text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 7.09k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
What is z-order?
John Zukowski To understand z-order, think first of x and y positioning. The x-y coordinate space places position (0, 0) at the top-left corner of the screen. Increasing the x value moves the position to the right. Increasing the y value moves the position down. Where does that leave position z? Z-order controls how components are drawn on top of one another. The 0 layer is the highest layer, or the one drawn last. Layer 1 is next, then 2, and so on. | <urn:uuid:e4b42fbe-36b8-40a0-95ea-19a04dc4d8e4> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.jguru.com/faq/view.jsp?EID=1251277 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207926828.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113206-00119-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.868867 | 115 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Action and Reaction
Return to Physics Index
Mitzie Wilkins Enrico Fermi Elementary School
1415 East 70th Street
Chicago, Il 60637
One volunteer student
To demonstrate that forces occur only in pairs
Have Newton's third law of motion written on the board. Make a brief
introduction on Sir Isaac A. Newton and have the whole class read the law.
Whenever one body (object) exerts a force on a
second body (object), the second body (object)
exerts an equal and opposite force on the first
A Handy Hands-on Game
First, extend one hand out and press against the wall. Next, extend hand out in
mid air and press. Your body will lean over with nothing to support it. Ask
students to explain what happened. Request one volunteer to come to the front
of the class. Tell the volunteer that he or she will be your partner in a
demonstration to experiment with Newton's third law of motion. Stand facing
each other about one arm's length from your partner. The trick is to make your
partner move his feet by pushing only on the hands. Each participant should
stand with his feet together and one hand behind his back.
You hold up your hand in front of you at shoulder height, palm facing your
partner. Tell your partner to push against your hand (you do NOT push back).
Your partner pushes again and you pull your hand back. (Repeat until one
partner moves his feet.)
Question: Why do we say that forces occur in pairs?
Answer: Every action has a reaction counterpart (or partner).
1 skate car with propeller fan
6 size C batteries
3 cardboards - sizes: large, medium and small
To experiment with the law of action force and reaction force
To sail the skate car or
not to sail the skate car
that is NOT the question!
Question: What do you think would happen if you put various size sailboards on a
propelling skate car?
Have class break up into small groups of 3 or 4 members and select a
spokesperson. Explain the mechanisms (parts) of the skate car. Demonstrate how
the skate car works. Next, hold the large sailboard in front of the skate car
approximately 2" away from the fan. Ask students what they think will happen if
you turn the fan on. Allow them time to think and discuss the question within
each group (approx. 1 or 2 mins.). Regain the students' attention. Ask each
spokeperson what her group decided would happen. After all predictions are in,
say: "Well, let's put it to the test!" Turn the fan car on while every one
observes the results. Ask what happened and why do they think it occurred.
Next, put the medium size sail in front of the fan, this time attaching it to
the skate car. Ask the groups what they think will happen this time and follow
the same procedure. Finally, do the same with the small sail.
Discussion: Newton's third law of motion on action and reaction.
Put a scoreboard on the chalkboard and select a student to keep score on group
| The skate car will move | Right | Left | Will Not Move |
| | | | |
| Group 1 | | | |
| | | | |
| Group 2 | | | |
| | | | |
| Group 3 | | | |
| | | | |
| Group 4 | | | | | <urn:uuid:d1241c9b-127a-40af-a543-45c9f7517695> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://mypages.iit.edu/~smile/ph9116.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988763.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506205251-20210506235251-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.913636 | 748 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Switching private health insurance funds? Here’s what you need to know
We answer the big health insurance transferring questions
Orthodontic complications are often found in patients under the age of ten, when most of the adult front teeth have come through. However, your dentist may detect an orthodontic problem earlier or later than this.
During this visit the patient is examined clinically. This enables the orthodontist to give advice on the treatment options available, when treatment should commence, the duration of treatment, and the approximate cost. If the patient decides to proceed with treatment, an appointment is made to collect records.
Records allow the orthodontist to analyse each case accurately. They are also used to record the existing malocclusion or misalignment of teeth for future reference. Records may include:
At this visit, the orthodontist discusses the treatment plan(s) which have been formulated using information collected in the first consultation and records. Then, arrangements are made to commence treatment or, if it is too early, to review the patient periodically until it is an appropriate time to commence treatment.
Sometimes it is necessary to remove teeth to gain sufficient space to align the remaining teeth. Any decayed teeth should be filled and the teeth sometimes need to be cleaned before orthodontic treatment is started.
Braces are the most efficient and accurate way of moving teeth. Braces (bands, brackets and wires) are usually made of stainless steel although clear brackets are available, usually at extra cost. Fitting the braces usually involves two visits. Braces remain on the teeth for the entire duration of treatment. Patients then attend approximately every 4-8 weeks for adjustments and other services, such as wire changes.
During treatment, patients may need to wear such items as rubber bands and/or headgear with their braces. These items provide important extra forces for the correction of the bite.
Orthodontic treatment usually takes 18 - 24 months. Some cases may be finished earlier and others may take longer to complete. The total treatment time depends on the severity of the original malocclusion, the type of treatment carried out, and the co-operation of the patient.
Orthodontic patients should continue to attend their family dentist for regular check-ups during the course of orthodontic treatment.
At the completion of the active part of orthodontic treatment, the braces are removed and retaining appliances (retainers) are fitted to hold the teeth steady in their new position. These appliances may be removable plates or wires fitted behind the teeth. Retainers play an important role in orthodontic treatment for, if they are not worn according to instructions, the teeth may move back towards their original position. The corrected teeth are observed periodically for up to five years after the retainers have been phased out. During retention and the subsequent observation period, patients are expected to attend once or twice a year.
The cost of orthodontia varies depending on what your treatment plan involves and your orthodontist should discuss this with you before treatment starts. The fee usually covers the entire treatment including fitting of braces, periodic adjustments, removal of the braces, and the retention and observation periods thereafter. The fee usually does not cover such items as the consultation, records, or other preparatory steps prior to the fitting of braces. | <urn:uuid:9709da02-0623-45b5-ac6f-855ef2b230a0> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.nib.com.au/the-checkup/health-cover/what-happens-at-the-orthodontist | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892802.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123231023-20180124011023-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.945411 | 688 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Currently, a large portion of consumed energy is used to overcome friction. Design of low friction components is a primary goal in building a sustainable society. Superlubricity, the state of ultralow friction (<0.01), has already been achieved in various systems ranging from atomic to microscales. In these systems, the attempt is made to substitute the high-shear strength interface by the low-shear strength to accommodate for the sliding.
In classical lubrication theory, the friction reduction is performed through the separation of the sliding surfaces by the lubricant film. The high shear strength solid contact interface is substituted by the low shear-strength liquid and the friction is reduced. However, the shear strength of conventional lubricants is still high to achieve superlubricity (friction less than 0.01 is hardly achievable).
Recently, researchers from Tsinghua University presented a work on reduction of friction by attachment of hydrogen ions to the rubbing surfaces. An ultra-low friction coefficient of was achieved between and in presence of ethylene glycol. Generation of ultra-low shear strength hydration layer was claimed to be responsible for superlubricity regime.
During the running-in, the surfaces absorb hydrogen ions by means of tribochemical reaction induced by normal and shear pressures. The resultant hydrated layer is low-shear strength, but also delicate. It cannot carry much of the load and therefore, the researchers used a low-viscous lubricant to separate the surfaces by a thin film. This film protects the hydrogen layer from being worn, whereas hydrogen layer accommodates the difference in the wall velocity by its low shear strength and the resultant friction becomes low.
The researchers showed, that the proposed mechanism is applicable for any surfaces capable of absorbing hydrogen and aqueous lubricants with low viscosity .They used aqueous solutions of glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1.4 butanediol and 1.5 pentanediol and super low friction was achieved in all cases. Various pairs of materials were rubbed to show independence of the superlubricity on the surface properties.
The same group of researchers reported previously the generation of hydrogen layer, but the importance of the classical lubrication was not emphasized and the mechanism was not clarified until now. With the current work, a clear picture was drawn and the discussed mechanism can be used in the design of low friction systems.
The details of the research can be found in the original article by Jinjin Li, Chenhui Zhang, Mingming Deng & Jianbin Luo, “Reduction of friction stress of ethylene glycol by attached hydrogen ions”. | <urn:uuid:64947ae5-8e54-44ed-942d-15ca076282a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.tribonet.org/decrease-friction-with-hydrogen-ions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348519531.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606190934-20200606220934-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.937085 | 542 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Why Risk It?
There is no “drowsiness test” to measure how sleepy you feel. And research shows that we often overestimate our level of alertness. So you may be drowsier than you think you are!
Tricks Don’t Work.
Turning the radio up or rolling down the windows may help for a few minutes if you are drowsy. But it will not keep you from falling asleep in the driver’s seat.
Signs Of Drowsy Driving.
- Yawning constantly
- Unable to keep your eyes open
- Restlessness and irritability
- Nodding off
- Daydreaming wandering thoughts
- Drifting into other lanes
- Can’t remember the last few miles
- Ending up too close to cars in front
- Missing road signs
- Driving past turns
- Moving onto the ‘rumble strip’ or road shoulder.
How Do I Prevent Drowsy Driving ?
Don’t Drive After Taking A Medication That Causes Drowsiness, And Never Drink And Drive! | <urn:uuid:a1a786dc-cc64-4bee-bc14-54feb99d26fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://badiedental.com/drowsy-driving-is-as-dangerous-as-drunk-driving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943483.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320114206-20230320144206-00659.warc.gz | en | 0.842655 | 230 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In today’s episode I share the definition of a project, the definition of project management and why this is important in the business world.
By definition a project is a temporary effort that has four clearly defined components.
The first and most important component is the scope. That defines the size, the goals, the requirements needed for the project to be completed.
Next we have resources, this component is defined by the staff needed, equipment and materials.
Third, and one of the most critical, is the time. Every project needs a start and an end. You also need to know the length of each staff’s dependencies, meaning certain tasks can not start until what previous ones are completed.
Last, and equally important, is the money. How much will the project cost. You also need to know contingencies. Typically this refers to the amounts that are held in reserve to deal with unforeseen circumstances. And of course we must know the profits.
All business projects requires some form of management. Project management is a powerful business tool that can deliver many advantages to business of all sizes. It gives the business repeatable processes, guidelines and techniques to help manage the people and the work involved in each one of those projects.
A project management system can increase the chances of success and can help deliver projects consistently, efficiently, on time and within budget.
I’m going to leave you today with an inspirational quote by Sir Winston Churchill: “Those who plan do better than those who did not plan, even though they rarely stick to the plan.” | <urn:uuid:a693081f-1430-44a9-9ed9-0e87ec346d37> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://douglasbarra.com/2019/07/17/what-is-project-management-and-why-is-it-important/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540517557.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209041847-20191209065847-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.957485 | 321 | 2.75 | 3 |
One hundred years ago, on March 25, 1911, 146 people, mostly young women from Jewish and Italian immigrant families, perished in a tragic and avoidable fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, which was located on the top three floors of the Asch Building (now NYU’s Brown Building), on the corner of Washington Place and Greene Street. The fire broke out on the 8th floor and quickly spread to the 9th and 10th floors. With many of the stairways blocked, only some of the workers managed to escape; others climbed out the windows, leaping to their deaths, or perished on the factory floor. Although it was extinguished in less than half an hour, the Triangle Fire was New York City’s largest workplace disaster before 9/11.
The exhibition results from an innovative collaboration between the Grey Art Gallery and graduate students in NYU’s Programs in Museum Studies and Public History. Divided into four sections, it begins with the ladies’ garment workers’ strike of 1909, then chronicles the fire itself, the display of bodies at the morgue, press coverage, and funeral processions and other memorials, including legislative action. Section two records the fire’s legacy during the New Deal era, noting the rise of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU) and examining its representations in journalism and mural painting. The third section explores activities surrounding the fire’s fiftieth anniversary in 1961, including commemorative ceremonies, scholarly publications, interviews with survivors, and landmarking.Demonstrating renewed interest in the fire’s legacy today, the final section investigates contemporary memorial activities, both on site and in the form of visual representations in community projects and performance art—along with works of scholarship, film, music, and literature, including children’s books.
Art ● Memory ● Place concludes with a call for continuing vigilance and political action to protect the rights of garment workers, both in the U.S. and worldwide. The exhibition is dedicated to the fire’s victims and survivors, and their descendants. Documenting a century of commemorations, it traces the many social and political advances inspired by the tragedy, and the myriad ways in which its memory has been claimed, contested and re-invigorated. | <urn:uuid:1c842ca3-01f7-404b-b04a-8eeb9a1af981> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.nyu.edu/greyart/exhibits/shirtwaist/shirtwaisthome.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064590.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00340-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953984 | 470 | 3.15625 | 3 |
دستاورد خواندن و خودانگاره خواندن؛ آزمون مدل اثرات متقابل
|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||تعداد کلمات|
|61824||2014||10 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||9265 کلمه|
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : Learning and Instruction, Volume 29, February 2014, Pages 21–30
Although there is a vast amount of research on reading motivation, evidence for bidirectional associations between reading self-concept and reading achievement is still missing, whereas there is compelling empirical evidence that suggests reciprocal effects between academic self-concept and achievement in other domains. This paper aimed to rigorously test reciprocal effects between reading self-concept and reading achievement within a longitudinal design comprising four waves of data collection. Drawing on a sample of N = 1508 secondary school students, results of structural equation modeling yielded support for reciprocal effects between reading self-concept and reading achievement. Strong support was found for the skill-development hypothesis, i.e. achievement predicting self-concept. Moreover, the self-enhancement hypothesis (self-concept predicting achievement) was corroborated in early years of secondary school. Thus, to best support poor readers, reading skills should perhaps be fostered by boosting the reading skill itself and reading self-concept, the latter particularly at the beginning of secondary school. | <urn:uuid:7bd970d5-b454-4499-8db6-e096c3f0e87c> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://isiarticles.com/article/61824 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320215.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624031945-20170624051945-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.871322 | 411 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Past Blog: Emotional Masks
Who’s the best at hiding their emotions? Well, take a look at the video below, which delineates the most popular society at masking their emotions. It is not Brits as one might suggest.
Dr. David Matsumoto, microexpression expert, comments on why this might be so prevalent in Japanese society.
He suggests that because it is such a populated country, people need to cooperate with one another to live amicably.
Instead of seeing anger or sadness, Japanese people neutralize those emotions to live harmoniously. This can be seen in the Japanese martial arts as well, where control over one’s emotions and actions as well as having an acute observation of their opponent is crucial for victory.
This is tantamount to America’s poker players who try to mask their emotions at all costs and benefit from being able to read their opponents emotions/body language.
For those interested in learning more about Japanese culture, take a look at Dr. Matsumoto’s book The New Japan: Debunking Seven Cultural Stereotypes.
In the book, Matsumoto debunks seven common stereotypes of Japanese culture: collectivism, consciousness of others, perceptions of self, emotionality, the salaryman, education and lifetime employment, and marriage | <urn:uuid:4e866dd2-e630-4297-a8c2-f7ef7b523384> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.humintell.com/2013/08/past-blog-emotional-masks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811243.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218003946-20180218023946-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.954916 | 270 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This is an important factor when considering whether or not our dogs actually love us. Many people seem to think the ability to love requires a higher spirituality possessed only by humans. Consider this quote from Chicago Tribune columnist Eric Zorn: "To my mind, true love requires the sort of wisdom and conceptual thinking dogs are simply incapable of." In my opinion, he has it backward. It is the very wisdom of humans that makes love so difficult for us and the relative simplicity of dogs that makes their love so intense.
Unromantic as it may be, a great deal of love is chemical. Dopamine, released during pleasurable activities, causes us to feel an emotion, usually associated with falling in love. Oxytocin is the hormone that maintains those warm feelings as love matures. Oxytocin is what bonds mothers to their children. Patricia McConnell describes it as "a one- size- fits- all hormone mediating love and attachment in all social relationships that involve feelings of care and connection." From a biological standpoint, the entire process is rudimentary and well within the grasp of dogs. Their brains, too, produce the necessary dopamine and oxytocin.
Experiencing great emotion without the ability to cognitively work through it must be extremely stressful for dogs, causing emotions to run amok and creating problems such as separation anxiety. Some researchers, including McConnell, believe that dogs can suffer post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), wherein the memory of an emotionally traumatic event becomes itself traumatic. Those who suffer from PTSD are often hypersensitive to stimuli that are related— in even the most remote manner -- to whatever caused the original trauma. This hyperreactivity stems from changes in stress hormones and in the neural pathways through which the stimulus is processed.
At Canine Assistants, a number of dogs have developed extreme hypersensitivity to noises. The problem usually begins with exposure to a startlingly loud noise, such as fireworks or balloons popping. Once the issue has been established, these dogs can become highly sensitive to even the slightest of sounds. One dog, Hershey, became so stressed by noises that the very click of the joystick on his recipient's wheelchair would send him running under the bed. Luckily, Hershey responded well to a gradual desensitizing program of medication and behavior modification, as do most other dogs.
As any veterinarian can attest, dogs can develop significantstress- related problems. Both people and dogs attempt to alleviate stress in the same manner, using what are known as displacement behaviors in order to cope. Since displacement behaviors in dogs are usually ones that humans consider misbehaviors, the more we know about stress and its effect on dogs, the better we can understand their coping processes.
There are three different categories of stress:
1. Eustress is called positive stress. This is stress you can do something about. If you are excessively hungry, you feel stress. If eating satisfies that hunger, then the stress was eustress. Eustress is positive because it helps keep us alive and encourages success.
2. Neutral stress is neither positive nor negative. The television is somewhat loud, but if it doesn't bother you enough to turn it down, the stress it creates remains neutral. | <urn:uuid:9ef64cf6-1ce9-47f1-9b87-7671ac9fe112> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Books/excerpt-dogs-eyes-jennifer-arnold/story?id=11411840&page=6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986022.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00057-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955844 | 653 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In the highlands of northern Ethiopia, remnants of the original Afromontane forest vegetation are largely restricted to church yards and other sacred groves in a matrix of cropland and semiarid degraded savanna. To assess the potential for natural forest regeneration, species composition and diversity of all forest fragments (10) in a study area of 13,000 ha were analyzed in relation to environmental and soil variables. Using a random design and a density of approximately one plot per two ha in all fragments, thirty-one 20 m × 20 m plots were sampled. Indicator species analysis and MRPP tests yielded five communities representing two forest types and one degraded savanna habitat.
