-Hour,” he needed to hear his subordinates’ opinions on how Normandy’s tides—among the most spectacular in the world—and lunar conditions would influence their plans.
Ike’s airmen professed a straightforward requirement: given the hazards of flying thousands of aircraft along highly constricted flight paths in darkness, a full moon would help prevent midair collisions and ease nighttime navigation. The first full moon after Y-Day would occur on June 6 at precisely 6:58 P.M.; the near-full moon on June 5 or 7, the airmen declared, would also do. An invasion date before June 5 or after June 7, however, would make nocturnal flying much more challenging. Ike’s seamen, too, averred that OVERLORD’s convoys must make the perilous English Channel crossing at night to minimize the threat of German air attack. Many ground soldiers took that argument one step further by favoring a seaborne invasion in darkness, but SHAEF’s air and naval staffs vetoed that idea: the preinvasion air and naval bombardment would require at least minimal sunlight to neutralize the enemy’s many formidable coastal strongpoints, as bombers and warships could not hit with precision what they could not see. Finally, all of Ike’s senior commanders concurred that the seaborne assault must begin as early in the day as possible, maximizing the number of troops poured ashore by sunset in anticipation of the German counterattacks that would surely materialize within twenty-four hours of D-Day. That requirement, however, would severely curtail the window of time bombers and warships would have to saturate the beaches with bombs and shells before first-wave troops surged ashore.Continue Reading | <urn:uuid:e932c66f-168d-4e63-b7ad-36a6b29b423a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://liberationtrilogy.com/the-road-to-d-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119361.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00283-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972982 | 591 | 2.890625 | 3 |
If we are ever to have real peace in this world we shall have to begin
with the children
. - Mohandas K. Gandhi
There is no trust more sacred than the one the world holds with children. There
is no duty more important than ensuring that their rights are respected, that
their welfare is protected, that their lives are free from fear and want and
that they can grow up in peace. - Kofi Annan
Brief about Children’s Rights in India
There are 472 million children in India under the age of 18 years, representing
39% of the country’s total population. A large percentage, 29% of that figure
constitute children between the ages of 0 to 6 years. In addition, 73% of
children in India are living in rural areas, often have limited access to
fundamental needs such as nutrition, access to healthcare, education, and
The high percentage of children living in rural areas often result in negative
repressions in terms of children accessing fundamental rights. India’s
commission for the protection of children’s rights (act 2005) (amended in 2006),
has had some impact in promoting children’s rights in India.
Notably eliminating child labour, protection of children, and young persons. The
commission’s mandate is:
to ensure all Laws, Policies, Programmes, and Administrative Mechanisms are in
line with the Child Rights perspectives as enshrined in the constitution of
India and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted in 1989. It is
clear that in India promoting children’s rights is a government priority, that
is enshrined within the constitution and protected in legislation.
Despite this, children in India continue to face challenges in attaining these
rights, particularly those related to access to education, forced labour, and
child marriage. Given that children make up 39% of India’s 1.21 billion
population, it is imperative that the rights of these children are met.
Right to Health Addressing access to health is a key indicator of attaining children’s
rights. In India, nearly 1 million children die under the age of five, an
estimated 39 deaths per 1,000 live births. Women and children are most
likely to suffer disadvantages related to accessing health services such as
maternal and newborn coverage.
Only 1 in 3 Indian women benefit from regular monitoring of their pregnancy.
In rural areas, barely 37% of births are assisted by qualified health
personnel. India has more than 204 million undernourished people and Indian
children remain the most affected. Children in India often face a high
prevalence of stunting with rates as high as 39%.
As a response, the government started a large awareness campaign in order to
educate the population about the importance of a varied and balanced
diet. Children also face other challenges including a high incidence
of HIV infections: 3700 new infections among children, a lack of safe
drinking water, and adequate sanitation. The latter, as a result of uneven
distribution of comprehensive health services to women and children in rural
Right to Education Access to education in India remains a very problematic and key barrier to
realizing children’s rights. India continues to have the largest number of
illiterate people in the world at 287 million adults, the largest population
globally, and 37% of the world’s total. Although India’s literacy rate
increased by 15% between 1991 and 2006, subsequent population growth had
meant that the total number of illiterate people remained high.
Despite India’s efforts to devote 10.5% of its total government expenditure
on education, its decentralized nature means that rich states can spend much
more on education than poorer states. For example, a rich state like Kerala
spent $685 per person per year on education while a poorer state like Bihar
only spent $100. This unequal distribution of education further
marginalizes children especially those living in rural area. Discrimination
linked to the caste system as well as discrimination against woman also
remains, marginalizing millions of young Indians in the educational system.
Despite this, the Indian government is trying to find solutions to allow all
Indians, young or old, to benefit from high-quality education in order to
fight against illiteracy. In spite of the continuing problems, India can be
very proud of itself for having made considerable progress in its
Since 2009, Humanium has collaborated with local partners in India to
implement children’s rights, by opening residential special training
centers for former child labourer’s, promoting both “child-friendly
villages”, and various higher education aid projects. The aim of these
projects is to end child labour through education, improve the living of
whole villages in rural areas, and provide financial assistance projects
which enable young people from disadvantaged families to pursue higher
Right to life The Indian constitution of 1950 asserts that “everyone has the right to
life, liberty and the security of persons, and that “no person shall be
deprived of his life or personal liberty…”. Despite this fundamental right
enshrined in the constitution, life, survival, and child development remain
areas of concern in India. Thousands of children lose their lives each day,
not only because of poverty but also because female infanticides are
practiced with impunity.
The main threat to Indian children’s right to life stems from these female
infanticides, a cultural practice that persists. In fact, each day,
thousands of small Indian girls either die before being born or lose their
lives because they are not desired or accepted by their family. There are
several factors which contribute to the practice of female infanticides,
including the dowry system which makes daughters “an unaffordable economic
burden”. To deal with this problem, many Indian families turn to selective
abortion of the female fetus (feticide).
Even more alarming, when the birth of the child is unavoidable, families
kill the babies by drowning, poison, suffocation, or deliberate negligence
leading to the death of the child. The reality is even more frightening:
globally 117 million girls demographically go missing due to selective
sex-abortions, and in India, every minute, 9 abortions of female fetuses
will take place. Furthermore, as a result of sex-abortions India ranked
number four among countries with the most skewed sex ratio at 112 males for
every 100 females.
Right to protection, and freedom of expression In India, a child has the right to be protected from neglect, exploitation,
and abuse at home and elsewhere. Children have the right to be protected
from the incidence of abuse, exploitation, violence, neglect,
commercial sexual exploitation, trafficking, child labour, and harmful
traditional practices to name a few. Yet according to a study conducted by
the government in 2007, more than 69% of children aged 5 to 18 years old are
victims of abuse. There are many who must face humiliation and violence
More than half of the abuses inflicted upon children are committed by a
close group of people who have a relationship of confidence and authority
with the child. In Indian families, parents have absolute authority over
their children. Furthermore, this strict discipline is also found in
academic areas, a study found that 65% of school-going children have faced
corporal punishment at the hands of academic staff.
A contributing factor to the neglect of children is a result of cultural
values which does not have high esteem and standing for the words and
opinions of children. As such, no Indian legislation specifically mentions
this right, and education focuses on the respect children must show to
To fully realize children right to protection, it is important to adopt a
different attitude towards children and their needs. It is also necessary to
invest in educating and training caregivers on children’s fundamental right
to protection, and prosecuting those who neglect it.
Despite the fact that the second article of the UN convention of the right
of the child ensures the right not to be discriminated against including
sexual orientation. Historically, in India, the LGBTQ+ community has been a
target of discrimination. Mainly, as a result of a 157-year old colonial-era
law (Section 377) which criminalizes certain sexual acts that are punishable
by a 10-year jail term. This law not only deprived LGBTQ+ children of their
fundamental rights, but subjects LGBTQ+ children and youth to bullying,
harassment, isolation, and violence.
In a historical decision, India’s Supreme Court has ruled that gay sex is no
longer a criminal offense, overturning a 2013 judgment which upheld the law
known as section 377. The court has now ruled discrimination on the basis
of sexual orientation is a fundamental violation of rights.
Further, the court asserted:
the state had no right to control the private lives of LGBT community
members and that the denial of the right to sexual orientation was the same
as denying the right to privacy”.
In India, this ruling represents a huge victory for the LGBTQ+ community,
and globally, serves as inspiration that change is possible for countries
which still criminalizes homosexuality.
Right Identity Another important factor for realizing children rights is realizing their
right to identity and registration. India suffers from one of the highest
non-registration rates for children in the world. Only 41% of births are
registered. There is a big urban-rural difference in registration with 59%
of urban children under five being registered versus only 35% in rural
areas. This leads to serious difficulties for these people because they
cannot benefit from child-sensitive social protection services and
programmes, as such are invisible in the eyes of society.
Problems Of Children in India
Child labourIn the last years, India has put efforts in programs to fight against
child labour. Major factors which contribute to this problem are the lack
of food, high poverty, as well as social and economic circumstances. Other
contributing factors include the lack of awareness about the harmful effects of
child labour, as well as the lack of access to basic and meaningful quality
education and skills training. A recent analysis of census data in the country
shows an overall decrease in child labour of only 2.2 percent yearly, over the
last 10 years. Also, it has revealed that child labour has grown by more than 50
percent in urban areas.
Children under 14 often work full days in hacking
cobbles stones, stitching shoes and footballs, rolling cigarettes and incense
sticks, embroidery work on clothing, crafts, packing, and sticking labels to
name a few. Child labour is often the result of adult unemployment or low
parental wages forcing children to contribute to home production.
Children forced in labour rather than education are not given the opportunity to
develop physically, intellectually, emotionally, and psychologically. India has
one of the youngest populations in the world, yet more than 42.7 million
children are out of school.
Child AbuseChild sexual abuse is a dark reality that is highly prevalent in India and
adversely impacts the health and wellbeing of children. Statistics show that
every 15 minutes one child is sexually abused. According to research, child sex
offenders can be distinguished into two groups. The first group account for
about 60% of officially known offenders and show no sexual preference disorder,
but who, for different reasons, sexually abuse children.
The other groups are
those showing a sexual preference disorder, namely pedophilia. Individual
factors such as poor socio-economic status, the death of a parent or husband,
and being born to a commercial sex worker are pathways to initiation into
commercial sex work. Early childhood experience because of sexual abuse was also
documented as a risk factor for re-victimization as well as initiation into
commercial sex work.
The lack of proper family support, family and personal
history of mental health pathologies, and family exposures to sexual images were
some of the other potential risk factors.
Moreover, the lack of sanitation and
poor safety of women were also found to be community-level factors which
increased the risks for sexual abuse. The health outcomes of child sexual abuse
can be grouped into mental health, physical health, behavioral, and
interpersonal. Children who experience sexual abuse have a high risk for
psychiatric disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorders, suicidal
behaviors, and depression.
Child MarriageIn India, there was a decline in the percentages of girls getting married under
the age of 16 as well as below 18 over the 20-year period 1992–2012. In
addition, the mean age at marriage is 16.6 years old. There is some evidence
from that child labour may in itself increase the risk of child marriage.
Furthermore, girls who married as children were less likely to have been
enrolled in secondary school. By the age of 15 years, only 40 percent of the
girls who were child brides continued to be enrolled in school, compared to 86
percent of the girls who were unmarried when they turned 18.
Not only India but the whole world has laid great emphasis on the development of
its children. The governments of all the countries are working at their level to
promote the childhood and mental development of children, just as the child gets
the right to live from the 20th week of pregnancy in India. Children are that
part of society which lacks social knowledge and awareness. Anyone can misuse
their innocence and put them in child abuse. They are the most vulnerable, hence
are most affected by the society which can destroy their childhood as well as
their life completely.
We have witnessed it many times in our society that some mentally unhealthy
parents put their child in a very deplorable situation due to their inability or
desire to work. These children don't get what they need or deserve and forcibly
work to feed themselves and their family. It is sometimes when children raise
their voice for what they need, but the society ignores them.
The child rights like the right to education, right to expression and right to
survive will yield them the power they should have to build a strong future for
them. Child Right is important to establish the foundation of a nation. All
children deserve equality, despite their difference. They are entitled to all of
these rights, no matter what race, colour, religion, language, ethnicity, gender
or abilities define them. | <urn:uuid:dc588125-5d15-4a0e-9521-18ec16f6429b> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-5268-rights-of-children.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303884.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122194730-20220122224730-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.945835 | 3,106 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Afirma® Thyroid Analysis
Fine needle aspiration (FNA) / Afirma Thyroid FNA Analysis is a simple way to examine the cells of a thyroid nodule. First, one of our radiologists will perform a Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) under the guidance of ultrasound and a very thin needle (smaller than one used to draw blood) is used to extract the cells of the nodule. We send the cells to Veracyte, a cytopathology lab in San Francisco, whose cytopathologists specialize in thyroid pathology, where they perform the latest in thyroid cancer analysis. The Afirma Thyroid FNA Analysis, is used to assess whether a lump (nodule) on your thyroid gland is likely to be benign or malignant (cancerous). Although most thyroid nodules are benign, the only way to be sure is to look closely at the cells that make up your nodule.
Afirma analysis goes one step beyond traditional cytopathology when results are indeterminate. Using a gene expression classifier (approved for clinical use in 2010), Veracyte assesses the DNA of the nodule. The activity level of 142 genes is measured within each nodule and then the nodule is classified as either benign (risk of cancer less than 6%) or suspicious for cancer. Before Afirma™, the majority of patients with indeterminate results were recommended to have surgery even though only a fraction of their nodules would ultimately be deemed malignant. The Molecular Classifier is the preventive answer to “indeterminate” results and is only available from Veracyte. This saves health care costs and unnecessary surgeries. | <urn:uuid:a23afbb8-8741-479e-91d2-befe2f58c270> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://inhealthimaging.com/diagnostics/afirma-thyroid-analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211126.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816152341-20180816172341-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.910975 | 346 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Children of all ages often find it hard to maintain concentration, and in the majority of cases it is normal for children to experience some difficulties concentrating. However, if a child is too easily distracted or cannot follow instructions without the need to repeat several times what was said, poor concentration can cause significant issues across all areas of childhood, such as school, home and making friends.
An occupational therapist can determine the factors that may be the reason behind the lack in concentration needed at vital times of learning work together and provide interventions that aim to increase the overall sustained concentration of the child.
What is concentration?
Concentration is the ability to focus on, maintain and attend to a particular task. Children should be able to maintain a level of concentration that is appropriate for their age, one way to tell if your child is concentrating well is to compare them with their peers. The aspects of concentration are as follows:
- Following verbal and non-verbal cues,
- Ignoring any noises or visual distractions
- Staying quiet
- Sustaining attention over time
- Focusing on the relevant information
- Reading a paragraph of fictional text and asking the child to recall key information
- Maintain silenced colouring/drawing on one task for a period of time
- Discuss the importance of concentration within the context of the home and school
If you think your child has concentration difficulties, or would like to talk to an occupational therapist please email firstname.lastname@example.org or call us on 0330 223 0888 | <urn:uuid:47aa7cd9-d5dd-49cb-b0be-a14728e238c3> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.otforkids.co.uk/problems-we-help/difficulty-concentrating.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400201826.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921143722-20200921173722-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.951067 | 310 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Everyone wants to get ahead in life. For many, that means getting into a college or training program that will enable them to pay the bills. For others, getting ahead in life means being able to earn an income that not only enables them to pay bills but gives them the opportunity to live an upper-middle-class lifestyle.
If a graduate degree isn’t a possibility and you’re seeking for a career with a high earning potential, you’ll be delighted to learn that you may qualify for a number of high-paying positions with just a bachelor’s degree. Keep in mind that salaries can vary widely by state and region, so in certain parts of the country, individuals will make more than the average salaries listed while in other parts they’ll make less.
Below is a list of high-paying careers that often demand a bachelor’s, as well as recommendations on the best university subject(s) to study in order to impress employers in these fields.
An anesthesiologist is a doctor who specializes in giving patients anesthesia, which prevents patients from feeling pain during surgery. But the job consists of more than simply administering gas to patients to prevent them from waking during surgery. An anesthesiologist monitors and evaluates patient care before and after surgery as well.
Like many high-paying professional careers, the job requires a good amount of training. In fact, it can take up to 14 years of schooling and training: four years of college, four years of medical school, four years of residency, followed by a year in a fellowship program, or two years of private practice. An anesthesiologist in residency can expect to make about $150,000 a year.
2. Patent Attorney
A patent attorney is a lawyer with expertise in intellectual property and the protection of an inventor’s property rights. Let’s say you just invented a device that turns water into wine. You’d likely want to consult with a patent attorney to ensure that no one else can profit from your invention.
In order to become a patent attorney, a person must earn a four-year college degree—typically in science or engineering—and graduate from a law school, which can take three to five years depending on whether you’re a full-time student or not. You’ll also be required to pass your state bar exam before you can begin practicing. The starting salary for a patent attorney is about $115,000.
3. UX Researcher
A UX research, or user experience researcher, is someone who studies user habits and trends and collects data in an effort to bring about the best product design. The user-friendly aspects of smartphones didn’t just develop through happenstance. There were UX researchers and designers who played pivotal roles in bringing smartphone useability to life.
Interest in technology jobs such as UX researcher and UX designer has increased to the point where there are even boot camps to help people break into the field. The average salary of a UX researcher is about $110,000 a year.
4. Security Architect
A security architect is someone who assesses their organization’s information technology and computer systems, identifying strengths and weaknesses. With the number of cyberattacks growing in the United States and around the world, it’s no wonder that a security architect would be able to earn top dollar.
Some employers may prefer that someone hired as a security architect have at least a bachelor’s degree. However, there are those who have earned certificates as a means of qualification. Others may even be self-taught, having learned the ins and outs of cybersecurity through hacking. Security architects earn about $120,000 a year.
5. Television Actor
A television actor is someone who plays a role in a television production, be it a sitcom, a drama, or some other televised art form. Granted, becoming a television actor can be considered a long shot because it can involve not only training but a little luck. Still, if becoming a successful television actor has happened to thousands of others it can happen to you.
The salaries of recurring cast members on television shows vary by type of show, length of the show’s season, the actors’ contracts, and other factors. But a salary well within the six-figure range and above is not untypical.
A good-paying job is something that most people strive for. This is why people go to college and get training in various types of jobs. For those looking for careers within the highest tax brackets, some typical professions would be that of a doctor or a lawyer. Some of the less typical professions would be as a security architect or an actor. Regardless, if your goal is to make lots of money the jobs are out there. | <urn:uuid:e29652ae-1cb6-4efc-95d9-757385ede7b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://tweakyourbiz.com/posts/5-jobs-that-pay-6-figure-salaries-after-university-or-training | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510300.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927135227-20230927165227-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.969986 | 982 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A recent study explores the effects of daily activity patterns including stress and sleep on job loss weight gain.
Job loss is a stressful life event that is associated with serious financial as well as health implications. Unemployed individuals are often living an unhealthy lifestyle that could lead to obesity, the risk of chronic diseases, and mortality. Many studies have found an association between job loss and subsequent weight gain but few have examined the behaviors that may contribute to job loss weight gain.
Past studies indicate that unemployed people are more likely to have higher body mass index compared with those who are employed. Social rhythm, defined as a person’s daily habitual behaviors such as mealtimes, sleep patterns, and physical activity occurring in a rhythmic 24-hour cycle, is impacted by involuntary job loss. Disruptions in social rhythm may impact biological rhythms and sleep patterns thus leading to weight gain.
A university of Arizona study protocol recently published in BMC Public Health proposes to examine whether social rhythms and sleep patterns contribute to weight gain after an involuntary job loss. The Assessing Daily Activity Patterns through occupational Transitions (ADAPT) is an ongoing study that aims to advance research on obesity out of the laboratory setting into the real world. The researchers will follow 250 participants between 25-60 years of age who are recently unemployed within the Arizona Department of Economic Security (AZDES). The changes in weight gain, waist circumference, social rhythms, sleep pattern, dietary intake, and physical activity are measured for all participants at first visit and up to six visits three to four months apart for a total of 18 months.
The Specific ADAPT Objectives
The ADAPT study aims to examine how social rhythms and sleep impact weight gain after a job loss. In addition, the association of short and disturbed sleep with social rhythm and weight change will also be evaluated. Furthermore, the study will also explore the impact of reemployment with stabilization of social rhythm, sleep, and weight change. By testing these hypotheses the study aims to generate data that will support the development of interventions to target weight gain, daily rhythms, and sleep in unemployed populations.
Relevance for Job Loss Weight Gain
Research suggests that obesity rates increase during a recession. The ADAPT researchers believe that poor quality of sleep and stress after a job loss are the major contributing factors for weight gain. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, average sleep duration among Americans is declining while the quality of sleep is simultaneously deteriorating. The proposed research will help determine how daily activity patterns, stress, and sleep are interrelated to cause job loss weight gain. The results of the study may help in the identification of unemployed individuals prone to weight gain and help create better intervention programs.
Strengths and Weaknesses
The ADAPT study employs state-of-the-art procedures for measurement of various parameters such as weight gain, dietary intake, and energy expenditure. The study uses daily sleep diaries and actigraphy (a method to measure human rest/activity cycles) to capture the participants’ activities and behaviors in real time. These methods overcome the bias associated with self-reporting and questionnaires.
The ADAPT design, however, does not include a baseline assessment prior to job loss. Therefore, it is hard to make conclusions whether social rhythm and sleep disruptions in an individual are caused by job loss.
The relationship between unemployment and weight gain is of interest for both scientific and social reasons. With an increasing prevalence of obesity, it is pertinent to determine all the factors associated with job loss weight gain. The ADAPT study examines the interactions between daily behavioral patterns and sleep after an involuntary job loss. The results will help enhance weight loss and behavioral intervention programs by including sleep and social rhythms in the intervention programs targeted for unemployed individuals. These changes will certainly benefit a large segment of the population.
Written by Preeti Paul, MS Biochemistry
Reference: Patricia L. Haynes, Graciela E. Silva et al. Longitudinal assessment of daily activity patterns on weight change after involuntary job loss: the ADAPT study protocol. BMC Public Health (2017) 17:93 | <urn:uuid:2640214c-c22c-4bad-a3e2-b668c86a25ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://medicalnewsbulletin.com/causes-job-loss-weight-gain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540484477.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206023204-20191206051204-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.939215 | 834 | 2.75 | 3 |
Buchanan served as the 15th president of the United States, from 1857 until he was replaced by Abraham Lincoln in 1861. Historians such as James Loewen recently argued enough evidence exists to suggest he may have been our first gay president – but he wasn’t out. Buchanan was the only president who never married, although he lived together with William Rufus De Vane King for more than twenty years. This was not unheard of at the time, yet contemporaries reportedly described King as “Miss Nancy” and Buchanan’s “better half,” according to Loewen.
And then there’s a passage from a letter Buchanan wrote to a friend, following King’s departure to become the minister to France:
“I am now solitary and alone, having no companion in the house with me. I have gone a wooing to several gentlemen, but have not succeeded with any one of them. I feel that it is not good for man to be alone; and should not be astonished to find myself married to some old maid who can nurse me when I am sick provide good dinners for me when I am well, and not expect from me any very ardent or romantic affection.”
Assuming historians like Loewen are correct, the prejudices of Buchanan’s time likely prevented him from ever outing himself. But from zero, there’s nowhere to go but up, right? | <urn:uuid:05b6b177-5ebf-4f45-8f3c-819d57aea187> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.democraticunderground.com/101632506 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997880800.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025800-00172-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977814 | 296 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Learn How to Make Your Own Dubstep Music
In the last couple of years, the popularity of this hard-hitting digital genre has exploded, leaving DJs and producers worldwide looking to the originators for advice on how to make dubstep music.
This invasion of Dubstep production is widely evident in various styles of music; now with hard rock n roll to poppy-commercial radio songs, all employing the Dubstep vibe to drive their tracks.
Most experienced engineers already own the necessary tools to produce Dubstep music, however many are uncertain on the techniques involved. However, the basics can be explained in very simple terms, with the nitty-gritty technical side being more of a matter of preference for how you like your bass to sound.
If you are one of those who do not presently own studio equipment, many people are getting started in Dubstep production with a downloadable program called Dubturbo.
The Basics of Dubstep Production
The primary distinguishing factors of Dubstep are the tempo (BPM) and the bass. A common Dubstep track has a usual beats per minute of anywhere from around 137 to 143.
There are songs in completely different genres where the tempo is vastly varied (faster or slower) and will come to a Dubstep break in the middle, or bridge. This was once a big shock to the listener’s ears, but now seems natural when you hear it in any modern song.
Step one is to set your tempo to somewhere within the aforementioned range.
For those who are more advanced than this, please read ahead, but we are going to start from “scratch” here. A typical beat in any genre will consist of Kick (bass drum), snare and hi-hats.
Download Dubturbo: Install and navigate to view the drum sequencer.
When viewing any drum sequencer, you have two options to generate the beat:
1. By hand; tapping the pads of a hardware drum machine (Dubturbo has keyboard triggers that work like a drum machine) – or
2. Using the mouse to place the respective drum sounds in their place.
Bars are four counts, or four “beats” long, so each bar has four places, represented by squares, for the producer to place the sound.
If we were to create a generic Dubstep beat:
Set the “bar count” to 2 and the BPM to around 140.
Use the mouse (or keyboard whilst recording live) to place a kick on beats 1,16,17,21 and 23.
At 1 and 17, it is common to add a second kick or deep bass sample, which will ring out and really fatten the sound. You may not hear it on your computer speakers though, but when you are pumping the track through a PA or any system with a subwoofer, it makes all the difference.
Choose a “clappy” Dubstep kind of snare and place your snares at 9 and 25, but remember we will configure all your sounds after the beat is completely sequenced.
Typically speaking, hats are comprised of any of the high-end symbol sounds you hear in a track. If we want a super-swinging Dubstep beat, then we want a ride symbol (really sharp “ting” sound), an open hi-hat and a sharper, closed hat sound.
Place ride on 1 and 9, the open hat and 5 and 13, then finally place your closed hat in groups of 1 and 2 respectively, leaving a one-count gap between. So: 1, 3,4, 6,7, 9, 11,12, 14 etc.
Listen to all your favorite Dubstep tracks and you will notice that the melody of such bass lines are incredibly simple, many being about three notes per bar.
Any bass melody will do fine here and will sound ok if your beat has had some attention to detail. Try all the different effect kits that are available and alter all the relevant settings until you are happy. Remember there are no rules with Dubstep bass.
Dubturbo has some wicked samples included, though especially the live vocal style snippets. (Use the sexy female vocal samples to really get your track moving!)
Again, there are no rules as to where these can be placed within the sequencing platform. Shut your eyes, feel the track and use the keyboard drum machine to trigger the sample whilst recording in real-time mode to have the sample where it is needed most.
Getting Started in Dubstep: Dubturbo’s Software
The most notable reason for Dubturbo’s immense popularity is it’s incredibly user-friendly interface. This makes it super fast and easy for newcomers (and those with programming experience) to make original Dubstep music.
For the measly $39.95 the features are huge:
Cheapest way to get started with Dubstep production
Only Dubstep program available in download form
User-friendly interface allows for immediate amateur use
Thousands of quality samples, instruments and effects
Quickly create original music and export HQ .wav files
The above tutorial is a generic guide for how to make dubstep in its rawest form. Slight variations can give your tracks originality and their own life. If you do not already have studio equipment, get started now and spread the Dubstep love like we are.
Download the program by clicking the link to the developer’s homepage: http://www.dubturbo.com | <urn:uuid:824c4a7c-9614-47a8-a449-9c41ce0054da> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.howtomakedubstep.com/make-your-own-dubstep | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280668.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00115-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938737 | 1,137 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Why is the title "Cathedral" relevant to the story?
1 Answer | Add Yours
The whole story is about how two men establish a close relationship because of their experience with a television show about cathedrals built in the Middle Ages. Robert can hear what the announcer is saying about these cathedrals but cannot see them, and he acknowledges that he really doesn't know what a cathedral is because he has never been able to see one. The narrator does his best to describe a cathedral to the blind man but fails in the attempt, partly because of his limited vocabulary and partly because of his ignorance about the subject.
The subject of cathedrals naturally leads to the subject of religion, and the two men have an extremely interesting exchange.
"That's all right, bub," the blind man said. "Hey, listen. I hope you don't mind my asking you. Can i ask you something? Let me ask you a simple question, yes or no. I'm just curious and there's no offense. You're my host. But let me ask if you are in any way religious? You don't mind my asking?"
I shook my head. He couldn't see that, though. A wink is the same as a nod to a blind man. "I guess I don't believe in it. In anything. Sometimes it's hard. You know what I'm saying?"
"Sure, I do," he said.
"Cathedral" is the right title for this story because the subject rather mysteriously brings these two strangers close together exchanging truths about themselves: what it feels like to be blind, and what it feels like to believe in nothing. They end up with the narrator trying to draw a cathedral on a flattened-out paper bag with a ballpoint pen, while the blind man keeps his hand on the narrator's moving hand and is thereby able to visualize approximately what a cathedral looks like. This scene dramatizes modern man's loss of religious faith and his attempt to capture the faintest glimmer of it from a drawing copied from a picture on a television screen.
Many of Carver's stories reflect the emptiness and meaninglessness of modern life, as well as the drinking and other substance abuse that are a desperate attempt to escape from this frightening reality. The feelings and insights experienced by the narrator will change his life very little. He realizes that:
"In those olden days, when they built cathedrals, men wanted to be close to God. In those olden days, God was an important part of everyone's life. You could tell this from their cathedral-building."
But then when he finds he can't describe them to Robert, he confesses:
"The truth is, cathedrals don't mean anything special to me. Nothing. Cathedrals. They're something to look at on late-night TV. That's all they are."
He can attempt to explain what they look like, but he can't begin to express the powerful emotions that went into their creation.
Perhaps for a few moments these two lonely men are "close to God" when they cooperate, as did the craftemen of the Middle Ages, in creating their own cathedral with a ballpoint pen on a grocery bag. The two of them together are doing something that neither could do separately. The narrator is trying to show Robert what a cathedral looks like, but it is Robert who is guiding him.
"That's right. That's good," he said. "Sure. You got it, bub, I can tell. You didn't think you could. But you can, can't you? You're cooking with gas now. You know what I'm saying? We're going to really have us something here in a minute."
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:dbba02e3-e55b-469f-974f-f851d7140a0f> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/cathedral-by-raymond-carver-why-title-cathedral-425010 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931004246.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155644-00206-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984881 | 789 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A smart city refers to creating cities with the help of digital and ICT-based innovation. It is expected that with the addition of technology in the city, the efficiency of the urban cities will improve and in addition to that, it will also generate better economic opportunities in the urban region. However, while creating a smart city, it is important to ensure that its benefits extend across the segments of society. The world is going through urbanization in an extremely rapid space. Therefore, it is important to give the right direction to this growth. Smart cities are giving the right direction to urbanization.
How Smart City Will Ensure Inclusive Growth?
Urbanization is improving the living conditions for most urban dwellers. It is visible from the fact in the form of better internet connectivity and speed, which you can check on platforms such as Speed Test and Google Fiber and better economic opportunities. However, despite it, a social disparity exists amongst the city dwellers. It is because even though people live in the urban region, some still live in slums and suffer through inadequate service. However, smart cities will solve this issue by creating inclusive growth.
Smart cities will ensure that all the city dwellers get to enjoy the benefit of equal access. While developing a smart city, the urban planners will ensure that all the city dwellers are included in the plan. This will help the country further to reach the Sustainable Development Goals. One of the Sustainable Development Goals is to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Smart cities will ensure that this goal is met.
The Benefits Of Inclusive Smart City
An inclusive smart city has many benefits. Firstly, it ensures better economic opportunities for everyone. Studies have indicated that economic inclusion and racial inclusion create a better society. In addition to it, economic inclusion also ensures housing affordability and a better working lifestyle. A positive correlation between inclusion and economic health is observed.
With technology adoption in the smart city, it becomes possible to make data-driven decisions. It also makes it easier for the community to interact with each other. While creating an inclusive smart city, it is important to take into consideration the community members and further, the entire process should be made more transparent.
Smart Issues Will Tackle The Following Exclusion Issues
Urbanization houses many types of exclusion. Thankfully, smart cities will be tackling these exclusion issues. Smart cities will help in tackling the issue of spatial exclusion, economic exclusion and social exclusion. Smart cities will help to tackle spatial exclusion by creating compact, well-planned and connected cities. This improves the competitiveness of the city along with improving the productivity of its dwellers.
