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By Simon Thurley
Yale University Press, $45.00, 224 pages
One of the most unexpected themes running through Men from the Ministry, Simon Thurley’s engaging account of the preservation movement in Britain, is just how modern that movement is.
When it was established in 1815, the Office of Works served as the first governmental organization with responsibility for historic sites. In England, these included a rich tapestry of medieval patrimony: cathedrals and abbeys dotted the countryside, while, closer to London, castles and palaces fueled a growing public appetite for the “olden times”. Home to Henry VIII, Hampton Court, for instance, attracted more than 350,000 visitors in 1851. Other sites, too, garnered considerable public interest: the Tower of London, like Shakespeare’s home in Stratford, welcomed record numbers of visitors throughout the later nineteenth century.
“The bones of our heritage are the tangible and visible remains of our ancestors, their achievements, their industry and their ideas of beauty.”
As Thurley makes clear, it was the responsibility of the Office of Works (and the men of its Ancient Monuments Department) to develop a strategy both for cataloging and administering sites worthy of preservation. Doing so required that it first establish a definition for “heritage”, which was synonymous throughout the Victorian era with “the impress of national character”. In 1913, as the First World War approached, the Office recast the term according to a more expansive set of criteria: sites were to be evaluated not only according to their reputation and history, but their architectural, archaeological, and artistic merits. Slowly, the English landscape was transformed: what started in the nineteenth century as a disparate network of monuments had been converted by the twentieth into a chorus of interconnected sites, each contributing to a larger national narrative.
Ultimately, the Office of Works (and its successor, English Heritage) achieved what it set out to do: associate English identity with what Thurley calls the “physicality” of England. No longer was Stonehenge a remote cluster of rocks; like so many other sites preserved over the past 200 years, it served instead as the basis for a story about the triumph of a nation and its people.
Reviewed by Jesse Freedman | <urn:uuid:c5ae2176-87db-4a39-a3a1-4a0baab68ca8> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://portlandbookreview.com/2014/01/men-from-the-ministry-how-britain-saved-its-heritage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487608856.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613131257-20210613161257-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.953461 | 477 | 2.59375 | 3 |
By KATIE HOOS
Although an estimated 61.5 million American adults—or 26 percent—suffer from diagnosed mental illnesses in a given year, the issue of mental health remains clouded by stigma, discrimination and misunderstanding, oftentimes leaving sufferers to bear it alone.
Mental illness is defined as a medical condition that disrupts a person’s mood, feelings, thinking, ability to interact with others and daily function. Serious mental illnesses, including major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia affect 13.6 million American adults. Among those Americans diagnosed with mental illness, nearly 60 percent of adults do not receive treatment.
“As a writer, writing is my automatic weapon against pain. I wrote this to keep from dying.”
-WAITHIRA MBUTHIA-PROTANO, on how her poetry book helped her deal with her daughter’s suicide
“People are afraid of things they don’t understand,” Eaton said. “Mental illness is not looked at the same way as a physical illness due to a lack of education. The media tends to portray people with mental illness wrongly, like with the Newtown tragedy and other horrible tragedies that have occurred. People associate that behavior as the norm for those with mental illness, but that’s not the case.”
Mental health disorders are often portrayed as a character flaw or personal weakness, when, in actuality, many scientists, including psychiatrist Dr. Abby Wasserman, clinical director of the Crisis Prevention and Response Team, argue mental illness has a biological and neurological basis.
“It has to do with neurotransmitters throughout the body and in the brain,” Wasserman said. “Every behavior, everything we do, has an organic basis.”
Despite the biological origin, the societal stigma that the mentally ill should be feared still persists and can bring shame to such persons and their families, impacting the effectiveness of treatment and even influencing the decision to seek treatment. Without effective treatment, the mentally ill can develop substance abuse problems and engage in other harmful behaviors to cope with their symptoms, according to the American Psychiatrict Association.
Waithira Mbuthia-Protano, a New Rochelle resident, experienced first hand the stigma associated with mental illness, raising a daughter who suffered from bipolar disorder. Mbuthia-Protano’s daughter, Njeri Karanja, ended her life on Nov. 22, 2004, after a battle with her illness. She was 27.
“When I arrived at the hospital and heard those words, I remember throwing myself on the ground; but I think I flew,” Mbuthia-Protano said of learning her daughter was dead. “I remember hitting the floor.”
According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, an organization dedicated to the education and advocacy for mental illness, suicide is the tenth-leading cause of death in the U.S. and more than 90 percent of those who committed suicide had one or more mental disorders. Substance abuse and addiction are associated with an increased risk of suicide.
“She was such a good person, my daughter, and she suffered so much. But there was so much shame and we didn’t know anything about the disease at all,” Mbuthia-Protano said. “We suffered alone and in private and that’s the biggest danger.”
As a coping mechanism, Mbuthia-Protano, a Kenyan-born writer and former teacher in the New York City and Westchester County school systems, wrote a book of poetry, “Requiem for Njeri,” that details the frustration of a grieving mother dealing with the loss of her child.
“I needed to exercise the pain,” Mbuthia-Protano said. “As a writer, writing is my automatic weapon against pain. I wrote this to keep from dying.”
“Requiem for Njeri” includes 34 poems Mbuthia-Protano composed in the eight years following her daughter’s death, as well as an accompanying CD, “Songs of Mourning and Remembrance,” composed by Dr. George Groth, which puts Mbuthia-Protano’s words on her daughter to music.
Hoping to not only provide solace for herself, Mbuthia-Protano said she wrote the book to help others struggling with mental illness and help erase the stigma associated with mental diseases. Since the book’s release, Mbuthia-Protano said she has received countless emails and comments from people expressing their gratitude for bringing awareness to bipolar disorder and thanking her for shedding light on the normally closeted topic.
“[Njeri] did not just up and quit,” she said. “Bipolar claimed her life.”
A crucial part of eradicating the stigma surrounding mental illness, treatment of the mentally ill and how these diseases are handled is at the forefront.
According to a study by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 55 percent of the nation’s 3,100 counties have no practicing social workers, psychologists or psychiatrists, due to doctors reaching retirement age, medical school students choosing other medical specialties, and budget cuts to national mental health coverage. Nationwide, since 2008, states have cut mental health care funding by $4.5 billion.
The areas that do have mental health professionals are so inundated with patients that they are often selective with insurances, declining private insurance companies and not seeing new patients.
“Access to care is a big reason why people go untreated,” Eaton said. “Mental health care is not treated the same way as physical care, including in the eyes of insurance companies. There’s a big push out there to change that now.”
By improving the health care system to make treatment more readily available to those with mental illness, more mentally ill people will have access to treatment that will enhance their quality of life. Mbuthia-Protano asserted that the more the topic of mental illness is discussed, the more lives will be saved.
“My daughter did not have to die,” she said. “And I want people who read my book to know there is no need to be ashamed; there is no need to hide.” | <urn:uuid:6bef2c3a-0520-4651-8d62-a3876c7488a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://hometwn.com/stigma-impacts-millions-of-mentally-ill-americans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832475.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00254-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963464 | 1,324 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The religious complex of Vat Phu is of Khmer architecture and Hindu religion and is situated at the foot of a hill.
The summit, the Phu Kao, immediately commands ones attention because of its shape, identified in ancient times with the linga, the phallic symbol of Shiva, from which originated its ancient name, Lingaparvata, and its reputation as a sacred hill. The permanent spring, at the foot of the cliffs, is probably one of the main reasons that induced the ancient rulers of the area to establish a shivaist sanctuary there.
Associated with this religious complex, in the plain below, on the bank of the Mekong, is a pre-Angkorian city, the remains of which (large earthen enclosure walls, brick monuments) are barely visible on the ground, although they appear quite clearly on aerial pictures.
Since 1991, excavations have been undertaken by P.R.A.L. (Projet de Recherches en Archéologie Lao) with the aim of producing a precise archaeological map.
Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape- (see on UNESCO website)
The Champasak cultural landscape, including the Vat Phou Temple complex, is a remarkably well-preserved planned landscape more than 1,000 years old. It was shaped to express the Hindu vision of the relationship between nature and humanity, using an axis from mountain top to river bank to lay out a geometric pattern of temples, shrines and waterworks extending over some 10 km. Two planned cities on the banks of the Mekong River are also part of the site, as well as Phou Kao mountain. The whole represents a development ranging from the 5th to 15th centuries, mainly associated with the Khmer Empire.
Justification for Inscription
Criterion III The Temple Complex of Vat Phou bears exceptional testimony to the cultures of south-east Asia, and in particular to the Khmer Empire which dominated the region in the 10th–14th centuries.
Criterion IV The Vat Phou complex is an outstanding example of the integration of symbolic landscape of great spiritual significance to its natural surroundings.
Criterion VI Contrived to express the Hindu version of the relationship between nature and humanity, Vat Phou exhibits a remarkable complex of monuments and other structures over an extensive area between river and mountain, some of outstanding architecture, many containing great works of art, and all expressing intense religious conviction and commitment. | <urn:uuid:3043afb9-fc0e-4bb9-8377-b2de883c7131> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://vatphou-champassak.com/en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642168/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00026-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937003 | 516 | 2.8125 | 3 |
One of the best ways to travel the world while working in a rewarding and profitable field is to seek TESOL certification. TESOL stands for "teachers of English to speakers of other languages." People who earn TESOL certification either teach English as a second language (ESL) or English as a foreign language (EFL).
You can teach English as a second language in the United States and all over the world. ESL courses help people who speak another language, such as Spanish, learn the basics of English in countries where English is spoken. ESL is offered in most public and private school systems throughout the United States. English as a foreign language is generally taught in countries where English is not the primary language. EFL is often taught to students around the world who want to apply to colleges and universities in the United States. Most facilities require foreign students to provide test scores that prove a basic understanding of the English language. If you want to become certified to teach ESL or EFL, you need to meet a few minimum requirements. These requirements vary according to the grade level of study, and the country in which you seek certification. In places like Korea, an AA is all that is needed to teach, while in some countries, such as China, you only need a high school diploma to be eligible. Most language schools also require teachers to provide proof of some sort of certification course work as well. One of the best ways to gain experience teaching English to foreign students is to volunteer in your local community. Volunteer work requires the least amount of certification, and is a great way to explore the world of ESL and EFL education. If you're planning on teaching English in another country, it's a good idea to find out what kind of visa and work permit requirements need to be met. Some countries require teachers to provide proof of specialization in the field they wish to teach. If you're traveling to a foreign country, it's always a good idea to make contact with the embassy to make sure you meet all the necessary requirements for employment.
Increase Your Earning Potential
If you enjoy world travel and you like working with people, teaching English might just be the career choice for you. In most cases, you don't even have to speak a foreign language to qualify to teach English in another country. The pay range for TESOL positions varies depending on location. For example, teaching in the Middle East tends to provide higher salary rates than teaching English in other parts of the world. When considering where to teach it's important to consider quality of living, climate, attitude towards foreigners, pay rate, and accommodations. It's always a good idea to seek employment in a country that has always held a special interest to you, as it helps to keep you motivated and interested in your work. | <urn:uuid:b09dacea-a864-49e3-af87-f8a41833f294> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.americantesol.com/tesol-certification.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037662882.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004102-00366-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968402 | 563 | 2.5625 | 3 |
According to government data released yesterday, since the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act allowed those under age 26 to remain on their parents’ health insurance plans, almost 1 million people ages 19-25 have gained access to health insurance. Since the provision went into effect in 2010, the number of young adults who are uninsured decreased from 34 percent to 30 percent, according to the Washington Post.
The government estimates that between 25 and 50 percent young people under 26 are now covered under their parents’ insurance policies. Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius stated, “The economic downturn has taken a toll on employment among young adults. In the past, that would have led to even more young people without health insurance. Instead, thanks to the [new law], the number of young adults with coverage has actually gone up.”
Currently under the ACA, daughters and sons under 26 years of age can receive insurance through their parents’ coverage. The donut hole for seniors is closing and certain preventive procedures, such as mammograms, colonoscopies, and pap smears, no longer require a co-payment or other direct costs. Under the ACA, private insurance plans beginning on or after August 1, 2012 will also cover an annual well-woman visit and a variety of specific health screenings and counseling, such as for domestic and interpersonal violence, gestational diabetes, cervical cancer (an HPV DNA screening), HIV and STIs, as well as all FDA-approved contraceptives, breastfeeding support, lactation services, and supplies. President Obama signed the final version of the Affordable Care Act in March. The final law will eventually add coverage for 32 million people, increasing access to family planning and preventive care.
Washington Post 9/21/11; New York Times 9/21/11; Feminist Daily Newswire 8/30/11
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- Afghanistan and US Finalize Bilateral Security Agreement - September 30, 2014 | <urn:uuid:c7618e04-0f39-408c-8c7f-131a112ebfdf> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://feminist.org/blog/index.php/2011/09/22/1-million-young-adults-gain-coverage-under-aca/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663711.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00175-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95492 | 444 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Also known as the Great Race of Mercy, the Nome serum run was a dog sled relay over nearly 700 miles to deliver life-saving medication to the remote town of Nome, Alaska. 20 mushers and 155 dogs worked together to deliver diphtheria antitoxin, undoubtedly saving many lives. The serum run is most associated with the story of the Siberian Husky Balto, who became a canine celebrity in the aftermath of the event. However, other mushers at the time and historians since have questioned his prominence in the narrative, arguing other dogs ran longer, more dangerous legs.
Nome is situated just two degrees south of the Arctic circle. Once the most populous town in Alaska during the Gold Rush, its population had shrunk to 1,430 by 1925. Around two thirds of these were European settlers, the remainder native Alaskans. Between November and July, the town’s small port is inaccessible due to sea ice. During this time, the only link between Nome and other settlements in Alaska is the Iditarod Trail, which runs nearly 1,000 miles through the Alaskan interior.
In late 1924, the town doctor of Nome discovered that the town’s supply of diphtheria antitoxin had expired. However, the port iced over before fresh supplies could be delivered by ship. Days after the last ships departed, doctor Curtis Welch began treating children for what he believed was tonsillitis. However, cases quickly grew, and four children died. By mid-January, Welch was able to confirm that the children were suffering from diphtheria. An attempt to treat a seven-year-old girl with expired antitoxin resulted in her death just a few hours later.
Welch asked the town mayor to call an emergency council meeting, which implemented a quarantine. Radio telegrams were sent to other towns in Alaska, and assistance was asked of the US Public Health Service in Washington DC. Despite the quarantine, cases grew to more than 50. Without serum to treat it, mortality rates were predicted to approach 100%.
300,000 doses of antitoxin were sourced from a hospital in Anchorage. The problem then became how to transport them to Nome. In 1925 planes were in use, but the bitter cold made them unreliable. The longest recorded flight in Alaska at the time had covered only 260 miles, less than half of the distance needed to transport serum from Anchorage to Nome.
Dismissed as impractical, the decision was made to use a relay of dog teams to deliver the serum. The teams would face temperatures approaching 20-year lows for Alaska, as cold as -46C. 25mph winds would create snowdrifts along their route up to three metres tall. In total, the route would require the combined dog teams to cover 674 miles.
Mail carriers, already strung out along the route with their dog teams, were selected to complete the relay. These were highly revered men, usually native Alaskans, and considered the best dog mushers in the region. Each leg was designed to cover around 25 miles, considered ‘an extreme day’s mush’ but some teams ended up covering much greater distances.
The first musher in the relay, Bill Shannon, received the serum package from the train station in Nenana on the evening of January 27th. Despite the extreme temperatures and late hour, he set out immediately with his team of 11 dogs, led by Blackie. Shannon jogged alongside the sled to keep himself warm, but by the time he reached the next stage at 3am he was suffering from hypothermia and had severe frostbite on his face. Three of his dogs died.
Shannon passed the serum package on to musher Edgar Kalland in Tolovana the following morning. On arriving in Manley Hot Springs, a roadhouse owner was forced to pour water over Kalland’s hands to free them from the sled handlebar, where they had frozen in place. The relay continued through several more mushers, with another losing two more dogs to frostbite. The man, Charlie Evans, joined his dog team in harness to continue pulling the sled.
As the effort continued, telegraph updates reported additional deaths in Nome. The package was handed on to Norwegian dog trainer Leonhard Seppala when he backtracked from his starting point, fortunately finding previous musher Henry Ivanoff after his dog team became entangled with a reindeer. Seppala was considered the best musher and trainer on the relay, while his lead dog Togo was equally renowned.
Seppala travelled non-stop through the dark and gale force winds, with the team led by Togo across ice that had begun to break up. This was followed by a section that included a number of mountains, including Little McKinley, with a total elevation of 1,500m along the eight-mile route. Seppala passed on the serum on February 1st. In total, his team had run 260 miles to retrieve and deliver the serum. The life-saving medication was now just 78 miles from Nome.
At 10pm the same day, driver Gunnar Kaasen departed with his team, led by Siberian Husky Balto. In whiteout conditions he overshot the exchange point in Solomon. On realising his mistake he pressed on, suffering severe frostbite after his sled overturned and the serum container was lost in a snowbank. He dug with his hands for an extended period of time to retrieve it.
Kaasen reached the final exchange of Point Safety ahead of schedule, meaning that the next driver was still sleeping, assuming Kaasen was still in Solomon. Kaasen pressed on, arriving in Nome at 5:30am on February 2nd. On inspection, not a single vial of the antitoxin had broken, and it was thawed and ready to administer the same day. By February 3rd, the epidemic was considered under control.
Total deaths from diphtheria in Nome are variously reported as five, six or seven. Some historians consider the death toll much higher in Inuit camps outside of the town itself, that rarely report deaths to the authorities. Each musher on the relay received a letter of commendation from President Calvin Coolidge, and Balto travelled to Los Angeles to receive a bone-shaped key to the city and wreath from Hollywood actress Mary Pickford.
Kaasen, Balto and their team toured the West Coast of the US for most of the following year. The dogs eventually wound up in the possession of a sideshow, before being rescued and sent to live at the Cleveland Zoo. Balto was euthanised due to old age in March 1933, at the age of 14. A statue of him now stands in Central Park.
Seppala also toured the West Coast as well as the Midwest and New England. During a 10-day residence at Madison Square Garden, Togo was presented with a medal by legendary Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. Seppala eventually set up a breeding kennel for Siberian Huskies and won a silver medal in sled dog racing at the 1932 Lake Placid Winter Olympics. Togo died, with Seppala at his side, in December 1929, at the age of 16. His descendants formed the core of the ‘Seppala Siberian Sleddog’ line, that forms the bulk of the gene pool for show Siberian Huskies today.
In the years since, some have criticised the focus on Balto and Kaasen in coverage of the serum run. In particular, they argue that Seppala travelled further and through the more dangerous sections of the route. Kaasen has also been criticised by other mushers on the relay for his decision not to wake the final driver, Ed Rohn, and press on himself. Several, including Rohn himself, believed that Kaasen was motivated by a desire to claim the glory of the final leg for himself, rather than an altruistic desire to complete the relay as quickly as possible.
Seppala was the owner of numerous dogs used on the relay, including Balto. Seppala was of the opinion that Balto was an average freight dog at best, and left him out of his own team. He also claimed that Kaasen’s team was actually led by a dog named Fox, but news coverage found Balto a more evocative name.
Seppala remained bitter that his own lead dog, Togo, had been somewhat overlooked when he felt he was responsible for the success of the relay. In 1960, over 30 years after Togo’s death, Seppala maintained that he had been the best dog ever to travel the Alaska trail.
The press coverage of the Nome serum run is credited with a nationwide inoculation drive that dramatically reduced cases of diphtheria across the United States. The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race was established in 1973, where dog teams compete to cover the route covered by the serum relay. | <urn:uuid:f8160058-2158-4745-863c-bba59390e830> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://darktales.blog/2021/09/21/the-nome-serum-run/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334802.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926051040-20220926081040-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.983579 | 1,856 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Plastic initially entered being as a light-weight and resilient building product throughout World War II. As an increasing number of use this product began being found, plastic became part of the business market with a vengeance. Today, one crucial use of this chemical is in the flooring market through plastic flooring ceramic tiles.
While every maker has their own exclusive solution for creating plastic floor tiles, in its fundamental character, the item is made by utilizing additives to plastic resin, such as – plasticizers, stabilizers, pigments, and also fillers.
Plastic resin together with these ingredients is called plastic compound in industry parlance. There are two techniques of generating floor tiles from this compound:
· The compound is warmed to a heat, and the fluid poured in mold and mildews
· The compound is fed via a series of rollers that progressively press the product to just the scale needed for that set. This method is called “calendaring”, which is an one-of-a-kind feature of the vinyl substance. The sheet therefore created undertakes a finishing suggested to improve resistance to discolorations and also abrasions.
Plastic floor tiles are categorized right into the following:
· Plastic Composite Ceramic Tile (VCT): this tile type has a greater percent of fillers and also additives.
· Strong Plastic: this certain floor tile type includes greater plastic material (so is a purer type of plastic).
In the VCT, for example, manufacturers include a printed design layer produced with a rotogravure printing process. This design layer is what gives the vinyl flooring tiles those beautiful layouts and also colors as well as shimmer, making them eye-catching. It remains in VCT again that manufacturers sheath a high-performance “wear” layer ahead, in order to stand up to heavy duty web traffic.
Depending on the composition of the material, vinyl tiles tend to have variation in attributes, leading to selections in terms of whether an offered tile is basically suitable to be set up in a cellar, bathroom, or entrance .
Actually, it was the versatility of VCT that caught the attention of the general public when it was first offered at an Exposition in Chicago throughout the World War II days.
Qualities of Plastic Flooring Tiles
· Ruggedness: Plastic flooring ceramic tiles with thick-enough wear layers can endure one of the most punishing of traffic as well as hefty weight. Their resistance to moisture and also stain makes them a great candidate for mounting in such locations as the cellar, kitchen or the bathroom. The ceramic tiles are also neutral to usual reagents such as alkalis, acids, aliphatic hydrocarbons and the like. Specific fragrant hydrocarbons could soften the tiles to some extent. Depending upon where and exactly how exactly you prepare to use them, you may adopt the ideal ceramic tiles for your installment.
· Variety of styles: Thanks to technology, vinyl flooring ceramic tiles could mimic the feel and look of timber or ceramic floorings, yet at significantly less price compared to these much more pricey counterparts. It is extremely easy to cut the floor tiles and also provide any shape; so the floor can be developed into a mosaic of layouts and also art. Business logos can be planted on the flooring via plastic floor tiles. Direction indicators can be fertilized on the floor using this product … the checklist is as endless as your creativity.
· Direct exposure to sunshine: Continual direct exposure over a time period to strong sunshine can fade out the best of shade pigments in the tiles. This factor has to be remembered while installing vinyl ceramic tile floor covering in areas with big windows enabling sunrays within.
· Application in sports centers: The cost of establishing sporting activities facilities can be additional reduced by changing expensive flooring alternatives with plastic ceramic tile floor coverings. Vinyl flooring tiles do not require waxing. Plus, you can repaint all the lines that your sports require on them without any worries. Unique VCT items have foam pillow backing layer in them, which can lower effect shock and also for that reason trigger less tiredness to the running and leaping legs. The bounce of the round will certainly be that much sharper, thanks to the natural rebound created by these ceramic tiles.
It is not for absolutely nothing that these floor tiles are called “Durability floor tiles”. They tend to bounce back from whatever impact and pressure they go through, whether through steps or static load. A few various other remarkable attributes of this product are as complies with:
· Muffling of audio: Plastic floor tiles are better with the ability of subduing mirrors developed as a result of the stomping of feet on the ground. You can additionally go in for underlayments that could better snuff out acoustics when this is your utmost problem (you do not want tramp sound to distract).
Expense & Installment
Plastic floor ceramic tiles are valued anywhere from 29 cents to 4 bucks per square feet. The price is reliant on the tile’s color, style and also thickness.
Mounting these floor tiles can be a straightforward DIY affair, if you are so inclined. You can get glueless tiles which feature a rolled underlayment that by itself has a sticky which could stick to the back layer of the floor tiles. Or you could go with the peel ‘n stick version where there is a peel on the back layer which can peeled, and also the floor tile positioned on the flooring.
Limitations of Use
Some of its core staminas make plastic flooring tiles susceptible too. While VCTs are the in-thing for household kitchen areas, a various quality of floor covering is asked for in industrial kitchen setups.
One more restriction of vinyl floor ceramic tiles is their susceptibility to impression because of long-term placement of heavy, static lots (such as heavy furnishings) on them. A space where there is a consistent website traffic of rolling tons (such as horizontal drums in a storage place for instance) will certainly find the vinyl floor tiles giving way a bit as well quickly.
It is not for nothing that these tiles are called “Durability tiles”. · Variety of styles: Many thanks to modern technology, vinyl floor ceramic tiles can copy the look and feeling of wood or ceramic floors, yet at substantially much less expense than these a lot more costly equivalents. Business logos can be grown on the flooring with plastic floor ceramic tiles. · Durability: Plastic flooring tiles with thick-enough wear layers could hold up against the most punishing of traffic as well as hefty weight. You can buy glueless floor tiles which come with a rolled underlayment that in itself has a sticky which could stick to the back layer of the ceramic tiles.
Plastic floor tiles are a good value for cash. These ceramic tiles currently are available in a limitless variety of colors, features as well as styles, so one can pick and choose the best item that fits both their needs and their spending plan. | <urn:uuid:034e8eb2-fd11-488b-9080-181a97ebaf9b> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://festivalsalsacali.com/probably-outrageous-beautiful-vinyl-flooring-vinyl-flooring-vs-tile-pic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162385.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925182856-20180925203256-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.95665 | 1,436 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The future of PCBs
While modern PCBs can be produced with excellent complexity and affordable rates, there is always room for development. Whether it is the kind of circuit that can be built on the PCB or the shape of the PCB, customers are always looking for advanced options for electrical equipment. So, there is a lot of space for growth in the electronic industry. So, here is a quick glance at the future of PCBs in recent years.
PCB board camera: The PCB cameras are the cameras that are fitted on the circuit board directly. These PCB cameras have lens, aperture, and image sensor. The PCB cameras are designed to take both videos and still pictures. The cameras have got a very small size and can be slipped in any kind of electronic device.
These cameras are found in a wide variety of consumer electronics like smartphones, tablets, etc. They are also being used in medical equipment for carrying out non-invasive surgery. Nowadays, surveillance technology is also making use of PCB for carrying out various operations. The PCB board cameras can be modified to a huge extent and they can also be used in a variety of other industries. For that, pcb assembly process needs to be done in a proper way.
3D printer technology: 3D printing technology is one of the most exciting innovations made from PCBs. 3D printing technology is used for creating firearms and various other incredible things in different industries. But 3D printing has turned out to be one of the biggest inventions of PCBs.
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So, there are still a lot of innovations that can be made in this field. The autoplacers can be made in such a way that they should easily integrate with the electronic circuit. This is going to help the electronic industries to a great extent and it is also going to help us in designing a wide variety of electronic components.
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And this is the future of PCBs. If you wish to know more about the pcb manufacturing process, you can contact us. | <urn:uuid:1cfc7074-03a6-4090-87ea-9791dc4b96c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://subjectlook.com/the-future-of-pcbs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337432.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003200326-20221003230326-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.963387 | 612 | 3.171875 | 3 |
By Katherine Iliopoulos
An amnesty law that prevents the prosecution of individuals responsible for large-scale human rights abuses has officially become law in Afghanistan.
The law states that all those who were engaged in armed conflict before the formation of the Interim Administration in Afghanistan in December 2001 shall “enjoy all their legal rights and shall not be prosecuted.” Brad Adams of Human Rights Watch said the law is “a disgrace” and “a slap in the face to all the Afghans who suffered for years and years of war crimes and warlordism.”
The National Reconciliation, General Amnesty and National Stability Bill was passed three years ago by the Afghan parliament, which is made up largely of lawmakers who once belonged to armed groups, some of whom have been accused of war crimes.
According to Article 1, the law is supposed to strengthen “reconciliation and national stability, ensuring the supreme interests of the country, ending rivalries and building confidence among the belligerent parties.” It seems, however, to fly in the face of President Karzai’s commitment to pursue justice and fight impunity as expressed in his 2006 Action Plan on Peace, Reconciliation, and Justice. Among other things, this Action Plan focused on the documentation of past violations and the pursuit of truth and reconciliation mechanisms that respect the rights of both victims and alleged perpetrators. The law also appears to contravene international law.
The blanket amnesty not only shields those involved in past violations, but seems to extend a similar reprieve to current armed groups engaging in acts of terrorism and hostility throughout the country, whom the law says will be granted immunity if they agree to reconciliation with the government.
Although President Hamid Karzai had promised not to sign the bill when it was first approved in 2007, a spokesman for Mr. Karzai, Waheed Omer, said on 16 March 2010 that since it was passed by a parliamentary majority and recently published in the official gazette in December, his signature was unnecessary. On other words, the lower house of parliament (Wolesi Jirga) can override presidential objections with a two-thirds majority vote pursuant to Article 94 of the Afghan Constitution. However another provision in the Constitution could theoretically be invoked by Karzai in order to overturn this law. Article 6 obliges the state to create a society “based on social justice, [the] protection of human dignity, [and the] protection of human rights.”
The legality of the amnesty could also be challenged based on Afghanistan’s commitments under international treaty law and customary international law.
While it is hard to say categorically that there is a general prohibition against amnesties in international law, international treaty law – including some of the conventions to which Afghanistan is a state party such as the Geneva Conventions, the Torture Convention, the Genocide Convention – obliges states to prosecute or extradite in relation to certain crimes. Afghanistan is also a party to the Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutes of Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity (1983), which specifically bars State Parties from enacting legislation that provides for statutory or other limitations to the prosecution and punishment for crimes against humanity and war crimes and requires them to abolish any such measures which have been put in place (Article IV). The amnesty law appears to breach all of these obligations.
A reference to customary international law in the context of amnesties is particularly important for crimes which are not included in treaties, such as crimes against humanity and war crimes in internal armed conflicts. There is no clear answer as to whether customary international law generally prohibits amnesties for serious crimes. However, according to scholars including Anthony Cassese, despite some evidence of state practice to the contrary, there is a gradual evolution of a customary prohibition of amnesty for serious crimes. Cassese argues that States’ general obligation to uphold fundamental human rights is incompatible with impunity or blanket amnesties for serious international crimes.
There is a growing consensus among states and the United Nations that amnesties for international crimes are illegal. Principle 24 (a) of the UN Commission on Human Rights’ ‘Principles For The Protection And Promotion Of Human Rights Through Action To Combat Impunity’ says that “Even when intended to establish conditions conducive to a peace agreement or to foster national reconciliation, amnesty and other measures of clemency shall be kept within the following bounds: the perpetrators of serious crimes under international law may not benefit from such measures until such time as the … perpetrators have been prosecuted before a court with jurisdiction.”
Moreover, the UN Secretary General in his report on the establishment of the Special Court for Sierra Leone of October 2000 reiterated that: “the UN has consistently maintained the position that amnesty cannot be granted in respect of international crimes, such as genocide, crimes against humanity or other serious violations of international humanitarian law.” The Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) ruled in the case Prosecutor v. Furundzija on 10 December 1998 that amnesties for torture were prohibited under international law (paragraph 155).
Supporters of the amnesty law say that allowing prosecutions would risk another civil war, and that in any case, it still allows individuals to bring criminal claims against perpetrators. However, as mentioned above, international law requires states to investigate and prosecute serious crimes and human rights violations, obligations that cannot be transferred to individuals. Further, Human Rights Watch reports that access to justice for individuals is severely limited in Afghanistan, where the judicial system is almost dysfunctional, corruption is widespread, and there is no witness protection system.
Any attempt to extend the amnesty to cover recent or current fighting would be limited by the role of the International Criminal Court, to which Afghanistan has been a party since it ratified the Rome Statute on February 10, 2003. This means that the ICC has jurisdiction over war crimes and crimes against humanity committed on its territory after that date– whether by Afghan or international forces. A domestic amnesty would not affect the ICC’s power to prosecute an individual suspected of international crimes. It was reported in September that the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has started gathering information on alleged war crimes in Afghanistan.
Conflict has raged in Afghanistan since 1978, when the Marxist-Leninist People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) staged a coup against then-President Mohammed Daoud Khan. The Soviet Union invaded the following year, installing a puppet regime that held power until 1992. Four years of chaos were followed by the rise to power of the Taliban, who controlled Kabul and much of the country until they were deposed following the US attack in 2001. War crimes including the massacre of tens of thousands of Afghans, widespread torture and indiscriminate bombing of residential areas were endemic throughout the conflict.
Among the most notorious incidents were the massacre by Uzbek fighters of 3,000 Taliban prisoners in Mazar-i-Sharif in 1997, and the killing of at least 2,000 people, mainly ethnic Hazaras, by the Taliban the following year.
Katherine Iliopoulos is an international lawyer based in The Hague, Netherlands.
Discussion Paper on the Legality of Amnesties [PDF]
Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission
February 21, 2010
Casting Shadows: Blood World War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity (1978-2001) [PDF]
The Afghanistan Justice Project, 2005
World Report 2009: Afghanistan
Human Rights Watch | <urn:uuid:41077882-5e84-4b60-8865-eaaf072389a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/afghan-amnesty-law-a-setback-for-peace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172050.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00401-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95489 | 1,526 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The humphead wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus, is a wrasse that is mainly found in coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. It is also known as the Maori wrasse, Napoleon wrasse, Napoleonfish.
The humphead wrasse is the largest living member of the family Labridae, with males reaching 6 feet (2 m) in length, while females rarely exceed about 3 feet (1 m). It has thick, fleshy lips and a hump that forms on its head above the eyes, becoming more prominent as the fish ages. Males range from a bright electric blue to green, a purplish blue, or a relatively dull blue/green. Juveniles and females are red-orange above, and red-orange to white below. Some males grow very large, with one unconfirmed report of a Humphead Wrasse that was 7.75 feet (2.29 m) long and weighed 420 lbs (190.5 kg).
Adults are confined to steep coral reef slopes, channel slopes, and lagoon reefs in water 3 to 330 feet (1-100 m) deep. They primarily eat mollusks, fishes, sea urchins, crustaceans, and other invertebrates and are one of the few predators of toxic animals such as sea hares, boxfishes, and crown-of-thorns star fish. This species actively selects branching hard and soft corals and seagrasses at settlement. Juveniles tend to prefer a more cryptic existence in areas of dense branching corals, bushy macroalgae or seagrasses, while larger individuals and adults prefer to occupy limited home ranges in more open habitat on the edges of reefs, channels, and reef passes. The species is most often observed in solitary male-female pairs, or groups of two to seven individuals. | <urn:uuid:4776b880-79aa-4272-86f7-75f64ffaf0cd> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://seafishes.wordpress.com/tag/napoleon-wrasse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806438.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121223707-20171122003707-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.929398 | 381 | 3.046875 | 3 |
HOLY LAND MINISTRY (nonprofit) analyzed the universal problem that has hit Western Civilization: how do we get people to vaccinate their children? There have been a handful of legislative attempts but almost no avail. The anti-vaxx movement has been growing rapidly. More strenuous regulation is needed to solve the problem.
Question: What can the United States government do to help enforce vaccines?
Juravin answers that politicians and legislators need to put more laws in place to stop the vaccine crisis.
VACCINATION RESEARCH SUMMARY
- 4 states require citizens to vaccinate their children, with no exceptions
- In the past ten years, the number of parents “opting out” of vaccinations has quadrupled.
- 50 states require vaccinations in order for children to be entered into public schools.
- 17 states allow parents to “opt-out” for “philosophical reasons.”
- 28 percent of parents feel that vaccines hurt their children.
- Only 66 percent of parents in the United States believe their children should be vaccinated.
With measles coming back with a vengeance in the United States of America, some states are starting to take action by creating bills that force parents to vaccinate their children- even if they don’t believe in vaccines. Maine is one of four states thus far who is trying to fix things, alongside California, Mississippi and West Virginia. The bill has even gone so far as to not allow for religious or philosophical exemptions, which has many parents enraged.
The Hill reports that only a few days after the state of Maine saw its first case of measles in many years, Governor Janet Mills has supposedly already signed the bill, “ending most non-medical exemptions for mandatory childhood vaccines.” What this means is that it will now be up to doctors to determine if a child can go without vaccinations due to allergic reactions or other medical reasons. Juravin observes that many fear that this will cause a lot of issues, given it takes away partial rights of the parents to make the decision themselves. In addition, parents know that a medical exemption will probably not come easily.
While overall vaccination rates have risen over the past 10 years, the number of parents opting out of all vaccines has quadrupled. This has led to several outbreaks and has chipped away at the country’s “herd immunity,” which protects the population as a whole — particularly the most vulnerable — from infectious diseases.
Juravin found that officials are struggling to reverse this trend and convince parents to vaccinate their children. Some state legislators are reconsidering the “philosophical exemption” opt-out (still available in 17 states), while others have broached the idea of allowing minors to be vaccinated without parental consent. Others have suggested that certain government services — such as access to public schools and certain welfare programs — be contingent on vaccinating a child.
Yet many of these policies would only affect cash-strapped families — those who depend on government assistance programs and rarely have a choice beyond public schools. It does not affect wealthier families that can afford private schools. There needs to be a broader way to force vaccinations.
Families that rely on government assistance are just about as likely as wealthier Americans to make sure their children have the most common vaccinations. In California, the big clusters of children without vaccines live not in poorer ZIP codes, but in upscale locations like Sonoma and Marin counties.
SOLVING THE VACCINE EPIDEMIC
- 764 cases of measles have been reported in the United States in the year 2019.
- The United States broke the previous record from 2014 for reported cases of measles.
- One unvaccinated child costs the state of Oregon $1 million in medical bills.
- 1.3 percent of children born in 2015 were not vaccinated.
- 3.98 million children were born in 2015.
- 59,700 children were not vaccinated in 2015.
- This could cost $59.7 billion in medical bills.
Legislation and business ideas are the way to fix the anti-vaxxing movement. Conservatives and liberals alike could embrace public policies that encourage everyone — poor and wealthy — to vaccinate their children. However, while these strategies might put in place the rubrics, they might fail to completely solve the problem. Society can address that in other ways.
The pressures of money can eradicate part of the problem. Private health insurers should be allowed to impose a surcharge on parents who opt out of vaccines for non-medical reasons. Insurance always charges more when there is more risk of disease or injury. If there is a high chance that a child will get measles or whooping cough, it makes sense in terms of business to charge for the cost of treating that disease.
According to Juravin, current federal law may forbid insurers from taking pre-existing conditions into account when setting rates, but it does allow them to consider whether an individual smokes — and to impose a surcharge on that individual. Like smoking, refusing to have a child vaccinated for a non-medical reason is choice and can have monumental financial costs — one unvaccinated boy in Oregon ran up medical bills over $1 million — meaning that a surcharge on such a decision is justified.
Allowing insurers to impose non-vaccination surcharges would make evident the financial costs of not having a child vaccinated, potentially forcing parents to think twice before opting out. There should be more practical consequences to not vaccinating in order to make people ponder their decisions more fully. State regulations could limit surcharges to ensure they don’t put insurance itself out of parents’ reach.
However, there needs to be more put in place for parents who can afford the insurance hike and the fines. People in a wealthier bracket are just as likely to avoid vaccinations, and just as susceptible to the anti-vaccination propaganda. In fact, one of the bigger outbreaks of measles was in Disneyland, California, where children from upper-class families who were not vaccinated spread the disease.
Second, the federal government should fund and encourage states to set up and study vaccination-exemption monitoring programs modeled off existing efforts to monitor drug prescriptions. Currently, a tiny number of irresponsible doctors have embraced discredited theories about vaccines and offer “medical” exemptions to parents who simply ask for them. Unfortunately, there’s no way to spot these doctors, making them difficult to hold accountable.