The forest fragments had a species-poor tree and shrub community in which plots were rather homogeneous and most species abundant. NMDS and analysis of variance indicated that a topographical gradient correlated to soil phosphorus, soil depth, stoniness and the proximity to the river system explained the major differences in species composition and separated moist and dry Afromontane forest communities. The grazing intensity further partitioned the habitats. Present communities and their environmental correlates indicate that the secondary climax forest in the area probably consisted of dry Afromontane forest interlaced by broad strips of moist Afromontane forest along rivers and streams and not a continuous, mono-dominant Juniperus forest as is often presumed.
Negative effects of the degraded matrix on forest fragments increased with decreasing patch area and increasing shape irregularity. Nevertheless, all remaining fragments are important for their role in the landscape ecology of the region as refuges and species pools and should be protected and managed accordingly.
If seed dispersal from forest fragments into exclosures and subsequent tree recruitment are both successful, the vegetation type most likely to establish is Afromontane savanna woodland, and if managed properly, eventually dry Afromontane forest may arise. Increasing the size of small patches and placing forest plantations and exclosures in the vicinity of small forest fragments is expected to yield the most immediate results. This approach may increase the likelihood of patch colonisation by frugivorous forest birds and thus foster the regeneration of native woody species. | <urn:uuid:2bf98734-030a-4e2c-8d77-9bc863c8f807> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/138825 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718296.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00368-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937548 | 441 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Canavan Disease or Canavan-Van Bogaert-Bertrand Disease: Symptoms, Treatment
Canavan disease which also carries the name of Canavan-Van Bogaert-Bertrand Disease is a disorder of the autosomal recessive type, which results in an injury to the nerve cells which are in the brain. This disease is quite a common form of cerebral diseases found in infants. It belongs to the group of genetic disorders, which are termed as leukodystrophy. Leukodystrophies are distinguished by disintegration of the myelin present in the phospholipid layer whose function is to protect the axon of the neuron. The chromosome 17 of the human body carries the gene which is responsible for this disorder.
Pathophysiology of Canavan Disease or Canavan-Van Bogaert-Bertrand Disease
This disease is also said to be inherited. If both the mother and father are said to be carriers then there is approximately 20% chance of the child being affected with this disease, because of which genetic counseling is advised for couples who are potential carriers of this defective gene.
Canavan disease is the result of a defect in the ASPA gene whose function is to produce enzyme called aspartoacylase. If the production of aspartoacylase is reduced, it hinders the division or separation of N-acetyl aspartate, which then starts to accumulate and starts interfering with the development of myelin sheath in the brain and thus there is a defect in the transmission of the nerve impulses to the brain.
Signs and Symptoms of Canavan Disease or Canavan-Van Bogaert-Bertrand Disease
The symptoms of this disease start during infancy and is said to progress very quickly. The main symptoms are mental retardation, regression of motor skills, problems with feeding, and impaired head control etc. Seizures, paralysis, or blindness may also present themselves in some cases.
Treatment of Canavan Disease or Canavan-Van Bogaert-Bertrand Disease
As of now, there is no known treatment for this disease. Treatment is generally palliative and supportive. Researchers are working on a treatment which is in the experimental stage with lithium citrate. This treatment worked in an animal model but when tested on a patient the patient went back to the original state after stopping lithium citrate but it may be used in children affected with Canavan disease as a supportive measure. Gene therapy is also being worked upon where a gene which is healthy is made to take over the diseased one and it has shown to improve the quality of life in children affected with this disease.
Prognosis of Canavan Disease or Canavan-Van Bogaert-Bertrand Disease
Death with this disease generally occurs before the child is of age 5, but there have been some cases of children with mild form of disease surviving till their teens. | <urn:uuid:c00bcc3e-bb52-4320-8df7-e6fb251602ba> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.epainassist.com/brain/canavan-disease-or-canavan-van-bogaert-bertrand-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999273.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620190041-20190620212041-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.946755 | 597 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Miraculous treatment successfully reduces dengue fever cases
Scientists have successfully tested a miraculous cure for dengue fever.
Scientists say that a revolutionary experiment has reduced the number of dengue cases by 77%. In this experiment, these results have been obtained by modifying the mosquitoes that spread dengue fever.
The mosquitoes used in the experiment in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, were infected with a ‘charismatic’ bacterium that significantly reduced their ability to spread dengue.
The team from the World Mosquito Program says that in this way the dengue virus can be solved all over the world.
The dengue virus affects about 25,000 deaths and more than 390 million people worldwide each year, while the World Health Organization has listed dengue as one of the 10 threats to global health.
The mosquitoes used in the experiment were infected with a bacterium called Valbacha. The baby bacteria live in the parts of the mosquito’s body where the dengue virus tries to enter. This bacterium does not allow the dengue virus to grow, so when a mosquito bites someone, the chances of the dengue virus spreading are reduced.
The New England Medical Journal published the results of the experiment, which showed a 77% reduction in dengue patients and an 86% reduction in the number of dengue patients visiting hospitals. | <urn:uuid:0b007dad-fc2d-433e-8679-4846a180bda8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thehealthywire.com/miraculous-treatment-successfully-reduces-dengue-fever-cases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00795.warc.gz | en | 0.933624 | 288 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Research: The high heritability of educational achievement reflects many genetically influenced traits, not just intelligence Authors: Eva Krapohl, Kaili Rimfeld, et al.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
Ok, I know that intelligence is really important for education, and that intelligence is genetic, so we can’t do anything about that. But what about hard work, social skills, and well-being? All these things lead to better school results too, and we know we can improve them!”
The problem is that this statement gets almost everything wrong. It forgets that, whereas it is true that intelligence is strongly heritable, nobody has ever claimed that it is 100 per cent genetically determined. More importantly, it forgets that characteristics such as conscientiousness, sociability and happiness are themselves genetically influenced.
This is the topic of a new paper by King’s College London geneticists Eva Krapohl, Kaili Rimfeld, and colleagues, published in the high-profile journal PNAS. They use data on more than 13,000 identical and non-identical twins from the UK-based TEDS (Twins Early Development Study) sample, comparing data from both types of twin to calculate the proportions of genetic and environmental influence on behaviours and traits.
Starting with the observation that educational achievement is heritable — in TEDS, genetic differences explain 62 per cent of the variation in GCSE results — they asked whether this is just another way of saying that intelligence is genetic. That is, are genetic studies of school results and of intelligence just measuring the same thing?
The answer is emphatically no. The authors found that a large chunk of the heritability of education is not explained by intelligence; in a complex statistical model, they showed that IQ score accounts for a quarter of the heritability of GCSE scores. Twenty-five per cent is a substantial chunk: indeed, IQ score makes the single largest contribution to the GCSE heritability of any trait measured in the study – and they measured a lot of traits.
Not including the two IQ measures, the twins filled in no fewer than 81 different questionnaires to tap educational self-efficacy, personality, well-being, behaviour problems, health, and school and home environment (bear in mind that most studies measure just one or two of these). These factors collectively accounted for a further 50 per cent of the heritability of education.
So we are at 75 per cent: three-quarters of the heritability of education can be explained by the heritabilities of a mix of all the factors above. Genes for education are, in large part, genes for intelligence, but also genes for personality, plus genes for motivation, plus the rest. So what accounts for the remaining quarter of the heritability? The authors don’t really speculate, but we might expect that even longer, more detailed questionnaires for each trait — as well as intelligence tests that cover more areas of cognition than the reasoning and vocabulary skills tested here — would do an even better job.
Because so many variables were studied, both the article itself and its online supplementary material section (both freely-downloadable at the PNAS website) are packed with information on the genetics of education: they should and will be used as a point of reference for years to come. The discussion towards the end on what our knowledge of genetics might imply for personalised learning (elaborated upon at more length by study co-authors Kathryn Asbury and Robert Plomin in their recent book G is for Genes) deserves to be read and debated by scientists, policymakers, and teachers.
Another view one often encounters when discussing genetics and education is this: “psychology is really complicated – isn’t everything a complex conjunction of genes and environments, too messy for science to disentangle?” Studies such as this one should dispel
this kind of pessimism. We can put reliable numbers on
the effects of genes versus environments on important
high-level outcomes such as education, and then begin to examine the underlying recipe of lower-level traits that explain them.
We most certainly don’t have all the answers yet, but large-scale, comprehensive analyses such as this one show that the answers are not outside our grasp. | <urn:uuid:c45d708a-9c1b-468f-8d8c-94a02c55a250> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://schoolsweek.co.uk/the-high-heritability-of-educational-achievement-reflects-many-genetically-influenced-traits-not-just-intelligence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156305.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919200547-20180919220547-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.944612 | 890 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Photo by Ondřej Žváček
By Heidi Noroozy
Every great city needs a symbol. Or so Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi might have been thinking when he commissioned the construction of Borj-e Shahyad Aryamehr (King’s Memorial Tower) in 1971. Built to mark the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great, the tower was also a tribute to the shah himself. The second half of its name, Aryamehr, or “Light of the Aryans,” was one of Shah Mohammed Reza’s titles. (He was also called “Shahanshah, or “King of Kings.”) After the 1979 Islamic Revolution that deposed him, the tower was renamed Borj-e Azadi (Freedom Tower).
Shaped like an upside-down Y, the tower stands 164 feet above the peaceful oasis of a green park vast enough to shield it from the maelstrom of the city’s relentless traffic. The structure is covered by 8,000 blocks of white marble from Isfahan Province in central Iran. The complex today houses a Koran museum and audiovisual exhibition center. A fountain bubbles forth at the base of the tower, and a viewing platform at its top affords magnificent views of the city (at least when smog doesn’t get in the way). From certain angles, the building even looks a bit like a headless sphinx.
|Under the arches|
Azadi Tower was designed by Hossein Amanat, a 24-year-old architect who won the commission in a competition. He incorporated ancient Persian styles with Islamic and modern architecture. The chahar taq (four arches) design dates back to the pre-Islamic Sassanid period (205–261 AD), and the pointed vault in the center is an Islamic element that represents the mihrab, or prayer niche in the wall of a mosque. And the park that fills the vast square with trees, flower beds, and fountains is fine example of a Persian garden.
Amanat, a Baha’i, may have even incorporated symbols of his religious faith in the form of the auspicious number nine: The sides of the structure each bear nine grooves, and there are nine windows in the tower’s high walls. Whether or not he added this symbolism intentionally is the subject of much speculation.
During the Islamic Revolution, Azadi Tower became a focus of anti-government demonstrations, when crowds of dissatisfied citizens gathered under its arches to call for an end to the monarchy. That tradition was taken up again in 2009, when supporters of Iran’s defeated presidential candidate, Mir Hossein Mousavi, congregated in the square to protest what they saw as a stolen election.
|Azadi Tower at night|
Photo by Alireza Javaheri
But Iran’s theocracy also claims the tower as its own, an enduring symbol of their victory over the monarchy. Pro-government demonstrations are held there, as are important national celebrations such as anniversaries of the Islamic Revolution.
On my first few trips to Iran, before a new international airport was built south of Tehran, Azadi Tower was always my first glimpse of Tehran on the road from Mehrabad Airport to my in-laws’ house. With its unusual architecture bathed in ethereal light, it stood like a beacon against the night sky, welcoming me to a city filled with exotic sights, sounds, and tastes, waiting to be explored. | <urn:uuid:adf969ee-d782-4ef0-b3e6-92f15b626ccf> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://noveladventurers.blogspot.com/2012/12/azadi-towergateway-to-tehran.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480905.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216170210-20190216192210-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.949825 | 749 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Walking into the newly redesigned Radio Shack in downtown Manhattan, the first thing that struck me was, where did everything go? As I walked around the minimalistic and heavily consolidated displays, I realized that streamlining inventory was important for the success of the company, newly reborn with colorful and attractive displays for their best selling products. As I walked past the merchandise, I saw a wall covered in what appeared to be circuit boards, unlike the rest of the store, dominated by phones, headphones, media systems and remote controlled toys. Upon closer examination, I realized that these were Arduino compatible products, and immediately I got a rush of nostalgia, reminding me of the days when every little resistor and transistor was available in the store. They might still be available, but they are no longer the major sellers of the tinker friendly store. Instead, do it yourself enthusiasts are looking towards breadboard solutions to develop their new gadgets, and rightfully so.
Naturally, I began to wonder just how far these projects have gotten since their inception. Researching further, I realized that the magnitude of growth was far greater than previously imagined. What I thought would be an electronics board with LED control and perhaps FM functionality, unraveled into a world which included Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, displays and controllers, as well as some advanced robotics. I have compiled some interesting devices based on the technologies below, as well as an attempt to clarify the differences between the top two providers, Arduino and Raspberry Pi.
Firstly, I'd like to explain that Arduino is a micro-controller, and Raspberry Pi (henceforth referred to as Pi) is a mini-computer. What this means is that the Arduino can be programmed using simple commands, while the Pi would require more complex commands which are accessed by means of the operating system you choose to run on your Pi mini-computer. A fantastic guide for beginners can be found here. The Arduino, therefore is suitable for electronics projects, while the Pi is great when an entire operating system capable of various computing tasks is required. The above guide brings the following example which can illustrate the difference when programming either board to light up an LED, for instance.
“On the Arduino, this involves connecting an LED and resistor to two pins, then uploading about 8 lines of code. That's it. On the Raspberry Pi - assuming you have a fully functional operating system already installed and set up as you like - you then need to install some libraries to help you control the GPIO pins (that's the bits you connect components to).”
Now let's dive into the available components:
This project, entitled the Alamode (A-la-mode) by Wyolum, allows one to combine the flexibility of Pi with the simple, solid commands of the Arduino, giving a user the best of both worlds. Retailing at around $35, this project includes the ability to power off a battery or AC, and is Micro-SD capable.
This is the Spark Core, aiming to bridge the Arduino-Pi gap with a chip (Arduino compatible) that includes Wi-Fi, and specializes in creating hardware that will interact with the cloud. It includes a 72 Megahertz ARM Cortex M3, a Wi-Fi module, and has many in/out pins (which allow further expansion of attachments.)
This is the Parallax Robotics shield kit, compatible with Arduino, and includes everything you need to make your own robot. Retailing around $135, the kit enables the enclosed robotic motors and servos to do your bidding. It includes touch, light and infrared sensors which can guide your robot, and is easy to use, designed with a solder free interface. It also includes the ability to expand with other components.
Next up is the GestureR, a device which allows Arduino to go ahead and read your commands at a distance, enabling the types of gesture control seen on certain phones and gaming systems such as Microsoft's X-Box One.
The Raspberry Pi is a bit more complex and allows the user to attach a screen which displays the chosen operating system. This is the PiScreen, which is a 3.5 inch TFT display which features a resolution of 480x320. It has all the necessary equipment to connect the screen to your Raspberry Pi, and, as usual, the ability to expand further with nine unused GIPO pins. With a touch-enabled screen capable of displaying 65,536 colors, this may be the right component for those looking to tinker with the full-fledged operating system capability of the Pi.
On the other hand, we have the simpler MicroView, which includes a small (chip-sized) Arduino with a display built in. The Arduino microprocessor has been shrunk into the 64x48 pixel OLED device, which can also be used to display information from your Pi. This device will let you see the effects of your commands quickly, and allows development to move quicker. A guide shows the user how to turn on LED's, get readings, take inputs from buttons, sense temperature and light, as well as operate motors and servos.
There are clearly many more projects and sensors that one can purchase once they have their Arduino or Raspberry Pi (or both) devices in hand, as well as similar modules to the ones above, tailored for either device. The possibilities are truly endless, and these devices will become smaller and easier to use as they get developed. As large technology companies make progress in their various fields, do-it-yourself enthusiasts can keep up by simulating new advances on their own, as well as create all-new technologies with the help of the multiple sensors and various expansion capabilities of these devices. If I haven't included your favorite Arduino or Raspberry Pi gadgets, feel free to add them in the comments below! | <urn:uuid:01055d5f-4e98-4550-a2a2-2c15b5a29eae> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.neowin.net/news/arduino-and-raspberry-pi-your-next-science-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710685.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129031912-20221129061912-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.959216 | 1,174 | 2.671875 | 3 |
For terms and their definitions, please see the associated Glossary which accompanies this compendium.
Compendium of the Reforms of the Roman Breviary, 1568-1961
by Gregory DiPippo
for publication on the New Liturgical Movement
Part 4 - 1629: The Hymns of Urban VIII
In the context of the Divine Office, ‘hymnus’ means a metrically composed song, arranged in strophes, or ‘stanzas’ in the modern musical terminology derived from Italian. They are relative late-comers to the public worship of the Church; they were not accepted into general use in the Office at Rome until the 13th century, and were never adopted into the oldest forms of the Divine Office, Tenebrae, Easter, and the Office of the Dead. However, the complete rejection of them by the Council of Braga in 563, for example, or by Agobard of Lyon in the mid-9th century, is clearly a minority opinion. The approval of them by Saint Benedict in his Rule guaranteed that they must eventually become a constituent part of the Office, and one of the chief criticisms of Cistercians made in their earliest days was precisely the fact that they made notable changes to the well-established corpus of hymns.
Saint Benedict’s term for a hymn is ‘ambrosianum’, because it was Saint Ambrose who introduced their use into the West, in the famous episode of the Portian Basilica. (See the Confessions of Saint Augustine , book 9, chapter 7, and Paulinus’ Life of Saint Ambrose, chapter 13.) For this reason, a very large number of the commonly used hymns of the Office are attributed to him, while others were said to be the work of Saints Hilary of Poitiers or Gregory the Great. The great hymns of Passiontide are the work Saint Venantius Fortunatus, composed for the reception of some relics of the True Cross which his friend, Queen Radegund, received as a gift from the Byzantine Emperor and installed in the monastery of the Holy Cross at Poitier, where Venantius was bishop. The Vesperal hymn of Saints Peter and Paul, Aurea lucis was long attributed to Elpis, the legendary first wife of the philosopher Boethius, but this attribution, like so many others, is now rejected by the majority of liturgical scholars, (in the specific case of Elpis, because she did not exist.)
Poetry in the Latin and Greek classical tradition is not based on rhyme, which was considered a defect by the ancients, but on the length of syllables. The earliest Christian hymns in Latin, beginning with those of Saint Ambrose, were mostly composed in a meter called the iambic dimeter. The iamb consists of a short syllable followed by a long one, and is used in pairs; the first short syllable in a pair may be substituted by a long one. Other substitutions are also possible, making the dimeter, i.e. two pairs of iambs, quite flexible within a constant length of eight syllables. Other meters, such as the sapphic stanza, (named for its inventor, the poetess Sappho,) are also used. Each stanza of the iambic dimeter and the sapphic has four lines, as do most other meters, although a few have six.