Smart cities will fight economic exclusion by boosting incentives for investment. A smart city is technology-driven and therefore, is capable of supporting firms in a better manner. It will then create inclusive economic growth for all. Smart cities will also be fighting the issue of social exclusion. The smart city will ensure that no one is left behind. With such inclusion, social mobility will improve too. In addition to that, it also creates gender equality by providing women with a safe urban environment to work. Social inclusion is extremely important to work towards improving the equity of the people.
The Improvement Is Limitless
With technology adoption, only the sky’s the limit for smart cities. Technology adoption in creating smart cities will result in a direct benefit for all the city dwellers. To reach the true potential of the smart city, it is important for the national government and local government to come together to create better cities. In addition to that, citizen engagement in the process also plays a vital role.
When creating a city for all, it is vital to take into consideration all the stakeholders. It is high time to give direction to the uncontrolled urban growth in the form of smart cities. Many people come to cities looking for better economic and social lifestyles. Smart cities will ensure that such expectations are met. Thankfully, technological elements in the smart city will ensure. Many reports and studies have already indicated the massive benefits of smart cities. Hopefully, the cities will become a better places to live in the forthcoming years. | <urn:uuid:1d23a0d1-acb9-477d-9cda-09a262a15d4b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://chivietnam.com/how-can-smart-cities-support-inclusive-growth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.944912 | 832 | 3.625 | 4 |
- The U.S. National Park Service plans to kill as many as 900 bison this winter in an attempt to limit the herd’s annual migration up the Yellowstone River valley and into traditional winter range in Montana.
- Ranchers fear the bison could infect their cattle with brucellosis, a bacterial disease.
- There were 4,900 bison in Yellowstone National Park as of summer 2015.
Yellowstone National Park’s annual culling of the last wild herd of bison, or buffalo, in the United States has been controversial since it began in 2000, and now it has prompted a First Amendment battle between National Park Service officials and reporters determined to document the grim spectacle.
The U.S. National Park Service originally proposed to kill as many as 1,000 bison this winter in an attempt to limit the herd’s annual migration up the Yellowstone River valley and into traditional winter range in Montana, where ranchers fear the bison could infect their cattle with brucellosis, a bacterial disease that can cause miscarriages.
Brucellosis is a livestock disease first introduced in the US by cattle brought over from Europe. Bison are not the only species that can carry the disease — and in fact, according to the Buffalo Field Campaign (BFC), recent studies of brucellosis transmission to cattle in the Yellowstone ecosystem found that elk were the more likely source.
There has never been a documented case of domestic livestock contracting the disease from bison in the wild, the BFC says.
After consulting with state and federal agencies as well as local Native American tribes, the Park Service plans to begin trapping and facilitating the killing of up to 900 bison starting February 15, EcoWatch reports. The parts of the park where the trapping operations take place will be off limits to the public, including media.
“It’s ironic that to benefit Montana ranchers grazing their cattle — an invasive species — Yellowstone Park has agreed to facilitate the capture and killing of 900 American bison, an iconic, native species,” said Justin Marceau, a law professor and attorney with the Animal Legal Defense Fund.
Marceau is part of a group of lawyers and law professors who have filed a federal suit on behalf of journalist Christopher Ketcham and activist Stephany Seay, arguing that by denying access to Yellowstone National Park’s trapping operations, park officials are violating the First Amendment.
“I want full access to the operations so I can effectively report on the issue,” Ketcham said, according to EcoWatch. “I want to be able to see the suffering of these animals up close and thus bring readers up close.”
Calves and females are being targeted in order to limit the herd’s reproductive capabilities. “Hunters, including from tribes with treaty rights in the Yellowstone area, are anticipated to kill more than 300 of the animals. Others would be captured for slaughter or research purposes,” per the Associated Press.
There were 4,900 bison in Yellowstone National Park as of summer 2015. More than 6,300 have been slaughtered and almost 1,900 killed by hunters since the 1980s. Officials trapped 737 animals last year, falling short of their goal of up to 900.
“Through the legal agreement the National Park Service has to do this,” Yellowstone spokesperson Sandy Snell-Dobert said, according to the AP. “If there was more tolerance north of the park in Montana for wildlife, particularly bison as well as other wildlife, to travel outside the park boundaries, it wouldn’t be an issue.” | <urn:uuid:b910cc40-2217-46a9-85e1-b686ccb411b4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://news.mongabay.com/2016/01/controversial-culling-of-bison-herd-in-yellowstone-national-park-now-the-subject-of-first-amendment-battle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588398.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028162638-20211028192638-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.961 | 751 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Maori Religion and Mythology Part 1
Sun-worship in New Zealand and Polynesia
Sun-worship in New Zealand and Polynesia
Persons who have made some study of the customs and beliefs of the Polynesian race have expressed surprise at the absence of evidence as to any practice of sun-worship in former times. Evidence of a direct nature is certainly exceedingly scanty—indeed, almost nonexistent. There is one brief, unexplained passage in White's Ancient History of the Maori that may or may not refer to such a practice, and we have an item collected by the late Mr. Nelson. These are local references, and, apparently, the only ones on record. Evidence from Polynesia is also a small quantity; that given by Fornander being probably the most interesting.page 340
It is when we come to closely study native myths that we understand how it is that so little direct evidence is met with as to sun-worship in Polynesia and New Zealand. We have statements concerning sun-worship in isles of the Society Groups, that Ra was the tutelary god of Porapora and that sometimes similar obtained at Ra'iatea. We have, however, never yet grasped the genius for personification possessed by the Polynesians—how natural phenomena and many other things were by them personified under different names than those of vernacular speech. Thus a close study of their myth and religion opens up a vast new field of exploration, and withal one of surpassing interest. By such close examination only can we acquire a true knowledge of native beliefs, and the mental conditions that produced them. We know now that the moon is personified in Hina, comets in Tunui-a-te-ika, clouds in Hine-kapua, space in Watea, and the sun in Tane. In this last name lies the solution of the puzzle. We know that Tane was one of the most important of the Polynesian gods; that the cult of Tane was widespread, even from New Zealand to the far Hawaiian Isles. We can now see that the form of sun-worship adopted by Polynesians was that connected with Tane. This personification was very prominent in eastern Polynesia and New Zealand. Among our Maori folk Tane held a high place; indeed, he may be said to come next to Io, the Supreme Being: that is to say, he was the most important of the secondary or departmental gods. Tane was often appealed to in ritual formulae; either his aid was craved, or some ceremonial placatory form was directed to him. This latter aspect was prominent in ritual conducted by those who wished to fell a tree, for the forest is essentially the realm of Tane. He was, however, invoked in connection with a great many other subjects. Thus we see that in an invocation pertaining to the school of learning the concluding line is "To thee, O Io the Parent, O Ruatau, O Tane-te wairoa!" Another of similar nature concludes with the words "that they may be endowed with thy godlike knowledge, O Tane!" Many other instances might be referred to in which Tane was appealed to, or conciliated in some way, while offerings were made to him in connection with many pursuits of the Maori.
Fornander, in his fine work on Hawaiian lore, gives many proofs that Tane represents the sun, and indeed he recognizes the identification of Tane with the sun. It therefore seems strange that he should state on the next page that solar worship had faded from the Polynesian mind since the race entered the Pacific area. He wrote as follows: "To whatever extent either solar or serpent worship may have formerly obtained among the Polynesians in pre-Pacific page 341habitats, it is tolerably certain that at the time and after their entrance into the Pacific it had faded from the national mind, and only remained in the form of some cherished customs, or some hateful, dreaded recollections. If the ideas of solar worship embodied in the Polynesian Kane, as the sun, the sun-god, the Shining One … were of Cushite origin, yet the name itself is of Arian kindred, and refers itself to some primary root expressed in the Sanscrit kan (to shine)…. Though La and Ra are Polynesian terms designating the sun and the day, as well as in Egyptian and old Babylonian, yet there are few traces in Polynesian lore that he ever was associated with religious ideas, or deified, so to say, as he was both in Egypt and ancient Chaldea."
In reference to the derivation of Kane from the Sanscrit kan, to shine, it is well to remember that Kane, as a variant form of Tane, is very modern, the change from t to k in the Hawaiian dialect having taken place early in the nineteenth century.
Fornander knew that Tane was a very important deity in Polynesia, and should have readily seen that the natives of that region, instead of worshipping the sun in a direct manner, preferred the indirect method of treating its personified form as a powerful deity. The sun was undoubtedly deified in Tane, and a great many religious ceremonies pertained to the cult of Tane.
Another of Fornander's statements is as follows: "I have found no trace in Polynesian folk-lore that the moon was ever regarded as an object of adoration, nor, though the planetary stars were well known and named, that these latter ever received religious consideration." Now, both these statements are misleading. Hina, or Sina, is the female personification of the moon, the tutelary goddess of women, and was frequently invoked in ritual performances. Again, Lono, or Rongo, is the male personification of the moon, though Fornander did not recognise this fact, and yet he gives the proof of it in his data. Rongo occupied the highest position in the Hawaiian pantheon, equalling Tane; and so we see how Hawaiians and Polynesians generally practised sun and moon worship through the medium of personifications. With regard to astrolatry, this was certainly practised, of which proof is given elsewhere in this paper. Believing as he did that the stars influenced to a very marked extent both food-supplies and weather conditions, it was scarcely possible that the Maori could escape some form of star-worship—it might be termed a natural sequence.
The brief reference to sun-worship said to be found in vol. 2 of White's Ancient History of the Maori is a somewhat doubtful item. A woman is asked as to what the people of a hamlet are doing, and page 342replies "Kei te tui i te ra" followed by the explanation "Hei puri i te whenua, i nga tangata." I must confess that I can detect no evidence as to sun-worship here, when one disregards the very peculiar rendering of the word tui given by Mr. White, and really no other coarse is open.
The late Mr. Charles Nelson collected some data concerning what appears to have been a more direct form of sun-worship than that of the cult of Tane. Unfortunately the collector did not publish his notes, though Mr. Tregear published some of them in his work The Maori Race. At p. 467 of that work is given an account of an ancient form of hakari, or ritual feast, held, we are told, as a sun festival. The diagram and descriptive matter are interesting, and we can but regret that Mr. Nelson did not publish his notes in their entirety, giving the source thereof. Mr. Tregear's description tells us that, at the annual hakari, long piles of food products were stacked up in the form of a heptagon, a fire being kindled at each of the seven interior angles, and a pole bearing a pennant at each exterior angle. In the middle of the enclosed space was a larger fire, called the here, that represented the sun, and around it, in the form of a cross, stood four larger poles bearing pennants. A human sacrifice, called the whakahere, was burned in this central fire. The pennant-bearing poles erected were called wana and toko. William's Maori Dictionary gives "Wana = (1) division of a heap of food at a hakari; (2) ray of the sun. Toko = (1) pole; (2) ray of light, &c." The piles of food were termed tahua, and the officiating priests tahu or tahuna. In this brief account we have a most interesting glimpse of an extremely ancient cultus, and the heptagonal form of the tahua carries the mind back to far lands. A number of native myths appear to possess some astronomical signification, but it is now too late to seek explanation thereof from natives.
It is possible that Maui represents the sun—certainly he represents light in some form; but, inasmuch as he was not viewed as what we term a god, and as no invocations, offerings, &c., were connected with him, we need not concern ourselves about him with regard to sun-worship. In the case of Tu a different aspect is observed. If, as I suspect, Tu represented the setting sun, then it may be said that he occupied an important position in connection with native ritual, for he was the great patron of war and of all fighting-men.
We can thus put it that the Maori gave the personified form of the sun (Tane) a prominent place in his pantheon, as he appears to have viewed him as the most important of the secondary or departmental gods. As to direct worship of the sun, or functions page 343connected with such a phase, we have but the one item of evidence, though Mr. Nelson was a competent collector possessing a good knowledge of the Maori tongue. | <urn:uuid:355a605c-fde5-4b3d-89e2-6d3cd862425b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bes01Reli-t1-body-d7-d6.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337529.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004215917-20221005005917-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.978414 | 2,089 | 3.15625 | 3 |
When St Mark's was under threat from restoration Ruskin began an international protest. He believed that buildings should be preserved, rather than restored. So strong was his argument that the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Buildings was formed in 1877.
Despite the society being formed, Ruskin commissioned artists to 'record' the building, to draw it before it fell into disrepair or into the hands of a restoration project. The building is still considered 'under construction' as it hasn't been finished in the eight hundred years since first opening.
Ruskin had a passion for this building all through his life. He considered it to be the epitome of architecture. It combined exotic styling and a rich, varied selection of materials.
The painting above of St Mark's Cathedral, Venice in The Guild of St. George collection was painted by John W Bunney. | <urn:uuid:5bcee8ee-97cb-432a-acd5-ef99f4adb62a> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.mylearning.org/john--ruskin---art-society-and-ideology/p-1767/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824133.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00183-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983499 | 173 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Every act of communication is an act of translation.Gregory Rabassa, translator of Spanish and Portuguese fiction
The translation of public health information is critical in emergency situations, particularly in a country like Canada that welcomes thousands of immigrants every year whose mother tongue is not English or French. A new discipline has been proposed, emergency linguistics, which promotes the inclusion of language professionals on front-line teams; the effort could help doctors communicate with patients and ensure disaster preparedness committees follow good communication practices.
Protecting vulnerable communities
The adoption of emergency linguistics could save lives. For example, Quebec is home to a large Orthodox Jewish community. Many people living in the Tosh community in Boisbriand only speak Yiddish or avoid TV and radio, according to a Globe and Mail article. When the number of COVID-19 cases climbed, public health authorities worked with community leaders to translate public health directives and to protect the approximately 4,000 people living in the Tosh community.
As another example, Spanish-speaking farm workers in Quebec and Ontario are also a community at risk.
However, some of the most vulnerable people in the pandemic have been seniors. The Ontario government recognized that there are many seniors in Ontario who speak only French and who had to listen to Quebec Premier François Legault’s press briefings to get news. According to Le Droit, Caroline Mulroney, Ontario’s minister of francophone affairs, announced in April that Ontario Premier Doug Ford’s press briefings would be subtitled in French on YouTube. In addition, all Ontario news releases since the beginning of the pandemic have been bilingual. To Premier Legault’s credit, he set aside politics and added an English summary in his own words to all of his press briefings.
When we look at what other countries are doing, however, it is clear that Canada should be doing more.
Emergency language services
Author and linguist Tony Thorne references the Chinese government, who included linguists on the coronavirus outbreak team to explain medical terminology and health directives to patients. As there was a language barrier between doctors from other parts of China and the first patients in the Wuhan province, Chinese language services prepared a handbook of Hubei dialects for the medical team and made it available on social media. Then, a guide was prepared in more than 20 languages to better inform foreign residents about COVID-19 and to protect their health. Making language services part of the emergency response to this pandemic led to a whole new specialization, called “emergency linguistics,” says Thorne.
Given the significant health risks communities face in a health emergency, it’s important for language professionals to be involved in communications at all levels of government so that more information is available in French and other languages.
Are you aware of other examples where emergency linguistics could play a role?
Previous post from Barbara McClintock: The Language of Political Commentary: From Nadir to Zenith
The Editors’ Weekly is the official blog of Editors Canada. Contact us. | <urn:uuid:0015f3cc-ce34-4860-b994-b824b1b58a61> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://blog.editors.ca/?p=6841 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511023.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002232712-20231003022712-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.94406 | 631 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Answer the following within 250 words .
As you learn about American Imperialism, think about the factors that contributed to it. Consider the importance of the expansion of the Navy, the technological advancements, and the need for markets brought on by the Industrial Revolution. Think also about the idea of Manifest Destiny. It is often connected to the settlement and development of the American West, but how was it also connected to American Imperialism? Take the time to notice President Theodore Roosevelt’s role in promoting American Imperialism and the factors contributing to America’s expanding role in the world. | <urn:uuid:49a59ee3-d778-425e-a71a-e20f497e19a0> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://elitehomework.com/explain-manifest-destiny-and-american-exceptionalism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363135.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205035505-20211205065505-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.964803 | 117 | 3.734375 | 4 |
I finished a second part to my unit on Characters. First we started with Understanding Characters. A lesson plan and activities that can be used with any story. This lesson focuses on understanding characters based on what they say, do, and feel in a story.
Click to go to store this is sellss for $2.
Now, I have added Character Traits. In this part of the lesson we explore inside characteristics and outside characteristics and providing evidence from the story to support both claims. It includes an anchor chart, graphic organizers and writing activities. Students start by describing the character they know best, themselves. Then they can take this knowledge and apply it to understanding the traits of any character. What will be next? Possibly a Character Comparison??? HMMM Follow my TPT Store for updates so you can make sure not to miss that new product or any product.
Click the image to go to my store. This sellss for $3.
Just to make sure you get the most bang for your buck I have bundled these two products together and you save a whole $1 when you buy both! That's right both of these activities together are only $4.
Click the link to go to the store. This bundle sells for $4. You save $1 by buying both together.
So, what are you waiting for....click those previews and go get these must have units on Characters!
Thanks for reading my blog. I would love for you to leave me some love in the comments and follow me on google + so you don't miss out on anything!
Have a great week. Is it a 4 day week for you? It is for me and I am so glad! | <urn:uuid:a08b19fc-3b80-42ed-ad35-e41728ed50dd> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://goingfrananas.blogspot.com/2015/03/character-traits-is-new-in-store-by.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592861.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721223206-20180722003206-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.946121 | 345 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Hydrogen is an important energy source for subsurface microbial communities, but its availability beyond the flow focused through hydrothermal chimneys is largely unknown. We report the widespread export of H2 across the Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex (30°N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge; up to 44 nM), which is distinct from the circulation system feeding the Lost City Hydrothermal Field (LCHF) on the massif's southern wall. Methane (CH4) abundances are generally low to undetectable (<3 nM) in fluids that are not derived from the LCHF. Reducing fluids exit the seafloor over a wide geographical area and depth range, including the summit of the massif and along steep areas of mass wasting east of the field. The depth of the fluids in the water column and their H2/CH4 ratios indicate that some are sourced separately from the LCHF. We argue that extensive H2 export is the natural consequence of fluid flow pathways strongly influenced by tectonic features and the volume and density changes that occur when ultramafic rocks react to form serpentinites, producing H2 as a by-product. Furthermore, the circulation of H2-rich fluids through uplifted mantle rocks at moderate temperatures provides geographically expansive and stable environmental conditions for the early evolution of biochemical pathways. These results provide insight into the spatial extent of H2- and CH4-bearing fluids associated with serpentinization, independent of the focused flow emanating from the LCHF.
A continuous supply of hydrogen formed by the interaction of water with mantle rocks may have driven the formation of organic molecules on early Earth and other planets, laying the prebiotic groundwork for life (Martin and Russell, 2007; Sojo et al., 2016). Hydrogen likely fueled the development and evolution of early life, as several lines of evidence point to a central role of H2-utilizing metabolic pathways in the last universal common ancestor (Weiss et al., 2017).
Fuel alone is not sufficient for the formation of prebiotic organics and early life. Conducive temperatures, availability of inorganic carbon, mineral surfaces, wet-dry cycles, and metal catalysts also determine reaction extents and shape the earliest biomolecules necessary to harness energy and transfer information (e.g., Yu et al., 2013; Camprubi et al., 2017; Frenkel-Pinter et al., 2020). In this context, the locations and environmental conditions in which H2 forms are as important as the quantities that are generated.
We report the widespread export of H2 across the Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30°N), which is distinct from the circulation system and channeled flow of the nearby Lost City Hydrothermal Field (LCHF). This type of decentralized export starkly contrasts with magmatic-dominated systems at mid-ocean ridges where hot, buoyant fluids discharging from depths of ∼1–3 km are channeled into high-permeability up-flow zones (Fisher, 2004; McCaig et al., 2007). The Atlantis Massif decentralized fluids are elevated in H2 and migrate through environments that satisfy multiple requirements for the development of early life.
Samples and data were collected during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 357 (October 2015) and the Lost City 2018 Return expedition (September 2018) (see Text S1 in the Supplemental Material1). In both expeditions, water column samples collected by hydrocasts were analyzed aboard the ship for volatile concentrations (H2, CH4) (Fig. 1; 1Figs. S1 and S2). In 2018, the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Jason carried out visual seafloor surveys and was outfitted with in situ sensors that continually monitored oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and temperature.
Fluid Flow Across the Top of the Massif
The results from Expedition 357 were previously reported by Früh-Green et al. (2017, 2018) and are summarized here. Near-seabed hydrocasts across the top of the massif captured fluids with H2 concentrations regularly in the tens of nanomolars and with a high of 44 nM above one of the central boreholes, compared to background seawater concentrations of <1 nM (Fig. 1; Table S2). Fluids flushed from the bore-holes during drilling reached H2 concentrations up to 322 nM (Table S1). In contrast, CH4 concentrations were low to undetectable, ranging from below the detection limit of 0.3 nM to a high of 5 nM in hydrocast and borehole fluids (Tables S1 and S2).
In 2018, we also directly observed fluid flow at multiple locations across the top of the massif. Series of orthogonal veins along a sediment-free region at the top of the massif are infilled with carbonate (Fig. 1; Fig. S3). Similar fractures have been attributed to volume expansion during serpentinization (Denny et al., 2016). Active flow was confirmed by a 1 °C increase above background on a temperature probe.
Flow through the carbonate sands that cover much of the rocky surface over the central portion of the massif was also observed ∼450 m and ∼700 m north of LCHF (Fig. 1). Two orifices surrounded by bright white deposits were identified while transiting (Fig. 2). When the ROV passed over the orifices, the ORP sensor dropped by 4.3–8.3 mV in conjunction with a 0.09–0.33 °C temperature increase, indicating active flow of a fluid more reducing than seawater.
Fluids Emanating from the Eastern Wall and the Termination of the Detachment Fault
Extensive fluid flow was also observed along the eastern wall of the Atlantis Massif (Fig. 1; Figs. S4 and S5). The cliff face is the surface of a steep normal fault that cuts gabbroic and ultramafic rocks within the detachment fault zone (Kelley et al., 2005; Karson et al., 2006).
Extensive carbonate deposits on the cliff face extend >200 m laterally at a depth of 800–850 m (Kelley et al., 2005). Large, actively venting, carbonate structures also rise from the cliff face and fall along the east-west major lineament on which most chimneys occur across the LCHF (Fig. 1B) (Kelley et al., 2005). In 2018, we identified a previously undocumented, nearly continuous series of carbonate deposits at depths of 855–870 m and extending laterally over 30 m (Fig. 1; Figs. S4 and S5). Fluids vented directly from the wall with geochemical characteristics (T = 22 °C; pH22C = 9.1; Mg = 36.6 mM) similar to LCHF fluids.
We carried out hydrocasts along the eastern wall to cover a broader geographical area. The casts captured fluids with elevated H2 and CH4 (18.7–40.8 nM and 5.4–10.6 nM, respectively) at 880–904 m depth, deeper than either identified contour of carbonate deposits or any known vents (Table S2; Figs. S6 and S7). Elevated H2 concentrations (11.2–19.4 nM) were also detected extensively over the detachment fault termination boundary northeast of the LCHF (Fig. 1; Table S2).
Source of H2 Distinct from the LCHF
The hydrocasts and seafloor surveys demonstrate that reducing fluids with elevated H2 concentrations exit the seafloor over a wide geographical area and depth range. Because H2 has a residence time of ∼10 h in the water column (Kadko et al., 1990), its flux must be sufficient to continually resupply near-bottom waters. Three potential sources of this H2 are: (1) entrainment of LCHF fluids with millimolar H2 concentrations dispersed into a water column plume; (2) subsurface migration of LCHF vent fluids to distal exit points; or (3) localized sources distinct from LCHF circulation pathways.
The H2/CH4 ratios of the fluids can distinguish among these possibilities. LCHF fluids have H2/CH4 ratios of 0.9–9.2, with the highest values occurring in the hottest fluids (Proskurowski et al., 2006, 2008) (Fig. 3; Figs. S8 and S9). Subsurface microbial processes lower this ratio through the consumption of H2 and production of minor amounts of CH4 (Lang et al., 2012; Proskurowski et al., 2006). Similar loss of H2 and gain of CH4 due to subseafloor microbial activity occur in a myriad of other hydrothermal systems (Von Damm and Lilley, 2004; Wankel et al., 2011). Export into the water column dilutes the fluids, with no impact on this ratio, and promotes the oxidation of both volatiles by microorganisms. Because H2 is consumed 10[.dotmath] more rapidly than CH4 in the oxic water column (Kadko et al., 1990), fluids exported from the LCHF have H2/CH4 ratios lower than 9.2 (Larson et al., 2015). Therefore, fluids with H2/CH4 ratios higher than LCHF fluids (>9.2) cannot be attributed to export from the plume or subsurface migration.
The fluids seeping from the eastern wall have H2/CH4 ratios similar to or lower than those of the LCHF (Fig. 3; Figs. S8 and S9) and are likely an extension of the circulation pathway supplying the field. The fluids collected over the detachment fault boundary have H2/CH4 ratios (7.0–9.2) indistinguishable from LCHF fluids. However, it is unlikely that they are sourced from the main circulation pathway of LCHF because they egress 7–11 km to the northeast.
The majority of fluids exiting across the top of the massif have H2/CH4 ratios greater than those from LCHF (>9.2), pointing to an independent source (Fig. 3; Figs. S8 and S9; Table S2). Most samples were collected deeper than 900 m, precluding input from the LCHF plume (Fig. 3; Table S2). The exception is the near-seabed fluids captured at the summit of the massif, at depths similar to LCHF chimneys (818 and 848 m; Früh-Green et al., 2017). The LCHF plume could have impacted these fluids, but the high H2/CH4 ratios (10–148) and evidence of fluid flow from nearby orifices are more consistent with largely local sources.
Geological Settings of H2-Rich Fluids Dispersed Across the Top of the Massif
The most likely source of H2 across the top of the Atlantis Massif is ongoing, widespread serpentinization (Fig. 4). Geophysical modeling suggests that in addition to vent fluids channeled along relatively narrow flow paths, slower-moving fluids circulate in “low-flux backwaters of the system” (Titarenko and McCaig, 2016, p. 325). These backwater fluids would not reach the elevated temperatures of those in the LCHF, which are heated to 150–250 °C before conductively cooling on ascent (Proskurowski et al., 2006; Seyfried et al., 2015). Rates of H2 production due to serpentinization are substantially lower at lower temperatures, but are not entirely halted (Mayhew et al., 2013; McCollom et al., 2016).
In contrast to H2, temperatures >350 °C appear to be necessary to overcome the kinetic inhibition to CH4 formation (McCollom and Seewald, 2007). The isotopic signatures of CH4 in LCHF fluids indicate that it formed abiotically at temperatures higher than those present in the modern system (Wang et al., 2018). Therefore, CH4 likely formed early in the system when temperatures were hotter, was stored over millennia, and was stripped from the rocks into modern fluids (McDermott et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2018).
A model of extensive lower-temperature fluid flow across the top of the massif is also supported by alteration mineralogies, δ18O signatures, and rare earth element abundances in the Expedition 357 cores, which indicate that localized fluid pathways across the southern wall are interconnected to form independent 100-m- to 1-km-sized cells (Roumejon et al., 2018). Relict olivine is present in central and eastern boreholes (M0068, M0072, M0076; Früh-Green et al., 2017, 2018), where H2 is most abundant (Tables S1 and S2), indicating early serpentinization did not go to completion and could be ongoing. The high permeability in this region results from microfractures and the mesh texture of serpentinized peridotite (Roumejon et al., 2018), common features in ultramafic rocks due to the volume expansion and uptake of water during serpentinization (MacDonald and Fyfe, 1985).
Implications for the Early Evolution of Life
Serpentinization-fueled hydrothermal systems have been proposed as potential locations for the origin and evolution of the first biochemical pathways due to the thermodynamic drive supplied by H2, the alkaline conditions that are favorable for prebiotic chemistry, and the redox and pH gradients that promote biochemical reactions (Martin and Russell, 2007; Sojo et al., 2016).
Proponents of a “small warm pond” for the origin of life emphasize the important roles of wet-dry cycles to promote polymerization (Frenkel-Pinter et al., 2020) and of clay minerals for forming and replicating biopolymers with specific sequences (Yu et al., 2013). Dispersed, low-flow circulation across the Atlantis Massif may create similar micro-environments of fluctuating water availability as water is consumed during serpentinization, followed by stages of higher water activity (Nascimento Vieira et al., 2020; Roumejon et al., 2018). Furthermore, serpentinization leads to the formation of serpentine and smectite clays (e.g., saponite) (MacDonald and Fyfe, 1985), which are similar to the montmorillonite clays most commonly invoked in origin-of-life hypotheses (Yu et al., 2013). Therefore, the widespread, localized flux of low-temperature, H2-bearing fluids through micro-environments containing clay minerals and fluctuating water availability may have been more conducive to the synthesis of the first biomolecules than the channelized flow of higher-temperature fluids through the central field.
Problematically, ancient serpentinization systems may have been starved for sulfur. Metal-sulfide minerals are thought to have been central to the origin of biochemical pathways as the catalytic templates of the first enzymes (Camprubi et al., 2017; Martin and Russell, 2007; Weiss et al., 2017). Sulfur in modern ultramafic rocks is largely derived from seawater sulfate (Alt et al., 2013), and ancient prebiotic oceans had <1% of the inorganic sulfur content of modern oceans (Crowe et al., 2014). The peridotite-dominated southern wall, where nonchannelized fluid flow is dominant, contains ∼30% gabbro intrusions (Boschi et al., 2006; Früh-Green et al., 2018; Karson et al., 2006; Roumejon et al., 2018), and there is evidence that the sulfur in these mafic rocks is transferred into the peridotites (Liebmann et al., 2018). Therefore, the nonchannelized fluids may have entrained sufficient quantities of sulfur to make metal-sulfide catalysts available for primitive biochemical reactions in the serpentinite subsurface.
We documented the export of reducing, H2-rich fluids over a large geographical area across the Atlantis Massif, likely due to continuing serpentinization of the high-permeability, peridotite-dominated southern wall. The elevated H2/CH4 ratios of these widely distributed fluids indicate that they have a localized source distinct from the central LCHF. The geological features leading to this type of extensive circulation are common in oceanic core complexes and therefore possibly widespread in the world's ocean. On ancient Earth, similar circulation of low-temperature, H2-rich fluids through micro-environments within the ocean crust could have provided the fuel, sulfur, and fluctuating water availability necessary for the formation of early enzymes.
We thank the captains and crews of the RRS James Cook, R/V Atlantis, the British Geological Survey's Remote Drill Two (RD2), Maurum's Meeresboden-Bohrgerät (MeBO), and ROV Jason, the scientific parties of both expeditions, Daniel Fornari for the use of the MISO camera, and John Baross for inspirational conversations. Funding was provided by National Science Foundation awards OCE-1536702, OCE-1536405, and OCE-1535962, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astro-biology Institute “Rock Powered Life” team (CAN 7), the U.S. Science Support Program of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD), the Deep Carbon Observatory, and Swiss National Science Foundation project 200021_163187 (to G. Früh-Green). This is Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) contribution 5151. We thank editor Gerald Dickens and two anonymous reviewers for comments that improved the manuscript. | <urn:uuid:1df7a564-4c75-44d4-ab9a-b909c9ce8668> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/49/7/851/595965/Extensive-decentralized-hydrogen-export-from-the | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103355949.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628050721-20220628080721-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.896288 | 3,804 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Making the decision as to which secondary school your child should attend can be a difficult choice for Peterborough parents.
So it’s useful to know how each secondary school is rated by Ofsted, the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills, which inspects and regulates services that care for children and young people, and services providing education and skills for learners of all ages.
Ofsted give every school in the country one of four rankings, Outstanding, Good, Requires Improvement and Inadequate
Hampton Gardens School opened in September 2017 under Free School legislation. The Department for Education will not allow a school to open to students unless Ofsted, the schools’ inspectorate, agrees that it is able to provide those students with a good education; to nurture, support and challenge them appropriately.
Once a new school received Ofsted’s seal of approval, it is not formally inspected again until its third year of operation. For Hampton Gardens School, this will be 2019-20. This gives a school time to properly establish itself and provides a solid foundation in evidence for any judgment the inspectors will eventually make.
Until then the school will not have a formal Ofsted rating.
About Ofsted inspection reports
Ofsted inspect providers across education, children’s services and further education and skills and tell you what Ofsted find in inspection reports.
The type of inspection will determine such things as:
* the number of inspectors
* the length of the inspection
* the amount of notice a provider gets
* what happens during the inspection
* the content of the inspection report.
A typical inspection has one or more inspectors visiting a provider to find out about them.
The inspection will follow a framework and report on particular aspects of the provision.
After the inspection Ofsted tell you what Ofsted find out in inspection reports.