THE ANTI-VAXX MEDICAL COMMUNITY IS KILLING KIDS, CLAIMS DON JURAVIN
Nonprofit org Holy Land Ministry conducted a 5 part extensive research of “Vaccination – Belief Vs. Science” and found that the anti-vaxx medical community is one of the most dangerous groups in the United States. They have the power to affirm and persuade parents to avoid vaccinations.
- One anti-vaxx doctor treated hundreds of parents and thousands of children for four years. The damage done is irreversible
- 80 percent of infected patients in the United States for the measles were unvaccinated.
- 23 states have been affected by the anti-vaxx community and their attempts to avoid life-saving vaccines.
Taking disciplinary action against California pediatrician and anti-vaccine crusader Robert Sears, for example, took four years and probably happened only because Sears himself was so prominent in challenging mainstream science on vaccination schedules. In those four years, hundreds of parents were influenced by his malpractice. And in those four years, he released invaluable arguments for the anti-vaxx community to use in defense of their actions. No one asked why his practice was handing out so many waivers. But there should have been systems in place that kept him in check. There are not.
Programs could provide medical boards with a repository of information about doctors who provide vaccine exemptions. Doctors engaged in practices that routinely require vaccine exemptions — such as pediatric oncologists who administer chemotherapy — would be allowed to continue without any real changes.
But, according to Juravin, pediatricians with typical practices who grant many times more exemptions than their peers might have to answer questions about why. In fact, pediatricians with simple practices should not be allowed to simply write waivers to parents who demand them.
Another solution might be to require at least three doctors to sign onto exemptions. One alone might be subject to bias. A three-way verification process would help to filter out those who really can’t be vaccinated, versus those who should. This would also prevent a system from developing where a doctor and his partner can just write each other off. It must be three doctors from three different practices in order to have any effect.
Hammering out the setup and logistics of such a program will require additional work. As such, it would be useful to allow a few states to experiment in structuring these programs initially. Preferably, the programs should be instituted in states that are not currently struggling with a measles epidemic.
This would allow Americans to arrive at the right balance between ensuring that spurious vaccine exemptions aren’t granted and placing undue burdens on responsible doctors. In addition, this will also allow for the exemptions that need to happen, so that only the right people get vaccines.
Unless they have a sound medical reason not to, parents should always vaccinate their children. The government shouldn’t force anybody to get a vaccination, but it can — and should — do more to encourage all parents to do the right thing for their children and for society. There needs to be more positive reinforcement for vaccinating; there also needs to be more positive coverage of vaccines.
Tragically, Juravin reports that some people have had unforeseen effects and have even died around the time they were vaccinated. However, this is like car accidents: just because someone crashed their car does not mean that all cars should be banned. We cannot allow people in grief to make decisions for the rest of the world based on their grief.
Credit And Research By:
Research DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3546465
Don Juravin | Don Juravin tweets | Don Juravin videos | Don Juravin page | Don Juravin Linkedin | Don Juravin education | Don Juravin Pinterest | Don Juravin images | Don Juravin blogs | Don Juravin Reddit | Don Juravin scholar citation | JURAVIN RESEARCH | Don Juravin writer | Don Juravin blog | Google+ | Ted Talks | Don Juravin docs | Don Juravin answers | Don Juravin local | Juravin blogging | Juravin posts | Don Juravin Reviews | | <urn:uuid:eee32fc9-a228-48f4-9705-1a7fcf1ea508> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://juravin.com/research/don-juravin-how-lawmakers-can-encourage-american-to-vaccinate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541307813.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215094447-20191215122447-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.960618 | 2,179 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Why restore the Stover Canal?
PUBLISHED: 12:48 21 March 2017 | UPDATED: 12:49 21 March 2017
It might be short, but the Stover Canal is a surviving remnant of a unique transport system which once linked Dartmoor to the coast
The West Country’s waterways might not have the attraction of being part of a national navigable network, or even (in most cases) surviving as navigations at all. But their heritage gives them a fascination all of their own: the ingenious vertical boat lifts of the Grand Western, the inclined planes of the Bude Canal, and the many different (and ultimately unsuccessful) attempts to link the Bristol Channel to the English Channel.
The Stover Canal, however, lacks any of these grand ideas, and at just under two miles long with five locks, you might be forgiven for wondering what the attraction of restoring this unremarkable former local transport route might be. Until, that is, you take a more detailed look – and realise that this is actually one of the most fascinating of these sometimes obscure western waterways.
And the best way to take a more detailed look at the canal, and at what the Stover Canal Society has been doing to restore it, is to follow it on foot via the Templer Way. It makes for a good weekend’s walk, or can be easily broken down into several shorter walks – and even a series of circular walks, returning via alternative routes.
“A weekend’s walk?” I hear you ask, “But I thought you said it was less than two miles long.” Well, yes, I did – and that brings us straight away to one of the most important features of the Stover Canal’s interesting history. The canal itself was short, but it formed the central link of a chain of transport routes reaching for 18 miles from coast at Teignmouth to the heights of Dartmoor.
So the Templer Way begins at Teignmouth, where cargoes of clay and stone coming down the canal were transhipped from barges to coastal ships – and as canal walks go, it starts with a most unusual feature: a ferry ride. England’s oldest passenger ferry, which traces its history back to 1296, is now operated by a pair of open boats running between Teignmouth and Shaldon every day (except Christmas Day and New Year’s day). See teignmouthshaldonferry.co.uk for hours of operation.
From Shaldon the Templer Way follows the south side of the Teign for four miles. It’s a wide estuary, and until a tug took over in the late 19th Century the canal barges travelled under sail power, with ‘Viking ship style’ square sails, rather than the fore-and-aft rig seen on the Thames sailing barge and many other inland sailing cargo craft. Incidentally if you’re planning to walk this part of the Way, you’re advised to check up on tide times and avoid high water…
On the approach to Newton Abbot, the estuary narrows down and then splits into several tidal channels as it passes through the north side of the town. Street names such as Quay Road and Wharf Road indicate that craft once tied up on more than one of these channels – and there is still a quay used by seagoing leisure craft. The Whitelake Channel is the one that we are interested in, as it led (indeed, still leads, if you’re in a small craft) to the start of the Stover Canal. For those on foot, the Templer Way crosses the Whitelake Channel via the A383 bridge, diverges from the right bank to pass through a nature reserve, then rejoins the channel close to where a narrows containing the remains of a set of lock gates can still be seen.
Although it looks like a single pair of flood gates or stop gates, this is actually the bottom of Jetty Marsh Locks, a staircase pair forming the start of the canal – but the middle and upper gates were some distance away, the enlarged lower chamber forming a kind of basin (with bollards still in situ today) where barges would wait for the tide. Look across to the far side of the narrows, and you may make out an inscription in the stonework: GEO TEMPLER ESQR 1824.
This seems as good a point as any to introduce the Templers and their links with the waterway. James Templer, who had inherited an estate from his father (also James, who had made money from building docks in Plymouth and Rotherhithe), built the canal at his own expense in the 1790s to serve the developing ball clay quarrying industry.
James Templer died in 1813, and the estate passed to his son George, who rebuilt the originally turf-sided locks at Jetty Marsh in the 1820s – hence the inscription. George Templer developed a second trade, the carriage of granite from Dartmoor (we’ll see later how it was brought down to the canal) which kept the canal busy until the late 1850s.
Sadly George was less careful with his money than his father (a contemporary account mentions his “generosity and unbounded hospitality”), had to sell most of the family estate including the canal, and ended up working as the granite company’s agent. Once the granite trade had ended, the remaining clay traffic dwindled, and finally ended in 1937 with the canal abandoned six years later by its then owners the Great Western Railway.
You’ll see nothing of Jetty Marsh upper lock today – it disappeared when a bridge carrying a currently out-of-use railway line over the canal was rebuilt as a small culvert in the 1970s – but the towpath has been diverted through an adjacent span and continues alongside a well-preserved canal channel heading north. The Canal Society has put a great deal of effort into reinstating and improving the towpath in recent years – having spent its first decade in long-running (and eventually successful) negotiations for a lease with the GWR’s successors Railtrack and then Network Rail.
Just over half a mile north of Jetty Marsh was the next lock: Teignbridge. A turf-sided (later timber-lined) structure with a rise of only six inches, there is little or nothing to be seen of it. But the adjacent road bridge, the only original bridge surviving on the canal, is in good condition, and intriguingly carries carved heads of Neptune (complete with trident) on the keystone of one side, and a goat on the other. This was a centre of the clay industry, with clay sheds (used for storing clay and keeping it dry) lining the canal, and for much of the canal’s life was the limit of trade, with the length above falling out of use.
So far we haven’t seen much evidence of actual canal restoration work, but that changes almost half a mile further north at Graving Dock Lock. This remarkable structure has been a focus of attention for the Trust in recent years, backed up by support from week-long summer Waterway Recovery Group volunteer canal camps. So what’s remarkable about it? Mainly the fact that after trade ceased north of Teignbridge and this section was no longer needed for navigation, the lock was adapted into a dry dock by cutting out one side and building a barge-sized ‘shelf’. Possibly unique (there’s something similar on the Monmouthshire Canal, but its function is as yet unconfirmed), the structure has now been completely restored. It even boasts the remains of a gate, showing clearly that the balance beams were basically untrimmed tree trunks.
Despite having seen no trade for 150 years the channel north of there is still in good condition as it was retained for water supply, and includes the final lock, Teigngrace. While lacking anything remarkable, it does still retain the remains of lock gates (including remnants of the basic paddle gear which lacked any gearing, being levered up with a metal bar), and its chamber is twice as long as Graving Dock Lock, being intended to take two boats at once. The stone chamber itself is in decent condition considering how long it’s been abandoned.
A final length leads to Ventiford Basin, the canal’s terminus, and the other main focus of recent restoration work. The stone-lined basin walls have seen repair work, the remains of a sunken barge excavated as an archaeological exercise, and a century’s worth of silt removed. More is planned for this year with another two weeks of WRG Canal Camps, the work including reinstating, re-setting and repointing the granite blocks which form the canal walls.
But the excavation at Ventiford has also shown up an unexpected survivor: twin rows of granite blocks can be seen running alongside the canal, and dividing into further rows of stone. Anyone who has visited Bugsworth Basin might identify them as the stone sleeper blocks which supported the rails on many early horse-tramways.
And they’d be almost but not quite right. In this case, the stone blocks didn’t just support the rails, they actually were the rails. These are the sidings at the lower end of the Haytor Granite Tramway, which instead of iron (which wasn’t easily available locally), used twin rows of shaped stones to make the two grooves in which the wagon wheels of the trains ran. It’s unique (there’s something similar but not quite the same near Doncaster), and it was built by George Templer as the topmost link in the transport chain reaching to his quarries on Dartmoor.
The Tramway lasted until the end of the granite trade in 1858, following which the canal was sold to a railway company, which kept the canal open but used the lower part of the tramway’s route for part of its new line. The rest was just forgotten – including these lengths at Ventiford whose survival was until recently unsuspected.
The Templer Way continues beyond Ventiford, following footpaths, country lanes, and lengths of the tramway where possible, as it climbs onto the moorlands. Follow its 1300ft climb, and imagine the trains of eight empty wagons hauled uphill by a team of 16 horses, or the full loads of granite rattling downhill on the bumpy stone ‘rails’ with just a single wooden brake pole rubbing against the wheels to check their speed. If you make it up onto the moors, there are miles of ‘rails’ still in situ, complete with points, crossing, and sidings leading to some half a dozen different quarry sites.
George Templer’s “generosity and unbounded hospitality” might have cost him his estate, but he’s bequeathed us a fascinating trail leading from here right back to the estuary and to Teignmouth – with the Stover Canal restoration at its heart. | <urn:uuid:30030fd6-c71c-4de7-9b37-e3ca865dbd5e> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.canalboat.co.uk/waterways/restoration/why-restore-the-stover-canal-1-4941045 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522150.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121004224-20210121034224-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.966645 | 2,330 | 2.703125 | 3 |
How to Calculate Total Budget
Original post by Ben Taylor of Demand Media
A company's total budget is the sum of all its expenditures over a given period of time -- usually a financial quarter or fiscal year. A total budget, which is also known as a master budget, comprises the amount of money available to cover expenses such as payroll, investments, product development and marketing. A company's total budget reveals how it prioritizes its spending and provides financial data that can help determine whether a firm is a solid investment opportunity.
Establish a time frame for your calculations. If you are calculating a total budget for your personal finances, consider using a shorter time frame for a more accurate distribution of your financial means. If you are calculating the total budget for a company or potential investment, the time frame is most likely reported on a standardized schedule.
Total the amount of revenue that will be generated during the time frame. Use projected annual sales and gross sales to get started. Effective budgets plan for both short-term and long-term expenditure, and incorporate short-term and long-term cash flows into the total budget.
Identify the the sum of all costs for which you or the company will be liable over each time frame. Sort each expenditure based on the time for which it is a concern, then classify each cost as fixed or variable. Rent and mortgage payments, for example, are long-term fixed costs. Costs that change relative to the number of sales the company makes are called variable costs.
Allocate enough money to cover each of the fixed and variable costs for both long- and short-term budgets. The total budget represents how a company's expenditure in one area compares to that of other areas. Most of the budgeting calculations will be detailed on budgets that are specific to one area, with the bottom line of each summarized and reported on the total budget.
Cover any deficits in the budget by cutting expenditure to match realized and projected revenues for the time frame. If you or the company have a surplus, consider allocating the remaining revenue, including projected revenue, into income-generating investments or savings accounts. Saving and investing responsibly will help keep a business afloat during rough financial times and indicates that the company is a responsible steward of its assets.
Express expenditure for each department and project as a percentage of the total budget. The necessary budget for each department will vary from business to business, though Williams asserts that a fixed percentage of revenue is too restrictive a paradigm for a company to follow.
Tips & Warnings
- Use a computer spreadsheet to enter calculations involving revenue and expenditure. This can help you organize your calculations, and allow you to use the spreadsheet's formulas to expedite your budgeting calculations.
- Computer spreadsheet
- Financial statements
- "Entrepreneur" magazine; "Calculating Your Ad Budget"; Roy H. Williams; 2011
- "Entrepreneur" magazine; "Building a Financial Budget"; Rieva Lesonsky; April 20, 2006
- MoneyTerms: Variable Costs; 2011
About the Author
Ben Taylor has been writing since 2005 and has had work published by WEKU-FM and West Virginia Public Broadcasting both on air and online. Taylor holds a Master of Arts in English from Eastern Kentucky University and currently teaches composition and ESL there.
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SISA has long been aware of the rapidly emerging menace of opioid abuse and over-prescribing. RTWSA is to be commended for its timely and sophisticated approach to raising awareness via its funding and coordination of the development of the campaign.
The Reach for the Facts website provides tools and information to raise awareness of opioids and their effects. Included in this is the following:
What are opioids?
Opioids can be a type of prescription medicine often provided for severe pain. Common types of prescription opioids include codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl and morphine.
Prescription opioids work by depressing or slowing down the function of the central nervous system – your brain and spinal cord – to relieve pain. As well as working on trying to reduce pain, they also affect other parts of your body.
Prescription opioids affect everyone differently, but there are side effects commonly connected with this group of medicine. In fact, 80% of people who take opioids for three or more months will experience a negative side effect.
The website includes a database tool to allow anyone to enter the name of a drug and find out if it is an opioid.
We urge all of our members to make use of the Reach for the Facts website and the resources it offers.
Click here to access the website and its resources. | <urn:uuid:f546f979-230d-44b8-b621-44a4b09a3604> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://sisa.net.au/News_story.cfm?NewsID=244 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668529.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114154802-20191114182802-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.950255 | 266 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A Theory of Universal Democracy
L. Ali Khan
Democracy is often associated with Western liberal values, such as free markets, individual rights and secularism. Some scholars assert that liberal democracy is the end of history. Disputing such claims, this work presents the concept of Universal Democracy to think beyond the values of Western democracy. A Theory of Universal Democracy empowers cultures and communities across the world to custom design democracy in consonance with their traditional values. For example, the book makes concrete proposals for Muslim countries to democratize their constitutions without accepting Western values and without violating the principles of Islamic law. More importantly, Universal Democracy further develops the idea of Free State, which the author first presented in his previous book, The Extinction of Nation-States. The proposed fusion of Universal Democracy and Free State is designed to revolutionize the classical theory of government and to offer a new paradigm that accommodates both universality and uniqueness. | <urn:uuid:6a29efe0-759e-43f9-b218-a70a0c15fac6> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.brill.com/theory-universal-democracy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258936356.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072856-00159-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923509 | 186 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Definition and Examples of Blogging
Blogging refers to writing, photography, and other media that’s self-published online. Blogging started as an opportunity for individuals to write diary-style entries, but it has since been incorporated into websites for many businesses. The hallmarks of blogging include frequent updates, informal language, and opportunities for readers to engage and start a conversation.
Here’s an overview of what a blog is, why it’s popular, and tips for starting your own blog.
What Is Blogging?
The word blog is actually a shortened form of its original name, “weblog.” These weblogs allowed early internet users to “log” the details of their day in diary-style entries. Blogs often allow readers to comment, so as they became more common, communities sprung up around popular blogs.
Note: The content of blogs varies significantly. For example, travel blogs may feature many pictures with few written passages, while political blogs may weigh in with wordy takes on the news of the day. The popularity of YouTube and similar sites also gave rise to video blogging, or "vlogging."
Like most internet-based innovations, many entrepreneurs saw marketing potential in having a blog, and the adoption of blogging among the business community helped further increase the popularity of the medium. Not only can a blog be used for marketing a business, but it can also become a home business in and of itself.
How Blogging Works
Blogging is as simple as obtaining a website and publishing original content on it. Tech-savvy bloggers can buy a domain name and build the website themselves. Those with less HTML knowledge can create an account with sites like WordPress that simplify the web design and publishing process.
Blogs are usually simple websites. Older pieces may be archived in separate sections of the site, and there may be a separate page with contact info or a bio, but the blog itself is usually just a single page that can be scrolled through—similar to the news feed on social media sites like Facebook. As with a Facebook news feed, a blog displays the newest content at the top of the page.
Note: All of the posts on a blog are usually created by a single author. However, when a company or organization maintains a blog, it may pay for blog content—either by hiring a team of writers or buying content to post.
Another unique feature of blogging is interlinking. This occurs when a blogger links to another person’s blog within their own blog post. For example, if a music teacher maintains a blog, and they write a blog post about how to form a chord, they might link to a musician’s blog to show an example of the chords in action. A political blogger may link to another politics blog and then discuss how they agree or disagree with a post on that blog. Interlinking, along with the comment section, fosters the sense of community that makes blogs unique.
Blogging vs. Traditional Websites
|Blogging vs. Websites|
|Updated frequently||Largely evergreen content|
|Allows for reader engagement||One-way communication|
Some people are confused over what constitutes a blog over a website. Part of the confusion stems from the fact that many businesses use both, usually by adding a blog section to the company website. However, there are two features of a blog that set it apart from a traditional website.
First, blogs are updated frequently. Whether it’s a mommy blog in which a woman shares adventures in parenting, a food blog sharing new recipes, or a business providing updates to its services, blogs have new content added several times a week. Websites might occasionally have new information, but for the most part, they offer static information that rarely changes.
Secondly, blogs allow for reader engagement. Blogs and social media accounts often go hand-in-hand because they serve a similar purpose of connecting an audience with each other and the content creator. Some websites may incorporate features that allow for conversation, but generally speaking, a blog allows for more conversation and interaction than a traditional website does.
Pros and Cons of Blogging
- Good for SEO
- Maintains communication with customers
- Builds rapport with customers
- Generate alternate income
- Constantly requires fresh ideas
- Payoff is delayed
- Blogging in and of itself won’t generate income
- Good for SEO: Search engines love new content, and as a result, blogging is a great search engine optimization (SEO) tool. A defining feature of blogs is the frequency with which they’re updated, and that fresh content helps improve a website’s SEO performance.
- Maintains communication with customers: Blog posts can keep your customers and clients up-to-date on what’s going on, let them know about new deals, and provide tips. The more frequently you post useful content, the more often a customer visits your blog, and the more likely they are to spend money.
- Builds rapport with customers: Not only does a blog allow you to show off what you know—building your expertise and credibility—but people can also post comments and interact with you. That allows customers to get to know you, and hopefully, develop relationships that turn into purchases.
- Generate alternate income: Successful blogs can make money themselves. Along with your product or service, blogs can generate income from alternate sources such as advertising and affiliate products.
Blogging is flexible and portable, making it a great option for people who want to be a lifestyle entrepreneur.
- Time-consuming: The success of blogging comes from having people return, and they only return when there’s new stuff to read. That means bloggers need to generate content at least several times a week to be effective at engaging readers and increasing SEO.
- Constantly requires fresh ideas: Posting several times per week won’t be beneficial if the ideas aren’t fresh and engaging. It can be draining to constantly conceptualize and execute fresh content. The good news is that you don’t have to do it all yourself. You can have guest writers or hire freelancers. Another option is to curate content from others. You can buy private label right (PLR) content and modify it for your blog.
- Payoff is delayed: One of the biggest frustrations with blogging is that it’s time-consuming with little payoff in the beginning. It takes time to build up a readership and momentum.
- Blogging in and of itself won’t generate income: At one time, posting an article was enough to generate traffic and income. Today, a successful blog needs email marketing, additional perks such as content upgrades, and an engaged social network, such as a Facebook group.
Requirements for a Blog
The good news is that starting a blog or adding a blog to your existing site is relativity easy and affordable. All you have to do is follow these four steps.
Set Up the Blog
There are free blog options such as WordPress and Blogger, but to retain control and a professional image, consider investing in a domain name and a hosting service. You can install WordPress or another content management system on your host if you don’t want to create the whole site from scratch.
Once your blog is up and running, you need to keep it active with new content to grow your business. Develop a set schedule for writing and posting blog articles. Create a content calendar so you always know what you’re going to post.
Like all other business ideas, your success comes from marketing and getting your message in front of your target market. Great ways to reach your market are through social media apps, email lists, and by reaching out to other bloggers, podcasters, and media outlets for publicity. Repurpose your blog content to promote your business across platforms, such as by using quotes on your Twitter or Instagram profiles, or by creating a video of your article to share on YouTube.
Add Income Streams
While your blog can complement an existing business, it’s also a great way to add additional income streams to your home business. You can promote other companies’ products and services in affiliate marketing. You can advertise or feed ad networks, such as AdSense, on to your blog. If you have a service business you’re promoting with your blog, you can create your own information products to complement it. Or, if you have your own product, you can offer a service.
SOURCE: THE BALANCE
This is website full Hd Free Porn Videos Watching. Good and new porn videos. | <urn:uuid:a02f034f-519e-48fa-b31c-79736b37f43a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://e-librarys.com/what-is-blogging/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646937.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531150014-20230531180014-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.935562 | 1,817 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Paragraph writing lesson plans
Third graders receive gummi hamburgers they discuss parts and structure of a (real) hamburger. Take five: writing a color-coded paragraph jump to submit your own lesson plan for a chance to receive a free $50 classroom supplies gift card. Lesson plan on paragraph structure lesson objective: to teach the gentle art of paragraphing and then getting students to revise their own writing. The writing a paragraph resource page with lesson plans and teaching tips, teaches k-3 students writing and proofreading a thesis statement, topic sentence.
English lesson plan: writing expository essays body paragraphs with topic sentences and details english lesson plan: writing expository essays. The paragraph hamburger is a writing organizer that visually outlines the key components of a paragraph topic sentence, detail sentences, and a closing sentence. Five paragraph essay lesson plans and worksheets from thousands of teacher-reviewed resources to help you inspire students learning. Writing a five paragraph essay lesson plan ) part of the paragraph is that our essay plan systems 8212 and not just in canada 8212 aren8217t five at producing. A detailed lesson plan on paragraph writing i objectives at the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: a write a well structured paragraph, effec.
Paragraph writing lesson plans
Teaching paragraph writing or how to write a paragraph often falls short of teaching paragraph structure and what types of paragraph structure lesson plan. Make learning fun with this paragraph lesson plan that involves students challenging others. Writing lesson plan this week’s focus: organizing and writing a persuasive essay paragraph s: write concluding paragraph check for understanding. Descriptive paragraph writing lesson plan understanding goal students will be able to write a descriptive paragraph based on a picture (as measured by): (a.
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Find lessons for the different forms of writing, paragrahs, writing prompts & much more free lesson plans and printable worksheets. Paragraph writing lesson plan - download as word doc (doc / docx), pdf file (pdf), text file (txt) or read online. 36 lesson plans for teaching writing lesson 14 “it’s music to my ears”: growing paragraphs into essays thomas j hargrove purpose to construct essays from.
Writing a descriptive paragraph this expository writing lesson is student directed because it guides the students through the process of writing a descriptive. Tired of the same old lesson plans about writing paragraphs tired of the same old writing process lesson plans so was i that's why i tried this brilliantly written. Createbetterwriterscom 1 introduction in my writing workshops i present this lesson to show teachers how to teach the paragraph i’ve run into. This guide to writing paragraphs describe the basic structure of each paragraph you will write com/paragraph-writing-1212367 writing lesson plan.
Lesson plan: writing descriptive paragraphs unit: esl writing class: low intermediate standard: 42- organize, write and edit a descriptive or narrative. Lesson plan of narrative paragraphs english grade 3 ask the groups to write a narrative paragraph on the demonstrated pattern lesson plan of masculine. A tasty lesson to help teach the structure of paragraphs. Home teachers free lesson plans writing strategies tell them that they will write a descriptive paragraph about one item without writing the name of it. Writing lessons and paragraph writing successful paragraphs is a lesson plan with a unique approach to improving student writing. | <urn:uuid:bcd31881-1155-4208-ae24-1b7398f743fc> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://mmessayqrfu.sgoods4.me/paragraph-writing-lesson-plans.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886758.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116224019-20180117004019-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.908506 | 790 | 3.421875 | 3 |
A national study by researchers at the National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP), Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, shows an uneven picture of states’ use of Medicaid to help families with young children gain access to mental health services.
[Photo: Dr. Sheila Smith]
A large number– as many as 46 states– use Medicaid to cover several important mental health services for low-income young children, including screening for social-emotional problems and mental health treatment in home, community and pediatric settings. But other key services were covered by far fewer states. Findings from NCCP’s latest brief, “Using Medicaid to Help Young Children and Parents Access Mental Health Services,” are published online here.
Only 12 states provide Medicaid coverage for parenting programs that address young children’s mental health needs, while 9 states pay for maternal depression screening under the child’s Medicaid during a well-child visit.
“States paying for maternal depression screening under the child’s Medicaid are wisely investing in children’s healthy development by helping their mothers obtain screening and referrals for depression,” said Dr. Sheila Smith, NCCP’s Early Childhood Director and lead author. “Young children’s behavioral health and development greatly depend on their mother’s mental health, and early support for children’s behavioral health is critical to later school success.”
The researchers conducted telephone interviews with an administrator identified through contacts with each state’s Medicaid Director’s office. In total, 49 states and the District of Columbia participated in the survey which asked about coverage of key Medicaid services for young children (age 0-6) and maternal depression screening as well as policies related to eligibility and quality.
The survey also found that the majority of states placed few restrictions on the delivery of mental health services to young children. Most states do not limit the number of treatment visits or the type of treatment models that are used. Dr. Smith noted that a lack of restrictions on the number of treatment visits can help children obtain needed amounts of treatment. But the restrictions imposed by the few states that require providers to use treatments found to be effective in research may benefit children by promoting high quality practices.
More in-depth discussions with administrators in selected states identified several promising policies and initiatives. These include a new “at-risk” code in Oregon that allows young children to receive Medicaid-covered mental health services before they have a full-blown mental health disorder; Medicaid coverage in Oregon and Michigan for evidence-based parenting programs that can help parents learn parenting practices that promote a positive parent-child relationship and address challenging child behavior; and extensive training and support for pediatricians in Minnesota who want to conduct maternal depression screening during well-child visits and respond appropriately when the screen indicates that the mother needs further evaluation and support.
“Policymakers and advocates can use the findings to examine actual services in their states and explore options for improving access and effectiveness through their Medicaid programs,” observed Dr. Smith. | <urn:uuid:5384a2c4-39c2-405b-9f65-2d43a601dbe4> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://aspph.org/columbias-national-center-for-children-in-poverty-shows-medicaid-covers-childrens-key-mental-health-services-but-gaps-remain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036099.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625190306-20220625220306-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.948828 | 630 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Even though back to school sales are starting in the stores, we still have at least a month of hot weather ahead of us. Exercising and playing sports outside is a right of passage for many of us during the summer. However there are some key points everyone needs to know to help prevent heat related illness.
When planning an activity outside, try to plan it before 11 am and after 4 pm as the suns UV rays are at the highest at this time. Drink 2-4 glasses of water every hour that you are outside. Hydrate prior to and after any activity outside. Even the what may seem like a simple activity can cause heat illness. Take frequent breaks, if unable to go inside, find a shady, cool area to do so. The type of clothing is important as well. Wearing a wide brimmed hat and light weight and light coloured clothing is recommended. A minimum of SPF 15 sunscreen is recommended and needs to be reapplied regularly especially if you are sweating or in the water.
Part of prevention is also knowing the signs and symptoms of heat illness, so that if your or someone around you starts to experience any, you can act swiftly and safely.
The most mild form of heat illness are heat cramps, which are brought on by exertion in heat. They are characterized by pain and muscle contraction that continues even after exercise. Treatment consists of rehydration with a sodium based liquid and gentle stretching.
Heat exhaustion is a moderate heat illness. Signs and symptoms include loss of coordination, dizziness, possible fainting, profuse sweating and pale skin, headache, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, stomach cramps and persistent muscle cramping. Removal from activity immediately and being taken to a shady place and rehydration with water.
Heat stroke is a severe and serious medical situation, Core body temperature of greater than 40 degrees Celsius or 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Altered conciousness including confusion, irritability, and decreased mental acuity. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness and weakness are also present. Increased heart rate, dehydration, and decreased blood pressure are some of the more extreme symptoms. It is imperative to deal with anyone exhibiting these symptoms quickly. The whole body should be cooled immediately, transport to an emergency room should be done quickly and under the guidance of trained personnel such as EMS.
Heat illness needs to be taken very seriously as the consequences of miss handling can be tragic. Heat acclimation is important, gradually build up your tolerance to heat and humidity. Young children and seniors are more prone to suffer heat illness, these populations should be closely monitored for the signs of heat illness.
Have fun and enjoy your summer safely.
For more information on health and safety follow us on Twitter @EliteInjuryMgmt
Sources used for this article. | <urn:uuid:94788301-f195-46bb-8ff2-b506296a5fc7> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://eatrightandice.blogspot.com/2014/08/beating-heat-safe-way.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112533.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822162608-20170822182608-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.959826 | 574 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Nelinda Perez, MA, CCC-SLP
Frog Pond Elementary School
305 Frog Pond Road
Little Egg Harbor, NJ 08087
609-296-1719, ext 2117
The students worked hard this year during Speech. They received many opportunities to practice, have fun, and develop their skills. It has been a pleasure working the students.
Summer is just around the corner. During the summer, there are many opportunities to provide carryover, learn, and expand language. e.g. trips to the beach, a visit to another town, city, or state, a visit to a museum, hiking, summer camps, camping out, swimming, a walk in the park, a visit to the public library, going for a bike ride, visiting families or just playing with friends. Language is everywhere---for speaking and listening. Children can sequence and retell the day's events/activities. They can also create stories and be a storyteller and/or write about their day.
Another idea is to create a personal summer journal where children can express ideas, thoughts, things they did or places visited. The younger children can draw pictures while the older ones can write about it. Pinterest has some great ideas on summer journals for children. This will foster and help your child develop, strengthen, and maintain their writing and language skills. The best part is the children still get to enjoy summer. Below are just a few more ideas to work on expressive and comprehension skills.
Nelinda Perez, MA, CCC-SLP
Speech Language Pathologist
Just take a few minutes each day to practice. It does make a difference. You can incorporate games to make it fun.
1. To expand a child's skills, take a few minutes to talk about what you are doing, what you see, what you or your child is doing, and what your child sees. Talk in complete sentences.
2. Take the time to listen to your child. Respond to what is said so your child knows you have been listening.
3. READ, READ, AND READ. Take the time to read a favorite book to your child. If it is a Picture Book, let your child talk about it or have your child draw a picture about the book. Ask questions about the picture. In a Chapter Book, take turn reading or have your child read to you. Let your child repeat what he read and tell you the events that occurred. Ask questions about who, what, when, where, why and how. With older children, make one night a family night where everyone reads. Each one can take a turn telling about the events that occurred in the chapter.
4. Play "I Spy" game at home or outside to expand language activities
5. Games such as finding items around the house that start with a specific letter sound is great for phonics and practicing on saying a sound correctly in words.
6. Use gross motor activities to sound out sounds or syllables in words such as bunny hops or hand clapping.
7. To practice sequencing, your child can tell you specific routines to complete a task. For example making a milkshake or peanut butter sandwiches. Your child can talk about the steps involved in daily routines, e.g. getting ready for school or getting ready for bed using words such as first, second, next, last.
Create activities that are fun and helps with improving their communication skills.
Created: April 2009
Last updated: June 2017
Image source from OnCourse Systems
Website created and maintained by Nelinda Perez, MA, CCC-SLP | <urn:uuid:b7459b65-d9f0-4a9f-a409-29b2fea45a9f> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://app.oncoursesystems.com/school/webpage/657509 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105297.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819031734-20170819051734-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.951835 | 743 | 2.875 | 3 |
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Try these amazing dry ice STEM activities for kids! Science experiments and projects that will make your kids say, “WOW!!!!”
If your science routine has become a little hum drum, it might be time to liven things up. And nothing gets the Ooooooos and Ahhhhhhs quite like dry ice!
Dry ice is an amazing material to experiment with. You can create everything from magical fog to strange, frozen bubbles. Below I’ve collected ten of our favorite dry ice experiments for you to try with your kids, class, or co-op group!
Tips for Dry Ice Experiments
Before you begin, make sure to familiarize yourself with a few safety tips for working with dry ice. Experiments should be monitored from start to finish and whenever the dry ice is accessible.
If you’re buying a hunk of dry ice, it’s good to have a couple experiments lined up so you can use it before it disappears. So pick a few things and get those materials set up before you bring the ice home. You can usually find dry ice in the freezer section of your grocery store.
10 Incredible Dry Ice Experiments for Kids!
1. Dry Ice Soda Geyser by Science Kiddo
2. Smoking Bubbles Dry Ice Experiment by Raising Dragons
3. Make Frozen Bubbles by Though Co.
4. Watermelon Dry Ice Explosion by Thrifty Fun
5. Coin in Dry Ice Experiment by IFL Science!
6. Mad Scientist Potion by Our Best Bites
7. Harry Potter Crystal Ball: Dry Ice Experiment by Teach Beside Me
8. Homemade Root Beer with Dry Ice by Paintbrushes and Popsicles
9. Make Ice Cream with Dry Ice by Pop Shop America
10. Inflate a Balloon: Cool Dry Ice Experiments by Science Kiddo
Ashley helps parents who want to homeschool find the resources they need to successfully teach their children. Ashley is a former teacher, current homeschooler, published author, and designer behind Circle Time with Miss Fox printables as well as the creator of this website, The Homeschool Resource Room. | <urn:uuid:238eced0-7d86-453e-bf15-ad00fcd58587> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://thehomeschoolresourceroom.com/2020/09/10/dry-ice-experiments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710974.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204140455-20221204170455-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.92524 | 457 | 3.1875 | 3 |
University of Wyoming scientists have found evidence of continental collisions in Wyoming's Teton Range, similar to those in the Himalayas, dating to as early as 2.68 billion years ago.
The research, published Jan. 22 in the journal Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, shows that plate tectonics were operating in what is now western Wyoming long before the collisions that created the Himalayas starting 40 million years ago.
In fact, the remnants of tectonic activity in old rocks exposed in the Tetons point to the world's earliest known continent-continent collision, says Professor Carol Frost of UW's Department of Geology and Geophysics, lead author of the paper.
"While the Himalayas are the prime example of continent-continent collisions that take place due to plate tectonic motion today, our work suggests plate tectonics operated far, far back into the geologic past," Frost says.
The paper's co-authors include fellow UW Department of Geology and Geophysics faculty members Susan Swapp and Ron Frost.
The researchers reached their conclusions by analyzing ancient, exposed granite in the northern Teton Range and comparing it to similar rock in the Himalayas. The rocks were formed from magma produced by what is known as decompression melting, a process that commonly occurs when two continental tectonic plates collide. The dramatically thickened crust extends under gravitational forces, and melting results when deeper crust rises closer to the surface.
While the Tetons are a relatively young mountain range, formed by an uplift along the Teton Fault less than 9 million years ago, the rocks exposed there are some of the oldest found in North America.
The UW scientists found that the mechanisms that formed the granites of the Tetons and the Himalayas are comparable, but that there are significant differences between the rocks of the two regions. That is due to differences in the composition of the continental crust in Wyoming 2.68 billion years ago compared to crustal plates observed today. Specifically, the ancient crust that melted in the Tetons contained less potassium than the more recently melted crust found in the Himalayas.
The research was supported by the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:e2778573-dc7d-435d-8472-daff1391acf1> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-01/uow-aro012916.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578681624.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425034241-20190425060241-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.950288 | 454 | 3.859375 | 4 |
The legislation and policies that support the human rights and inclusion of individuals with learning disabilities.1.1Identify legislation and policies that are designed to promote the human rights inclusion equal life chances and citizenship of individuals with learning disabilities?The Human Rights Act 1998 This act has 18 protocols which explain fundamental human rights.
The act makes it unlawful for public bodies to breach the rights that are set out. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 means that people should not be discriminated against when it comes down to work being offered,education,transport and many more. This means that people with disabilities can not be discriminated against. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 is designed to protect people who may lack capacity to make some decisions for themselves, and is there to empower wherever possible. The Mental Health Act 2007 this act is designed for people with a mental health or a learning disability to be treated fairly by employers or professionals too.
All companies who deal with people with learning disabilities have policies in place for all health care workers to adhere to so that we protect and give the same opportunities to everyone in the service the same as those out in the society.1.2-Explain how this legislation and policies influence the day to day experiences of individuals with learning disabilities and their families?Policies should be based on the social model of disability, aimed at empowering people. People who have learning disabilities are the experts in their own lives and their views are an essential part of any evidence base. Involving people with learning disabilities throughout the process of policy development will bring up any gaps in knowledge and give a indication where the policy needs fine tuning and maybe modernising. This updating of policies can mean the families are seeing a progress in the service and this in turn means the service user is getting the best service possible.2.1 -Explain what is meant by ‘learning disability’?Learning disability is when a person’s process to understand or to learn the skill required is maybe impaired or is not there for them to understand.
The thought process maybe slower or difficult for them to understand or/and process information. There is three stages of ability/disability these are mild-moderate can talk easily and look after themselves,but take a bit longer to process or learn new skills. Severe people often use basic words and gestures to communicate their needs. They will need a high level of support for more complex tasks. Profound severely limited understanding, often having multiple disabilities.2.
2 Give examples of causes of learning disabilities?Causes affecting the mother,rubella (German measles) or listeria (food poisoning). These are pre birth (pre natal) and conditions which can affect the birth beforehand. A child can also be born with a disability if certain genes are passed on by a parent.