Each hymn is concluded with a doxology, on the analogy of the Great Doxology “Glory be unto the Father”, which is sung in the Office at the end of every psalm and canticle. By the time of the Tridentine reform it had become the universal custom of the Western Rite to change the doxology according to the season, and feasts of the Virgin had a special doxology as well. Thus, for example, from Christmas day to the vigil of the Epiphany, the common doxology “Praesta, Pater piissime,” was everywhere substituted by “Gloria tibi, Domine, / qui natus es de Virgine.” (Glory to you, O Lord, that wast born of the Virgin.)
The medieval Church produced a truly vast number of hymns. A German-produced catalog of hymns written from 500 to 1400 A.D., the Analecta Hymnica Medii Aevi, was printed in 55 volumes over the course of fourty years, 1886 to 1926; the first volume, containing hymns written in Bohemia from the 13th to 15th centuries, has over 200 entries. However, the Church of Rome, as mentioned before, took a long time to accept the use of hymns in the Office, and in its habitual liturgical conservatism, adopted fewer of them than other medieval Rites. The hymns of Prime, Terce, Sext, None and Compline are the same every day of the year. Each of the great seasons, such as Advent or Lent, has three proper hymns, one for Matins, one for Lauds and one for Vespers. Many major feasts, however, such as Christmas and the Epiphany, have only two, the hymn of either Vespers or Lauds being sung also at Matins.
A similar conservatism is found among the hymns of the Saints. Of the 39 Saints named in the Roman Canon, (apart from the Virgin Mary) only John the Baptist and the Apostles Peter and Paul have their own hymns; all the rest have hymns taken from the common offices. Of the seven common offices of Saints, only that of Several Martyrs has a separate hymn for each of the three major hours. The Virgin Mary’s common office, adapted from the Office of the Assumption, also has three hymns, which are used on nearly all of Her feasts, in the Saturday Office, and in the Little Office as well.
As a result, some of the finest gems of medieval hymnody are not found in the historical Roman Rite, such as the Christmas hymn, Veni, Redemptor gentium, the Easter hymn, Chorus novae Jerusalem, the hymn of the Assumption, O quam glorifica, and the hymn of St. Stephen, Sancte Dei pretiose; all of these are commonly found in most other medieval breviaries. The use of Sarum, which predominated in pre-Reformation England , has four more hymns for Lent than the Roman use: a proper hymn for Compline, sung throughout the season, and different hymns for Matins, Lauds and Vespers of the third and fourth week. Greater variety of this sort is typical of non-Roman breviaries before Trent.
It would be unfair, however, to ascribe the relative paucity of hymns in the Roman Breviary to mere laziness or lack of interest. Any medieval collection of hymns, whatever its size, is in the final analysis highly repetitive; a limited corpus of hymns makes them easier to learn by heart, no small matter in an age in which books were not cheap to produce. The two hymns of the Common of Apostles, sung on all of the Apostles’ feasts, originated in Rome as hymns for the feast of the Roman Church’s founders, Saints Peter and Paul. By singing these hymns on the feasts of all of the Apostles, the Church signifies the unity of their evangelizing work, and the unity of the peoples throughout the world brought by them to Christ.
The corpus of hymns in the breviary of 1529 is carried over into the Pian breviary almost identically; as with the antiphons, the exceptions are mostly cases where the entire office of a particular feast is changed. Such is the case with the feast of the Holy Trinity, for which one Office was substituted with a different, earlier Office, and with the Presentation of the Virgin Mary, which had four proper hymns, (Matins, Lauds, and both Vespers), but was removed from the Calendar by St. Pius V. It may seem, therefore, all the more remarkable that in 1629, Pope Urban VIII appointed a commission for the revision of the hymns, and after three years of work, promulgated a new hymnal for use in the Roman Breviary, the last substantial revision of the Breviary until the reform of the Psalter in 1911.
Prior to his election to the papacy in 1623, Cardinal Maffeo Barberini had been well known as a scholar and a Latinist; a book of his Latin poems written before his election was published in 1637, and the Latin epigrams on the bases of two of Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s sculptures are also his work. As Pope, he personally composed the hymns of Saints Hermenegild, Martina and Elizabeth of Portugal, all in various classical meters, rather than in iambic dimeters. To him, as to many Latinists of the Renaissance before him, the simple diction of the traditional hymns, their disregard for the rules of classical metrics, and especially the large number of later Latin words not used by the great classical authors such as Virgil and Horace, or even an occasional non-Latin word, could only seem as blemishes on the public prayer of the Church. The job of the commission, therefore, was to conform the hymns to the vocabulary and metric forms of classical Latin poetry.
The commission consisted of four Jesuits, three Italians and a Pole, but Pope Urban appears to have done much of the work himself, although the precise degree of his contribution has been disputed. In the course of their work, hardly a single hymn was left untouched, notwithstanding their antiquity or the sanctity of their authors. The hymns of St. Ambrose, to whom far more were attributed at the time than modern scholars will now grant, had been in more or less continuous use in the Church for over 12 centuries. Even the magnificent Passiontide hymns of St. Venantius were substantially reworked.
In his History of the Roman Breviary, Msgr. Pierre Batiffol gives an example of the reformed text of the hymns, the very first hymn of the ecclesiastical year, Conditor alme siderum, placed side by side with the revised version of the same, without commentary. Following his example, it may be beneficial to examine a few of the specific changes made to this hymn, as examples of the work of Pope Urban and his commission.
The first stanza of the original reads:
Conditor alme siderum,
Aeterna lux credentium
Christe, Redemptor omnium,
Exaudi preces supplicum.
(Kindly creator of the stars, / Eternal light of believers, / Christ, redeemer of all, / Hear the prayer of your suppliants.)
The revised version of the same stanza reads:
Creator alme siderum,
Aeterna lux credentiuum,
Jesu, Redemptor omnium,
Intende votis supplicum.
The change of cónditor, accented on the first syllable, to creator, accented on the second, is more in keeping with the classical form of an iamb; it also avoids all possibility of misreading the word as condítor, although we may safely hope that few people in the preceding centuries thought they were addressing the “kindly embalmer of the stars”. The change of Christe to Jesu likewise conforms the verse to a more classical understanding of the iamb, although Christian poetry had always been much more flexible about the arrangement of syllables. Intende votis in place of Exaudi preces is also a metrical correction, and could not be a more perfect example of the exchange of a Christian Latin expression for a Ciceronian one.
The penultimate stanza of this same hymn begins with the words “Te deprecamur, Hagie, / Venture Judex saeculi,” – “we beseech Thee, o holy one, / judge of the world that art to come.” Hagie is Greek for sancte, the vocative of sanctus, and was commonly used in medieval Christian Latin. It is here chosen because its extra syllable neatly finishes the eight-syllable line of the iambic dimeter. The unknown 9th century author probably did not know, and certainly would not have cared if he did, that all three syllables of Hagie are short, where the fifth syllable of an iambic dimeter should, according to the classical rules, be long. It is a Greek word, the use of which is peculiarity of the Greek-born Christian tradition, alien to the prose of Cicero and the poetry of Horace and Ovid. The two verses are therefore revised to read:
“Te deprecamur ultimae / magnum diei judicem,” – “we beseech Thee as the great judge of the last day.”
Examples of this sort could be multiplied at great length; apart from its doxology, the new version of Conditor alme siderum alone changes all but 15 words of the original sixty-four, and half of the 15 are in the first stanza. All together, there are several hundred metrical corrections in the hymnal, and some hymns, such as the two of the Dedication of a Church, and the three of Eastertide, were so drastically rewritten as to constitute entirely different works. The hymn of Saint Michael’s day, Tibi Christe, splendor Patris, was completely altered in both text and meter.
Although the new hymns became the standard text of the Roman Breviary, and remain so to this day in the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite, they were not everywhere received. The chapters of many major churches retained the use of the older hymns, not least among them that of Saint Peter’s Basilica itself. None of the religious orders which retained the use of their proper breviaries after Trent, such as the Premonstratensians, ever adopted the new text, nor did any of the monastic breviaries. Less than twenty years later, in 1647, the Cistercian abbot-general Claude Vaussin brought about a thorough revision of his Order’s liturgical books, but rejected the new hymns; this, despite the fact that his reason for reforming the books was to stave off a movement within the order to abandon the Benedictine use altogether in favor of the liturgical books of St. Pius V.
Since the days of Dom Guéranger, liturgical scholarship has been as unsparing in its criticism of the Urban VIII revision as the religious orders were unwelcoming of it. Msgr. Batiffol calls the new hymns “deformed”, likening them to the broken ancient statues discovered in Rome, which “the Barberini … and many others restored …, attaching to them new limbs which are a greater disfigurement to them than all the mutilations inflicted on them by the rude hand of time.” (p. 221) Fr. Adrian Fortescue is equally, characteristically severe. In the preface to a 1916 collection of Latin hymns and English translations by Alan G. McDougall, he writes (p. 27-28) “Whatever good the Renaissance may have done in other ways, there can be no question that it was…disastrous to Christian hymns. There came the time when no one could conceive anything but the classical meters and classical language. So they wrote frigid imitations of classical lyrics… There is nothing to be done with this stuff but to glance at it, shudder, and pass on. … (T)hose absurd Renaissance people did not realize that, because an original is beautiful, it does not follow that a bad imitation will be.” But not even Fr. Fortescue’s barbs can match the oft-quoted witticism of Pope Urban’s contemporaries, many of whom were less than impressed by the new hymns: “Accessit latinitas, recessit pietas. – Latinity came in, piety went out.”
The 1970 Liturgy of the Hours
There is a popular misconception that the new Liturgy of the Hours promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1970 restored the hymns to their pre-Urban VIII text. This is only very partially true. It is true that the older text was the basis of the reform, and that most of what was done under Pope Urban did not find its way into the post-Conciliar version of the hymnal. In this sense, the criticism of Msgr. Batiffol and Fr. Fortescue, among many others, have been amply vindicated. However, a very large number of changes were made to the older texts by the committee responsible for a new selection and revision of the hymns.
In the year 1984, Dom Anselmo Lentini, O.S.B., the head of the committee published a very informative dossier of its work called Te decet hymnus, noting in the introduction that, of the numerous committees that produced the new liturgy, his was almost the only one to publish a complete record of its activities. The hymns are arranged in an order similar to the order in the Breviary itself: hymns of the Psalter, of the liturgical seasons, the Proper of the Saints, and the common offices. Each hymn is accompanied by a critical apparatus, indicating its author and age, if known, its meter, the critical editions of the hymn, where available, and the breviaries in which it was used after the Tridentine reform, where applicable. There then follow notes on the changes to the original text made by the committee.
As in the work of Pope Urban VIII, metrical corrections abound in the newest version of the hymnal; as a general rule, they are less intrusive than those of the 17th century, and the modern revisers clearly had a better understanding of medieval poetry. Many of the corrections are justified in the critical notes as rendering the hymns easier to sing; for example, a verse of the Christmas hymn Christe, Redemptor omnium, is changed from “Memento, salutis auctor” to “Salutis auctor, recole.” I cannot say from experience that this does in fact render the line easier to sing. It is perhaps worth noting, however, that the original version was sung five times a day every day for centuries in the hymn for the minor hours of the Little Office of the Virgin.
The vocabulary of the hymns is also retouched, although with much less severity, and much better taste, than in the 17th century reform. The line cited above from the Vesper hymn of Advent, “Te deprecamur, Hagie”, is re-written “Te, Sancte, fide quaesumus,” a metrical correction that eliminates the use of a Greek word branded “exotic” in the critical notes, although it was still being used by the Benedictines, Dominicans and others even as the committee did its work. Some of these changes are motivated by external factors. With the suppression of the Church’s discipline of Lenten fasting, the Latin word for fasting, ‘jejunium’, is removed from the original text of the traditional hymns of Lent, substituted by ‘abstinentia’.
Many of the hymns are shortened by the elimination of entire stanzas, “for the sake of brevity”, as the critical notes state repeatedly. The Christmas hymn Veni, Redemptor gentium is added to the repertoire of hymns for Advent, but without its fifth strophe. In the recording of this very beautiful hymn by the Schola Gregoriana Magyar, this strophe is sung in 17 seconds; in the Dominican chant, it takes a full 28 seconds.
The repertoire of hymns is very considerably expanded. For example, the new Liturgy of the Hours has nine proper hymns for Lent, two each for Matins (now known as the Office of Readings), Lauds and Vespers, and proper hymns for the minor hours of Terce, Sext and None. (Prime is of course suppressed in the new Office.) The great defect of Te decet hymnus is that it indicates which hymns or versions of hymns were used in post-Tridentine, non-Roman breviaries, but does not say anything about the pre-Tridentine sources from which hymns which have been added. The three Lenten hymns of the minor hours are noted as “author unknown, at least of the 8th century”, but no indication is given as to where and when they were actually used, if anywhere.
This rearrangement of the traditional order of the hymns is the origin of a number of oddities. Veni, Redemptor gentium was in use in four surviving proper breviaries in 1961; it had been used in almost all pre-Tridentine breviaries as well. In almost all of them it was sung at Vespers of Christmas, not in Advent. The three classic hymns of the Virgin Mary originated in the ancient Roman Office of the Assumption, from which the common Office is derived; in the Liturgy of the Hours, they are found in the common, but not on the Assumption. O quam glorifica was used on the feast of the Assumption by those churches which had it; it is now placed on the feast of Our Lady’s Queenship, and the Assumption has three completely different hymns. The hymn Agnoscat omne saeculum, traditionally attributed to St. Venantius, was used in some German breviaries and in Liège as a hymn of Christmas; it is now assigned to the Annunciation, which is no longer a feast of Our Lady.
There are also a very large number of new compositions; in several cases, they were made even where a welter of ancient hymns was ready available to chose from. The hymns of Christmas Matins, of the feast of the Holy Trinity, (which has two proper hymns in the Dominican Breviary) of Lauds of St. Bernard (who has three proper hymns in the Cistercian Breviary) are all newly made especially for the Liturgy of the Hours. As mentioned before, the hymns of the common of Apostles began as Roman hymns for the feast of Ss. Peter and Paul, and were used on the feasts of all the Apostles. In the new breviary, each Apostle, apart from Peter and Paul, gets a new proper hymn at Lauds; with the sole exception of Saint Andrew, they are all new compositions.
The very last thing in Te decet hymnus is an index of the authors; the single most represented author, by a margin of four-to-one over second-place Prudentius, and almost five-to-one over third-place St. Ambrose: Dom Anselmo Lentini, O.S.B.
-- Copyright (c) Gregory DiPippo, 2009
To read previous installments in this series, see: Compendium of the Reforms of the Roman Breviary, 1568-1961 | <urn:uuid:b564b405-d96e-496d-a1da-141c6d97b69a> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2009/09/compendium-of-reforms-of-roman-breviary_23.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300031.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00204-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965022 | 5,064 | 3.109375 | 3 |
charge on the two is the same.
electrons. The atom as a whole is, therefore, electrically neutral.
hydrogen has 1 proton, carbon has 6 protons, and silver has 47 protons.
the size of the atom. He called this concentration of positive charge the nucleus of the
outside the nucleus. To explain why these electrons where not pulled into the nucleus
by the attractive electric force, Rutherford modeled them as moving in orbits around
the nucleus in the same manner as the planets orbit the Sun. For this reason, this model
is often referred to as the planetary model of the atom (Figure 1).
neutron, which has approximately the same mass as the proton but is electrically
the total atomic volume. The diameter of the whole atom is on the order of 10−8 cm,
but the diameter of the nucleus is only about 10−13 cm.
electromagnetic radiation and no others, which Rutherford′ s model cannot explain
acceleration, but centripetally accelerated charges revolving with frequency ƒ should
radiate electromagnetic waves of the same frequency ƒ.
electric force of attraction as shown in Figure 2.
only in specific discrete radii.
called them, the electron does not emit energy in the form of radiation. Hence the total
describe the electron’s motion. This representation claims that the centripetally
accelerated electron does not continuously emit radiation, losing energy and
eventually spiraling into the nucleus, as predicted by Rutherford ′s planetary model.
energetic initial orbit to a lower-energy orbit. This transition can not be visualized.
Bohr was able to calculate the radii of these allowed orbits and shows that, the
radiation or spectral lines are emitted as a consequence of orbital restrictions. The
orbital restrictions are most easily illustrated with the simplest atom hydrogen,
which has a single proton nucleus and one electron orbiting around it. Unless energy
is added to the atom, the electron is found in the allowed orbit closet to the nucleus. If
energy is added to the atom, the electron may “jump” to one of the higher allowed
orbits farther away from the nucleus, but the electron can never occupy the regions
between the allowed orbits (Figure 3).
discrete orbits with radii 1, 2, 3, and so on.
observations for the simple hydrogen atom. But to describe the behavior of atoms
with more than one electron, it was necessary to impose an additional restriction on
the structure of the atom; the number of electrons in a given orbit cannot be greater
than 2n2, where n is the order of the orbit from the nucleus, trough which the
maximum number of electrons in each orbit can be calculated according to the
has two electrons, and, therefore, its first orbit is filled. Lithium has three electrons,
two of which fill the first orbit; the third electron, therefore, must be in the second
orbit. This simple sequence is not completely applicable to the very complex atoms,
but basically this is the way the elements are constructed.
the electron. Therefore, instead of speaking of the electron as being in a certain orbit,
we can refer to it as having a corresponding amount of energy. Each of these allowed
values of energy is called an energy level. An energy level diagram for an atom is
shown in Figure 4. Note that every element has its own characteristic energy level
structure. The electrons in the atom can occupy only specific energy states; that is, in a
given atom the electron can have energy E1, E2, E3, and so on, but cannot have energy
between these two values. This is a direct consequence of the restrictions on the
allowed electron orbital configurations.
state is associated with the orbital configuration closest to the nucleus. The higher
allowed energy levels, called excited states, are associated with larger orbits and
different orbital shapes. Normally the electron occupies the lowest energy level but it
can be excited into a higher energy state by adding energy to the atom.
ways. The two most common methods of excitation are:
current is passed through a gas of atoms, the colliding electron is slowed down and
the electron in the atom is promoted to a higher energy configuration. When the
excited atoms fall back into the lower energy states, the excess energy is given off
as electromagnetic radiation. Each atom releases its excess energy in a single
photon. Therefore, the energy of the photon is simply the difference between the
energies of the initial state Ei and the final state Ef of the atom. The frequency ƒ of
the emitted radiation is given by
specific frequency, called transition or resonance frequency. Therefore, a group of
highly excited atoms of a given element emit light at a number of well-defined
frequencies which constitute the optical spectrum for that element.
specific frequency. The frequency must be such that each photon has just the right
amount of energy to promote the atom to one of its higher allowed energy states.