The content of a report will depend on the type of inspection. An inspection report will describe the provider, then go on to tell you about the inspection findings and judgements with the grades given by the inspector. | <urn:uuid:9510b610-80b2-432c-b73b-7b0d1deff50f> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/news/education/revealed-the-ofsted-rating-of-every-secondary-school-in-peterborough-1-8469100 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217970.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821053629-20180821073629-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.943709 | 425 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Review and respond on the neurobiological basis for the disorder that your classmate has described as well as at least one current and relevant research study related to diagnosis or treatment of the disorder below . Parkinson’s disease has been described as a degenerative neurological disorder, caused by the degeneration of the nigrostriatal system, the dopamine secreting neurons of the substantia nigra that send axons to the basal ganglia, (Carlson,2013), Parkinson’s disease affects nerve cells/neurons in the brain breaking them down slowly or destroy them altogether causing the deficiency of automatic, habitual responses due to this damage in the basal ganglia, neurological basis of Parkinson’s disease is the low level of dopamine, the chemical messenger in the brain dopamine shows a decreased level which is the key, it affects and produces the abnormal brain activity leading to signs of Parkinson’s disease symptoms consisting of; muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, a resting tumor, and postural instability, Reynolds, Hanna, Neargarder, & Cronin-Golomb,(2017) suggested anxiety and cognitive dysfunction are highly prevalent, even in the early stages, also, Dissanayaka, Au, Angwin, O’Sullivan, Byrne, Silburn, & Copland,(2017) suggested that cognitive processes such as; anxiety, language, attention, memory, and executive functioning play an effective part of communication within Parkinson’s disease affected by this disease,(Barret,Lindquist,&Gendron,2007). Parkinson’s disease has no specific test, no test currently exists to determine the disease, Neurologists trained in determining this disease rule out any other disorder before diagnosing Parkinson’s through blood tests and imaging tests such as; MRI’s, ultrasounds to the brain, PET and SPECT scans. The Mayo-Clinic, current research shows several factors that may play a role as risk factors in Parkinson’s disease; age (middle to late life& 60 and over), heredity, (if more than the parent has the disease), sex- (men more than women are affected), exposure to toxins-(ongoing herbicide and pesticide exposure, slight risk). Medications are used to control tremors, movement, and walking problems, according to the MayoClinic.org, (2015) medications are; Carbidopa-levodopa-levodopa the most effective, a natural chemical passing through the brain and converted to dopamine, Carbidopa-levodopa infusion- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a drug called Duopa in 2015(mayoclinic.org), made of carbidopa and levodopa administered in a feeding tube. Dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, Anticholinergics-to control tremors, Amantadine- providing short term relief of mild symptoms. Parkinson’s disease does not have a cure, so Dr’s. suggest lifestyle changes, aerobics, and physical therapy for gait, balance and stretching to ease the symptoms, speech language pathologists can be beneficial to improve speech problems if they become present.
https://paperwritingservices.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/whatsapp-logo-300x115.jpeg 0 0 Paper writing services https://paperwritingservices.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/whatsapp-logo-300x115.jpeg Paper writing services2021-10-11 23:19:492021-10-11 23:19:49Review and respond on the neurobiological basis for the disorder that your classmate has described as well as at least one current and relevant research study related to diagnosis or | <urn:uuid:0e6d7889-d670-473d-b52e-3814b535d985> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://paperwritingservices.net/review-and-respond-on-the-neurobiological-basis-for-the-disorder-that-your-classmate-has-described-as-well-as-at-least-one-current-and-relevant-research-study-related-to-diagnosis-or/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446706291.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126112341-20221126142341-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.893938 | 802 | 3.078125 | 3 |
After reading a 3 part story (post-apocalyptic, zombies) from ReadWorks.org together (The Run, Refueling, Searching for Survivors), students wrote the fourth and final part of the story for their end of 6 weeks final project.
Their writing needed to include a variety of elements to be successful:
-Vocabulary from the series so far
-Dialogue (to review our learning of Dramatic Elements)
-Lyrics from a song or lines from a poem incorporated into the story in some meaningful way (to review our learning of Poems and Poetic Techniques)
-A creative title
-All 4 original main characters + new characters
Link to ReadWorks original story: http://www.readworks.org/passages/run | <urn:uuid:e2a1b412-9fe9-4daa-9da9-e0bcd83b2931> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/6th-Grade-Fictional-Story-Writing-Write-the-End-to-a-Zombie-Trilogy-2598955 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105187.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818213959-20170818233959-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.893803 | 158 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Essay concession statement
Thesis statement model #2: thesis with concession use the thesis statement guide as many times as you which is based on the five–paragraph essay model. The five-paragraph essay is a format of states the structure and order of the essay basically, the thesis statement should be or concession. A teenager arguing to her parents that she needs a cell phone makes the following concession: i know that you think i will just use the phone to text during class and. · concession paragraphs when you are writing an argumentative essay and finally a concluding statement which will either restate the original.
Writing your concession 1 here at an introduction to essay: its parts and kinds cecilia manago essay writing 10 golden rules andy fisher. A pros and cons essay encourages you to develop critical how to write a pros & cons essay written by your thesis is a succinct statement of the central. A concession statement persuasive a in is essay what december 13, 2017 @ 2:37 pm sachin tendulkar essay in english language assimilation and pluralism essays about. Argumentation/proposals: anticipating objections and making concessions when writing an argumentative research paper, it is helpful to include two important writing.
Essay concession statement
At the last stage for revision, we check not only thesis statement with concession plagiarism, but also grammar aspects of the written papers in the second section. Writing the persuasive essay what is a persuasive/argument essay a persuasive essay must provide specific and convincing include concession statements. Writing a counterargument and refutation counterargument the counterargument paragraph is developed in much the same way that an argument. Writing introductions for essays a concession start your essay identify the rhetorical situation and write a hook and thesis statement for the following essay.
It is essential to maintain ones capacity for shock this will lead people to call you unreasonable and how to concession statement essay write a compare and contrast. What is a concession point a concession point is the part of your issue essay where you acknowledge another argument the point is to. In academic essays, the thesis statement is the heart of your argument: 10 page essay concession/call to you want to action phrases for class 12th accountancy.
There is a specific way to craft a thesis statement for a rogerian argument and a thesis statement is the main idea of your essay this concession of merit. Concession/refutation outline topic: state the issue in the form of a question that can be answered “yes or “no” i introduction (multi-paragraphed. Concussions essays concussions, they are a problem that almost every athlete that competes in a contact sport goes through football, hockey players, and boxers.
- Improve your writing with contrast and concession january 28, 2016 everyday grammar - improve your writing with contrast and the statement contrasts these.
- In academic essays, the thesis statement is the heart of your argument: it tells readers exactly what your paper will discuss and what position you’ll take on the topic some thesis statements include concessions, which are statements that acknowledge a different, valid perspective on the topic or that admit that your argument doesn’t.
- Good conclusions for essays about yourself how to begin an ap english essay power electronics research papers with answers pdf james kashif breaking barriers essay.
- This is the fourth part of our series on preparing for the sat essay all of these articles are excerpts from the curriculum for writeathome’s new and popular sat.
Ways to end an argumentative essay on a rose susanna burghartz dissertation proposal mason can you write an essay in 4 hours lgbt discrimination essay introduction. Although there is no set model of organization for argumentative essays introductory points and thesis statement also, your refutation & concession. Transitional words and phrases can create powerful links between ideas in your paper and can help your reader understand concession purpose summary conclusion. · essay concession statement from his point of view, he was making a tremendous concession in allowing the boy to finish high school. · best answer: in a persuasive essay you are trying to change someone's point of view a concession is when you agree with a certain point of their argument.
Essay concession statementRated 5/5 based on 14 review | <urn:uuid:79c62417-cb89-4038-b54c-db8b2376250a> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://smhomeworktzwq.uncserves.info/essay-concession-statement.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514162.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021161035-20181021182535-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.920642 | 868 | 2.65625 | 3 |
We are using several approaches for vaccine research and development. One is focusing on the employment of distinct artificial molecules derived from pathogen-associated molecular patterns, in particular Toll-like receptor ligands. These are selected based on their activity to stimulate critical cells of the innate and adaptive immune system of pigs, cattle and sheep. We are particularly interested in targeting DCs and B cells, to enhance both the desired T cells and antibody memory development. Vaccine platforms are currently developed for foot-and-mouth disease virus, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Japanese encephalitis virus. In collaboration with the groups of Nicolas Ruggli and Gert Zimmer at the IVI, we are utilizing virus replicon particles representing safe and efficacious vaccine platforms. These platforms are based on classical swine fever virus or vesicular stomatitis virus, and are employed for influenza virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. In collaboration with Pierre Charneau and Philippe Desprès from the Institute Pasteur in Paris we have developed a lentivirus-based vector vaccine for Japanese encephalitis virus, which can be employed in pigs.
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Grant 1.13.05. Towards enhancing the longevity of vaccine-induced immunity against foot-and-mouth disease virus.
- European Commission 7th Framework Programme. Preparedness, Prediction and Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Viruses with Pandemic Potential using Multidisciplinary Approaches (PREDEMICS).
- European Commission Horizon 2020. Strengthening Animal Production and Health through the Immune Response (SAPHIR). | <urn:uuid:5e30b2da-6565-4442-a59f-ab0be79b2edb> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.ivi.unibe.ch/research/immunology/group_summerfield/projects/vaccines/index_eng.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647692.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321195830-20180321215830-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.90886 | 330 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This WebQuest was created to inspire students to explore the Real Number System. I use it as a recovery assignment to replace poor test or project grades. It meets the following South Carolina Elementary Algebra Standards:
a knowledge of algebraic relationships by using mathematical terminology
EA-1.6 Understand how
algebraic relationships can be represented in concrete models, pictorial
models, and diagrams.
EA-2.1 Exemplify elements of the real number
system (including integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers).
The Public URL for this WebQuest:
WebQuest Hits: 1,569,716
Save WebQuest as PDF | <urn:uuid:ae1dd64c-38fc-4e09-9b71-4d99e4a341fb> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://zunal.com/teacherspage.php?w=70050 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654031.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608003500-20230608033500-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.827834 | 166 | 3.09375 | 3 |
- apartheid (n.)
- 1947 (policy begun 1948), from Afrikaans apartheid (1929 in a South African socio-political context), literally "separateness," from Dutch apart "separate" (from French àpart; see apart) + suffix -heid, cognate of English -hood. The official English synonym was separate development (1955).
"Segregation" is such an active word that it suggests someone is trying to segregate someone else. So the word "apartheid" was introduced. Now it has such a stench in the nostrils of the world, they are referring to "autogenous development." [Alan Paton, "New York Times," Oct. 24, 1960] | <urn:uuid:a78653f7-79dd-401b-8302-f83684fb22af> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=apartheid&allowed_in_frame=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999662994/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060742-00056-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94659 | 149 | 3.125 | 3 |
The Medieval Era of history is generally defined as being from 1066 to the early 1500s, from the Norman Conquest of England to the end of the Wars of the Roses in the 1480s. They’re also known as the “Middle Ages”. Middle of what? Between the Dark Ages and the Modern Era, of course! When people think of the Medieval era, they think of the Black Death, tunics, the church, knights in shining armour, good kings, good queens, evil kings and evil queens. Good-looking princes and glamorous princesses. We imagine quaint villages with thatched rooves and farms and fields and exciting village life.
But what was life like in the Middle Ages? It was certainly nowhere near as glamorous as many people might think from reading comic-books, watching movies or Monty Python. For many people, life was a daily struggle just to survive. Days were long, nights were cold, food was hard to come by and pleasures were few and far between.
Hatches, Matches and Despatches
Hatches…matches and despatches…births, marriages and deaths. The three basic stages of human life.
In the Middle Ages, the infant mortality rate was naturally high. The far-from-clean homes of the peasantry, the lack of modern medical care for the wealthy who could afford any kind of medical care, and a general lack of food meant that many children were lucky to survive their first few years on earth.
In an age before there were very many doctors around, births were usually aided with the help of this essential of Medieval society: The Midwife, whose job it was to help birth babies and bring them into the world. Of course, this wasn’t always easy. Any manner of complications could cause death: From deformities and birth-defects, later infections or the mother dying from postnatal complications.
Once born, however, a child was brought into the world as best as they could be. The children of wealthy families could expect to be raised by servants or a wet-nurse, to be pampered and babied to the point of spoilage. Children from poorer families had to rely on their parents or grandparents (if they were lucky enough to have any) to raise them. In a day and age where commoners worked from day to day to survive, children were seen, probably, as less of a joy, but more of a way to make more money. The moment they could, children were set to work in the fields or elsewhere, to earn money and food for the family. Children of all ages, from kids who had just learned how to walk, to teenagers, were expected to pull their weight and split firewood, plough fields, sow crops, harvest crops, store the grain, store firewood and help around the house. With so much work to do, you can imagine childhood obesity wasn’t a problem back then! One important aspect of birth in the Middle Ages was getting the child christened at the local church. Christening usually took place within a week of the child’s birth, where its name and date of birth might be recorded.
Once a child reached his or her teenage years, then the next stage of life came along: Marriage.
In the Medieval era, it could be fair to say that the main purpose of marriage was to advance one’s social-status, for advancing one’s social status was the only way to stave off the looming threat of death from starvation. Parents often got together to arrange marriages for their respective children, whether their children liked it or not. If the child managed to find a man or a woman who he or she actually loved, who also advanced the family’s social-status, then so much the better. But this was considered a secondary concern. In the Middle Ages, women were expected to be quiet, obedient, caring, good cooks, seamstresses, life-partners and above all, the property of men.
Due to the general filth of the Middle Ages, combined with a lack of understanding about hygeine, medical science and other factors which we today take for granted, the fear of death was never far away. Few diseases were curable in the Middle Ages and while broken limbs might be treated, if infection set in due to open wounds, there was no way to heal them. Medical aid was usually provided by monks in monastries, by the church, barber-surgeons or wise women: Something like a witch-doctor who knew all kinds of natural, herbal remedies.
Deaths were recorded by Seekers of the Dead, old women or pensioners who viewed corpses to determine cause of death. They would be paid a few pennies to examine the body and arrange for its removal from the household. It would not be until the 1500s, after the Middle Ages, that the Bills of Mortality, which were official records of deaths, were established in London and surrounding villages.
Upon death, the funeral had to be arranged. Often, simple coffins were used and the bodies buried in the local churchyards, marked by simple gravestones, enscribed with the person’s date of birth, death and his name. Some, more expensive gravestones might have had fanciful, death-themed carvings on them. Wealthier families, such as the local landowner, might have a family crypt. In small villages, a death was something that could affect the whole community and often, several people would show up for the funeral. The sandglass, symbolising life, was a common engraving on gravestones. A sandglass with sand drained through meant that life had ended. A sandglass on its side with sand in each of the two bulbs, indicated a life ended before its proper time.
Who was Who?
The Medieval social structure was defined by the Feudal System. The Feudal System was the belief that each person had his own special place in society and that in this place they would (unless something special happened) remain. At the top of the Feudal System was the King. Below him were the noblemen. Barons and Earls and Dukes and so-forth. Below them came the knights. Below knights came the various classes of the peasantry. Although divided into various classes (from freemen to villeins and serfs), there were few differences that actually set them apart, since life was generally a big struggle for all.
The king, as supreme head of his country, granted lands to his noblemen, who, as his representatives, were expected to carry the king’s law and the king’s word to parts of the kingdom where the king himself could not visit regularly. The noblemen swore an oath of alliegence to the king, and knights, further down, swore an oath to their local landlords. The peasantry, however, the lowest and poorest class of people in the Medieval world, were the most numerous in number. They fell under the direct rule of their landlord, who could tax them and use them as he wished. Far from the king’s eyes, some noblemen became greedy, corrupt and lawless, taxing their peasantry to exhaustion. Taxes were given in the form of harvest and grain. Crops such as wheat, rye, barley and whatever else the peasants could grow, were taxed, and a certain percentage of this food had to be delivered to the local lord. Food which the peasants kept for themselves which had to be ground from wheat to flour to make bread, had to be ground up and crushed in the only mill available in the village…the lord’s mill, for which the lord would charge another fee for the peasantry to use.
Medieval Food and Drink
Medieval food was pretty basic for the peasantry. Most of their food came from grains; the most common of which were barley, oats and rye, which they turned into porridge, gruel or bread. They also ate fruit, vegetables and whatever fish they could catch in nearby streams, rivers or lakes. Wealthier people such as noblemen, could afford to feast on game birds such as ducks and pheasants and anything else which the landlord could afford to flush out of the woods around his estate and shoot with a bow and arrow. Hunting on the lord’s estate only permitted at his lordship’s personal invitation, so peasants could not expect to get their hands on such delicacies as fresh meat.
Fresh meat was in fact, very hard to come by, and was eaten mostly by the upper classes, who could afford to eat, not only game birds, but also chicken, pork, bacon, ham and if they were lucky…beef. Due to the high costs of transportation and mediocre food-preservation methods available in the Middle Ages, exotic foods which were not locally available were often so expensive that commoners could not hope to ever eat them.
In the days before refrigeration, however, Medieval people did find ways to preserve food. Foodstuffs such as meat and fish were either dried, salted or smoked. This killed off bacteria, gave the food a nice (if salty) taste and allowed it to keep for longer periods of time. Fruit was either dried, sugared or preserved in honey. Where possible, some foods were kept in cold-houses, where snow or ice was used to lower the room-temperature and ensure that the food remained fresh.
While they were able to preserve food to a certain extent, Medieval people did not possess the technology or understanding to purify water. Drinking water was often dangerous due to the impurities and pollution that was to be found in local streams and rivers (in the days before sewers and toilets, rivers often served as drains!). Because of this, the most commonly consumed beverages were wine, beer and ale. Due to the general absence or lack of water in these beverages, they were considerably safer to drink than plain water. And everyone drank it…even children! In fact, there was even a special children’s ale brewed specifically for younger people to drink!
Ale and beer were often sold in alehouses, inns and public houses (‘pubs’) and a single village could have several of these institutions all over the place! Public houses lasted and continue to last for a long time. Some of the oldest pubs in the United Kingdom have survived from the Middle Ages, including Ye Olde Man & Scythe (est. 1251), Ye Olde Salutation (est. ca. 1240) and finally, Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem, which claims to have been established in 1189!
Men of Letters
Education was a rare treat for people in the Middle Ages. A very rare treat. Most people could not read or write at all. The most learned places were churches, monastries, castles, palaces, universities, colleges and schools. If this sounds like a whole heap of educational institutions, think again. To be able to attend one of these places, you had to be rich. Really rich. Books and scrolls were worth their weight in gold in Medieval times. Before the days of the printing press in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the main way of copying out texts was to do it by hand with a quill pen and an inkwell of ink. This took weeks, even months of daily writing in a special room known as a scriptorium (latin; a place for writing).
A Medieval monastry’s scriptorium with a scribe at work
Because so few people could do it, writing was considered a real artform in the Middle Ages, and bold, decorative hands were created, characterised by the gothic German ‘Blackletter’ script, of bold vertical lines and thin horizontal lines, which was achieved by writing with a flexible-point quill-pen. Other characteristics of Medieval texts included colourful borders and pictures, illuminated (coloured) letters at the tops of pages and paragraphs which were deliberately larger than other letters, so that people would know where to start reading each text. Scribes, learned persons and men of letters were so rare that only the wealthiest of people could afford to have an education. A king or queen would employ a tutor or a schoolmaster to educate their princes and princesses in reading and writing, skills as rare in the Middle Ages, as finding a competent watchmaker today.
A page of illuminated gothic Blackletter script from a Medieval manuscript
The main writing implements of the Middle Ages was another reason why many people were illiterate. The pen was a goose-feather quill, a tool which took considerable time to clean, dry, temper, slit and cut correctly. Paper, parchment and vellum were expensive, handmade commodities, far out of the reach of the peasantry, who were more interested in staying alive, rather than reading about how to do it!
Another huge barrier to education in the Middle Ages was that, as members of the Church were the only ones who could generally read, most documents were written in the language of the Church, and not the language of the People. The language of the people was…English! (Or German, French, Italian, Polish and so-on). However, the language of the Church was…LATIN! This rather significant language-barrier meant that, even if the peasantry were able to read and write, it would’ve been largely useless, because all the church-documents were written in a totally different language!
For those who could read and write, however, they enjoyed the rare ability of being able to send letters and record thoughts and ideas. In the days before organised postal services, messages were delivered by private messenger. Forget Private Messaging services on internet forums or MSN Live Messenger; this form of messenger-service was a rider on horseback! To protect the contents of their documents and letters, writers often signed and sealed their documents with sealing-wax, marking the hot wax with a sealing stamp or signet-ring, partially to ID them as the sender, and also to act as an anti-tampering device. Traditional sealing-wax dries fast and it dries hard and brittle. If a seal was broken by anyone other than the intended receipient, then it would be immediately obvious that the privacy of the document had been breeched. You can read about the history of seals, sealing-stamps and signet-rings here.
A signet-ring used to seal documents with wax. The coat of arms, monogram or family-name was deliberately engraved into the ring in mirror-fashion so that the imprint would turn out the right way around when the ring was pressed into the hot wax
Bubble, Bubble, Toil and Trouble
As Harry Potter learns in one of his History of Magic books, “Muggles were particularly afraid of witchcraft in Medieval times, but not very good in spotting it”.
These days, the idea of actual witches and wizards seems ludicrous: the stuff of fairytales, legends and novels by an acclaimed English childrens’ author. But in Medieval times, there were real and very intense beliefs and fears in witches. And not all witches were women, either!
In Medieval Europe, under the Feudal System, peasants lived and worked on the land owned by their landlord. They were not generally allowed to leave this land without their lord’s permission. Because of this, families grew, died, intermarried, mingled and gave birth to sucessive generations all in the one little village or town year after year, decade after decade, century after century. Small, close-knit communities in hamlets and villages, in a day where few people travelled beyond the village boundaries, were quick to spot any and all persons who were either new to the area, or who acted in a strange manner.
Anyone who did act in a strange manner, or who was new to the district, was always the first suspect in anything that went wrong. Witch-trials were popular and bloody spectacles throughout Europe and punishments for witches varied. In European countries, the common penalty for witchcraft was death by burning, whereupon the ‘witch’ was strapped to a post and had faggots (clear your minds out, perverts…a ‘faggot’ is a bundle of kindling!) tossed at her feet. The faggots were then lit and the victim died from either burns or smoke inhalation and suffocation. In England, however, hanging witches was the more common form of execution.
A lot of our modern stereotypes about witches (that they have black pointed hats, that they have warts, that they have flying broomsticks and black cats and all the rest of it) all have their origins in the Middle Ages. It was believed that witches kept demons (called ‘Familiars’) near them, in the shape of animals. It is from this belief that we get the stereotype of witches always having a black cat with them and where we also get the superstition that it’s bad luck to have a black cat cross your path. The presence of bodily blemishes (such as pimples or warts) was also seen as the mark of a witch. Such an evil person was sure to have marks of evil (characterised by warts!) all over them!
Law and Order
In Medieval times, with knights and crusades and wars and witches and the Black Death and fat, warty toads bouncing around all over the place, it’s probably little wonder that Medieval law and order was especially harsh and barbaric (gotta keep those toads in order, don’t we?).
Medieval laws were set by the King (or queen), or by the king and/or queen’s top subjects: Their noblemen. Laws covered everything from how many loaves of bread a baker needed to bake, what constituted proper ale and even what side of the road you were allowed to drive on. Local city or village laws also related to keeping what was known as the King’s Peace: The peace and tranquility which the monarch promised all his subjects. Keeping the peace was done by instituting such laws as providing each village and town with a ducking-stool (into which, chattery women could be strapped and ducked…dumped…into the nearest pool or pond) and the enforcement of curfews after dark. Noblemen were allowed to pass their own laws on their peasantry as they saw fit…and some noblemen saw fit to tax their peasantry very harshly indeed.
Medieval punishments were even worse than the laws for which the punishments were seen fit. Various medieval punishments included…
– The Rack – Being stretched on the rack until your arms and legs ripped out of their sockets.
– The Gallows – Being hanged by the neck until dead.
– Hanging, drawing and quartering – A particularly gruesome method of execution awarded to persons found guilty of High Treason (crimes against king and country).
– Impalement – Being impaled by a long, blunt wooden pike. A favourite of the Medieval king Vlad Tepeche, Vlad the Impaler.
– Sawing – Being strung upside down on a frame and having your body sawed in half lengthwise, starting between the legs, with a massive saw.
– Breaking on the Wheel – Being strapped to a wagon-wheel and having your limbs smashed and broken by a sledgehammer.
– Being boiled in oil – Another Medieval favourite! King Henry VIII of England (AKA Old Greedy Guts) sentenced a cook to be executed by being boiled alive in a pot of oil, for trying to poison his master’s gruel!
Other, lesser punishments included…
– The Whipping Post – Being strapped or tied to a post and flogged.
– The Stocks or Pillory – Being confined to a set of stocks (head & arms locked in a wooden frame) or pillory (feet, as well) and being left there for a pre-determined period of time. In rare instances, people actually died in the stocks or pillory, from abuse from passers-by.
Of course, if laws existed and punishments existed, someone had to uphold the law and someone had to deal out punishment. Who did what?
The job of upholding the law was given to various persons. Ordinary citizens were expected to keep law and order, of course, but there were persons whose job it was, to specifically keep the peace. Some might have been knights, or they might have been reeves of the shire. The local reeve of the shire, or the Shire Reeve, was the local custodian of the peace. Does the word ‘shire reeve’ sound kind of familiar? It should. The shire reeve still exists today…but probably not in a manner which medieval peasants would recognise. In Modern English, the job-title is spelt…Sheriff.
It was the local lord or if he was available…the king, who was generally in charge of meting out punishment. That was until naughty King John was given a small piece of paper to sign. The title of this piece of paper?
Magna Carta Libertatum.
That’s its name in Latin. Translated to English, it means “The Great Charter of Liberties”.
The Magna Carta, created in 1215AD, was a document that restricted the power of the king and held him legally accountable if he was a naughty little boy…like King John. One of the main rules of the Magna Carta was that it forbade the King from pronouncing judgement on criminals.
A copy of the Magna Carta
Sickenesse and Healthe
Medieval understanding of the human body was rudimentary at the very, very, very best. People did not understand how the body digested food, how it got sick, how it healed itself, how blood circulated, and dozens of other ‘how’s. Without highly scientific TV shows like “House” to teach them, Medieval physicians were often medicating their patients purely through superstition and guesswork.
Medieval medicine was based on the theory of the Four Humours, a very old system of medical belief that dated back to Ancient Greece! Humourism, as it was called, centered on bodily imbalances…but not in the way we might think. To find out more about the history of medicine, read the link above.
Medical practicioners were few and far between in Medieval Europe. Physicians were expensive and generally ineffective. Most people had to rely on the local priest, the local wise woman or the local barber-surgeon, who gets his title because he was just as likely to give you a mullet as he was to slit open your gullet. Medieval medicine was a mixture of practicality, tried-and-tested methods, myth, legend, old wives’ tales, natural remedies and superstition. There are various stories of surgeons and doctors in Medieval times performing truly amazing operations and having their patients survive. Amongst these include removing stones (such as kidney-stones) from the body and removing arrows shot into various places on the body…such as a direct hit to the face!
Of course, the biggest scare to the Medieval world came in the 1340s, with the Black Death (also called the Great Plague, the Plague, the Black Plague, the Bubonic Plague and The Sickenesse). It wiped out literally millions of people through the years of the late 1340s and came back almost every generation since then. There are still instances of the Black Death today, although the number of these instances are greatly reduced from the horrifying figures of the Middle Ages.
Victims of the Black Death
Medieval Jobs and Occupations
There were all kinds of jobs in the Medieval world. Blacksmiths, coiners, sadle-makers, roofers, farmers, goldsmiths and printers. Many English surnames come from the classified employment advertisements of the Middle Ages.
– Sadler (saddle-maker).
– Sandler (sandle-maker).
– Chandler (…eh…chandler. That is…a candle-maker).
– Fuller (A fuller, someone who removed impurities from cloth).
– Tyler or Tiler (A roof-tiler).
– Slater (someone who provided slate for roofing!).
Many jobs were unskilled, but some occupations required great skill, such as blacksmiths, goldsmiths, jewellers, coiners, printers, watchmakers and swordsmiths and armourers. Persons engaged in such occupations usually formed guilds with other such persons, in order to protect their skill-sets and also to advance the quality of their craft. Guilds were kind of like labour-unions/exclusive clubs where persons of the same craft or occupation could gather and protect their ideas and skills from others. This was usually done in structures called guildhalls (like a clubhouse). Guilds, as formal institutions, however, had to have some sort of legal status. A guild could not be formed without the permission of a person of authority. In England, this authority was usually the reigning monarch who would give various craftsmen the right to form a guild through the issuing of Letters Patent; a legal instrument allowing for the formation of various offices, organisations and institutions.
Other Aspects of Daily Life
What about all the other aspects of daily life, apart from food, reading, writing, laws, order, education (yawn!) and all that rot? What else happened? Didn’t anyone ever have a bath?
Actually, bathing was not that common in the Medieval era. It was not seen as being necessary, it was seen as too much hard work (and after a day ploughing the fields, the last thing you wanted was more work!) and it was seen as pointless, because once you were clean, you would only get dirty again the next day!
But, in the rare instances that people actually bathed in the Medieval world, it was either done in a ready source of water (a stream, lake or river) or it was done in the bathtub. Bathing in a bathtub was such a hassle that most people just didn’t bother! You had to light a fire, boil the water, fill the bathtub, wait for the water to be juuuust right, then you had to strip, get in, scrub, scrub, scrub, get out, dry down, put your clothes back on and then tip out the water.
Oh, but only…and ONLY…after every other person in the household had used that exact same bathwater to have their baths, too! Hot water was too scarce a commodity to waste on just one person!
What about clothes and bedsheets? Weren’t they washed?
Yes. But again, very rarely. It wasn’t generally seen as being necessary, and men and women could wear the same clothes for days or weeks on end before having them changed. In mose cases for the peasantry, they didn’t have very many other clothes to change into, so there was no point in washing them!
Entertainment in the Medieval world came in various forms. Without books to read or xBoxes to play on, movies to see or late night peepshows, entertainment was found in sports such as skittles, darts, bear-baiting, puppet-shows and that favourite of all childrens’ pastimes!…
Fairytales were born out of the Middle Ages as stories to distract peasants from their miserable lives. Stories like Rapunzel fed the dreams of peasant girls that they would be whisked off by their Prince Charming. Hansel and Gretel probably made little peasant boys forget their own hunger for a while, while also teaching children not to wander from home, lest they find ugly witches with houses made from gingerbread. More stories, such as Cinderella and The Magic Flounder were more famous fairytales, told to children (and probably to adults as well) to entertain them when there was nothing on the local stage to watch. | <urn:uuid:ea147d0c-4c05-4099-a8c2-9c7e3de67ea2> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.throughouthistory.com/?m=201004 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607802.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524055048-20170524075048-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.982709 | 5,862 | 3.625 | 4 |
Proteomics is playing an increasingly important role in the discovery of disease biomarkers and the identification of new therapeutic targets. Proteomics involves the separation, identification, and quantification of proteins. It also includes the characterization and analysis of proteoforms that arise as a result of post-translational modifications (PTMs) and sequence variants such as mutants and alternatively spliced isoforms.
A ball and stick + ribbons models of HIV protease - an enzyme that is the target of much AIDS and HIV research. © lculig / Shutterstock.com
The principal methodology for proteomics is the use of mass spectrometry (MS) in combination with a range of separation methods. The two main approaches to identifying and characterizing proteins using MS are the “bottom-up” and “top-down” methodologies.
Bottom-up and top-down proteomics
In the conventional bottom-up approach, purified proteins or complex mixtures of protein are digested into peptides via proteolytic cleavage, separated (e.g. by a chromatographic column) and the peptide products analyzed in a mass spectrometer.
In top-down proteomics, intact protein ions are generated by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI), introduced into a mass analyzer and subjected to gas-phase fragmentation. Both approaches are associated with various advantages and limitations.
In bottom-up proteomics, only a small and variable fraction of the total peptide population of a protein can be recovered, resulting in a low percentage coverage of the protein sequence. Genomic studies have shown that each open reading frame can give rise to several protein isoforms, as a result of alternative splicing products and differences in the locations and types of PTMs. The limited sequence coverage in bottom up proteomics means a significant amount of information about PTMs and alternative splice variants is lost.
By contrast, the top-down approach allows MS analysis of intact proteins that have not been cleaved, meaning the labile structural protein characteristics that are mostly destroyed in bottom-up MS are preserved. Universal detection of all existing modifications can be achieved simultaneously in one spectrum and any existing correlations between those modifications can also be determined. In the top-down approach, elimination of protein digestion also results in significant time savings.