This is called inherited learning disability and the two most common are Fragile x syndrome and Down’s syndrome. Neither syndrome is a learning disability but people with the syndromes are likely to have learning disabilities. During birth if the baby is starved of oxygen then the brain will be affected which may cause learning disabilities. After birth (post natal) a child may get a learning disability from meningitis.
2.3 Describe the medical and social models of disability?Models of disability provide a framework for understanding the way in which people with impairments experience their disability. The two models are medical and social.The medical model of disability.The medical model views the person who has a disability as the problem.
This model holds onto beliefs that the person with the disability should fit in with society. The medical model highlights that people who are disabled cannot participate in society because their disability prevents them from doing so.The social model of disability.
The social model was developed with the input of people who have a disability. Instead of emphasising the disability, the social model centralises the person. It emphasises dignity,independence, choice and privacy.
The social model of disability says that disabilities are created by barriers in society. These barriers have three categories :1.The environment- including inaccessible buildings and services.
2.Attitudes -including prejudice and stereotyping.3.Organisations – including inflexible policies,practices and procedures.
2.4 -State the approximate proportion of individuals with a learning disability for whom the cause is ‘not known’.The British Institute of Learning Disabilities (BILD),However, identifies that for 50 per cent of people who have a mild learning disability,no cause has been identified.
For people who have severe or profound learning disabilities, no cause has been found for around 25 per cent of them.2.5 -Describe the possible impact on a family of having a member with a learning disability.Family members who provide care for people with a disability can suffer from immense emotional and physical strain, and getting a rest from this can be difficult. The care for a person with learning disabilities is 24 hours and can be impacted by financial,domestic,healthcare,relationship and self-identify these are just some of the strains on a family looking after a person with a learning disability. 3.1 -Explain the types of services that have been provided for individuals with learning disabilities over time?The first institute for people who was either mad or mentally weak was build in 1834 during the Victorian times this was a place where many people with learning disabilities was put.
They was harsh places and they worked people hard and the places became overcrowded. This changed in 1908 when the Radner Commission came in affect and laws passed that encourage institutes to have schools built for ‘mentally disabled’ children, it was suggested that these people was inferior to the rest of society. The Mental Deficiency Act was introduced in 1913 and in 1929 the Wood Committee suggested that such people were a threat to society.In the 1930’s the IQ test was introduced and people was scored and if they was on the low end of the scale then they was categorised as ‘mentally defective’ and unable to learn.Introduction of the NHS in 1946 and the development of the medical model of disability had a impact on the institutions and these was turned into hospitals.
Mental Health Act 1959 was introduced and in 1967 newspapers looked into the state of mental hospitals and the appalling conditions thus introducing the papers called ‘better services for the Mentally Handicapped’.Normalisation was introduced in the 1980’s and this was so the government could close down institutions and introduce inclusion for everyone. The National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 was brought in to recognise the right of disabled people to be an equal part of the society, with access to the necessary support.3.2 -Describe how past ways of working may affect present services?People who have been in the care sector for a number of years may have fallen into the medical model of working and find it hard to adapt to new approaches and practices. Training needs to be modern and current so employees get the best and latest information about the subject that is needed for the best care possible for the service users in the home.3.
3a -Identify some of the key changes in the following areas of the lives of individuals who have learning disabilities – where people live?There has been major changes in living arrangements for people with learning disabilities, the move to independent living and supported living has made more people maintain independence for as long as they can. Previous living approaches was in institutions. 3.3b -Identify some of the key changes in the following areas of the lives of individuals who have learning disabilities – daytime activities?The introduction of self directed support which service users are able to make choices about the activities they would like to do and how they would like to do them. This also includes money and who they would like to live with which in turns relates to promoting independence.3.3c -Identify some of the key changes in the following areas of the lives of individuals who have learning disabilities – employment?Employment is still hard for people with learning disabilities to get into as the learning process is different, people with learning disabilities tend to work only part time and usually for the minimum wage or voluntary and these positions are jobs in mainly cafés and charity shops.
In the home I work in service users are progressing to paid employment or voluntary work within the community.3.3d -Identify some of the key changes in the following areas of the lives of individuals who have learning disabilities – sexual relationships and parenthood?In our home we discuss sexual relationships and parenthood a lot and incorporate some scenarios in the talks especially on being pressured into something they do not want to do with someone sexually. We also talk about vulnerability with the service users as they are vulnerable from getting in with the wrong people and maybe doing something they don’t know is wrong or right.3.3e -Identify some of the key changes in the following areas of the lives of individuals who have learning disabilities – the provision of healthcare?In the home I work in the service users have the best care possible with annual health check ups and follow up meetings.
We also provide psychologists and other professional people within the company. They also have regular dentist appointments and podiatry sessions. The service users are to rely on staff to book these and for the support staff to go through the appointment with them and to communicate with the health professional which is conducting the session and to inform the family afterwards or beforehand.4.1 -Explain the meaning of the term ‘social inclusion’?social inclusion to me means where people feel valued, their differences are respected,and their basic needs are met and can live in dignity.4.2 -Explain the meaning of the term advocacy?Advocacy means helping service users to say what they want,secure their rights,represent their interests and obtain services that they need.4.
3 -Describe different types of advocacy?Systemic advocacy these are group advocacies and normally companies or charities.Informal advocacy these people can be family, neighbours or friends.Self advocacy is when the service user represents themselves in all or some aspects of their life.4.4-Describe ways to build empowerment and active participation into everyday support with individuals with learning disabilities?Educate them on the significance of their diagnosis. Emphasize that “learning disability” does not mean “inability to learn” it may take a little longer to grasp the idea or the subject being studied. Service users should concentrate on their strengths and introduce the subjects they struggle with gradually and in a more easier or relaxed time in learning.
Empowerment should include person centred thinking, this will achieve active participation and recognise a service users right to take part in activities and relationships independently as possible.5.1 -Explain how attitudes are changing in relation to individuals with learning disabilities?People with learning disabilities have in the past been shut out by society and placed in institutions and it has only been recently that this has changed. Our service users have access to the same things as I do and this is because society has accepted people with learning disabilities.
5.2 -Give examples of positive and negative aspects of being labelled as having a learning disability?Negative aspects are that people with learning disabilities get labelled as handicapped and disabled, this is stereotyping them and this in turn means discrimination and prejudice is not good for the service users or their carers. New legislation is in place which is helping to remove the barriers and shake off negative attitudes.Positive aspects are creating easy to understand information about learning disabilities and what is out there to help people out and what promoting independence is about and why it is important. Labelling is needed to understand the diagnosis and how to move forward and put plans in place to become more independent and put support in place.5.
3 -Describe steps that can be taken to promote positive attitudes towards individuals with learning disabilities and their family carers?Using the media to show what people with learning disabilities can do and achieve in society. The new training techniques that are out there for both new employees in social care and for people with learning disabilities these are used in colleges around the world. 5.4 -Explain the roles of external agencies and others in changing attitudes policy and practice?Care Quality Commission is a independent regulator of all Health and Social care services in England. They monitor,inspect and regulates places where care is given to people.
It listens to and act on people’s views and experiences of care.It involves people who receive care and the general public in its work, and work in partnership with other organisations and local groups.It challenges all care providers, concentrating mainly on the worst performers.It makes fair and authoritative judgements, supported by the best information and evidence.It takes appropriate action if care services are failing to meet its standards.
It carries out in-depth investigations to look at care across the system.It reports on the quality of care services, publishing clear and comprehensive information, including performance ratings to help people choose care.It sets quality and safety standards that people have a right to expect whenever they receive care.It registers care services that meet its standards.It monitors, inspects and regulates care services to make sure they continue to meet its standards.
It protects the rights of vulnerable people, including those whose rights are restricted under the Mental Health Act.6.1a -Identify ways of adapting each of the following when communicating with individuals who have learning disabilities – verbal communication?Individuals with learning disabilities may experience many types of communication difficulty, but there are also many key things we can do as communicators to facilitate the process and make communication easier. By making subtle and simple changes to our communication we can improve interaction and understanding. Having consistency with the way we talk to people will make it easier to communicate with service users. Language level if an individual has an understanding at a one word level use one word.
Long sentences containing lots of information will be wasted. If you use more than one word, back it up with a visual, or a sign or gesture. Be aware and remember to pitch your language at a level that the listener will understand, and give them plenty of time to process the information.6.
1b -Identify ways of adapting each of the following when communicating with individuals who have learning disabilities – non-verbal communication?When it comes to non verbal communication we have to Adapt if you are not being understood, be flexible, adapt your message. Change the language or simplify the language. Change the mode of communication e.g. from verbal to picture. Give the client other ways to respond switches, sign, gesture etc.
Give them more time to process. Change your goals if things are not working.16. Use pictures and visuals – visuals and pictures can work for many individuals with communication difficulties. Visual strategies can be used in a multitude of ways to enhance understanding and expression.
They are particularly useful for non-verbal individuals, individuals with learning difficulties and / or those with autism. Assistive Technology / Assistive communication use assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices with a focus on facilitating communication.6.2 -Explain why it is important to use language that is both ‘age appropriate’ and ‘ability appropriate’ when communicating with individuals with learning disabilities?When communicating with people who have a learning disability, it is essential that the communication takes place at a pace and in a manner that the individual can process.
This means that the information should be both ‘age appropriate’ and ‘ability appropriate’.communication must also take into account the person as a whole and sensitive consideration should be given to the persons cultural and religious beliefs.6.3 -Describe ways of checking whether an individual has understood a communication and how to address any misunderstandings?Knowledge of the service users and the way they respond is key to making sure they understand what is being communicated. They may give you signs like thumbs up or down, verbal comment and some may not say anything at all. This varies from person to person. | <urn:uuid:aac31bb0-5650-4587-b5db-bf15f47d591a> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://secondstaralaska.com/the-legislation-and-policies-that-support-the-human-rights-and-inclusion-of-individuals-with-learning-disabilities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202007.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921175057-20200921205057-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.965001 | 3,281 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Rather than hand out rubrics for expected student behaviors, the students themselves create a list of habits that make a good class.
Activity #1 Setting the tone of the class.
A few years ago I came across a handout with an important purpose question: What makes a good class? (Unfortunately, I have no idea where I got this from). The students complete this from two perspectives: theirs and the teacher’s. In order to help the students clarify their ideas they list 3-5 things a teacher and student must be, say or do to create a safe environment for students to succeed. They worked in pairs and then in groups of four. One student from each group reported out. After listing the behaviors, we analyzed what habits a teacher and student share.
This is the anchor paper that is strategically placed in my class.
The final step of this activity is to complete the analogy:
A good class is like …
Here are some of the answers.
I love the idea of a good class is like
a restaurant: you enter hungry and leave full or
a tree with many branches that grow of the teacher.
Activity #2 What the learners can expect to be doing in class.
Although I am obliged to read through and discuss the course guidelines with the students, they are not engaged. However, I simplify a lesson plan created by Jim Burke which gets them thinking, generating questions and discussing.
We look at the image of Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich.
The students note where he is, what he is doing, and the details/objects in the image. We then discuss how the wanderer reflects the beginning of their 9th grade journey; their hopes and fears.
Activity #3 What is success? What does it look like? Does it matter?
Each student drew the symbols of success on small whiteboards. Then they read (a jigsaw activity) an article on the habits of champions, identified the big ideas and created a slide show.
Finally, as an exit note, they created a frozen statue of success.
This was as far as I was willing to let them go. | <urn:uuid:72c11db8-bbe8-42bd-89f7-ed64d719c7e0> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://teachwelltomorrow.com/tag/visible-thinking-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107863364.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20201019145901-20201019175901-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.960447 | 443 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Students at a Des Moines grade school just finished a “walk to New York,” though they never left the school grounds. 291 students and forty adults walked, ran, and even skipped for quarter-mile laps around the track at Howe Elementary School. Ten-year-old Theo Burke is one whose steps were added to the count till the map in the cafeteria showed they’d reached the Big Apple.Principal John Johnson says he made the walk part of math classes, so students would figure up their distance and the time to get to New York. And he says teachers turned it into a geography lesson, too. One thing they haven’t done, says Johnson, is talk a lot about terrorism.They’re providing memories for the children, so when in twenty years they remember it, they’ll know they were part of a solution instead of just remembering how terrible it was. Eleven-year-old Carissa Shepard says she’s glad to do the walk, but hasn’t talked about the attacks much with her parents.Gym teacher John Rice came up with the idea of walking to New York around the school track, as the school looked for ways to celebrate “National Walk to School day.”He says it’s a way the kids could show they care, and giving up recess time is one way they can contribute. Following their totals on a map, the kids watched their “walk” take them as far as Chicago last Thursday, Indiana by Friday, Pennsylvania on Monday…and Tuesday the Big Apple.
You are here: / / Students walk to remember New York | <urn:uuid:d4d16949-613e-49d2-8f30-456a22b985b2> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.radioiowa.com/2001/10/03/students-walk-to-remember-new-york/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823895.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212134123-20181212155623-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.97187 | 335 | 2.75 | 3 |
Sammy Davis, Jr.
Sammy Davis, Jr. was the last great entertainer to come out of vaudeville, having made his stage debut at the age of either two or four (accounts vary) with the Will Mastin Trio in the late 1920s.
Davis came from a show business family. His father, Davis Sr., was a lead dancer in Will Mastin’s Holiday in Dixieland – a vaudeville troupe for which his mother, Elvera Sanchez Davis, was the load chorus girl. Sammy was born on December 8, 1925, in New York City, and was raised by his paternal grandmother, Rosa Davis, until he was two and a half. At that point his parents broke up and his father took custody of the toddler. At some point after this the boy made his stage debut with his father and “Uncle Will” (who was not an actual relation, but who called him “Mose Gastin” in return).
Little Sammy was soon the star of the show, which was renamed Will Mastin’s Gang, Featuring Little Sammy. Tap dancing was his specialty. The story goes that when he was judged by the authorities to be too young to perform (in violation of child labor laws), he was given a rubber cigar and billed as a dancing midget – although it’s hard to believe this fooled very many people.
When he was 7, Davis made his film debut in the 1933 short, Rufus Jones for President, and as he grew in size, age, and demonstrated talent, Will Mastin’s Gang became The Will Mastin Trio, Featuring Sammy Davis Jr.
Davis was drafted into the Army at 18, during World War II. There he encountered blatant racial prejudice for the first time in his life. Vaudeville, especially for black performers, existed in a very different society, insulated from many aspects of the outside world. He was transferred to Special Services, where the Army took advantage of his experience and skills to produce him in a series of shows in Army camps across the country.
As he described it in his first autobiography, 1965’s Yes I Can, Davis combed his audiences for “haters,” and as soon as he spotted one he gave his performance “an extra burst of strength and energy,” in order to “get those guys” to “neutralize them and make them acknowledge” him. Thus Davis turned potential liabilities into sources of strength and inspiration, surmounting the racial prejudice he encountered.
Still working with his father and “uncle” Will Mastin, Davis perfected his act in the post-War years, and did some recordings for Capitol Records. One of them, “The Way You Look Tonight,” was chosen by Metronome magazine as Record of the Year for 1946. The magazine also called him that year’s “Most Outstanding New Personality.” (Although it had started more than 50 years earlier devoted to band music and music in general, by the mid-1940s Metronome was a major jazz magazine.)
Still working with the Will Mastin Trio, Davis toured six months with Mickey Rooney, played a three-week engagement at New York’s Capitol Theatre on a bill headed by Frank Sinatra, and gained a featured spot in a Bob Hope benefit show. Jack Benny got the trio a sought-after booking at Ciro’s in Hollywood and an appearance with Eddie Cantor on the Colgate Comedy Hour TV show – which led to the trio headlining that show’s summer replacement. By now the Will Mastin Trio was solidly established in the new, mass media show business which was replacing (and killing) vaudeville, and was reaching a much larger audience. The trio were a smash at New York’s Copacabana, and Decca Records signed Davis.
Davis’ first album, Starring Sammy Davis, Jr., released in 1955, demonstrated much of his act, including his impressions of others. “Dad said to me, ‘You can’t do impersonations of a white person.’ He really believed that.” Davis did not, and his view was confirmed when his album went to No. 1. That same year, no doubt impelled by the success of Davis’ first album, Decca recorded and released a second, Just For Lovers. It contained no impressions – just Davis as himself. It went to No. 5.
The year before that, in 1954, Davis was in a near-fatal car crash on his way to a Los Angeles recording session. He lost his left eye. Amazingly, he was back on stage within weeks, making jokes about his new eye patch (later he got a glass eye). During his hospitalization he began a conversion to Judaism, allowing him in later years to joke about having added another minority to his resume.
Davis appeared on Broadway with the trio in 1956, in Mr. Wonderful, a musical comedy written for him. He subsequently made a solo debut on TV on The Ed Sullivan Show, and began acting in dramatic roles in both TV and movies. His other albums are What Kind of Fool Am I (1962), The Shelter of Your Arms (1964), I’ve Gotta Be Me (1969) and Sammy Davis Jr. Now (1972). His friendship with Sinatra and Dean Martin made him an integral part of the Rat Pack.
Davis gave a lot away. He was quite generous in signing autographs, and his estate was reportedly forced to auction a great deal of his personal belongings. Occasionally major items come up for auction at Christie’s and Sotheby’s. Among lesser items, a scan of the net reveals a Sammy Davis Jr. signed contract (for a London play) and a trophy (from the Atlantic City Boardwalk parade) offered together for $499, and a custom made two piece suit with Davis’ name sewn on the inner pocket and reportedly worn by him for $699. And there’s a whole website devoted to “Ratpack Rarities,” for those who collect and trade memorabilia associated with Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr. and others.
Davis received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1987, and made a world tour with Sinatra and Martin in 1988 and 1989.
Davis had a simple philosophy: “Just do what you’re best at,” he stated in 1988, “and when you can’t do it any longer – stop.” His life was cut short on May 16, 1990 by cancer. It began as throat cancer – a singer’s worst nightmare – defied radiation treatment, and spread through Davis’ body. “Sammy knew he was dying back then,” Sinatra said of their last tour, “but you never expect it to come to that. We all think we’ll live forever.” | <urn:uuid:c927af9e-5f2f-4293-af3f-77da011fde35> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://societyartrock.org/dr-progresso/bios-histories-and-discographies/85-dr-progresso/222-bhd-sammy-davis-jr.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948595858.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217113308-20171217135308-00740.warc.gz | en | 0.987357 | 1,462 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Lecture explores effects of modern socioeconomic gap
Courtney Becker | Friday, March 18, 2016
Robert Putnam, the Peter and Isabel Malkin professor of public policy at Harvard University, gave a lecture on Thursday based on his book “Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis,” about the differences in opportunities for kids from affluent families and kids from low-income families.
Putnam said while America has grown in several ways in the last 50 years, opportunity gaps have become an increasing problem in this country.
“We’ve made a lot of progress on many fronts, but in one important way, America has moved in the wrong direction over the past 30 or 40 years,” Putnam said. “America is now fairly far down the road towards moving toward a two-tier hereditary class system in America, and that would make this a very different country.”
This problem is not only due to income inequality, Putnam said, but also because people are now more frequently living “class-based lives” and interacting with people from different socioeconomic backgrounds less often.
“America has become a more unequal society in economic terms,” he said. “A little less well-known but actually, I think, maybe more portentous is that we’ve become, also, a more segregated society in terms of social class. … Increasingly, we’re either living in rich enclaves with other rich folks, or in poor enclaves with other poor folks, and fewer and fewer of us are living in mixed or moderate-income neighborhoods.”
Another contributing factor to this issue is that social connections within these different communities have decreased, as well, Putnam said.
“Social bonds, community ties within a family, within a community, within the working class in America, have seriously deteriorated over the last 30 or 40 years,” he said. “The social bonds that used to be an important part of life in working-class America are now much weaker than they used to be.”
Putnam said these factors are combining to divide America into two categories, creating problems for kids in a lower class.
“The fact that we’re economically more unequal, the fact that we’re sociologically more segregated, the fact that working class people — the social ties that used to be an important part of our lives — are fragmenting and becoming much, much weaker — what are the implications of all that for kids?” he asked. “Even in little towns all across America, we can see these trends driving America toward a two-class society.”
Kids from low-income families increasingly feel they cannot trust anyone, Putnam said, creating a sense of isolation from the rest of society.
“Poor kids in America today, unlike poor kids in America 30 or 40 years ago, are alone,” he said. “They’re disconnected from all adult institutions. … They are alone, and they can’t trust anybody — and they know it.”
Putnam said one particularly harmful mindset that has developed is being concerned only with one’s own offspring instead of all children throughout America.
“Over the course of the last 30 or 40 years in America, the meaning of ‘our kids’ — that is, our sense of our responsibility to other kids in town, apart from our own — has shriveled, so now when people say ‘our kids’ they mean their own biological kids,” he said. “That shriveling of our sense of responsibility for other people’s kids is the core problem here. … That failure to worry about other people’s kids is a key moral failing.”
Despite this negative trend, though, there is reason to believe America can solve the problem of opportunity gaps, Putnam said.
“I’m optimistic that we can solve this problem, and it is because this is not the first time that America has faced this kind of a problem,” he said. “Americans recognized the problem and began to fix the problem.”
Putnam said the solution to this problem in the early 19th century was the invention of the public high school.
“[The public high school] was aimed to narrow the opportunity gap to make it easier for everybody, all kids, to have a fair chance in life,” he said. “Free, public, secondary education for all kids in town — that idea was invented in America in 1910. Nowhere else in the world were there free, public secondary schools for all kids. … It was the best public policy decision America has ever made.”
Rather than being initiated by a famous university or the United States government, public high school first appeared in small towns in the Midwest, proving this type of change may be sparked by anyone who cares enough to get involved in his or her community and offering hope that America can solve this problem once again, Putnam said.
“Big change in America more often comes from the bottom-up than the top-down,” Putnam said. “It mostly comes from smart, engaged, ordinary civic activists and civic leaders looking at their own community and saying, ‘We’ve got some problems here, how do we fix it?’” | <urn:uuid:c086ed97-b3ef-4e09-9db3-2c4279279641> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://ndsmcobserver.com/2016/03/the-american-dream-in-crisis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863967.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521063331-20180521083331-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.966002 | 1,122 | 2.65625 | 3 |
More Than Just a Game: Designing for Esports
Four essential considerations for creating optimally effective gaming spaces.
The world of esports is big and getting bigger by the day. It’s no surprise that at a fast-growing number of schools, gaming has become a part of a new normal: tech-infused student experiences.
The phenomenon of esports has skyrocketed during the past decade and shows no signs of letting up. Already there are more than 3 billion gamers worldwide. At least 175 universities in America are offering scholarships for esports, and even more have esports teams.
Why are schools rapidly integrating esports into their programs and facilities? New research from Steelcase Learning provides a compelling, big-picture answer: Esports can positively impact learning experiences for students and help schools succeed in turn.
“After a two-month deep dive of research and listening to coaches and gamers, it became clear to us that esports is a great opportunity for schools to attract and retain students they might not have gotten otherwise,” reports Mark Walters, manager of growth initiatives for Steelcase Learning.
“Even more important,” he continues, “esports helps students forge connections to the institution and each other, become more engaged and improve happiness and wellbeing at school.”
Go Beyond the Game
As with any athletic sport, schools embracing esports and sponsoring teams can attract competitive gamers looking for the opportunity to further flex and hone their skills while in school. At the same time, on-campus gaming opportunities can engage students who might not otherwise participate in extracurricular activities, helping them find “their people” and build strong personal connections that over time can be the difference between a positive and negative experience at school.
Moreover, gaming teaches useful skills that go beyond the game. For example, it can help students develop the persistence needed to “fail forward” – students keep trying when unsuccessful and improve over time, an essential lesson for both learning and life. Involvement in esports can also sharpen skills such as creative strategizing, inventive problem-solving, effective communication and productive collaboration. What’s more, it can spark interest in budding industries and career opportunities: I.T. and content creation, as well as adjacent fields such as engineering, business, education, media, entertainment and more.
But positive gains like these don’t just happen automatically as a given of the game.
“Our research has made it very clear that when bringing gaming and esports onto campus, it’s crucial for schools to place a concerted focus on student engagement,” says Walters. “Esports can be a magnet for getting students involved in campus life and fostering deep connections. There are opportunities for schools to use gaming as a tool for creating strong interpersonal connections that can make or break a students’ experience at school. And space has a huge role in helping accomplish this.”
Start Your Journey
Take the next step toward creating effective esports spaces by connecting with us for more information on our insights, applications and solutions.
Four Design Considerations
Recognizing the importance of esports in building skills and improving student outcomes, Steelcase research identified four essential design considerations for creating optimally effective gaming spaces:
Enhance gamer performance
- Celebrate team culture — think school branding and bold colors that create a sense of intensity and team spirit at first sight
- Keep lighting dimmer in battle stations to maximize on-screen contrast and improve player focus
- Provide 48” – 54” table surfaces in battle stations — big enough for keyboards and peripherals, but small enough to keep teammates close
- Prioritize comfortable, supportive seating that adjusts to a range of users and postures, from laid-back to perched and upright
Support gamer wellbeing
- Thoroughly consider adjustability in terms of the gamer, the game and the situation (e.g., monitor depth and height, seat-recline tension, seat height, arm angle and height)
- Provide worksurfaces that are 36” – 48” inches wide so there’s enough distance to give players the psychological security of a personal zone, as well as the reassurance of teammates nearby
- Create adjacent spaces for decompression breaks to debrief with coaches and teammates or just hang out and relax
- Consider kitchen islands for refreshments and wellness zones for yoga and ergonomic exercises
Facilitate gamer teamwork
- Embrace density so teammates can stay close
- Keep battle stations unshielded to ensure clear sightlines and connections between gamers
- Include collaborative zones for video-on-demand reviews
Build community between gamers and spectators
- Plan for observation zones where spectators can comfortably watch without distracting gamers
- Create face-to-face zones adjacent to gaming areas to encourage deeper connections
- Consider acoustic baffles to lower ambient noise
- Create a zone for video production and broadcasting
- Leverage large displays for compelling in-person and online spectator experiences
- Build social zones so gamers can connect with each other and relax between battles
Up Your Game
Whether you have over 10,000 square feet or as little as 1,000, designing with these considerations in mind can result in an impressive and hardworking esports center that ups the game and increases opportunities for students to make the connections that are critical for their success.
“It’s all about achieving a balance between intensity and relaxation, individual focus and team camaraderie, meeting the needs of both gamers and spectators,” Walters summarizes. “Through our research, we know spaces can help with this. And we’re here to help.”
Explore Planning Ideas
Create esports spaces that maximize student engagement and success. | <urn:uuid:5db30b91-cd72-4b25-ad80-82e62ba61f49> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.steelcase.com/research/articles/topics/learning/just-game-designing-esports/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654097.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608035801-20230608065801-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.940962 | 1,174 | 2.671875 | 3 |
How Do Helicopters Work?eBook - 2013
Helicopters can take off from almost anywhere and change directions quickly. They can even hover. But how do they stay in the air? And how do pilots control these special aircraft? Read this book to find out!
Publisher: [United States] : Lerner Publishing Group : Made available through hoopla, 2013
Characteristics: 1 online resource | <urn:uuid:c5d99984-efca-4aae-82ae-87ca566d8506> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://gspl.bibliocommons.com/item/show/2134111096 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509326.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015142752-20181015164252-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.836933 | 83 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Lepromin skin test
The lepromin skin test is used to determine what type of leprosy a person has.
Leprosy skin test; Hansen disease - skin test
How the Test is Performed
A sample of inactivated (unable to cause infection) leprosy-causing bacteria is injected just under the skin, often on the forearm, so that a small lump pushes the skin up. The lump indicates that the
The injection site is labeled and examined 3 days, and again 28 days later to see if there is a reaction.
How to Prepare for the Test
If your child is to have this test performed, it may be helpful to explain how the test will feel, and even demonstrate on a doll. Explain the reason for the test. Knowing the "how and why" may reduce the anxiety your child feels.
How the Test will Feel
When the antigen is injected, there may be a slight stinging or burning. There may also be mild itching at the site of injection afterward.
Why the Test is Performed
This test is a research tool that helps classify the different types of leprosy. It is not recommended as the main method to diagnose leprosy.
People who don't have leprosy will have little or no skin reaction to the antigen. People with a particular type of leprosy, called lepromatous leprosy, will also have no skin reaction to the antigen.
What Abnormal Results Mean
A positive skin reaction may be seen in people with specific forms of leprosy, such as tuberculoid and borderline tuberculoid leprosy. People with lepromatous leprosy will not have a positive skin reaction.
There is a very small risk for an allergic reaction, which may include itching and rarely,
Dupnik K. Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 250.
James WD, Elston DM, Treat JR, Rosenbach MA, Neuhaus IM. Hansen disease. In: James WD, Elston DM, Treat JR, Rosenbach MA, Neuhaus IM, eds. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 17.
Review Date: 08/25/2019
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright ©2019 A.D.A.M., Inc., as modified by University of California San Francisco. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
Information developed by A.D.A.M., Inc. regarding tests and test results may not directly correspond with information provided by UCSF Health. Please discuss with your doctor any questions or concerns you may have. | <urn:uuid:1b6946df-fdd0-49d1-a2e0-7c40b7fc7026> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/lepromin-skin-test | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510501.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929090526-20230929120526-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.873737 | 688 | 3.25 | 3 |
Regular tooth cleaning by a dental professional is recommended[by whom?] to remove tartar (mineralized plaque) that may develop even with careful brushing and flossing, especially in areas of the mouth that are difficult to clean. Professional cleaning includes tooth scaling and tooth polishing, as well as debridement if too much tartar has accumulated. This involves the use of various instruments and/or devices to loosen and remove tartar from the teeth. Most dental hygienists recommend having the teeth professionally cleaned at least every six months.
More frequent cleaning and examination may be necessary during the treatment of many different dental/oral disorders or due to recent surgical procedures such as dental implants. Routine examination of the teeth by a dental professional is recommended at least every year. This may include yearly, select dental X-rays. See also dental plaque identification procedure and removal. | <urn:uuid:9cc1f077-6483-438e-9f8c-92f2b6c0e82f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://thebigsmoothies.com/category/dentist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805911.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120032907-20171120052907-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.960094 | 177 | 2.9375 | 3 |
List of counties in Delaware
The state of Delaware has three counties: New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, the fewest counties of any U.S. state. The origin of the county boundaries goes back to former court districts. The powers of the counties' legislative bodies are limited to issues such as zoning and development.
Politics and government[change | edit source]
Each county elects a legislative body (known in New Castle and Sussex counties as the County Council, and in Kent County as the Levy Court). The counties are able to raise taxes and borrow money. They also have control over garbage disposal, water supply, sewerage, zoning, development, and building codes.
Most functions which are handled on a county-by-county basis in other states—such as court and law enforcement—have been centralized in Delaware, leading to a significant amount of power in the Delaware state government.
|Meaning of name
|Kent County||001||Dover||1680||Created from Whorekill (Hoarkill) District. Formerly known as St. Jones County.||named in 1682 by William Penn for the English county of Kent||162,310||
800 sq mi|
( 2,072 km²)
|New Castle County||003||Wilmington||1664||Original County (Formally New Amstel)||named in 1673 by Dutch Governor Anthony Colve for the town of New Castle, Delaware as an Anglicization of Nieuw Amstel.||538,479||
494 sq mi|
( 1,279 km²)
|Sussex County||005||Georgetown||1664||Created from Whorekill (Hoarkill) District. Formerly known as Deale County||named in 1682 by William Penn for the English county of Sussex, which was his home county||197,145||
1,196 sq mi|
( 3,098 km²)
References[change | edit source]
- "How Many Counties are in Your State?". Click and Learn. http://www.clickandlearn.cc/FreeBlacklineMaps/Counties.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- "Chapter Title 9 Counties". Online Delaware Code. Government of Delaware. http://delcode.delaware.gov/title9/c041/sc02/index.shtml.
- "EPA County FIPS Code Listing". EPA.gov. http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/codes/de.html. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
- National Association of Counties. "NACo - Find a county". http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/state.cfm&state.cfm&statecode=PA. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
- The Historical Society of Delaware (1997). "Delaware Counties". http://www.hsd.org/DHE/DHE_where_counties.htm. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
- Delaware Census Data | <urn:uuid:4f69c6c0-79c6-43f4-83f3-a8561e413098> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Delaware | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00007-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86051 | 658 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Cure for Vitamin B3 Deficiency and More
It helps in facilitating the processes that are involved in the proper metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. It is also involved in over 50 enzymatic reactions. Considering these important functions, you might now have a bird's eye view of what might happen to those who have vitamin B3 deficiencies.
As a matter of fact, vitamin B3 is widely available in the food that we eat. Considering that the RDA for niacin is just 16 mg for men and 14 mg for women, there are only very rare cases of niacin deficiency. Pellagra, a classic vitamin B3 deficiency condition marked by scaly irritated skin and loss of appetite, to memory loss and depression in more severe cases, occur rather rarely these days.
Sources of Vitamin B3
There are many natural foods high in vitamin B3. All good sources of protein such as meats, poultry, fish and nuts are vitamin B3 foods as well. Those food sources rich in tryptophan , an amino acid used by the body to synthesize niacin, such as dairy products and eggs are also good sources of niacin. If you are a physiologically normal person who eats well-balanced meals, you are most probably not at risk for any vitamin B3 deficiency.
Symptoms of Vitamin B3 Deficiency
However, if you, for one reason or another, have even just a slight niacin deficiency, you will immediately feel the symptoms. These might include an overall feeling of fatigue, nausea, vomiting, forgetfulness, loss of appetite, skin lesions, headache, anemia, digestive system problems and difficulty in resting. When the vitamin B3 deficiency becomes severe, you may develop Pellagra, which would need immediate medical attention.
Other Uses of Vitamin B3
Although vitamin B3 deficiencies are rather uncommon nowadays, vitamin B3 supplementation and therapy has been seen to be effective in treating a wide range of other conditions. These conditions include the following:
Vitamin B3 and Schizophrenia. Many studies in the past 50 years have found the effectivity of niacin (and its niacinamide and inositol forms) in treating schizophrenia. This is based on the concept that vitamin B3 competes with the formation of adrenaline in the body, which is highly responsible for the hallucinogenic tendencies of schizophrenics.
Vitamin B3 and Acne. Niacin, most especially the topical niacinamide vitamin B3 form, has been scientifically proven to reduce acne. This effect stems from the fact that niacin helps in the proper absorption of fat in the body, thereby decreasing the tendency of oils and sebum to build up around the pores to cause breakouts.
Vitamin B3 and Multiple Sclerosis. Niacin plays a major role in keeping the nerves and brains functioning properly. In the same way, vitamin B3 in its nicotinamide form has also been seen to provide dramatic protection against multiple sclerosis (a disease characterized by self-destructive nerve fibers). It also protects further brain damage and complications during the late stages.
Though vitamin B3 deficiency is rare nowadays, supplementation with vitamin B3 (niacin and niacinamide) has found a new role in the modern world. Optimum doses of this vitamin been seen to treat a wide variety of conditions and will continue to do so for the years to come. | <urn:uuid:04d3f266-8bbe-47e8-b401-fa2cf011c895> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://healthifybody.com/vitamin-b3-deficiency.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.947473 | 700 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Ground-water levels are basic information needed for evaluating water conditions and for basic and applied research. For these efforts, water levels are being measured statewide in wells completed in multiple aquifers. Some wells are measured for specific projects, such as the Coastal Aquifers Salinity Project and the Water Conditions program, while other wells are measured so that staff can maintain long term records of ground-water levels for evaluation of trends. Table contains summary data from wells having 100 or more water level observations.
Groundwater levels are basic information needed for evaluating water conditions and for basic and applied research. For these efforts, water levels from various aquifers are being measured statewide. Some wells are measured for specific reasons, such as for the Coastal Aquifers Salinity Project and the Water Conditions Report, while other wells are measured so that staff can maintain long-term records of groundwater levels for evaluation of trends.
Water Conditions Summary Groundwater Well Hydrographs
Delaware Water Conditions Report for current and historical periods of record.
Sinkholes are depressions in the land surface or holes in the ground caused by subsidence or collapse of surficial material into openings in soluble rock. Sinkholes usually develop in "karst" areas underlain by carbonate rocks. Karst is defined as "terrane with distinctive characteristics of relief and drainage arising primarily from a higher degree of rock solubility in natural waters than is found elsewhere" (Jennings, 1971, p.1). In addition to sinkholes, other features associated with karst are: caves, disappearing streams, and well-developed subsurface drainage systems. | <urn:uuid:8a372e61-5359-4945-8e5e-bd6a3ede4459> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.dgs.udel.edu/category/geologic-units-and-aquifers/wissahickon-aquifer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430459748987.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501055548-00016-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938778 | 330 | 3.4375 | 3 |
We’ve been having a ‘Phoenician for Classicists’ seminar in the Faculty this term, for anyone
mad *ahem* keen enough to spend their Friday lunchtimes attempting to read inscriptions in a language they don’t know, written in a script that doesn’t represent vowels and in which about half of the consonants look essentially identical to each other. Put like that, who wouldn’t come along and join us?
Anyway, it’s been great fun, if mind-blowing (I blame the very little work I’ve got done any Friday afternoon this term on having expended all my brain cells trying to understand Phoenician), and it seemed appropriate to celebrate the last of these seminars with cake. And so, I hereby present the Phoenician Epigraphy Cake:
Phoenician is a language that was originally spoken in the southern Levant, Tyre and Sidon being probably the most famous Phoenician cities; it’s attested there from around the late second millennium – late first millennium B.C.E. It’s also found elsewhere in the Mediterranean, in the many areas colonised by Phoenicians: Carthage, of course, is the best-known Phoenician foundation, but they also settled in other areas of Northern Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, and Cyprus; in the western Mediterranean Phoenician, or Punic as it’s usually known in this case, is found right up until sometime in the mid-first millennium C.E.
Phoenician is part of the Semitic language family, so is related to Hebrew, as well as other ancient Levantine languages like Ugaritic and Aramaic; the script was of course the basis for the Greek alphabet, but is itself not an alphabet but an abjad – a script that represents consonants but not (usually) vowels. (The Greeks took some of the signs for sounds that didn’t exist in Greek and used them to represent vowels: for instance the sign ’aleph (glottal stop) became alpha.) It’s not entirely clear what the origin of the Phoenician abjad itself was: it may be related to various other Levantine scripts, which might themselves have been influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphic and/or cuneiform, but that’s all very uncertain.
This particular inscription is from the city of Kition on Cyprus, and dates to around the mid-seventh century B.C.E. In transliteration, the text reads:
.1 ’ŠP‘L . ’ŠMN
.2 ḤLṢ . HQL‘ . L’
.3 DNY . LRŠPŠ[D
Phoenician is written right-to-left, but this transliteration is left-to-right for ease of reading. I say ‘ease of reading’, but to the non-Semiticist, the lack of vowels means this doesn’t look like much. Unfortunately, we often don’t even know what vowels would originally have been present, unless there’s either a comparandum in Hebrew or an example of the word in question written in the Roman or Greek alphabets (which some Punic inscriptions are). But even if we don’t always know how to pronounce the words, we actually can still translate the whole inscription:
‘This-made (’Š-P‘L) Ešmun-halos (vel sim. ’ŠMN-ḤLṢ: theophoric name based on the god Ešmun) the-sculptor (H-QL‘) for-lord (L-’NDY: the second part is equivalent to Adonai) for-Rešep-šed (L-RŠPŠ[D)’
In other words ‘Ešmunhalos the sculptor made this for Lord Rešep-šed’, a god who seems to be a syncretism of Rešep (Phoenician god of plague and war) and Šed (an Egyptian god whose name means ‘saviour’). Which I suppose makes sense; having a saviour against plague and war is probably a good idea. Hopefully, having eaten the cake, the Phoenician seminar participants will now all be immunised against the cold that’s going round.