Atoms, therefore, absorb light only at the specific transition frequencies, given by
Equation 1. Light at other frequencies is not absorbed. If a beam of white light
(containing all the frequencies) is passed through a group of atoms of a given species,
the spectrum of the transmitted light shows gaps corresponding to the absorption of
the specific frequencies by the atoms. This is called the absorption spectrum of the
atom. In their undisturbed state, most of the atoms are in the ground state. The
absorption spectrum, therefore, usually contains only lines associated with transitions
from the ground state to higher allowed states (Figure 5). Optical spectra are produced
by the outer electrons of the atom. The inner electrons, those closer to the nucleus, are
bound more tightly and are consequently more difficult to excite. However, in a
highly energetic collision with another particle, an inner electron may be excited.
When in such an excited atom an electron returns to the inner orbit, the excess energy
is again released as a quantum (photon) of electromagnetic radiation. Because the
binding energy here is about a thousand times greater than for the outer electrons, the
frequency of the emitted radiation is correspondingly higher. Electromagnetic
radiation in this frequency range is called X - rays.
formation of chemical compounds and matter in bulk is due to the distribution of
electrons in the atomic orbits. When an orbit is not filled to capacity (which is the
case for most atoms), the electrons of one atom can partially occupy the orbit of
another. This sharing of orbits draws the atoms together and produces bonding
between atoms. As an example we show in Figure 6, the formation of a hydrogen
molecule from two hydrogen atoms.
in the binding of the two atoms into a molecule.
hydrogen atoms are close together, they share each other’s electrons, in this way
the orbit of each atom is completely filled part of the time. This shared orbit can
be pictured as a rubber band pulling the two atoms together.
sharing of electrons pulls the atoms together, the repulsion force of the nuclei tends
to keep them apart. The equilibrium separation between atoms in a molecule is
determined by these two counter forces. In a similar way, more complex molecules,
and ultimately bulk matter, are formed. Atoms with completely filled orbits (these
are atoms of the so-called noble gases) as helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon,
cannot share electrons with other elements and are, therefore, chemically most inert.
Because molecules are more complicated than atoms, their spectra are
correspondingly more complex. In addition to the electronic configuration, these
spectra also depend on the motion of the nuclei. Still the spectra can be interpreted
and are unique for each type of molecule.
atoms and molecules in the body. From a spectroscopic analysis of urine, for example,
one can determine the level of mercury in the body. Blood sugar level is measured by
first producing a chemical reaction in the blood sample which results in a colored
product. The concentration of this colored product, which is proportional to the blood-
sugar level, is then measured by absorption spectroscopy.
components in the substance. The absorption spectra can also provide information about the concentration of all the components in a substance. In absorption spectroscopy, the amount of absorption can be related to the concentration.
section of the spectrum is detected at a time.
position of the prism is calibrated to correspond with the wavelength impinging on the
electrical signal proportional to the light intensity. The intensity of the signal as a
function of wavelength can be displayed on a chart recorder.
time. Contrary to classical mechanics, one can never make simultaneous predictions of conjugate variables, such as position and momentum, with arbitrary accuracy. For instance, electrons may be considered to be located somewhere within a region of space, but with their exact positions being unknown. Contours of constant probability, often referred to as “clouds” may be drawn around the nucleus of an atom to conceptualize where the electron might be located with the most probability (Figure 8).
development of electron microscopes that can observe objects 1000 times smaller than are visible with light microscopes.
into a beam.
electrons in much the same way as light is diffracted in an optical microscope. But
because of their short wavelength, the electrons are influenced by much smaller
structures within the sample.
image onto film or a fluorescent screen.
provide the continuous curve in Figure 11, which shows the cutoff of x-rays below a minimum wavelength value that depends on the kinetic energy of the incoming electrons. X-ray radiation with its origin in the slowing down of electrons or continuous spectrum shown in the Figure is called Bremsstrahlung, the German word for “braking radiation.”
of sharp lines, which are due to characteristic x-rays. The data shown were obtained when 37-
ke V electrons bombarded a molybdenum target.
= 1) of the atom.
The time interval for this to happen is very short, less than 10-9 s.
the energy difference between the two levels. Thus the photon emitted has an energy
corresponding to the K α, the characteristic x-ray line on the curve in Figure 11.
the initial level as the first one above the final level. Thus Kα indicates that, a
transition occur from energy level L (n = 2) to energy level K (n = 1)].
= 3), the Kβ line in Figure 11 is produced.
A higher orbital electron fills the empty position, releasing its excess energy as a photon.
are slowed or even stopped in passing near the positively charged nuclei of the anode
material. This is the Brehmsstrahlung radiation.
incoming electrons from the cathode knock electrons near the nuclei out of orbit and
they are replaced by other electrons from outer orbits. X - rays produced in this way
have definite energies just like other line spectra from atomic electrons. They are
Characteristic x-rays. The spectral lines generated depend on the target (anode)
element used and thus are called characteristic lines.
physicians, Oudin and Barthelemy, obtained x-rays of bones in a hand. Since then, x-
rays have become one of the most important diagnostic tools in medicine. With
current techniques, it is even possible to view internal body organs that are quite
transparent to x-rays. This is done by injecting into the organ a fluid opaque to x-
rays. The walls of the organ then show up clearly by contrast.
provide depth information. The image represents the total attenuation as the x-ray
beam passes through the object in its path. For example, a conventional x-ray of the
lung may reveal the existence of a tumor, but it will not show how deep in the lung the
tumor is located. Several tomographic techniques (CT scans) have been developed to
produce slice-images within the body which provide depth information. Presently the
most commonly used of these is x-ray computerized tomography (CT scan) developed
in the 1960. The basic principles of the technique in its simplest form illustrated in
Figure 14 are:
a diametrically opposing detector.
detector combination is moved laterally scanning the region of interest as shown by the
arrow in Figure 14 (a).
transmission properties of the full path in this case A−B.
circle around the object.
within the plane of the object to be studied. These signals are stored and by a rather complex computer analysis a point by point image is constructed of the thin slice scanned within the body.
transmission properties of each point within the plane of the object to be studied.
thick. In the more recent versions of the instrument, a fan rather than a beam of x-rays
scans the object, and an array of multiple detectors is used to record the signal. Data
acquisition is speeded up in this way yielding an image in a few seconds.
regions of high and low x-ray intensity which when photographed show spots of varying brightness (Figure 15).
rays to prevent or to slow the proliferation of malignant cells by decreasing the rate of
mitosis or impairing DNA synthesis].
still x-ray pictures, or can be followed on x-ray motion-picture films as it moves through the body or part of the body to record body processes.
(white) coats the inner lining.
portions of the upper and lower teeth together (Figure19).
rays are very effective at discovering tooth decay. It is called Bitewing because the x-ray
film holder provides a surface to bite down on and hold the x-ray securely in place.
to root (Figure 20).
crown to root. These types of x-rays provide a complete side view and typically a complete
set consists of 14 films with each tooth appearing in two different films from two different
while the film rests on the biting surface of the teeth (Figure 21).
x-rays are taken to show the lower or the upper jaw.
The x-ray captures the entire jaws and teeth in one shot. It's used to plan treatment for
dental implants, check for impacted wisdom teeth, and detect jaw problems. A
panoramic x-ray is not good for detecting cavities, unless the decay is very advanced
and deep( Figure 22).
of a dentist. As the name suggests, a Panoramic X-ray makes a complete half circle from ear
to ear to produce a complete two dimensional representation of all teeth. Panoramic X-rays
give the dentist an overall picture of all your teeth and jaw bones.
characteristics of cancer cells is that they grow and divide faster than normal cells. Radiation also damages normal cells, but because normal cells are growing more slowly, they are better able to repair radiation damage than are cancer cells. In order to give normal cells time to heal and reduce side effects, radiation treatments are often given in small doses over a six or seven week period. It is used in more than half of all cancer cases. Radiation therapy can be used in different ways:
relationship with each other.
Initially, the atom is in the excited state. The incoming photon stimulates the atom to emit a
second photon of energy given by hƒ = E2 – E1.
excited state than in the ground state. That must be true because the number of
photons emitted must be greater than the number absorbed.
lifetime must be long compared with the usually short lifetimes of excited state, which
are typically 10-8s. In this case, the population inversion can be established and
stimulated emission is likely to occur before spontaneous emission as shown in
make a transition to a lower energy level, because this process happens naturally, it is
known as spontaneous emission].
When the atom falls to the ground state, it emits a photon of energy hƒ = E2 – E1.
stimulate further emission from other excited atoms. That is achieved by using
reflecting mirrors at the ends of the system. One end is made totally reflecting, and the
other is partially reflecting. A fraction of the light intensity passes through the
partially reflecting end, forming the beam of laser light (Figure 25).
example, an optical or electrical device) pumps the atoms to the excited states. The parallel end
mirrors confine the photons to the tube, but mirror 2 is only partially reflective.
fluorescent strip light, only it's coiled around the ruby crystal and it flashes every so often like a camera's flash gun.
makes inject energy into the crystal in the form of photons.
process. When an atom absorbs a photon of energy, one of its electrons jumps
from a low energy level to a higher one. This puts the atom into an excited state, but
makes it unstable. Because the excited atom is unstable, the electron can stay in the
higher energy level only for a few milliseconds. It falls back to its original level,
living off the energy it absorbed as a new photon of light radiation (small blue blob).
This is the spontaneous emission process.
at the speed of light.
the excited atom gives off two photons of light instead of one. This is the stimulated
emission described earlier. Now one photon of light has produced two and the light
has been amplified (increased in strength). In other words, "light amplification" (an
increase in the amount of light) has been caused by "stimulated emission of radiation"
(hence the name "laser", because that's exactly how a laser works!)
crystal but lets some escape.
Permissible Exposure (MPE). When you use a laser, it should be labeled with one of these four classes designations:
such as compact disc and DVD players, in which the laser (a few millimeters in size) scans the surface of the disc. Other common applications of lasers are bar code readers, laser printers and laser pointers.
diabetes. Glaucoma is a widespread eye condition characterized by a high fluid
pressure in the eye, a condition that can lead to destruction of the optic nerve. A simple
laser operation, (iridectomy) can “burnˮ open a tiny hole in a clogged membrane relieving the destructive pressure. A serious side effect of diabetes is neovascularization, the proliferation of weak blood vessels, which often leak blood. When neovascularization occurs in the retina, vision deteriorates (diabetic retinopathy) and finally is destroyed. Today, it is possible to direct the green light from an argon ion laser through the clear eye lens and eye fluid, focus on the retina edges, and photocoagulate the leaky vessels. Even people who have only minor vision defects such as nearsightedness are benefiting from the use of lasers to reshape the cornea,
changing its focal length and reducing the need for eyeglasses.
light bending part of the eye.
with water-soluble ink to guide replacement of the corneal flap.
and reflected exposing the cornea beneath (A keratectomy is a procedure that uses a
small instrument that makes a cut in the cornea as it moves across it).
improve the precision of your treatment while minimizing pain and recovery time (Figure 31).
benign tumors from the gums, palate, sides of cheeks, and lips.
detection of cavities by providing a reading of the by-products produced by decay.
see inside tooth and gums in real time.
minimize healing time.
healthier tooth structure. Such reshaping called crown lengthening; provides a stronger
foundation for a restoration.
injection and the traditional turbine drill. Lasers used in dental filling procedures are
capable of killing bacteria located in a cavity and this may lead to better long term
removal of soft tissue folds often caused by ill-fitting dentures.
bleaching process associated with teeth whitening and with the use of a whitening gel.
The translucent bleaching gel is applied to the teeth and a laser light is used to activate
the crystals to absorb the energy from the light and penetrate the teeth enamel to
increase the lightening effect on the teeth. The length of time in the cosmetic dentist's
chair depends on the degree of discoloration you have (Figure 32).
pain and inflammation of the temporomandibular jaw joint.
and improve the appearance of a gummy smile.
tooth) that are responsible for hot and cold tooth sensitivity.
2007.ppt#281,3, How X-rays interact with the tissues in your body
process provide that ordinary X-ray images do not?
[mass of proton = 1.67 X 10-27 kg]
inverted population distribution.
7 th Edition, Thomson , Brooks/COLE 2008. | <urn:uuid:69b15214-dda2-4cb4-ba90-bba3ebd080d3> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://pristiadi-utomo.blogspot.com/2011/02/atomic-physics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676381.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00145-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921292 | 4,433 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Brilliance and clarity in a diamond are features of its purity: the purer the diamond the greater its clarity and brilliance. Most diamonds have natural internal characteristics called inclusions and external features called blemishes. These occur in the volcanic rock where the diamond is created. Clarity, therefore, refers to the color, position, brightness, number and size of such inclusions or blemishes. Lighter inclusions in fancy colored diamonds are the cause of significant drop in clarity grade.
The majority of colored diamonds contain inclusions because of the chemical structure and pressure required to create a diamond. Colored diamond connoisseurs will acquire a stone based on the color saturation and consider clarity as a secondary issue. The third most expensive stone ever sold was a 0.95 carat red diamond for $926,000 per carat in 1987. This stone was heavily included but because of its rich strawberry color, it sold for a world record price. A comparable D-flawless diamond would sell for $20,000 per carat. Diamonds with no external or internal faults are called flawless and there are very few of these in the world.
The GIA has established an internationally accepted grading system, according to which Clarity is graded from Flawless to Imperfect as follows: | <urn:uuid:a10768d2-3e25-4ab0-9901-ff1a1d98ef9e> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://anglodutchdiamonds.com/clarity.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863626.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520151124-20180520171124-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.953597 | 264 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In the precolonial era, the area of present day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian tribes of Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island, the western portion of Long Island (including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens), Manhattan, and the Lower Hudson Valley, including The Bronx.
The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor. He claimed the area for France and named it “Nouvelle Angouleme” (New Angoulême).
A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel “La Anunciada” and charted the mouth of the Hudson river, which he named Rio de San Antonio. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August. The first scientific map to show the North American East coast continuously, the 1527 world map known as the Padrón Real, was informed by Gomes’ expedition, and labeled the Northeast as Tierra de Esteban Gómez in his honor.
In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (“Half Moon” in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the river narrowed and was no longer saline, he realized it wasn’t a sea passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614 the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland).
The first recorded non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues). Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–1614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor.
A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur tradingsettlement on Governors Island. In 1625 construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam). The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. The location of Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of theLenape, in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders (about $1000 in 2006); a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.
In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city “New York” after the Duke of York (later King James II). At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English gained New Amsterdam (New York) in North America in exchange for Dutch control of Run, an Indonesian island. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.
In 1702, the city lost 10% of its population to yellow fever. New York suffered seven major yellow fever epidemics from 1702 to 1800.
New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York’s economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years.
The trial in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King’s College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.
The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake, the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean.
The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates includingBenjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began the Great Fire of New Yorkoccurred, a large conflagration which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.
In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789 the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.
Under New York State’s “Gradual Abolition law of 1799”, children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, gradually a significant free-black population developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city’s black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840.
In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration. The city adopted the Commissioners’ Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1819 opening of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson Riverand the Great Lakes. Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.
Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the old merchant elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.
The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1860, one in four New Yorkers—over 200,000—had been born in Ireland. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York’s population by 1860.
Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city’s ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861 MayorFernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865) led to the Draft Riots of 1863, led by ethnic Irish working class.
The situation deteriorated into attacks on black New Yorkers and their property, following fierce competition for a decade between immigrants and blacks for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, but its more than 200 children escaped harm. Rioters killed an estimated 100 blacks and attacked many more, especially in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history. Because of the violence, many blacks left the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn and New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had established dominance.
In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.
In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city’s worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.
New York’s non-white population was 36,620 in 1890. In the 1920s, New York City was a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South. By 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of competing skyscrapers that changed the skyline into its identifiable twentieth-century shape.
New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.
Returning World War II veterans created a postwar economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America’s place as the world’s dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters (completed in 1950) emphasized New York’s political influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York’s displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.
In the 1960s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates, which extended into the 1970s. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city’s economic health in the 1980s, New York’s crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city’s economy. New York’s population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census.
The city suffered the worst nationally of the September 11, 2001 attacks, when nearly 3,000 people died in the destruction of Towers 1, 2, and 7 of the World Trade Center. A new complex, which includes One World Trade Center, a 9/11 memorial and museum, and three other office towers, is being built on the site. The first buildings are finished and it is scheduled for completion by 2014. The World Trade Center PATH station, which was opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, 2003. A permanent station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, is currently being constructed and is scheduled to be completed in the second quarter of 2014. At the time of its completion in 2014, the new One World Trade Center will be the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere and the third-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with itsspire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m) in reference to the year of American independence. This new supertall skyscraper has been the tallest building in New York City since April 30, 2012.
This content is from: wikipedia.org | <urn:uuid:fdf23187-4bb2-4f90-9c05-67d4e72274c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://newyorkcityny98.wordpress.com/2014/02/11/history-of-new-york-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00257-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964747 | 2,990 | 3.890625 | 4 |
More than 15,000 Canadians have HIV-AIDS but don’t know it, says a new report by the Public Health Agency of Canada.
The study says about 58,000 people in Canada were living with AIDS last year, and 27 per cent were unaware of their infections, which means they could be unwittingly spreading the virus.
“If you don’t know that you’re sick, you have a much greater chance of infecting someone else,” said Ian Culbert, director of the Canadian HIV/AIDS Information Centre, in an interview Monday.
Culbert said many of the undiagnosed are low-income people so preoccupied with day-to-day survival they don’t bother to get tested. Others avoid being tested because they would rather not know they are infected.
Jennifer Geduld of the agency said the esosed cases is based on computer modeling
The report found that aboriginal people have very high rates of HIV infection, a problem that is attributed to a range of problems including poverty, lack of awareness of the risks, and injection drug use.
“Aboriginal Canadians account for three per cent of the population and nine per cent of new infections,” said Culbert. “You’re three times more likely to be infected with HIV if you’re an aboriginal person in this country and those are absolutely unacceptable rates.”
Nina Arron of the Public Health Agency said the agency is working with aboriginal associations to combat the problem.
The report also shows that people from countries where HIV is endemic have an infection rate almost 13 times higher than average, but the agency claims they don’t constitute a threat to public health.
Overall, the rate of new HIV infections in Canada continues to rise despite millions of dollars being spent on education and prevention. The number of new infections last year is estimated at 2,300 to 4,500, up from 2,100 to 4,000 in 2002.
The total number of people living with AIDS increased about 16 per cent from 2003 to 2005, due to new infections and the fact that victims are living longer due to better drug treatment.
Most at risk are homosexual men and injection drug users.
Frank Plummer, director general of infectious disease control at the Public Health Agency, insisted that prevention programs are working, but acknowledged more needs to be done.