Challenges faced in top-down genomics
Top-down proteomics has many advantages over the bottom-down approach and is the superior method for examining protein modification. However, unlike the well-established bottom-up approach, top-down proteomics is still undergoing development and faces many technical challenges before it can be considered as a robust approach for the study of proteomics.
One major challenge is that proteins are generally more complicated to handle than small peptides, due largely to their poor solubility. Unlike the small peptides generated in the bottom-down approach, which are highly soluble in liquid chromatography –MS conditions, proteins may differ in their solubility under the same conditions. Some large proteins and virtually all membrane proteins require a detergent such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for their solubilization. However, the presence of an ionic detergent such as SDS is not compatible with the use of ESI and it can therefore not be applied in top-down proteomics.
Artistic impression of a plasma membrane of a human cell. The plasma membrane is a bilayer composed of phopholipids in which lots of transmembrane and surface proteins reside. © somersault1824 / Shutterstock.com
The sensitivity and detection limits of a mass spectrometer are also much poorer for proteins than for peptides. In addition, a protein’s tertiary structure becomes more difficult to disrupt, the greater the protein’s molecular weight, meaning most top-down applications are limited to proteins of less than 50 kDa.
Furthermore, the throughput of top-down proteomics is still not comparable to that of bottom-up shotgun proteomics, although it is rapidly improving. Top-down proteomics has so far mainly been used for the comprehensive characterization of single proteins or only low- to-moderate complexity protein mixtures, with a fairly low throughput.
The future of proteomics
Although top-down proteomics still has some technical challenges to overcome, significant progress has been achieved in this field recently. With further developments, it is hoped that top-down proteomics will become a widely used technique and that synergy between the bottom-up and top-down approaches will eventually result in optimal proteomic findings and broaden the use of proteomics in biomedical research.
Indeed, a melding of the two methods is already in development with the emergence of “middle-down” proteomics. Here, limited proteolytic cleavage of large proteins is performed to yield more manageable polypeptides that can be sequenced using a top-down approach, thereby enabling good sequence coverage and retention of PTM information.
Symposia at Pittcon 2016
This year’s Pittcon, a leading conference and exposition for laboratory science, will take place between the 6th and 10th March 2016 in Atlanta, Georgia.
The event’s impressive technical program will feature more than 2000 presentations. Among these, topics will include the use of proteomics-based approaches as powerful investigative tools for exploring disease mechanisms and potential drug targets.
We will hear about the challenges faced in top-down proteomics and the novel strategies being proposed to address these difficulties including the protein solubility challenge, the proteome complexity challenge and the issue of proteodynamic range.
Six hundred and eighty three exhibitors will attend Pittcon this year and amongst them will be Phytronix Technologies, a leader in quantitative, ultra-fast and high throughput solutions in mass spectrometry. Also exhibiting is Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, a leading provider of unparalleled solutions –based platforms that can address specific laboratory workflows in mass spectrometry applications.
- Ge Y, et al. Comprehensive Analysis of Protein Modifications by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics. 2011; 4: 711
- Dalmasso E, et al. Top-down, Bottom-up – The Merging of Two High-Performance technologies. Bioradiations 2009;129
- Wheir T. Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Approaches in Proteomics. LC-GC chromatographyonline.com 2006: Issue 9
- Chait B. Mass Spectrometry: Bottom-Up or Top-Down? Science 2006;314:65–66
Pittcon® is a registered trademark of The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, a Pennsylvania non-profit organization. Co-sponsored by the Spectroscopy Society of Pittsburgh and the Society for Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh, Pittcon is the premier annual conference and exposition on laboratory science.
Proceeds from Pittcon fund science education and outreach at all levels, kindergarten through adult. Pittcon donates more than a million dollars a year to provide financial and administrative support for various science outreach activities including science equipment grants, research grants, scholarships and internships for students, awards to teachers and professors, and grants to public science centers, libraries and museums.
Visit pittcon.org for more information.
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Chronic pain can be a major stress trigger, so it makes sense that pain and stress reduction go hand in hand. Many of the approaches used to control and reduce stress can also work to reduce chronic pain. Making efforts to control pain and stress constructively can increase quality of life and reduce the negative effects of chronic pain.
Pain and Stress Management Strategies
Some of these approaches include gentle yoga, mindfulness meditation, guided imagery, and distraction techniques. Before you try any of these, it's important to work with a doctor who is experienced in pain management to ensure that any medical conditions are properly treated. A doctor can also prescribe and supervise the use of safe and appropriate pain medications. Check with a doctor before doing any type of exercise, stretching, or increased activity that may aggravate existing physical problems.
A study published in the 2005 issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine showed that therapeutic yoga was more effective than both self-help books and conventional exercise in reducing chronic low back pain. The safe and regular practice of yoga under the guidance of an experienced teacher can help reduce chronic pain and stress, and increase body awareness.
It's important to find a yoga teacher who is experienced working with chronic pain patients. The best bet may be a physical therapist who is trained in yoga, and pain management clinics may also offer instructional yoga workshops. Although free yoga routines for beginners are available online, people experiencing chronic pain should take these to their doctor for approval before trying to use them.
Mindfulness meditation is meditation that follows Buddhist methods without the religious principles of Buddhism. Mindfulness emphasizes being "in the moment," and observing thoughts, emotions, and sensations without judgment. "Awareness of breath" is usually a starting point for any mindfulness meditation session, and involves concentrating on one's breath and the rhythm of inhaling and exhaling. One of the most commonly used mindfulness meditations is the body scan, in which the participant is guided to become aware of each body part and region separately. Unlike some forms of meditation, that mandate clearing the mind, mindfulness meditation encourages practitioners to simply observe distracting thought and then let them flow through the mind.
Since mindfulness is nonreligious, people of all faiths can practice it without qualms. It also does not require the body movements of yoga, so even those with physical limitations can practice this type of meditation regularly. Research studies are underway to study the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress, but all types of meditation are helpful for reducing stress associated with chronic pain.
Guided imagery uses a script to help a person visualize imaginary settings or scenarios that induce deep relaxation. Guided imagery can help with pain and stress reduction by helping a person visualize coping well with the pain, and even enjoying activities he or she may not be able to do because of pain. The person can also use a script that helps him/her visualize a place that's relaxing and pain free.
Your Pain and Stress Reduction
Developing a strategy for controlling stress associated with chronic pain takes planning and a willingness to try new ways of coping. Rather than relying on medication alone for pain control, holistic methods of reducing pain and stress empower those who may have previously felt powerless over their pain.
Take the time to become educated about each strategy before starting, and practice consistently for a few weeks before giving up on a coping technique. Also, try using simple distraction from pain, perhaps listening to music or reading a particularly engaging book to take the attention off of the pain. Journaling and rating pain daily can help pain sufferers track their progress as they develop a pain management regimen that works. | <urn:uuid:68dc944b-5aeb-4d3e-bf59-e608ec877636> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://stress.lovetoknow.com/Pain_and_Stress_Reduction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488536512.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623073050-20210623103050-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.944615 | 723 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Dystopia 2153 is an interactive graphic novel that integrates the teaching of coding into the narrative arc of the story. Set in 2153 A.D., Lance, Freya and their friends live in an orphanage run by cruel robots. They plan their escape and embark on an epic journey to reunite with their families. Dystopia is an educational resource that meets STEM, STEAM and Literacy outcomes. The experience variates between reading the story and solving multi-level puzzles that teach coding with Scratch, which introduces the student to coding concepts as students move through each of the levels.
The following are the high educational quality aspects in this product.
The supported learning goals are identified by matching the product with several relevant curricula descriptions on this subject area. The soft skills are definitions of learning goals most relevant for the 21st century. They are formed by taking a reference from different definitions of 21st century skills and Finnish curriculum.
Subject based learning goals
Soft skills learning goals
The pedagogical analysis covers how the product supports learning of the identified skills. The student’s role is assessed by four contrary pair parameters, which are selected to cover the most essential aspects on the use of the product. | <urn:uuid:b483d682-693d-4e7d-bc47-eae193f409c4> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://kokoa.io/products/dystopia-2153 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591455.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720002543-20180720022543-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.953735 | 249 | 3.21875 | 3 |
As Presented By: Reid, Takashi, Sheeva and Michael
A man with deep set eyes and a tired, drawn face wanders aisle to aisle, seemingly lost amongst the labyrinth of supermarket shelves. His bloodshot eyes, bent forward posture and slight stature are indicative of years of hard living. His pain is readily apparent as he nervously shifts his weight from one foot, to the other and then back again. He rolls up his sleeve to scratch an unseen itch, briefly revealing a patchwork of new and old needle marks along the veins of his forearms; intermeshed with a few cigarette burns and dry, yellowing skin. How did he get this way you might ask? What is it about this particular man that caused him to become an addict?
The Genetic Element
Today many people would say “his genes” predisposed him to become an addict. Addiction has historically been known as a disease that runs in families, and in the past 30 or 40 years, this long-standing belief has been verified using systematic scientific investigation. The bulk of the research suggests that drug dependence functions much like other diseases, with certain people having a genetic makeup that increases their risk.
This was the case for Caroline Knapp, an alcoholic who skillfully describes her battle and eventual victory over addiction in her book Drinking: A Love Story. Knapp struggles with her genetic predisposition saying, “It’s encoded in my DNA, embedded in my history, the product of some wild familial aberration.” This conclusion is not limited to Knapp. One study found that children of alcoholics were four times more likely to become alcoholics themselves.
Modern scientific inquiries tell us that the inheritance of these addictive tendencies cannot be attributed to a single gene, as is the case for some diseases. Its transmittance is much more complicated.
For instance, genes involved in the metabolism of alcohol can be implicated in increased risk of addiction. For instance a major study found that young men who required more alcohol to experience an effect had higher rates of alcohol problems later in life. However, other genes, including those known to affect behavior and mood, are thought to be connected with addiction as well (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Addiction). Currently, scientists point to differences in clusters of genes on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 15, and 16 as important in chemical dependence (Goldman Review).
Some of the most convincing evidence for a genetic susceptibility for addiction can be seen for those people who are predisposed not to become addicted. Some people, most commonly Asians, have a deficient gene for the enzyme ALDH2 which is in involved in the breakdown of alcohol. Upon consuming alcohol, these people experience a buildup of the metabolic intermediate acetaldehyde which causes nausea and is toxic to the body. Acetaldehyde also dilates blood vessels, resulting in the facial flushing that is commonly associated with the condition. Not surprisingly, these people avoid alcohol and are at a very low risk of developing dependence (CHSSC Health and Wellness).
Twins studies are another important approach to understanding genetics and addiction. These studies attempt to analyze the contributions of genetics versus environmental factors to a specific trait.
If genetic makeup influences the risk for a disease, identical twins (who have identical genomes) will tend to display concordant behavior; that is, either both will have the disease or neither will develop the disease. Fraternal twins, whose genomes are not identical, are less likely to be concordant. Therefore, if drug dependence has a genetic component, identical twins will share addictive behavior at a higher rate than fraternal twins (National Institute on Drug Abuse). This is exactly what many twin studies show.
One study analyzing 1,934 twins conducted at the Medical College of Virginia found a strong genetic link for cocaine addiction. The study indicates that concordance for cocaine use was 54 percent for identical twins and 42 percent for fraternal twins. However, the most substantial differences were seen for abuse (defined as recurring use that presents a danger) and, more seriously, dependence (defined as physical tolerance, and increasing, dangerous use). The study found concordance for cocaine abuse was 47 percent for identical twins and 8 percent for fraternal twins; and for dependence, 35 percent for identical twins and zero for fraternal twins (National Institute on Drug Abuse).
Dr Kendler, one of the study’s authors said, “For both cocaine and marijuana, genetic factors are responsible for roughly 60 to 80 percent of the differences in abuse and dependence between fraternal and identical twin pairs.” While placing percentages on the role of genetics in addiction is a difficult and variable process, this study and others strongly implicate genetics in drug abuse and dependence.
The Environmental Element
A careful study of the genetic causes of addiction can provide a wealth of knowledge about the subject; however, one must not forget about environmental triggers and experiences. Many anthropologists and other social scientists have made the case that social conditions matter, that is to say, that addiction “runs along the fault lines of society” (Neuroanthropology Blog). In the experiment described in this link, scientists showed that monkeys who were regularly dominated by other monkeys were much more likely to self-medicate with cocaine than those monkeys at the top of the social ladder. Therefore, they theorized that the “derived stress from being dominated” played a significant role in the likelihood of drug abuse and addiction. Returning to the case of our addict in the introduction, his constant urge to use could be a direct result of his low status within the social structure. Also, the very fact that he is on the fringes of “accepted society” may actually be both a cause as well as a result of his addiction.
Additionally, a great amount of research has been dedicated to environmental triggers of abusive behavior. In the case of alcoholics, “one of the hallmarks…is a difficulty inhibiting responses for alcohol related stimuli” (ATTC). For example, even though a recovering alcoholic may have no problem controlling their addiction in the comfort of their own home, the overwhelming urge to use when they walk by a favorite bar may simply be too much for them to handle. The same is also true of addicts to other drugs. The stimuli from a smell, taste or place commonly attributed an environment of drug use can often set off strong memories of drug abuse for the addict. This process ultimately results in a powerful desire to use, even if they have been away from drugs for a considerable amount of time.
Furthermore, consider the environment in which an addict first experiences the substance(s) they have become addicted to. The use of drugs and alcohol is most certainly a learned behavior, as demonstrated by the cultural emphasis on learning ‘how’ to drink. Therefore, the environment in which a person acquires the knowledge of how to use must be important to the formation of an addiction.
As one site dedicated to the genetics and environmental causes of addiction puts it, “the biggest contributing factor to drug abuse risk is having friends who engage in the problem behavior” (Utah genetics). In the case of the addict introduced earlier, it is quite likely that his first experience with drugs occurred with his peers. In this situation, the mutual support of using as a group became a benefit in itself. Also, having friends that use drugs serves as a powerful cultural force for continued experimentation. Thus, the combination of positive reinforcement and a receptive environment for drug use ultimately results in an increased likelihood for addiction.
Bringing it all Together: A Combined Genetic and Environmental Model
Returning to our addict in the supermarket scenario for one final time, it is not unreasonable to say that some part of his current situation can be attributed to his genetic predisposition to addiction. However, one must not forget that environment plays a major role as well, for even if someone has all the ‘right stuff’ in their genetic code to develop an addiction, if they never come in contact with drugs or alcohol, they cannot possibly become an addict. Therefore, when considering addiction, one must consider both the genetics of a person as well as their environment. This realization will not only help those searching for the causes of addiction, but will also help to provide insight for those suffering from addiction as well. | <urn:uuid:4e19e87d-3ef3-4b44-9a5f-6141034c5d44> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://neuroanthropology.net/2008/05/06/the-genetic-and-environmental-bases-of-addiction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157574.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921225800-20180922010200-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.964345 | 1,700 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Thoughts hidden in the three faces of the statue of Ashura
Ashura is the same guardian deity as the Kongo Rikishi statue, but the expression of this statue is different from the expression of intense anger and has a sad expression. This seems to be because Empress Kōmyō made Ashura statue with a soft expression similar to his deceased mother.
You can see the expression of the statue of Asura gradually growing from the right face to the left face and the front face.
A sorrowful expression and a realistic form are reproduced as they are.
Standing figure with three faces and six arms. The beautiful molding is the true value of the Ashura statue.
“Isumu S-Class Ashura” faithfully reproduces the expression of a sorrowful face, the supple and delicate form, and the cracks that have been created over many years. It took about five years to complete the prototype of the Ashura statue.
The coloring of the Buddha image was carefully finished by expert craftsmen. The eye that influences the impression of the Buddha image during the coloring process is the sacred sanctuary where only one craftsman is allowed to color.
It is a Buddha statue that reached the border of beauty by Isumu. | <urn:uuid:2637a8a2-d032-45c8-a091-3ff34f7311e7> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.japan-wooden-model-kits-zootoyz.shop/contents/en-us/d2045761232_S-Class-Buddhist-Statues-Figure-by-Isumu.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643462.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528015553-20230528045553-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.965699 | 259 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Here's one idea to alleviate poverty: just give out cash.
The Swiss could soon give that a try. The country will vote this Sunday on whether to guarantee an income of around $30,000 a year to every citizen. Polls suggest the policy is unlikely to pass but it has sparked a global debate on government assistance.
In the middle of that debate is an experiment conducted in Seattle and Denver. From 1971 to 1982, the U.S. government gave cash allowances to around 4,800 poor families. Unlike the Swiss proposal, the experiment didn't guarantee an income for all citizens. Rather, it tested a "negative income tax" where poor families would get money from the IRS instead of paying taxes.
The purpose of the experiment was to see if free money would change the way people worked. It did. Results showed a 7 percent decline in work hours, which led the government to scrap the experiment.
But Karl Winderquist, an associate professor at Georgetown University-Qatar, doesn't think free money would necessarily sap a country's labor force. He discussed the lessons of the Seattle-Denver experiment with Colorado Matters host Ryan Warner.
Click the audio player above to hear their conversation and read interview highlights below.
On what the government learned from the Seattle-Denver experiment:
"They were trying to learn how this program attacks poverty, what can it do for people and what the costs and effects of it were. And they found a lot of interesting things. It does incredible things to reduce poverty and the side effects of poverty, including things like students doing better in school, students staying in school. These are some of the holy grails of direct intervention in poor kids lives. ...
"It turns out if their families aren't dirt poor, they stay in school longer. You had better nutrition. You got lower incidence of low birth weight babies. Less infant mortality. And even in the in one experiment they found fewer incidence of people are with psychiatric disorders. So they found a lot of very positive results."
On the effect the program had on the workforce:
"When you have unemployment insurance and you get a job, you lose your unemployment insurance. When you have a basic income and you get a job, you're always better off with a job. You keep your basic income.
"So as a lump sum it does not have a work disincentive effect -- at least in marginal terms, which are very important to economists. It does have an income effect. When you have more money and that money doesn't require you to work, then it is possible for you not to work.
"And you did see some of those effects. ... The group that wasn't receiving a negative income tax record worked relatively less per week than the experimental group receiving the negative income tax. But that was because the people who receive the negative income tax took more time to find a good job, not because anybody actually dropped out of the labor force. They didn't find any evidence of that whatsoever."
On why the program ended:
"Well, it was an experiment and it was never meant to be permanent. There were four experiments in the U. S. and one in Canada. All of them were meant to be temporary.
"There was very serious consideration of creating a basic income guarantee in the United States. As a matter of fact, it passed the House of Representatives twice in the early 70s and failed fairly narrowly in the Senate. It was a very watered-down version, but was something along these lines.
"That was when streamlining and improving the welfare system was very popular in the 60s and 70s with the War on Poverty and Republicans, in the form of Nixon's Family Assistance Plan, kind of signed on to that. But then once you got to about 1980 it was all about cutting the welfare system, not reforming and improving it. Even the so-called welfare reform we got under Clinton was a cut very much more than it was a reform."
On the current attitude toward poverty:
"We all kind of like to think that we're better than those poor people. That the reason that we are successful and they're not is because we know what we're doing and they're making all these mistakes. And if they just became obedient servants to those minimum wage employers they would eventually work their way up.
"And that's simply not true. A minimum wage job will leave you deeply in poverty especially if you have a family. The basic income is kind of like a net. If you want a trapeze artist to do better tricks, the best thing to do is get to give them a net." | <urn:uuid:41c7cd30-73da-4962-9f9b-5dbd5bccfca3> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.cpr.org/show-segment/what-if-government-just-gave-poor-people-cash-its-been-tried-in-denver/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710953.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204004054-20221204034054-00736.warc.gz | en | 0.98323 | 948 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Are barnacles harmful to whales?
Big Batches of Barnacles The barnacles are just along for the ride. They don’t harm the whales or feed on the whales, like true parasites do. Barnacles don’t serve any obvious advantage to the whales, but they give helpful lice a place to hang onto the whale without getting washed away by water.
Do whales get anything from barnacles?
In the case of barnacles and whales, only the barnacles benefit from attaching to the whales, but at no biological cost to the whale. This type of symbiotic relationship is known as commensalism. In this case, attaching to the whales gives the barnacles a stable place to live, a free ride, and access to plenty of food.
How do whales get rid of barnacles?
Whales have been observed to scrape the affected area against rocks or the seafloor if it seems to become unbearable for them. This removes the barnacle species and whale lice naturally.
What whale has the most barnacles?
A single humpback whale may carry up to 450 kg (990 lb) of barnacles. On right whales (Eubalaena spp) an endemic species of barnacle, Tubicinella is embedded in patches of roughened, calcified skin called callosities.
Do whales mind barnacles?
Being such large mammals, these cetacean species do not mind the large number of barnacles growing on their bodies. Barnacles are not parasites either, and the hard covering they form on whales actually can help offer them protection from other dangerous creatures in the sea!
Do dolphins get barnacles?
The highly specialized coronulid barnacle, Xenobalanus globicipitis, attaches exclusively to cetaceans, particularly dolphins from tropical and temperate waters, but little is known about the factors that drive the attachment location on its hosts.
Can barnacles grow inside humans?
Yes, barnacles can grow in human flesh.
How do I remove barnacles from my skin?
Scraping (curettage) or shaving the skin’s surface. First your doctor will numb the area and then use a scalpel blade to remove the growth. Sometimes shaving or scraping is used along with cryosurgery to treat thinner or flat growths.
What’s inside a barnacle?
Barnacles secrete hard calcium plates that completely encase them. A white cone made up of six calcium plates forms a circle around the crustacean. Four more plates form a “door” that the barnacle can open or close, depending on the tide. When the tide goes out, the barnacle closes up shop to conserve moisture.
Do sharks get barnacles?
Sharks don’t have algae or barnacle problems despite being underwater all their lives. Shark skin is made up of tiny rectangular scales topped with even smaller spines or bristles.
How do humans get barnacles?
They are sometimes referred to as “barnacles of old age.” The development of seborrheic keratoses is sometimes triggered by pregnancy, estrogen therapy or certain medical conditions.
Can you eat barnacles?
Believe it or not, barnacles are edible and delicious! That’s right, these creatures, commonly considered to be pests of the sea, can be harvested and prepared like any other seafood (provided they’re the right kind, of course).
Do humans get barnacles?
Commonly called Seb-Ks, or Skin Barnacles. This is one of the most common noncancerous skin growths in older adults. Seb-Ks usually start to appear as slightly raised, skin colored or light brown spots. With time, they start to thicken and develop a rough, waxy, scaly, warty texture.
Can barnacles grow on human bones?
Who eats barnacle?
Barnacles eat plankton and algae. What are some predators of Barnacles? Predators of Barnacles include fish, crabs, and humans.
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Oceana Launches Expedition to Learn Long-Term Effects of Gulf Oil Spill
Photo via Southerntabitha via Flickr CC
As BP pushes hard to shift attention away from the spill itself and on to clean-up and wrap-up efforts, Oceana has launched an expedition that will study the long-term effects of the disaster on the Gulf's flora and fauna. Hopping aboard the 170-foot Oceana Latitude and using remotely operated vehicles, specialized divers and satellite tags, the team will investigate how the spill is impacting coral, fish, shark and other wildlife, as well as study how other parts of the coasts and oceans will be impacted if the oil makes its way into currents.
Starting in the Florida Keys and sailing into the Gulf, the scientists will document and analyze the magnitude of the spill, the degree of impact, and will also tag several species of sharks to monitor migration patterns and how well they avoid contaminated areas. The organization recognizes that while it's the stuff at the surface that gets public attention, it's the stuff below the surface that will determine the health of the ecosystems in decades to come.
WATCH VIDEO: The Future of Sharks in Our Ocean
Xavier Pastor, vice president for Oceana Europe, states, "The Deepwater disaster is a horrible experiment on the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem. Oceana's expedition will help to answer important questions about what is happening under the water in the Gulf."
The expedition launched on Sunday, and reports will be released in the upcoming weeks from Oceana that will keep us all updated on their findings.
Follow Jaymi on Twitter for more stories like this
More on the Gulf Oil Spill
Gulf Oil Spill - News, photos, topics, and quotes
BP Gulf Oil Spill Cheat Sheet: A Timeline of Unfortunate Events
Planet 100: Offshore Oil Drilling Explained | <urn:uuid:42d77c8d-356b-470b-b692-02864d7bd5b8> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/oceana-launches-expedition-to-learn-long-term-effects-of-gulf-oil-spill.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608870.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527055922-20170527075922-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.919811 | 389 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Cardiac Imaging: What Can the Future Learn From the Past?
Tremendous strides in the understanding of the etiology of atherosclerosis have been greatly facilitated through the introduction of new methods of imaging of the vascular system. Innovations in imaging using ultrasound, single photon and positron emitting isotopes, x-rays and nuclear magnetic resonance have provided profound insights into the anatomic distribution and enabled the development of new treatment methods including bypass surgery and angioplasty. In addition, imaging tools have helped to identify the role of the various risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis.
Despite the profound reduction in morbidity and mortality of heart disease over the past 50 years, significant obstacles remain to achieve further reductions due to the challenges of sudden cardiac death, restenosis following angioplasty and bypass surgery, as well as heart failure. In the cardiovascular arena, new treatment methods have in many cases followed from the introduction of new tools for imaging the distribution and extent of atherosclerotic narrowing. The challenges for the future will be to identify those technologies with the most promise for increasing the specificity and sensitivity imaging the distribution and progression of atherosclerosis. A brief review of the evolution of diagnostic imaging and its role in understanding and treating heart and vascular disease can help define a roadmap for further advances.
- © 2011 by American Heart Association, Inc. | <urn:uuid:8f2a1080-e724-4053-bcda-0a87337eb5be> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/126/Suppl_21/A601 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948551162.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214222204-20171215002204-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.905776 | 276 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Salmonella Enteritidis Infection (Egg Associated) (cont.)
How do eggs become contaminated?
Most types of Salmonella live in the intestinal tracts of animals and birds and are transmitted to humans by contaminated foods of animal origin. Stringent procedures for cleaning and inspecting eggs were implemented in the 1970s and have made salmonellosis caused by external fecal contamination of egg shells extremely rare. However, unlike eggborne salmonellosis of past decades, the current epidemic is due to intact and disinfected grade A eggs. As noted earlier, the reason for this is that Salmonella enteritidis silently infects the ovaries of healthy appearing hens and contaminates the eggs before the shells are formed.
Although most infected hens have been found in the northeastern United States, the infection also occurs in hens in other areas of the country. In the Northeast, approximately one in 10,000 eggs may be internally contaminated. In other parts of the United States, contaminated eggs appear less common. Only a small number of hens seem to be infected at any given time, and an infected hen can lay many normal eggs while only occasionally laying an egg contaminated with the Salmonella bacterium.
Who can be infected?
Healthy adults and children are at risk for egg-associated salmonellosis, but the elderly, infants, and persons with impaired immune systems are at increased risk for serious illness. In these persons, a relatively small number of Salmonella bacteria can cause severe illness. Most of the deaths caused by Salmonella enteritidis have occurred among the elderly in nursing homes. Egg-containing dishes prepared for any of these high-risk persons in hospitals, in nursing homes, in restaurants, or at home should be thoroughly cooked and served promptly.
What is the risk? | <urn:uuid:92c80cce-ac54-4712-924c-3df461e3f85b> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=22060&page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300444.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00281-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955855 | 371 | 3.5 | 4 |
Skateboarding has had a long and rich history, from its humble beginnings of boarders being dubbed sidewalk surfers, to an anti-establishment sub-culture, to full blown commercial stardom. But did you know, if it weren’t for steel manufacturing, the skateboard might look and perform very differently?
The escalation of modern skateboarding
Skateboarding first showed up in California in the 1950’s, when surfers dreamed up the idea of “surfing on the streets” when the waves weren’t crashing. No one truly knows who invented the skateboard, although some claim the title, and to this day skateboarding remains a strange spontaneous creation.
The first skateboards were primal in their form, made from wooden boxes with roller skate wheels slapped on. However in 1958, Roller Derby mass produced a pressed wooden skateboard with metal wheels. By the early 1960’s, skateboarding had achieved peak popularity, with many big brand skateboarding companies hosting competitions – the most popular skating style of the time was freestyle, in which boarders perform relaxed flat ground skateboarding.
Over the years, skateboarding experienced several crashes in popularity, but since the early 90’s has made its way into the mainstream after the large success of the X Games.
The steel mechanics of a skateboard
With advancing technology and expert engineering capability, the skateboard has gone through many evolutions, however many of the key components, including wood and steel, remain true to its original form. The deck of the skateboard is still made with wood, but is now infused with composite materials and produced with innovative pressing techniques to maximise durability, yet remain flexible to the different styles of skateboarding. While many of the key components that transform an ordinary board into a shredding machine – the trucks, bearings, wheels and hardware – are made of custom cut steel.
Skateboard steel trucks are the T-shaped sections which are mounted to the underside of the wooden deck. There are a several fiddly metal components that form a functional truck, including the axle which runs like a spine to connect the wheels and the hanger (usually made of stainless steel) which the axle runs through. The kingpin, also made of steel, is the final piece of the truck puzzle which holds all the parts together and is cut and designed in a particular way to fit inside the skateboard bushings.
Beginners to the sport will notice that their board bearings are also made of steel. The bearings on a recreational skateboard (non-professional) are circular with flat sides, and hold approximately seven to nine lubricated steel balls which are intended to evenly disperse the weight of the rider and moderate the pressure between the wheels and axle. Lastly, the mounting hardware – bolts, nuts, locknuts and screws – are connect to secure all the parts together, to ensure the boarder has a safe ride… Well, not accounting for user error.
So there you have it; the basic tenets of a skateboard. If this has inspired you to build your own skateboard or DIY creative project, which involve steel profile cutting, bevelling, drilling, bending or more, ShapeCUT are here to help. We are Queensland’s largest privately-owned metal processing business, with over twenty years in the steel industry. If you’re ready to build a steel creation, contact us today on 1800 742 732. | <urn:uuid:f827522c-7f1d-4c28-b2a8-0c4985e15ce9> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.shapecut.com.au/blog/how-skateboarders-rely-on-the-steel-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517917.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212192750-20171212212750-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.960343 | 704 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The vector force field F=(yi,-xj) has a curl of -2. The acceleration of a particle in space is given by: ax=y/m ay=-x/m This vector field has a divergence of 0. Will particles in this vector FORCE field move in circles or will they spiral outwards in a crazy fashion? My conundrum is this, the acceleration of the particles is never towards the center, therefor there is no centripetal acceleration, so how can these particles move in discreet circles?
Does this reasoning make sense or am I doing a nested substitution:
r=Sqrt[x^2+y^2] r=Sqrt[((1/2)ax*t^2)^2 + ((1/2)ay*t^2)^2] r=(1/2)Sqrt[t^4 (ax^2 + ay^2)] r=(1/2)Sqrt[t^4 a^2] r=(1/2)at^2 | <urn:uuid:b57d17e3-dace-4759-ae03-eeef92a3c98e> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/14904/vector-force-fields-and-their-physical-interpretations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500837094.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021357-00421-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.835285 | 219 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This is part two of an article that highlights the current possibilities and uses of artificial intelligence, and AI and sustainability can go hand in hand, with a focus on how the technology can be used to make significant changes towards production methods that are genuinely sustainable.
Now that you’ve read part one of this post, are you ready to see how AI can be used for good? Great, Let’s get going!
The possibilities of AI to make the world better
While I highly detest giving my data to an algorithm that knows more about me than my spouse, I must admit AI harbors some amazing optional in regards to sustainability.
Several high rollers in the consumer packaged goods industries have started to use AI as a way of optimizing production.
It works by an algorithm combing through a list of tens of thousands of ingredients and simulating their interaction.
In human speak: The program can figure out how different components in a product, say a yogurt, or body lotion, will interact, without having to mix the ingredients. This saves companies loads of time and money because they can focus on a few, highly targeted product tests, instead of months and years of testing different products by methodically replacing various components.
This means it can allow product developers to find cleaner alternatives to their list of ingredients. And this is where we have potential!
Let’s look at some examples
As you probably know our fashion industry is taking a heavy toll on the environment. Besides from the 79 billion cubic meters of water the industry uses per year, and the 92 million tons of solid waste dumped in landfills each year, the industry is also generating more greenhouse gas emissions than all international flights and maritime shipping combined.
But, our fashion needs and wants also has another consequence: Plastic pollution.
While it’s wonderful to see national bans on everything from straws to single use-cups, there’s another overlooked culprit.
Our fleece sweaters and yoga pant are made from polyesters.