Inscription publication: no.1143 in M. Yon, Kition-Bamboula V. Kition dans les textes. Testimonia litteraires et epigraphiques et Corpus des inscriptions, Paris 2004. Thanks to Pippa Steele for running the seminar and Matt Scarborough for baking assistance. | <urn:uuid:71841443-e473-42c0-a9e5-2d0f438387ef> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://itsallgreektoanna.wordpress.com/2013/05/18/linguistics-baking-part-iii-phoenician/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948580416.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215231248-20171216013248-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.932302 | 1,024 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Introductions Andy Kaufman- OmniGlobe TOSA Background- 10 years teaching 6 th grade Earth science at Conrad Ball MS Ice Breaker- “Two truths and a lie”
Norms Take care of your own personal needs when you need to. This is a collaborative work environment. Be patient but willing to try things you may have not done before.
The Story of the OmniGlobe Erion Foundation OmniGlobe TOSA Position ARC Science Contract requirements Utilization Survey Unique We are the only school district in the world with an OmniGlobe. Everything we do is an experiment!
Class Goals and Objectives Outcome: This course will provide the basic knowledge for using the OmniGlobe. You will learn the procedures for checking out, setting up and integrating the OmniGlobe. Goal: Participants will create or modify a lesson to incorporate the OmniGlobe into the lesson in order to increase student engagement and achievement. You will receive a $75 stipend after delivering the lesson you made during this 2011-2012 school year.
Your consent to our cookies if you continue to use this website. | <urn:uuid:6db7b76a-72f6-4ffd-ba79-517d301cb5d4> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/4367228/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866733.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524170605-20180524190605-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.874259 | 226 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Low Speed Wind Tunnels
Twin-Jet Low Speed Wind Tunnel L-6
The L-6 facility is a low speed, open circuit wind tunnel for the study of plane mixing layers. The wind tunnel is divided into two parts over its entire length by a splitter plate, which originates at the exit of the duct from the two fans and has sharp trailing edge with a wedge angle of 1.2º at the contraction exit. The two-dimensional contraction ratio is 6:1. The spanwise length is 0.3 m and the test section where the mixing layer develops has a cross-section of 0.3 m x 0.2 m. Velocity can range from 1 to 20 m/s.
The wind tunnel has been adapted to the study of turbulence modification induced by particulate laden flow. To create the two-phase flow, an ultrasonic spray nozzle produces tiny droplets with a very small initial momentum in one of the air streams. Advanced measurements techniques such as Phase Doppler Anemometry, Particle Image Velocimetry and Particle Tracking Velocimetry and Sizing can be accommodated.
The wind tunnel may also be equipped with several interchangeable rectangular test sections placed at the exit of the left jet. These test sections allow the investigation of internal two-phase flows, and in particular of particles / vortices interaction, within various geometries, including cavities. | <urn:uuid:c19de8ef-4e80-4210-8128-1c7382b298b5> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.vki.ac.be/index.php/research-consulting-mainmenu-107/facilities-other-menu-148/low-speed-wt-other-menu-151/61-twin-jet-low-speed-wind-tunnel-l-6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160233.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924070508-20180924090908-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.926556 | 290 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The treatment of Diarrhoea, A manual for physicians and other senior health workers
Diarrhoeal diseases are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries, and an important cause of malnutrition. In 2001 an estimated 1.5 million below 5 years died from diarrhoea. On average, children below 3 years of age in developing countries experience three episodes of diarrhoea each year. Eight out of 10 of these deaths occur in the first two years of life. In many countries diarrhoea, including cholera, is also an important cause of morbidity among older children and adults. | <urn:uuid:6398db4b-8e6c-431c-a9d2-1adcf8b6569c> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://library.health.go.ug/publications/communicable-diseases/treatment-diarrhoea-manual-physicians-and-other-senior-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736883.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806061804-20200806091804-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.951316 | 125 | 3.375 | 3 |
Every religion has their own myths that go to the very heart of their beliefs. The Easter Myth is central to christianity, and intensely revealing. Bach's 'St Mathew Passion,' which musically dramatises Bach's dramatisation just how revealing the Easter Myth really is.
Just think, christians revere Christ as their ideal, and indeed Bach had his chorus praise him, worship him, and eulogise Him. This was their hero, the man that god sent to earth, and that same god went and had him killed.
That's the story. This, says Bach, is what christians revere: The murder of their ideal.
Such is the nature of the Easter Myth.
The clear insight that it seems Bach wants us to take about the myth of Easter is one of suffering and one of sacrifice, and in particular the very nature of that sacrifice: in the name of religion he shows us that the good (by christian standards) is sacrificed to the rotten; the constant to the inconstant; the talented and inspirational to the lumpen dross. The ideal to the worthless. In the name of God, then, the' good' just has to go!
Easter, for christians it seems, is a time to revere sacrifice. Oh yes, there's a 'rebirth' of sorts, but not one in this earthly realm, and not before a celebration of intense pain and suffering that supposedly bought redemption and virtue for those who possessed neither.
In other words, it struck me that the Easter Myth is not unlike Ayn Rand's Fountainhead, only in reverse. Unlike the heroes of Bach's Passion, Rand's heroes shun sacrifice. The ethic of The Fountainhead, one for which each of the leading characters fights for in their own way, is one in which genius has the right to live for its own sake. Contrast that with the Easter Story, in which The Good is revered for the act of suffering and dying for the expiation of others.
In my book, that's not really an ethic worthy of reverence.
LINKS: The Fountainhead - Objectivism Reference Center
TAGS: Religion, Objectivism, Ethics, Music, Books | <urn:uuid:f261c399-f895-48ce-ae31-006248fd6de4> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://pc.blogspot.com/2007/04/murdering-tall-poppies-thats-what.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989142.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00146-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967782 | 454 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Middle School Students Use Historic Snowpack Data to Gain Inquiry, Graphing and Analysis Experience
by Joe Cameron
Beaverton Middle School teacher
What do you get when you mix researchers, teachers, authentic science opportunities and a group of GREAT people? You get three summers of intense work, reinvigorated teachers, new ideas for the classroom and lots of fun!
For the last three summers I was lucky enough to be involved in the Oregon Natural Resource Education Program’s (ONREP) Climate Change Institute where teachers are matched with researchers to bridge the gap between the classroom and field research. The last two years I worked with Oregon State University’s Dr. Anne Nolin and Travis Roth examining snow pack changes in the McKenzie River Watershed. Investigating snow collection sites and collecting data led to discussions on how best to get students involved in authentic research and science inquiry investigations.
One of my goals for the year was to get my students involved in authentic data collection and to gain more experience and practice in graphing. From this, SWEet! was born. SWEet is an activity that engages students in using historic snow data to investigate the SWE, or Snow Water Equivalent, and the changes taking place in the Cascade Mountains in Oregon. Students graph and analyze data from SNOTEL sites and compare their findings with others in class to make predictions about future snowpack. In extension activities students choose their own SNOTEL sites in the Western U.S. and monitor snow data monthly throughout the snow year. This type of activity will in turn introduce students to long-term ecological studies in progress and support them to begin studies of their own.
In doing this activity with my students we first investigated their particular sites. I found this helped them personalize the data and they were very involved, especially using this “local” data. Then using their data they were able to create comparative line graphs and look for trends in the data, even with a complex and varied data set. These trends were then used to hypothesize possible effects of changes in the snowpack to their world and the economy and ecosystems found in Oregon.
SWEet! Oregon’s Snowpack and Water Supply
Author: Joe Cameron
Time: 50+ minutes
Grade Level: 6-12
SNOTEL-The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) operates and maintains an automated system (SNOwpack TELemetry or SNOTEL) designed to collect snowpack and related climatic data in the Western United States and Alaska in order to develop accurate and reliable water supply forecasts. For over 30 years, data on snow depth and SWE (Snow Water Equivalent) have been collected from SNOTEL sites throughout the western US. This activity will use yearly SWE data from three SNOTEL sites in Oregon to look for changes and relate our snowpack to Oregon’s economy and environment.
Familiarize students with Snow Water Equivalent (SWE), which is the amount of water contained in the snowpack. A simple reference for background information is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/or/snow/?cid=nrcs142p2_046155. Also, you can do a simple class demonstration by taking a 500ml beaker of snow (or blended ice) and melting it using a hot plate. I have students predict how much water will remain after the ‘snow’ is melted. Then, we calculate the percent water in the snow to give them an example of one way to analyze this type of data.
After getting the students comfortable with SWE, you can give them the SWEet! Oregon’s Snowpack and Water Supply activity page. When I led this activity, we read through the introduction as a class and then directed the students to graph the data provided, make sense of their plot, compare their results with others in class and then draw conclusions. This lesson leads to discussions of our changing climate and possible changes in store for the people, plants and animals of Oregon.
Students will access long term ecological data.
Students will graph SWE data.
Students will compare their data with data from their classmates.
Students will identify possible effects of a decrease in snowpack.
SWE-Snow Water Equivalent; the amount of water found in snow.
SNOTEL-automated system that records snow depth and related data in the western United States
Trend-a general direction that something is changing
Snowpack-the amount of snow that is found on the ground in the mountains; usually measured at specific sites.
Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)
MS-ESS2-5. Collect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses results in changes in weather.
MS-ESS3-5. Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.
Oregon Science Standards
Scientific Inquiry: Scientific inquiry is the investigation of the natural world based on observations and science principles that includes proposing questions or hypotheses, designing procedures for questioning, collecting, analyzing, and interpreting multiple forms of accurate and relevant data to produce justifiable evidence-based explanations.
Interaction and Change: The related parts within a system interact and change.
6.2E.1 Explain the water cycle and the relationship to landforms and weather.
7.2E.2 Describe the composition of Earth’s atmosphere, how it has changed over time, and implications for the future.
7.2E.3 Evaluate natural processes and human activities that affect global environmental change and suggest and evaluate possible solutions to problems.
8.2E.3 Explain the causes of patterns of atmospheric and oceanic movement and the effects on weather and climate.
8.2E.4 Analyze evidence for geologic, climatic, environmental, and life form changes over time.
1 500 ml beaker
1 50-100 ml graduated cylinder snow OR chopped/blended ice
1 hot plate
Copies of SWEet! Oregon’s Snowpack and Water Supply activity page
Optional: colored pencils/pens
1. Give students the SWEet! Activity page.
2. As a class, read and review all directions.
3. Students may choose 1, 2, or 3 sets of data to graph. This option allows the activity to be modified to meet the individual students’ abilities. Also, students can create graphs that can be compared to multiple data sets.
4. Students graph the data in a line graph.
5. Students analyze the data. This part can be completed through drawing a trend line(s) on the graph, calculating averages, adding totals and/or comparing multiple data sets looking for similarities and differences. Note: having the students do their graphing using Excel spreadsheets is an option that is not always available in our school but from which the students would benefit.
6. Relate the observed trends in snowpack to possible effects in Oregon. Who/What will be affected? How will/might they be affected?
7. Students pose one other question OR concern they have after looking at their graphs and trends for possible additional exploration.
1-Related current event articles from Science Daily:
Warming Climate Is Affecting Cascades Snowpack In Pacific Northwest
Found at http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090512153335.htm
Global Warming to Cut Snow Water Storage 56 Percent in Oregon Watershed
Found at http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130726092431.htm
2-Students can access current snow year data online. They go to SNOTEL website, choose a specific site and collect daily, weekly or monthly data for this site throughout the winter months (the snow year stretches from November to March). Students can also access historic data going back to the late 1970’s and early 1980’s for their sites.
References Science expertise was provided by the following Oregon State University Faculty: Dr. Anne Nolin – Professor and Travis Roth-Doctoral Student in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences. Data are from the National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) SNOTEL website at: http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov
Acknowledgements These lessons were created using information learned in the Oregon Natural Resource Education Program’s Researcher Teacher Partnerships: Making Global Climate Change Relevant in the Classroom project. This project was supported by a NASA Innovations in Climate Education award (NNXI0AT82A).
Thanks to Dr. Kari O’Connell with the Oregon Natural Resources Education Program at Oregon State University and Dr. Patricia Morrell in the College of Education at University of Portland for their thoughtful review of this article.
Joe Cameron is a teacher at Beaverton Middle School in Beaverton, Oregon. He can be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:d9ed8c45-5dbc-4e53-9f85-3da7f77a49c4> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://clearingmagazine.org/archives/10040 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864740.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622162604-20180622182604-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.906772 | 1,890 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Myall Creek Massacre of 1838, in which 28 Wirrayaraay men, women and children were murdered by whiter settlers was a rare case in Australian colonial history because the perpetrators were brought to justice. Many massacres thereafter became shrouded in silence.
The group exhibition Myall Creek and beyond marks the 180th anniversary of the massacre. “It was a landmark case, but there was also a whole legacy of silence created around massacres post this point,” explains the exhibition curator Bianca Beetson. “The shooting parties and poisonings still continued, but they were no longer spoken of in open terms.”
This exhibition is comprised of mainly new commissions by Indigenous artists from across Australia. “I looked for Indigenous artists who are really creating a dialogue around massacres and histories in both historical and in contemporary contexts who could deepen and expand the conversation around the event,” says Beetson.
Laurie Nilsen’s installation Land Clearing, 2018, consists of a butcher’s meat cleaver stained with red paint while Fiona Foley’s Scarred, 2018, is an installation recalling holocaust museums; 28 pairs of shoes lined up in front of a trough of ash refer to how the victims’ bodies were burnt, and 10 calico hoods hung on the walls represent the perpetrators.
Other works took a subtle approach. Robert Andrew made a palimpsest machine situated over the window of the gallery. Sheets of red ochre were covered with white ochre. During the 105 days of the exhibition the ochre is scratched by the machine revealing the light from outside.
As part of developing these works many of the artists undertook local residencies. Carol McGregor worked with Adele Chapman-Burgess and Avril Chapman to undertake community workshops which enabled Aboriginal communities of Bingara and Inverell and surrounds to create a possum skin cloak for the exhibition. The cloak includes a map of the country, towns where Indigenous people were dispersed, and where they are living now. Described as one of the most successful parts of the project by Beetson, the cloak will be used in the future by the local community for ceremony.
Judy Watson created an immersive video installation Witness Trees, 2018, featuring the trees currently standing on the site where the massacre occurred. “The witness tress are trees that Judy believed witnessed what happened,” says Beetson. “And there’s also this idea that the blood of the people would have gone into the earth which new trees would absorb and they therefore also bear witness.”
“The exhibition is a bit of a rollercoaster. You’ll have this kind of intense space and then things will lighten up. It was about creating breathing spaces in the exhibition. For example, Judy’s work was very reflective which kind of counterbalanced the hard-hitting nature of the other artists.”
Exhibitions like these highlight the role contemporary art can play in addressing atrocities. “This exhibition shows the power of art to embrace stories,” says Beetson. “They capture the metaphysical and spiritual energy of the place; the pain of the place and the mourning of country. Rather than a straight forward account you can capture levels and layers that you can’t have in a conversation. People might think that it’s just a sad story, but you can’t help but walk in and have an emotional response to the work.” | <urn:uuid:47bd2410-eefa-4d50-909b-ce46c0e1b917> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://artguide.com.au/looking-beyond-the-myall-creek-massacre | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827992.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216191351-20181216213351-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.970514 | 725 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Master's Thesis Writing: Terms And Phrases To Avoid
Receiving the assignment to write a master’s thesis means that you have arrived at a turning point in your academic career. It shows that you have matured in your academic career, and that you are ready to take that big step into writing a major paper. The master’s thesis is not a little essay with a little argument and a few facts. Your master’s thesis is a challenging process that involves developing a major argument and supporting it with serious facts from reputable sources. It also means that you are at a point in your career where you should be able to write a brilliant paper with master’s level vocabulary, grammar, and style.
In order to keep your master’s thesis sounding like a master’s thesis, there are several words and phrases that you should avoid. These are a few:
- A lot: No master’s level writing should ever include the phrase “a lot” due to the elementary nature of the phrase. Please, never, ever say “a lot” because that is not a word. When you use a lot in a sentence, you immediately make your paper look like a true amateur wrote it.
- Things: This is an equivalent to a lot. “Things” are too general. Using the word makes you look like you have no idea what you are writing about in your master’s thesis.
- Stuff: See “Things.”
- Very: This is useless term. It offers no support to any other word. Why say that something is very important? Isn’t important enough? When you use “very” in a paper, it makes your professor think you are simply looking to pad your word count.
- In my thesis, I will tell you: If you have ever read a paper by a sixth grader who is learning about writing claims, you will see this phrase in this form or a variant. It makes every English teacher cringe. You never need to “tell” your reader what you are doing in your paper - you just do it.
- In conclusion: Since your thesis has sections, your readers will already know the conclusion has arrived.
- I believe: The master’s thesis is not about what you believe, but what you can prove. Never use this phrase in any academic writing, unless you are writing a personal statement or a poem.
- You: The word “you” is not appropriate to use in nearly every academic paper. It is too conversation, especially for a master’s thesis. You may use “you” in a blog or a conversation piece, but that’s it!
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© AmymooreStudio.com. All rights reserved. | Master's Thesis Writing Tips | <urn:uuid:829cce59-3ca2-4802-b8e9-3e82114a07e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.amymoorestudio.com/youd-better-not-use-the-following-in-your-masters-thesis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118743.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00303-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955287 | 618 | 2.703125 | 3 |
From Brooklyn, New York, USA:
My wife is 37, just completed her first trimester of pregnancy. At her doctor visit last month, her blood sugar level was so high (approximately 200) and so early that it was thought she might have "onset diabetes" as opposed to gestational diabetes. She was given a strict diet and a monitor. With careful monitoring and testing of various foods, it seems that her blood sugar level is generally okay (65-140). What seems to trigger the higher levels is not so much her diet as her level of tension. Is this a reasonable possibility? If so, what kind of mechanism is activated by the tension that reduces the insulin level, or renders it ineffective in dealing with the sugars?
I agree with your doctor's assessment that you wife probably has pre-existing diabetes. Luckily the diet is working so far. Stress can elevate blood sugar values due to the action of various hormones. If your wife has persistently elevated blood sugar values, then that is more likely due to the pregnancy and diabetic condition than just stress.
Last Updated: Tuesday April 06, 2010 15:08:58
This Internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. If you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional.
This site is published by T-1 Today, Inc. (d/b/a Children with Diabetes), a 501c3 not-for-profit organization, which is responsible for its contents. Our mission is to provide education and support to families living with type 1 diabetes.
© Children with Diabetes, Inc. 1995-2016. Comments and Feedback. | <urn:uuid:5abb275d-0bcc-4e53-8a35-b06b43d442b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dteam/1998-07/d_0d_2vr.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049288709.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002128-00134-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962306 | 351 | 2.53125 | 3 |
When it comes to landscaping, there are many ways to improve your yard. However, if you want to truly bring your outdoor space to the next level while also embracing sustainability and a green thumb, consider designing and growing your own edible landscape.
Edible landscaping is a gardening technique that includes food plants in your yard’s landscape. Instead of keeping vegetables, fruits, and herbs in a garden bed that’s isolated or sectioned off from the rest of the yard, those edible plants are planted out in the open. The landscape shows off their ornamental qualities just like a rose bush or bed of flowers.
An edible landscape can bring the beauty of the vegetable garden to your whole yard. Plus, you’ll be able to harvest nutritious, home-grown foods right outside your door.
Edible Landscaping Plant Suggestions
Here are some edible plants that fare well when planted out in the open:
- Fruit trees
- Edible flowers (daisies, hibiscus, honeysuckle)
Edible Landscaping Tips
There are several factors to keep in mind when beginning your edible landscape. In the planning stage, make sure to observe your yard and know where it gets the most sunlight. It is generally best to choose an area that receives six or more hours of sun each day. However, if you only have shady areas to work with, you can choose shade-loving plants such as currants, alliums, and cherry tomatoes.
For the most aesthetically-pleasing results, plant your edible vegetation alongside your ornamental flowers and shrubs. This way, you’ll be able to choose a vibrant color scheme and bring out the most beautiful qualities of the landscape.
It’s also important to remember that it can be dangerous to treat plants that you will eat with pesticides that aren’t fit for human consumption. Instead, to keep the pests away from your edible landscape, consider DIY natural insecticides or companion planting. Companion planting is the practice of pairing plants that support each other in the garden. For example, peppers thrive when planted near onions, and onions are a natural pest repellent that benefit both plants.
For more companion planting suggestions and other edible landscaping benefits and ideas, check out this infographic below. | <urn:uuid:4ad9c804-2da3-421f-92bd-b629b6a4c203> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://compendent.com/1588/edible-landscaping/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00889.warc.gz | en | 0.921754 | 471 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Definition of Newcastle
1. Noun. A port city in northeastern England on the River Tyne; a center for coal exports (giving rise to the expression 'carry coals to Newcastle' meaning to do something unnecessary).
Generic synonyms: City, Metropolis, Urban Center, Port
Group relationships: England
Definition of Newcastle
1. Proper noun. A city in northeastern England; properly Newcastle upon Tyne ¹
2. Proper noun. A city in New South Wales, Australia, situated at the mouth of the Hunter River. ¹
3. Proper noun. Any of several places in the UK, Ireland, and USA. ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Newcastle Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Newcastle
Literary usage of Newcastle
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. The Dictionary of National Biography by Sidney Lee (1909)
"(afterwards Losh, Wilson, & Bell) of newcastle. Within two years he became a partner, and remained in the business till near the end of his life. ..."
2. The Cambridge Modern History by John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton Acton, Ernest Alfred Benians, Sir Adolphus William Ward, George Walter Prothero (1909)
"Pelham's death in March, 1754, left his brother, the hasty and fickle newcastle, to succeed him at the vacant Treasury. The Duke foolishly appointed Sir ..."
3. Great Britain: Handbook for Travellers by Karl Baedeker (Firm) (1906)
"457) and reach newcastle. A 'New High Level Bridge is at present being constructed a little higher up (to tbe left)« wbich ..."
4. The Gild Merchant: A Contribution to British Municipal History by Charles Gross (1890)
"William, on the other hand, claimed that Henry III made newcastle a free borough, and granted to the burgesses a Gild Merchant and quittance of toll ..."
5. Publications by English Dialect Society (1894)
"newcastle. Local Songs. Sung by William Thompson at the Oxford Music Hall. ... The newcastle Songster. Being a choice collection of songs in the newcastle ..."
6. A History of Epidemics in Britain by Charles Creighton (1894)
"The Cholera of 1853 at newcastle and Gateshead. ... In 1853 it was the turn of newcastle— for no better reason, perhaps, than its escape last time. ..."
7. International Catalogue of Scientific Literature by Royal Society (Great Britain) (1905)
"Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee, newcastle 1902 (48). land, list of Cladocera, ... newcastle, Trans. Nat. Hist Soc., 14, 1902, (54-68). . ..." | <urn:uuid:68420081-46a8-4f4d-b3cb-4ad6c36945e3> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://lexic.us/definition-of/newcastle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657123617.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011203-00007-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869415 | 628 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The efficiently organized plastid genome is easily amenable to genetic manipulation and serves as a blueprint for the design of minimal genomes. Plastids are also frequently used as models in a number of bottom-up and top-down synthetic biology approaches and applications. New reliable tools are therefore needed to investigate the plastid genome. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) allowing separation of the high molecular weight DNA molecules could be exploited for the quick analysis of the plastid genome modifications. The pipetting mechanically shears the high molecular weight DNA molecules and is unacceptable for PFGE separations. This has necessitated procedures for lysis of whole cells embedded in agarose, allowing purification of chromosome-sized DNA without shearing. Although kits for the production of sample plugs of agarose embedded mammalian, bacterial and yeast genomic DNA are commercially available, there are no reliable kits for the production of sample plugs of the plant/plastid genomic DNA with the quality necessary for PFGE separations. Furthermore, there is only limited information available about PFGE settings and conditions for plastid DNA separation. This project aims to develop a quick PFGE-based analytical system for plastid genome modifications. This includes development of the kit and protocol for the reliable PFGE of plastid DNA. Alternative methods for plastid DNA analysis, such as the Phi29 polymerase based approach for the amplification of plastid genome sequences out of crude chloroplast extracts will be also explored.
Who We Are
Dr. Mario Juhas, Postdoctoral research associate, Department of Pathology of the University of Cambridge, Email: email@example.com, synthetic biologists/molecular geneticist with relevant expertise in PFGE and high molecular weight DNA analysis
There are no other official members yet; however, the project will benefit from the collaboration with the Jim Haseloff’s lab at the Department of Plant Sciences of the University of Cambridge with expertise in the plastid DNA extraction and analysis. Collaborators from Norwich might join the project later
The main goal, to develop a quick analytical system for plastid genome modifications fits the remit of the OpenPlant that encompasses development of open technologies for plant synthetic biology. The project fits with the existing work in our laboratories. The PFGE expertise that has been successfully employed for the separation of the high molecular weight DNA of bacteria (BACs) and yeast in our laboratory at the Department of Pathology (Cambridge) will be used for the development of the reliable protocol for the analysis of plastid DNA modifications. This will benefit from the plastid DNA extraction and modification expertise of Jim Haseloff’s laboratory at the Department of Plant Biology (Cambridge). It will lead to tangible, publicly documented and open outcomes, including educational resource (PFGE and alternative protocols for plastid DNA analysis), synthesis and sharing of useful DNA parts (kit for reliable sample plugs of agarose embedded plastid DNA for PFGE) and publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
Benefits and outcomes
The main goal is to develop a quick and reliable analytical system for the plastid genome modifications. This is important for the synthetic biology community as plastids are one of the key synthetic biology ‘workhorses’. This encompasses three key aims: 1. Development of the kit for reliable sample plugs of agarose embedded plastid DNA for PFGE 2. Development of the PFGE and alternative (such as Phi29 polymerase-based) protocols for plastid DNA analysis 3. Dissemination of the achieved outcomes (protocols will be open and publicly available on the website provided by the OpenPlant Fund and in a peer-reviewed journal) The main methods used will be: PFGE (this method will be adapted for the quick analysis of the plastid genome modifications) Phi29 polymerase-based amplification of plastid genome sequences out of crude chloroplast extracts
Reagents and materials for PFGE, PFGE agarose, standards, buffers, gel and gel plug forms and combs (£2000) Reagents and materials for Phi29 polymerase based method (£250) Reagents and materials for plastid DNA extraction (£250) Publication costs (£1500). Additional funding is available from the EPSRC grant to meet the aims of the project. | <urn:uuid:ae8c8216-8851-4bb8-9f62-dce462ce50d6> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.biomaker.org/blog/blog-quick-analytical-system-for-plastid-genome-modifications | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867254.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525235049-20180526015049-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.896604 | 899 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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Important People Susan B Anthony Susan B Anthonys Quaker upbringing greatly influenced the role she played in nineteenth-century America Quakers did not believe in armed conflict or slavery and they were among the first groups to practice full equality between men and women Other American women did not experience the freedom and respect Anthony did while growing up She worked to change that disparity by becoming a leader in the crusade for womens rights Born in 1820 in a New England farmhouse Anthony was the daughter of Lucy Read Anthony and Daniel Anthony Daniel was a cotton-mill owner who instilled in his children the ideas of self-reliance self-discipline and self-worth Both Anthonys parents were strong supporters of the abolitionist and temperance movements due to their Quaker background They also believed in the importance of work and Anthony performed many tasks in her fathers factory while attending school Anthony completed her schooling at the age of seventeen and began teaching school in New York state She was soon fired from this job after protesting her wage was one-fifth that of which her male colleagues earned She went on to secure a better position as principal of the Girls Department of the Canajoharie Academy in Rochester New York In 1849 after having taught for more than ten years Anthony began to focus her energies on social improvements and joined the local temperance society only to be faced with inequality once again She was denied the chance to speak at a Sons of Temperance meeting because she was a woman she thus founded the Daughters of Temperance the first womans temperance organization She began writing temperance articles for The Lily the first woman-owned newspaper in the United States Through the papers editor Amelia Bloomer Anthony met women involved in the abolitionist movement and in the recently formed womans suffrage movement At a temperance meeting in 1851 Anthony met womens rights leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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- Jen Soust, alumni @ UCLA | <urn:uuid:201956e6-3117-489a-89aa-631f4611c282> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-biography-of-susan-b-anthony-an-american-womens-rights-activist-1R6i8dTW | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721595.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00110-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977294 | 482 | 3.125 | 3 |
In the video below, a team built two computers out of dominoes. The first was capable of adding any two numbers between 0 (zero) and 7 (seven). The second computer they built was capable of adding any two numbers between 0 (zero) and 15 (fifteen).
The computer you are using right now, deep under the covers, does everything in terms of binary addition. What about the other operations you ask?
- Multiplication is just repeated addition: 8 x 4 is the same as 8+8+8+8.
- Subtraction is just addition with negative numbers: 8-4 is the same as 8+(-4)
- Division is just repeated subtraction: 12/4 is the same as subtracting 4 from 12 until you have nothing left. So if you start with 12, subtract 4 you have 8. Then subtract 4 again (from 8) leaving 4. Then subtract 4 one more time (from 4) leaving 0 (zero). So 3 times you subtracted 4 from 12, so 12/4=3.
So with addition your computer can do everything. Of course, your computer does it much faster than setting up and toppling dominoes.
For more about computers built out of dominoes, Domino Addition on the Numberphile channel. If you're really really interested, stay to the very end of the video for even more. | <urn:uuid:d6ed5110-b408-46b4-a4d9-097a8aa984a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.netjeff.com/wp/?p=1071 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545875.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522160113-20220522190113-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.957873 | 291 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Jump up ^ Mooney, Chris; Mufson, Steven (19 December 2017). "Why the bitcoin craze is using up so much energy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018. several experts told The Washington Post that bitcoin probably uses as much as 1 to 4 gigawatts, or billion watts, of electricity, roughly the output of one to three nuclear reactors.
Armory’s fragmented backups is another useful feature. Instead of requiring multiple signatures for each transaction, fragmented backups require multiple signatures only for backups. A fragmented backup splits up your Armory backup into multiple pieces, which decreases the risk of physical theft of your wallet. Without a fragmented backup, discovery of your backup would allow for immediate theft. With fragmented backup, multiple backup locations would need to be compromised in order to obtain the full backup.
The influx in malware led some online companies to implement protective measures for their users. Google announced in a blog post in April that it would no longer allow browser extensions in its Web Store that mine cryptocurrencies. The online store allows for users to pick extensions and apps that personalize their Chrome web browser, but the company noted that the “capabilities have attracted malicious software developers who attempt to abuse the platform at the expense of users.”
Skipping over the technical details, finding a block most closely resembles a type of network lottery. For each attempt to try and find a new block, which is basically a random guess for a lucky number, a miner has to spend a tiny amount of energy. Most of the attempts fail and a miner will have wasted that energy. Only once about every ten minutes will a miner somewhere succeed and thus add a new block to the blockchain.
Unfortunately, as good as the ASICS there are some downsides associated with Bitcoin ASIC mining. Although the energy consumption is far lower than graphics cards, the noise production goes up exponentially, as these machines are far from quiet. Additionally, ASIC Bitcoin miners produce a ton of heat and are all air‐cooled, with temperatures exceeding 150 degrees F. Also, Bitcoin ASICs can only produce so much computational power until they hit an invisible wall. Most devices are not capable of producing more than 1.5 TH/s (terrahash) of computational power, forcing customers to buy these machines in bulk if they want to start a somewhat serious Bitcoin mining business.
Apart from being an intriguing mystery, this has real-world ramifications. u/Sick_Silk believes that the movement of funds may be at least partially responsible for the recent price decline seen in August, and whether that’s true or not, it’s certainly the case that 0.52% of the entire supply of Bitcoin is more than enough to seriously manipulate or destabilize the market. Indeed, the funds are already worth around $80 million less since the report went public.
Jump up ^ "Crib Sheet: Neptune's Brood – Charlie's Diary". www.antipope.org. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017. I wrote Neptune's Brood in 2011. Bitcoin was obscure back then, and I figured had just enough name recognition to be a useful term for an interstellar currency: it'd clue people in that it was a networked digital currency.
In order to have an edge in the mining competition, the hardware used for Bitcoin mining has undergone various developments, starting with the use the CPU. The CPU can perform many different types of calculations including Bitcoin mining. In the beginning, mining with a CPU was the only way to mine Bitcoins and was done using the original Satoshi client. Unfortunately, with the nature of most CPU in terms of multi-tasking, and its optimization for task switching, miners innovated on many fronts and for years now, CPU mining has been relatively futile.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Joshua A. Kroll; Ian C. Davey; Edward W. Felten (11–12 June 2013). "The Economics of Bitcoin Mining, or Bitcoin in the Presence of Adversaries" (PDF). The Twelfth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS 2013). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016. A transaction fee is like a tip or gratuity left for the miner.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Statement of Jennifer Shasky Calvery, Director Financial Crimes Enforcement Network United States Department of the Treasury Before the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on National Security and International Trade and Finance Subcommittee on Economic Policy" (PDF). fincen.gov. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. 19 November 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
Bitcoin is in the very early stages of acceptance, and although it is already accepted as a means of payment by numerous merchants, it has yet to become more widely accepted and “mainstream.” This could change, however, as more and more users are attracted to cryptocurrencies for the various potential benefits they may provide. In fact, investors have been flocking to the currency in significant numbers, and some even feel that eventually Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies could replace other traditional payment methods.
Just like you don’t walk around with your savings account as cash, there are different Bitcoin wallets that should be used depending on how much money is being stored or transferred. Secure wallets like paper wallets or hardware wallets can be used as “savings” wallets, while mobile, web, and desktop wallets should be treated like your spending wallet.
The difficulty is rapidly doubling, so in a year (2019) your 14 hash rate(Can be as low as 11) on your $1500 non over gouged S9 (or $2500-$3000 gouged) is going in effect has the same as 7 in what’s it worth to you. Increases of 10% a month or so. At btc current prices, and current electrical prices (using avg of .10) , you will cease to pay for electricity in a yrs time taking the complexity of the work it’s doing rising at that rate. Add on top of that the fact it’s a machine, running 24/7,you’ve really… Read more »
No. 1: Paper wallet or other cold storage. A paper wallet is simply a document that contains all the information you need to generate the bitcoin private keys you need. It often takes the form of a piece of paper with a QR code that can be scanned into a software wallet when you so desire. By storing your bitcoin offline, trusting nothing and no one but yourself, and if you have all the information you need to control and access your bitcoin, you're using the strongest "cold storage" method out there.
There will be stepwise refinement of the ASIC products and increases in efficiency, but nothing will offer the 50x to 100x increase in hashing power or 7x reduction in power usage that moves from previous technologies offered. This makes power consumption on an ASIC device the single most important factor of any ASIC product, as the expected useful lifetime of an ASIC mining device is longer than the entire history of bitcoin mining.
Technically, during mining, the Bitcoin mining software runs two rounds of SHA256 cryptographic hashing function on the block header. The mining software uses different numbers called the nonce as the random element of the block header for each new hash that is tried. Depending on the nonce and what else is in the block the hashing function will yield a hash of a 64-bit hexadecimal number. To create a valid block, the mining software has to find a hash that is below the difficulty target.
The future of global payments could be in the early stages of significant change, with Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies gaining in popularity and use. These charts can keep you up to date on Bitcoin prices and market activity, and can be a useful tool for timing purchases or sales. While prices could go down as well as up, the Bitcoin market has enormous potential, and prices seen in 2017 could eventually look like a genuine bargain.a
In any case, BTC/USD exchanges are nowadays the most popular way to get some Bitcoins and become an owner of a valuable asset. Among its competitors, CEX.IO offers a fast and reliable platform to buy Bitcoin in just a few clicks. The website was designed to give customers the best possible experience. To achieve that goal, the platform has been developed with a clear interface for intuitive navigation. The necessary information can be easily found by users in clearly defined categories. Among the features that make CEX.IO attractive for users, it is important to pay attention to:
Several news outlets have asserted that the popularity of bitcoins hinges on the ability to use them to purchase illegal goods. Nobel-prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz says that bitcoin's anonymity encourages money laundering and other crimes, "If you open up a hole like bitcoin, then all the nefarious activity will go through that hole, and no government can allow that." He's also said that if "you regulate it so you couldn’t engage in money laundering and all these other [crimes], there will be no demand for Bitcoin. By regulating the abuses, you are going to regulate it out of existence. It exists because of the abuses."
By convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that produces new bitcoins owned by the creator of the block. This is the incentive for nodes to support the network. It provides the way to move new bitcoins into circulation. The reward for mining halves every 210,000 blocks. It started at 50 bitcoin, dropped to 25 in late 2012 and to 12.5 bitcoin in 2016. This halving process is programmed to continue for 64 times before new coin creation ceases.
The process of mining bitcoins works like a lottery. Bitcoin miners are competing to produce hashes—alphanumeric strings of a fixed length that are calculated from data of an arbitrary length. They’re producing the hashes from a combination of three pieces of data: new blocks of Bitcoin transactions; the last block on the blockchain; and a random number. These are collectively referred to as the “block header” for the current block. Each time miners perform the hash function on the block header with a new random number, they get a new result. To win the lottery, a miner must find a hash that begins with a certain number of zeroes. Just how many zeroes are required is a shifting parameter determined by how much computing power is attached to the Bitcoin network. Every two weeks, on average, the mining software automatically readjusts the number of leading zeros needed—the difficulty level—by looking at how fast new blocks of Bitcoin transactions were added. The algorithm is aiming for a latency of 10 minutes between blocks. When miners boost the computing power on the network, they temporarily increase the rate of block creation. The network senses the change and then ratchets up the difficulty level. When a miner’s computer finds a winning hash, it broadcasts the block header to its next peers in the Bitcoin network, which check it and then propagate it further.
Bitcoin (BTC) is known as the first open-source, peer-to-peer, digital cryptocurrency that was developed and released by a group of unknown independent programmers named Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. Cryptocoin doesn’t have any centralized server used for its issuing, transactions and storing, as it uses a distributed network public database technology named blockchain, which requires an electronic signature and is supported by a proof-of-work protocol to provide the security and legitimacy of money transactions. The issuing of Bitcoin is done by users with mining capabilities and is limited to 21 million coins. Currently, Bitcoin’s market cap surpasses $138 billion and this is the most popular kind of digital currency. Buying and selling cryptocurrency is available through special Bitcoin exchange platforms or ATMs.
After some months later, after the network started, it was discovered that high end graphics cards were much more efficient at Bitcoin mining. The Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) handles complex 3D imaging algorithms, therefore, CPU Bitcoin mining gave way to the GPU. The massively parallel nature of some GPUs allowed for a 50x to 100x increase in Bitcoin mining power while using far less power per unit of work. But this still wasn’t the most power-efficient option, as both CPUs and GPUs were very efficient at completing many tasks simultaneously, and consumed significant power to do so, whereas Bitcoin in essence just needed a processor that performed its cryptographic hash function ultra-efficiently.
As Bitcoin’s adoption and value grew, the justification to produce more powerful, power-efficient and economical devices warranted the significant engineering investments in order to develop the final and current iteration of Bitcoin mining semiconductors. ASICs are super-efficient chips whose hashing power is multiple orders of magnitude greater than the GPUs and FPGAs that came before them. Succinctly, it’s a custom Bitcoin engine capable of securing the network far more effectively than before.