“I think we’re doing a lot of things right, otherwise the situation would quite likely be quite a lot worse.”
There has been speculation that people may be neglecting safe-sex practices because they believe that AIDS is now curable. In fact, new drugs have greatly improved survival rates but the disease remains very serious and costly to treat.
The new data will be on the agenda at the International AIDS conference to take place in Toronto Aug. 13-18.
Revision date: June 14, 2011
Last revised: by David A. Scott, M.D. | <urn:uuid:e9ac5f11-3643-42c4-a591-f1e45a13d7aa> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.health.am/aids/more/over-15000-canadians-have-aids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163704.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926061824-20180926082224-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.961753 | 616 | 2.75 | 3 |
Photons, warps, clamps and particles
The physical community has a wrong idea about the nature of photons. Photons are not waves. They cannot be waves, because in free space waves tend to spread in all directions and quickly lose their amplitude. A wave send from the nearest galaxy will reach us with a negligible amplitude and a tiny detector like the human eye will never catch it. Electromagnetic fields depend on the nearby existence of electrical charges. Also, the electrical fields diminish their amplitude quickly as 1/r with distance r from the charge. Thus, this field makes not a good carrier for transporting information as photons do.
Consequently, photons must be different things. Instead of waves, they are strings of equidistant warps. The name warp is a name that I invented to have an easy indication for a special type of solution of a homogeneous second order differential equation that describes part of the behavior of the field that carries the photons. A warp is a one-dimensional front that keeps its shape and its amplitude when it travels through the field. The front moves analogous to the bump that travels in a long rope when a sudden jerk moves the rope up and down. The warp does not deform the field. It just shudders it a little. The warps can bridge a huge distance without losing its integrity. Each warp carries a bit of energy and that bit can be interpreted as information. A warp has no frequency, but the photon, which is a string of equidistant warps has a well-defined frequency. The photon may rotate around its axis of movement. This determines the polarization of the photon. Warps and thus the photons move with fixed speed through its carrier field. The photons obey the Planck-Einstein relation. E=h ν . This means that the photon emitter must keep emitting warps at equidistant instants during a fixed period that is independent of the frequency of the photon. A similar rule holds for the absorber of the photon.
The fact that photons do not deform their carrying field does not mean that other objects cannot deform that field. Massive elementary particles do deform this field. We know this carrying field as the gravitation field. Elementary particles are point-like objects that hop around. Each hop landing generates a clamp. I invented the name clamp to have an easy indication for another special type of solution of the homogeneous second order differential equation that describes part of the behavior of the field that carries the photons and embeds the elementary particles. Clamps are spherical fronts. They also move with light speed. However, the clamps quickly lose their amplitude with increasing distance from the hop landing location. The hops form a hopping path and after a while the hop landings have formed a location swarm. After integration over a long enough period the clamps form the Green’s function of the field. That Green’s function represents the deformation of the field, which is due to the clamp. If the Green’s function is convoluted with the location density distribution that describes the swarm of clamps, then the deformation of the field that is due to the swarm results. This is the deformation of the living space of the elementary particle.
Thus, clamps do deform the embedding field, while warps only shudder the field. However, the hops that trigger the clamps must be continuously regenerated to make the deformation persistent. Otherwise, the deformation fades away. A mechanism that applies a stochastic process generates the landing locations of a hopping path and these landings form the swarm of clamps.
Together with a progression stamp, the hop locations are stored in the eigenspace of an operator that is private to the elementary particle. The corresponding eigenvector spans a ray. That ray is a one-dimensional subspace of the separable Hilbert space that is part of the subspace that represents the vane that scans the whole Hilbert space as function of progression. The vane represents the current status quo of reality. The vane is a part of reality that appears to proceed with universe wide steps through universe and all elementary modules step with that vane.
Each infinite dimensional separable Hilbert space owns a unique non-separable Hilbert space. That companion harbors operators that have continuum eigenspaces. The embedding continuum is such an eigenspace. This invites to consider the embedding of the elementary particles as an ongoing embedding of the separable Hilbert space into its non-separable companion.
The stochastic process that generates the hopping locations of the elementary particle owns a characteristic function. This function is the Fourier transform of the location density distribution that describes the location swarm. This means that the swarm owns a displacement generator. Thus, at first approximation the swarm moves as one unit. It also means that the location density distribution can be considered as a wave package. Moving packages of waves tend to disperse. However, the swarm is continuously regenerated and this prevents dispersion of the dynamic location density distribution.
This model offers two views. The first view is the storage view. It shows how all dynamic geometric data are stored in eigenspaces of operators that reside in the separable Hilbert space. The embedding process introduces a corresponding storage of the embedding field in the companion non-separable Hilbert space. The second view is the observer’s view. Here we consider all elementary particles and all modules that are constructed from these elementary modules as observers. The observers only get their information from the past and it is brought to them via vibrations and deformations of continuums that embed them. The result is that the observers get a different impression of their environment than the storage view represents. The observers view a spacetime structure that features a Minkowski structure. The storage view uses quaternions that expose a Euclidean structure. Together both views offer a complete picture of what is happening.
The embedding field is not the only field. Elementary particles have properties that are related to these other fields. Only the rest mass of the particle relates to its interaction with the embedding field. The rest mass is proportional to the number of clamps that are contained in the hopping location swarm that represents the particle. | <urn:uuid:a8f0d55e-3915-47b4-915f-72ba470c2fc2> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/site/hansvanleunen/2016/12/17/photons-warps-clamps-and-particles/?replytocom=37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572516.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916080044-20190916102044-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.929115 | 1,269 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Science Standards: 3.1. i. Students know people once thought that earth, wind, fire, and water were the basic elements that made up all matter. Science experiments show that there are more than 100 different types of atoms, which are presented on the periodic table of the elements.
Common Core Standards:
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.WS. 3. 2. Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.
CCSS.ELA- Literacy.IT.3: 5. Use text features and search tools (e.g., key words, sidebars, hyperlinks) to locate information relevant to a given topic efficiently.
This Sophia is for third graders. They will use the information from this Sophia to gather information on a specific element to create their own element square that will be used to create a class-size periodic table of elements. They will need to watch the video and read/explore the website to find the information needed for both the research question and the quiz.
Students! You are going to become experts on one element of the periodic table since there are over a hundred elements in our world. You should've been assigned your own element. You are going to make your own element square in class using the information from the video and the website here to do research on your element. Go to the website and click on the ELEMENT LIST link on the right side of the page. This will give you a list of elements, including your element. It also includes very important and interesting information about your element. READ CAREFULLY!!! Write all your findings in your science journal to use for the element square after you are finished with your research. You will need to find out information that is unique to your element:
This website goes over the different characteristics of a periodic table of elements. It also has lots of information on individual elements of the periodic table that can be used to answer the research question. The individual information can be found in the ELEMENTS LIST page on this website, which can found to the right of the page. Students- click on their individually assigned element listed on the website and use this information for another assignment. The website also can be used to answer some of the questions from the quiz.
This video gives a detailed description on how to read a element square for individual elements on the periodic table of elements. It goes over the three key features of the periodic table and how to figure out how many protons, neutrons, and electrons an element has in an easy to understand way. | <urn:uuid:f6170427-ad5e-47a1-a120-88a69d9e615e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/periodic-table-of-elements-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00478-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91276 | 529 | 4.59375 | 5 |
Arguably, the disguises mentioned in this article may be the most outrageous but believe it or not, they worked!
The Fake Tree
If you are wondering how to fake a tree, you can check out how the Jerries [this author assumes you know who they were] did it way back in World War One.
The setting for this outrageous disguise was the Oosttaverne Wood located near Messines, Belgium and the year was 1917.
Oosttaverne Wood was a “dead forest “. It was made up of a hundred or so dead trees with a muddy ground and surrounded by more nonliving matter. As the Germans wanted to spy on British artillery but couldn’t do so [a spotter hiding behind a dead, leaf-bare tree would be very, very obvious], they came up with an outrageously brilliant disguise for their spy — a fake dead tree.
So, they fashioned several sections of steel pipes into an armor-plated fake tree that stood 25 meters tall completed with painted iron bark. So as not to raise any suspicions from the enemy [a dead tree growing overnight would be very questionable, right?]. The German troops had to cut a real dead tree down in the dead of night so that they could fix their fake tree in its place. And as axing down the tree produced loud noises, they had to do the cutting under the cover of artillery fire.
With all these done, the fake tree was put in its place with a German soldier sitting [at least, a chair was structured] inside spying on the Tommies through a small window.
The biggest surprise of all was that the Germans were able to get away with their “fake tree” scheme for SEVEN UNBELIEVABLE MONTHS!
It wasn’t until the Brits blew the Germans’ trenches from below that the artificial hollow tree with a German soldier inside was discovered. Even then, they camped beside it for a while before they took notice of it and eventually found its secret.
Talk about being too effective!
The Fake Horse Carcass
Well, World War One was one war of camouflages as the next item in this list of outrageous but genius disguises were from this conflict as well.
How do you sneak up on your enemy when there’s a wide expanse of No Man’s Land in between you two? The French had the perfect answer to that — a fake horse carcass.
The exact story of how the French came into this fascinating disguise is unknown. It is commonly known that horses were very vital and widely used during the Great War that was why it was no wonder the land between trenches were not only littered with the remains of dead soldiers from both sides but with horses’ remains as well. It would have been in between fights that the French realized that the size of a dead horse’s body was big enough actually to hide a soldier inside.
Of course, using a real dead animal was horrifyingly disgusting so, they opted for a safer and less repulsive approach — by making a fake horse carcass through papier-mache.
So, they made just that — a papier-mache horse a with a hollow body big enough for a single sniper to crawl into and a gun port built inside situated at where the anus was supposed to be.
When night came, French troops dragged the body of a dead horse off from the desolated No Man’s Land and replaced it with the fake one with the sniper inside. That soldier even had a wire with him connected to his trench so that he could report back the whereabouts of the enemy.
The disguise worked until the third day when a German soldier spotted the sniper getting out of the decoy. The Jerries went on to destroy it, but that didn’t stop the French from making more fake horse bodies.
Fake Cruise/Merchant Ships
The third in this list of crazy but brilliant war disguises is still from the Great War, particularly in naval warfare.
Apparently, German U-boats were causing heavy losses for the British shipping industry during the first few months of the conflict. Furthermore, the German submarines were attacking ships that couldn’t defend themselves – like merchant sea vessels – that were either not escorted, older or smaller.
As the British badly needed the supplies brought by these merchant ships, its army’s high-ranking officers decided to do something about the problem. The solution? Let British warships pose as innocent merchant vessels and even cruise liners to lure the German U-boats and eventually, bring them to their end.
The plan was logical, alright, but the antics the British Navy employed to carry out the disguises were downright crazy!
While some warships were made to look like either old unarmed vessels or merchant ships, some were made to look like cruise liners complete with soldiers playing passengers on vacation. Some even had to pose as women – in complete costumes – lounging on the ship’s deck and cuddling to their comrades. They also practiced a simulated “abandon the ship” scheme wherein half of the crew of the vessel would “panic” when the U-boat surfaced making a show of running frantically into each other, screaming, tripping, falling and even abandoning the ship. The other half stayed hidden to man the ship’s guns.
When the U-boat surfaced and got shot-distance close, all hell would break loose.
Reportedly, some 70 German U-boats fell for this disguise with 14 sunk. This fact made WWI soldiers who cross-dressed the seventh in the list of leading causes of death during the Great War.
The fake identity guise is too commonly used when it comes to warfare. But then, some just take their fake identity disguises to a whole new [and outrageous] level like these below.
First stop, the American Civil War.
21-year-old Sarah Emma Edmonds cross-dressed as a man to get into a Union Army as she felt it was her patriotic duty to serve her country and the side she believed in. Sarah, as Private Frank Thompson, went on to become a master of disguises assuming several identities – men and women, mind you – to spy on the South.
One time, she dyed her skin black using silver nitrate [she was a white lady], donned a wig, assumed the identity of a negro named Cuff and walked right up to the Confederates announcing that “he” wanted to work for them as a spy. She must have looked and sounded so convincing that the they bought it. Eventually, they ended up losing plans to a fort and Sarah was able to learn about the identities of several Confederate spies which she brought with her – along with the plans – as she “escaped” back to Union lines.
World War Two may not be fraught with crazy but genius disguises compared to the Great War, but there were one or two worth mentioning in this article.
One example of WWII’s version of great but crazy disguises was Operation Jaywick.
It was in 1943 when a 28-year-old British officer teamed up with a 61-year-old Australian civilian in coming up with a plan to attack the Japs harboring in Singapore. They were going to pass themselves off – along with a team of Commandos – as Malay fishermen traveling from Australia to Singapore then eventually, destroy Japanese ships moored in Singapore Harbor using limpet mines.
Their plan relied heavily on their disguise not being discovered. There was just one big problem — how would they be able to play the roles of brown-skinned Malay fishermen convincingly when the team was made up of white soldiers?
Well, they dyed their skin brown, donned on the usual garb of Malay fishermen, get on a Japanese coastal fishing boat owned by the Australian civilian who devised half of the plan. They traveled 2,000 miles to Singapore and mind you, the waters between Australia and Singapore were controlled by the Japanese at that time.
Unbelievably, their plan succeeded! They were able to sink seven Japanese ships and their travel to and from Singapore was uneventful except for one frightening moment when a Japanese patrol boat approached their vessel carefully.
The Highest Honour – an Australian-Japanese Film about Operations Jaywick and Rimau
But arguably, the craziest example of these fake identity disguises happened in 1973 during the Israeli raid on Lebanon known as Operation Wrath of God.
Some of the members of the group of Israeli commandos who executed the plan were made to look like women [yes, they cross-dressed] and they were paired off with their comrades to pass off as lovers. They were able to walk past bodyguards and security successfully killing their targets including three PLO [Palestine Liberation Organization] leaders.
One interesting fact about the above-mentioned account was that among the Israeli commandos who cross-dressed for the operation was one who became Israel’s 10th Prime Minister, Deputy Minister and even Defense Minister — Ehud Barak.
A perfect example for crazy fake army disguises that the other side actually bought was WWII’s Ghost Army, a tactical unit of the US Army built purposely for deception. True to its name, the unit’s members were tasked to mimic other US Army units [the real ones] to confuse the enemy.
The Ghost Army used fake and inflatable tanks, trucks, artillery and went on to utilize the sounds of soldiers moving about to fool the Germans into thinking the US had troops in a certain place when there wasn’t. Because of the unit’s works, German troops were deflected from the locations where larger Allied combat units were positioned.
However, the Ghost Army was not an original idea by the US Army. They copied it from the British who used the same tactic for the Battle of El Alamein in 1942.
Another ghost army-ish account dates back to the 1999 Kosovo War. NATO sent a great number of warplanes to take offensive – literally rain ammunitions down – against Serb troops in Kosovo for about two months and two weeks straight. After the campaign, NATO commanders reported that the force they sent in Kosovo destroyed a total of 120 tanks, 220 armored personnel carriers, 450 pieces of artillery and killed off a total of 5,000 Serb soldiers.
But to their surprise, the Serb army that rolled out of Kosovo after the war ended was pretty much the same as the one that moved into the country at the start of the conflict. So, what did NATO’s warplanes hit during their 78-day siege against the Serbs? Fake trucks, tanks, and even soldiers.
What was crazy and funny was that the Serb army did not even try very hard to fake their own. For one, they made artillery guns out of pipes and plastic sheets!
The Fake Island
How do you make a big ship pass through enemy-infested waters and air without being singled out? Our Dutch mates from World War Two had the perfect solution — by camouflaging it as an island! As crazy as that sounds, it did work. Why would it be included in this list of crazy disguises if it did not serve its purpose?
February 1942, Battle of Java Sea. The Japs had managed to wipe out an entire Dutch-American-Australian-British combo fleet except for one. The minesweeper Abraham Crijnssen was the only Dutch warship left standing, er, sailing. The problem was, the ship did not possess any guns to combat the enemy and was severely slow sailing that its crew knew running straight towards Australia would only end up in disaster and them being fodder for the sharks.
So, they came up with the idea of disguising the Abraham Crijnssen as juts one of Indonesia’s 17,508 islands. The crew set out to paint the ships’ vertical surfaces making them look like rock cliffs while real trees were cut out and placed on deck to make it look like a jungle canopy.
So as not to raise suspicions, the Abraham Crijnssen “island” only moved at night. In the mornings, the Abraham Crijnssen anchored near the shore to make the ship look like another Indonesian island.
For eight days, the ship and its crew kept the charade up until the Abraham Crijnssen reached Australia. Here, the ship fought with the Allied troops until WWII ended. | <urn:uuid:db921a07-344c-42aa-b98c-d1088092bb39> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/some-of-the-most-outrageous-but-genius-disguises-in-war-history-crazy-but-they-did-work.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584518983.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124035411-20190124061411-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.98132 | 2,592 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Mobile game Sea Hero Quest 'helps dementia research'
Dementia researchers have developed a video game that could lead to the development of early diagnostic tests for the disease.
The way players navigate the 3D levels in Sea Hero Quest will be anonymously tracked and sent to the researchers.
Understanding how people navigate 3D environments is important because the skill is often one of the first lost by people who have dementia.
Researchers say the game could generate an unprecedented amount of data.
"We have never seen anything undertaken in dementia research at this scale before," said Hilary Evans, chief executive at Alzheimer's Research UK, one of the organisations involved.
"The largest spatial navigation study to date comprised fewer than 600 volunteers.
"Providing the research community with access to an open-source data set of this nature, at this scale, in such a short period of time is exactly the kind of innovation required to unlock the next breakthrough in dementia research."
The free game was developed by the charity, researchers from University College London and the University of East Anglia, with the backing of communications giant Deutsche Telekom.
Players follow a sailor's quest to revisit some of his father's memories, and battle fantastical sea creatures.
The routes they take will generate global "heat maps" that will show researchers how people generally explore 3D environments.
The ultimate goal is to develop new diagnostic tests that can detect when somebody's spatial navigation skills are failing.
Researchers from UCL said the game generated useful data about 150 times faster than lab-based experiments.
"In my research team, I could only test about 200 people a year, and that's working hard," Dr Hugo Spiers, from UCL, told the BBC.
"But last night I tested 200 people in one minute with this game."
Players can opt to reveal their gender, age and location to the researchers, although they can choose to take part completely anonymously.
"This project provides an unprecedented chance to study how many thousands of people from different countries and cultures navigate space," said Dr Spiers.
"It's a massive online citizen science experiment that will give us an idea of what is 'normal' through this game.
"If we tile that information together, we can get a sense of how dementia changes over a lifetime, and other demographic factors."
Dr Spiers stressed the game was not itself a test for dementia.