Polyester is a polymer, meaning a long chain of repeating molecular units (that’s science talk for plastic). And more and more of our clothes are made with plastic fibers.
You might have seen some fleece jackets being marketed as sustainable jackets. That’s because they are made from recycled plastic. Well, that’s still an issue.
When you wear and wash your clothing, pieces of the fabric will fall off. But this fabric is made of plastic.
That means your washing machine empties out its water, the tiny plastic threads are carried with the graywater.
The effect of micro- and nano plastic is still not fully research, but its documented that microplastic in fish results in brain damage and behavioral change.
Tiny note on biology: If other species with a central nervous system is affected, humans probably are as well.
Using AI to asses the durability and elasticity of more sustainable fabrics, like bamboo fibers, wool, and cotton blends could help pave the way for better fabrics, that are still soft and durable.
Beauty products and food
In the world of sustainable beauty products, there is one major villain. Palm oil.
Being the most widely used vegetable oil in the world, palm oil is believed to be in about 50% of products found in supermarkets and shops!
It sounds like a natural and healthy ingredient to use in beauty products, right? Palm oil can currently be found in everything from conditioner, to body lotion, toothpaste and, let’s not forget the Grace and Frankie special, lube.
On the food spectrum, palm oil can be found in anything from ice cream and margarine,
But the palm oil industry is insanely destructive on the environment and countries like Malaysia, and Indonesia suffer devastating loss in biodiversity as almost 50% of the local deforestation is a result of tropical forests being cut down to make way for palm oil plantations.
It’s estimated that palm oil responsible for 0.4% of global deforestation.
The reason palm oil is used in half of all super marked products is, that it’s safe and cheap
— that is, it’s cheap as long as you don’t count in the externalities (hidden costs) from biodiversity destructions.
Where AI could do the environment a solid, is by finding alternative ingredient combination to substitute palm oil.
Or at the very least, cut down on the amount of oil needed.
Think about it. AI’s are already being used to optimize products, by finding cheaper alternative ingredients that do not change the properties of the product.
If you made it analyze all known ingredients in the food and beauty industry, blacklisting some ingredients like pall oil.
Heck, maybe AI could even come up with the world’s first non-toxic nail polish (yep, nail polish is pretty toxic, and not great if you’re into green living).
Natural insecticides, to replace the neonicotinoids and fungicides that are killing off our pollinators
By now you likely know that colony collapse disorder, and the rapid decline in pollinations is linked to habitat loss and our current agricultural processes.
More precisely, the pesticide and fungicides we use in the agricultural sector have been shown to weaken the immune system of bees and mess with their navigation skills.
As a result, we are seeing an alarming drop in pollinators, including bees and butterflies.
In short, we need pollinators to, well pollinate, if we are to keep a healthy global food production system. It’s estimated that 1/3 of all global food, is dependent on pollinators.
The list of food that could possibly go extinct from lack of pollinators include Chocolate and coffee.
Back to AI!
One way futuristic computers could help us is by the deployment of smart robot bees. But, if you like me, have seen black mirror, you’re probably not going to be in favor of millions of tiny robots all mounted with cameras.
Instead, AI could be used to prevent the total collapse of our ecosystem.
Like all old school farmers know, there are alternatives to mainstream pesticides and herbicides. Things like eucalyptus and garlic, are known to keep unwanted pests abbey. As a bonus, your fields will be vampire free.
(Fun side note, My granddad, that I’ve mentioned before taught me how to use garlic as a pesticide when I was a kid. I think that might also be where I got the lame vampire joke. #SorryNotSorry.)
Again, AI could be tasked with sorting through knowledge about safer alternatives to common-use pesticides. That would creat recipes out of non-harmful ingredients.
This recipe could then be lab tested to make sure, they don’t have negative side effects on crops or wildlife.
The Greenenator — AI’s gear for improving the future of our planet
So there you have. A run through of how AI could be used to for good.
We could use a sustainability Terminator to stop some of our current harmful behaviors. Or, We could use it to save the millions of hectares of forest from being cut down, or by halting the causes of colony collapse disorder, or by limiting the amount of microplastic that ends up in our food stream.
We have a choice now. Either, we can use AI to sell more fast food, and make tastier beers, or…
Dear future, let’s work to make Alpha Go, go green.
Keep being awesome,
Endnote: if you are more curious about AI I recommend this lengthy post from WaitButWhy.
I also highly recommend this more general book about algorithms and al, The Formula, Luke Dormehl.
And lastly, for those of you who love exploring Sci-fi, this fanfiction is some of the best I’ve read about AI (surprisingly well researched), I advise you to check out Friendship is optimal. | <urn:uuid:d8fa9346-84f3-45a7-8143-1dee41489e7b> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://somethinggreen.org/ai-and-sustainability-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991650.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518002309-20210518032309-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.940234 | 1,656 | 3.234375 | 3 |
An entrepreneur is often defined as someone who sees a social problem in his community and comes up with a new idea, method or business to respond to it. But the truth has more to it than this; their impact is really important and more significant than we can imagine.
A social entrepreneur, similar to a business entrepreneur, relies on his innovation and creativity, and is driven by his willingness to bring solutions; he builds a strong and sustainable organization, that puts mission before profits. That is the different thing about these social enterprises that creates a special appeal for them because this is the way you do good business; you help others and make a difference in their lives, unlike most (though not all) corporations that pursue CSR (corporate social responsibility) for marketing purposes or to reduce costs and increase profits.
Entrepreneurs have got much to give to society, They can contribute to the wellbeing of a nation in several ways that improve the living conditions of the people by:
-Adopting a mission to create and sustain social value: as they are mission-driven enterprises, they pick a pressing social problem and make it their job to address it.
-Recognizing and relentlessly pursuing new opportunities to serve that mission: They constantly look for opportunities to develop their enterprise and bring what’s best for their target beneficiaries.
-Engaging in the process of continuous innovation, adaptation, and learning: Innovation is what drives entrepreneurs as they always have to adapt with the market’s needs.
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Today, as the world struggles with problems including poverty, violence, climate change, health, and more, social entrepreneurship is raising in popularity and gaining more importance, and we need social entrepreneurs to help us find new avenues toward social improvement as we enter the next century. | <urn:uuid:36bb52ca-ff91-47c7-8c60-51db909d8f07> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ampglobalyouth.org/students/can-social-entrepreneurs-contribute-society/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.962065 | 451 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Music for civic ceremonies from 16th-19th Centuries were provided in Berwick by the town 'waites'.
Early on some of these were quite talented - for example between 1735 and 1758 John Oswald from Crail was employed to lead the waits. His son James Oswald (1710-1769) became one of the leading composers of his day in the Scots/Italian style eventually ending up at the court of George III. Oswald's music is now enjoying something of a revival.
But by the 19th.century the waits' lack of talent had become an embarrassment and the post was abolished.
James Wallace - Last of the Town Waits- by Gerry Wallace
From medieval times up to the beginning of the 19th century, every British town and city of any note had a Town Wait or a band of Waits. Waits were professional musicians employed by the town and paid for out of the taxes. My great great great great grandfather, James Wallace was just such a Wait.
In the years before Cook discovered New Zealand, my forefather, James Wallace entertained, informed and watched over the good people of Berwick-upon-Tweed. He was born in 1759 in the Scottish borders but he was christened in Berwick Holy Trinity church on 28th October 1759.
James became so popular that a drawing was made of him and even a statuette was made in his honour. These can be viewed on request at the Berwick-upon-Tweed, Borough Museum which is located at the appropriately named Wallace Green Road. How's that for a coincidence?
The redoubtable James Wallace was blind from an early age, and the drawing shows him going through the streets in his full regalia, carrying a fiddle and being escorted by a young boy, possibly his son Paul.
Paul went on to become a Professor of Music in Edinburgh and established a school of music in Nicolson Street. But that's another story.
James, like other Waits of his time had several important functions in the community. In those days there were no street lights; and candles were so expensive that people went to bed when it was dark and got up when it was daylight. They really had no way of telling the time with any consistency. Houses were not that secure and folk went to bed with the worry that there could be all sorts of vagabonds and ne'er-do-wells lurking about in the dark streets. A friendly Wait keeping watch while doing his rounds must have been a real comfort.
Waits started out as City or Town gatekeepers and night-watchmen. Their shrill musical instruments which included the shawm or Wait pipes, were used entertain, to signal that all was well, and also to sound alarms.By the end of the fourteenth century, they had become sought after minstrels who played for civic functions. Their duties included playing their instruments through the town at night, waking the townsfolk on dark winter mornings, welcoming Royal visitors by playing at the town gates, playing at religious services and private functions and leading the Mayor's procession on civic occasions.
Waits would often go on tour, visiting the country seats of the aristocracy, and playing in towns which lacked Waits of their own, sometimes helping out with civic ceremonies.
Being blind didn't stop James from being at the top of his profession for over 50 years, which is more than you can say for most of today's entertainers.
Prior to becoming a Wait at the age of 20 in 1779, James made his living as a musician in the Castlegate / Greenseas area of Berwick.
In 1835, an Act of Parliament abolished the position of Town Wait. However the Berwick Town Council allowed James to retain his post well after the position was abolished.
An insight into James's character and his life and times can be gained from looking at the Guild account books held at the unique Berwick Museum.
On the 8th October, 1779, James was issued with his Great Coat. These coats were expensive, ornamental and colourful, usually skirted, and with a collar of office, which consisted of a chain with a scutcheon of the Town's arms, usually in silver; and later with silver arm-badges. These collars were very valuable, sometimes costing the equivalent of two year's wages.
The Guild record reads 'This day the Guild also resumed the Consideration of the Petition of James Wallace the Corporation Wait of Castlegate presented to a Guild holden on the Thirtieth day of July last. And do hereby order that he be allowed a Great Coat according to the prayer of his Petition'
This account further identifies him as 'The Piper of Castlegate' and shows his annual wages to be £3.00.
There was an attempt to increase this, two years later in February 1800. The account states that on 28th February 'Mr. Joseph Brown moved the Guild that the salary of James Wallace, Wait of Castlegate be augmented to £7.00 per annum, the said motion is referred to the adjournment.' The motion was later heard by the Guild on 21st March 1800 but was rejected. No luck James!
James lived in the towns Marygate, a bustling street in its day with his son Paul, who was born in 1806, but James had an earlier flirtation and owned up to it, as documents of that time revealed.
This document relates the death of his first son and announces, 'the death of James Smith, natural son of Jane Smith, Spinster by James Wallace, musician. Died November 27, 1802 age just 2 ¾ years, from fever.' Our hero was later to do the right thing and marry Jane Smith.
James also had a servant, which was not uncommon in those days and not as grand as it appears. Given James' aforementioned blindness this would have been a great help to him. His servants name was Alexander Wilson. Curiously enough, the picture of James, held at the Berwick Museum was drawn by James Wilson, a local Lighthouse keeper. It may be that they were related.
This was the period when Grace Darling would obtain notoriety for her famous rescue of stricken sailors, and given the location and close knit community of the era, they all probably knew each other.
James' demise was recorded in the Berwick Advertiser on 21st March 1845, he was 86. His headstone can be seen in the towns Holy Trinity Churchyard to the right of the gateway to the little cottages. The Church itself is well worth a visit.
James's death in 1845, heralded the demise of the last ever Town Wait of Berwick. | <urn:uuid:8d9be428-985c-409c-be26-b246a34847c5> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.townwaits.org.uk/history_berwick.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659833.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00027-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987486 | 1,378 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Commemorated on April 20
The Monk Alexander
of Oshevensk was born on 17 March 1427, 80 versts from Belozersk in the
Vysheozersk region, several months before the death of the Monk Kirill of
Belozersk (+ 9 July 1427), with whom he was bound together by later
spiritual connections for his whole life.
Alexei (worldly name
of the Monk Alexander of Oshevensk) was the fifth son of the rich landowner
Nikifor Osheven and his spouse Fotinia; he was a long-awaited child and was
born through the fervent prayers of Fotinia. The Mother of God Herself together
with the Monk Kirill of Belozersk appeared to her and promised the birth of a
son through the intercession of the Monk Kirill. Although Alexei was the
youngest son, his parents hoped to see in him their successor and someone to
care for them in their old age. In childhood they taught the boy his letters
and spoke of him as an enterprising landowner. At 18 years of age they sought
to marry off the youth. With the permission of his parents, he went off to pray
at the Kirillo-Belozersk monastery and remained there.
The hegumen loved the
youth for his humility and soon suggested to him to take monastic vows. But
Alexei refused, having decided to test himself. Having studied Holy Scripture,
he served the brethren as a novice for six years and only then did he accept monastic
During this time his
parents settled in the village of Volosovo, 30 versts from Kargopol near the
River Onega. Soon Nikifor sought of the Novgorod boyar Ioann a place for
settling near the River Churiuga, which received the town-name Oshevensk.
The Monk Alexander
asked of the hegumen permission to receive from his parents their final
blessing and forgiveness, so that afterwards he might go into a solitary life.
Not at once did the hegumen give permission to the young monk. He warned him
about the dangers of wilderness life. But the Monk Alexander feared the ascetic
fame that he had among the brethren, and he requested a second time to be
released from the monastery. Finally, the hegumen gave his blessing.
Greeting him with
joy, the father suggested to the son that he settle at the River Churiuga and
promised to assist in the building of a monastery. The Monk Alexander took a
liking to the place. He set up a cross as foundation of the future monastery
and gave a vow to dwell there until the end of his life. After this the Monk
Alexander returned to the Kirillo-Belozersk monastery and for some time he did
obedience in the choir, in the kitchen and in the bakery. They ordained him to
the dignity of deacon. Finally, when the Monk Alexander went to the hegumen for
the third time and told him, how a miraculous voice had called him to organise
a monastery, and how he had vowed to dwell at that place, the hegumen released
him, blessing him with the icons of the Hodegetria Mother of God and Sainted
Nicholas the Wonderworker.
The Monk Alexander
dedicated the chosen spot with the icons, and received from his father
supervision for building a church, and he himself set off to the Archbishop of
Novgorod Jona (1459-1470). Archbishop Jona ordained him to the dignity of
presbyter and appointed him hegumen of the monastery. The boyarina Anastasia
and her son Yurii were prepared to offer the monastery the whole district, but
the Monk Alexander accepted the gramota (deed) for only the necessary ground.
The constructed church was dedicated in the name of Sainted Nicholas. With
determination and energy the monk began to work at organising the monastery. An
elder, who had accompanied him from the Kirillo-Belozersk monastery, was not
able to endure the harsh wilderness life and went back. By little by little
brethren gathered. The monk enacted a strict ustav (rule) of common life, which
required complete silence in temple and at refectory, when saint-lives were
read, in monk cells there was to be no idleness, and at the time of fulfilling
obediences it was necessary to do the Jesus Prayer or read psalms.
"Brethren, said the monastic hegumen, let us not shirk work nor the
way of sorrow. Ye know, that the way of sorrow leads to the Heavenly Kingdom.
Live in mutual love and humility. God is love, and He loveth the humble".
Many even from the
layfolk came to the monk and put themselves under his spiritual guidance. Two
nephews of the saint accepted monastic orders at his monastery, who offended
one of the brethren, the monk Ambrosii. The Monk Alexander gently calmed the
religious brother, but the nephews cooled in their zeal for asceticism and they
left the monastery. Grief over the salvation of his spiritual children wrecked
the health of the monk. He lay down and was not able to life up his hand nor
his head, nor even to utter a word. In such a state of exhaustion the Monk
Alexander prayed to the Monk Kirill, his patron. The Monk Kirill appeared in a
white robe and, signing the sick man with the sign of the cross, he said:
"Grieve not, brother! I intercede and thou shalt be well. Only forget not
thy vow, nor leave this place. I shall assist thee". Having fallen asleep,
the monk regained his strength and in the morning went to church. To encourage
the brethren he told about the visit of the Monk Kirill. The monk laboured for
27 years in the monastery founded by him, and died peacefully on 20 April
After the death of
the hegumen, the monastery began quickly to go into decline. But the monk did
not cease to care for it. One time, the monastic attendant Mark had a vision in
a dream: the monastery was full of people; a grey-haired elder in bishop's garb
signed with a cross those working on the building. Another elder, with a long
beard, sprinkled with holy-water; and a third, of moderate stature and blond
hair, censed. A fourth one, a youth, followed after them at a distance. The
third elder, this was the Monk Alexander Oshevensk explained, that
Sainted Nicholas the Wonderworker and the Monk Kirill of Belozersk assisted
him, and the youth standing at the distance was the cantor Matfei, who was soon
vowed under the name Maxim and chosen hegumen of the monastery, as predicted in
the vision of the Monk Alexander. The monk Maxim was established as hegumen by
the Archbishop of Novgorod Sergei (1483-1485), and he restored the monastery.
He was the monastic head until 1525.
At the time of
building of a new temple in the name of Sainted Nicholas, during an appearance
of the Monk Alexander and at his command, his relics were found undecayed.
His image was then painted in accord with how he appeared as a monk and in
accord with the accounts of those who knew the elder: the Monk Alexander of
Oshevensk was of moderate stature, with parched face and sunken cheeks, with a
small thin beard, grizzled with blond hairs. He is thus depicted on icons.
© 1996-2001 by translator Fr. S. Janos. | <urn:uuid:e6f79c96-a38e-4102-913c-ff6f45da4525> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/los/April/20-02.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363641.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209000407-20211209030407-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.975087 | 1,675 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Definition of ceramide
: any of various lipids formed by linking a fatty acid to sphingosine and found widely but in small amounts in plant and animal tissue
Recent Examples of ceramide from the Web
Best-case scenario: When a moisturizer contains ceramides and niacinamide (like the one below).
Dermatologist recommended Aquation Gentle Moisturizing Cleanser, Moisturizing Cream, Daily Moisturizing Lotion and Hydrating Cleansing Bar contain hyaluronic acid and three ceramides to seal in moisture and help prevent water loss.
Others are focusing on another class of compounds, called ceramides.
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'ceramide'. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
Origin and Etymology of ceramide
cerebroside + amide
First Known Use: 1958See Words from the same year
Medical Definition of ceramide
: any of a group of amido sphingolipids formed by linking a fatty acid to sphingosine and found widely in small amounts in plant and animal tissue
Learn More about ceramide
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about ceramide
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up ceramide? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:38d7f955-420d-4871-9c46-8b1282307af5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436321.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728022449-20170728042449-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.864768 | 309 | 3.28125 | 3 |
How Many People Are There In The US With The Last Name Clements?
There are about 146,000 people in the United States with the last name Clements. But where does the name come from?The name Clements is derived from the Latin word clementius, meaning merciful. It was popularized in the English-speaking world by the 12th century saint, Clement of Rome.
There are a number of famous people with the last name Clements, including:
-British actor Terence Clements
-American actor and singer David Clements
-Australian rules footballer Shane Clements
-Irish hurler Seán Clements
So, how did your last name get its start? Chances are, it was derived from one of these famous individuals.
Which State In The US Has The Largest Population With The Last Name Clements?
There are many people in the United States with the last name Clements, but which state has the largest population of them? According to the 2010 United States Census, Texas has the highest population of people with the last name Clements, with over 69,000 residents. California is a close second, with over 60,000 residents with the last name Clements. Florida and Georgia round out the top four, with over 25,000 and 23,000 residents, respectively.
What Are The Most Uncommon Names With The Last Name Clements?
If you're looking for a unique name for your baby, you may want to consider one of the more uncommon names with the last name Clements. While there are many popular names to choose from, there are also some lesser-known names that could be a perfect fit for your family.Here are a few of the most uncommon names with the last name Clements:
Choosing a name for your child is a very important decision, and with so many unique names to choose from, you're sure to find the perfect one. If you're looking for a more uncommon name, consider one of the names listed above. | <urn:uuid:4aa70f9c-80c4-411e-9244-d77a9eea17a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://findpeoplefast.net/last-names/c/clements | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711017.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205132617-20221205162617-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.94533 | 455 | 2.796875 | 3 |
On March 14, 1934, in New York City, George Balanchine began working on a new dance set to Tchaikovsky’s Serenade for Strings, Op. 48. He had arrived in the United States from his native Russia via Europe some five months earlier, and had just taught a morning dance class at the School of American Ballet on the fourth floor of the Tuxedo Building at 59th Street and Madison Avenue. He and Lincoln Kirstein had founded the school that January, and they had a small following of students. Everything was new: Balanchine barely spoke English, barely knew Kirstein, and barely knew his American dancers. Serenade would be his first American ballet. As the class ended, one dancer later recalled, Balanchine climbed onto the “watching bench”—a stool that allowed him a vantage point over the dancers—and stretched his arms invitingly toward them with open palms. He quietly dismissed the men and asked the women to take a break and return in fifteen minutes ready to work.
When they were all gathered, Balanchine nodded to the pianist, his fellow Russian émigré Ariadna Mikeshna, and turned to the sweaty young women in leotards, tights, and practice skirts leaning nervously on the barres. They were teenagers at the peak of health; he was thirty, fighting tuberculosis, and had recently lost the use of one lung, the consequence of living through the brutalities of World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the Russian civil wars during his youth. He graciously approached each dancer, took her by the arm, and escorted her to a spot on the floor. There happened to be seventeen women in class that day, so he made a pattern in the large studio for seventeen: two perfect diamonds of eight, with a single dancer at the point joining the two formations. From the front, every dancer could be seen—like an orange grove in California, he later liked to say.
As they stood in their places, he started to talk. In pidgin English, he told them something of his Russian past. He was a ten-year-old student at the Imperial Theater School when World War I began, and only thirteen when the revolution erupted in 1917. He left for Europe in 1924. A decade later in New York, the memories still haunted him: gunfire in the streets, scavenging for food, killing and eating cats, and freezing in subzero temperatures, not to mention the dead bodies piled in the streets as the war and revolution took their toll. He told his students about the small dance company he had started in the midst of it all, and about leaving for Berlin and Paris and working with Sergei Diaghilev. He talked anxiously about Germany and Hitler, much on everybody’s mind in…
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Between 1450 and 1600 ancient Rome began to emerge from beneath the shapeless pastures and deserted hills of the ancient city. Renaissance scholars identified major sites and buildings. They began the great effort of copying the ancient inscriptions that made the city itself a vast, if fragmentary, textbook about Roman history and life.
By the middle of the fifteenth century, scholars in the curia--like the brilliant architect Leon Battista Alberti and the erudite scholar Flavio Biondo--knew the ancient city better than anyone had for a thousand years. Artists recorded the ruins that survived, broken and ivy-covered, and reconstructed the original palaces and temples in all their crisp-edged glory. Architects tried to grasp the rules and methods of the Roman builders. When ancient works of art, like the Laocoon, came to light they immediately became famous and influential, finding prominent places in the sculpture collections that adorned the Capitoline hill, the Belvedere court of the Vatican, and many private houses. Drawn and printed images of them circulated throughout Europe and scholars and artists made pilgrimages to Rome to see them. By the middle of the sixteenth century, Roman scholars had recreated the whole web and texture of ancient Roman life, from its physical environment to its religious rituals, in astonishingly vivid detail. True, not even papal support could stop the destruction of individual monuments and buildings; much continued to be lost or scattered. The study of the ruins prospered even as buildings were torn down or burnt to make lime. In the course of the sixteenth century, Roman archaeologists shed new light on the Egyptian and early Christian worlds as well as on Rome itself.
By the fourteenth century, Italian intellectuals were becoming fascinated by the physical as well as the literary relics of the ancient world. Rome, of course, had the grandest of all ruins, at which medieval pilgrims had long marvelled. The Roman in the street was happy to provide misinformation about sites and statues, but in the Renaissance, scholars began to measure, excavate, and identify the statues and buildings that had long amazed travellers. True, much was lost forever. When Poggio Bracciolini and a friend climbed the Capitoline Hill in 1430, the vast view that opened out before them was a desert; the ancient forum was populated only by pigs, deer, and vegetables. But by the end of the fifteenth century, Roman scholars had identified the sites of many lost buildings, compiled notebooks bulging with information, and begun to recreate the ancient city.
Giovanni Mansionario, Historia imperialis
Giovanni de Matociis (d. 1337), known as Giovanni Mansionario because of his official office in the cathedral at Verona, used the very rich library preserved there to splendid effect. A prescient scholar, he proved that there had been not one but two Plinys, the elder who wrote the Natural History and the younger who described the elder's death in the eruption of Vesuvius. Both his erudition and his critical skills served him well in the writing of his immense Historia imperialis, a biographical compilation that began with Augustus. He shows a real interest in trying to recreate ancient Roman life in three dimensions, as 3~is clear from his stiff but fascinating marginal drawings of emperors' heads (derived from Roman coins) and a Roman circus (which he based not on the remains of the Arena in Verona but on textual information from a late antique encyclopedia).
Giovanni Mansionario, Historia imperialis. Parchment. Early fourteenth century
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Cristoforo Buondelmonti, Liber insularum archipelagi
Many Roman families took a deep interest in the exploration of ancient ruins. Cristoforo Buondelmonti dedicated this treatise on his adventurous exploration of the islands of the Aegean to Cardinal Giordano Orsini in 1420. All extant manuscripts are copies of the original, nonetheless the illustrations suggest the nostalgic and obsessive love for the classical last that made Buondelmonte risk capture by pirates and death from starvation. Here, carefully drawn ruins evoke the pathos of what he took to be the ruins of Troy.
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Poggio Bracciolini, De varietate fortunae
In the papal curia in the 1420s and after, some papal secretaries became expert archaeologists. This splendid miniature of Poggio represents one of the most adventurous of all the fifteenth- century explorers of the classical past. Poggio Bracciolini walked the streets and inspected the stones of Rome, intent on preserving and recording every detail and "stupefied" by the continuing destruction of important ancient buildings. In this book he makes the theme of fortune's power to destroy the pretext for a detailed firsthand survey of Rome's ruins. It begins dramatically, with Poggio and a friend surveying the scene visible from the top of the Capitoline, and includes detailed study of such technical matters as the composition of the city's walls.
Poggio Bracciolini, De varietate fortunae. Parchment. Fifteenth century
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Pomponio Leto, Lectures on Varro
Pomponio Leto, a famous teacher as well as a brilliant antiquary, lectured in Rome on many classical texts, including the work of the Roman scholar Varro on the Latin language. This text gave him the pretext for discussion of many Roman customs, places, and buildings, which he evidently described in detail and even showed to his students. The student who copied this manuscript had a lively talent for drawing, seen here in his sketches of the Baths of Diocletian. As a whole the lectures show the rich way in which Roman texts and antiquities illuminated each other in the interdisciplinary scholarship of the Roman humanists.
Pomponio Leto, Lectures on Varro. Paper. 1484
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In his view of Chios and Mytilene, Buondelmonti shows the site where he saw "the tomb of the bard Homer" (Chios) and where, as he knew, Sappho, Theophrastus, and other distinguished ancients had lived (Mytilene).
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Archaeology was a field where scholars and artists collaborated. The brilliant Leon Battista Alberti, Nicholas V's architectural adviser, roamed the entire city in order to learn how the Romans had built. His own book on architecture, the first modern one, offered modern readers a vast amount of archaeological information. In the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, more and more classical works of art came to light, and artists joined the pious in making pilgrimages to Rome. From tiny manuscript illuminations to huge systematic sketchbooks, the artists' record of the ancient city eloquently reveals the reverence and fascination that antiquity inspired.
Pomponio Leto, Working notebook of inscriptions
These fragments of what seems to have been Leto's field notebook contain his notes on an inscription including an ancient Roman calendar on stone. This calendar depicted the signs of the zodiac through which the sun passed, gave the lengths of days and nights, listed the agricultural tasks and religious festivals appropriate to each month, and provided other important information, like the dates of the solstices and equinoxes. The Roman calendar was complex, sophisticated, and steeped in beliefs deeply rooted in the Roman past. Leto's discovery, now known as the Menologium rusticum Vallense, was a major addition to the humanists' stock of knowledge about Roman practices and beliefs.
Pomponio Leto, Working notebook of inscriptions. Paper. Fifteenth century
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Printed version of Leto's calendars
The Menologium that Pomponio Leto copied out was printed in a little brochure in Rome early in the sixteenth century. The printer, Mazzocchi, drew his text from a manuscript collection of inscriptions compiled by one of the most expert specialist antiquaries of the late fifteenth century, Fra Giovanni Giocondo. Though texts like this circulated widely in the age of manuscripts, printing obviously made them accessible to a far larger circle of scholars than scribal efforts could.
Printed version of Leto's calendars. Rome: Iacopo Mazzocchi. ca. 1509
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Leon Battista Alberti, Descriptio urbis Romae
Leon Battista Alberti helped Pope Nicholas V draw up the first of many projects to rebuild Rome and studied the work of ancient architects building by building. In this short treatise he describes how to use a mathematical instrument to measure the distances between the most important Roman buildings and to plot them on a circular map. Alberti had seen and been impressed by the maps in the Greek text of Ptolemy's Geography and hoped to provide an equally rigorous and quantitative framework for the study of ancient and modern Rome--an enterprise characteristic of the curia.
Leon Battista Alberti, Descriptio urbis Romae. Paper. Fifteenth century
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Flavio Biondo, Roma instaurata
Flavio Biondo, papal secretary and historian, reconstructed the physical and institutional textures of Roman life in works that remained standard for a century or more. He reached a large audience through printed editions of the originals and Italian translations. His great compilation Roma instaurata, displayed here, provided the first systematic and well-documented guide to the ruins of the city. The pages shown describe the Baths of Diocletian.
Flavio Biondo, Roma instaurata. Paper. Fifteenth century
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Panoramic view of Rome, From Euclid, Geometry
This panoramic view of Rome may have been the first to use Alberti's method. It was centered on the Monte Mario, behind the Vatican, and locates principally such Christian monuments as Ara Coeli.
Panoramic view of Rome, From Euclid, Geometry. Paper. 1457
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Renaissance archaeologists loved Roman culture, but they were also fascinated by Rome's great, mysterious relics of ancient Egypt: the obelisks, some of them inscribed with mysterious hieroglyphs, that Roman emperors had brought across the Mediterranean. One of these relics, at once threatening and magnificent, was still standing by the Vatican; others were discovered underground. Scholars tried to understand their messages and functions. The imperious pope Sixtus V had five of them raised--a job so hard that Michelangelo had refused to undertake it. Once formally exorcised of their evil spirits, the obelisks clearly showed that Christianity had overtaken Rome and Egypt alike in power and glory. Still other archaeologists penetrated the buried early Christian tombs in the catacombs under the city, making adventurous trips into the dark to find a whole lost world of early Christian symbolism and imagery.
Alfonso Chacon, Christian Inscriptions
This notebook was made by no fewer than five artists working under the direction of an expert on early Christianity, Alfonso Chacon, in the late sixteenth century. Inspired by the need to defend Catholicism against Protestant attacks, Roman scholars studied the early Christian art of the catacombs. They identified some basic themes and conventions of early Christian art, such as the frequent representation of Christ as a shepherd. The artists' skill was not great, however, and some images--like the revival of Lazarus are almost unrecognizable.
Alfonso Chacon, Christian Inscriptions [image not available at this time]. Sixteenth century
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Cesare Baronio, Annales ecclesiastici (Annals of the Church)
This work is a classic of Counter-Reformation scholarship--an effort to show that the true church had always been Catholic. The manuscript shows that Carlo Baronio inserted his reference to the forged works of the Egyptian prophet Hermes Trismegistus--a glaring error for which he was chastised by the Protestant Isaac Casaubon--into the text of his church history only after he had composed it in draft. The manuscript, with its many corrections and additions, gives a good sense of the scale of Baronio's enterprise as well as of the occasional weaknesses of his research and criticism of sources.
Cesare Baronio, Annales ecclesiastici (Annals of the Church). In Latin. Autograph. Parchment. ca. 1600
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Francesco Colonna, Hypnerotomachia Polifili
This romantic, pseudo-Egyptian image was widely reused in the sixteenth century. The book it came from, the Hypnerotomachia, was a fanciful, romantic text, in a strange mixture of Italian, Latin, scrambled Hebrew, and imaginary hieroglyphs. Its illustrations, drawn in a skillful, austere style that seemed authentically classical to many readers, incorporated genuine Roman ruins and reliefs. The book did much to spread a taste for Egyptian relics and to heighten scholars' and artists' interest in the decipherment of hieroglyphs.
Francesco Colonna, Hypnerotomachia Polifili [image not available at this time]. Venice. 1499.
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F. Borromini, Drawing for Piazza Navona
Another obelisk, found outside the city on the Appian Way, became the centerpiece of Baroque Rome's most spectacular space--the Piazza Navona. Borromini's lovely but plain design was rejected in favor of the splendid one by Bernini, one of his most astonishing creations.