As more and more miners competed for the limited supply of blocks, individuals found that they were working for months without finding a block and receiving any reward for their mining efforts. This made mining something of a gamble. To address the variance in their income miners started organizing themselves into pools so that they could share rewards more evenly. See Pooled mining and Comparison of mining pools.
In the beginning, mining with a CPU was the only way to mine bitcoins and was done using the original Satoshi client. In the quest to further secure the network and earn more bitcoins, miners innovated on many fronts and for years now, CPU mining has been relatively futile. You might mine for decades using your laptop without earning a single coin. | <urn:uuid:153db9b1-a857-4f95-ac01-f64d411b1554> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://healthybusinesstips.com/bitcoin-reddit-bitcoin-volume-chart.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039747665.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121092625-20181121114625-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.945131 | 2,836 | 2.9375 | 3 |
THE BALANCE OF POWER
THE breakdown of the strategical offensive of the Entente in the spring of 1917 was almost complete. Russia had gone her own way to military insignificance, France had failed in her far-reaching design of crushing the German front on the Aisne, Haig's victory at the battle of Arras secured merely a tactical advantage, the offensive from Salonika never started, and that from Egypt was held up at the gates of Palestine. In the absence of a combined General Staff for the Entente, it required months of individual thought and interchange of views to elaborate any alternative scheme and to readjust national forces for its execution; and the campaigning season would assuredly close before effect could be given to a fresh plan of campaign. The new Governments in England and France showed no greater foresight than the old, and had made no further progress towards a single strategical mind. Indeed, for the rest of 1917 divergence seemed to grow, and there was no such combined operation as the Somme campaign of 1916. Activity travelled away from the point of liaison, and each ally concentrated its attention more and more on its own particular front. Italy as usual had eyes only for Trieste and Albania, France turned from the Somme and the Oise to the Aisne and Verdun, and England's effort came north towards the Belgian coast. This divergence resulted from the changed view of the military situation imposed upon the Entente by Nivelle's failure. He had believed that the time had come for ambitious objectives; Haig had demurred and clung to the idea of operations limited in their scope like that of the Somme; and Pétain accepted that view when he succeeded Nivelle. There might, of course, have been limited offensives on the upper Somme and the Oise where the two armies joined; but it was here that the Siegfried line most firmly barred the way, and when towards the end of the year a new tactic had been evolved to surmount that barrier, it was applied prematurely and without French co-operation. The unity of the Entente did not extend to community of ideas or simultaneous experiment; and novelties which might have been overwhelming if tried in unison all along the line only achieved a partial success when adopted by one of the Allies on a limited front.
Given, however, the impossibility of another combined strategical plan for 1917, there were urgent motives and sound reasons for the extension of Haig's offensive northwards from Arras to the coast. If it were successful beyond expectation, it would achieve all that Nivelle had hoped to do by a frontal attack, and would compel a general German retreat by turning the enemy's flank as Joffre had tried to turn it in October 1914. But short of such extravagant anticipations it might materially help to win the war by defeating the real German offensive for 1917. That was not a campaign on land at all, but on sea by means of the submarine, and the chief basis of operations was the Belgian coast. Submarines emerged from other lairs, but the German command of the Belgian coast shortened their distance from their objectives by hundreds of miles and correspondingly lengthened their range of operations. Bruges was their headquarters; situated inland, but connected by canal with Zeebrugge and Ostend, it afforded a base immune from any attack save those of aircraft, and Bruges was the real objective of our Flanders campaign. Incidentally, too, the Belgian coast provided harbours whence light German surface craft made occasional raids on British coasts, commerce, and communications, and also for those aeroplane attacks which became a serious nuisance as the year wore on. Apart from these considerations the German hold on Flanders was the bastion of their whole position west of the Meuse; and, but for the natural feelings of Paris, a more strenuous attempt might well have been made earlier in the war to deprive the enemy of its advantages. Obviously in the summer of 1917, if the two Allies were to be left to their own devices, there was none which suited us better than the Flanders campaign, and the official American commentator opined that it held out more fruitful prospects than the battle of the Somme. The drawback was that campaigning in Flanders depended upon the weather: a rainy season turned its flats into seas of mud, and the third quarter of 1917 was one of the wettest on record.
A preliminary obstacle to be overcome was the Messines-Wytschaete Ridge which dominated Ypres and the whole of the line from which an offensive in Flanders could start. Preparations to deal with it had been in progress since early in the year, and heavy guns had also been mounted on our positions near Nieuport. The plan indeed had been in Haig's mind since November 1916, and even earlier than that Sir Herbert Plumer had been training the Second Army for its task; it had had no serious fighting since the second battle of Ypres in April 1916, the battle of the Somme having been fought by the Fourth and Fifth, and that of Arras by the First and Third. The victory, however, was to be largely a triumph of engineering science. For nearly a year and a half tunnelling had been in progress under the ridge, and at dawn on 7 June nineteen huge mines were exploded beneath the enemy's lines in the greatest artificial eruption that had ever shattered the earth's crust. Ten days' surface bombardment had already obliterated much of the German defences, and it says something for the German moral that any resistance was offered at all when our troops advanced over the ruins of the soil. Messines was cleared by New Zealanders by 7 a.m., Wytschaete fell by noon before Ulstermen and Irish Nationalists fighting side by side, and Welshmen captured Oosttaverne a few hours later. The battle could not have have been better staged to exhibit the co-operation of the British Empire and of mechanical science and human valour. A few days later Australians pushed on to Gapaard and La Potterie in the direction of Warneton, and the Germans withdrew from all their positions in the salient. The danger to Ypres which had threatened for over two years and a half and had cost so much in British blood, had at last been exorcised, and from being an almost forlorn hope of defence the Ypres salient became the base of a promising advance (see Map, p. 288).
Yet the operation hardly equalled in positive achievement its spectacular advertisement. Months, if not years, of meticulous preparation in a sector that had not been seriously disturbed by fighting since 1915 had produced an advance of from two to three miles on a front of less than ten. It was a tactical victory of the most limited character; and the strategical value of the ridge was greatly exaggerated. It had never enabled the Germans to master the Ypres salient, and as the autumn showed, its conquest made no serious gap in the strength of the German defences. Neither on the Belgian coast nor on the Lys which protected Lille did the German line budge one inch in three months' strenuous fighting; and the salient created by that campaign between the coast and the Lys melted like wax in the furnace of the German offensive ten months later. Plumer's success might, however, have led to better things but for the untoward circumstances which hampered the Flanders campaign from the start. One of these was its initial delay; seven weeks elapsed before the conquest of the ridge was followed up, and the causes are still obscure. Probably they were political. Belgium, notwithstanding her passion for liberation, cannot have desired the rest of her soil to be restored in the condition of the Wytschaete ridge--a horror of desolation unfit for man or even for nature's growths; and there seemed little prospect of driving the Germans out except by a succession of ruinous tactical victories. Germany, moreover, was playing up to the Stockholm Conference and suggesting restoration without the accompaniment of ruin; and it was clear that if the Entente was to liberate Belgium, it must be done by other methods and at a lesser cost than the total destruction of her soil.
Preparations for other than limited tactical gains were made during June and July. The Third Army under Byng, who had succeeded Allenby, was put in charge of the whole British line from Arras southwards, and Rawlinson's Fourth and Gough's Fifth Armies were brought up to the coast and Ypres respectively, while a French army under Anthoine was located between Gough's and the Belgians on the Yser. The Germans were alarmed by Rawlinson's appearance on the coast, and anticipated a possible attack in that sector by delivering a defensive blow on 10 July against the bridgehead we held north-east of the Yser between Nieuport and the coast. We were apparently not prepared: two battalions were wiped out, part of the bridgehead was lost, and Rawlinson's Fourth Army remained a more or less passive spectator of the subsequent campaign. Its own chance of making a thrust had gone, and it waited in vain for the thrust elsewhere to turn the gate the Germans had barred between the Yser floods and the sea.
This reverse did not tend to expedite the campaign, and when it was finally launched on 31 July the weather interposed a third and fatal impediment. The first attack was successful enough. The French under Anthoine took Het Saas, Steenstrat, and Bixschoote; on their right Gough's Fifth seized Pilckem, St. Julien, Frezenberg, Verlorenhoek, Westhoek, and Hooge, the banks of the Steenbeck and the woods on the Menin road; and below that blood-stained highway Plumer's Second took Klein Zillebeke, Hollebeke, and Basse Ville on the Lys. It was, however, Von Arnim's plan to hold his front lines lightly and rely upon counter-attacks, and before the end of the day we had lost St. Julien, the north-east bank of the Steenbeck, and Westhoek. The key of the German position on the Menin road also remained in Von Arnim's hands, and no means had been found of dealing with his new and effective "pill-boxes." These were concrete huts with walls three feet thick, so sunk in the ground that their existence, or at least their importance, had escaped observation. They were too solid for Tanks to charge or for field guns to batter, and too small for accurate shelling by heavy artillery. Yet, crammed with machine guns and skilfully écheloned in the fighting zone, they presented a fatal bar to the rapid advance on which the success of our plan of campaign depended. Even so, it was not Von Arnim's skill and resource that finally ruined our prospects. Before night fell on the 31st the rain descended in torrents. For four days it continued, and even when it ceased it was followed by darkness worthier of November than of August. The field of battle was turned into a maze of lakes and bogs with endless shell-holes filled and hidden by the muddy water. The bombardment had broken the banks and dammed the streams, and rivers, instead of flowing, overflowed. Tanks became useless, and for men and animals there was as much risk of being drowned as shot.
The Germans were not immune from the weather; their counter-attacks were impeded, and their low-lying pillboxes were often traps for death by drowning. But enforced stagnation inevitably helps the defence, especially when time is the essence of success for the attack. Troops were pouring back from the Russian front; winter was coming to postpone until the spring any hopes of a drier soil, and the land lay low in Belgium all the way beyond the puny ridge of Passchendaele. It would have been wiser to accept the facts of the situation; but bull-dog tenacity has its defects, and that national totem is more remarkable for its persistence than for its discernment. On 3 August we regained St. Julien, on the 10th Westhoek, and on the 16th resumed the general movement. It made little appreciable progress on the right or in the centre, but on the left the French advanced from the Yser canal towards the Martjevaart, and our men took Wijdendrift and Langemarck. For the rest of the month it rained, and it was not till 20 September that the conditions were considered good enough for an attempt on the limited objectives to which our ambition was now reduced. It achieved better success than on 16 August, and the advance made along both sides of the Menin road was through difficult woods; but it nowhere exceeded a mile, the fighting was fearfully costly, and Veldhoek and Zevencote were the only two hamlets gained. On the 26th Haig struck again with similar results: Zonnebeke was captured, the woods cleared up to the outskirts of Reutel, and another advance made on the Menin road.
Fierce German counter-attacks were repulsed during the next few days, and on 4 October our offensive was resumed. Once more the weather played us false, but without the usual effect, and substantial progress was made all along the front. Part of Poelcapelle was taken, Grafenstafel fell into our hands, at Broodeseinde the Australians got a footing on the Passchendaele ridge, Reutel was captured, and Polderhoek château, the hinge of the German position, was stormed--only to be lost and retaken more than once before it was finally left in German possession. The next attack was designed to broaden our salient to the north between the Yser and the Houthulst Forest. It was fixed for 9 October, and rain fell as usual on the 7th and 8th. But once more it failed to stop our advance. The French and the British left between them captured St. Janshoek, Mangelaare, Veldhoek, Koekuit, and the remains ol Poelcapelle, and the Canadians made a further advance on the Passchendaele ridge by way of Nieuemolen and Keerselaarhoek. Another attack on 12 October was countermanded because of the rain, but the painful progress was resumed on 22-26 October. On the 27th the Belgians and French pushed on as far as the Blankaart Lake and the Houthulst Forest, taking Luyghem, Merckem, Kippe, and Aschoop, and on the 30th the Canadians forced their way into the outskirts of Passchendaele. Its capture was completed on 6 November and supplemented in the following days by an advance a few hundred yards along the road towards Staden.
At last the agony came to an end. The campaign was a monument of endurance on the part of the troops engaged, and of obstinacy on the part of their commanders. The misrepresentation of the results achieved in the published communiqués provoked remonstrances from officers in the field, and apparent indifference to the losses involved roused the anger of the Australians--and other troops--against their generals. Among his own men Sir Hubert Gough lost more repute in the Flanders campaign than he did in his later retreat from St. Quentin. It was the costliest of all British advances, and cut the sorriest figure in respect of its strategical results. We had advanced somewhat less than five miles in over three months, and had gained a ridge about fifty feet higher than our original line at Ypres. The strategical gains were negligible, and as an incident in the war of attrition, the campaign cost us far more than it did the Germans. They could hardly have desired a better prelude to their coming offensive on the West than this wastage of first-class British troops. Aided by the weather, Von Arnim had succeeded in his design of yielding the minimum of ground for the maximum of British losses, and the Flanders campaign was to us what Verdun had been to the Germans.
There was a more satisfactory proportion of gains to losses in the more limited operations which characterized Pétain's substitution for Nivelle as French commander-in-chief. After Nivelle's comprehensive disappointment on the Chemin des Dames and Moronvillers heights in April, Pétain restricted the field of his attacks and took ample time to prepare them. It was not until August that the first was launched, and for a sphere of action Pétain reverted once more to Verdun. The victories of October and December 1916 were commonly represented as having recovered all that the Germans had won in the spring of that year; in fact they were confined to the right bank of the Meuse. No attempt had been made to wrest from the enemy his gains to the left of the river; and his line ran in August 1917 precisely where it had run twelve months before, a German gain at the Col de Pommerieux on 28 June having been recovered by the French on 17 July. Pétain was, however, a past-master in the art of limited offensives; his aims were less ambitious than those which Nivelle or even Haig had set before themselves, but he achieved them with scientific precision and without the devastating losses which had attended the larger and less successful projects. The terrain he selected was less affected by the vagaries of the weather, and either he was better served by his meteorological experts or was singularly favoured by fortune. His main object was not the tactical gains he secured, but the restoration of the confidence of French soldiers in their offensive capacity which had been severely shaken in April. During June and July they had been mainly engaged in repelling German attacks on the Chemin des Dames, though Gouraud, who succeeded Anthoine in the Champagne command, secured some valuable local gains on the Moronvillers heights.
The attack at Verdun was entrusted to Guillaumat, and his bombardment began on 17 August. The Germans anticipated an offensive on the left bank of the Meuse, but not the extension which Guillaumat had planned on the right bank as well. The weather was as fair at Verdun as it was foul in Flanders, and while Haig's men floundered in seas of mud, the worst against which Pétain's had to contend was clouds of dust. Their artillery had destroyed the German defences on Mort Homme, and when the infantry advanced on the 20th they carried it, the Avocourt wood, the Bois de Cumières, and the Bois des Corbeaux, in a few hours with little loss. Simultaneously on the right bank of the river they captured Talou Hill, Champneuville, Mormont farm, and part of the Bois des Fosses. On the following day the Cote de l'Oie and Regnéville fell on the left bank, and Samogneux on the right. On the 24th the French took Camard wood and Hill 304 and advanced to the south bank of the Forges brook, which remained their line until the American attack in October 1918, while further progress was made east of the Meuse on the 25th until the outskirts of Beaumont were reached. A fortnight later another slight advance was made between Beaumont and Ornes, and on both banks of the Meuse the line was at length restored to almost its position before the great German offensive of 21 February 1916. But Brabant-sur-Meuse, Haumont, Beaumont, and Ornes remained in German hands, and no attempt had been made to recover the line the French had then held on the road to Étain (see Map, p. 194). Verdun might now have been thought quite secure but for the fact that equal success on the Chemin des Dames in October did not save it from the Germans seven months later.
This second of Pétain's limited offensives was carried out by Maistre and led to a more extended German retirement. But the attack was only on a four miles' front eastward from Laffaux in the angle made by the German retreat in the spring between the Forest of St. Gobain and the Chemin des Dames (see Map, p. 67). It was preceded by a week's intense bombardment which, as at Verdun, destroyed the German defences; and although it was made in fog and rain the high ground did not suffer like Flanders from the effects, and the French attack was immediately and completely successful. Allemant, Vaudesson, Malmaison, and Chavignon, with 8000 prisoners, were taken on 23 October, and by the 27th the French had captured Pinon, Pargny, and Filain, and pressed through the Pinon forest to the banks of the Ailette and the Oise and Aisne canal. This advance turned the line which the Germans still held on the Chemin des Dames, and they found it untenable. On 2 November they withdrew down the slopes to the north bank of the Ailette, and the French occupied without resistance Courteçon, Cerny, Allies, and Chevreux, which they had vainly with thousands of casualties endeavoured to seize in April and May. The Chemin des Dames was now really won, and the contrast was pointed between the two methods and their success. Pétain's more limited offensive secured the greater strategical gains. But the French rather forgot the ease with which they finally won the Chemin des Dames in the losses their earlier efforts had cost them, and were to lose it once more because they thought it impregnable.
In spite of experience the Entente was slow in learning not to underestimate the military resourcefulness of the Germans, and Pétain's victories, coupled with the failure of the Germans to react, provoked a jubilation which was not justified. To the German Higher Command the loss of a few square miles at Verdun and the Chemin des Dames was a mere matter of detail compared with the ambitious strategy it now had in mind. Situated as the Germans were between two fronts, they were quicker to grasp the significance of events in the East than were Western Powers; and the collapse of Russia had already inspired Ludendorff with the idea and hopes of a final and victorious offensive on the West in the spring of 1918. It must come soon, or the advent of American armies would make it too late. Even the French and British forces were serious enough, and an obvious preliminary would be to weaken the enemy line in France by a diversion. The Germans knew enough about Italy to be confident that a staggering blow would not be difficult to deal, and that if it were dealt it would compel France and Great Britain to go to the rescue of their distressful ally. Italy had all along been inviting some such blow by her concentration on Trieste, a divergent quest after booty which led away from the enemy's vital parts; for the Adriatic was already closed to the Central Empires by the French and British fleets, and the fall of Trieste, however gratifying it might be to Irredentists--though Trieste had never belonged to Italy or Italian rulers--would have no appreciable effect upon the issue of the war. That quest, moreover, left the Italian flank, upon which its front entirely depended, exposed at Caporetto. It was not, indeed, probable that the Italians would have advanced very far had they set their faces towards Vienna; but if their front had faced in that direction, they would not have provoked the disastrous collapse of their whole campaign in the last week of October 1917. Hitherto Russia had prevented the Central Empires from seizing the opportunity which Italy offered; but the triumph of Bolshevism removed that protection and also supplied the Germans with political means for advancing their military ends. Not a few Italian troops had succumbed to propaganda, and when the crisis came they imitated Russian examples in a way which provoked Cadorna--in a censored message--to speak of their "naked treason."
The valour which other Italian troops had shown during the summer and their success on the Bainsizza plateau had not prepared Italy or her Allies for so great a reversal of fortune in the autumn. The attempt after the fall of Gorizia in August 1916 to force a way to Trieste had been checked by the formidable bastion of Mount Hermada, and in May 1917 Cadorna turned to the other great obstacle to his eastward advance, the Selva di Ternova with its peaks M. San Gabriele and M. San Daniele, which dominated the valley of the Vippacco and the railway to Trieste running along it. But these peaks could not be taken by a frontal attack, and an effort was made to outflank them from the north by seizing the Bainsizza plateau and the Chiapovano valley behind it. A week from 14 May was spent in the preliminary operation of extending the Italian hold over the east bank of the Isonzo above and below Plava, and in seizing the westerly edge of the Bainsizza plateau with its two peaks, M. Kuk and M. Vodice. This advance over difficult country required great endurance and valour, but it fell short of anticipations, and on the 23rd Cadorna struck another blow in the direction of the Hermada. Hudi Log, Jamiano, Flondar, and San Giovanni were captured, and for a moment a footing was gained in Kostanjevica and on the lower slopes of Hermada; but an Austrian counter-attack on 5 June recovered Flondar and drove the Italians off the Hermada.
It was clear that Italy unaided could not achieve even the limited objective of Trieste on which she had set her heart, and in July Cadorna appealed for help to Great Britain and France. The former sent and the latter promised some batteries of artillery, but no infantry could be spared in view of our commitment to the Flanders campaign and of French caution after the failure on the Chemin des Dames; and in August Cadorna resumed his attack alone. It was dictated by political rather than military motives; for there was discontent in Italy which the most rigorous censorship could not conceal, and the reference in the Pope's peace note of August to "useless slaughter" evoked serious echoes in a public mind which found inadequate compensation for the meagre and costly results of the Italian campaign in its splendid advertisement by the Italian Government. Italy needed a victory, and Cadorna achieved enough to keep up the illusion of triumphant progress. The bombardment began on 18 August and the infantry attack on the 19th over an extended front of thirty miles from Lom to the north of the Bainsizza plateau to the Hermada and the shores of the Adriatic. Most of the Bainsizza plateau was overrun, Monte Santo at its southern extremity was captured, and the Italians recovered a footing on the Hermada. A terrific and bloody battle was waged early in September for the key-position at M. San Gabriele, but heavy Austrian reinforcements from Russia prevented the Italians from mastering the crest. On the 5th they were again driven back from the Hermada and San Giovanni, while away in the north they failed to take the heights of Lom. This held up their further advance across the Bainsizza plateau, and its eastern half, containing peaks a thousand feet higher than any the Italians had conquered, remained in Austrian hands. No real progress had been made, the partial occupation of the Bainsizza plateau proved useless, the losses had been tremendous, and at the end of September Cadorna reported that his main operations were at an end. Eleven of the sixteen British batteries were recalled, the French were countermanded, and the ball was left at Ludendorff's feet.
He had begun his preparations in August when Otto von Buelow was transferred from the West to the Italian front and given an army composed of six German and seven Austrian divisions. The control of the campaign was taken over by the German Higher Command, and the troops had been trained in the new tactics which were tried by Von Hutier at Riga in the first week in September and were to be used to more serious purpose at Caporetto in October and on the Western front in 1918. Time was of the essence of Ludendorff's strategy; he could not afford, with the American peril in prospect, to prolong the war by fighting in trenches and merely defending the Hindenburg lines. Nor could he even afford that deliberate method of progress favoured by Haig and Pétain, which consisted in rapid advances on limited fronts to limited objectives, or in snail-like movements over wider areas. The strategy which by intense bombardment drove the enemy back a mile or two at the cost of so devastating the ground as to make one's own advance impossible for weeks, could not achieve a decision within the time at Ludendorff's disposal. Some means must be found of reviving the war of movement and repeating in a more decisive form the German march of August 1914. The bombardment of devastation must therefore be sacrificed in the interests of the pursuing troops, and its place be taken by gas shells; and the enemy line must be broken by the superiority of picked battalions and greater concentration of machine guns and other portable weapons. The line once broken, the advantage must be followed up by a series of fresh divisions passing through and beyond the others like successive waves, maintaining the continuity of the flowing tide. The Eastern front was used as a training ground for these new tactics, which served Ludendorff better than any advance into Russia could have done; and they came as a complete surprise at Caporetto.
That was not, indeed, particularly good terrain for the experiment, and in order to hoodwink the Italians more effectively Von Buelow did not select for his attack any sector indicated by the principal Austrian lines of communication. But these defects of Alpine country were counterbalanced by the weak moral of the troops opposed to him. One symptom of Italian instability had been outbreaks during the summer at Turin in which soldiers had fraternized with the rioters, and the mutinous regiments were sent as a penance to that sector of the front which Von Buelow was well-informed enough to select for his offensive. But the nervousness was general: Italians had never yet met German troops in battle, save perhaps in small encounters with diminutive units in Macedonia, and some consternation was created when, about the middle of October, it was ascertained that there were German divisions on the Italian front; and presently popular imagination magnified Von Buelow's thirteen divisions into the combined weight of the Central Empires, with Mackensen at its head as a bogey-man. That was at least a more acceptable explanation than the real one of the disaster which overtook the Italian Army. But it is impossible to gauge with any exactness the extent or effect of German intrigue and Bolshevist propaganda upon the Italian situation. Bolshevist envoys had been received with open arms at Turin, and Orlando, then Minister of the Interior, had refrained on principle from hampering their activities. More singular was the coincidence of Von Buelow's offensive with a Parliamentary crisis which precipitated the fall of the Boselli Ministry.
The German attack began on 24 October amid rain and snow, which never deterred the Germans, and on this occasion even assisted them by increasing the element of surprise. The infected front of the Second Army between Zaga and Auzza broke with such celerity that by dawn of the 25th Von Buelow's men had crossed the Isonzo, scaled Mount Matajur, 5000 feet high, and were pouring across the Italian frontier; and the gains of twenty-nine months were lost in as many hours. Elsewhere Italian troops fought with splendid determination, and the garrison of M. Nero held out for days and died to a man, while their comrades at Caporetto greeted the enemy with white flags, and reserves withheld their assistance. Gallantry to the left and right availed nothing against poltroonery in the centre: the Bainsizza plateau was lost, and the Third Army on the Carso was in dire peril of being cut off from its retreat. Nothing but retreat, and perhaps not even that, was open to the other armies, with the Second in the centre fleeing like a rabble and Von Buelow threatening the left and right in the rear. On the 27th Cividale, on the 28th Gorizia, and on the 29th Udine, twelve miles within the Italian frontier, fell, and Von Buelow had taken 100,000 prisoners and 700 guns. The Third Army escaped by the skin of its teeth, the excellence of its discipline, and the sacrifice of its rearguards and 500 guns at the crossing of the Tagliamento at Latisana on 1 November. Then the rain came down, and no believer in Jupiter Pluvius as a German god could maintain that that river had been turned into a roaring torrent in the interests of the German pursuit.
The Tagliamento could, however, be easily turned from the north, and the Italian retreat continued across the Livenza and the Piave where Cadorna stood on 10 November. The Adige farther south was considered by many to be Italy's real strategic frontier, but the abandonment of the Piave would surrender Venice to the enemy, and Venice was Italy's one naval base in the northern Adriatic. It must be retained, or the Italian Fleet would have to withdraw to Brindisi and leave the Adriatic and Italy's eastern coast open to incursion from Pola. But if the Piave was to be held, the German threat to turn it by a descent from the Alps down either side of the Brenta valley must be defeated; and it was here that the Caporetto campaign was fought to a standstill in November and December. Fortunately Ludendorff had not been prepared for the magnitude of his own success, and Von Buelow's thirteen divisions had not been cast for the part of destroying the Italian armies. Their object had been twofold, firstly to compel France and Great Britain to weaken their front by sending aid to Italy, and secondly, to secure plunder in the shape of guns, munitions, and corn-growing territory. The Kaiser boasted that his armies had been set up for some time by this Italian success, and Italy's two Allies had no choice but to send divisions to her assistance, the French under Fayolle and the British under Plumer. With that the Germans were content, and although the Austrians continued their efforts to force the Piave and turn its flank down the Brenta valley, Von Buelow's six German divisions took little part in the fighting and were soon with their general sent back to the Western front.
No light task remained for the shattered Italian armies, for the Austrians had been greatly reinvigorated by their success, and continual reinforcements were arriving from the Russian front. Italy had never been a match unaided for her hereditary foes, and the prospect of British and French assistance was needed to stem the torrent of invasion descending from the mountains. The Italians fought well, and politically the nation pulled itself together; but one by one the Austrians captured in November the heights between the Piave and the Brenta which protected the Venetian plain, and it was not until 4 December that the French and British were able to relieve the pressure by taking up their respective quarters on the two cardinal positions of M. Grappa and the Montello. Even so the Austrian advance continued, while a bridgehead was secured across the Piave at Zenson. After a four days' battle on 11-15 December the Austrians reached the limits of their invasion at M. Asolone and M. Tomba on the east, and M. Melago on the west, of the Brenta valley; and before the end of the year the Italians were recovering slopes on M. Asolone and the French those of M. Tomba, while the bridgehead at Zenson was destroyed. Fighting went on well into 1918 without much material change in the situation until Austria was called upon to take her part in the final enemy onslaught in June. Nevertheless the Central Empires had achieved the most brilliant of their strategical triumphs. At slight cost to themselves they had bitten deep into Italian territory, taken a quarter of a million prisoners, 1800 guns, and vast quantities of munitions and stores, and had imposed a greatly increased strain upon the Allies who alone stood between them and victory on that Western front which Ludendorff had selected for the final test of war. | <urn:uuid:af2824aa-fac3-4c43-81a0-9ea9abc1178c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.worldwar1gallery.com/history/chapter16.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540525598.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209225803-20191210013803-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.984816 | 7,615 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Tenryu-ji (Dragon of the Sky Temple) was established in 1339 by Ashikaga Takauji on the site once held as a residence for Emperor Gosaga and Kameyama. Prior to that, Japan’s first Zen temple, Danrin-ji, was founded by Empress Tachibana no Kachiko. The beautiful Sogenchi stroll garden was created in 1345 by Muso Soseki, the temple founder, and is designated a Special Historic Site and a Special Historic Scenic Area. Mount Arashiyama can be seen in the background. It is formally known as Shiseizen-ji, the head temple of the Tenryū branch of Rinzai Zen Sect.
From the mid-1300’s to mid 1800’s, Tenryu-ji suffered repeated fires. Reconstruction was finished in 1924, followed by the construction of the Shoun-kaku and Kan’u-tei teahouses in 1934. The amazingly beautiful garden design mostly survived intact from Soseki’s original work.
- In the early Heian period, Empress Tachibana no Kachiko, wife of Emperor Saga, founded a temple called Danrin-ji on the site of present-day Tenryu-ji. The temple fell into disrepair over the next four hundred years.In the mid-thirteenth century, Emperor Go-Saga and his son Emperor Kameyama turned the area into an imperial villa which they called “Kameyama Detached Palace” ( Kameyama-dono). The name “Kameyama”, which literally means “turtle mountain”, was selected due to the shape of Mt. Ogura, which lies to the west of Tenryu-ji it is said to be similar to the shape of a turtle’s shell. All Japanese temples constructed after the Nara period have a sango, a mountain name used as an honorary prefix. Tenryu-ji’s sango, Reigizan ( lit. “mountain of the spirit turtle”), was also selected due to the shape of Mt. Ogura.
- The palace was converted into a temple in the middle of the Muromachi period at the behest of Ashikaga Takauji, who wished to use the temple to hold a memorial service for Emperor Go-Daigo. Ashikaga became the shogun in 1338, and Go-Daigo died in Yoshino the following year. Ashikaga opposed the failed Kemmu Restoration, which was started by Emperor Go-Daigo, and the emperor decreed that Ashikaga should be hunted down and executed. When his former-friend-turned-enemy died, Ashikaga recommended that Zen monk Muso Soseki construct a temple for his memorial service. It is said that the temple was originally going to be named Ryakuo Shiseizen-ji, Ryakuo being the name of the reign of the emperor of the northern court at that time. However, Ashikaga Takauji’s younger brother, Tadayoshi supposedly had a dream about a golden dragon flitting about the oi River (also known as the Hozu River), which lies south of the temple, and the temple was instead named Tenryu Shiseizen-ji—the term “Tenryu” literally means “dragon of the sky” . In order to raise the funds to build the temple, two trading vessels called Tenryuji-bune were launched in 1342. A ceremony was held on the seventh anniversary of Emperor Go-Daigo’s death on August 29, 13451, which functioned as both a celebration of the completion of the temple, and as Go-Daigo’s memorial.
- During the 1430s, the temple entered into a tributary relationship with the Imperial Court of Ming Dynasty China. Chinese imperial policy at the time forbade formal trade outside of the Sinocentric world order, and both the Japanese imperial court and Ashikaga shogunate refused to submit to Chinese suzerainty. This arrangement with the Tenryu-ji allowed for formal trade to be undertaken between the two countries, in exchange for China’s control over the succession of chief abbot of the temple. This arrangement gave the Zen sect, and Tenryu-ji more specifically, a near monopoly on Japan’s legitimate trade with China. In conjunction with the temple of the same name in Okinawa, as well as other Zen temples there, Tenryu-ji priests and monks played major roles in coordinating the China-Okinawa-Japan trade through to the 19th century.
- The temple prospered as the most important Rinzai temple in Kyoto, and the temple grounds grew to roughly 330,000 square meters in size, extending all the way to present-day Katabira-no-Tsuji station on the Keifuku Railway. At one time, the massive grounds were said to contain some 150 sub-temples, however, the temple was plagued with numerous fires, and all of the original buildings have been destroyed. During the Middle Ages, the temple met with fire six times: in 1358, 1367, 1373, 1380, 1447 and 1467. The temple was destroyed again during the Onin War and subsequently rebuilt, but in 1815 it was lost to yet another fire. The temple was severely damaged during the Kinmon Incident of 1864, and most of the buildings as they stand today are reconstructions from the latter half of the Meiji period. The garden to the west of the abbey, created by Muso Soseki, shows only traces of its original design.
1. Norris Brock Johnson, Tenryu-ji (Berkeley: Stone Bridge Press), 113-114 | <urn:uuid:5ebe09f8-8674-467d-9f64-e125ed2ca541> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.japanesegardening.org/site/tenryu-ji/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827097.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215200626-20181215222626-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.967707 | 1,214 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Climate change and it’s relationships to technology, energy and food are often discussed in the media, whereas freshwater, also a critical resource for humanity, tends to be overlooked. It is even more overlooked in terms of other species – lakes and other surface waters provide homes for hundreds of thousands of species. A recent article reviews freshwater and its linkages to food and energy, and describes the complex trade of “blue water” and “green water.”
By Frank Götmark
Broad review articles in science are often valuable. Paulo D’Odorico and his co-authors published one such article in 2018, “The global food-energy-water nexus”, describing global freshwater availability and its relation to food and energy production . Many people, though far from all, take freshwater as a “given”. However, it is an important part of our lives that may limit us as a species, especially in the future. Overconsumption of freshwater also threatens other species: lakes, rivers and wetlands are the most threatened habitats on earth, with the highest proportion of red-listed species of all habitat types [2,3].
There is much water on Earth, but the production of freshwater from saline and brackish water requires at least 10-12 times more energy than freshwater treatment, according to the review. Desalinated water is basically only used for drinking, in a few countries such as Saudi Arabia and Israel that can afford to produce it. The authors divide freshwater into “blue water,” i.e. surface waters and groundwater aquifers, and “green water” which is soil moisture in the ground, to be used by green plants, fungi and other organisms.
People associate freshwater with drinking, washing, shower-baths and water for gardens, but agriculture is the biggest user, accounting for 86% of total human water consumption . The majority of freshwater that we don’t see is in our food, consumed far away from the production sites. To produce food, countries (especially the US, India and China) often use blue water for irrigation; 20% of global agricultural land is irrigated, but such land has higher yields and sustains about 40% of global crop production. Green water is required for agriculture, too. Limits to both water types can be seen when rivers run dry, immense lakes like the Aral Sea and Lake Chad disappear, salt water encroaches into coastal lands (such as the Nile delta and the Gaza Strip) to replace the fresh water pumped out, and in periodical regional droughts and crop failures. The “Green Revolution” seems to be history: agricultural yields are stagnating . Limited freshwater availability is one cause. Major food crises occurred in 2008 and 2011. Between 2005 and 2008, food prices increased by 83%, which pushed about 40 million people into hunger. As I write this, the media is reporting a severe water scarcity in India, affecting about 100 million people .
Freshwater we don’t see is also in the energy we use, far away from the production sites. D’Odorico and his co-authors describe in detail this “hidden” freshwater use. Oil extraction, coal mining and biofuel production all require immense amounts of freshwater. The unconventional fossil fuels, such as shale oil, gas and oil sands, are especially water-demanding. In the case of biofuels (maize, sugarcane, palm oil), production competes with food crops and green water, commodities that are greatly needed locally and nationally.
The overconsumption of freshwater is further clarified when the authors describe global trade. A “virtual water” transfer of blue and green water through trade of energy, food, and other commodities such as timber, means that countries with a chronic scarcity of water will import products that they cannot produce themselves. Increasing trade allows the continued harvest and extraction of natural resources – at the cost of species extinction and increasing emissions of greenhouse gases. Virtual water trade of agricultural commodities more than doubled between 1986 and 2010, and plant material dominated this trade by volume. At the global level, about 24% of the water used for food production is now traded. The authors remark that “the globalization of water for food and energy security remain overall poorly understood, and it is unclear whether trade will generally act as a buffer against, or an intensifier of vulnerability for nations relying on food imports.”
As long as humanity can secure food and other commodities for most nations through cheap energy and trade, the global population may continue to increase – by about 3.5 billion people to 2100, according to the UN’s 2019 population projections’ medium variant. However, the UN projections assume continuously falling fertility rates. With slower declines, several more billions may be added. In this context, D’Odorico and his co-authors compare a nation which is self-sufficient in terms of water, food and other resources, with an ecological footprint wholly contained within its borders, and a nation where significant international trade creates both internal and external footprints, in this way:
In a) above, a country uses resources (water, food, etc) that occur within its border only; in b) a country uses resources within as well as outside its border – through trade. One may object that a) can no longer exist because people want or need so much from the “outside.” But self-sufficiency of nations was much discussed not long ago (in the 1960’s and 1970’s). For instance, the ecologists Anne and Magnar Norderhaug (1974) calculated that Norway essentially could achieve self-sufficiency at a level of 60% of its population at the time and level of technology and resource use . Despite a small population in 1974, without imports it would have been limited by little productive agricultural land. Although it may be a bitter cure, national policies that emphasize self-sufficiency are likely to stabilize populations sooner than policies that rely more on trade.
Self-sufficiency relates to protectionism, an idea that many politicians and neo-liberal economists dislike. Colin Hines turns it into something positive, “Progressive Protectionism,” which he describes as a shift away from open markets to allow countries to take back control of the scale of capital, goods, services and people entering and leaving them. Hines suggests this is not possible for a single country, but could work for alliances of countries, like the EU. He concludes: “Any one country proposing controls on its own would immediately be punished by the markets. However, a regional grouping of powerful states such as the EU or North America would be a secure and lucrative enough market.”
Early in their text, D’Odorico and co-authors describe the problems with water and resource use caused by increasing numbers of people. They rightly point out that “demographers typically do not account for the effect of resource limitation” when they run population projections. Here they also cite Warren (2015) who suggests, pessimistically but perhaps realistically, that the size of the future human population will be determined by food availability (which depends on the availability of freshwater). Warren assumes, like Malthus more than 200 years ago, increasing mortality in the human population as food becomes scarcer, just like in wild animals. Today we may assume that climate change will be a limiting factor through food and water availability for human population– a factor left out from population projections.
With this background, one would have liked to see at least a brief overview on how to reduce population growth, and the advantages of declining populations. Instead, after 35 pages, the authors write: “When a society has limited access to a vital resource such as water, it can either decide to use it more efficiently by reducing waste or other losses, and/or try to import water from somewhere else.” Like many articles which describe that further population growth is problematic, this review fails to acknowledge how future population growth can be minimized. Family planning programs, and changes in social norms that influence fertility rates, should have been described. In their Abstract and conclusion, the authors emphasize a circular economy (reusing the resources in products to create new products), but the circular economy’s requirement for a stable population is not discussed.
Still, the review contains a plethora of interesting information and references. For instance, the Figure 23 shows population change up to 2070 with trade for three net exporter and four net importer countries, compared to self-sufficiency. In the immediate future we will certainly have population growth, and the authors point to innovations that could improve water and food security. When it comes to feeding a larger future population, there is much more to consider, and we will come back and discuss that in a coming TOP blog.
Click here to get the review by D’Odorico et al. for free – though remember, the energy needed for the internet also requires freshwater.
I thank Malte Andersson and Jane O’Sullivan for comments and suggestions that improved the text, and Paulo D’Odorico for kindly sending us Figures from the article.