"If you're worried about your memory or any changes to your health, speak to your GP," he said.
The researchers plan to share the first results of their data collection in November. | <urn:uuid:6cc1a6de-7a13-4423-a3af-30b019bd6103> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-36203674 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826715.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215035757-20181215061757-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.941985 | 531 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Oxpeckers and Rhinoceros - Syn Biosis
African rhinos and African oxpeckers share a symbiotic relationship that was once confidently described as mutualistic, but recent research indicates that the. The adorable oxpecker, perched on the back of a rhinoceros or zebra, However, the relationship isn't one of total simplicity: though they rid. The oxpeckers perform a symbiotic relationship with the large, hoofed mammals of the area: giraffes, antelope, zebra, Cape buffalo and rhinoceroses. There is.
Rhinos & the Oxpecker Bird
They rely on microflora that are able to digest this material, releasing nutrients like fatty acids that the host animal can absorb and use for energy — an example of mutualism. The hosts don't ruminate like cattle; the microflora work in the host's hindgut. Studies of white rhino dung show bacteria of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes dominating the microflora living in the rhino gut, along with many other unclassified bacteria.
A Symbiotic, but Parasitic, Relationship in a Rhino's Gut The rhinoceros bot fly Gyrostigma rhinocerontis lives exclusively in the digestive tracts of both white and black rhinoceroses. The adults, which are the largest flies in Africa, lay their eggs on the skin of rhinos, and the larvae burrow into the rhino's stomach, where they attach and live through larval stages called "instars.
Then they have only a few days to find another rhinoceros host.
This symbiotic relationship has no benefit to the rhino hosts, while the flies are "obligate parasites," which means they're dependent on the rhinos — they can't complete their life cycle without them.
A Highly Visible Example of Symbiosis Oxpecker birds Buphagus erythrorhynchusalso called tickbirds, specialize in riding on large African animals, including rhinos and zebras, feeding on external parasites like the bot-fly larvae and ticks.
Rhinos & the Oxpecker Bird | Animals - promovare-site.info
The International Rhino Foundation describes how mynah birds serve the same role on rhinos in India. The oxpeckers feast on the parasites they find, and they also lend the favor of raising a loud warning when a potential predator approaches.
Ticks and other insects feasting on the buffalo are removed by the oxpecker.
Oxpeckers leave no crevice untouched, and will even work their ways into their hosts ears to remove insects, earwax and parasites. In addition, the oxpecker will eat diseased wound tissue, keeping wounds clean as they heal.
- What Is the Relationship Between an Oxpecker & a Bison?
- Those Little Birds On The Backs Of Rhinos Actually Drink Blood
Oxpeckers also will hiss when they become alarmed, and can alert their host --who is a prey mammal-- to potential danger. Oxpecker Benefits The oxpecker will spend his entire life on his hosts, except for nesting, which occurs in cavities of trees. In this relationship, the part of the oxpecker is obligate; he is dependent upon the host as a source of food.Indian rhino coexisting with birds, as part of their symbiotic relationship
In addition to the meals he receives every day, the oxpecker also is protected from many predators while on the relative safety of the host. Oxpeckers consume dandruff and scar tissue, and have been known to open up wounds on their host to eat the blood and scabs, potentially slowing the healing process.
Mutualism There are various types of symbiotic relationships. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship that benefits both organisms. | <urn:uuid:f3ad49e5-5efd-4ff6-9765-1644f085b15b> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://promovare-site.info/and-relationship/an-oxpecker-and-rhinoceros-relationship.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986693979.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019114429-20191019141929-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.937002 | 810 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Mo"ment (?), n. [F. moment, L. momentum, for movimentum movement, motion, moment, fr. movere to move. See Move, and cf. Momentum, Movement.]
A minute portion of time; a point of time; an instant; as, at thet very moment.
In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye.
1 Cor. xv. 52.
Impulsive power; force; momentum.
The moments or quantities of motion in bodies.
Touch, with lightest moment of impulse,
His free will.
Importance, as in influence or effect; consequence; weight or value; consideration.
Matters of great moment.
It is an abstruse speculation, but also of far less moment and consequence of us than the others.
An essential element; a deciding point, fact, or consideration; an essential or influential circumstance.
An infinitesimal change in a varying quantity; an increment or decrement.
Tendency, or measure of tendency, to produce motion, esp. motion about a fixed point or axis.
Moment of a couple Mech., the product of either of its forces into the perpendicular distance between them. -- Moment of a force. Mech. (a) With respect to a point, the product of the intensity of the force into the perpendicular distance from the point to the line of direction of the force. (b) With respect to a line, the product of that component of the force which is perpendicular to the plane passing through the line and the point of application of the force, into the shortest distance between the line and this point. (c) With respect to a plane that is parallel to the force, the product of the force into the perpendicular distance of its point of application from the plane. -- Moment of inertia, of a rotating body, the sum of the mass of each particle of matter of the body into the square of its distance from the axis of rotation; -- called also moment of rotation and moment of the mass. -- Statical moment, the product of a force into its leverage; the same as moment of a force with respect to a point, line, etc. -- Virtual moment. See under Virtual.
Syn. -- Instant; twinkling; consequence; weight; force; value; consideration; signification; avail.
© Webster 1913. | <urn:uuid:05b5f30b-a997-486c-9d98-d9360068b7d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://everything2.com/title/moment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00517-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884078 | 493 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Emotion Networks in the Novel
For my ongoing project on the history of emotions in the novel, I thought I’d post a first pass of emotion networks that appear in the Romantic Novel versus the Postwar Novel. The networks are based on emotion words that occur in the same sentence. The more often emotions appear in the same sentence the stronger their connections, the closer they will appear. The size of the word is an indication of the number of different emotion words that each word connects with.
The initial finding of interest here is the way the postwar network is both less dense and also more heterogeneous (what network scientists would call a decline of assortativity). The emotional intensity of the novel has declined, but the emotional complexity has arguably increased. Emotion words are not grouping quite as strongly with words in their own emotions. The hypothesis would be that there is more emotional conflict happening at the sentence level of the novel as it appears in the second half of the twentieth century.
These networks represent small sets of around 40 novels each. I am taking a second pass on larger data sets and am curious if the results hold. I will also be calculating the actual measures of things like density and assortativity to better understand the extent of this shift. The next step will be going in and finding out what it means when different kinds of emotion words appear in sentences together. What is being captured here?
I thought these graphs give a nice initial idea of the ways in which the emotional networks of the novel have changed over the course of two centuries. | <urn:uuid:eb980e92-5d8d-4595-a0fa-67c48520be34> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://txtlab.org/2014/11/emotion-networks-in-the-novel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.966006 | 313 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Support for emissions reductions, renewables and energy efficiency
Almost nine in ten EU citizens (88%) agree that greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced to a minimum, while offsetting the remaining emissions to make the EU climate-neutral by 2050. Close to nine in ten Europeans (87%) think it is important that the EU sets ambitious targets to increase renewable energy use, and a similar number (85%) believe that it is important for the EU to take action to improve energy efficiency, for example by encouraging people to insulate their home, install solar panels or buy electric cars. Seven in ten respondents (70%) believe that reducing fossil fuel imports can increase energy security and benefit the EU economically.
Citizens committed to individual action and structural reform
A large majority of EU citizens are already taking individual climate action (93%) and consciously making sustainable choices in their daily lives. However, when asked who is responsible for tackling climate change, citizens underlined the need for other reforms to accompany individual action, pointing also to the responsibility of national governments (56%), the EU (56%) and business and industry (53%).
European citizens also feel the threat of climate change in their daily lives. On average, over a third of Europeans feel personally exposed to environmental and climate-related risks and threats, with more than half feeling this way in 7 Member States, mostly in Southern Europe but also in Poland and Hungary. 84% of Europeans agree that tackling climate change and environmental issues should be a priority to improve public health, while 63% of those surveyed agree that preparing for the impacts of climate change can have positive outcomes for EU citizens.
Source: European Commission
The post Eurobarometer: Majority of Europeans consider that the green transition should go faster appeared first on Vastuullisuusuutiset.fi. | <urn:uuid:f407b150-64a8-4ee6-9626-70110eacc18d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://crnet.fi/responsibility-news/science-news/eurobarometer-majority-of-europeans-consider-that-the-green-transition-should-go-faster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506623.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924055210-20230924085210-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.944487 | 363 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Introduction and Summary
The overall geometry of the Planck focal plane is shown here:
In order to take full advantage of the Planck beams, we must know the individual detector pointing positions to a precision of better than several arcseconds, over the course of the entire mission.
Spacecraft pointing comes from the on-board star tracker sampled at 8 Hz between repointings (Attitude History File, AHFAttitude History File). This is translated via a series of three-dimensional rotations to a pointing for the centre of the focal plane and resampled to the HFI(Planck) High Frequency Instrument or LFI(Planck) Low Frequency Instrument TOI data rate for convenience. We must then further rotate this focal-plane boresight pointing to the individual detector locations. Because neither the rotations from the star tracker to the boresight nor those from the boresight to the individual detectors are known exactly a priori, we must calibrate them using flight data.
Specifically, measurements of HFI(Planck) High Frequency Instrument and LFI(Planck) Low Frequency Instrument detector pointing are based largely on observations of the brighter planets, with information from the much more frequent observations of lower-flux Galactic and extragalactic high-frequency sources used to monitor and build a model of overall pointing drift. This long-term drift of the spacecraft attitude is due to changes in the moment of inertia of the spacecraft, and also includes specific events which may induce sudden changes, essentially random as far as our ability to predict their effects is concerned. In this delivery HFI(Planck) High Frequency Instrument used a model (described below) to follow the pointing drift continuously, while LFI(Planck) Low Frequency Instrument uses two different focal plane descriptions for the two time periods separated by operations perfomed on the instrument that modified the thermal behaviour. The two approach are consistent to better than a few arcsec.
Note that for HFI(Planck) High Frequency Instrument the resulting pointing model cannot easily be directly compared to a physical/optical model: in particular, it includes a phase shift in the scan direction from the convolution and deconvolution of the detector transfer function, which is complex in the Fourier domain (see Planck-2013-VII). This phase shift was not measured during normal operations, but a short campaign during which the spacecraft was spun at a higher rate will be used to determine these offsets in future date releases. Comparison with the initial optical model indicates that the in-scan change due to this phase shift is of the order of 1 arcminute. Note also that aberration is corrected in all observations.
The final pointing model is measured to be better than 2 arcsecond rms in the co-scan and cross-scan directions averaged over ten-day periods, as shown below. Note that there are larger hourly drifts of up to 10 arcseconds due to interference from the radiometer electronics box assembly (REBALFI Radiometer Electronics Box Assembly) as discussed more fully in Planck-2013-VI.
The corrected quaternions are interpolated using Spherical Linear Interpolation algorithm and transformed in cartesian vector, which we call. For each sample the stellar aberration correction is applied:
whereis the satellite velocity and is the speed of light. After this operation the vector is normalized.
Finally the cartesian vetor is converted in Ecliptic Coordinates, the detector pointing.
The rotation of the beam with respect to North is theangle and is computed rotating the corrected quaternions using:
The resulting rotation matrix represents the rotation of the beam, theangle is then:
Focal plane drift
The low frequency pointing correction, known as PTCOR has been reworked to include satellite "wobble" angle corrections (difference between the satellite spin frame and the rigid body reference frame). The move was necessitated by problems in the measured wobble angles beyond the HFI(Planck) High Frequency Instrument mission (beyond survey 5). We also observed that the long time scale features in the pointing correction were very well fitted by a template constructed from the solar distance. This template was further augmented by including a linear fit component and breaks at times of known thermal disturbance onboard the spacecraft.
- Planck 2013 results. VII. HFI time response and beams, Planck Collaboration, 2014, A&A, 571, A7
- Planck 2013 results. VI. High Frequency Instrument Data Processing, Planck Collaboration, 2014, A&A, 571, A6 | <urn:uuid:094dc9d5-214a-4b48-a700-1116be9749b4> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://wiki.cosmos.esa.int/planckpla2015/index.php?title=Detector_pointing&oldid=11287 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512400.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019124748-20181019150248-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.922056 | 938 | 3.1875 | 3 |
As the continually-rising cost to go to college puts more pressure on the ability of students to do so, one of the distinct casualties, outside of the most obvious one, has proven to be the ability to actually finish school in a timely fashion. The bachelor’s degree has also been less formally called a four-year degree for as long as anyone can remember, and the reason for that has been the historical structuring of the program requirements over four academic years. However, the data reveals that it has been years since most bachelor’s degree students have earned their degrees within four years, and while that may seem unfortunate to some, the shift in the overall trend has essentially eliminated any stigma that may have once existed over failing to graduate in four years. The silver lining to that is the greater freedom now afforded a student who wishes to take a more measured approach, from a personal financial standpoint, to earning his degree.
Fact : Only 19% Of Students Finish A Bachelor's Degree In Four Years
According to Department of Education figures, roughly a third of all students beginning bachelor’s degree programs actually finish in four years, and nearly 60 percent complete their studies in six years. However, although taking longer to graduate from college has historically been perceived more negatively, not only is that no longer the case, but careful management of a work-study balance en route to a prized degree can actually make an extended timeline genuinely beneficial. As to the former, because the number of students requiring longer than four years to graduate is so substantial, no one in that group is now considered unusual on that singular basis by anyone, including prospective employers. Additionally, taking longer to finish a degree program affords the earnest individual more time to work while studying, which, in turn, gives him the chance to have more fully paid for school by his graduation date.
Old habits die hard, so it’s not likely that we’ll stop alternatively referring to bachelor’s degrees as four-year degrees anytime soon, but the term has largely been a misnomer for a while now. That said, the shift to earning the coveted bachelor’s degree over a longer period is not only not seen as a bad thing anymore, but it can actually be a big help to the person seeking to emerge from his studies without a mountain of debt as a burdensome companion; in fact, taking a modestly slower route to graduation, one that provides more opportunity to earn the money that can be applied directly to tuition and other related costs, may actually be the superior one to travel these days.
Robert G. Yetman, Jr.
Managing Editor, The James L. Paris Report | <urn:uuid:ab963337-3277-4c02-befd-8ca6ac3c9262> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://blog.christianmoney.com/2015/01/why-do-we-still-call-it-a-four-year-degree-anyway.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210133.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815141842-20180815161842-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.975897 | 544 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Yesterday the Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island, blew out 250 candles on its metaphoric cake. Built between 1759 and 1763 by English architect Peter Harrison, it was the second synagogue constructed in what would become the United States. The first was built in 1730 for the Congregation Shearith Israel on Mill Street in lower Manhattan, but that was demolished in 1818 to make room for a larger synagogue on the same spot leaving the Touro Synagogue the oldest synagogue in the country. It is now the only surviving synagogue from the colonial era.
Newport had had a small but vibrant Jewish community since the first 15 families arrived from Barbados in 1658. These were Spanish and Portuguese Jews, a subset of Sephardic Jews descended from conversos, forced converts to Christianity under the Inquisition who reverted to their ancestral Judaism when they left Spain and Portugal for more tolerant pastures, including colonies in South America and the West Indies. The Shearith Israel congregation was established in New Amsterdam against the strident wishes of Governor Peter Stuyvesant thanks to the intervention of Jewish directors of the Dutch West India Company, while Jews were banned from British North America as they had been in all British territory since King Edward I’s Edict of Expulsion in 1290. It was Oliver Cromwell who, in exchange for financing, let them come back almost 400 years later in 1657. That opened the door in the colonies as well, and the Newport Jews were the first to walk through.
They still have to deal with colonial laws that prohibited them from public worship, from holding office and from voting. The Jewish congregations in New York and Rhode Island used their private homes as synagogues for decades until in the laws changed in the first half of the 18th century. The Shearith Israel synagogue was built at the first opportunity to attend to the spiritual needs of the relatively large Manhattan congregation. The smaller Congregation Yeshuat Israel in Newport reached a critical mass of about 70 congregants three decades later and what is now known as the Touro Synagogue was built.
Peter Harrison was a self-taught architect who is known for being the first to introduce Palladian design to colonial America. The elegant exterior of the Newport synagogue has Palladian elements while for the interior he relied on the memory of cantor Isaac Touro, a recent arrival from Amsterdam via the West Indies. He described to Harrison the Sephardic synagogues he had known in Amsterdam and they informed the architects’ design. The Yeshuat Israel synagogue was dedicated during Chanukah celebrations on December 2nd, 1763.
On the eve of the Revolution, there were an estimated 1,175 Jews in Newport, 300 of them regular attendants at the synagogue. Newport was hard hit by the onset of hostilities. The English took the city in the fall of 1776, confiscating patriot ships, buildings and businesses. Many pro-Independence residents fled to Massachusetts and elsewhere. A few stayed behind at great risk to themselves, among them Isaac Touro and Moses Seixas, an ardent patriot and the founder of the King David Masonic Lodge in Newport, the oldest Jewish lodge in the country. They kept watch over the synagogue which had been commandeered by the British for use as a hospital and public assembly hall. Its usefulness is what kept it intact even as the British demolished a great many colonial Newport structures to burn their wood during the winter.
The British left Newport in 1779 and the ousted patriots began to return to put their homes and businesses back together. In September of 1780, the first post-occupation General Assembly of the State of Rhode Island convened in the synagogue. Ten years later on August 17-18th, 1790, the Congregation Yeshuat Israel played host to President George Washington, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Governor George Clinton of New York, U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Blair of Virginia, and U.S. Congressman William Loughton Smith of South Carolina. Rhode Island had a long tradition of religious tolerance going back to its founder Roger Williams who was banished from Massachusetts for his heretical religious beliefs, so it was the last state to ratify the Constitution on May 29, 1790, and only did so after it was assured that a Bill of Rights would be added. Washington visited Newport, and very pointedly the synagogue, to rally support for the Bill of Rights which was still being debated in the legislatures of Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Georgia at the time.
At the time of his visit, Moses Seixas was the president of the synagogue. As a fellow high-ranking mason, a civilian hero of the Revolution and the brother of Shearith Israel Congregation’s Rabbi Gershon Mendes Seixas, aka the “patriot rabbi” who was one of 14 religious leaders to officiate at Washington’s 1789 Inauguration, Moses was tasked with delivering a welcome address to the President. His eloquent words in favor of democracy and freedom of conscience and George Washington’s quotation of them in his response have gone down in history as a seminal exchange on the subject of religious freedom at the dawn of the United States.
The key passage from the Seixas address:
Deprived as we heretofore have been of the invaluable rights of free Citizens, we now with a deep sense of gratitude to the Almighty disposer of all events behold a Government, erected by the Majesty of the People — a Government, which to bigotry gives no sanction, to persecution no assistance — but generously affording to all Liberty of conscience, and immunities of Citizenship: deeming every one, of whatever Nation, tongue, or language equal parts of the great governmental Machine[.]