F. Borromini, Drawing for Piazza Navona. Seventeenth century
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A. Laelius Podager, Record of discovery of Augustus's Sundial
Iacopo Mazzocchi's first printed collection of Roman inscriptions was re-used by many scholars as a field notebook. In this copy a Roman scholar gives a firsthand account of how the remains of Augustus's huge sundial were discovered early in the sixteenth century, by a baker digging a latrine. As Pope Julius II had no funds to spare, it was reburied, not to be unearthed until the twentieth century.
A. Laelius Podager, Record of discovery of Augustus's Sundial. Iacopo Mazzocchi. 1521
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Pirro Ligorio, Sylloge of inscriptions
The architect Pirro Ligorio not only carried out major projects for Pope Pius IV, but also expertly studied Roman customs. Here he took details from surviving classical reliefs and worked them up into a comprehensive, imaginative picture of a pagan sacrifice, consistently classical in both its style of representation and the clothing and objects shown.
Pirro Ligorio, Sylloge of inscriptions. Mid-sixteenth century
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Lorenzo Valla, Declamatio on the Donation of Constantine
This document is one of the monuments of historical criticism. Lorenzo Valla here attacks the Donation of Constantine, an eighth-century forgery which supported the papacy's claim to supreme political authority in Europe. Valla shows that the text could not have been written in the fourth century, the age of Constantine the Great, by revealing many anachronisms in form and content.
Lorenzo Valla, Declamatio on the Donation of Constantine. Fifteenth century
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Ambrogio Traversari, Translation of Dionysius the Areopagite
The texts of a late antique Christian theologian were ascribed during the Middle Ages to Saint Paul's sole Athenian convert, Dionysius. Ambrogio Traversari, the great expert on Christian Greek among the early humanists, produced this new Latin translation of the Greek original. Pope Nicholas V was delighted by it. In his colophon, Traversari thanks God for helping him complete his translation.
Ambrogio Traversari, Translation of Dionysius the Areopagite. Fifteenth century
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Etienne Dupérac, I vestigi dell'antichità di Roma
The many views of Rome published by Etienne Dupérac late in the sixteenth century, like this splendid, nostalgic view of the Circus Maximus and the Palatine, both provided newly accurate visual information and conveyed a rich sense of the decayed state in which Rome's antiquities lay. Collectors assembled albums of these printed views, which often varied from one another in content. These albums circulated widely and provided the reading public of the age of print with something of the satisfaction afforded previously by artists' notebooks.
Etienne Dupérac, I vestigi dell'antichità di Roma. Rome. 1575
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Giuliano da Sangallo, Sketchbook
Architects and artists recorded and reconstructed the ruins of Rome, and their sketchbooks were vastly important for the spread of visual information (and remain so as a record of sites and buildings that have since been altered or destroyed). Here Giuliano da Sangallo portrays, among other sites, the Palatine hill, the Colosseum, and the Porta Labicana. This manuscript sketchbook, derived in part from the work of earlier artists, shows how rigorously the artists scrutinized Rome's ruins.
Giuliano da Sangallo, Sketchbook. Sixteenth century
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View of Rome, from Ptolemy, Geography
Plans like this one by Pietro del Massaio, along with the maps that naturally accompanied the Geography, helped to make the book one of the best-sellers of fifteenth-century Europe. In this plan by Pietro del Massaio, the Castel Sant'Angelo, the Borgo, and Saint Peter's appear at bottom right, separated from the city by the Tiber. Within the city proper, the ancient monuments rise, stripped of modern buildings and urban sprawl. The Pantheon, the Forum, the Capitoline and Palatine hills, and the Colosseum dominate the central space, though a few churches appear beside them. Other monuments, like the Pyramide (top right), can readily be identified.
View of Rome, from Ptolemy, Geography. 1469
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A. Kircher, Obeliscus Pamphilius
The formidably learned Jesuit, Athanasius Kircher, directed the excavation of the obelisk on the Appian Way and probably composed the inscriptions that were placed on its new base in the Piazza Navona. The book presented his interpretation of the hieroglyphs of the obelisk, with rich, but necessarily fantastic, documentation.
A. Kircher, Obeliscus Pamphilius. Rome. 1650
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Bartolomeo Marliani, Topographia
Printed collections like this one by Bartolomeo Marliani presented the chief antiquities of Rome to a European public. In this case we see the Laocoon, a famous group of sculptures discovered early in the sixteenth century and displayed in the Vatican gardens.
Bartolomeo Marliani, Topographia. Rome. 1541
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Poggio Bracciolini, Collection of Inscriptions
Poggio copied down in notebooks inscriptions from the dozens of Roman monuments which survived, often incorporated into churches and other buildings. In time, the inscriptions would prove to be among the richest sources of information for many areas of Roman history, from social life and funeral customs to religious beliefs and political propaganda. But in Poggio's day many were hard to read and all were vulnerable to attack from Rome's heedless citizens. He was very proud of his firsthand record of these materials, of which this manuscript preserves fragments.
Poggio Bracciolini, Collection of Inscriptions. Fifteenth century
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J. Annius, Antiquitates
This image of the earliest stage in the development of Rome is much cruder than Pietro del Massaio's. Though the unknown artist tried to represent the small compass and exact contours of the early city, and labeled the Forum and other places of note, the crenelated walls and towers reveal the limits of his imagination. Unfortunately the text he illustrated was even less accurate; it was a forgery by the papal theologian Giovanni Nanni of Viterbo.
J. Annius, Antiquitates. Rome. 1498
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A. Bosio, Roma sotteranea
Bosio, who used only two artists, produced fairly reliable records and images in his book on the underground city of the catacombs, which remained standard for two centuries.
A. Bosio, Roma sotteranea [image not available at this time]. Rome. 1632
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G. P. Valeriano, Hieroglyphica
Pierio Valeriano, one of the most cultivated Roman scholars in the decades before the Sack of 1527, studied and edited Egyptian hieroglyphic lore exhaustively. His book, derived from late Greek sources, tries to argue that the symbolic wisdom of the Egyptians basically agrees with the fundamental teachings of Christian theology and that the hieroglyphs were relics of a separate Revelation. On display is a portrait of Valeriano.
G. P. Valeriano, Hieroglyphica. Basel. 1556
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Physical disabilities: technology
If you have a physical disability or experience reduced mobility in later life, assistive technology (AT) can help you to reclaim your independence and lead a more fulfilling life. The term AT covers a diverse range of equipment—everything from mobility aids, drinking mugs, cutlery and gardening tools with adapted handles to environmental controls that enable you to operate computers, door openers and other domestic fixtures...all from a single device designed to meet your needs.
The good news is that the cost of certain types of AT has declined and the power of personal computers has increased. Meanwhile, smartphones and tablets provide easy access to a wide variety of apps designed to make daily life a little bit easier. There are apps that help you to stay in touch with loved ones, plan your day, find your way around an unfamiliar place and even speak on your behalf.
However, choosing the equipment or software applications that match your needs can still be a challenge. Simply knowing that a problem you are experiencing could be resolved by AT can be an obstacle. And being aware of the possible benefits of AT may not be enough.
There may be many products that can meet your needs. Some products are very expensive. Occasionally, you might need to talk to an expert before buying new equipment.
But the benefits of the right piece of equipment can be huge, especially if technology can open doors to a more active social life as well as educational and employment opportunities.
Types of AT
There are so many different types of physical disabilities that it's not surprising that the range of AT is equally broad. There are a number of key categories of equipment that you should know about.
Mobility aids are possibly the most instantly recognisable form of AT. Wheelchairs come in many shapes and sizes, but one important feature is that they can either be manual (meaning that you can either be pushed or propel yourself using your upper body strength), or powered, allowing you to be in the driving seat regardless of any limited movement or coordination issues that might be caused by your disability.
Walking sticks and Zimmer frames represent another type of mobility aid that will allow you to walk if you require support.
Hoists are perhaps a less obvious member of the mobility aid family. These can help carers to lift you from, say, your wheelchair to your bed in a safe and dignified way.
Products that enable you to access computers have made much progress in recent years. With the help of adaptive switches, specialist joysticks, speech recognition tools or eye tracking devices, it is now possible to make the most of the digital age whatever your impairment. By combining accessible hardware with onscreen keyboards and other software programmes that let you control the cursor and navigate the screen by alternative means, you are free to send emails, surf the Internet, watch movies and even play games.
Computer technology can also make you more independent by giving you control over your surroundings and helping you communicate with others. For example, telecare equipment can support you to live at home without the constant presence of a care assistant by providing you with ways of getting in touch with family, friends and support workers, if you need help.
There are also environmental control devices that allow you to operate everyday equipment in your immediate vicinity. This means you can control things like televisions, windows and curtains using a single control unit.
With so much sophisticated technology available, it is easy to become fixated on the flashiest pieces of kit. Fortunately, AT is not always big and expensive. Daily living aids such as grab rails for toilets and shower rooms, adjustable furniture and beds and adapted kitchen utensils and gardening tools are examples of the low-tech products that fall squarely into the AT camp.
Searching for AT
Finding the best place to go to purchase AT can be tricky. Not only are there many different types of equipment on the market, but there are also lots of different organisations and companies that supply their own range of products. Luckily, there are some useful resources you can turn to in your search.
Independent Living is a website that provides a catalogue containing a full range of aids to daily living, mobility and independence. It also sends out a free newsletter covering the latest developments in independent living.
The Disabled Living Foundation (DLF) is a national charity that gives advice, information and training on independent living issues, including AT. It offers a range of online resources designed to help you navigate the different types of equipment, providers and sources of charitable funding. For more sites that can help, visit our Physical disabilities: at home page and scroll down on the page to check out what other home accessories are available.
If you own a Facebook account, the learning disability charity Norwood maintains a group that shares news and advice about AT. Just search Facebook for Norwood Assistive Technology—PATHWAYS.
Publicly funded AT providers
Central and local government finance services are mandated to provide you with AT under certain circumstances. These services offer access to expert assessors and take the financial burden of acquiring and maintaining the equipment off your shoulders.
The NHS is required by law to ensure that you have access to certain AT if you need it. The NHS can provide wheelchairs, specialist communication aids and environmental controls as long as you meet the relevant non-means-tested eligibility criteria. You can ask your GP for a referral to these services.
Charities that can help
There are a number of organisations operating around the UK that can support your access to AT.
AbilityNet is a national charity dedicated to helping disabled people access digital technologies at home and in the workplace by offering free services to disabled individuals and their families, friends, carers, teachers and employers.
Similarly, the Aidis Trust exists to help empower disabled people by using AT to help them communicate, become more independent and less socially isolated. It can support you to access computer technology through its training services.
Sometimes you will struggle to find anything on the market that does exactly what you want. A handful of charities employ creative engineers who will design and build a custom-made device that serves your specific set of requirements, usually free of charge.
One such charity is Demand, an organisation that will work with anyone with a disability to create, modify or refurbish equipment that makes their lives easier or helps them to enjoy sports and leisure activities. Special Effect also helps to create customised devices but focuses on enabling disabled people to play video games. Designability also engineers bespoke AT, but prefers to do so when there is likely to be wider demand for the resulting product beyond your own situation. | <urn:uuid:f1e00604-db3e-435c-b45d-f1d9221835fc> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.jewishcareinteract.org/physical-disabilities-technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374616.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306070129-20210306100129-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.95701 | 1,335 | 2.84375 | 3 |
2015 Nepal earthquake offers clues about hazards
Stanford geophysicist Simon Klemperer discusses how the 2015 Gorkha earthquake that shook Kathmandu in central Nepal gave researchers new information about where, why and how earthquakes occur.
The Himalaya Mountains are a geological wonder, drawing adventurers and religious devotees from near and far to the world’s highest peaks. The mountains were created along a fault where the Earth’s plates crash into each other and press up toward the sky. But the same fault that formed the piercing summits of the Himalayas produces large earthquakes that can cause immense loss of life in the densely populated plains of northern India and southern Nepal. On April 25, 2015, the magnitude 7.8 Gorkha earthquake struck near Kathmandu in central Nepal, killing about 9,000 people and injuring thousands. It damaged or destroyed more than 600,000 buildings in the area and its initial shock and magnitude 7.3 aftershock were felt throughout the region.
Scientists’ understanding of the Main Himalayan Thrust geological fault, where the Indian Plate has pushed under the Eurasian Plate along the Himalayas, has been largely based on historical records of earthquakes that occurred before the advent of modern seismometers. The 2015 Gorkha earthquake offered researchers an opportunity for a much-needed update. Seismic data from the Gorkha quake showed that it started to rupture, and also stopped rupturing at two places where the rock types change, adjacent to the fault. The research, led by an international team of scientists and co-authored by Simon Klemperer, a geophysics professor in the School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences (Stanford Earth), appears in Science Advances June 26.
The new information offers clues about where, why and how earthquakes occur, and increases our understanding of earthquake hazards in India and Nepal. As a result of these observations, researchers now want to image the entire 1500-mile-long Himalayan front, where the plates overlap, to determine the shape of the Main Himalayan Thrust and the factors that control the maximum rupture that can occur in different parts of this convergent zone. Klemperer offers his perspective in this Q&A.
What was unique about the 2015 Gorkha earthquake from a research perspective?
KLEMPERER: Although we thought we had a reasonable understanding of Himalayan seismicity, that understanding was based on rather limited data. Gorkha filled a large knowledge gap, though as always leaves more questions unanswered that will probably remain until we see a great, over magnitude 8, earthquake.
What have you learned that could improve our understanding of earthquake hazards in that region?
KLEMPERER: In the past, for lack of data, earthquake seismologists have typically assumed that the Himalaya is uniform – cylindrical or co-axial – along-strike, along the curving arc of the Himalaya from west to east. The rupture pattern of the Gorkha event and our new results strongly imply that the earthquake both started and stopped at significant along-strike (west-east) changes in fault geometry. If in the future we can identify the locations of these significant changes before earthquakes happen, we would have a better idea of where future earthquakes would be triggered, and how large they might be.
The Main Himalayan Thrust transitions from gently sloping at its southern tip to more steeply sloping further north, forming what geologists have called the “Lesser Himalayan Ramp” that concentrates and builds up the stress ultimately released in an earthquake. But the location and tilt angle of this ramp structure cannot be well constrained by surface geology. Our seismic study showed that the ramp of the Main Himalayan Thrust changes from west to east, and is steeper beneath the mainshock area, and flatter and deeper beneath the eastern end of the aftershock zone.
This image shows some of the aftermath of the magnitude 7.8 earthquake that struck Nepal in 2015. (Photo credit: simcsea/flickr)
Was there anything surprising about the way this earthquake behaved?
KLEMPERER: Although the Gorkha earthquake started out in an anticipated location, it surprised seismologists by rupturing only to the east-southeast, as opposed to in all directions; and by being too small to be the expected “great” earthquake over magnitude 8, yet still large enough to rupture for over 90 miles, reaching beneath Kathmandu Valley.
What about the geology of this region makes it susceptible to major earthquakes?
KLEMPERER: India is forcing its way beneath the Himalaya at 0.7 inches per year. Along the earthquake fault between the two plates, stress builds up for tens to hundreds of years, then is released in a matter of seconds – in this case moving the ground surface 23 feet southward and 3 feet vertically up.
What are the current methods for monitoring and minimizing the threat of earthquakes in India and Nepal?
KLEMPERER: The Gorkha earthquake was captured by distant and local seismometers, by a dozen global positioning system (GPS) receivers operating near and above the rupture zone and by satellite synthetic aperture radar imagery. All these methods will continue to be available in the future. It was a matter of good fortune that lead author Prof. Ling Bai had deployed a temporary array of seismometers along the Himalaya just north of the Nepali border, otherwise, the number of local seismometers would have been much smaller, as the Nepal national seismographic network is currently sparse and still developing. The best way to minimize the threat is better – and better enforced – building codes.
The lead author of the study is Ling Bai at the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research (ITP), Chinese Academy of Sciences. Bai was also a Blaustein Visiting Professor in the Department of Geophysics at Stanford University while conducting this research. Work for the study, “Lateral variation of the Main Himalayan Thrust controls the rupture length of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal,” was funded in part by the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:d61463b7-9e94-4bb2-ab19-3103dcad69ef> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://earth.stanford.edu/news/2015-nepal-earthquake-offers-clues-about-hazards | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.953313 | 1,248 | 3.625 | 4 |
The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence released its report on the Central Intelligence Agency’s Detention and Interrogation Program on 12/09/14 in which psychologists were noted to have played a key role in their torture program. The long, 525-page document has many references. See:
To be clear, the document memorializes what many already have been aware of, namely a dark side to psychology and the role psychology played in a sanctioned torture program.
What’s at stake?
The image of psychology, the profession of psychology, and the conduct of a very few that has commanded so much attention center stage and may impugn and discredit the profession.
Amidst some of the outrage, the CIA Torture Report has been described as a sad day for psychologists.
How we treat one another has very long historical roots. Relevant to us and the helping professions, we need not look too far:
Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists
Ethics is at the core of every discipline. The Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists speaks to the common moral framework that guides and inspires psychologists worldwide toward the highest ethical ideals in their professional and scientific work. Psychologists recognize that they carry out their activities within a larger social context. They recognize that the lives and identities of human beings both individually and collectively are connected across generations, and that there is a reciprocal relationship between human beings and their natural and social environments. Psychologists are committed to placing the welfare of society and its members above the self-interest of the discipline and its members. They recognize that adherence to ethical principles in the context of their work contributes to a stable society that enhances the quality of life for all human beings.
The objectives of The Universal Declaration are to provide a moral framework and generic set of ethical principles for psychology organizations worldwide:
- to evaluate the ethical and moral relevance of their codes of ethics;
- to use as a template to guide the development or evolution of their codes of ethics;
- to encourage global thinking about ethics, while also encouraging action that is sensitive and responsive to local needs and values; and
- to speak with a collective voice on matters of ethical concern.
The Universal Declaration describes those ethical principles that are based on shared human values. It reaffirms the commitment of the psychology community to help build a better world where peace, freedom, responsibility, justice, humanity, and morality prevail. The description of each principle is followed by the presentation of a list of values that are related to the principle. These lists of values highlight ethical concepts that are valuable for promoting each ethical principle.
See the ethical standards of several mental health professions:
Ethics Codes of the Major Mental Health Professions
Our own American Psychological Association:
The American Psychological Association’s (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
This Ethics Code has as its goals the welfare and protection of the individuals and groups with whom psychologists work.
The Preamble and General Principles, however, are aspirational and intended to guide psychologists toward the highest ideals of psychology.
Perhaps it is time to elevate General Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence to a higher plane than something aspirational in nature:
Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm. In their professional actions, psychologists seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected persons.
Other sources acknowledge the dignity and value of human beings and call upon a universal code of human ethics and conduct:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
United Nations Convention against Torture
As of September 2014, the Convention has 156 state parties.
U.S. ratified the Convention on October 21, 1994. See:
A blight or blemish within the profession of psychology as it were does not negate and cannot undo the many wonderful things we do. Hopefully, we can disseminate these things to the public, to sing the praises, our “Collective Songs” as it were. Psychology has helped humankind in so many ways and in so many settings. For me, I can “sing” about some of the work I’ve done that was most meaningful to me: asylum cases involving different kinds of torture.
We all have our tales to tell, and we should, in the many media sources available to promote the profession as a whole and what we do in particular to benefit others.
We need to champion the rights of others and champion our ethical standards. | <urn:uuid:58c52eb9-82f4-4a91-96a4-defd5023ea92> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://royaranda.wordpress.com/2014/12/24/looking-past-psychology-torture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607860.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524192431-20170524212431-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.950499 | 925 | 2.984375 | 3 |
1. Click the
2. Use the to scratch off the snowmen.
3. Read each sight word when you find it.
4. Click when you are done.
Students will edit this template:
Teacher Notes (not visible to students)
Sight words: eat, light, high, below, it's, idea, don't, under | <urn:uuid:2300de35-e87f-4622-a76c-3a6ec4edf3ee> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://app.seesaw.me/activities/1hevcw/scratch-off-snowmen-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152112.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210806020121-20210806050121-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.788306 | 76 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Principles and Practice of Public Health Dentistry
Salient Features: A comprehensive yet brief book on the vast subject of Public Health Dentistry, Gives a clear, logical step-by-step approach in the textbook, a fresh and clear perspective of the various topics, Provides solid foundation of the various principles and methods of practice of Public Health Dentistry, Deals with adequate detail and scientific rigor and efforts are made to easily understand the topics, Covers certain special topics such as Forensic Dentistry, Dental Anthropology and Evidence-based Dental Research., Useful for dental undergraduate and postgraduate students with due consideration of the new DCI syllabus and expanding knowledge base of the subject, Madhusudan Krishna and Pralhad L Dasar are currently Associate Professors in Public Health Dentistry. They have presented and published numerous scientific articles at both the national and international levels. They have also authored the acclaimed MCQs on Preventive and Community Dentistry. Part 1: PRINCIPLES, Section 1: Public Health, 2. Health and Disease, Environment and Public Health, 4. Health Care and Health Administration in India, Section 2: Epidemiology, 5. General Principles and Methods of Epidemiology, 6. Dental Epidemiology and Etiology of Oral Diseases, Section 3: Health Research Methodology, 8. Dental Research Methodology, 9. Evidence-based Dental Research, 10. Computers in Dentistry, PART 2: PRACTICE, Section 4: Dental Public Health, 11. Concept of Dental Public Health, 12. Planning and Evaluation of Dental Public Health Programs, 13. Dental Care Payment System, 14. Dental Manpower, 15. Dental Ethics, 16. Dental Health Education, 17. School Dental Health Education, 18. Atraumatic Restorative Treatment, Section 5: Preventive Dentistry, 19. Concept of Preventive Dentistry, 20. Oral Health Promotion, 21. Prevention of Dental Diseases, 22. Fluorides in Preventive Dentistry, 23. Pit and Fissure Sealants, 24. Plaque Control, 25. Dental Caries Vaccines, Section 6: Behavioral Sciences, 26. Sociology and Oral Health, 27. Dental Anthropology, Section 7: Health Agencies, 28. International Health Agencies, 29. Global Oral Health Goal for 2020, 30. Dental Council of India and Indian Dental Association, Unit 8: Miscellaneous Topics, 31. Caries Activity and Susceptibility Tests, 32. Forensic Dentistry and Case Studies in Dental Anthropology, 33. Primary Oral Health Care Approach, 34. Dentist Act-1948, 35. Nutrition and Oral Health. | <urn:uuid:3626f1f0-ac4e-4ceb-9555-d4b6eec8f4ef> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.med-servis.cz/produkt/000617-principles-and-practice-of-public-health-dentistry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892059.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123171440-20180123191440-00796.warc.gz | en | 0.806611 | 549 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
(See new study about Omega-3 & Diabetes here)
The omega-3 fatty acids include alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These are long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids have been established as essential for optimum tissue formation. Intense research is studying the optimum amounts of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet and their role in the central nervous system.
ALA is found in plant products; EPA and DHA are obtained from fish oils. Additionally, ALA is converted in the human body to EPA and DHA. ALA is found in unhydrogenated oils, such as rapeseed (canola), flaxseed, and soybean oil, and in margarines and other fats containing such oils. Note that many commercial margarines contain high amounts of trans-fatty acids, which probably outweigh the beneficial effects of the omega-3 oils they contain. EPA and DHA can be introduced into the body directly from cold-water fish such as salmon, mackerel, halibut, and herring.
The beneficial effects of the omega-3 series oils include: lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels, reducing the risk of heart disease, lowering blood pressure, improving rheumatoid arthritis, and protecting myelin formation and function. There is evidence to suggest that omega-3 oils can be helpful in treating asthma, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes, and in preventing cancer.
Recent research indicates that ALA may have a beneficial effect on coronary heart disease, including the inhibition of atherosclerosis. In one small study of 15 obese persons on daily intakes of 20 g of ALA from margarine products based on flaxseed oil, there was improvement in arterial compliance and thus decreased cardiovascular risk, despite a rise in LDL oxidizability. At the same time, insulin sensitivity and HDL cholesterol diminished.
Another study found that the omega-3 fatty acids, whether ALA supplements from vegetable oil or EPA and DHA supplements from marine sources, have largely parallel effects on hemostatic factors.
Other research has indicated that ALA acts equivalently to n-6 fatty acids with respect to lipid and lipoprotein effects, but that very large amounts of ALA, which is plant-based, is needed to have the effect of reducing tricylglycerol concentrations, which is the hallmark effect of the marine-based omega-3 fatty acids. The study concludes that in terms of effects on lipoprotein metabolism, the plant-derived ALA is not equivalent to the marine-based acids. One area of general agreement is that the interrelationship among the fatty acids and the ratio of ALA to linoleic acid in the diet is an important area for further study.
The omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects. Successful treatment of migraines and alleviation of depression with omega-3 fatty acids have been reported. A recent study demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids improved the short-term course of illness in patients with bipolar disorder. One study showed that patients with panic attacks or a history of agoraphobia may benefit from ALA supplementation.
ALA: flax seeds, flaxseed oil, linseed oil, rapeseed oil, canola oil, soybean oil, pumpkin, and walnuts
EPA and DHA: fish oils, particularly from cold-water fish such as salmon, mackerel, halibut, and herring
The parent fatty acid in the omega-3 series, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), is converted to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), then to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), then to the prostaglandin E3 series (PGE3). Marine products can introduce EPA and DHA directly into the body.
The essential fatty acids are vitamin F, yet the Food and Drug Administration prohibits the term "vitamin F" for advertising purposes, because of problems with foods such as french fries being advertised as "vitamin enriched" because they were fried in oil.
There are essentially two types of commercial preparations:
- Cooking oils (canola, soybean, and margarines made from these oils; hydrogenated products are not preferred)
- Medicinal oil (flaxseed)
Several manufacturing methods can destroy the nutrient value of the products. Some preferred methods use proprietary names for their process, generically known as modified atmospheric packing methods. Bio-Electron Process, Spectra-Vac, and Omegaflo are some examples. Generally, a high-quality oil will be certified as organic by a reputable third party, will be found in light-resistant containers, may be refrigerated, and will be dated. These oils have been extracted by expeller presses at relatively low temperatures.
The primary uses of omega-3 oils include the following.
- Cardiovascular disease: reducing cholesterol levels and lowering blood pressure
- Allergic and inflammatory conditions, including psoriasis and eczema
- Autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, lupus, and cancer
Health conditions that may reflect deficiencies in, or which can be improved by supplementation of, omega-3 oils include: acne, AIDS, allergies, Alzheimer's, angina, arthritis, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, behavioral disorders, breast cysts, breast pain, breast tenderness, cancer, cartilage destruction, coronary bypass, cystic fibrosis, dementia, diabetes, E. coli infection, eczema, heart disease, hyperactivity, hypertension, hypoxia, ichthyosis, immune disorders, infant nutrition, inflammatory conditions, intestinal disorders, kidney function, learning, leprosy, leukemia, lupus, mastalgia, menopause, mental illness, metastasis, multiple sclerosis, myopathy neurological diseases, obesity, osteoarthritis, postviral fatigue, pregnancy malnutrition, psoriasis, Refsum's syndrome, Reye's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia, sepsis, Sjogren-Larsson syndrome, stroke, vascular disease, vision.
Dosage Ranges and Duration of Administration
- There is no Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), yet one or two tablespoons of flaxseed oil daily (or equivalent capsule) is considered optimal for a healthy individual. Capsule doses are 3,000 mg per day for prevention and 6,000 mg per day for treatment.
- A diet that gets 1% to 2% of its calories from linoleic acid has been shown to give maximum tissue levels of DHA, avoiding any apparent deficiency symptoms.
- For rheumatoid arthritis, the estimated therapeutic dose of ALA is 5 g/day, while the estimated therapeutic dose of EPA is 1.8 g/day.
- For agoraphobia: 2 to 6 tablespoons of flaxseed oil daily, in divided doses.
- A healthy person eating a typical diet should reduce consumption of saturated fats and increase consumption of the polyunsaturated essential fatty acids.
Excessive amounts of omega-3 oils may reduce blood-clotting time.Warnings/Contraindications/Precautions
Total fat intake should be considered. The ratio of omega-3 fatty acids to other essential fatty acids may be important in treating some conditions, and the balance of omega-3 to omega-6 oils is essential to the metabolism of prostaglandins. Omega-3 oils should be used with caution in patients who bruise easily, have bleeding disorders, or are on blood-thinning medication.
The omega-3 fatty acids interact with other fatty acids. The optimal ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids is 1:4.
Ando H, Ryu A, Hashimoto A, Oka M, Ichihashi M. Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid lightens ultraviolet-induced hyperpigmentation of the skin. Arch Dermatol Res. July 1998;290(7):375-381.
Billeaud C, Bougle D, Sarda P, et al. Effects of preterm infant formula supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid with a linoleate/alpha-linoleate ration of 6. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997;51(8):520-527.
DeDeckere EA, Korver O, Verschuren PM, Katan MB. Health aspects of fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant and marine origin. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52(10):749-753.
Edwards R, Peet M, Shay J, Horrobin D. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 1998;48(2-3):149-155.
Ensminger AH, Ensminger ME, Konlande JE, Robson JRK. Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. Vol 2. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, Inc; 1994:684-708.
Garrison RH Jr, Somer E. The Nutrition Desk Reference. 3rd ed. New Canaan, Conn: Keats Publishing, Inc; 1995:23-64.
Haas EM. Staying Healthy with Nutrition. Berkley, Calif: Celestial Arts Publishing; 1992:65-79.
Harris WS. N-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(5):1645S (10).
Murray MT. Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements. Rocklin, Calif: Prima Publishing; 1996:239-278.
Murray MT, Pizzorno JE. Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine. 2nd ed. Rocklin, Calif: Prima Publishing; 1996:49-52, 255, 266, 487, 533-34, 765-66, 779-781.
Nestel PJ, Pomeroy SE, Sasahara T, et al. Arterial compliance in obese subjects is improved with dietary plant n-3 fatty acid from flaxseed oil despite increased LDL oxidizability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. July 1997;17(6):1163-1170.
Newstrom H. Nutrients Catalog. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., Inc.; 1993:103-105.
Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:90-92, 1377-1378.
Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999:56(5):407-412.
Von Schacky C, Angerer P, Kothny W, et al. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999;107(7):554-562.
Voskuil DW, Feskens EJM, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Intake and sources of alpha-linolenic acid in Dutch elderly men. Euro J Clin Nutr. 1996;50(12):784-787.
Wagner W, Nootbaar-Wagner U. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with gamma-linolenic and alpha-linolenic acids. Cephalalgia. 1997;17(2):127-130.
Werbach MR. Nutritional Influences on Illness. 2nd ed. Tarzana, Calif: Third Line Press; 1993:13-22, 655-671.
Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Carasso RL, Mostofsky DI. Fatty acids and brain peptides. Peptides. 1998;19(2):407-419.
Copyright © 2000 Integrative Medicine Communications
The publisher does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the information or the consequences arising from the application, use, or misuse of any of the information contained herein, including any injury and/or damage to any person or property as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise. No warranty, expressed or implied, is made in regard to the contents of this material. No claims or endorsements are made for any drugs or compounds currently marketed or in investigative use. This material is not intended as a guide to self-medication. The reader is advised to discuss the information provided here with a doctor, pharmacist, nurse, or other authorized healthcare practitioner and to check product information (including package inserts) regarding dosage, precautions, warnings, interactions, and contraindications before administering any drug, herb, or supplement discussed herein.
FISH OIL REDUCES TRIGLYCERIDES WITHOUT AFFECTING GLYCEMIC CONTROL
The results of a recent meta-analysis may quell concerns that fish oil unfavorably affects glycemic control in type II diabetics. The review, published in Diabetes Care, included data from 18 randomized, placebo-controlled trials; the studies lasted an average of 12 weeks, included a total of 823 patients, and employed dosages of 3 to 18 g/day of fish oil. Reviewers found that fish oil supplementation did not lead to a clinically significant increase in fasting glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin. A significant triglyceride-lowering effect was noted, particularly in hypertriglyceridemic patients. There was also a significant increase in LDL cholesterol levels, especially among hypertriglyceridemic patients and in those receiving the highest doses of fish oil.
Source: Montori VM, Farmer A, Wollan PC, Dinneen SF. Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1407-1415. | <urn:uuid:ddbabb61-f9fe-4d2d-bf7d-cde843332439> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.feingold.org/efa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122108378.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175508-00043-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867591 | 2,942 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Ball Bearings Equipped for In Situ Lubrication on Demand
- Created on Tuesday, 01 March 2005
Operational lifetimes can be prolonged.