References and notes
D’Odorico, P., Davis, K. F., Rosa, L., Carr, J.A., Chiarelli, D., Dell’Angelo, J., et al. (2018). The global food-energy-water nexus. Reviews of Geophysics, 56, 456–531. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017RG000591 (Open access)
McRae, L. et al. (2017) The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator. PLoS ONE 12(1): e0169156. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169156 (Open access)
WWF (2018) Living Planet Report – 2018: Aiming Higher. Grooten, M. and Almond, R.E.A. (Eds), WWF, Gland, Switzerland (Open access)
See Ray & Foley (2013), and articles by Ray et al. – see references in .
Aljazeera (2019), June 20. “India is running out of water, fast”. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/india-running-water-fast-190620085139572.html Norderhaug, A. & M. (1974). Norge og overbefolkningen. Cappelen. (Only available in Norwegian.)
Hines, C. (2017) Progressive Protectionism: taking back control. Park House Press. Kindle Edition (ebook)
Do you want to learn more about the solutions for overpopulation and actions towards sustainability? What actions we need to take on individual, community, national and global level? Check out the Overpopulation Project’s list of solutions! | <urn:uuid:1d8a19e3-8167-462f-a127-42c6c8445ee4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://overpopulation-project.com/freshwater-trade-and-population-global-patterns-and-possible-solutions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505826.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401161832-20200401191832-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.93314 | 2,273 | 3.5625 | 4 |
RSS originally RDF Site Summary; often dubbed Really Simple Syndication, uses a family of standard web feed formats to publish frequently updated information: blog entries, news headlines, audio, video. An RSS document (called “feed”, “web feed”, or “channel”) includes full or summarized text, and metadata, like publishing date and author’s name.
RSS feeds enable publishers to syndicate data automatically. A standard XML file format ensures compatibility with many different machines/programs. RSS feeds also benefit users who want to receive timely updates from favorite websites or to aggregate data from many sites.
Once users subscribe to a website RSS removes the need for them to manually check it. Instead, their browser constantly monitors the site and informs the user of any updates. The browser can also be commanded to automatically download the new data for the user. | <urn:uuid:cb924fac-a91c-4393-b01a-6b82165f56de> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://martinweb.co/learnDetailsPage.php?idT=2&idST=98 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738905.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812141756-20200812171756-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.879396 | 182 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Many people who are attempting to lose weight worry that increasing exercise sessions might increase appetite, hindering their goals. However, moderate intensity exercise alters the secretion of hormones that control appetite. Starting a new workout program is beneficial for weight loss because it burns calories, but the appetite control it offers increases the potential for healthy weight loss in many people. Talk to your doctor before starting a new exercise routine.
Your body produces hormones that regulate hunger and satiety. Ghrelin is the hormone that stimulates your appetite, and Peptide YY helps keep hunger in check. Leptin is another hormone that increases when your stomach is empty. Several factors play roles in increased ghrelin and leptin levels, including stress and lack of sleep. Controlling the production of these hormones is important for keeping your calorie intake low enough to produce weight loss. Aerobic exercise may help suppress appetite for short periods of time.
A one-hour aerobic exercise session helps reduce ghrelin levels and increase Peptide YY levels, decreasing your appetite when you are finished, according to a 2008 study published in the "American Journal of Physiology." The change in these hormone levels means that you won't feel hungry immediately after your workout. However, hunger does return eventually, though it doesn't do so at the same rate for everyone. Exercise burns calories, creating an energy deficit that must be replenished at some point, which means that you'll begin feeling hungry once your hormone levels return to normal. As you get used to your new exercise program, you might not notice an appetite increase to such a high degree.
Types of Exercise
Aerobic exercise suppresses ghrelin and increases Peptide YY at a higher rate than strength-training exercises, which only offer minimal hormone changes, according to the "American Journal of Physiology" study. The study used a one-hour treadmill workout to measure the effects of exercise on appetite. However, other types of aerobic exercise may offer similar benefits. Jogging, brisk walking, swimming and biking are alternate options.
The study examining the effects of exercise on appetite used male subjects, but the results are likely to be similar in females. In addition, the appetite-suppressing effects were seen most in participants at a healthy weight. Overweight people may notice a decrease in appetite after exercise as well. While aerobic exercise may suppress appetite, it doesn't always stop you from eating. After a workout, avoid eating high-calorie foods, which could hinder the benefits of exercise. Whether you are hungry or not, have a small snack and some water after you work out. This prevents dehydration and refuels your energy supplies. Include protein, which aids in muscle recovery.
- American Physiological Society: Hormonal Regulation of Food Intake
- American Journal of Physiology: Influence of Resistance and Aerobic Exercise on Hunger, Circulating Levels of Acylated Ghrelin and Peptide YY in Healthy Males
- Science Daily: Exercise Suppresses Appetite by Affecting Appetite Hormones
Eliza Martinez has written for print and online publications. She covers a variety of topics, including parenting, nutrition, mental health, gardening, food and crafts. Martinez holds a master's degree in psychology.
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Ethiopia’s state-owned power company, Ethiopia Electric Utility (EEU), provides electricity to about three million customers across the country. The ultimate goal of EEU, and the Government of Ethiopia, is to extend electricity service to all of the nation’s 100 million citizens. However, there are challenges to making this goal a reality.
Barriers to Ethiopian Energy Service Expansion
Most of Ethiopia’s geothermal resources—that is, its vast underground reservoirs of steam and hot water—have yet to be tapped, which may result in delays in expanding electricity services to its citizens.
In addition, EEU faces a very difficult operating environment. Balancing cash flow is essential, but EEU is also subject to fluctuations that may hamper its operations. The utility purchases the energy it distributes from Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP), largely with funds that it collects from its customers on a monthly basis. If collections fall short—because customers are either unable or unwilling to pay for the electricity they use—then EEU incurs deficits. EEU estimates that these deficits currently amount to close to $100 million per year, further delaying grid development and services to the remaining unconnected Ethiopian consumers.
EEU’s most recent challenge has been the severe impact of COVID-19 on the utility’s revenue and delivery of service. The country’s partial lockdown and scaling down of economic and social activities has reduced demand for electricity—as of mid-July, Ethiopia has had nearly 10,000 cases of COVID-19 and 163 confirmed deaths. This potential loss of revenue could impact the ability of EEU to service existing debt and meet required operations budgets, thus constraining the quality and the extent of the services it provides. This would be especially problematic as EEU powers essential health services at nearly 200 hospitals in the Addis Ababa and Finfinne regions. | <urn:uuid:71324c63-2e03-4691-ad00-4d1eee20939f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.rti.org/impact/expanding-electricity-services-and-energy-access-in-ethiopia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876307.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021093214-20201021123214-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.943894 | 385 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Researchers at Queensland University of Technology (QUT) are developing a simple blood test that could be used to predict the risk of cancer spreading in a patient.
Foundation Awardee Associate Professor Punyadeera and her team identified clusters of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in the blood of recently diagnosed head and neck cancer patients, which had not spread to other organs. Six out seven patients with stage IV head and neck cancer who had CTC clusters, developed secondary cancers within 6 months. An absence of CTCs or CTC clusters in patients with head and neck cancer suggested no systemic spread.
CTCs can be distinguished from other cells in a small blood sample, by use of a microfluidic chip invented by biomedical engineer Dr Ian Papautsky (see main image).
“This finding is potentially an important prognostic tool that could guide doctors’ choice of therapies as we move to personalised medicine for individual patients,” says Associate Professor Punyadeera. “This work has been expanded into lung cancers where there are more targeted therapies.”
Channel 7 news in Australia recently highlighted this outstanding work. Click here to download the segment.
Congratulations to Associate Professor Punyadeera for yet another diagnostic breakthrough. To view her Awardee profile, please click here.
External link: Link to QUT News page | <urn:uuid:2cde813c-cc8e-4122-a465-b89aaff32a2e> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://gprwmf.org.au/diagnostics-breakthrough-for-cancer-spread-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084765.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415095505-20210415125505-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.937267 | 276 | 2.546875 | 3 |
|Letter||Sound in Japanese|
|b||boy, sometimes is softer sound like the letter v|
|f||frog (very soft)|
|g||go (slightly softer sound though)|
|i||ee sound in street|
|j||judge (softer sound)|
|k||kit but not aspirated (softer sound)|
|q||k sound in kit, always followed by silent u|
|r||combine D and L sounds|
|sh||shoe (also softer sound)|
|u||ou sound in you or too|
Note: There are NO silent vowels. If two vowels occur in a row they are pronounced twice as long, otherwise each vowel is pronounced if one follows another. There are double consonants as well that are pronounced as expected given the above guide.
Climate in Japan
Japan has four seasons which the Japanese are very proud of. Though quite humid, the seasons are distinct.
Japan has four main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu (main island), Kyushu, and Shikoku. There are several thousand small islands, also. All the islands were created by volcanoes, most of which remain active. This short, steep, volcanic mountain setting is a challenge to builders, especially with an artistic history. This isn't solely due to the earthquakes; the rivers flood rapidly due to the steepness of the terrain.
Japanese Sports / Japanese Music / Japanese Art
Sumo wrestling, Gendai Budo, Judo, and other martial arts are a large part of Japans history and culture. Schools continue to teach the traditional martial arts, along with modern sports like baseball, soccer, volleyball, and rugby. The most popular sports today are Sumo, baseball, and soccer.
Native Japanese brush painting (Sumi-e) techniques are used in both art and calligraphy. Typically, the work consists of phrases, poems, stories, or even single kanji characters. Students often make, literally, hundreds of attempts toproduce the desired effect of a single character.
Japan continues to use traditional styes in their modern art and entertainment, including tv, comics, and animation (like anime).
The Emperor of Japan is the "symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Ceremonial duties are his, while the real power is held by the Prime Minister and other elected members of the government. Emperor Akihito has been emperor since January 1989, and Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda has been in office since September 2007.
The Prime Minister is the chief of the executive branch. The executive branch (Prime Minister and Cabinet of ministers of state) reports to the legislative branch (called the Diet). The publically elected House of Representatives (480 members) and the House of Councillors (242 members) make up the Diet, and they direct the Emperor in the appointment and removal of the Prime Minister and chiefs of the judicial branches. The judicial branch has a Supreme court, but thecourts don't use a jury. Judges are called by the executive cabinet.
Japan has disputes with Russia, South Korea, China, and Taiwan, over various islands. Most of which are over natural resources like fish, oil, and gas.
Religion in Japan
There are two major religions in Japan: Shinto and Buddhism. Both have rituals at birth, weddings, and funerals.
("the Way of the Gods") is Japan's native religion. It does not have a founder, or holy scripture, but their records contain the mythology of Japan and several religious ideas: 1. Everything has a spirit god (kami) and we should be in harmony with them, and this knowledge is to be passed on. It is the duty of the family and society to preserve traditions, specifically birth and marriage. 2. Spirit and nature are related- natural objects contain spirits. Thus, being near nature is being near the spirit. 3. Nature keeps itself clean, and baths are one way to mimic this cleansing or purification. 4. Celebrate the spirit in public festival and worship at public shrines. 5. Show respect for those things that sacrificed to make your food, your life, or your possessions. Killing a living being should be done with reverence for what they are giving in return for their life. 6. There is an afterlife, and the kami of those passed effects usin this life. 7. You can make requests of the kami at shrines with prayer tablets (ema), and once your desire comes true you hang another in gratitude.
started in the 6th century in Japan and is one of the largest religions in the world. Originally, Buddhism came from Siddhartha (or Gautama Buddha), who taught around the 5th century. These philosophies are written as scripture (sutras) and known as the Tripitaka or Tipitaka, and are recorded as laws and consequences (dharma). One belief is that anyone that has been "awakened" without instruction becomes a Buddha (awakened one) when they teach others to attain it. This awakening is known as Bodhi. It is considered to be a state without greed or desire, hate, or delusion. Failing to attempt this state, as reflected in the thoughts, words, and deeds of the person, can be abated by following the moral code, self-mastery, and wisdom of the "Noble Eightfold Path".
Japanese Dress / Japanese Food
The traditional garment of Japan is the Kimono ("something one wears"). The word was used like we use the word "clothing", but came to mean specifically the full-length garment. Kimono come in a variety of styles and sizes, though men typically wear darker, more neutral colors and women tend to wear brighter colors and pastels. Formal kimono are worn in layers. The style is dictated by social status and the occasion for which it is worn.
The Japanese are internationally known for their specific style of cuisine. Most commonly, they are known for rice, miso soup, sushi (raw fish) and a variety of other seafood dishes. Japanese food is known as being low in calories and very healthy.
There are several dialects in Japan due to the difficult terrain and history isolation. Chubu, Hokkaido, Kanto, Tsugaru, and Tohoku are the dialects of the eastern side of Japan. Chugoku, Kansai, Kyushu, Okinawa, and Shikoku are the western dialects. All have their own pronunciation changes, phrases and words off-shooting from standard Japanese. Tokyo is the main, or standard dialect of Japanese.
Ryukyuan is a separate language from Japanese found in the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa).
Hopefully you have been able to learn a little bit about the Japanese culture. If you are simply looking to learn Japanese, you will soon learn how important culture is when you learn a language. There are plenty of free resources available here to help you to learn Japanese. If you want to talk about love or you are looking for Japanese greetings, you must visit the Japanese phrases page. There are also many Japanese words in many different categories from which you can learn. In addition, you can learn over 350 Japanese verbs and how to conjugate them with free audio flash cards and step-by-step instructions. | <urn:uuid:bfa423fb-ffb4-46f8-88f6-260f2df00f07> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.learnalanguage.com/learn-japanese/japanese-culture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744750.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118221818-20181119003818-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.958662 | 1,524 | 2.734375 | 3 |
We’ve all been reminded to floss regularly and brush. A lack of good dental home care can contribute to periodontal disease. Periodontitis, meaning “inflammation around the teeth” is a progressive condition that is a major cause of tooth loss. If caught in the early stages, it can be stopped from progressing. However, if allowed to continue, periodontitis leads to permanent damage. But just how bad could it get?
Why Is Flossing Important?
Flossing removes bacteria, food particles, and dead cells from between teeth. Your toothbrush simply can’t reach all the places that flossing can. If you don’t floss regularly, you may notice that your gums bleed when you do. This can indicate the presence of one or more strains of bacteria associated with periodontitis.
Several strains of bacteria found in the mouth are linked to systemic disease. Streptoccocus mutans, one of the microorganism responsible for dental plaque, is also associated with heart disease. If S. mutans enters the bloodstream, it can travel to the heart and cause bacterial endocarditis (an inflammatory disease).
Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with periodontal disease. Infection with P. gingivalis can eventually lead to bone loss. It’s also associated with atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and rheumatoid arthritis, as it causes the release of inflammatory chemicals.
What Else Can Periodontal Disease Do?
If you have periodontal disease your risk of heart disease doubles. It also increases the risk of preterm birth and other pregnancy complications. Periodontitis is the second most common disease in the world; tooth decay is the first. Fortunately, both are preventable by good oral hygiene habits and regular dental care. Brush, floss, and use mouthwash if your dentist recommends it. Your mouth is the gateway to your body, and good oral health is essential to good overall health.
Bad breath, swollen, tender, or bleeding gums can be signs of periodontal disease. Dr. Ann Kania, your San Diego periodontist, knows the importance of early detection and treatment. Call our office today at 760-642-0711 to schedule your appointment. We serve patients in Encinitas, Del Mar, La Costa, San Marcos, Carlsbad, and the greater San Diego area. | <urn:uuid:febed765-a491-4ea5-a2cf-22149818f97e> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://drannkania.com/periodontal-disease-how-bad-could-it-be/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464045.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417192821-20210417222821-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.890149 | 506 | 3.234375 | 3 |
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (July 2009)|
A detent is a device used to mechanically resist or arrest the rotation of a wheel, axle, or spindle. Such a device can be anything ranging from a simple metal pin to a machine. The term is also used for the method involved.
Detents are for example used to simply arrest rotation in one direction or to intentionally divide a rotation into discrete increments.
To arrest movement, the method commonly employs a small gravity or spring-actuated lever paired with a notched wheel. The lever is mounted on a pivot point in proximity to the wheel (so that the end cannot swing completely around) and comes into contact with it at a tangential angle less than 90 degrees.
The vertical angle of the sides of the notches that face the direction that rotation is desired is generally acute (45 degrees or less), so that as the wheel rotates in that direction, the end of the lever is easily lifted or pushed out and over the top of a notch. Following this, the lever drops into the next notch and the next et cetera as the wheel or shaft continues to spin.
The angle of the backside of the notch is severe (usually 90 degrees or greater to the end of the lever) so that the lever cannot be pushed up or out of the notch if wheel attempts to turn in the opposite direction. The lever is jammed between the back of the notch and its pivot point, stopping movement in that direction against any force that the materials used can withstand. The wheel has little resistance moving in the direction desired, other than that required to lift or push the lever over the next notch.
To resist movement (or when creating incremental steps), methods are employed which include a spring-loaded ball bearing that locates in small incremental depressions, or a piece of spring steel that snaps into position on flat surfaces or shallow notches milled into the shaft or wheel.
A well-known example of a detent can be seen on the popular game show "Wheel Of Fortune", which employs rubber flippers to help disambiguate on which wedge the wheel has stopped after being spun by a contestant. Other common examples include:
- A balance control on a piece of stereo equipment which seems to "click" or "snap" into the center position of its rotation, indicating the point where the volumes of the left and right channels are equal or "balanced", or volume controls with a separate detent to match each of the digits on the control knob (typically 10).
- Rotary switches typically employ detents to keep the control shaft properly aligned with the appropriate contact.
- Any spring-powered wind-up toy employs one, in order to disallow unwinding of the spring.
- The ratchet wrench, which is employed to intentionally use force against the detent and comes in increasing variety of types. It was designed to allow one to keep the wrench engaged with the bolt or nut which it is turning, in an area where the swing arc of the wrench is limited, while being able to continue to turn it in one direction by simply pulling the handle back and letting the detent reposition itself. The repositioning allows the wrench to be forcibly turned again.
- The scroll wheels on many computer mice employ detents to divide scrolling into discrete steps.
|Look up detent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.| | <urn:uuid:73e93941-2a28-4038-996c-d5dc834b1dcf> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detent | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009271.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00025-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926648 | 699 | 3.75 | 4 |
Spinal nerves are formed from the joining of the nerve roots. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots grow together to create a nerve structure comprised of mixed tissue types. Nerves are typically bundles of several different varieties of neurological tissue, each with its own unique properties. Specific parts of the nerve control different functions in the corresponding anatomical region served by the neurological structure.
These vital nerves branch off throughout the body to create a huge network of neurological tissues, both large and small. In some instances, spinal nerves grow together to form larger nerve, such as in the case of the sciatic nerve. In other cases, they split up to form a seemingly endless number of smaller nerves.
This article examines the role of the spinal neurological tissues in pain generation and symptomatic transmission.
Types of Spinal Nerves
There are 8 sets of cervical nerves which exit the spinal canal between each cervical vertebra. These nerves will serve the neurological needs of much of the upper body, including parts of the head, neck, shoulders, arms and hands.
There are 12 sets of thoracic nerves which exit the spine between each thoracic vertebra. These nerves serve the trunk of the body, including the frontal and rear torso and abdominal regions.
There are 5 sets of lumbar nerves which branch off the cauda equina in between each lumbar vertebra. These serve parts of the pelvis, buttocks, hips, legs and feet.
There are 5 sets of sacral nerves which branch off the cauda equina in the sacrum. These serve the genitals, anus and parts of the legs and feet.
There is a single pair of coccygeal nerves at the base of the spine.
When added together, the neurological functionality of all of these nerves serves the vast majority of the sensory, motor and autonomic functions throughout the body.
Varieties of Nerves in the Spine
Nerve tissue comes in 3 basic varieties: motor, sensory and autonomic. Large nerves, such as the spinal variety, are typically made up of all three types of neurological fibers grouped together.
Motor nerves control muscular movement in their respective bodily locations. A motor dysfunction will prevent a set of muscles from being activated to their full potential or in totality.
Sensory nerves control feeling, sensation and stimuli experienced in their respective bodily locations. Dysfunction will produce unusual sensations, such as pain, or a complete lack of sensation, such as objective numbness.
Autonomic nerves manage autonomic processes which are not consciously controlled. Autonomic nerve damage can have severe effects in many areas of the body, including blood pressure concerns, digestive problems, internal organ failure and death.
Spinal Nerve Problems
Nerve compression can be a major health crisis for any affected patient. Compression prevents proper nerve signal transmission and can cause a variety of symptoms ranging from pain to numbness, tingling and weakness. However, pinched nerves do not occur nearly as often as they are diagnosed. Symptomatic correlation often points out serious discrepancies in the actual expression versus the clinical expectation.
Ischemic processes can also create a similar symptomology as physical compression. Luckily, ischemia does not do any permanent damage and can usually be treated effectively, as long as the condition is recognized as being an oxygen deprivation issue and not a structural impingement process. | <urn:uuid:31e73f89-27a8-4d00-8489-2e5e172fd9a2> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.cure-back-pain.org/spinal-nerves.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649343.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603201228-20230603231228-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.941478 | 684 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The kilogram per meter cubed (symbolized kg/m 3 ) is the standard unit of material density in the International System of Units (SI). Material density is expressed directly in base SI units, and cannot be further reduced.
A substance with a density of 1 kg/m 3 is extremely light for its size. Even styrofoam or bubble-wrap has a density greater than this. A cubic meter of water has a mass of about 1000 kg, more than a conventional English ton in the gravitational field of the earth.
Alternative units are often used to express density. The most common of these is the gram per centimeter cubed (g/cm 3 ). A substance with a density of 1 g/cm 3 has a density of 1000 kg/m 3 . Conversely, a substance with a density of 1 kg/m 3 has a density of 0.001 g/cm 3 . | <urn:uuid:6950d2a2-2368-4243-ac8f-9bf3fe1c52df> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/kilogram-per-meter-cubed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102967.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817053725-20170817073725-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.906147 | 185 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Environment America Blog
Two years ago this very day, the United States reached an historic international agreement in Paris committing to address the global threat of climate change with nearly 200 hundred nations. In 2015, the United States was one of the biggest players in the room. Fast-forward to today, and the picture looks quite different. We are the odd one out — the only nation on the planet now stepping away from this critical global action.
As the agreement reaches its second birthday, there is still no sign the Trump administration is rethinking its reckless and short-sighted decision to leave the accord. This decision certainly doesn’t bode well for the planet: 377 members of the National Academy of Sciences warned that “the consequences of opting out of the global community would be severe and long-lasting — for our planet’s climate and for the international credibility of the United States.” The American Academy of Pediatrics diagnosed the president’s decision as a “dangerous step backward to protecting public health.” Senior military and national security experts at the Center for Climate and Security indicated that the President’s decision to withdraw will have “serious, negative strategic implications for the United States.”
But the Administration’s decision to exit the agreement, which will not be official until 2020, will not and should not stop our legislators, businesses and institutions from protecting our health and the wellbeing of future generations. Fortunately, many other American leaders are stepping into the breach and acting on the moral imperative to reduce the pollution that is accelerating global warming.
The We Are Still In coalition representing 2,500 leaders from state and local governments across the country has vowed to combat climate change and uphold the agreement. Fourteen states and Puerto Rico have formed the U.S. Climate Alliance and are committing to reduce global warming pollution to levels consistent with the Paris Accord.
Preeminent business and local leaders across the country have made their individual support for the agreement loud and clear:
“The decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement was wrong for our planet. Apple is committed to fight climate change and we will never waver.”
—Tim Cook, CEO of Apple.
“We’re disappointed with the decision to exit the Paris Agreement. Microsoft remains committed to doing our part to achieve its goals.”
—Brad Smith, CEO of Microsoft.
“We ‘adopt, honor, and uphold the commitments to the goals enshrined in the Paris Agreement’ and are working together to create a 21st century clean energy economy.”
—386 US Climate Mayors, representing 68 million Americans.
Spotlight: Strong Progress in the Northeastern United States
The Northeast is a shining example of how states can plow ahead to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement in the absence of federal leadership.
Nine northeastern states from Maine to Maryland have worked together to cut global warming pollution in half since 2005 through a program called the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). And on the Paris Agreement’s second Anniversary today, they just announced that they are making it even stronger, and it will reduce pollution by another 30 percent by 2030. The beauty of this partnership is that it is bipartisan. With five of the governors Republicans and four Democrats, these states show that it is more than possible to work across party lines to deliver real, bipartisan progress for their constituents — in the form of over 50 percent less pollution and $2.6 billion more to spend on clean energy and energy efficiency.
Here is a closer look at what the Governors are saying about their role in combating climate change:
“Maryland is committed to finding real bipartisan, common sense solutions to protect our environment, combat climate change, and improve our air quality”
—Maryland Governor Larry Hogan, Republican
“In the absence of federal leadership on climate change, RGGI is a critically important tool for ensuring real reductions in planet-warming greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.”
—Delaware Governor John Carney, Democrat
“RGGI’s success exemplifies New York’s commitment to protecting the people of this state by showing the world that we will cut pollution and improve health, while transforming our economy into one that is cleaner, greener, stronger, and more sustainable than ever before.”
—New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, Democrat
“The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative builds upon the strong collaboration of nine diverse states committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting a clean energy economy in a regional, bipartisan manner.”
—Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker, Republican
“The success of the RGGI program — and the proposals to make it even more effective — stand in sharp contrast to the Trump administration’s shortsighted and wholesale retreat on climate issues.”
—Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy, Democrat
“As a coastal state, Rhode Island is uniquely vulnerable to climate change. Today, I’m taking executive action to endorse RGGI’s stronger, regional approach to climate change.”
—Rhode Island Governor Gina Raimondo, Democrat
“Through this collaborative effort, Vermont and our regional partners in this initiative are better positioned to pursue our aggressive goals to reduce carbon emissions and commit to renewable energy, while keeping energy rates down and putting money back in the pockets of Vermonters.”
—Vermont Governor Phil Scott, Republican
“We have to make sure we stay competitive, both economically socially and environmentally. We understand what the goals of the program are. So, given the program and where we are today, I’m very happy with the deal that’s been struck.”
—New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu, Republican | <urn:uuid:9a2ace33-94e0-4b57-8354-c239bf24667c> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://environmentcolorado.org/blogs/environment-america-blog/ame/step-climate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161902.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925163044-20180925183444-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.931654 | 1,189 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Beans are worth eating because they are healthy, cheap and tasty! Here are some details:
- High in protein — eating 1/2 cup (4 ounces) of cooked beans is equivalent to eating two ounces of lean protein.Lots of fibre — a 1/2 cup serving of cooked dry beans has 4 to 10 grams of fibre.
- Rich in complex carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are known as “smart carbs.”
- Rich in antioxidants.
- Low in fat.
- Have a low glycemic index.
- In some Eastern cultures, legumes are a basic dietary staple that can be traced back more than 20,000 years.
Where Does the Gas Come From?
Beans contain a triple sugar, stachyose, a quadruple sugar, raffinose, and a five sugar, verbascose, that we cannot digest. We are missing an enzyme that is required to break these sugars down. When the beans get to the colon, the bacteria in the colon begins to ferment these sugars producing gas in the process.
If you gradually increase the amount of beans you eat over several weeks, you will likely overcome this problem provided you do a few simple things in terms of how you cook beans and what combinations you eat them in.
The benefit of eating more of these sugars in beans is that it promotes the growth of intestinal bacteria and these bacteria create an environment in the colon that lowers the risk for cancer.
7 ways to Decrease Intestinal Gas From Beans
- Learn How to Cook Beans: see my recipe. It is easy to cook beans but it requires planning ahead of time.
- Eat lots of vegetables, particularly green ones with your beans (75% of the meal should be vegetables).
- As Beans are slow to digest:
- Eat fruit or sugar foods 2 – 3 hours away from a meal with beans.
- Only eat one protein in the same meal, as each protein requires a specific type and strength of digestive juices.
- Potatoes conflict with digestion of the beans, so avoid eating them in the same meal.
- Eat a whole grain with beans to complement them.
- In Japanese and far East Asia they add a piece of seaweed (Kombu or Wakame) after the beans as it makes the beans more digestible, more nutritious and tastes great!
- Use digestive spices — in India they cook ginger, turmeric and sometimes fennel and asafetida, with beans to make them more digestible.
- Chew and savour your beans! Beans and grains are foods with which the digestion starts in the mouth. Savour bean soup in the mouth before swallowing to begin the process of digestion.
- Start with mung beans, aduki and dhal as they are easy to digest because they are low in the complex sugars that are not easily broken down by the human digestive enzymes. Even invalids can digest these ones. | <urn:uuid:3c1878e2-16f8-4f78-b16a-03030a11f95d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://prizewriter.net/how-to-avoid-getting-gas-from-beans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.927671 | 601 | 2.828125 | 3 |
"Brilliant, easy to format..."Research student
Store research material in your personal Resources, and then insert a resource as an in-text citation or footnote as you write.
Simply select a pre-defined style (e.g., APA, Harvard, MLA), and your output will be formatted expertly every time.
Add writing objects to make working with text easy. Collapse and expand sections to focus on specific parts of your essay. Use drag ’n’ drop to re-order the essay structure. Add smart lists that never need updating: all your numbering is done automatically.
Build and store a personal library with all kinds of resources: pdfs, bibliographic details, websites, tables, images, video and audio. Readily associate resources to projects to automatically produce a bibliography | <urn:uuid:9864e315-6a70-451e-94b3-c5ef70b41aa1> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://comwriter.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826343.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00231-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843408 | 167 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A team of researchers at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City reported this week on additional findings related to epsilon toxin and multiple sclerosis. Epsilon toxin is produced by a specific strain of bacteria (Clostridium Perfringens), and the team had previously reported evidence of this toxin in a woman newly diagnosed with MS and that about 10% of people with MS showed signs of having been exposed to the toxin. Their new study reports effects of the toxin in mice, where it can cause nervous system damage similar to that seen in MS. Further study is needed to prove that this toxin can trigger MS. These studies are proceeding with National MS Society funding to team leader Timothy Vartanian, MD, PhD.
Background: The cause of MS is still unknown. However, several factors suggest that an infectious agent or agents may be involved in triggering MS in susceptible individuals. (Read more) To date, researchers have not been able to identify a single infectious trigger for MS. It is important to note that MS is not contagious.
Multiple steps are required in order to show that a particular trigger causes MS. Researchers must prove that: the trigger is in the body before MS develops, and that the trigger actually causes the disease and is not just happening alongside the disease.
Studies: In October 2013, Dr. Vartanian’s team reported that they had detected a toxic bacterium called Clostridium Perfringens Type B in a woman who had exhibited the first symptoms of MS just three months before. This type of bacteria is closely related to those that cause foodborne illness. The team then examined serum and spinal fluid banked from people with MS and people without MS, and found, based on signs of immune reactions, that 10% of those with MS showed signs of previous exposure to the toxin, versus 1% of the healthy controls. (PLoS One. 2013 Oct 16;8(10):e76359) The team noted that levels were probably underestimated, since the immune reaction to this toxin dissipates over time.
More recently, Jennifer Linden, PhD, of the Weill Cornell team presented further findings this week at the American Society of Microbiology Biodefense and Emerging Diseases Research Meeting in Washington D.C. (Abstract 067 B)
The team studied which cells were targeted by a specific strain of C. Perfringens in mice (not the strain involved in foodborne illness). They found that epsilon toxin could kill oligodendrocytes (the cells that make myelin, the substance that surrounds nerve fibers and is a main target of the immune attack in MS), and that long-term exposure to the toxin reduced both these cells and myelin proteins. The toxin also affected the meninges, which are membranes that surround the brain and are sites of inflammation in people with MS. Treating mice with antibodies that neutralize C. Perfringens inhibited the loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin.
The team also tested samples of foods from local grocery stores for the presence of C. perfringens and the gene that instructs the toxin. Of 37 food samples, 13.5% were positive for the bacterium and about 3% were positive for the epsilon toxin gene. It is important to note that there is no evidence for any connection between food contamination and multiple sclerosis.
Conclusion: This team presents exciting preliminary findings on a possible trigger for MS. More research is necessary to show that this toxin may actually trigger the disease in people, and to provide evidence that contaminated food is a culprit for transmitting the toxin to people who develop MS.
In its effort to pursue all promising paths to uncover solutions for everyone with MS, the National MS Society has committed to funding Dr. Vartanian’s team. The research project will focus on analyzing exposure to epsilon toxin in a larger sample of people with MS and healthy controls. This study should provide vital information to help determine whether epsilon toxin is a trigger for MS, and whether this trigger can be stopped or prevented.
Read more about research to end MS forever. | <urn:uuid:65bbf2ab-d754-4c50-8de2-b88a3761612f> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.nationalmssociety.org/About-the-Society/News/Researchers-Identify-Toxin-That-They-Suggest-May-B?feed=AllNationalNews | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430458866468.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501054106-00038-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960754 | 840 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Tutorials and web chats for the How To Code Well Youtube channel
How To Code Well Tutorials and Web Chats
PHP Array Basics Create, Unset, Inspect
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In this How To Code Well PHP video tutorial I explain what a PHP array is and demonstrate create a PHP array, unset elements from the array and inspect the contents of the PHP array.
This is a great introduction PHP and the video will help you to learn what PHP arrays are and how to use them
A PHP array is ordered map of key value pairs. It is essentially a collection of data values where each value has a corresponding key.
This tutorial covers the following points:
- Create a PHP array using both long and short hand methods
- Remove a value from the PHP array using the unset method
- How to add a new value to a existing PHP array
- How to inspect a PHP array using print_r | <urn:uuid:7bb74d5e-1afd-40e0-b9fd-bcce97fa279b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://peterfisher.me.uk/how-to-code-well/php-tutorials/php-array-basics-create,-unset,-inspect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813059.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220165417-20180220185417-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.720398 | 191 | 2.875 | 3 |
Beware – Monsters!
June 5, 2017 - David Webb
Biased reporting is much in our minds at the moment, where there is often the suspicion that wild invention is being used to change our behaviour through fear and misdirection. Here at the American Museum we have eye-catching evidence that tall tales and exaggeration are in fact nothing new – even in what one might presume was a truthful document. Several of the maps in our historic collection betray their creators’ doubtful intentions when looked at in a modern light.
For sailors, a map was for the practical purpose of travelling from one shore to another. They had their charts, or ‘portolans’, which impress today’s observers with their accuracy and detail. For non-seafaring people of the fifteenth and sixteenth century, maps had other purposes. Some mapmakers placed Jerusalem at the centre of the world and were mainly concerned with representing significant events in bible history. Others though, used maps to inspire curiosity, often mixed with fear, about strange lands and their inhabitants, serving the same desire for entertainment and speculation as science fiction nowadays. These maps were filled with monsters and dreadful beasts designed to instil in their viewers, awe and unease of these strange and distant lands. Some of the monsters depicted were pure invention, others arose from misinterpretations of foreign customs and modes of dress. In those days knowledge of the world was severely limited and the imagination of the map maker had a wide scope.
A craving for the bizarre and the fantastic seems to have been a feature of medieval life. Beset by hardship, plague and war, the depiction of monstrous races of men with distorted features sometimes sprang from a morbid curiosity about deformity and disease.
The Nuremberg Chronicle, published in 1493, was one of the most remarkable books of its time. The illustrations around one map include a six-armed man and a woman covered in hair.
Two further examples of foreign oddities come from Sebastian Munster’s Map of Asia, from 1545. The famous Sciopods, or ’shadyfeet’ people, whose enormous feet served as a shelter from the sun were probably an over-extrapolation from rare cases of people suffering from elephantiasis. The same map features the Acephali, or headless creatures, whose faces appear on their chests. Usually depicted in Libya in several old maps, this is very likely to have been a misunderstanding of the cultural dress of the burnoose-wearing desert nomads.
It should be noted that it wasn’t only maps making such strange claims about the people of foreign lands. Reporting of strange races has a long history in Western literature, for example, Herodotus in the fifth century BC writes of dog-headed men and ‘others having no tongue or nostrils’, probably indicating the use of masks.
Possibly the pinnacle of the monster maps is Sebastian Munster’s woodcut illustration, Mostri marini & terrestri from his Geographia, printed in 1550. Munster took his inspiration from the bizarre creatures depicted in a 1539 travelogue by Swedish scholar and cleric, Olaus Magnus. Because of its vivid colours and lively execution, Munster’s work is considered to be the immediate source for illustrations and pictorial embellishments in many later maps whose sea beasts enlivened and terrified generation upon generation of landlubbers.
The creatures along the top border of Munster’s illustration are in fact animals from the Far North, but one bear-like animal gives pause for thought. ‘This creature is an insatiable glutton. By squeezing itself between trees it empties its belly and then rushes back to continue eating. … those that wear the skin sometimes become like the animal.’
Munster’s ocean is crowded with sea creatures of monstrous appearance. There is the twin-spouted ‘Fish of the Devil’ which may ‘overturn ships unless frightened away by the sound of trumpets, or they may play with empty barrels thrown in the water, a game which amuses them greatly.’ On the print, sailors can be seen frantically casting barrels into the water to distract the beast.
Another annotation states that ‘there are crabs so large and strong they can kill a swimmer…’. If these illustrations are based on mariners’ tales it is a wonder that anyone in those days ever put to sea.
As time passed, such gross exaggerations of man and beast became somewhat tamed. Tastes changed so that, as in the Map of the Northern Regions by Abraham Ortelius (1587) sea creatures became less horrifying and almost ‘dainty’. It is also curious that, as the borders of the known world widened, the monsters on maps were placed in increasingly more distant lands. A case, perhaps, of increasing general knowledge of the world reducing the scope for blatant bias.
The information source for this article is Monsters in Maps, an article written by Anne Armitage in 1995 for America in Britain, the journal of the American Museum in Britain.
September 12, 2018
New name, new gardens, new discoveries
With the launch of the transformed Mount Vernon and new New American Garden, we’ve taken the decision to change our […]
June 1, 2018
Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; oh and a loud bang and hot dog too
The 4th of July is one of those dates to remember; it seems to stick in the memory even if […]
July 5, 2017
The importance of letter writing
On a recent trip to Anne Frank’s house in Amsterdam I was reminded of the importance of letter writing and […]
African-American American An American Toy Story archives arts Bath Spa University behind-the-scenes Christmas Civil War collections colour costume curatorial Dallas Pratt events exhibition film flowers Folk Art furniture garden Gardens grounds groups Kaffe Fassett learning literature loan Mount Vernon museum Museum Volunteer Native American Period Rooms photography politics quilts review takeoverday takeoverday2014 Textiles The Last Runaway Tracy Chevalier volunteering Work Experience yarn bombing | <urn:uuid:0b4ec91d-9d25-426e-a947-8ed815455b70> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://americanmuseum.org/2017/06/beware-monsters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660818.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118213433-20190118235433-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.956459 | 1,267 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Highland Sustainable Development Center
Over the past thirty years, highland farmers in northwestern Thailand have transitioned from subsistence rice and vegetable farming to intensive corn production, clearing and burning the steep hillsides as they expand their fields. On an ever-increasing scale, the slash and burn monoculture of corn has contributed significantly to air and water pollution, degraded the soil, and limited long-term productivity.
In recent years, lack of job diversity in many villages has led farmers to leave their families for work in the city or factory jobs abroad. Others have turned to illegal drug trade to make an income. Witoon, a local Lahu farmer, has a different dream for his family and community. After finishing his master’s degree in Natural Resource Management, Witoon has returned to his village, inspired by his faith, to work towards economic, social, environmental, and spiritual renewal. Witoon’s vision is to lead his community away from dependence on corn and towards mixed organic farming of coffee, tea, fruit and nut trees. His innovative approach to integrated farming gives farmers more options for sustaining healthy livelihoods. These methods seek to produce food and materials for the family, generate income, and heal the land.