On August 21nd, 1790, George Washington sent a letter to the Congregation Yeshuat Israel in response. The oft-quoted passage therefrom:
The citizens of the United States of America have a right to applaud themselves for having given to mankind examples of an enlarged and liberal policy—a policy worthy of imitation. All possess alike liberty of conscience and immunities of citizenship.
It is now no more that toleration is spoken of as if it were the indulgence of one class of people that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights, for, happily, the Government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens in giving it on all occasions their effectual support. [...]
May the children of the stock of Abraham who dwell in this land continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other inhabitants—while every one shall sit in safety under his own vine and fig tree and there shall be none to make him afraid.
Washington’s reply, in particular his repetition of Moses Seixas’ phrase, “to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance,” has become emblematic of the new nation’s dedication to religious liberty and the separation of church and state. The original manuscript of the address is part of the George Washington Papers in the Library of Congress and the original Washington response belongs to Frederick Phillips of New York, but so important is this exchange that even contemporary newspaper print versions are incredibly valuable. The address and letter were printed in the Gazette of the United States, an early Federal newspaper in Philadelphia, on September 15th, 1790. That page and another from the September 11th, 1790, issue that describes the President’s visit to Newport are going on sale at a Bonhams’ Judaica auction on December 10th. The pre-sale estimate is $80,000 – $100,000.
The Congregation Yeshuat Israel synagogue went through some hard times after Washington’s visit. In 1791 regular services stopped as the once bustling commercial life of Newport slumped and much of the merchant class moved to New York. The Jewish community was reduced to a few longtime residents and regular visitors who returned to attend an occasional holy day service or funeral. The cemetery continued to be used as former residents often asked to be buried in the traditional cemetery of their fathers. It was the Touro family, Isaac’s sons Abraham and Judah, who donated money to fund maintenance on the synagogue and cemetery in their old hometown. In the first half of the 19th century, they both made substantial bequests to the state of Rhode Island for the perpetual care of the Congregation properties. That’s when the synagogue became known as the Touro Synagogue
It wasn’t until the population of Jews in Newport was boosted by Eastern European immigrants in 1883 that the synagogue reopened for regular worship again. Although the Jewish population of Newport is small today — an estimated 200 people — the synagogue’s commitment to its rich history is unflagging and it is visited by thousands of tourists a year. The synagogue holds an annual public reading of George Washington’s famous letter that is so popular you have to make reservations to attend. This year the keynote speaker was Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan who said: “In the early years of the Republic, every word George Washington said was addressed to the larger country, and every aspect of that lesson resonates today as strongly as it did in 1790.” | <urn:uuid:1611dcb0-f12d-438a-9b24-e36bf7feac42> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/28183 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644062327.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025422-00230-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972393 | 1,912 | 3.3125 | 3 |
** Fascinating and Profound Insights **
Quality: * * * * Acceptability: +4
RATING: Not Rated
RELEASE: May/June 2009
TIME: 52 minutes
CONTENT: (CCC, Ev) Ultimately very Christian worldview that exposes and explores the true story of Darwin and presents his humanist, anti-Christian views with dignity and respect, but in the process reveals the flaws, confusion and falsehoods of his theories; and, nothing objectionable.
INTENDED AUDIENCE: All ages
REVIEWER: Dr. Ted Baehr
Mention the name Charles Darwin and people will get very upset or very enthusiastic. THE VOYAGE THAT SHOOK THE WORLD is an extremely well crafted exploration of who Charles Darwin was and what he believed, released in time for the 200th anniversary of his birth.
This fascinating documentary is not a hatchet job or a propaganda piece. Instead, it lets Darwin speak for himself and presents his story through the eyes of professors and others who admire the man. In the process, however, his flaws, confusion and false theories emerge.
The beginning shows that Darwin was a very curious boy who was deeply influenced by his humanist grandparents, one of whom developed a whole theory of evolution. As a boy, Darwin also liked to fabricate stories. As a young man, he got the great opportunity to sail around the world. Everywhere he went, he tried to look at the world through the prism of slow geological development. He knew that his position was contrary to the traditional interpretation of the Bible, Genesis and to God. And, he was clear that one could not hold to his position and to the Christian faith.
His geological uniformitarianism was refuted by some of the things he actually encountered on his trip. In Chile, he experienced an earthquake and an island off the coast rose 10 feet. Because this cataclysmic change did not fit his worldview, he had to discount it. The scientists who discuss Darwin point out that no one holds to strict uniformitarianism today.
We see how the development of Darwin’s theory of common descent through survival of the fittest was profoundly influenced by the death of three of his children, his uncomfortable meeting with natives in South America, and some of the evils he saw in nature. Again, today the facts belie some of the foundations of his theory.
What the program shows is that Darwin was able to popularize a crude, simple notion. But, even though most scientists are on his side, note that many of his ideas now prove unscientific.
This is a beautifully produced program, from the dramatic recreations to the interviews to the current and contemporary reflections. This is one of the best-produced documentaries ever made. Because of its fairness and clarity, it will likely air on many major networks, and if people watch it with an open mind, it may turn their hearts and minds away from the confusion that is Darwinism toward asking the right questions that can lead them to the truth.
Please address your comments to:
STARRING: Matthew O’Sullivan, narrator
DIRECTOR: Steve Murray
PRODUCERS: Ben Suter
EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS: Dr. Carl Wieland
WRITERS: George Marriott and Steve Murray
BASED ON AN ORIGINAL CONCEPT BY: Dr. Emil Silvestru
DISTRIBUTOR: TVF Ltd (broadcast) and Fathom Media (DVD)
Do you enjoy articles like this? Click here to become a monthly donor and receive a copy of GOD'S NOT DEAD on DVD! | <urn:uuid:52feb7cb-e3a5-4055-bb95-27c5866b10bb> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.movieguide.org/news-articles/tv-review-the-voyage-that-shook-the-world.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574665.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921211246-20190921233246-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.959325 | 739 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Jan Curious about one of the oldest medicine systems still in use? The knowledge of Ayurveda has at various times . Jump to Treatment and prevention – Ayurveda is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. Globalized and modernized . It was developed more than 0years ago in India. Dec Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine. It uses a wide range of treatments and techniques.
Find out more and read about research . Nearly half the US populations turns to complementary, alternative and integrative practices to maintain or. Mar Herbs used in the ancient healing system could yield a cure. Problemas associados com ensaios clínicos de medicamentos Ayurvédicos. Apr What is Ayurveda exactly?
Ayurvedic Medicine is an in-depth exploration into the heart of Ayurveda. Written by our co-founder and Ayurvedic Practitioner, Sebastian Pole, it clearly and . May Many Indians, including Prime Minister Narendra Modi, think that integrating the ancient medical system of ayurveda with allopathic medicine is. Covers ayurveda ( ayurvedic medicine) from India. Ayurvedic medicine is a personalized system of traditional medicine native to India and the Indian subcontinent.
GIAM is recognized as the largest and most authentic resource of information on Ayurveda in the United States. Apr The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) is aware of recent research into the toxic heavy metal content of some Ayurvedic herbal medicine. Paper presented within the 22nd International Congress of the History of Science,.
Beijing, 24th to 30th July,. No guidelines as per my knowledge goes. Many Allopathic doctors prescribes Herbal Ayurveda medicines in particular proprietary having done clinical trials. At Medanta, the latest that the technology has to offer works in synergy with the time-tested practice of Ayurveda. Our Department of Integrative Medicine uses . Jiva Ayurveda products – Get Ayurvedic Treatement in Jiva Clinics and online consultation with Best Ayurvedic Doctors.
Sep But research is still ongoing. Work with your doctor to determine if ayurvedic medicine is safe . Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and the Ayurvedic system of medicine originated in India are among the time-honored holistic approaches to healing,. Representing the Ayurvedic profession in the United States of America, we seek to preserve, protect, . Apr Ayurveda is an ancient medical practice that people sometimes use to try to help their psoriasis. It involves incorporating a special diet, herbal . Feb Some participants recounted having sought ayurveda as a complement to conventional medicine , or in cases when conventional medicine had . DIVYA MEDHA VATI-EXTRA POWER GM.
SHUDDH SHILAJEET (SAT) GM. It originated in India and has evolved there over thousands of years. Joshi, BAMS – Sunday, at Eight Branches Academy of Eastern . This book offers an overview of the culture in which Ayurveda devleoped and a scientific basis behind its theories and traditions.
It then discusses the principles . Besides Ayurvedic Consultations, Treatments and Medicines , we offer unique Panchakarma, Detox- and Rejuvenation Programs and specialised Executive . Pursue your calling through Ayurveda. SCU teaches students how to heal the min body and spirit with Ayurveda Certificate programs in Los Angeles. Goa and was a forerunner of the development of tropical medicine as a. The origin of Ayurveda ( medicine ) was attributed by the ancient Hindus.
It consists of a number of disciplines, including aromatherapy, . Aug Ayurveda is an indigenous medical system of natural healing, with roots in folk medicine, in practice on the Indian subcontinent since at least . Jul Nisha Saini has been practicing an Indian traditional health form called Ayurveda for more than years. She runs a small alternative health . The word “Ayurveda” is made up of two Sanskrit words meaning “the knowledge of life. Aug My acquaintance with Ayurveda wasn?
Jul Knowledge, attitude, and practices toward ayurvedic medicine use among allopathic resident doctors: A cross-sectional study at a tertiary care . Jun Modern medicine will combine with alternative medicine, in an effort to determine whether Ayurveda , traditional Indian medicine , can offer hope . Philosophical aspects of Ayurveda, focusing on the oldest surviving medical treatise, the Caraka-Saṃhitā. | <urn:uuid:001e5f59-06a9-4a01-ba85-bd11ddc5f4f8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://organicvitamink.ru/ayurvedic-medicine-in/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039388763.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420091336-20210420121336-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.915926 | 976 | 2.6875 | 3 |
An Unlikely Tool for Combatting Secularization
Pontifical Council Points to Potential of Migration
| 3642 hits
VATICAN CITY, FEB. 12, 2010 (Zenit.org).- Migration can be a tool to halt the spread of secularization, if the Church becomes a focal point for young immigrants and immigration becomes an opportunity for evangelization.
This was one of the conclusions from the Sixth World Congress on the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Refugees, which took place at the Vatican last November.
The theme of the conference focused on a pastoral response to the phenomenon of migration in the era of globalization, five years after the instruction "Erga Migrantes Caritas Christi."
The final document from the meeting was released today by the Pontifical Council for Migrants and Travelers.
From the four-day conference, which included an audience with Benedict XVI, delegates extracted 21 recommendations.
Firstly, they proposed that Church structures need to be developed and strengthened "through increased collaboration and networking between bishops of host, transit and countries of origin."
In this regard, institutes of consecrated life play a valuable role, the delegates observed.
Several of the recommendations dealt specifically with the particular difficulties facing young migrants.
The Church must "open its arms to all migrants, whatever may be their age, creed or conviction," the final document affirms.
And the delegates went on to offer the reflection that immigration, if handled well, can become a tool to fight growing secularization.
They proposed: "In transforming the Church into a meeting point especially for young migrants, the negative effect of secularization can be defeated thus contributing to transforming migration into an opportunity for evangelization, in full respect of everyone’s choice. This calls for a clear vision, specific pastoral guidelines, dedication and brotherly love to reach out to young migrants."
The pontifical council conference further recommended that local Churches "incorporate in their pastoral programs the faith and value formation of children who have at least one foreign parent, while Churches of origin are encouraged to develop programs to respond to the needs of the migrants’ families or children who have been left behind in their homeland."
Learning to trust
The delegates recognized that there is a "growing mutual mistrust between the migrants and refugees and their receiving communities" and they encouraged diocese to take concrete steps to stop this problem.
"Indeed the Church can encourage all [...] to live together peacefully and develop a culture of reciprocity in the world," the document states. "In this context, Catholic migrant and refugee associations are not to be seen only in terms of their identity and protection levels, but even more as promoters of the active participation of migrants and refugees in the life of the society, together with the members of the local communities."
The delegates also noted the fundamental role of migration in the history of the Church.
"Catholic and all Christian migrants are a significant missionary force for the Church," the document states. "They are therefore urged to be steadfast in their faith and maintain their connection with the local Church, wherever they may be, to be able to effectively carry out their missionary role in their host countries.
"In fact, the Christian faith was 'sown' in the world, and in all times, largely through migrants."
And besides spreading the faith, the delegates suggested, migrants can promote peace.
Ecumenical networking in migration should be promoted, they said, "as it can be an important contribution to peace and reconciliation, when diversity is not considered a reason for exclusion, but an opportunity for enrichment and growth."
Finally, conference participants called for the promotion of more efforts within the Church.
Recommendations included: making better use of mass media and modern means of communication; promoting the Catholic World Day of Migrants and Refugees, as encouraged by the Holy Father; promoting international campaigns to publicly combat discrimination, xenophobia and racism; and rendering migrants advocates of their own cultural identity and rights, as they give concrete signs of respect for the laws, culture and tradition of the host country.
--- --- ---
On ZENIT's Web page:
Full text: http://www.zenit.org/article-28337?l=english | <urn:uuid:77222680-b524-40df-af12-a894b1518eb0> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/an-unlikely-tool-for-combatting-secularization | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400374040.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123254-00196-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942756 | 864 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What Is Daylight Saving Time?
Daylight Saving Time (DST) is the practice of setting the clocks forward one hour from standard time during the summer months, and back again in the fall, in order to make better use of natural daylight.
Clocks Back or Forward?
“Spring forward, fall back” is one of the little sayings used to remember which way to set your watch. You set your clock forward one hour in the spring when DST starts (= lose 1 hour), and back one hour when DST ends in the fall (= regain 1 hour).
North America, Central America, Europe, Asia, northern Africa
Many countries in the Northern Hemisphere (north of the equator) use DST in the summer time, but not all. Daylight Saving Time usually starts in March-April and ends in September-November when the countries return to standard time, or winter time as it is also known.
Australia, New Zealand, most of South America, southern Africa
Not without Controversy
Proposals to stay on standard time or move to full-time DST appear on the legislative agenda in the United States nearly every clock change. Since 2015, more than 200 daylight saving bills and resolutions have been introduced in almost every state across the US, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.
Several US states have passed bills in favor of permanent DST. However, they need congressional approval to abolish the time change. For this to happen, Congress first has to pass a federal law allowing states to observe DST year-round, because today's law only allows states to forgo DST.
European Union Ready to Scrap DST
Daylight Saving Time could soon be a thing of the past in Europe. On March 26, 2019, the European Parliament voted in favor of backing the EU Committee draft directive to stop the one-hour clock change in the European Union.
The proposal is another formal step towards a permanent elimination of DST in the EU and will form the basis of discussions between the EU Ministers to produce a final law repealing Directive 2000/84/EC, the EU's existing DST legislation.
More Than 100 Years
When Germany first set the clocks forward on April 30, 1916, it became the first country in the world to use DST on a national level. However, the town of Thunder Bay in Ontario, Canada implemented DST as far back as 1908.
US inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin first proposed the concept of DST in 1784, but modern Daylight Saving Time was first suggested in 1895. At that time, George Vernon Hudson, an entomologist from New Zealand, presented a proposal for a 2-hour daylight saving shift.
Why Use DST at All?
Less than 40% of the countries in the world use DST. Some countries use it to make better use of the natural daylight in the evenings. The difference in light is most noticeable in the areas at a certain distance from Earth's equator.
Some studies show that DST could lead to fewer road accidents and injuries by supplying more daylight during the hours more people use the roads. Other studies claim that people's health might suffer due to DST changes.
DST is also used to reduce the amount of energy needed for artificial lighting during the evening hours. However, many studies disagree about DST's energy savings, and while some studies show a positive outcome, others do not.
Not Always One Hour
Today clocks are almost always set one hour back or ahead.
Throughout history, there have been several variations, like half adjustments (30 minutes) or double adjustment (2 hours). Adjustments of 20 and 40 minutes have also been used. | <urn:uuid:ff9cee50-4536-4be4-add2-60d67aa9e660> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://visionsj.com/time/dst/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511386.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004152134-20231004182134-00760.warc.gz | en | 0.933549 | 765 | 3.5625 | 4 |
May. 22 2009
The World Health Organization’s World No Tobacco Day, observed every May 31, focuses global attention on the devastating toll of the international tobacco epidemic and the urgent need for nations to implement proven measures to reduce tobacco use and save lives. This year’s theme is “Tobacco Health Warnings.”
Large, pictorial warnings are effective in communicating the health risks associated with tobacco use. Pictorial warnings also detract from the overall attractiveness of tobacco packaging, which is important for a product whose primary new users are young and image- and brand-conscious.
The WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the first global public health treaty, obligates its more than 160 member countries to require "health warnings describing the harmful effects of tobacco use" on tobacco packaging.
Studies have found that warning labels are most effective at communicating the health risks of tobacco use when they contain both pictures and words, and are large and in color. Warning labels also must be rotated periodically to avoid over exposure.
Governments that are Parties to the FCTC must begin to use this inexpensive method of informing consumers about the risks of smoking. Yet the WHO found that of 176 member states, 44 percent (77 countries) did not require any warnings on cigarette packs, and 40 percent (71 countries) require warnings covering less than 30 percent of the principal display area.
The treaty also calls on nations to implement additional scientifically proven measures to reduce tobacco use, including:
Tobacco use continues to be the most preventable cause of death in the word. In fact, according to the WHO, tobacco use will kill one billion people worldwide this century unless nations act now to save lives. | <urn:uuid:8612a9b3-2d8f-4d00-985d-b0336c395ef5> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/press_releases/post/id_1294 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828283.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00325-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928368 | 347 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Innovative ideas are the backbone of a healthy education system, but when the system fails you and your family, what are your options? Parents around the country are choosing to innovate on their own! With micro-schooling and homeschool pods spreading in popularity since the pandemic, these alternatives to both private and public school provide your children with individual learning opportunities as well as plenty of time for critical thinking and peer interaction.
Micro-schooling is an alternative to traditional schooling (both private and public) as well as homeschooling. In micro-schools, students have personalized learning plans and individual learning experiences, so they often complete their core learning online at the micro-school’s location; however, they also work together to develop group projects under the supervision of a generalist learning coach. Usually, multiple ages blend to brainstorm, organize, and complete hands-on learning projects together. The multi-age groups also participate in small group discussions to further help their critical thinking skills, but part of their coursework is done individually.