In situ systems that provide fresh lubricants to ball/race contacts on demand have been developed to prolong the operational lives of ball bearings. These systems were originally intended to be incorporated into ball bearings in mechanisms that are required to operate in outer space for years, in conditions in which lubricants tend to deteriorate and/or evaporate. These systems may also be useful for similarly prolonging bearing lifetimes on Earth.
Reservoirs have been among the means used previously to resupply lubricants. Lubricant-resupply reservoirs are bulky and add complexity to bearing assemblies. In addition, such a reservoir cannot be turned on or off as needed: it supplies lubricant continuously, often leading to an excess of lubricant in the bearing. A lubricator of the present type includes a porous ring cartridge attached to the inner or the outer ring of a ball bearing (see Figure 1). Oil is stored in the porous cartridge and is released by heating the cartridge: Because the thermal expansion of the oil exceeds that of the cartridge, heating causes the ejection of some oil. A metal film can be deposited on a face of the cartridge to serve as an electrical-resistance heater. The heater can be activated in response to a measured increase in torque that signals depletion of oil from the bearing/race contacts.
Because the oil has low surface tension and readily wets the bearing-ring material, it spreads over the bearing ring and eventually reaches the ball/race contacts. The Marangoni effect (a surface-tension gradient associated with a temperature gradient) is utilized to enhance the desired transfer of lubricant to the ball/race contacts during heating.
For a test, a ball bearing designed for use at low speed was assembled without lubricant and equipped with a porous ring lubricator, the resistance heater of which consumed a power of less than 1 W when triggered on by a torque-measuring device. In the test, a load of 20 lb (≈89 N) was applied and the bearing was turned at a rate of 200 RPM. The lubricator control was turned on at the beginning of the test, turned off for about 800 seconds, then turned on again. As shown in Figure 2, the controlled lubricator stabilized the torque in a low range, starting immediately after initial turn-on and immediately after resumption of the lubricator control.
This work was done by Mario Marchetti of National Research Council; William R. Jones, Jr., and Stephen V. Pepper of Glenn Research Center; Mark Jansen of Sest, Inc.; and Roamer Predmore of Goddard Space Flight Center. For further information, access the Technical Support Package (TSP) free on-line at www.techbriefs.com/tsp under the Mechanics category.
Inquiries concerning rights for the commercial use of this invention should be addressed to NASA Glenn Research Center, Commercial Technology Office, Attn: Steve Fedor, Mail Stop 4-8, 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland Ohio 44135. Refer to LEW-17414. | <urn:uuid:c47a0f52-7309-4555-b08d-ef93083b7586> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/3-ntb/tech-briefs/mechanics-and-machinery/848-lew-17414 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468396.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00090-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934211 | 655 | 2.90625 | 3 |
What are the verbs of the word SIT?
Here is a list of definitions for sit.
- be seated
- be around, often idly or without specific purpose; "The object sat in the corner"; "We sat around chatting for another hour"
- take a seat
- be in session; "When does the court of law sit?"
- assume a posture as for artistic purposes; "We don't know the woman who posed for Leonardo so often"
- sit and travel on the back of animal, usually while controlling its motions; "She never sat a horse!"; "Did you ever ride a camel?"; "The girl liked to drive the young mare"
- be located or situated somewhere; "The White House sits on Pennsylvania Avenue"
- work or act as a baby-sitter; "I cannot baby-sit tonight; I have too much homework to do"
- show to a seat; assign a seat for; "The host seated me next to Mrs. Smith"
- serve in a specific professional capacity; "the priest sat for confession"; "she sat on the jury"
What are the synonyms of the word SIT?
What is another word for SIT?. Here is a list of synonyms for SIT
Words beginning with SIT?
We only list the first 50 results for words beginning with SIT.
In which dictionaries does the word sit exist?
English International (SOWPODS) - Yes
English USA (TWL 98) - Yes
English USA (TWL 06) - Yes
Collins Scrabble Words (CSW2012) - Yes
Collins Scrabble Words (CSW2007) - Yes
Words with Friends (WWF) - Yes
Enable1 (ENABLE1) - Yes
Letterpress (LETTERPRESS) - Yes | <urn:uuid:4bb3a1ae-fe0d-436a-a38a-bc324f9ced1d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://scrabblewordsolver.com/define-a-word/sit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.828325 | 387 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The USS Monitor is by far one of the the most historically significant warships in US history. By virtue of her rotating gun turret, the Monitor earned the title of being the mother of all modern day warships. However, in recent years this accolade has been challenged by today's emerging technology. As more and more warships roll off the assembly line, the once ubiquitous turreted guns are missing; now replaced by bay doors that release an even deadlier arsenal of satellite guided rockets and missiles. In its day, the USS Monitor was the height of technology, and in this expedition, we plan to use the height of today's technology to explore, capture images, and collect data from this historic relic.
The expedition is also a collaboration between private industry, academia, and a government agency. The group is led by Deep Explorers, who has recruited marine scientists from both Rutgers University and the University of South Carolina to work side-by-side with the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. In the past, private groups have been exceedingly instrumental in the collection of data at the Monitor site.
For over a decade, private research groups have contributed immensely to the knowledge base of the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary (MNMS). Private research expeditions have assisted the Monitor NMS with artifact recovery, surveys, imaging, and more. They were particularly helpful in the years preceding and through the large artifact recovery expeditions that culminated in August 2002 when the Monitor’s rotating gun turret was successfully recovered from the depths. Since then, additional private research expeditions have proven invaluable in helping the Monitor NMS update the changes made to the wreck.
It is the intent of this expedition to show the benefits of this type of cooperative effort and to use this expedition as a blueprint for future projects by other academic institutions and government agencies.
With technology being the theme of the expedition, we plan to employ several state-of-the-art technological advancements in diving technology, marine science, underwater robotics, imaging, and internet media production. As part of the National Marine Sanctuaries’ education and outreach program, each day’s activity and progression will be detailed in online internet reports. As we progress through the week, these reports will profile all of the technological elements employed by the dive team, the marine scientists, and media production crew highlighting key elements of each. | <urn:uuid:a67f7a52-afbf-46e7-b4fc-be405e4de17d> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/missions/2009monitor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736679281.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215759-00045-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946967 | 473 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The overall objective of INTAROS is to develop an integrated Arctic Observation System (iAOS) by extending, improving and unifying existing systems in the different regions of the Arctic. INTAROS has a strong multidisciplinary focus, with tools for integration of data from atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and terrestrial sciences, provided by institutions in Europe, North America and Asia. INTAROS is assessing strengths and weaknesses of existing observing systems – both satellite and in-situ – and contributes with innovative solutions to fill some of the critical gaps in the in situ observing network.
INTERACT is an infrastructure project under the auspices of SCANNET, a circumarctic network of currently 79 terrestrial field bases in northern Europe, Russia, US, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Scotland as well as stations in northern alpine areas. INTERACT specifically seeks to build capacity for research and monitoring in the European Arctic and beyond, and is offering access to numerous research stations through the Transnational Access program.
Most human activity in the Arctic takes place along permafrost coasts, making them a key interface. They have become one of the most dynamic ecosystems on Earth because permafrost thaw is now exposing these coasts to rapid change: change that threatens the rich biodiversity, puts pressure on communities that live there and contributes to the vulnerability of the global climate system. Nunataryuk will determine the impacts of thawing coastal and subsea permafrost on the global climate, and will develop targeted and co-designed adaptation and mitigation strategies for the Arctic coastal population. | <urn:uuid:ba166c97-b8eb-4b4b-b594-2ac94c078a2e> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.polarcluster.eu/projects/arctic?start=12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587655.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025061300-20211025091300-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.908894 | 321 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Have you ever heard of “earthing” or “grounding?” The concept is quite simple – it’s when your body is in direct contact with the Earth. This means skin touching the Earth without any barriers such as shoes, socks, flooring, etc. In today’s digital age, most people rarely have time to practice grounding.
Could this possibly be contributing to the rising health challenges we face?
The Science Behind Grounding
Earth has a mild negative electrical charge. Our bodies tend to build up a positive charge from the electromagnetic frequencies that are all around us – cell phone towers, computers, TV, etc. This slight positive charge creates an internal environment in our bodies that is more prone to disease. More and more research is showing that grounding can help to even out the positive charge with Earth’s negative charge leading to improved health. And that makes sense, because while all of the small electronics in our lives can add up to a big impact on our health, the Earth is much, much bigger. And just like the moon moves the ocean, it is not difficult to see that the Earth can have an effect on our bodies.
Do you ever notice that you sleep better and feel better during a beach vacation? It’s very possible that the direct contact with the sand and water has a whole lot do with this.
Grounding has been shown to help with:
- Improving sleep
- Reducing chronic pain and inflammation
- Increasing energy
- Relieving muscle tension and stress
- Lessening recovery time after injury or sports activity
- Normalizing biological rhythms including circadian rhythm
There are many barriers to finding a time and place to practice grounding. The weather and terrain isn’t always conducive to walking barefoot outside. This is where a grounding mat can be extremely useful. A grounding mat can mimic the earth’s magnetic resonance and when used over a certain period of time, it has been shown to regulate the body’s natural healing ability.
This approach is called Pulse Electromagnetic Field Therapy. It has been used in Europe for over 40 years and is approved by the FDA for bone healing and depression. PEMF Therapy has also been shown to improve circulation, heal damaged tissue, decrease inflammation and stimulate organ function. Any that seems to be just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to functional improvement possibilities.
That practice continues to grow in popularity as more and more people experience the beneficial effects of “resetting” our internal frequencies back to our natural state. Research on grounding and PEMF Therapy is ongoing, but there are promising small-scale studies that have been done. Some of that research is being conducted using infrared thermal imaging (like the technology we use for reading nervous system function in our office) because it shows heat patterns in the body, and areas of abnormally high heat can signal inflammation in the body. In one case study, the thermal image of a woman with chronic pain showed significant improvement after 30 minutes on a grounding mat.
Grounding and PEMF Mat Therapy are two valuable tools that you can add to your proactive lifestyle to improve your body’s ability to heal and function.
Interested in learning more about grounding and how it can improve your health? Join us in our office on Tuesday, December 18th for more information and try out our grounding mat. | <urn:uuid:63de6a8a-3a64-4ed8-bbb0-7720cd1c72a7> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://turofamilychiropractic.com/the-ins-and-outs-of-grounding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671239.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122042047-20191122070047-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.942227 | 692 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Using photosynthesis instead of industrial fermentation, Qualitas Health turns desert land into fatty acid farms
A key to solving the omega-3 bottleneck for aquaculture feeds could lie at the bottom of a pond, in the desert.
In the brushlands of New Mexico and Texas, more than a million liters of Nannochloropsis are growing in mammoth ponds. It is an alga that thrives on salty water and is harvested year-round run by Qualitas Health – a Texas-based nutrition company aiming to revolutionize human dietary supplements by unleashing the power of algae.
But this green goop could also be the slimy superhero the aquaculture industry needs, offering a feasible alternative feed ingredient for fish oil and fishmeal.
“Up until recently, fish oil was our only source of DHA and EPA – two important omega-3 oils,” said Dr. Sunil Kadri, director of Aquaculture Innovation, an international aquaculture consultancy firm that is working to introduce Qualitas and its offering to the aquaculture industry. “Fish need omega-3 for their own health, and omega-3 in their flesh delivers health to us when we eat it too. So, aquaculture needs to grow its supply of omega-3 as the industry grows. Algae omega-3 offers this alternative.”
Fish farms provide about 50 percent of the world’s seafood, and that’s projected to increase in the near future. But aquaculture faces a dilemma: the need to triple production by 2030 to meet the growing global demand for protein. The health and growth of many farmed fish species rely on fishmeal and fish oil – which has cost and sustainability issues that could curb growth.
Fishmeal and fish oil supplies fluctuate, making future market prices for these key feed ingredient difficult to pin down. To ensure continued production and growth, the aquaculture industry has endeavored to find novel and reliable alternative feed ingredients. Insect meal and microbial meals have promise but currently lack scale. Algae is a strong contender, particularly for their EPA and DHA content, which fish need in their diets.
“Algae will allow aquaculture to continue to grow to meet demand and provide healthy omega-3s to a growing population, as well as meet the needs of fish and shrimps’ own health on farms,” said Kadri. “Without an alternative source of these oils, aquaculture cannot achieve this, and algae is the only alternative to fish oil available on the market today.”
Grown worldwide, this “green gold” is also packed with protein and has a knack for growing in arid environments, using readily available inputs like salt water and carbon dioxide. Right now, algae production is a relatively niche industry that focuses mostly on nutraceuticals and food dyes. It also has the potential to provide environmentally friendly biofuel to a replacement for fertilizer-intensive crops (like soy and corn) used for animal feeds. However, algae could also be a vegan, sustainable and scalable alternative to fish and krill oil.
“Looking forward to a time in the near future when there is not enough fish oil to go around, Qualitas’ algal oil provides the only GMO-free, extensively grown source of EPA and DHA on the market today,” said Kadri. “Overall, this is likely the most sustainable source of EPA/DHA available today, with a low carbon footprint and putting desert land to good use.”
Qualitas Health and Aquaculture Innovation are one of four participating teams in the F3 Challenge. It’s like “The Amazing Race,” but with just one feat to tackle: to create and sell a fish oil replacement that contains essential fatty acids, such as EPA, DHA and ARA, in an optimal ratio to match the average fatty acid profile found in forage fish. Whoever sells the most “fish-free” fish oil substitute for aquaculture by Aug. 31, 2019, is crowned the champ and collects a whopping $200,000 grand prize.
“Qualitas’ algal oil is a plant-based, sustainable source of EPA and DHA,” said Kadri. “A sustainable source of omega-3s is currently missing in aquaculture feed.”
The whole point of this competition is to reduce dependence on wild-caught stocks and kick start the sale of commercial-scale “fish-free” aquaculture feed ingredients that produce seafood for consumers that are as equally nutritious as wild-caught fish. Qualitas Health and Aquaculture Innovation joined forces to take on the F3 Challenge, and while making headway, they aren’t the frontrunner so far. Veramaris, which aims to have its massive algae production facility operating in Nebraska this summer, is currently in the lead, according to a recent press release from F3. The winner will be announced this fall.
“[With regards to the F3 Challenge], one of the intensive microalgae producers is selling product into the market in the tens of tons and leading the field at present,” said Kadri. “The challenge for Qualitas Health is price, as the human supplement market pays much more and soaks up all of QH’s production today. The small amounts sold by the leader, and lack of sales by QH are not uncharacteristic of the F3 Challenge, which intentionally gets in early and pushes things forward by focusing a number of disparate groups with a common interest.”
How did this dynamic duo first team up? Aquaculture Innovation has a long history of introducing innovative technologies into the aquaculture sector, and over the past few years, has become increasingly interested in feed ingredients, particularly in finding sustainable alternatives for fishmeal and fish oil. The F3 Challenge was an ideal opportunity for the company, but to dive into the competition, Aquaculture Innovation needed to add an algae partner to the team.
“Qualitas does not currently produce the oil as an alternative feed ingredient,” said Dr. Rebecca White, VP of Operations at Qualitas Health. “We are focused on human nutrition. However, because there are no other options for sustainable omega-3 production for aquaculture feed, and the potential future market we are looking to in this area, we partnered with Aquaculture Innovation for the F3 challenge.”
A sustainable source of omega-3s is currently missing in aquaculture feed.
Although the company has been in the algae business since starting commercial production in 2015, this is the first time Qualitas Health has dipped its toe into aquaculture. Headquartered in Houston, Qualitas Health has two algae farms, primarily used to produce algae for human nutrition. The first is the primary biomass production site in Imperial, Texas, that spans 360 acres, 45 of which are ponds used for cultivation. This site is also ground zero for research and development, and the company has grand plans to expand the farm to 150 cultivated acres by 2021.
In 2017, Qualitas Health struck a partnership with Green Stream Farms, a commercial crop producer in Texas, to grow algae for the omega-3 market at the New Mexico site. This was a game-changer that enabled the company to triple its production, as well as gave them the boost needed to become a sustainable omega-3 provider on a commercial scale.The New Mexico site is the largest: Located half a mile north of the Mexican border and nine miles west of Columbus, this 900-acre site currently has 100 acres of ponds in cultivation, with plans to expand to 300 cultivated acres in a few years.
“Our biggest opportunity is expansion to meet consumer demand,” said White. “As we have grown consumer awareness of our product in the last two years, demand has gone way up. We are looking forward to expanding our current farms and adding new ones in the next five years or so.”
It may seem odd to harvest algae in the desert, but there are good reasons behind it: The land is cheap and full of brackish groundwater – the ideal environment for algae to flourish. The production process is more sustainable and cost-effective than traditional aquaculture practices. Growing algae in open ponds rather than fermentation tanks is less complex and has lower input costs, making it easier to produce at a commercial scale.
“These are proteins, for replacing fishmeal, and there are many potential technological approaches to addressing that challenge,” said Kadri. “You need to get the right amino acid profile in a highly digestible form in order to mimic fishmeal. For replacing fish oil though, the DHA and EPA components themselves are uniquely important.”
There are plenty of players in the algae-for-fish feed space, but Qualitas Health is doing something completely different from the others: while most are using industrial fermentation tanks in the presence of sugar, Qualitas Health is growing algae in open ponds photosynthetically. It’s a renegade move that may raise some eyebrows, but White assures that there’s sound science behind it.
“Nannochloropsis, the strain we grow, has not been successfully produced via fermentation, even at lab scale,” said White. “We grow in open ponds because that is the technology that is applicable for our strain, locations, plans for scale, and cost of production.”
Ultimately, algae isn’t a magic fix for the industry and there are hurdles to overcome before unlocking its superpowers. As Kadri points out, there are other contenders to consider. For instance, canola could also be a viable alternative feed ingredient – at a much lower price tag.
“When it comes to price, intensively grown GMO canola, manipulated to produce DHA, are likely to be the cheapest source going forward – if and when this passes through the regulatory barriers which hold it back from the market today,” said Kadri.
Nonetheless, this slimy superhero offers promise for addressing the protein problem. Even if “Team Green” doesn’t take the F3 Challenge crown, Qualitas Health and Aqua Innovation believe in the value of their efforts beyond the competition.
“The human supplement market currently absorbs all the volume of algal omega-3 oil that Qualitas can produce,” said White. “However, as production grows and that demand is met, more and more will become available for aquaculture. This will allow aquaculture to continue supplying healthy and sustainable seafood to the fast-growing population of the 21st century.”
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Lisa Jackson is a writer based in Toronto, Canada, who covers a range of food and environmental issues. Her work has been featured in Al Jazeera News, The Globe & Mail and The Toronto Star.
Innovation & Investment
A greenhouse in Belgium believes its innovative shrimp feed product, made from freeze-dried microalgae, packs the necessary nutrients for the crustacean’s most vulnerable life stage: the first three days of its life.
Innovation & Investment
A proliferation of alternative feed ingredients has allowed aquaculture to extend the natural resources it depends on. AlgaPrime, packed with the long-chain omega-3 fatty acid DHA, is being recognized as a game-changing innovation for aquaculture feeds.
The benefits of omega-3 fatty acids to human health are well known. Fish need them too. To supplement current supplies from wild-caught fish, one innovative venture is turning to the corn fields of Nebraska – yes, Nebraska – for answers.
At the F3 (fish-free feed) Companies Got Talent event in Burlingame, Calif., last week, alternative (non-marine) aquafeed ingredient companies spoke of decoupling aquaculture from fishmeal and fish oil in their quest for greater sustainability. | <urn:uuid:a28cee78-2231-412f-a522-370fa2a5b938> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/pond-cultivated-algae-slimy-superhero-aquafeeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711108.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206124909-20221206154909-00822.warc.gz | en | 0.948269 | 2,614 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Computers and SocietyDavid D. Thornburg, Associate Editor
While the debate continues to rage over the destiny of the home computer, specialized programmable computers are showing up in people's homes in record numbers. These computers are the inexpensive music synthesizers manufactured by Casio, Yamaha, Seiko, Kawai, and several others.
In an earlier column I mentioned that the acceptance of the MIDI interface standard has resulted in a powerful merging of synthesizer technology with personal computers. I expect that within a few years every new personal computer will have a built-in MIDI interface.
Music For Everyone
Our love affair with music is extraordinary. At any time of the day or night you can turn on your radio and find that the vast majority of stations are playing music. Given the popularity of recorded music and concerts, you might conclude that we are more interested in hearing music than making it. While this is probably true to some extent, it's not as pervasive as it seems. Musical instruments sell briskly.
Millions of people want to enjoy music by playing it themselves. Historically there have been two barriers to this creative urge. The first is the difficulty of learning to play a conventional musical instrument, and the second is the difficulty of learning to read and write music using traditional notational schemes. Faced with the need to practice for years, many would-be musicians give up in frustration.
From the moment it is brought home, the modern digital synthesizer allows music to be created. Unlike a real trumpet, whose first sounds seem better suited for burglar alarms than for music, a synthesized trumpet sounds sweet from the very beginning.
In addition to providing high-quality sounds, the inexpensive modern synthesizer provides additional help to musicians in the form of sophisticated rhythm sections, automatic arpeggios and chords, and even the ability to sequence several tracks of music into a completely orchestrated piece. All these features can be found at the local discount store for under $200.
If I felt for a moment that synthesized instruments were going to replace traditional instruments, I would be concerned. Instead, we are seeing the synthesizer emerge as a class of instrument in its own right, taking its place next to traditional instruments.
The most exciting aspect of synthesizers is that they can produce sounds unavailable in traditional instruments. If you think about it, musical sounds are made in one of four ways: by hitting something (drums or pianos), plucking something (harpsichords, guitars), blowing air into or across something (organs, horns), or scratching two things together (violins). The synthesizer can emulate many of these sounds, but more importantly, it can be used to create sounds that can't be made by traditional methods. This allows the design and creation of new musical instruments by a new breed of craftsperson—one who works with programs rather than with chisels and glue.
If there is a major limitation to modern synthesizers, it is that new sounds can be hard to implement. For instance, the Yamaha DX-7, one of the standard instruments in the field, is difficult to program without the use of a separate computer.
A recent entry into the low-cost synthesizer market has made this task a lot easier. This instrument is Casio's SK-1 sampling keyboard, which retails for well under $200. The computer in the instrument allows sounds to be captured from external sources through a built-in microphone. Suppose you would like to make an instrument that sounds like a hammer hitting a pipe. To capture this sound, you need only place the SK-1 near a pipe (an external mike can be used), press the Sample key on the synthesizer, and hit the pipe with a hammer. The internal computer samples the sound for 1.4 seconds, encodes the sound digitally, and stores it in about 14K bytes of RAM. The sound you record is assigned to the A key. Once the sound is entered, you can play it at any pitch by pressing the appropriate key on the keyboard. You can also modify the sound's envelope after it is recorded.
The most exciting aspect of this instrument, and others like it, is that it stimulates creative experimentation. If it took hours to create new sounds, you might be reluctant to try offbeat ideas, simply because they might turn out to be a waste of time. With the SK-1, a new sound can be captured in a few seconds. As a result, new owners of the instrument typically spend the first day or so capturing everything from motorcycle engines to recited poetry and using these sounds to create new music.
This playful aspect of the synthesizer is its greatest strength. The computer in this synthesizer is completely transparent to the user. There is no barrier between your goal—music making—and a satisfying result. Technology has receded into the background to facilitate the creation of music, and another computer has quietly entered the home. | <urn:uuid:8fdf6d4d-fa4f-4981-9772-8820d778ff84> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://atarimagazines.com/compute/issue76/Society.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122933.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00588-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957722 | 1,006 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Pottery Tips and Techniques
- Ribs: why use them?
- test for and locate center
- recenter or "truing"
- get height through a vertical stack
- make a juicer
What are they and why use them? From animal rib bones to a scratched and unplayable cd, almost anything can be used as a rib. Ribs are used for forming specific, repeatable, uniform shapes. Ribs are to your fingers what shoes are to your feet, and the right shoe for the right reason can make all the difference, like cleats on grass or ballet shoes for dancing on point. They enhance performance by providing stability and control where the flesh is weak. Even if your fingers are very strong, the application of ribs can provide endurance and uniformity with less effort and more consistency from day to day. On a day when your fingers "just can't remember the shape," the rib always does. Finding and using the right rib can mean the difference in quality and production efficiency that can turn "a real pain" piece into a profitable addition to your line of work. It can also make the difference in simple ability to play, to perform, to participate at all. For people with physical handicaps or limitations including geriatric grip strength weakness to children and small people with young or undeveloped muscles, ribs provide the extra muscle and control that can get or keep you in the game. For able-bodied folks, they are like performance enhancing steroids. Ribs are simply great tools.
Yet there is always debate on virtually any topic in existence. There is some debate on rib use and it goes like this. Using ribs with beginning students can get them up to speed so quickly that much frustration and wasted clay and energy is avoided. They will develop finger control and strength in time, but ribs give them enough initial success that they will keep at it. Some experienced potters contemptuously call it a crutch and say that your fingers are the "best and only tool you need". I contend that crutches are great for people with trouble walking. It is indeed true that a potter can make most forms with just their fingers. It is magical to observe accomplished potters do this. But it is a parlor trick. Most professional and production potters use ribs on a daily basis, not as a crutch but as performance enhancing tools, sometimes as literal crutches, to prop up tired fingers on a long day. There is no imperative to abandon the "crutch" once the potter can control their fingers enough to make pots with "the only tool you really need". And for some applications, your fingers are simply the wrong tool for the job. Ribs are the mainstay of the production potter and can make the all difference in professional quality work made on any scale. Here are some reasons why. The following sections show samples of appropriate use of different types and composition ribs.
. They enhance appearance with reproducible details and surface textures.
. They increase endurance and control in production throwing by allowing the finger grip to change while keeping the same form from piece to piece.
. They provide uniformity of size and shape in duplicate work by providing size gauges for centering and opening forms.
. They are structural aids in forming intricate curves and tall straight walls.
. They save your finger tips and nails in repetitive or abrasive work.
. They provide simple assistance for lid gallery fitting.
When centering, lots of beginning potters find it hard to check for center. You can use your rib point, or the point of you nail, to mark a ring in the clay at the outermost point where there is enough clay to make a complete circle. If the difference from that line to the outer edge of the clay mound is the same all the way around, the clay is centered vertically. Now make more rings coming in 1 centimeter each til you get to the center. If the rings can be made without having to lower or raise the marking tool, the top is level and you can open the piece without much distortion.
The question, "Is it centered, yet?", can be one of the most frustrating for both the instructor and the student. The instructor can't see how you can have your hands on it and not know; the student hasn't "felt" it yet and so he has nothing to compare it to. If the instructor will demonstrate centering and let each student feel the spinning clay as it rotates on center, this self-directed test for center should save everyone from this infernal question.
To re-center after opening: you hold the left index finger straight up at the inside of the opened clay, your left thumb directly across from the index, and a sponge or your finger across the top of the shallow wall of clay. Hold your hands steady, your elbows down on either your splash pan or your knees, and apply just enough pressure to force the clay into a straight, shallow wall. Keep everything wet, but not slippy. If slip is forming, use more water and press more firmly. A properly compressed ball of clay will let the water ride its surface and act as lubricant for your hands. Too little water or too little pressure and the clay will make a layer of soft slippy clay that looks centered, but is physically out of balance. You can't pull walls from this type of clay.
Here is an obtuse analogy: It's like spinning a dense cake with a thick layer of fluffy frosting in your hands. You can make the frosting look smooth, but the cake underneath doesn't change. Centering and recentering has to move the cake, not frosting. The water should be like a layer of oil on the surface of the cake, not thick frosting(slip). Throw clean, with clean hands and tools.
Think about it this way: you only have to touch the clay in one place as it spins to change it all the way around. This is why you use a wheel instead of hand building, to keep from turning it in your hands. The wheel spins it, the water lubricates your hands, your hands work in one spot. Now, just think about the one spot where you are touching it. If the clay is made of particles suspended in water, you are trying to stack the particles up like blocks when you make a pull. If you make a block tower, the blocks have to be stacked directly on top of each other or they fall down. Some domino masters can make bridges and towers out of little blocks. Good potters are like them. They know just how far off and out they can force the stack of clay particles. Beginning potters know, too. When it crumbles underneath their fingers, it was too far to pull it out! The trick is to get ALL of you vertical height out of the clay BEFORE you try to make the stack shift out and then back in to make a curved shape. If you get all of your height first, the shape only has to spin and hold the curves for a few seconds/minutes before you stop the wheel. With this in mind, you experiment with water content in the clay, grog, and geometry to work out fancy angles. Work on a straight cylinder, put your shapes in starting from the top and working down, and use the firmest clay you can center. Ribs help. Slow speed as you shape is essential. And at the end of each pull, recenter the rim by holding one finger inside, one outside, and your sponge across the top. | <urn:uuid:7a2014b7-133c-41da-84bf-4024c11231ca> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://elizabethpriddy.com/pottery.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991659.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516013713-20210516043713-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.953705 | 1,546 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Vampires and Harvard
"Breaking Dawn", the latest movie release based on author Stephanie Meyer's Twilight series, has grossed hundreds of millions of dollars in theaters all around the world. True Blood, an HBO series based on a vampire book series by Charlaine Harris, has racked up legions of fans, not to mention Golden Globe and Emmy wins. So why all this fuss about some tragically attractive, light-averse and blood thirsty protagonists?
That's what Sue Weaver Schopf set out to find out. Her class at Harvard Extension picks apart our unyielding fascination with the undead, tracing the myth back thousands of years, across books, poetry, film and TV. We talk to her about the very first vampires all the way up to Anne Rice and Edward Cullen.
Sue Weaver Schopf, associate dean for the Master of Liberal Arts program at the Harvard Extension School. She teaches a class called "The Vampire in Literature and Film," which traces the history of vampires from their first historical incarnations up to "Twilight" and "True Blood". | <urn:uuid:c12c1676-07b1-49da-bed3-fb6e864924bc> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.wgbh.org/programs/The-Callie-Crossley-Show-855?episode=33747 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662541.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00096-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936224 | 216 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Smart SIDS exploit a mixture of agility, detection, and learning capabilities to satisfy the SIDS needs. However, planning, engineering and management of these systems involve many decisions that require people, processes and technologies tradeoffs. These tradeoffs are particularly serious in developing countries where the needed technologies are not available. This report investigates how smart cities and islands in least developed countries can provide the SDG compliant services in health, education, public safety and public welfare through people, processes and technology tradeoffs.
Our research is based on a systematic methodology and an associated computer aided toolset. In this research, a systematic methodology to be followed while transforming an island to a smart island is proposed. This methodology is applied to a few of the islands in the UN Small Islands and Developing States (SIDS) Partnership.
And finally, a computer aided decision support environment called SPACE (Strategic Planning, Architecture, Controls, and Education) is used to guide through strategic decisions required to plan, develop, manage and control the project in the developing countries setting. | <urn:uuid:a9a59795-ab99-49d2-8cdc-f8110694ba19> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://ict4sids.com/smartsids.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831933.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219090209-20181219112138-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.932965 | 210 | 3.0625 | 3 |
One of New York’s most awe-inspiring glass buildings is a premier destination for both corporate clients and professionals. A conspicuous and bold J.P. Morgan Chase and Co. stands head high on the building, which faces the metropolitan hub. On entering the company headquarters, what strikes one the most is a magnificent black-and-white canvas put across the lobby. The photograph is dominated by J.P. Morgan, the eponym of one of the most eminent and established global Investment Bank and Financial Services providers.
J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., formerly known as J.P. Morgan and Company Inc., was formed by the merger of two of the world’s premier financial brands: J.P. Morgan & Co. and The Chase Manhattan Corporation in December, 2000. A component of Dow Jones Industrial Average, the company serves millions of customers including the most eminent government, corporate and institutional clients. The leading American multinational is built on a strong foundation of more than a thousand predecessor companies, including many well- know heritage banks such as Bank One, The Chase Manhattan Bank, National Bank of Detroit among several others that contributed to innovations in finance and growth of the world economies.
The Corporate’s Chronicles
Commercial banking in the United States began immediately after the Revolutionary War, in 1783. The earliest American banks played a pivotal role in the nation’s economic and industrial growth by lending money, safeguarding deposits and issuing bank notes to be used as currency. In 1784, the Bank of New York- founded by Alexander Hamilton, who became George Washington’s Treasury Secretary- became the first commercial bank in the United States. The bank stood without any competition until 1799, when Hamilton’s political rival Aaron Burr, a U.S. Senator and future Vice President of the country, founded the Bank of Manhattan Co. JPMorgan Chase traces its origin to this dawning institution.