- We hope to see farmers recognize the meaning of “enough”.
- We want to embrace the local wisdom of the Lahu and Akha peoples, valuing, preserving and sharing their rich cultural knowledge, that they may live with dignity and purpose as highland farmers.
- We aim to partner with local farmers in implementing creative, long-term, environmentally sound alternatives to current slash and burn mono culture practices. We seek to restore soil fertility and build farms that better fill the ecological role of the jungles that stood before them.
- We hope to demonstrate the sufficiency economic model by balancing production for both family consumption and income generation.
- We want to show more options for healthy livelihoods, and hope that more families have the opportunity to stay together.
- We seek to make investments that do not foster dependence, but empower the HSDC to continue free of foreign funding. | <urn:uuid:1f6e8f57-13ed-4b09-912d-a5706223e6c6> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.rethinkopportunity.org/hsdc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247505838.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221152543-20190221174543-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.95378 | 430 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Cryptocurrency: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners
In the fast-evolving landscape of modern finance, cryptocurrencies have emerged as a groundbreaking and often intriguing concept. A digital alternative to traditional forms of money, cryptocurrencies have captured the world's attention, sparking both curiosity and confusion among newcomers. If you're a beginner looking to understand the world of cryptocurrencies, this comprehensive guide aims to provide you with a solid foundation.
Understanding Cryptocurrency: What Is It?
Cryptocurrency is a form of digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for secure transactions and control of new units. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments, cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks, usually based on blockchain technology. Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency created in 2009 by an anonymous person or group under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, paved the way for this revolutionary financial ecosystem.
Key Concepts to Grasp: Blockchain and Decentralization
Central to the concept of cryptocurrency is blockchain technology. A blockchain is a distributed and immutable ledger that records all transactions across a network. Each transaction is bundled into a "block," which is linked to the previous block, creating a chain of blocks. This technology ensures transparency, security, and prevents fraud, as each transaction is verified by network participants. One of the defining features of cryptocurrencies is decentralization. Traditional currencies are regulated and controlled by central banks or governments. In contrast, cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks of computers, often referred to as nodes, which collectively maintain and secure the network.
Popular Cryptocurrencies: Beyond Bitcoin
While Bitcoin remains the most recognizable cryptocurrency, there are thousands of others, each with unique features and purposes. Ethereum introduced the concept of "smart contracts," allowing programmable and self-executing agreements. Ripple focuses on facilitating cross-border payments, while Litecoin aims to provide faster transaction confirmations than Bitcoin. Other notable cryptocurrencies include Cardano, Polkadot, and Binance Coin, among many others.
Getting Started: How to Acquire Cryptocurrencies
To enter the world of cryptocurrencies, you'll need a digital wallet to store your assets securely. Wallets can be hardware-based (physical devices), software-based (applications), or online (cloud-based). Once you have a wallet, you can acquire cryptocurrencies through exchanges, where you can buy, sell, and trade various digital assets.
Risks and Considerations: Volatility and Security
It's essential for beginners to be aware of the risks associated with cryptocurrencies. The market is known for its high volatility, meaning prices can experience rapid and significant fluctuations. While this volatility presents opportunities for profit, it also carries the risk of substantial losses.
Security is another critical aspect. Cryptocurrencies are stored in digital wallets, and it's crucial to adopt robust security practices, such as using strong passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and keeping private keys offline.
The Future of Cryptocurrencies: Opportunities and Challenges
As the adoption of cryptocurrencies continues to grow, they are reshaping industries beyond finance, including supply chain management, healthcare, and more. However, regulatory challenges, technological advancements, and public perception will play significant roles in shaping the future of this space.
In conclusion, cryptocurrency represents a transformative force in the world of finance and technology. While the concepts may seem complex at first, taking the time to understand the basics can open the door to a new realm of possibilities and investment opportunities. As you embark on your cryptocurrency journey, remember to stay informed, exercise caution, and explore this evolving landscape with curiosity and an open mind. | <urn:uuid:b3a8b129-28c6-4837-a721-1bee722c6b0c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.presskeeda.com/cryptocurrency-a-comprehensive-guide-for-beginners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476211.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303075134-20240303105134-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.929994 | 716 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In the era of highly dynamic automated systems, linear servo motors and electric cylinders provide the necessary linear motion. At the same time, linear actuators based on this construction type fairly well do without mechanical transmission elements and high-wear parts. Thanks to the permanent magnet rotors, the increase in the force of our electric cylinders are five times faster than that of conventional pneumatic cylinders.
What are linear motors?
A linear motor is a variant of a drive that differs from a rotary motor: in contrast to a rotational motor, a linear motor does not create a rotational motion when moves an object, nevertheless moving it straight forward or along a curved line. A linear motor is used in cases where the dynamics created by a rotary servo motor is not enough and when the forward movement (linear motion) implementation is needed instead. This happens, for instance, when a direct drive is required (linear motors) or during precise displacement processes (linear cylinders).
How does a linear motor work?
The 12V actuator is widely popular and frequently used as a solution for cases when the straight forward linear motion is necessary. This one is quite suitable for limited spaces where the heavy-duty linear actuator would definitely be inappropriate. because of high-level adjustability, this technology is implemented in robotics, DIY projects, as well as in manufacturing automation. Actuators with the 12V input voltage are operated by linear motors.
The principle of linear motors operation is derived from the principle of rotary engines work. Unlike rotary motors, a linear motor often moves the active part regularly supplied with current, while the electrically passive part remains stationary. At the same time, “electrically passive” means that the magnetic field is usually created by permanent magnets, that can be arranged in a row in an arbitrary manner.
While rotary engines need transmitting elements like belts, chains, etc. in order to transform the rotational motion into the linear motion, linear drives allow traction efforts and the movement to be realized directly. This is a reason why the linear motors are also called direct (immediate) drives.
Linear motors can develop extremely rapid speeds when accelerating – up to 6G (gravitational constant) with travel speeds of up to 13 meters per second, what is equal to 48 kilometers per hour. Therefore, they are particularly suitable for implementation in machine tools, positioning systems, manipulators and machining centers.
Furthermore, the main advantages of electric motors are their excellent controllability and adjustability. The positioning is provided with the highest accuracy and repetitiveness, while the speed is regulated within really wide limits. Stepper motors can be programmed for complex multistage movement due to a specific algorithm, and servomotors, through the implementation of inversed relationship, allow tracking current motion and position parameters and control them with this information. When necessary, the electric actuator is easily reconfigured to perform new tasks. Therefore, when used in modern factories, automated lines, and robotics, electric drives become the most suitable and practical alternative solution.
The price of electric linear actuators is higher when comparing to pneumatic and hydraulic linear actuators, however operating expenses are significantly lower. The amount of maintenance work at the production equipped with electric drives, as well as its complexity and power consumption required is much less. The importance of the electric linear actuators cannot be underestimated as they are now of a kind of engineering mechanism widely used for modern machinery as the most successful and most effective automation technology at the same time having extremely high cost-efficiency. Electric linear actuators are not just another linear motion technology they are an important milestone on the way of engineering perfection. | <urn:uuid:ffed868e-59ef-448a-832a-a6cf11674fa0> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.whitedust.net/linear-actuator-alternative/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665521.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112101343-20191112125343-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.93627 | 749 | 3.625 | 4 |
Striving to be the best we can!
Oh help! Oh no! It's a Gruffalo!
This week, we will begin our learning about 'The Gruffalo'.
Please spend lots of time reading and talking about the story. Retell the story using props and masks. Get to know the story really well. So well that you are able to join in with the words and retell it without looking at the book!
Then, complete the following tasks;
-Look at the characters in the story. Can you label the different parts of the character?
-Think carefully about the characters in the story of The Gruffalo’. Can you describe them? Draw a picture of your favourite character and write a few sentences to describe them. Remember to use a sound mat and a tricky word mat to help you. | <urn:uuid:f3596060-fefd-4e8f-9dc9-3c88fa4a5fc4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.stbotolphsquarrington.co.uk/110520-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153971.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730154005-20210730184005-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.941339 | 174 | 4.125 | 4 |
Fat is absorbed in the intestine contained in chylomicrons and then secreted into lymphatics (1). The lymphatics drain the intestine, then lead to the thoracic duct and deliver the chylomicrons into the blood at a site of rapid blood flow (1). The rapidity is necessary to distribute the chylomicrons well preventing them from coalescing (1). Then lipoprotein lipase, which is attached to endothelial cell survaces in the lumen of capillaries, acts on the chylomicrones to liberate fatty acids via hydrolysis (1). The fatty acids are taken up by adipocytes and reesterified with glycerol 3-phosphate to form triacylglycerols and be stored as fat droplets (1).
1. Devlin TM. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations. Philadelphia: Wiley-Liss, 2002. | <urn:uuid:0df06f18-21ad-4cf9-b4e1-d82b8efb61c1> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://wool-n-nuts.blogspot.com/2009/04/how-does-fat-get-absorbed-and-stored-as.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814872.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223233832-20180224013832-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.861851 | 187 | 2.6875 | 3 |
dating on facebook and mobile phone - Shroud of turin radiocarbon dating wrong
Though the Catholic Church has never taken an official stance on the object's authenticity, tens of thousands flock to Turin, Italy, every year to get a glimpse of the object, believing that it wrapped the bruised and bleeding body of Jesus Christ after his crucifixion. 1204, the cloth was smuggled to safety in Athens, Greece, where it stayed until A. Centuries later, in the 1980s, radiocarbon dating, which measures the rate at which different isotopes of the carbon atoms decay, suggested the shroud was made between A. What's more, the Gospel of Matthew notes that "the earth shook, the rocks split and the tombs broke open" after Jesus was crucified.[Religious Mysteries: 8 Alleged Relics of Jesus] According to legend, the shroud was secretly carried from Judea in A. 30 or 33, and was housed in Edessa, Turkey, and Constantinople (the name for Istanbul before the Ottomans took over) for centuries. So geologists have argued that an earthquake at Jesus' death could have released a burst of neutrons.
The shroud allegedly was in a fire during the early part of the 16th century and, according to believers in the shroud's authenticity, that is what accounts for the carbon dating of the shroud as being no more than 650 years old.
To non-believers, this sounds like an ad hoc hypothesis. The suggestions that modern biological contaminants were sufficient to modernize the date are also ridiculous.
Carbon 14 is continually being created in the Earth's atmosphere by the interaction of nitrogen and gamma rays from outer space.
Since atmospheric carbon 14 arises at about the same rate that the atom decays, the Earth's levels of carbon 14 have remained constant.
The team also sequenced the human mitochondrial DNA (DNA passed from mother to child) found in dust from the shroud. | <urn:uuid:ee10f98f-5961-45c4-b3ef-c497ef4bf8cd> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://traffkool.ru/shroud-of-turin-radiocarbon-dating-wrong-10552.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655884012.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704042252-20200704072252-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.970868 | 395 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Bullying awareness month doesn’t kick off until sometime in the fall months but recently I encountered some pretty serious bullying as I surfed through Facebook pages and stumbled across a vicious thread of comments. It floored me to read some of the remarks that were being said to someone’s so-called “friend”. I can say I am glad that Facebook didn’t exist when I was in junior high, kids can be brutal and jealousy lurks everywhere. It was hard enough going to school with people who may not have liked you, but to also be harassed while at home takes things to a whole new level. You have the right, and the option to “block” and “report” people who you feel are stepping over their boundaries and making you uncomfortable but that doesn’t always stop the problem as they can keep creating more profiles online and their friends can also chime in.
I think that it is important that we remember to teach the younger generations about Internet etiquette. The Golden Rule should be remembered at all times, treat others the way you want to be treated. Some use the Internet as a mean to get back at others and simply hide behind a computer screen instead of facing the real problem that is at hand. It’s never easy to face someone with your opinion but when you can hide behind a computer screen it can make anyone feel invincible. The Internet is a tool to find information, and keep in touch with others, not push someone to their breaking point.
Of course parents can’t always monitor what their child is doing on the Internet, especially when it’s occurring on a social network. It’s easy to block websites that you don’t want someone to see but when it comes to Facebook, Twitter and other social media we can’t always see everything that gets sent out. No one wants their loved one to be a victim of cyber bullying, or bullying at all, if you know of someone who has encountered this, try to get to the root of the problem…speak with the individual’s parents and show the child much needed love and support so they don’t feel as if they are alone in the world.
As of now, Missouri doesn’t have a set federal law for cyber bullying but charges can be pressed under harassment. Make sure your child understands that it is not okay to bully anyone, for any reason. It could save a life.
This week I watched a balloon launch that was held at Main Street Elementary in Troy. It was put together by a group of four fourth graders, they call themselves ABC, which stands for the Anti Bullying Club. Many have joined the club and I think it is important to recognize the importance of it. They have informed people of the problems of bullying and hopefully with clubs like this, and the help of adults, bullying crimes will dwindle.
By Kristen Harris | <urn:uuid:f8a3b6f9-0507-43e6-a6c5-c38519f470cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.lincolncountyjournal.com/bullying-cant-be-ignored-stand-up-against-it/?wpmp_switcher=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607726.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524001106-20170524021106-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.973187 | 602 | 2.609375 | 3 |
National Guacamole Day
annually on September 16th
September 16th, 2021
September 16th, 2022
September 16th, 2023
September 16th, 2024
September 16th, 2025
National Guacamole Day celebrates the avocado-based dip or spread, guacamole. It was first made by the Aztecs, who lived in what is now central Mexico, between the 14th and 16th centuries. Appropriately, the day is celebrated on Mexican Independence Day. The name guacamole means "avocado sauce" in Nahuatl, the Aztec language, and many times it is simply called "guac" in the United States. To make the dip, avocados and sea salt are mashed with a mortar and pestle, and ingredients such as garlic, onion, tomato, peppers, lemon or lime juice, cilantro, chili or cayenne pepper, and cumin are added. The most popular avocados for making guacamole are Hass avocados. Guacamole is most often served with tortilla chips, but it can be used in many other ways. Besides National Guacamole Day, a great amount of guacamole is consumed on Super Bowl Sunday and Cinco de Mayo. The popularity of guacamole in the United States has grown in recent years, and this can partly be attributed to a lift on a ban on the importation of avocados, as well as the growth of the Latino population in the United States.
How to Observe National Guacamole Day
Although store-bought guacamole is available, in order to fully celebrate the holiday, you should make your own fresh guacamole. When picking out an avocado at the store, make sure to pick one that softens a bit when you apply pressure. If the store only has unripened avocados, they may take four or five days to be ready, but you can speed up the process by putting them in a brown paper bag with a banana or apple. The best way to open an avocado is to cut it lengthwise and twist it. The seed can be easily removed with a spoon. There are many different variations of guacamole and ways to make it. If you have leftover guacamole make sure to seal it in a tight container, otherwise it will oxidize and turn brown. Adding some lemon and lime juice helps stop oxidation as well.
You can eat your guacamole with chips, but it can also be eaten with vegetables or put on a sandwich. Sometimes guacamole is put on burgers, and even on fish, chicken, or pork. It can be used at any time of the day and could be put on an omelet for breakfast. It's quite healthy, being packed with vitamins, potassium, and healthy fats, although it is rather high in calories.
Friends could be invited over for this special day. Make guacamole in advance, or have a guacamole bar set up for guests to snack on. You also could host a guacamole making contest, and everyone could vote on their favorite guacamole. Everyone could then share their recipes. | <urn:uuid:5c51840f-6186-4198-b5d4-8605063ac014> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.checkiday.com/27c8b8565c027563d28d3a41d4ff32bc/national-guacamole-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943809.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322114226-20230322144226-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.9514 | 680 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Family name origins & meanings
- English : variant spelling of Castle.
- Manx : from a short form of the Old Norse personal name Ásketill, composed of the elements áss ‘god’ + ketill ‘kettle’.
- Catalan : topographic name from Catalan castell ‘castle’, a derivative of Late Latin castellum ‘castle’ (a diminutive of Latin castrum ‘fort’, ‘Roman walled city’). Compare SpanishCastillo and Occitan (southern French) Castel.
- Probably an altered spelling of German Kastel. | <urn:uuid:7081846d-7c7f-445f-bf51-92d73322b25d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/name-meaning/castell?role=family | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.688117 | 137 | 2.8125 | 3 |
At least nine million Americans trace their roots to Poland, and Polish Americans have contributed greatly to American history and society. During the largest period of immigration to the United States, between 1870 and 1920, more Poles came to the United States than any other national group except Italians. Additional large-scale Polish migration occurred in the wake of World War II and during the period of Solidarity’s rise to prominence. (publisher's blurb)
Those of you who are researching ancestors who came from Poland may benefit from the articles in this new resource. I discovered it in the McFarland booth at the American Library Association Midwinter meeting in Dallas earlier this month. The articles are concise, signed by the expert who authored them and list a few sources on which the author relied.
The "Kashubs" article caught my attention because it is likely that my wife's maternal grandmother was a member of or at least closely associated with this ethnic group. That article confirmed much of what we had learn about Kashubians--both in Europe and in Chicago. It also filled in gaps in our knowledge.
Professor James S.Pula, who edited The Polish American Encyclopedia, also edits the scholarly journal Polish American Studies. The book contains 358 photos in its almost 600 pages. At $145 it is pricey for most family historians unless extensive Polish research is being conducted. However it is well worth checking WorldCat.org to find if a library near you owns this work. If none does, you may wish to suggest it for purchase. | <urn:uuid:43a5d317-3ee8-4513-bbed-242ead901925> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://blog.ddowell.com/2012/01/polish-american-encylcopedia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188962.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00295-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968755 | 309 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Aeshna viridis Eversmann in Schleswig-Holstein, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Anisoptera: Aeshnidae)
Odonatologica , Volume 4 - Issue 2 p. 81- 88
The species is confined to bogs, ponds and lakes with Stratiotes vegetation, therefore it occurs today in Schleswig-Holstein only locally. All known records are mapped and it is stressed that, due to anthropogenic influences (fishery activities, pollution, infilling), the populations are everywhere decreasing in numbers. Measures for the conservation of a number of habitats are suggested.
|592844.jpg Cover Image , 7kb| | <urn:uuid:ce082c09-6a99-4dc2-8739-c52ff0a934cc> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/591326 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038087714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415160727-20210415190727-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.813916 | 143 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Human sperm in vitro created by scientists
Human sperm cells have been successfully created in the laboratory for the first time by using an artificial bioreactor. This is a breakthrough in infertility treatment sought for more than a decade since no one had been able to complete the complicated process of sperm maturation in vitro.
Researchers based at a French national research institute in Lyon had announced this discovery previously, but they and government lab CNRS explained the process for the first time on Sept. 17 after taking out a patent on it.
Scientists have managed to complete spermatogenesis in vitro, a process taking place in the male testes in vivo, which leads the immature germ cells to become mature spermatozoa fully competent to fertilize. They succeeded this by developing a bioreactor using a viscous fluid, made partly of substances found in the walls of mushrooms, to mimic the in vivo conditions.
Scientists claim that this achievement promises to succeed in helping young men with cancer that caused them fertility issues later in their lives and adult men who cannot make their own sperm. About 15,000 men are made sterile due to cancer treatments and other 120,000 suffer from untreatable infertility. They explained that their fertility could be preserved by developing mature human sperm from their immature cells, then freezing it. The team hopes to be able to treat patients as soon as 4 years.
Even though trials have been reportedly successful on rat, monkey and human sperm cells, the lack of further details on the process has other scientists feeling skeptical. They look forward to the publication of the study so that to be able to discuss details of the research with the team and reveal the full mechanism through which such a process was accomplished in vitro. | <urn:uuid:a000f22c-a183-44a6-87fe-e5a8d488cc3e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.ivfclinicsworldwide.com/human-sperm-in-vitro-created-by-scientists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.973495 | 345 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The Internet of things - Information-sharing, a contemporary driving force behind changes in the lives of companies, individuals and institutions. - Today the Internet is host to billions of connections and exchanges. As a result it is the most powerful tool for information-sharing that has ever been invented. In just a few decades, it has become the driving force behind dramatic changes in the lives of companies, individuals and institutions. This momentum will inevitably continue : engineers, technicians, industrial and service companies, researchers in all fields and also politicians worldwide are even now designing the Internet of the Future. The prospect now is of a world with even denser connections between both humans and objects – a permanent connection which will become increasingly invisible, evoking equal reactions of fear, and hope for new inventions. This again brings into play the links between innovation and the market, technical resources and service applications, and also between security and liberty. This world of connectivity sustains and reinforces the need for “transparent, multilateral and democratic” governance, as discussed at length in the World Summit on the Information Society. The key challenge is to respond to industrial and regulatory unknowns, and to answer ethical questions on accessibility, cultural diversity and respect for liberties.
In the light of technological progress and unfamiliarity with potential uses, and also of the difficulty of harmonising standards and the unpredictability of economic competition, the European Union faces three major challenges : | <urn:uuid:89e7b5e3-f577-425d-9b60-fe53926c933e> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://yolda-marie.blogspot.com/2016/02/nesnelerin-interneti-bilgi-paylasm.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806353.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121113222-20171121133222-00725.warc.gz | en | 0.941936 | 285 | 3.171875 | 3 |
While Microsoft Word can be great, when it comes to writing technical documents like engineering reports, Word is irritating to say the least. LaTeX is a technical document creation program that allows engineers to write technical document without all that worry about formatting. This tutorial will let you create a simple resume in LaTeX in order to give a general introduction to creating LaTeX documents. Here is what you will create.
Method 1 of 7: Writing a Resume in LaTeX
1The first step is to download a free copy of a LaTeX editor. Although any LaTeX editor should work. This article is written specifically for TeXworks.Ad
2When you open up Tex Works you should see a screen like this:
3Change the top left menu to pdfLaTeX: I also would suggest going into Format/Syntax Highlighting and selecting LaTeX, as this will make your code easier to read.Ad
Method 2 of 7: Set Up the Document
1In LaTeX, you have to set up each of the margins manually, which can seem tedious at first. However if you have too much information or too little, these settings can be easily adjusted to make your document look its best. This can be done with the following code:Ad
Method 3 of 7: Begin the Document
1The next step is to actually begin your document. In LaTeX this is done by simply inserting the following code:Ad
Method 4 of 7: Make the Header
1In LaTeX you write your document in the same manner that would would in Word, except you have to use commands like:Ad
1The return key also plays a key role in designing LaTeX documents. If you return twice as if to make a new paragraph, LaTeX will treat that as a new paragraph and ignore any formatting code used for the previous paragraph. We will see how this comes in handy later.
2At this point your document should look like this:Ad
Method 5 of 7: Making the Body
Method 6 of 7: Extra Helpful Commands
1While this may look a little bit silly on the sample resume we created, it serves the purpose of demonstrating how you can make columns in LaTeX. In order to do a list of known programming languages I used the following command:Ad
1Here is a sample of \hfill using the following code:Ad
1Repeat these last 4 lines for each section you want to add.
2Here is a look at the code and the product after you add in these lines:Ad
Method 7 of 7: Finishing Up
1Now all you need to do to finish the resume is add in more sections (using the same steps show above), tweak your dimensions, and it never hurts to have a professional look at it to make sure you did a good job. I hope this is helpful to whoever decides to use it, and I hope it will inspire more people to start learning LaTeX as it can be a great skill to have.Ad
We could really use your help!
- The first line (\documentclass) is necessary to tell LaTeX what you want type of default style you want.
- There are better ways to do columns (in terms of formatting), however, they are not discussed in this article
- In LaTeX everything with a "\" is a command and everything that comes after a "%" is a comment and thus won't show up in your document.
Sources and Citations
- http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Page_Layout (This gives a good description of the dimensions we set up and what they each affect individully) | <urn:uuid:0c4d464c-833a-4f4c-a5c4-f4b4f4f7d6cf> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.wikihow.com/Write-a-Resume-in-LaTeX | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929096.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00305-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923769 | 747 | 3.203125 | 3 |
338,515. Gray, W. E. Aug. 19, 1929. Land wheels.-An aeroplane undercarriage comprises two sets of wheels, one set well ahead of the centre of gravity and the other sufficiently far to the rear thereof to ensure that the rear of the machine can never rest on the ground, one at least of the sets of wheels being steerable and at least one being provided with brakes. Elevators which may be the usual elevators of the machine, are provided at the rear and are of sufficient size to lift the front set of wheels off the ground for taking off. A tail skid may be provided. Specification 289,109 is referred to. | <urn:uuid:59638f5b-66a5-4903-a5aa-a3156f1be045> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://patent.ipexl.com/GB/338515-a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887067.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118051833-20180118071833-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.944364 | 139 | 2.90625 | 3 |
If you think of data technologies, you may have conjured up images of fancy computer systems criss-traversing the world wide web with 1000s of links amongst hosts, they all contributing to a frequent area of Internet solutions. Even though this is really the most common kind of Internet structure, there are various other systems that make up this network system. Probably the most significant factors would be the Internet by itself. The Internet backbone is often commonly defined by the most important facts ways joining main routers in the Internet to compact, localized personal computer networking systems at various destinations. In an exceedingly genuine feel, the web anchor comprises the actual physical infrastructure that joins computing devices along with their consumers. If you enjoyed this short article and you would such as to get even more info pertaining to communications infrastructure kindly see our web-site.
The Online Market Place spine also refers to the rules and expectations that are used to join laptops or computers, along with their individuals. There are numerous of several institutions which have created these principles and standards throughout the years in order to standardize for the take of info on the net. This standardization campaigns have mostly been unsuccessful, even so. Standardization attempts are mainly to further improve the quality of movie and speech communication online. Standards can also be essential for controlling and safe guarding the online world as well as the Internet by itself.
An Internet infrastructure service is any organization that upgrades, layouts, implements, preserves and creates and sustains the net on its own. There are plenty of this sort of solutions. If you check out the simple Web architectural mastery, you will see that it contains a number of different pieces, in fact. These elements include things like computers, connectors to the Internet, prospect computing devices, path machines, and information delivery service networking systems.
Most likely, an Internet system services are referred to as computers systems support. The help are generally provided as fixed-top package techniques which can be linked to changes, which permit records to always be directed and obtained online and to other computers. The pc process ought to be linked with a router, related webpage that allows data to generally be sent within one spot to another, and again once again.
Servers are servers that maintain information and procedures it. They can be internal to a organization or outward to the net too. These are attached by means of network system cable connections to routers and hubs. Hubs are hubs, which enables info being delivered and obtained on numerous pcs simultaneously. There are several different types of computers, which include personal computer, online, dedicated and server and collocation. Desktop computers are frequently utilised by firms that have numerous people.
A web server is a bit of devices that could be centralized in a site or which might be situated from another location. From the second option circumstance, related webpage the hosting server software is located on a isolated web-site, although the components is usually located within one site. In most cases, there is simply one hosting server per constructing. However, if you find a couple of hosting server, then every setting up usually carries a different hosting server.
The online world network that is definitely designed needs to be sustained by equipment. The connection will not likely operate if your component is way too ancient. Additionally there is the cost involved in obtaining new component and maintaining the existing devices. Since it is easy to rent out the component that has stopped being used.
Many businesses make their own IT commercial infrastructure approximately their corporation, although this is not essential. This saves a lot of money that organizations could in any other case spend on purchasing this system. Additionally, it is a handy option, enabling personnel to work from your home although the business keeps the structure around the office.
Some online world corporations rent their own personal devices to avoid wasting hard earned cash. A lot of companies also need to get their particular equipment with regards to conducting business around the world wide web, on the other hand. As an example, if the worker wishes to posting some thing on the net, she or he may well need to have a personal computer that is certainly linked to the online world, or there might be a mobile phone range that allows them to converse over the internet. If the human being utilizes the apparatus that has been leased, it happens to be referred to as ‘renting out’ the gear, rather then getting it.
When organizations need to get their very own world wide web systems, they are able to accomplish this in many different techniques. Some firms rent out web servers from businesses that deliver this specific service. Other manufacturers construct their very own web servers. As well as some businesses use a mixture of every one of these approaches. Whichever approach is chosen, on the other hand, the company should ensure that the correct men and women take part in the process.
One mistake which might be created is designed for an inappropriate provider to handle activity of managing the world wide web. It might be incredibly harmful for a company to obtain its customers’ information in peril, particularly if that business has no training working with the particular engineering that is needed to provide a good web site. Furthermore, if your site is not approximately par, then the customer could easily lose interest and continue to take into consideration a bit more appropriate website. Likewise, the operator can even experience very poor search engine results, which can cause misplaced sales. Each of these items can significantly damage the reputation of this company and in some cases cause it to fall out of business.
Here’s more on communications infrastructure have a look at the web page. | <urn:uuid:562ccd82-4ad2-4818-9f53-e09f813b6e31> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://secretcaps.com/internet-infrastructure-the-value-of-keeping-the-right-people-for-the-position/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058456.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927151238-20210927181238-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.964557 | 1,122 | 3 | 3 |
While the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been brewing since 1948 after Israel became a sovereign state, the two regions’ dispute reached a boiling point in May of 2021. The citizens of both Israel and Palestine are still caught in the crossfire, but organizations are offering humanitarian aid.
History of the Conflict
Conflict has been in the making between the two regions for a while. Both have argued over the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, declaring the area “holy land” for their own religions. Both sides launched protests and attacks in a war that has claimed many lives.
The first of many wars between the two countries occurred in 1948 after Britain gave Israel independence and withdrew its forces from Palestine. According to the Washington Post, Palestinian forces, accompanied by outside efforts, attacked Israel at its border. This created the Palestine War, which waged for two years. The skirmish resulted in Israel controlling much of Palestine’s territory including the Gaza Strip. Israeli control has pushed hundreds of thousands of Palestinians out of the area.
Many other dissensions happened leading up to the 21st century, such as the “Six-Day War” in 1967. The nations signed multiple peace treaties but abandoned them as their quarrels raged on. In 2006, “the Palestinian militant group Hamas” won the political elections in Gaza. In 2008, Israel launched multiple rocket attacks on Gaza after Palestinian militants launched “rocket barrages” into Israel. A 50-day war started in June 2014, leaving more than 2,100 Palestinians dead, including more than 1,400 civilians. These events have all led to the present-day Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The May 2021 Conflict
In May 2021, after a multitude of Palestinian demonstrations, Israel launched attacks on the Palestinian group Hamas in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Israel raided a mosque in Gaza, which caused Hamas to retaliate. The Global Conflict Tracker says on May 10, 2021, “Palestinian militant groups launched hundreds of rockets into Israeli territory” causing Israel to retaliate with airstrikes that initially left more than 20 Palestinians dead. Overall, at least 243 people were killed in Gaza and at least 12 people in Israel.
Although both sides declared outright victory in the recent battles, both Hamas and Israel agreed to a ceasefire on May 21, 2021. However, the fighting may not be entirely over. The BBC stated Israel “emphasized that the reality on the ground will determine the future of the campaign,” while Hamas said that its forces “will continue to ramp up the capabilities of this resistance.” Yet, for now, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict seems to be at a standstill.
Impacts of the Conflict
This struggle has negatively impacted both Israeli and Palestinian citizens alike. Palestinians in Jerusalem are facing human rights violations amid the debate. According to Amnesty International, forced evictions, unlawful detentions and punitive demolitions are just some of the violations Palestinians face.
Poverty rates are likely to escalate although the ceasefire is in place. The BBC reports that electricity access has been impacted and people have lost their homes due to the rocket attacks. Furthermore, Gaza faces severe overpopulation as 9,000 people inhabit the area per square kilometer. Health, water and food services are limited because of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, leaving about a million citizens in Gaza “moderately-to-severely food insecure” and in desperate need of aid. The poverty rate in Gaza stood at 56% in 2017. Moreover, the Gaza Strip has an unemployment rate of more than 40% as of December 2020.
Providing Aid and Assistance
There are multiple ways to aid in easing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The New Israel Fund is currently raising donations to promote equal rights and democracy in the area by establishing progressive voices and promoting societal freedoms. The New Israel Fund also offers various events and fellowships for those wanting to help end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Other organizations offering aid to the region include the Red Cross, United Hatzalah, the Palestine Children’s Relief Fund and Doctors Without Borders. The United Nations is mobilizing efforts to send food caravans and health services into the area. With the help of organizations and committed advocates, hope is on the horizon for the victims of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
– Laken Kincaid | <urn:uuid:d00c6f24-599b-4d0b-b40a-027d973f6eaa> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://www.popikey.com/poverty-after-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585450.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022021705-20211022051705-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.956641 | 881 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the Ideal Beauty of Body and the Form of Dress, and to analyze its historical perspectives. First of all, the concept of the Ideal Beauty of Body, the definition of Dress Form, and the method and system to clarify Dress Form were depicted. Based on this frame work, the Form of Dress related to the Ideal Beauty of Body was described historically. For this purpose, documentary research were conducted and representative photography and paintings were used. The analysis was limited to the female one-Piece dress from Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Naoclassicism, and to Romanticism. The results were as follows: 1. The Ideal Beauty of Body was found to be different throughout history and to be intimate- ly linked with fashionable dress. 2. The Form of Dress consisted of four basic components: The form of body itself, the form of clothing itself, the method of wearing, and the relationship between body and clothing. 3. The standards for classification of body form were body structure, body type, body proportion, posture, and movement. Clothing form was generally classified into flat type (unstructured type) and three dementional type (structured type); flat type was subclassified into draped type and tunic type. The method of wearing was classified into attached type, tying-up type, wrap·around type, pull-over type, open type and plastistic type. The relationship between body and clothing after wearing was generally classified into body priority type and clothing priority type. The clothing priority type was further divided into body exaggeration type and body concealment type; Body exaggeration type was further divided into upward type, downward type, forward type, backward type, right type and constriction type. 4. The pursuit of venus coelestis, metaphysical body part, ectomorphic body type, flat type clothing, body priority type; the pursuit of Venus Naturalis, physical body part, endomorphic body type, three dementional type clothing, clothing priority type proved to be closely related respectively by the historical study on the Ideal Beauty of Body and the Form of Dress.
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Presentation on theme: "AP Lit Test Taking Tips Keys to Success on the AP Lit."— Presentation transcript:
AP Lit Test Taking Tips Keys to Success on the AP Lit
The Night Before Relax! Don’t read for the test. Read for pleasure. Watch a movie. Have dinner with your family. Drink some warm milk, get in your jammies, and go to bed early!
The Morning Of Get up early. Don’t roll out of bed and into the testing room. Take a shower. Wake up! Breakfast will be set up in Cafeteria B at 7:30 a.m. (Please make sure you have something healthy to eat. Apples are best for waking up—better than caffeine.) Morning Exams begin at 8 a.m.—doors open at 7:45. Go to the potty before the test.
In the testing room Dress in layers and wear socks. That way you can adjust to the temperature of the room. Bring a watch and tissues. Bring two pens, two sharp pencils, and highlighters (if you use them). Leave backpacks, purses, etc. in lockers Leave your cell phone in the car! Be in your seat at 7:45 a.m. Give yourself time to relax, look around, find the clock, etc.
Do the sections that are strongest for you, whether prose or poetry, first. Look at the other two sections that are weakest and choose the easiest. Do that one next. Leave the hardest section until last. Use Process of Elimination to guess aggressively: Eliminate the obviously wrong, then the half wrong, and guess from what’s left.
The Seven-Minute Passage If you get to the last MC section and have seven minutes or less, do not read the passage. Go directly to the questions and answer them. Some require no reading at all and some require only reading a few lines. Answer those and guess on the rest. Since this is your hardest and/or weakest passage, you’ll probably do about as well as if you had spent time on it.
For Poetry Passages Read the poem twice unless it is your seven-minute passage. Read for punctuation, not line readings. Use visualization to get the meaning. Remember, it’s poetry. It’s word pictures. Try to make a mental image of what’s being said.
Make it easy for the Reader Neatness counts so print, if necessary. Use double indents for paragraphs. When in doubt, create a new paragraph. Write perfectly for the first two and last two sentences. Create an aura of perfection. Try to use interesting words. Jazz up your paper. Words don’t have to be big, just interesting and/or vivid.
The essay questions Read the question. Read the whole question. Answer the question. Answer the whole question. If you write a great essay that doesn’t answer the question, you’ll get a bad score. Don’t forget to extrapolate to the work as a whole on the open question. That puts you ahead of 45% of the test taking population.
The essays Choose the type of essay you’re best at— poetry or prose—and do that first. Do the open question second. Do the worst essay last. Find the meaning. Find how the author gets the meaning across: images, specific words or phrases, opposition. Take a position and have confidence in it. If you can prove it from the passage it is valid. Intro—Universal to specific Conclusion—specific to Universal
And Remember… “Success is a consequence and must not be a goal.” --Gustave Flaubert “This ain’t no party, this ain’t no disco, this ain’t no foolin’ around.” --The Talking Heads You know what to do so… “Just do it.” --Nike | <urn:uuid:71850cee-4f43-4d17-b604-e9f1069cb2a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/4223277/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104160.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817210535-20170817230535-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.896917 | 825 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Most medical schools use this form of evaluation as early as the first year of medicine. The OSCE and Clinical Skills Handbook was designed as a study aid for medical students preparing for these examinations. It summarizes important history and physical examination skills but also presents the information in a Q & A format, designed to facilitate both individual and group study. It is a practical review for medical students of all levels. The various disorders are described in such a way as to guide the less experienced while also including a more sophisticated multi-system perspective.
The OSCE and Clinical Skills Handbook will be a valuable comprehensive reference to which any level of student can return often.
What is an OSCE?
How is an OSCE Graded?
How Should I Prepare for an OSCE?
How To Use This Book
Breaking Bad News
Chapter 1: Cardiovascular System
Chapter 2: Respiratory System
Chapter 3: Gastrointestinal System
Chapter 4: Genitourinary System
Chapter 5: Nervous System
Chapter 6: Musculoskeletal System
Chapter 7: Dermatology
Chapter 8: Hematology
Chapter 9: Endocrinology
Chapter 10: Psychiatry
Chapter 11: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Chapter 12: Pediatrics
Chapter 13: Geriatrics
Chapter 14: Ethics
Appendix A: Sample In-Depth OSCE Case | <urn:uuid:30de1506-65b0-466a-a0f7-9510ce07d5f7> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/3690595/osce-and-clinical-skills-handbook-edition-no-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859923.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618012148-20180618032148-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.848473 | 280 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Types of Newborn Hearing Test
The birth of child is truly a miracle. That time of life is full of hope, pleasure and joy. It is not just the parents of the newborn that brimming with pride and elation, friends and family of the mother and father are overjoyed too. Each and every individual connected to infant vows to keep them safe and protected from this world. They swear to do their utmost to keep the young one hale and hearty. To all those who have greeted or are going to greet a new baby soon, we offer a single advise. Take a newborn hearing test.
Before we dive into the purposes and benefits of a hearing screening, we get the types out of the way. In general, an infant can have two types of screening – an ABR and An OAE. In ABR, the response of the baby’s nerves to sound is measured. In OAE, the echo of sound through the baby’s ear canal is measured. In the latter test a small microphone and earphone is placed in the ear of the infant. Different sounds are then played. If the infant has perfect hearing, the sound is reflected back and then measured using the microphone.
Also Read: What Comes After A Neonatal Hearing Test?
The Purpose Of Hearing Test For Children
Now that there is awareness of the types of hearing tests for children, let us reason why they are important. A clinic for newborn screening test in Chennai stated that almost 1 to 3 babies in 1000 are affected with some degree of hearing loss. This makes the condition more common than parents would believe. Out of these, most infants are born with an ear infection that can cause hearing loss in the first few years if left undetected. A hearing screening done on a newborn can help diagnose any such disease or issue.
That is the main purpose of the tests. To remove any risk of hearing loss or to identify any present issues that may be causing it. An infant hearing test is the only way to perceive hearing loss in the first few years of any baby’s life.
Benefits Of Neonatal Hearing Test
There are two main benefits of conducting a hearing screening in neonatal. The first – from the moment a child is born, s/he begins to learn. One of the avenues with which they learn is by listening. They listen to the voice of the mother, father and everyone around. If the infant suffers from hearing loss, she might not be able to learn at the average pace. This may lead to issues with speech and language development. The second benefit – it makes the parents of newborn prepared.
If a hearing test determines that a baby has hearing loss, due to any reason, parents can make use of a vast array of resources to treat the issue. Early detection makes the father and the mother empowered. It gives them the opportunity to take informed decisions by consulting specialists, the best paediatricians and technology. Get a hearing test done on your child. Be aware Be prepared. | <urn:uuid:b13aa13c-0552-4a31-8b37-17250079dbe1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.andersondiagnostics.com/a-101-on-newborn-hearing-screening-test-the-why-the-how/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710488.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128070816-20221128100816-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.95866 | 614 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The surname of STRONG was derived from the Old English word strang - a name given to a strong and tough man. Early records mention Home le Estraunge, who was in the Kings service in Scotland in 1255. Simon Strong of County Cambridge, was documented in the year 1273. Joscelin le Strong was recorded in County Lancashire in the same year. William Strong of Yorkshire, was listed in the Yorkshire Poll Tax of 1379. John Strang was elected councillor in Aberdeen in 1398. Sir Robert Strange was a distinguished engraver in Scotland during the 18th century. The name is familiar to Orkney. Many factors contributed to the establishment of a surname system. For generations after the Norman Conquest of 1066 a very few dynasts and magnates passed on hereditary surnames, but most of the population, with a wide choice of first-names out of Celtic, Old English, Norman and Latin, avoided ambiguity without the need for a second name. As society became more stabilized, there was property to leave in wills, the towns and villages grew and the labels that had served to distinguish a handful of folk in a friendly village were not adequate for a teeming slum where perhaps most of the householders were engaged in the same monotonous trade, so not even their occupations could distinguish them, and some first names were gaining a tiresome popularity, especially Thomas after 1170. The hereditary principle in surnames gained currency first in the South, and the poorer folk were slower to apply it. By the 14th century however, most of the population had acquired a second name. At first the coat of arms was a practical matter which served a function on the battlefield and in tournaments. With his helmet covering his face, and armour encasing the knight from head to foot, the only means of identification for his followers, was the insignia painted on his shield and embroidered on his surcoat, the flowing and draped garment worn over the armour. The associated arms are recorded in Sir Bernard Burkes General Armory. The eagle depicted in the arms and crest is emblematical of fortitude and magnanimity of mind. The Romans used the figure of an eagle for their ensign, and their example has been often followed. It is the device of Russia, Austria, Germany and the United States of America.
Orders over $90 qualify for Free Shipping within the U.S. (Use coupon code: FREESHIP). | <urn:uuid:8cb1c9c8-98ff-4331-9951-166900da4ba8> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.4crests.com/strong-coat-of-arms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662558030.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523132100-20220523162100-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.982727 | 499 | 2.90625 | 3 |
New York and Washington
Jewish texts, mostly religious, from ancient scrolls to brightly colored illuminated manuscripts to prayer books worn from use, are the subject of three separate exhibitions—at the Jewish Museum and the Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library, both in New York, and at Washington's Library of Congress.
While Muslims refer to both Christians and Jews as People of the Book, one of the first things we learn at the stunning Jewish Museum show "Crossing Borders: Manuscripts From the Bodleian Libraries" is that Jews apparently were slower than early Christians to fully embrace the transition from unwieldy rolls (known as rotuli) and scrolls to the less cumbersome, booklike form known as the codex. Christians found codices a more portable and practical form for spreading their teachings. Among the oldest pieces on display are a frayed papyrus scrap from a third-century Christian codex in Greek; a well-worn fifth-century parchment codex of the Four Gospels written in the Armenian dialect of Syriac; and a sixth- to seventh-century Latin Vulgate Codex from Italy whose marginalia, in Anglo-Saxon, documents its use to help spread Christianity in the British Isles.
- Crossing Borders: Manuscripts From The Bodleian Libraries
The Jewish Museum
Through Feb. 3
- The People in the Books
Columbia University Rare Book & Manuscript Library
Through Jan. 25
- Words Like Sapphires: 100 Years of Hebraica
Library of Congress
Through March 16
By contrast, Jews as late as the 13th century continued to copy some liturgical texts on rotuli, exemplified here by a long, narrow parchment fragment in Hebrew (c. 10th century) recovered from the Cairo Genizah, the synagogue storeroom where more than 200,000 abandoned manuscripts and fragments were discovered in the late 19th century. Also from the Cairo Genizah, and on display here, are a frayed fragment from a 10th-century Hebrew codex and a well-preserved book manuscript from 1180, in flowing cursive Hebrew, by the great Jewish scholar Maimonides—part of his majestic rabbinic commentary, Mishneh Torah.
In keeping with its title, "Crossing Borders" (based on a 2009 exhibition at Oxford's Bodelian Libraries and organized for the Jewish Museum by curator Claudia Nahson), also vividly dramatizes the interweaving of artistic influences among cultures and faiths in the Middle East and Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. For instance, on the left-hand page of a Hebrew Bible produced about 1300 in Tudela, Spain, an intricate Islamic-inspired geometric pattern in gold and red surrounds a medieval castle, symbol of the Christian kingdom of Castile; on the facing page, another bold geometric design is framed by an elegant inscription in Hebrew. Most surprising is the Hebrew Bible from 15th-century Italy that displays a Renaissance-style illustration of a unicorn (a symbol of Christ) sitting in the lap of the Virgin Mary. It's unclear whether a Christian artist illuminated the manuscript—or if the unicorn, so often pursued and hunted, is meant as a subversive symbol of the persecution of the Jews, with the Virgin Mary a stand-in for Eve, and the unicorn also doubling as the hope for the redemption of Israel.
Then there is the artistic centerpiece of the show, the exquisitely adorned and illuminated Kennicott Bible (named for the 18th-century British Hebraist Benjamin Kennicott). It bears the signatures of both the Hebrew scribe and the Jewish artist who crafted the volume in northwest Spain in 1476, and it effortlessly blends artistic influences from Islam, the Christian Renaissance and secular folklore, all of which can be seen in the sophisticated use of color and in the widely varied architectural, geometric, bird, floral and animal motifs. This sumptuous masterpiece of Jewish and European art was completed a mere 16 years before the Jews were expelled from Spain.
At Columbia's exhibition "The People in the Books," the focus is on the human stories found in the 100-plus handwritten manuscripts on display. Those stories range around the Jewish Diaspora to tell a broader tale of Jewish continuity.
In the 17th century, for example, descendants of Spanish and Portuguese Jews who had publicly converted in 1492, but secretly kept remnants of their old faith alive, began arriving in the more religiously open Netherlands. The show includes a 17th-century tractate written in Spanish by Amsterdam's rabbi Saul Levi Morteira to reintroduce Judaism to the many conversos new to his city.
There is a sense of the exotic in the two manuscripts—one written in Spanish in 1678, the other in Hebrew in 1781—that recount travels to the Jewish communities of Cochin and Malabar, in India, whose existence had been known since the ninth century.
Insight into the seriousness of religious observance can be gleaned from a signed and sealed rabbinic ruling (or responsa) from 1753 written in Italian and Hebrew; the leading rabbis of the Corfu Jewish community had engaged in so heated a dispute over whether the Shema prayer ("Hear, O Israel") could be sung in synagogue that they took their case to other rabbis from Safed, Salonika and Padua. This document approves the singing. There is also a poignant footnote: When one of the "losing" rabbis died, one of his opponents wrote the Hebrew elegy, also displayed here, in tribute to him.
It would be hard to choose the most extraordinary of the 60 objects in "Words Like Sapphires: 100 Years of Hebraica at the Library of Congress, 1912-2012," the panoramic survey of Jewish history and tradition drawn from the library's vast Judaica collection of more than 200,000 items. In terms of sheer artistic splendor, the prize surely goes to the colorful, eye-catching Washington Haggadah produced in Germany in 1478. The lively illustrations that line the margins of this book, used on Passover to recount the Hebrew exodus from Egypt, provide a candid, often witty look at Jewish life and observance in the late Middle Ages.
But don't overlook the censored volume of Hebrew Psalms with Commentary, published in Bologna in 1477. Its pages literally contain layers of history: The heavy ink marks made by the censor (the Catholic Church instituted such censorship in 1553) have faded with time to reveal the original text beneath. Even before then, however, the book's owner had written in the deleted passages in the margins.
Historical rarities also abound, such as the vest-pocket-size 17th-century Hebrew Bible. On a lighter note: "Heroes of Ancient Israel" playing cards (King of Clubs David, Queen of Diamonds Prophetess Deborah) illustrated by the Polish-American graphic artist Arthur Szyk (1894-1951). And there are several examples of Yiddish sheet music, including "Der Yiddisher Yankee Doodle" ("The Jewish Yankee Doodle"), whose lyrics explain that "In America you must work first in order to play later."
Most breathtaking of all, though, is the Talmud created in 1948 for Holocaust survivors living in German Displaced Persons Camps. The title page depicts in its lower half a Nazi concentration camp complete with barbed wire, while at the top appear the palm trees and panorama of the Holy Land. The dedication thanks the "United States Army . . . who played a major role in the rescue of the Jewish people from total annihilation."
The rebuilding of Jewish life and the continuity of the Jewish spirit: That is the collective story told in all three exhibitions. The books bear witness to it.
Ms. Cole is the author of the memoir "After Great Pain: A New Life Emerges" and is on the faculty of New York's Skirball Center for Adult Jewish Learning at Temple Emanu-el. | <urn:uuid:3492a526-1f1c-47c7-9dfa-474c34341bbb> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204712904578094932986256770 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398456289.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205416-00353-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948533 | 1,631 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The prevalence of low bone mineral density
(BMD) is similar in HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay men, according to the
results of Dutch research published in the online edition of the Journal of Infectious Diseases. The only
significant risk factor for reduced BMD was low body mass index (BMI).
“HIV infection was not associated with
BMD,” write the authors, “part of the low BMD previously reported in
HIV-infected MSM [men who have sex with men] pre-dates HIV-acquisition.”
Several studies have shown a higher
prevalence of low BMD in HIV-positive people compared to age- and sex-matched
individuals in the general population. The inflammation caused by HIV infection
and the side-effects of some antiretroviral drugs are possible reasons for this
However, Dutch investigators found a high
prevalence of low BMD in HIV-positive gay men who had recently been infected
with HIV. None of these men had any of the biological markers associated with
increased bone turnover.
This led the researchers to postulate that
the low BMD observed in these people pre-dated their infection with HIV.
They therefore designed a study, comparing
bone mineral density in three groups of gay men: those with primary HIV
infection (known infection within the previous six months); men with chronic
HIV infection; and HIV-negative men. The authors also compared biochemical
markers of bone formation between these three groups.
The study was conducted between 2008 and
2011. Bone density was assessed using dual energy X-ray (DEXA) scans.
total of 41 men with primary HIV infection, 106 individuals with chronic HIV
infection and 30 HIV-negative controls were recruited to the study. All were
aged between 20 and 55 years. None had risk factors for low BMD such as
injecting drug use or kidney disease.
T- and Z-scores for bone density at the
lumbar spine, femoral neck of the hip and total hip were calculated. Low BMD
was defined as a Z-score of -2.0 the standard deviation (SD) for healthy age-
and sex- matched controls.
The three study groups were well matched in
terms of age and race. However, HIV-negative men were heavier (82 kg) than
those with primary or chronic HIV infection (74 kg; p = 0.009). BMI also differed
between the HIV-negative (24.4 kg/m2) and HIV-positive (22.7 kg/m2;
p = 0.04) participants.
The prevalence of traditional risk factors
for low BMD was slightly higher among the men with primary HIV infection
compared to the HIV-negative men, but the differences were not significant.
However, some biomarkers of increased bone
turnover did differ between these two groups. Serum phosphate and bone
formation marker P1NP were significantly lower in those with primary HIV
infection compared to the controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009 respectively).
The participants with primary HIV infection also had higher levels of alkaline
phosphate (p = 0.04), sex hormone-binding globulin (p = 0.01) and the bone
resorption marker CTX (p = 0.001) than the HIV-negative participants.
Regardless of these findings, the
prevalence of low BMD at one or more anatomical sites did not differ
significantly between the three groups, and was detected in 20% of participants with
primary HIV, 22% of those with chronic HIV infection and 13% of the
HIV-negative controls. The prevalence of low BMD in the control participants was
similar to that observed in other research involving HIV-negative gay men.
“Two antiretroviral pre-exposure
prophylaxis (PrEP) trials reported a 10-14% prevalence of low BMD…in healthy
HIV-seronegative MSM who were at risk for HIV infection,” note the authors. “One
of these studies observed that low BMD was associated with inhalants (i.e.
poppers, amyl nitrates) and amphetamine use.”
With the exception of total hip Z-score in
the HIV-negative controls, the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip T- and
Z-scores in all three study groups were significantly less than zero,
“indicating that the average bone density in our study populations was lower
than the average bone density of the…reference population”.
Lumbar spine BMD and T- and Z-scores were
slightly, but not significantly, lower in the men with HIV compared to the
Femoral neck and total hip BMD, T- and
Z-scores did not differ between the HIV-infected men and the HIV-negative
Statistical analysis failed to find any
evidence that the men with HIV had an increased risk of bone mineral density
compared to the control population. Low BMI was, however, a significant risk
factor (p = 0.001 to p < 0.001).
How can these findings be explained?
The authors suggest that it could be
because gay men are more likely than heterosexual men to have “lifestyle
factors for low BMD such as low body weight, smoking, alcohol and recreational
drug use”. They believe this is an important consideration when designing
studies to assess the impact of HIV infection and its treatment on BMD. “To
precisely measure the effect of HIV-infection on BMD in MSM, it is important to
use adequate control groups comprising HIV-negative MSM.” | <urn:uuid:48c491ee-9944-4f30-9896-081bc5489afc> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.aidsmap.com/Dutch-find-low-bone-mineral-density-in-gay-men-regardless-of-HIV-infection-status/page/2552205/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007720.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00159-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952843 | 1,231 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Adolescents who spend hours per day staring into a tablet, smartphone, or computer are more likely to become obese, a new study suggests.
The study found that screen-using teens were more likely to drink sugary beverages and not get enough physical activity. These behaviors resulted in a 43% increased risk of obesity compared with kids who didn’t use smartphones or tablets.
One in five
To reach these findings, the authors studied data from the 2013 and 2015 waves of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Responses from almost 25,000 teens in grades 9 through 12 showed that teens’ use of screen devices often accounts for a significant portion of their day.
While TV-watching has been, and continues to be, associated with behaviors that can lead to a higher risk of obesity, the researchers found that teens’ screens of choice usually aren’t televisions.
These days, one in every five teenagers spends more than five hours a day on smartphones, tablets, computers, and video games. By comparison, the study found that just 8% of teens watched more than 5 hours a day of television.
“This study would suggest that limiting children’s and adolescents’ engagement with other screen devices may be as important for health as limiting television time,” said lead author Dr. Erica L. Kenney.
What can you do if your child is spending too many hours each day gazing into a tablet or smartphone? Kenney recommends talking with your pediatrician about strategies for how to cut back. Parents can also keep screen time from interfering with physical activity and face-to-face interactions by creating a personalized Family Media Use Plan.
The findings are scheduled for publication in the Journal of Pediatrics. | <urn:uuid:ef70116d-43a0-42b0-ab4f-062fa7f5ce0f> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.consumeraffairs.com/news/smartphone-and-tablet-use-increases-teens-risk-of-obesity-by-43-study-finds-121416.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174157.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00189-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954214 | 354 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The figure illustrates the difference between RESOURCE_VIEW and PATH_VIEW. In a typical tree, RESOURCE_VIEW has only one path. Because many Internet applications need only one URL to access a resource, RESOURCE_VIEW is widely applicable. With PATH_VIEW, you create a link to access the target resource node, which provides two access paths to the target node for faster access.
select path(1) from RESOURCE_VIEW where under_path(res,'/sys',1);
displays one path to the resource:
select path from PATH_VIEW;
displays all pathnames to the resource: | <urn:uuid:7f677721-5012-4740-881b-8aa64c9510da> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/appdev.102/b14259/img_text/adxdb018.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811655.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218042652-20180218062652-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.800345 | 129 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Staten Island residents have another reason to apply insect repellent and obsessively check for ticks this spring and summer: the population of a new, potentially dangerous invasive pest known as the Asian longhorned tick has grown dramatically across the borough, according to Columbia University researchers. And the tick--which unlike other local species can clone itself in large numbers--is likely to continue its conquest in the months ahead.
"The concern with this tick is that it could transmit human pathogens and make people sick," explains researcher Maria Diuk-Wasser, an associate professor in the Columbia University Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, who studies ticks and human disease risk.
In a new study appearing in the April issue of the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, Diuk-Wasser and colleagues provide the most exhaustive local census of the new species to date--and suggest the Staten Island infestation is far more advanced than previously known.
The researchers found the species Haemaphysalis longicornis in 7 of 13 parks surveyed in 2017 and in 16 of 32 in 2018. In one park, the density of the ticks per 1000 square meters rose almost 1,698 percent between 2017 and 2018, with the number of ticks picked up in the sample area rising from 85 to 1,529. They also found the ticks on anesthetized deer from the area.
The news comes less than a year after the New York City Department of Health announced the discovery of the first member of the species in the city--a single tick--found on southern Staten Island last August.
The tick, native to Asia and Australia, had been identified in the months prior to the Staten Island sighting in New Jersey, West Virginia, North Carolina and Arkansas and just a few weeks earlier in Westchester County. The Westchester sighting prompted a number of state senators to send a letter urging state health officials to act aggressively to stop the spread of the new species.
Public health officials are particularly concerned because the longhorned tick is notorious for its ability to quickly replicate itself. Unlike deer ticks, the common local variety known for carrying Lyme disease, the female Asian longhorned can copy itself through asexual reproduction in certain environmental conditions, or reproduce sexually, laying 1,000-2,000 eggs at a time. They are typically found in grass in addition to the forested habitats that deer ticks prefer, adding a new complication to public health messaging. The Columbia analysis suggests that the public warnings may have come too late.
"The fact that longhorned tick populations are so high in southern Staten Island will make control of this species extremely difficult," says Meredith VanAcker, a member of Diuk-Wasser's lab who collected the data as part of her Ph.D. thesis. "And because females don't need to find male mates for reproduction, it is easier for the population to spread."
The threat these new arrivals pose to human health is still unknown. In Asia, there have been reports of ticks passing on a virus that can cause a number of diseases, including hemorrhagic fever and ehrlichiosis, a bacterial illness that can cause flu-like symptoms and lead to serious complications if not treated.
The arrival of the species on Staten Island adds another unwelcome dimension to the region's tick woes, which have grown dramatically in recent years. Thanks to an expanding deer population, Lyme disease spread through deer ticks has reached epidemic proportions in some areas of the Northeast. Deer ticks (also called black-legged ticks) are capable of disseminating six other human pathogens.
The first Asian long-horned tick in the U.S. was identified in New Jersey in 2013. A large population was later found on sheep in Mercer County, New Jersey. Diuk-Wasser became aware of the potential danger when a doctor at a Westchester clinic removed a tick from a patient and sent it in for identification. The discovery of the first human bite prompted widespread alarm.
By then, the Columbia team was already in the midst of an extensive "tick census" on Staten Island to determine how the landscape connectivity between urban parks influenced the spread of disease.
The Asian longhorned is easy to miss because it resembles a rare native species of rabbit tick. VanAcker spent months combing areas of Staten Island for ticks, dragging a square-meter corduroy cloth over leaf litter and examining it every 10 to 20 meters Diuk-Wasser, post-doctoral student Danielle Tufts and other members of the Diuk-Wasser lab found huge numbers of them on the bodies of unconscious deer that had been captured and anesthetized by wildlife authorities.
VanAcker found her collections were overflowing with the new species, leading to publication of the current study in Emerging Infectious Diseases. Her work on landscape connectivity, slated to appear in the June issue of the same journal, drives home the difficult decisions facing policymakers as they attempt to arrest the spread of the new species and others like it.
"The easier it is for deer to maneuver through urban landscapes between parks, the more likely the ticks are to spread to new areas," Diuk-Wasser says. "This suggests that the emphasis on urban wildlife corridors has a previously unappreciated downside for human health."
This study was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. | <urn:uuid:e09268e3-ec6d-400b-8209-5cdf999c6691> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/cu-nyb032819.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141749.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217055517-20200217085517-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.951531 | 1,080 | 3.171875 | 3 |
1824 January 2 Paul Trapier Gervais Jr. was born in either Charleston or on Johns Island. His parents were Rev. Paul Trapier Gervais (1785-1856) and his third wife, Sarah Dewar Wainwright (1789-1826). The child had five half-siblings, who were the children of Rev. Gervais’ first wife, Martha Perry Jenkins (1787-1817): Mary Margaret, John Lewis, Martha Powell, Margaret Jenkins, and Claudia. Rev. Gervais’ second wife, Claudia G. Thayer (1798-1820) died without having children.
1826 Rev. Gervais and Sarah Wainwright Gervais had a second child, Sarah Ann (1826-1867). The mother died in childbirth.
1830 According to the U.S. Census, Rev. Gervais was living on John’s Island with several children and a woman between the ages of 30 and 40, which could mean that Gervais remarried as early as 1830 (U.S. Census, 1830). His fourth wife, Harriet Loundes Thayer, was born in 1796, and the couple had no additional children. She may have been related to Gervais’ second wife, Claudia G. Thayer.
1854 November 14 Thirty-year-old Paul Gervais married Jane Caroline Lance, daughter of William Lance and Marie Fraser Lance. The couple had nine children: Mary Wainwright (1855-1944), Paul Trapier (1857-1894), Wainwright Bacot (1859-1948), twins Lucian Charles (1860-1862) and John Lewis (1860-1861), William Lance (1862-1865), Thomas Fraser (1864-1865), and twins Lucian Lance (1870-1947) and John Lewis (1870-1871).
1856 March 16. Harriett Loundes Gervais died at age sixty at the family home Laurels on John’s Island.
1856 July 28. At the age of seventy-one, Rev. Gervais died at St. John’s and was buried in St. Philip’s Cemetery, Charleston. His extensive property holdings were distributed among his surviving children and grandchildren. Paul Gervais Jr. was thirty-two years old. He inherited Exchange plantation on Johns Island.
1861 Nov. 10 At age thirty-seven Paul Gervais enlisted in J.B.L. Walpole’s Company (the Stono Scouts) of the South Carolina Militia.
Also known as the South Carolina Independent Riflemen operating as an independent company of mounted infantry and most likely the sons of the plantation owners, and they patroled Johns Island to prevent looting. They also acted as lookouts and fought when called upon, notably “Bloody Bridge” or “The Battle for Burdens Causeway” on Johns Island 7-9 July 1864…
I have found little on this unit but am pretty sure was not a CSA unit. They entered service in Nov. 1861 to provide pickets and videttes for the SC coast between the North Edisto and Stono Rivers, and served in that role for most of the war. It was stationed on Johns Island. They were included in Robertson’s Brigade, in Major General Ambrose R. Wright’s Division, as reported January 20, 1865. The brigade consisted of Artillery units and SC Senior and Junior Reserve units, surrendered at Greensboro, NC on 26 April 1865 [Register, Jeannie, Customer Serive. Civil War Soldiers Records. Wilmington, NC: Barefoot Publishing Co., 2013].
1865 April 28 Paul T. Gervais’ name appeared as a first lieutenant on the “Muster Roll of Officers and Men paroled in accordance with the terms of a Military Convention entered into on the 26th day of April, 1865, between General Joseph E. Johnston, Commanding Confederate Army, and Major General W.T. Sherman, Commanding United States Army in North Carolina. Roll dated Trinity College, April 28, 1865. Paroled at Greensboro, N.C., May 1, 1865” [Civil War Soldiers Records]. Gervais was forty-one years old. The family report is that he burned his own home at Exchange plantation to prevent its falling into enemy hands.
1874 February 2 Paul T. Gervais Jr. died at age fifty, leaving his forty-seven-year-old widow, Jane Lance Gervais and four living children: Mary Wainwright, Paul Trapier, Wainwright Bacot, and Lucian Lance.
1880 By 1880 Jane Lance Gervais and her youngest child, Lucian Lance, had moved to Kenosha, Wisconsin. Kemper Hall, a preparatory school for girls, had been founded there in 1871 by local Episcopalians. As a widow, she was probably attracted to Kenosha because the Episcopalian Sisters of St. Mary were taking over Kemper Hall that year. Perhaps she went there to teach, have housing, and find schooling for her youngest boy.
1892 May 16 Jane Lance Gervais died in Kenosha, Wisconsin.
“The Gervais Family in America, typescript of family tree, n.d.” | <urn:uuid:747b3e3c-0386-4619-9bff-6165e432658d> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.trezevantfamilyproject.com/generation-3/paul-trapier-gervais-jr-1824-1874-jane-caroline-lance-1827-1892/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655919952.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711001811-20200711031811-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.969463 | 1,130 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The interface between mental health and schools has become a major focus of policy and practice. School attendance is important and impacts a range of outcomes, from academic performance, to children and young people’s mental health. In this book, experts from the education and mental health sectors have collaborated to produce a practical guide to mental health and attendance at school that will be of interest to both researchers and practitioners across this inter-disciplinary field. The book covers topics such as the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, terminology and socio-political considerations, school attendance problems in relation to emotional, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders, special educational needs, school factors and influences and attendance of vulnerable children. Its aim is to offer practical advice and key information to practitioners from both clinical and educational sectors so that they can work more effectively to enable children and young people to thrive. | <urn:uuid:d409fb1d-e231-4bd9-bccd-3dc33a4a383e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://excludedlives.education.ox.ac.uk/publication/school-influences-on-attendance-and-special-educational-needs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.956432 | 171 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Warm Up Properly for a Race
Look around at your fellow runners before the start of your next road race. Usually a few people will be jogging around, limbering up, and stretching. But chances are, many runners will show up to the start and first begin running when the gun goes off. Maybe it seems counterintuitive to run more before you even start. Trust me: the ones warming up aren’t crazy. They know that getting in a proper warm up before racing helps you run faster, feel better, prevent injury, and recover more quickly from the hard pace of racing.
How does a warmup benefit me?
A proper warm up accomplishes several things:
- It increases heart rate, body temperature, and metabolic activity
Warming up for 15 to 20 minutes has been shown to increase body temperature by two to three degrees. This changes the partial pressure of blood gases, allowing more oxygen to enter muscle tissue.
- It promotes blood flow to the muscles, readying them to work harder
Increasing circulation prior to the race brings nutrients and oxygen to your muscles before you even start, so you skip that phase when you begin the race.
- It expands the range of motion in muscles and tendons, allowing you to open up your stride
Running itself is an active form of stretching. Running easily before you start racing helps get all the kinks and tightness out of your limbs, so you don’t waste time during the race loosening up.
- It has a positive psychological impact, alerting and readying your mind for the work ahead
Sometimes you aren’t in the most positive or confident frame of mind before a race. Getting moving helps release positive endorphins and promote blood flow to your brain.
- It helps prevent injury
Easing into fast running with a warm up reduces the overall stress placed on your body during a race, dramatically reducing the chances of injury to your muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
Things to consider in your warmup
When it’s chilly out, warming up is imperative. Muscles perform less efficiently and are more susceptible to damage when they are still cold and tight. When the weather is especially hot and/or humid, you might consider shortening the length of your warm up to prevent overheating prior to the race. Even in hot weather, however, some form of movement should be performed before the race starts.
Practice constantly sipping sports drink and water throughout the day and on race morning, especially when the weather is warm and humid. Irrigating your muscles helps them perform more efficiently and makes them far less susceptible to straining or pulling.
What clothes you wear during your warm up goes hand in hand with the conditions. My rule of thumb is that if it’s below 50 degrees, you should be wearing long pants or tights for the entirety of your warm up sequence. It’s better to overdress in cold weather, because you can always take clothing off.
The race start location, time, and logistics
It can be difficult, especially at large races like marathons, to find the space and time to go through the full warm up sequence outlined below. You might be corralled for a long time before starting, for example, and have little space to warm up in. Check the race website and your race packet for information on start times, warm up areas, and what you can expect on race day. A proper warmup is worth doing your homework for! Arrive at the race area early to be sure you can find the time to warm up.
With these things in mind, you’re ready to warm up:
A proper warm up sequence
3 to 4 hours before the start: wake up
If the race is in the morning, your warm up begins when you arise. Ideally, you want to be awake at least three hours before the race starts. Be sure to move around the house or hotel to promote wakefulness.
30-45 minutes out: go for a jog
Begin your warm up run about 45 minutes before the scheduled start of your race or wave. The length of this run should depend on the race length and your level of experience. In general, the shorter the race, the longer your warmup run should be. Of course, if you’re new to running, an easy five minutes of alternating between walking and jogging can be sufficient to prepare your body to race. The important thing is that you move. Your warmup run should begin very easily, almost at a shuffle, and gradually increase to a moderate but comfortable pace.
For a more experienced runner, here are some suggested warm up run times based on race length:
5k: 10 to 20 minutes
10k: 10 to 15 minutes
Half marathon: 5 to 10 minutes
Marathon: walk-jog to 10 minutes
– 15 to 25 minutes out: stretch and do drills
Chances are your warmup run might have made nature call, so this is a great time to use the porta-potties. Once your muscles are warm from the run, do some light stretching. Pre-race stretching should be mostly dynamic, or movement based, as opposed to static, or held stretches. Alternating between reaching for your toes with straight legs and reaching for the sky every few seconds, walking quad stretches, and leg swings against a wall are all great warm up stretch routines. The idea is to increase the range of motion in your stride in preparation for race pace.
– 5 to 15 minutes out: get in a few strides
Strides are very short, 10 to 15 second runs at your race pace or faster. Find an open spot on a side street near the start line area where you have room to run back and forth. Take about a minute break between each short stride and do between two and six of them. Strides serve the purpose of increasing your heart rate and additionally opening up the range of motion in your hips and legs. Ideally, time your strides so that you get to five minutes out from the start with an elevated heart rate.
-5 minutes out:
Take your last swigs of water, peel off excess warm clothes if you’re wearing them, get in position in the start chute, and enjoy the National Anthem! You’re ready to race. | <urn:uuid:b8f1412c-6eef-4286-a8f1-ed1dafb363cb> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://runnerclick.com/warm-up-properly-race/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527839.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419141228-20190419163228-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.937414 | 1,309 | 3.078125 | 3 |
No explaination why Wiley, who served as the USDA Chief Chemist from 1883-1912, who admitted in 1922 that he recognized Tobacco's deleterious qualities within his first month of smoking at an unspecified time in the past, had fought so hard for a 1906 U.S. Food and Drug Act granting him the power to declare substances dangerous or deleterious to human health, yet limited to substances contained in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia, from which Tobacco had been conveniently deleted one year earlier in 1905.
What does tobacco do to us? There is in it a poison called nicotine so deadly that one full drop of it would kill an adult. A smaller portion of it taken for the first time by a boy makes him deathly sick. That gives warning of its poisonous character, but doesn't usually wean him from the folly. It did not in my case, for I speak as an ex-smoker. I quit at the end of my first week, after.
I had got over the nausea and had begun to enjoy "a good cigar." But I had already discovered that tobacco would hobble my brain and lead others to follow my bad example. Tobacco of any kind puts a soft-pedal on efficiency of mind and body. It puts us in a state of narcosis. We are half chloroformed.
It's a sweet story: Honey turned Harvey Wiley, M.D., the Institute's longtime Director of Food, Sanitation, and Health, into a passionate consumer advocate. Born in 1844, Wiley fought in the Civil War, went to medical school, then taught chemistry. In 1878, fiddling with a polariscope, a device for measuring stress in glass, Wiley examined various transparent foods and was shocked to learn that what companies were passing off as pure honey was mainly glucose. Thus began his lifelong campaign against mislabeled and dangerous products. He spent 29 years as the chief of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Bureau of Chemistry, where he fought for the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act. At GH from 1912 to 1930, he alerted readers to food frauds such as the treatment of spoiled vegetables with chemicals to "revive" them. In 1911, Wiley sued Coca-Cola for failing to label the soda as containing habit-forming caffeine. He lost the headline-making case, but it paved the way for future truth-in-labeling laws.
Read more: Dr. Harvey Wiley Original Doctor at the Good Housekeeping Research Institute - Good Housekeeping
1916: We begin speaking out against the dangers of smoking and the effect advertising has in recruiting new smokers. "Unfortunately, there are many subtle ways of encouraging young men to smoke," writes Dr. Wiley. "Hundreds of thousands of dollars are spent every year in telling the readers of periodicals of the merits of this, that, and the other brand of tobacco."
1921: Dr. Wiley links tobacco use to heart disease, noting that men smoke more and so suffer more heart disease than women. Seven years later, he warns women that use of tobacco is a cause of mouth, tongue, and throat cancer, more than 30 years before the U.S. Surgeon General officially acknowledges the connection.
1952: When European studies confirm that smoking causes cancer, GH bans cigarette advertising in the magazine — 12 years before the U.S. Surgeon General's pivotal report on the health hazards of tobacco, and 18 years before the Surgeon General's warning appears on cigarette packs. In 1978, GH's early antismoking efforts are commended by the American Cancer Society.
Read more: Good Housekeeping Research Institute Timeline – History of Consumer Advocacy - Good Housekeeping | <urn:uuid:5d80f647-4108-4d49-a3b2-5afb7e35eb02> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2011/04/harvey-washington-wiley-paradox.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528220.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722201122-20190722223122-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.961313 | 760 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Bacterial infection of the vagina that sometimes causes an abnormal discharge
- Can affect sexually active females of any age
- Unprotected sex with multiple partners is a risk factor
- Genetics is not a significant factor
Bacterial vaginosis is caused by excessive growth of some of the bacteria that normally live in the vagina, particularly Gardnerella vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis. As a result, the natural balance of these organisms in the vagina is altered. The reason for this is unknown, but the condition is more common in sexually active women and often, but not always, occurs in association with sexually transmitted infections. Vaginal infections can also be caused by an excessive growth of the candida fungus (see Vaginal thrush) and the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis (see Trichomoniasis).
Bacterial vaginosis often causes no symptoms. However, some women may have a greyish-white vaginal discharge with a fishy or musty odour and vaginal or vulval itching. The disorder may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, in which some of the reproductive organs become inflamed.
What might be done?
Your doctor may be able to diagnose bacterial vaginosis from your symptoms. Swabs of any discharge may be taken and tested to confirm the diagnosis. Vaginosis is usually treated with antibiotics, either orally or as pessaries inserted in the vagina. Sexual partners should also be checked for infection and treated if necessary. Vaginosis usually clears up completely within 2 days of starting treatment, but the condition does tend to recur.
From the 2010 revision of the Complete Home Medical Guide © Dorling Kindersley Limited.
The subjects, conditions and treatments covered in this encyclopaedia are for information only and may not be covered by your insurance product should you make a claim. | <urn:uuid:0d467574-d5ed-4b49-b22b-9d6f7512b21a> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.aviva.co.uk/health-insurance/home-of-health/medical-centre/medical-encyclopedia/entry/bacterial-vaginosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736672923.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215752-00127-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928898 | 374 | 3.0625 | 3 |
- Keywords > compulsory licences
- Keywords > Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
- Keywords > parallel importation
- Keywords > patentability criteria - policy options
- Keywords > patents
- Keywords > pharmaceutical
- Keywords > Trade Related Aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
- Keywords > TRIPS Agreement
- Keywords > TRIPS flexibilities
(2000; 91 pages)
2.3 The history of the TRIPs negotiations
In order to increase the understanding about the TRIPs Agreement, it is useful to briefly consider the history of its negotiation.
Before the Uruguay Round, about 50 countries did not grant patent protection for pharmaceutical products; this included a number of developed countries, such as Portugal and Spain, as well as many developing countries, for instance Brazil, India, Mexico and Egypt. TRIPs Article 27, which states that patents should be granted in all fields of technology without exclusion, therefore meant a significant change for the pharmaceutical industry; suddenly patenting of pharmaceutical products was made almost universal, since all WTO member states were obliged to grant it.
Industrialized countries argued that patent protection in all fields of technology, as stated now in TRIPs Article 27, would have three main effects in developing countries:
• there would be more foreign direct investment (FDI),
• it would promote the transfer of technology,
• patent protection would promote local R&D.
Developing countries were reluctant to extend patent protection to pharmaceuticals. They realized that pharmaceutical production was highly concentrated in developed countries. More importantly, innovation - the development of NCEs - was almost exclusively undertaken in industrialized countries. At that time, 96% of worldwide R&D expenditures took place in developed countries and only 4%, in all areas of science and technology, in developing countries. This is perhaps the most dramatic asymmetry in contemporary North-South relations, since it relates to the ability to create and apply new scientific and technologic knowledge.
In addition, even before the adoption of TRIPs, a number of economic studies5 showed that patent protection for pharmaceuticals in developing countries would lead to an increase in prices for medicines, to an increase in royalty and profit payments abroad and to a greater market penetration by foreign firms. Finally, the experience even of developed countries, such as Italy, which had recently adopted patents for pharmaceutical products, raised further doubt whether there would be any benefits (see paragraph 2.5.1).
5 For instance by the World Bank.
For almost 3 years, from 1986 until May 1989, developing countries refused to negotiate an agreement on intellectual property. But finally it was not possible, politically, to avoid the discussion and the drafting of the Agreement started. For developing countries, there were two potential benefits in negotiating the TRIPs. First, the trade-offs; the possibility that in other areas of the Uruguay Round negotiations, developing countries could obtain benefits, for instance access to markets for textiles and agricultural products. Unfortunately, for most developing countries it seems there have been less benefits than expected. Second, under the agreement there is a multilateral system for dispute settlement; the expectation was that, by having such a system, unilateral action by the US - on the basis of “Special” section 301 of their Trade Act - would cease. The US applies the 301 or super 301 section in order to threaten or retaliate with trade sanctions against countries on the basis of what they consider to be ‘non-compliance with adequate standards of intellectual property’. Unfortunately this expectation has not been fulfilled either; the US has continued to use section 301.
The views of Japan and the EU during the negotiations are interesting too. Their main interest was that, while an Agreement should establish a certain level of protection, it should not amount to a restriction to trade. For instance, the TRIPs position on parallel import - countries are free to decide whether or not they allow this - should be looked at from this perspective. Moreover, Japan was concerned about potential abuses of the system, since rights on intangible property may be properly used but also can be abused; in fact the US has quite a long tradition of anti-trust cases related to the abuse of IPR, which have led to the granting of a number of compulsory licenses.
All these positions and concerns are reflected to some extend in Articles 7 and 8 of the Agreement, in which the objectives and the principles of the Agreement are stated. Particularly Article 7 refers to the balance that needs to be achieved between producers and users of technology; this is an important aspect which should be taken into account when developing the national legislation in order to implement the Agreement. | <urn:uuid:1ead7ba1-462f-439d-9b4f-036af9ab7cb3> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh1459e/5.3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510276584.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011756-00243-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961934 | 953 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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