The Bank of Manhattan Co. started on an unusual note. The company was established by a group of New Yorkers, including Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr. It was chartered by the New York State Legislature to supply pure and wholesome drinking water to the city’s burgeoning population. A provision in the charter permitted the firm to employ its excess capital for banking operations. Within five months, The Bank of Manhattan became the second-largest commercial bank, breaking the banking monopoly of Bank of New York and leading to severed ties with Hamilton. By 1842, the Manhattan Co. outlived the waterworks and became the state’s premier banking institution- lending money, underwriting bonds and funding projects such as the Erie Canal in 1825. This was followed by several pan country mergers with banking institutions such as the Bank of Metropolis, Merchants National Bank among numerous others, which helped the bank expand, diversify and orient its financial operations.
Another key predecessor institution of JPMorgan Chase was The Chase National Bank, organized in 1877 by John Thompson. Chase witnessed phenomenal growth in the banking sector and this was facilitated by proliferation of branches and extensive foreign affiliations through more than a dozen integrations with smaller subordinate banks. Subsequently, Chase went on to become the nation’s third largest bank and a major business player in the sector, after an exponential growth trajectory.
On March 1955, the Chase National Bank and The Bank of Manhattan Co. amalgamated to form the Chase Manhattan Bank. The new institution incorporated Chase’s strength in international, corporate, and correspondent banking with The Bank of Manhattan Co.’s network of branches and retail banking expertise.
The Morgan branch of the corporation traces its origin to J.P. Morgan and Company, Inc. and Guaranty Trust Company of New York, two companies which consolidated in 1959 to form the Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. J.P. Morgan and Co. was established in 1871 by bankers J. Pierpoint Morgan and Anthony Drexel. The new merchant banking partnership served initially as an agent for Europeans investing in the United States, ultimately raising much of the capital to support American industrial expansion. Through perseverant and consistent efforts, the company was able to assist its clientele and stock exchanges into sailing through tough financial crises concerning the railroad networks and gold standards. Consequently, J. Pierpoint Morgan set himself as one of history’s most influential and powerful bankers, personally intervening in business disputes and orchestrating solutions during economic crises. By the end of the 20th Century, the establishment became a leading underwriter of corporate debt and one of the most revered investment banking houses.
In the year 2000, J.P. Morgan Co. underwent a merger with Chase Manhattan Corporation, in effect combining four of the largest and oldest money center banking institutions in the New York city into one firm called the JPMorgan Chase & Co. This was further accompanied by an integration with Bank One Corporation in 2004, keeping the original name intact. The mergers were lauded by investment analysts who believed that they would ‘realign the competitive landscape for banks’ by uniting the investment and commercial banking skills and consumer banking strengths.
The Times Today
Since its inception almost two centuries ago, JPMorgan Chase & Co. has consolidated its position as a leading player in the financial sector. Armed with a global presence in more than 50 countries, the company is a key star renowned for providing professional services in the field of investment banking, commercial banking, asset management, cards, treasury & security and retail finance.
Author: Alisha Gragya (firstname.lastname@example.org) | <urn:uuid:9a9a1436-561a-407d-917f-1bb6966b33bd> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.youthpolicyreview.com/post/the-story-of-jp-morgan-chase-co | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154042.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731011529-20210731041529-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.949518 | 1,126 | 2.71875 | 3 |
CALGARY – From nuclear bombs to radio waves, to a combustible “fire flooding” idea, scientists have tried, with some successes and many failures, to develop new and improved ways to pull oil from the oilsands since the 1970s.
Researchers have abandoned the most explosive oilsands extraction ideas but major companies are increasingly confident in one new way to get crude out of the sands around Fort McMurray: solvents,
Companies like Suncor Energy Inc., Cenovus Energy Inc. and Imperial Oil Ltd. among others have spent years lab testing and field testing ways to use chemicals like propane, pentane and butane – usually called solvents at oilsands companies – to produce more oil while using less water and, at the same time, curbing emissions.
“Solvents are the future,” Cenovus Energy executive vice-president, oilsands development Harbir Chhina said.
Asked what percentage of Imperial’s Calgary research centre is currently focused on solvents, the company’s vice-president of upstream engineering Rick Gallant said, “All of it.”
Imperial is already using solvents to boost production at older wells on its steam-based Cold Lake oilsands project, which produces 160,000 barrels of oil per day, Gallant says. The company has also filed applications with the Alberta Energy Regulator for two other projects that would use a process Imperial calls “solvent assisted, steam-assisted gravity drainage.”
The process injects a combination of steam and solvent into an oilsands deposit through one well, then pulls the oil to the surface through a neighbouring well. It’s similar to a better known and widely used process, called Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage or SAGD, but the addition of solvents reduces the need for water.
Competing operators have tested variations of the technology with a variety of similar-sounding names for the same purpose – to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity and improve efficiency – and are working on full-scale commercial facilities.
Cenovus began work on the Narrows Lake oilsands project in 2012, which at the time was set to be the first commercial-scale “solvent-aided” project in the oilsands. But the company suspended construction on Narrows Lake in 2014, when the project was about 20 per cent complete, to save cash during the dramatic collapse in oil prices.
Chhina said Cenovus plans to restart construction when the oil market improves, possibly in the next 12 to 18 months, and after it wraps up two other projects that were also suspended in 2014 but are closer to completion than Narrows Lake.
Barry Munro, management consultancy Ernst & Young’s national oil and gas leader for Canada, calls solvent-based oilsands extraction a “step change” for the oilsands and, possibly, the wider Canadian energy sector. He said that many technological innovations in the oilsands have been applied in conventional heavy oil formations, boosting their output and productivity.
“Guys have gone out and done look-alike developments in conventional heavy oil,” Munro said, adding that the same could happen with solvents across Western Canada, possibly leading to a productivity boost across the industry and a reduction in emissions.
Imperial Oil expects it can cut operating costs by deploying its solvent-assisted process in the oilsands, boost output and reduce its greenhouse gas emissions intensity per barrel by 25 per cent, while also reducing the company’s water use per barrel of oil produced at the same rate, according to Gallant.
He said that society’s expectations for environmental responsibility have changed in recent years, requiring companies in the energy sector to shrink their environmental footprint and oilsands companies are increasingly turning to new technologies, like solvents, to do so. “Those expectations continue to increase and we need to continue to respond,” Gallant said.
Chhina thinks the process can reduce Cenvous’ steam-to-oil ratio, an important measure of an oilsands plant’s efficiency and its environmental performance, by 30 per cent to 40 per cent.
Eventually, as solvent-based techniques improve, oilsands companies hope to entirely eliminate the use of water, which is used to make steam that is injected into oilsands wells, Chhina said.
Joseph Kuhach, chief executive at Calgary-based Nsolv, says his company has already patented a waterless technique using solvents to extract oil from the oilsands. The company is running a field test, which produced its 100,000th barrel of oil in July, on a Suncor oilsands lease and the process produces oil with a quarter of the emissions as a typical SAGD facility.
Still, no major company has partnered with Nsolv or licensed its technology on a commercial scale facility in the oilsands to date. Kuhach hopes that increasing societal pressure and new emissions regulations in Alberta – oilsands operators now face a cumulative 100-megatonne emissions cap – could change that in the near future.
EY’s Munro believes there is another economic advantage of solvent-based oilsands extraction techniques, which could deliver the “step change” the industry is looking for. The use of solvents has been shown in laboratory and field testing to produce oil that is less viscous than oilsands extracted without solvents, he said.
The significance of this isn’t lost on oilsands producers that have been pushing for new pipelines for years. Oilsands companies that don’t upgrade their crude currently blend their product with a chemical blend called diluent – which, incidentally, can be used as a solvent – in order to flow it through a pipeline.
Solvent-based oilsands extraction techniques could deliver the ‘step change’ the industry is looking for
As a result of the need to blend bitumen with diluent – creating a product called dilbit – Canadian export pipelines are clogged with more diluent and carry less crude than they might otherwise be able to deliver, limiting pipeline takeaway capacity.
Kuhach said that solvents can solve this problem by producing a pipeline-ready oil. “When we extract it, we’re leaving a lot of that nasty stuff, the heavy asphaltines, in the ground,” he said.
Still, oilsands companies have avoided sanctioning new projects and new technologies while oil and gas prices are depressed, meaning a full-scale facility using solvents is still years away from operation.
Oilsands producers understand the environmental and economic stakes are high and are pouring money into research in the hope that solvents work as well on a commercial scale as they do in a laboratory setting. As Cenvous’ Chhina said, “One success story out of 100 trials can change this province.” | <urn:uuid:157b414c-04cb-4237-8f69-4d6d0f386474> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://business.financialpost.com/executive/smart-shift/solvents-to-the-rescue-how-chemistry-can-save-the-oilsands-industry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322160.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825000550-20190825022550-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.955857 | 1,446 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Intended use of the testkit
The Influenza Virus type A ELISA is designed these viral proteins of IV. To this end monoclonal antibodies have been bound to the solid phase. The plates are incubated with the sample to be best tested. The plates are washed after incubation to remove unbound materials. A monoclonal antibody against influenza, conjugated with biotin, is added to detect bound Influenza Virus. The plates are washed after incubation to remove unbound materials. Conjugated streptavidin is added to detect bound biotin conjugate. After incubation and washing, the substrate is added and the optical density is measured at 450 nm.
Principle of the testkit
The test is based on the reaction of antibodies with NP proteins. To this end, monoclonal antibodies have been coated to a 96 well microtiter strip plate.
The sample is added (in a titration pure, 1:10, 1:30 and 1:90 diluted) to the wells of the coated plate. After washing, the bound influenza virus is detected by an anti-influenza biotin conjugate. After washing, the bound anti-Influenza conjugate is detected by streptavidin HRPO conjugate. Bound streptavidin conjugate is made visible by adding substrate/chromagen mix. The intensity of the color reaction in the wells is directly correlated to the concentration of Influenza virus in the sample.
Interpretation of test results
A sample is considered positive when the measured extinction is higher than 2 times the OD of the negative control. When a sample is negative > sample < 2x negative, it should be tested again within 2-4 weeks. It is advised to keep animals isolated during this time frame. The OD of the positive control must be ≥ 1,000. | <urn:uuid:25c80e39-a0fd-427b-8157-503dd3ddcc4a> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://evlonline.eu/product/influenza-virus-antigen-eia-5x-96-well-plate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585209.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018190451-20211018220451-00657.warc.gz | en | 0.922295 | 385 | 2.9375 | 3 |
One of the most effective ways to build saxophone technique is through scale practice.
Scales are the building blocks for all music genres, and help build vocabulary and ear training skills.
Scales also include arpeggios, which are the individual pitches that make up chords.
Chord practice is vital for hearing the chord changes in jazz and classical progressions, and for conveying those changes to the audience when improvising.
But which scales do you really need to know?
What order should you play your scales?
How should you practice your scales?
In the following four part series, you will get the answers to those questions.
In Part 1, you will learn the best order to start working on scales, along with some of the chords the scales go well with.
In the 2nd part of my series on scales, you will discover the method books that will bring your technique to the next level, and some advanced tips to build technique and improvisation.
In Part 3, you will discover 3 tips to applying your scale practice to learning jazz tunes.
In part 4, you will discover 3 ways to work through challenging keys to improve your technique.
A New/Old Resource!
In this last video, I review Miles Osland's Scale Anthology series. This is a comprehensive series used to develop your technique and improvisation
Here are the links to purchase the Anthology:
Learning Jazz improvisation can be overwhelming without guidance and support.
There are way too many resources available, but they may not be the right path for you right now. | <urn:uuid:26c299c9-c109-4d1b-801e-75635f6a8982> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://donnaschwartzmusic.com/saxophone-technique-scale-practice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710473.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128034307-20221128064307-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.92495 | 324 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Yoko Ono Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
Also Known For :
Birth Place :
Yoko Ono was born on February 18th, 1933. She is a renowned Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter. She is also a peace activist and that she also gained her fame through her role in filmmaking as well as performing arts. In 1966, she had hosted an exhibition when John Lennon (from Beatles) met her. In March 1969, the two got married. From this point, they worked together in her artistic projects as well as their music careers. In 1980, Lennon was shot after which Ono remained active in her artistic career. In memory of Lennon, Ono went ahead to initiated Lennon Ono Grant.
Family and Early Life
Yoko Ono was born in Tokyo and was the daughter of Isoko Ono and Eisuke Ono. Her father was a banker by profession while her mother was a former pianist. Ono is the eldest in a family of three. When she was born, the Onos were considered wealthy as the father was ennobled in 1915.
The Ono family moved to San Francisco in 1935 where her father had been posted. They stayed here for two years before they moved back to Japan in 1937. Here, she was admitted to Gakushuin School. Three years later, the family moved again, this time to the New York City. In 1941, they moved back to Hanoi where Yoko Ono got admission to Keimei Gakuen primary school.
After settling with her family for close to six years, they went to Scarsdale, New York. She later joined Sarah Lawrence College. She did not complete her studies as she fled with ToshiIchiyanagi who was her first husband.
Early Career as an Artist
The beginning was tough for Yoko Ono as her works as an artist were not well received and appreciated out there. Things turned around after meeting Anthony Cox. Cox was both a musician and a film producer. Ono began to get recognized for her works of art. Cox later became the second husband to Ono. Ono got both moral and financial help from her husband in making her career success. Together, in 1963, the two lovebirds had one daughter Kyoko Cox.
“Cut Piece” was one of Ono’s works that was well received in 1964. Her significant actions were also repeated in other places such as London and Manhattan. At this point, he was a role model to many in art.
In 1966, while Yoko Ono was at her exhibition preview in London, she met with John Lennon from the Beatles. Lennon was quite impressed with her unique works of art. 18 months later, the two were having an affair. This made Lennon divorce his wife, Cynthia. After this, Yoko Ono and John Lennon got married in 1969.
Ono and her new husband Lennon were not only lovers, but they also worked together on some projects. They went to release their first album ‘Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins’. Other albums that came after this include ‘The Wedding Album’ and ‘Unfinished Music No. 2: Life with the Lions’.
Custody over Kyoko
Issues arose after Yoko Ono got married to her new husband, Lennon. Gaining custody over Kyoko, her first daughter was a big issue. It is from here that she went to dedicate a song to her "Don't Worry Kyoko." Her ex-husband disappeared with Kyoko in 1971. Sources claim that he had enrolled her in a cult.
In 1975, Yoko Ono and Lennon got their first son and named him Sean Lennon. After the birth of their son, Lennon opted to quit the music industry and raise their kid. Years later in 1980 when he aspired to return to the music business, he was shot by an angry fan.
After the death of her husband, Ono did not stop her career. She went on to record albums and performing in concert tours. In memory of her loving husband, she had initiated some projects including the LennonOno Grant for Peace. She instated this plan in October 2002. This was done commemorating Lennon’s 62nd birthday that was to be celebrated in the same year. To show their family commitment to promoting peace, she also uncovered the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland.
Today, Yoko Ono is still breaking records in the music industry. In 2011, she hit the dance charts by getting to number 1. Her major hit (“Move on Fast”) came when she was 78 years old. | <urn:uuid:07ad47d5-2f18-415e-9536-52cd2df32587> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/profile/yoko-ono/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363006.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204185021-20211204215021-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.993122 | 981 | 2.84375 | 3 |
DUE IN 5 HOURS FROM NOW.
Please read the following instructions and write a 3 pages essay.I have attached all the required reading resources.
Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals Section 2 The Categorical Imperative
Reminder this is a reading quiz. As usual, isolate the quotes from the text FIRST and then give your exegesis of the quotes in an interpretive paragraph to follow.
Explain Kant’s tirade against making happiness or the good life the basis for ethics, explain carefully his arguments on pp. 27-28 and their relation to the Monkey’s Paw and Pickle stories (to discuss in class).
Distinguish the self-contradiction test from the moral worth test. Can you pass the first without passing the second?
Explain all four examples of the categorical imperative test, (pp. 30-32) with the following in mind. Distinguish Kan t’s self-contradiction test from Grandma’s Theory of “what if everybody did that”? Explain the difference between the perfect duties of examples 1 and 2, and the imperfect duties of 3 and 4 and show that both compel assent from a perfectly rational and free will.
What is the real pay off of the self-contradiction test? What does it reveal in us that opens up the secret of the ethical universe according to Kant?
See Attached files please. and use primary sources ONLY.
THE Book: Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals , Ellington, trans. 3 rd Edition (Hackett, 1993).
please see the previous paper and write a new one.
the paper needs to be perfect because this is my last chance. try to be more clear and explain more and clear. this paper is short paper please make it has more info. let me know if you have any questions before you write the paper.
read the comment from the prof. (remember write a paper that explain clearly ) don’t write the same as this paper because the prof refused it. | <urn:uuid:62211f25-3422-41b9-bc53-51fe7126ff27> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://emuktask.com/3-pages-work-due-in-5-hours/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385984.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210309030723-20210309060723-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.910308 | 435 | 3.40625 | 3 |
|Bishop of Rome|
|Papacy began||24 December 640|
|Papacy ended||12 October 642|
|Died||12 October 642 (aged 55)|
|Other popes named John|
Pope John IV (Latin: Ioannes IV; died 12 October 642) was the bishop of Rome from 24 December 640 to his death. His election followed a four-month vacancy. He wrote to the clergy of Ireland and Scotland to tell them of the mistakes they were making with regard to the time of keeping Easter and condemned Monothelitism as heresy. According to sacred tradition, he created the Catholic Church in Croatia with Abbot Martin.
Pope John was a native of Iadera, Dalmatia. He was the son of the scholasticus (advocate) Venantius. At the time of his election, he was archdeacon of the Roman Church, an important role in governing the see. John was considered "a very cultured man". As John's consecration on 24 December 640 followed very soon after his election, it is supposed that the elections were being confirmed by the exarch of Ravenna rather than directly by the emperor in Constantinople.
While still only pope-elect, John, with the other bishops of the Catholic Church, wrote to the clergy of Ireland and Scotland to tell them of the mistakes they were making with regard to the time of keeping Easter, and exhort them to be on their guard against the Pelagian heresy. About the same time, he condemned Monothelism as heresy. Emperor Heraclius immediately disowned the Monothelite document known as the "Ecthesis". To Heraclius' son, Constantine III, John addressed his apology for Pope Honorius I, in which he deprecated the attempt to connect the name of Honorius with Monothelism. Honorius, he declared, in speaking of one will in Jesus, only meant to assert that there were not two contrary wills in Him.
Troubles in his native land caused by invasions of Slavs directed John's attention there. To alleviate the distress of the inhabitants, John sent the abbot Martin into Dalmatia and Istria with large sums of money for the redemption of captives. As the ruined churches could not be rebuilt, the relics of some of the more important Dalmatian saints were brought to Rome. John then erected an oratory in their honour. It was adorned by the pope with mosaics depicting John himself holding in his hands a model of his oratory. John endeavoured thereby to convert the Slavs in Dalmatia and Istria to Christianity. Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus claimed that Duke Porga of Croatia, who had been invited into Dalmatia by Heraclius, sent to Emperor Heraclius for Christian teachers. It is supposed that the emperor to whom this message was sent was Emperor Heraclius himself, and that he sent it to Pope John IV.
John was buried in the Basilica of St. Peter. | <urn:uuid:6167652d-e5de-4213-a8ba-976f16065fb8> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Pope_John_IV | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655247.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609032325-20230609062325-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.9861 | 685 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the natural variation in gene frequencies observed between the genomes of individuals or groups of humans. Variation occurs at both the individual level (differences between individual people) and at the geographic level, i.e. differences between groups of people living in different parts of the world (ethnic groups, races).
In genetics there may be multiple variants of any given gene (polymorphism), these are called alleles. Any individual human has only two copies of any given allele, one inherited from their mother and the other from their father, but many more different versions of the gene may exist. Genetic variation is also distributed geographically, the frequency of any given allele may be greater in humans from on geographic region than in humans from some other region.
There are at least two reasons why genetic variation is geographically distributed:
- natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment, for example dark skin pigmentation protects from high levels of ultraviolet radiation, whereas a low level of melanin in the skin may confer an advantage in regions with low levels of UV light. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage.
- The second main cause of geographically distributed genetic variation is due to non-uniform sampling of a population. The main cause is founder effect, this is the effect of a small group of individuals migrating from a larger group and founding a new population, if the migrating population represents only a small subset of the parental population, then it will not be genetically representative of the parental population (sampling error). Small founding populations are also subject to genetic drift, which may further alter allele frequencies. An example of this is the human migration out of Africa, it has been theorised that the migration out of Africa only represented a small fraction of the genetic variation in East Africa, and that this is the cause of the observed lower levels of diversity in all indigenous non-African humans. More recent neutral polymorphisms caused by mutation are likely to be relatively geographically localised, while older polymorphisms are more likely to be shared by all human groups. A large majority of the observed genetic variation is nevertheless distributed within any geographic region rather than between regions, though it is usually possible to accurately identify the geographic origins of any individual's ancestors by genetic means.
The study of human geographic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. The study can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. From a medical perspective the study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease causing alleles occur at a greater frequency in people from specific geographic regions.
Distribution of variation
The differences in many patterns of genetic variation between humans and other species awaits additional genetic studies of human populations and nonhuman species. But the data gathered to date suggest that human variation exhibits several distinctive characteristics. First, compared with many other mammalian species, humans are genetically less diverse—a counterintuitive finding, given our large population and worldwide distribution (Li and Sadler 1991; Kaessmann et al. 2001). For example, the chimpanzee subspecies living just in central and western Africa have higher levels of diversity than do humans (Ebersberger et al. 2002; Yu et al. 2003; Fischer et al. 2004).
Two random humans are expected to differ at approximately 1 in 1000 nucleotides, whereas two random chimpanzees differ at 1 in 500 nucleotide pairs. However, with a genome of approximate 3 billion nucleotides, on average two humans differ at approximately 3 million nucleotides. Most of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are neutral, but some are functional and influence the phenotypic differences between humans. It is estimated that about 10 million SNPs exist in human populations, where the rarer SNP allele has a frequency of at least 1% (see International HapMap Project).
The distribution of variants within and among human populations also differs from that of many other species. The details of this distribution are impossible to describe succinctly because of the difficulty of defining a "population," the clinal nature of variation, and heterogeneity across the genome (Long and Kittles 2003). In general, however, 5%–15% of genetic variation occurs between large groups living on different continents, with the remaining majority of the variation occurring within such groups (Lewontin 1972; Jorde et al. 2000a; Hinds et al. 2005). This distribution of genetic variation differs from the pattern seen in many other mammalian species, for which existing data suggest greater differentiation between groups (Templeton 1998; Kittles and Weiss 2003).
Our history as a species also has left genetic signals in regional populations. For example, in addition to having higher levels of genetic diversity, populations in Africa tend to have lower amounts of linkage disequilibrium than do populations outside Africa, partly because of the larger size of human populations in Africa over the course of human history and partly because the number of modern humans who left Africa to colonize the rest of the world appears to have been relatively low (Gabriel et al. 2002). In contrast, populations that have undergone dramatic size reductions or rapid expansions in the past and populations formed by the mixture of previously separate ancestral groups can have unusually high levels of linkage disequilibrium (Nordborg and Tavare 2002).
In the field of population genetics, it is believed that the distribution of neutral polymorphisms among contemporary humans reflects human demographic history. It is believed that humans passed through a population bottleneck before a rapid expansion coinciding with migrations out of Africa leading to an African-Eurasian divergence around 100,000 years ago (ca. 5,000 generations), followed by a European-Asian divergence about 40,000 years ago (ca. 2,000 generations). Richard G. Klein, Nicholas Wade and Spencer Wells, among others, have postulated that modern humans did not leave Africa and successfully colonize the rest of the world until as recently as 60,000 - 50,000 years B.P., pushing back the dates for subsequent population splits as well.
The rapid expansion of a previously small population has two important effects on the distribution of genetic variation. First, the so-called founder effect occurs when founder populations bring only a subset of the genetic variation from their ancestral population. Second, as founders become more geographically separated, the probability that two individuals from different founder populations will mate becomes smaller. The effect of this assortative mating is to reduce gene flow between geographical groups, and to increase the genetic distance between groups. The expansion of humans from Africa affected the distribution of genetic variation in two other ways. First, smaller (founder) populations experience greater genetic drift because of increased fluctuations in neutral polymorphisms. Second, new polymorphisms that arose in one group were less likely to be transmitted to other groups as gene flow was restricted.
Many other geographic, climatic, and historical factors have contributed to the patterns of human genetic variation seen in the world today. For example, population processes associated with colonization, periods of geographic isolation, socially reinforced endogamy, and natural selection all have affected allele frequencies in certain populations (Jorde et al. 2000b; Bamshad and Wooding 2003). In general, however, the recency of our common ancestry and continual gene flow among human groups have limited genetic differentiation in our species.
Substructure in the human population
New data on human genetic variation has reignited the debate surrounding race. Most of the controversy surrounds the question of how to interpret this new data, and whether conclusions based on existing data are sound. A large majority of researchers endorse the view that continental groups do not constitute different subspecies. However, other researchers still debate whether evolutionary lineages should rightly be called "races". These questions are particularly pressing for biomedicine, where self-described race is often used as an indicator of ancestry (see race in biomedicine below).
Although the genetic differences among human groups are relatively small, these differences in certain genes such as duffy, ABCC11, SLC24A5, called ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) nevertheless can be used to reliably situate many individuals within broad, geographically based groupings or self-identified race. For example, computer analyses of hundreds of polymorphic loci sampled in globally distributed populations have revealed the existence of genetic clustering that roughly is associated with groups that historically have occupied large continental and subcontinental regions (Rosenberg et al. 2002; Bamshad et al. 2003).
Some commentators have argued that these patterns of variation provide a biological justification for the use of traditional racial categories. They argue that the continental clusterings correspond roughly with the division of human beings into sub-Saharan Africans; Europeans, Western Asians, Southern Asians and Northern Africans + Eastern Asians, Southeast Asians, Polynesians and Native Americans; and other inhabitants of Oceania (Melanesians, Micronesians & Australian Aborigines) (Risch et al. 2002). Other observers disagree, saying that the same data undercut traditional notions of racial groups (King and Motulsky 2002; Calafell 2003; Tishkoff and Kidd 2004). They point out, for example, that major populations considered races or subgroups within races do not necessarily form their own clusters. Thus, samples taken from India and Pakistan affiliate with Europeans or eastern Asians rather than separating into a distinct cluster.
Furthermore, because human genetic variation is clinal, many individuals affiliate with two or more continental groups. Thus, the genetically based "biogeographical ancestry" assigned to any given person generally will be broadly distributed and will be accompanied by sizable uncertainties (Pfaff et al. 2004).
In many parts of the world, groups have mixed in such a way that many individuals have relatively recent ancestors from widely separated regions. Although genetic analyses of large numbers of loci can produce estimates of the percentage of a person's ancestors coming from various continental populations (Shriver et al. 2003; Bamshad et al. 2004), these estimates may assume a false distinctiveness of the parental populations, since human groups have exchanged mates from local to continental scales throughout history (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994; Hoerder 2002). Even with large numbers of markers, information for estimating admixture proportions of individuals or groups is limited, and estimates typically will have wide confidence intervals or CIs (Pfaff et al. 2004).
Variation in phenotype
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- Further information: skin color, hair color, eye color, body hair, Human height, Human weight, and human intelligence
- Further information: Height and intelligence, race and intelligence, race and height
The distribution of many physical traits resembles the distribution of genetic variation within and between human populations (American Association of Physical Anthropologists 1996; Keita and Kittles 1997). For example, ~90% of the variation in human head shapes occurs within continental groups, and ~10% separates groups, with a greater variability of head shape among individuals with recent African ancestors (Relethford 2002).
Variation in a trait under selection, skin colour
A prominent exception to the common distribution of physical characteristics within and among groups is skin color. Approximately 10% of the variance in skin color occurs within groups, and ~90% occurs between groups (Relethford 2002). This distribution of skin color and its geographic patterning — with people whose ancestors lived predominantly near the equator having darker skin than those with ancestors who lived predominantly in higher latitudes — indicate that this attribute has been under strong selective pressure. Darker skin appears to be strongly selected for in equatorial regions to prevent sunburn, skin cancer, the photolysis of folate, and damage to sweat glands (Sturm et al. 2001; Rees 2003). A leading hypothesis for the selection of lighter skin in higher latitudes is that it enables the body to form greater amounts of vitamin D, which helps prevent rickets (Jablonski 2004). Evidence for this includes the finding that a substantial portion of the differences of skin color between Europeans and Africans resides in a single gene, SLC24A5 the threonine-111 allele of which was found in 98.7 to 100% among several European samples, while the alanine-111 form was found in 93 to 100% of samples of Africans, East Asians and Indigenous Americans (Lamason et al. 2005). However, the vitamin D hypothesis is not universally accepted (Aoki 2002), and lighter skin in high latitudes may correspond simply to an absence of selection for dark skin (Harding et al. 2000). Melanin which serves as the pigment, is located in the epidermis of the skin, and is based on hereditary gene expression.
Because skin color has been under strong selective pressure, similar skin colors can result from convergent adaptation rather than from genetic relatedness. Sub-Saharan Africans, tribal populations from southern India, and Indigenous Australians have similar skin pigmentation, but genetically they are no more similar than are other widely separated groups. Furthermore, in some parts of the world in which people from different regions have mixed extensively, the connection between skin color and ancestry has been substantially weakened (Parra et al. 2004). In Brazil, for example, skin color is not closely associated with the percentage of recent African ancestors a person has, as estimated from an analysis of genetic variants differing in frequency among continent groups (Parra et al. 2003).
Considerable speculation has surrounded the possible adaptive value of other physical features characteristic of groups, such as the constellation of facial features observed in many eastern and northeastern Asians (Guthrie 1996). However, any given physical characteristic generally is found in multiple groups (Lahr 1996), and demonstrating that environmental selective pressures shaped specific physical features will be difficult, since such features may have resulted from sexual selection for individuals with certain appearances or from genetic drift (Roseman 2004).
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- Race and genetics
- Human evolutionary genetics
- Multiregional hypothesis
- Recent single origin hypothesis
- Genetic history of Europe
- Genetic history of South Asia
- The 1000 Genomes Project | <urn:uuid:6a2c500e-f36a-4f1c-baf1-4b4d3ca49311> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Human_genetic_variation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721268.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00407-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888706 | 4,742 | 4.25 | 4 |
A long rest for the sun
The sun may sit out the next solar cycle, and even go into a prolonged lull lasting several decades, say solar scientists. Such a "grand minimum" would slightly cool the Earth, but the effect would be far too small to offset global warming.
Treatment in sight
Two people in the US with progressive degeneration of the retina are to become the first recipients of a pioneering treatment derived from human embryonic stem cells. Doctors will inject their eyes with retinal pigment cells that Advanced Cell Technology of Worcester, Massachusetts, grew from the stem cells.
Dishwashers have spawned some exceptionally tough fungi. A survey of 189 dishwashers found that over half contained infectious "black yeasts" that, unlike all other known fungi, could survive heat, salt, strong detergents and both acid and alkaline water (Fungal Biology, DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.007).
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:b68749fd-b6e4-417c-b0d5-7010822d9b19> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21028183.900-60-seconds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765584.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00159-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916654 | 223 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Date of Award
Master of Science (MS)
Michael N. Gooseff
Aquatic ecosystem temperature regulation is essential to the survival of riverine fish species restricted to limited water temperature ranges. Thermal effluent regulations in place to protect these ecosystems restrict thermoelectric power generation when water temperatures are too warm. Climate change projections forecast increased precipitation intensities, a trend that has already been observed in the past century. Though extreme events are becoming more common, the stream temperature response to high-intensity rainfall is not yet well understood. Precipitation (33) and stream temperature records (52) from gages in the Upper Midwestern United States were analyzed to determine whether there exists a positive relationship between high-intensity rainfall and warming stream temperature response. This region was chosen for its already observed trends in increasing precipitation intensity, and both urban and rural gages were used in order to account for the effect of impervious surfaces on runoff amounts and temperature. Days with recorded precipitation were divided by an intensity threshold and classified as either high-intensity or moderate-intensity days. While the effects of rain events on stream temperature are variable, increases in stream temperature in response to high-intensity rainfall were observed. For some basins, daily maximum rates of stream temperature increase were, on average, greater for higher intensity events. Similarly, the daily maximum rate of temperature increase was higher in most streams on days of high-intensity precipitation, compared to days of moderate-intensity events. Understanding the effect of increasing precipitation intensity in conjunction with rising air temperatures will provide insight into the future of aquatic ecosystems and their adaptation to climate change.
Wilson, Colleen E., "Increased Stream Temperature in Response to Extreme Precipitation Events" (2017). Civil Engineering Graduate Theses & Dissertations. 75. | <urn:uuid:e0df5170-0507-4363-8c09-3972741b5245> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://scholar.colorado.edu/cven_gradetds/75/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583656577.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116011131-20190116033131-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.920534 | 359 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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