Micro-schools have popped up around the country and, rather than being run by parents, are usually initiated and organized by official networks, similar to the way charter schools are formed. In other words, most micro-schools, although the idea and execution gives off the feel of a one-room schoolhouse, are run by private companies. As a result, micro-schools are considered private schools, so although they charge tuition that can be pretty steep in some locations, families who live in states that offer voucher programs can use that money toward the tuition.
Homeschool pods are pretty unique, and although the temptation is to think that micro-schooling and homeschool pods are similar, they actually have some major differences. Homeschool pods are formed by groups of families who come together and either take turns supervising students on different days or pool their resources and hire someone to come supervise. Just as you can’t say definitively “This is what a homeschool family looks like,” the same is true for homeschool pods. Each homeschool pod can be organized differently, and that’s what makes these such an interesting and innovative idea.
Students can be working on individual assignments and then come together for group discussions and projects as with micro-schools. However, because homeschooling provides families with freedom, how each homeschool learning pod is organized really depends on the families organizing the experience. In one homeschool pod, each individual family might provide their students’ core curriculum with the family groups working together to determine the group projects. In another homeschool pod, the group might decide to use an online platform to make a sort of online learning pod for core classes while the group projects are determined by the students themselves and only guided by the supervising adult.
How Can Northgate Academy Help?
Northgate Academy can help current micro-schools or homeschool pods looking for a way to include a faith-based curriculum in their innovative school program. However, we’re also available for families dissatisfied with their current options and wishing to work together to create their own faith-based micro-online schools or to facilitate online learning through homeschool pods. As an accredited online Christian high school, families can use our curriculum for either full-time or part-time enrollment.
If you’re interested in using our faith-based online high school program as an accredited choice for your Christian student or as a resource for homeschool coursework, you can check out our programs online. Every full time student at NGA is assigned an Academic Success Coach, can email their instructors with questions, reach out to staff through online chat and text, and has access to one-on-one tutoring through Train The Brain.
Still have questions? Feel free to send us a text at 763-412-4701 or call us at 800-339-7132. Our academic support team will be happy to answer your questions or help guide you to the best program for you or your child. | <urn:uuid:88872caf-60c5-43f8-af38-332e76b66e4f> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.northgateacademy.com/what-are-micro-schools-homeschool-pods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710924.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203043643-20221203073643-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.968429 | 839 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Last week, medical researchers announced that they created the basis for a functioning human liver from liver buds created in a lab. This was a tremendous scientific breakthrough. However, duplicating these results in humans may take many years. In the interim, it’s important to try to keep your liver healthy by reducing or eliminating the many assaults on your liver that can cause illness and disease. Here are some ways to do that:
- Alcohol: Alcohol damages the liver and drinking alcohol in excess, can cause Cirrhosis of the Liver, which can be deadly. Most medical experts say that women should limit their alcohol intake to no more than one per day; men, no more than two per day (and better yet, don’t drink alcohol at all).
- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An unhealthy diet can be one of the culprits in the development of, “Fatty Liver.” Maintain a normal weight for your height and frame and consume a healthy diet by limiting saturated fats and junk foods. Try to maintain normal cholesterol and triglyceride levels. A diet that consists of whole grains, plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, lean proteins and omega 3 fatty acids, can help to improve your overall health and help keep your liver happier too.
- Viral Hepatitis: The three main types of Viral Hepatitis are, A, B and C. The good news is that there are vaccines to help prevent Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B.
- You can become infected with Hepatitis A by eating or drinking contaminated food or water, or by having close contact with someone that has it. To read more about Hepatitis A and the Hepatitis A Vaccine, click here.
- Hepatitis B infections are spread by having contact with infected blood or body fluids, dirty (contaminated) needles and other objects used by someone who has the disease. To read about Hepatitis B Vaccine, click here.
- The bad news: There is no cure and no vaccine for Hepatitis C. You can get Hepatitis C from exposure to infected blood, body fluids, contaminated needles and other objects used by someone with the disease.
- Know your medicines and their side effects: Some medications can damage your liver even when taken as directed. Other times, a combination of medications can be more toxic to the liver by producing a synergistic effect (the two combined are more damaging then just one).
- Other liver diseases can be inherited or genetic such as (but not limited to): Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and Wilson Disease. Knowing your family history can be helpful when it comes to your health. Having an awareness of family tendencies towards certain diseases can help place them on your radar, so you can be on the lookout for them. | <urn:uuid:3ee1abe8-c4df-4d31-89ed-7628156647cd> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://carole-jakucs.blogspot.com/2013/07/8-ways-to-lighten-load-on-your-liver.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302428.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00226-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939309 | 576 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The tradition of Rangoli for Diwali goes back around 5000 years as a decorative folk art in India. Not only is it a beautiful way to decorate courtyards, floors and entrances of houses, but also has religious and cultural meanings. Rangoli art mainly serves the purpose to welcome the Hindu deities such as Lakshmi, to bring good luck, but it is also said to control the ants in people’s houses. Traditionally done by women, the typical Rangoli designs have a round shape, but can be square or rectangular as well. First the outer Rangoli pattern is drawn on a flat, smooth surface (i.e. using sidewalk chalk). Later this line drawing can be filled with various powders of different colors. These powders can consist of colored rice grains, dry flour or fine sands. Instead of colored powders or sands, flowers or petals can be used as well (Flower Rangoli). Oil lamps (Diyas) are often placed inside the Rangolis. Professional Rangoli artists will not need any preparing line drawings, producing wonderful Rangoli pictures in just about 20-30 minutes from their memory without any form of help.
Amongst the various Rangoli patterns Deepvali Images,Deepvali Rangoli Design,Deepvali pattern,Deepvali ideas,Deepvali Ganesha Rangoli,Diwali Rangoli Design,Diwali Rangoli pattern,Diwali rangoli ideas and designs, the most popular being Rangoli with flowers, petals, lotus blossom or having other simple geometric shapes. Rangolis often depict peacocks or Hindu deities such as Ganesha, Laxmi or Rama. Diya Lamps and religious symbols of Hinduism such as Swastika and Om can be found inside the Rangoli images as well. In many cities of India, Rangoli competitions take place around the time of Diwali. | <urn:uuid:f0c71649-e0e4-4928-8789-716e76bc9b12> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://happy-newyear.in/deepvali-ganesha-rangoli-design-pattern-ideas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00130-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9359 | 409 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Introduction. Varicella is a relatively mild disease in which neurological complications are rare. Among them, the most common is ataxia, and encephalitis is the most severe. Complications of varicella are seldom observed in immunocompetent patients. Case report. A 12-yr-old immunocompetent patient presented with skin manifestations of varicella and was started on acyclovir. Eight days later he complained of headache, horizontal nystagmus and diplopia, followed by a sudden neurological derangement requiring mechanical ventilation and ICP and SjO2 monitoring. An urgent CT showed marked edema of the right brain hemisphere. After a 1 month stay in the pediatric ICU he was discharged with mild left hemiparesis. Discussion. Encephalitis is the most severe complication of varicella. It presents most commonly between the second and sixth day after the onset of the rash, but can precede it. Diagnosis is made by blood and CSF serologies or by PCR assay for VZV. Treatment includes parenteral acyclovir, adding glucocorticoids in the most severe cases. Overall mortality ranges between 10 and 20%.
|Títol traduït de la contribució||Severe varicella encephalitis in an immunocompetent patient|
|Nombre de pàgines||3|
|Estat de la publicació||Publicada - 2000| | <urn:uuid:edad9adc-f435-4e53-829a-a88ca5eea8fc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://merit.url.edu/ca/publications/encefalitis-varicellosa-greu-en-un-pacient-immunocompetent | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00891.warc.gz | en | 0.747845 | 395 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Historical Sightseeing in Today’s Warsaw
Warsaw, like Berlin, is one of those cities where you cannot ignore the recent past. Nearly razed to the ground during World War II, rebuilt in haste under Soviet rule and now buzzing with shops, cafés and restaurants, modern history is all around. But what do today’s tourists actually see of these different historical layers? What do they do and take home with them? Alex, Vincent and Martina offer their thoughts on their recent experiences sightseeing in and around Warsaw.
Two of Warsaw’s museums in particular stand out: first of all, the Museum of the History of Polish Jews (POLIN), which opened in 2013 and was awarded the “European Museum of the Year Award“ in April 2016, and secondly, the Warsaw Rising Museum, which opened in 2004. These two museums are different in how they interpret the past. While POLIN deals with the history of Jews in Poland from the Middle Ages to the present day, the Warsaw Rising Museum focuses on the years between 1939 and 1945 and the fight of the secret underground army against mainly German and later Soviet occupying forces. Though both offer a highly interactive engagement with the past, they also offer a very different image of Poland and its history.
The outer appearance of POLIN in itself is impressive. For one thing, the building is very modern. An enormous gap made of glass in the outside wall serves to symbolise the Jews’ Crossing of the Sea and attracts the attention of visitors and passersby. For another, it is located in the area of the former Jewish Ghetto, in the middle of the square with the memorial to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. It is therefore significant by virtue of its location alone.
Inside the museum you can find both temporary exhibitions about Jewish history and culture and a large permanent exhibition which portrays the life of the Jewish population in Poland from the Middle Ages to the present. The museum is highly interactive and experiential. Yet particularly interesting is the narrative it puts forth: it makes it clear that a history of the Jews without the influence of historical Poland is just as unimaginable as the history of Poland without the Jews. Aiming not to reduce the history of the Jews in Poland to the history of the Holocaust, this museum is a source of reflection.
The Warsaw Uprising was first acknowledged publicly after the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of socialism in Eastern Europe. Now, it is thought of as a foundational moment for Poland. To represent this, one of the main elements of the Warsaw Rising Museum is ‘the pulsating heart of the Polish Rising’. As you enters, the sound of this heartbeat emerges from a metal cuboid, passes through reconstructed walls with bullet holes and mixes with wailing sirens and hollow German voices. This is an immersive experience for the visitors. As in POLIN, the modern multimedia exhibition of the Museum of the Warsaw Rising enables the visitor to touch display models and thus become part of the history for the duration of their visit.
Yet the message of the Rising Museum is very different to POLIN’s. The Rising Museum’s primary aim is to glorify the participants of the Warsaw Uprising. It thereby gives a rather simplified image of the event. The presentation of the historical sources emphasises the opponents’ barbarity and Polish heroism. This can be linked to the desire to assert the legitimacy of an independent Polish state. But the wholesale attribution of guilt and hatred towards the Soviets and the Germans, together with a strong Polish victim narrative, does not so much lead to reflection on National Socialism, the war and its causes, but rather to an uncritical emotional reaction.
Both POLIN and the Museum of the Warsaw Rising not only provide the visitor with historical information, but also encourage them to think about the way in which history is portrayed in contemporary Poland. They give insight into completely different perspectives on Polish national culture. From a German point of view in particular, this raises questions which will not find an answer during a two to three hour visit. You need time, not only due to the interactive multimedia installations, but also because of the need to reprocess what you have seen for a long time afterwards. Without doubt, a second trip would pay off.
Attending a free walking tour about communist Warsaw is, of course – despite the rather historical focus – a very touristy way of exploring the city. The tour caters to a broad spectrum of people with different levels of knowledge and interest. It therefore consists of a mixture of information, impressions and entertainment.
Nonetheless, the tour gives you the historical context for buildings and places in connection with the history of communist Poland and especially that of Warsaw from 1944 to 1989. Our guide was a history student who had been a child in 1989 but he frequently illustrated certain aspects with personal anecdotes from friends and relatives. The point was to ‘show how communism really was’.
On the one hand, these stories helped to connect communism, especially its more absurd aspects, with individual lives and fates, but on the other hand, they served to provide testified, authentic ‘facts’. Interesting at this point was also the way in which the actors were framed: there was the antagonist – the oppressive communist autocracy – and the protagonist – ‘we’, ‘the Polish people’. Instead of elucidating the complicated and interwoven status of the individual and the system, this dichotomy gave the impression of two clearly separate groups. This captures how Polish national historiography partially shapes the image of the communist period.
This leads to the question: how differentiated and reflexive should or can a touristic exploration of communism actually be? This is too large a question for such a short summary. Suffice to say that tourists expecting to hear astonishing and amusing stories will certainly not be disappointed. Even people with a more academic point of view will also be able to glean useful information and impressions. So if someone has never visited the city before, attending the free walking tour can be a good opportunity to get some basic facts about communism in Warsaw. Since this is post-communism, however, ‘free’, of course, means ‘donations are welcome’.
Compared to other historical sites of the Holocaust in Poland, Treblinka Memorial Park is frequented by a rather small number of visitors. An hour-and-a-half’s drive outside of Warsaw to the north-east, it is not really on the tourist map and hardly signposted. The site itself is less well known than others, not least because there is less to see there of the former work and extermination camps than in places such as Auschwitz and because there were so few survivors. This is nonetheless a powerful site of memory and commemoration.
The park is large because the site comprised two camps: a labour camp and a death camp. These are about two kilometres apart and in fact constitute two separate memorials. The main focus of our visit was the former death camp. The site was dismantled by the Germans in 1943, eliminating the traces of the mass murder that took place there from 1942 to 1943. In the 1960s, the area was turned into a memorial site by a Jewish artist and a Polish architect.
Situated in the midst of fields and woods, a path leads the visitor through a symbolic gate into what was once the camp. On the right hand side, symbolic rail tracks coming out of the forest lead to a ramp ahead, evoking images of the transports that brought the Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto and other parts of Poland to their deaths. On the ramp, the path bears left towards a wide clearing. A large 8 metre tall monument of high-piled stones stands there.
The main monument seems to be ancient, radiating some mystical atmosphere. Actually, you do not expect to find this in a forest. But you would not expect to find a death camp there either. Surrounding the monument, some 17, 000 smaller granite stones are grouped in three areas. They symbolize a cemetery where the gas chambers and crematoria once stood. Some of the stones carry the names of annihilated Jewish communities; only one features the name of a person. The rest of the unmarked stones stand for the thousands of unknown individuals who were murdered.
Treblinka is a place of both individual and collective commemoration. Votive objects placed on top of some of the stones – which is a Jewish tradition – show the significance of the site for those who have lost family members in the Holocaust. But the use of the landscape and art provide for an emotional engagement with the past for all visitors. In its fundamental message, the memorial does not differ from other historical sites of the Holocaust. Yet, through the absence of factual information, it appeals much more directly to the visitor’s knowledge and imagination. Walking around this quiet and peaceful natural location, with the birds around chirping and being confronted with death and disruption may even be a source of deeper historical meaning; at the same time, you can easily forget where you are.
Powered by Facebook Comments | <urn:uuid:8d821a1a-e515-4daa-bc8a-45f8cb58e737> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://historytothepublic.org/historical-sightseeing-warsaw/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947795.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425100306-20180425120306-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.959811 | 1,863 | 2.625 | 3 |
In the years following World War I, design styles experienced numerous developments and transformations. The playful Art Moderne style that emerged in France and the geometric Modernism style that emerged in Germany both received international popularity between the 1920s and 1940s. These combined styles later became known as Art Deco. The design was often characterized by rich colors, bold geometric shapes, and lavish ornamentation. Historical influence referenced Egyptian themes following the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922. Unlike the heavy organic motifs of the preceding Art Nouveau style, Art Deco combined traditional craft motifs with Machine Age imagery and materials as a result of the rapid spread of industrialism. Historian Bevis Hillier defined the period as "an assertively modern style [that] ran to symmetry rather than asymmetry, and to the rectilinear rather than the curvilinear; it responded to the demands of the machine and of new material [and] the requirements of mass production."
The term Art Deco derived from the L'Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Moderns exhibition held in Paris in 1925. The popularity of industrialism fueled the movement's early focus on functionalism with designs applicable to mass production. In America, architecture and the decorative arts were strongly influenced by Art Deco during this time. Parisian inspired decoration became the most readily identifiable style of the 1920s and remained prominent in America long after it was out of style in France. In women's fashion, jewelry lines became more streamlined and angular to complement changing dress silhouettes. They were defined by new forms, color combinations, and cuts of stones. Graphic design followed similar lines and was often influenced by the Plakatsil and Cubist styles with simplified silhouettes, geometric shapes, and typography.
The style of Art Deco represented the luxury, extravagance, and glamour of the Machine Age and growth of consumerism. In recent years, there have been repeated periods of revival as the style has been highlighted in graphics, film, and fashion. The 2013 remake of The Great Gatsby influenced numerous designers of evening wear including Versace, Badgley Mischka, J Mendel, and Ralph Lauren. Gown silhouettes were simplified and the details were formed with intricate beading, sequins, and geometric shapes. While the ease of the simple silhouettes evoked a sleek, contemporary feeling, the detail of the shapes and the luxury of the materials conjured a distinctly Art Deco mood. These architectural detail, linear jewelry, and graphical element inspirations were present throughout the 2012 and 2013 fashion weeks and continue to remain current today. Fitting for another turn of a new century, the revival of Art Deco serves as a luxurious reminder of the promise that industrial growth and progress can have on the arts and fashion.
Designer Inspiration: Haider Ackermann
Haider Ackermann is the Colombian-born, Belgian-trained, French designer who quickly became known for the sculptural beauty of his cropped leather jackets and seductively draped dresses. Born in Bogota, Colombia, Ackermann was adopted by a French couple who had already adopted two other children from Vietnam and South Korea. The family traveled to wherever Ackermann's father, a cartographer, was working and lived in Algeria, Chad, Ethiopia, and Iran, before settling in the Netherlands. Ackermann alter studied fashion in Belgium at Antwerp's Royal Academy of Fine Arts. His portfolio included work with other designers such as Bernhard Willhelm, Patrick Van Ommeslaeghe, and Mayerline as well as a five month internship at John Galliano.
Since launching his collection in 2002, Ackermann's career has received much success. In 2005, his label was acquired by the Belgian investment group BVBA 32 under chief executive Anne Chapelle. The group later split Ackermann's business into a separate entity from its other fashion holding, Ann Demeulemeester, in recognition of the label's growing prominence. Ackermann was elected as a guest designer at the influential Pitti Immagine showcase in Florence in 2011, where he also unveiled his first menswear collection to critical acclaim. Ackermann has been approached to head up several prominent design houses including Dior and Martin Margiela. He was also named by Karl Lagerfeld as the designer he would like to succeed him at Chanel.
Ackermann takes bohemian dressing to another level through the subliminal influence of his wanderings. "I never take pictures. I absorb things and try to remember them. If they stay in my mind, then it's meant to be," the designer says of his travels. His clothes identify with the person who wears them--unique and artistic--and conjure an image of someone sensual and mysterious. Masculine undertones are a signature of the Ackermann brand as he often plays between strength and fragility in his designs. "You love the idea that she would steal the clothes from her husband," he said, before correcting himself: "Her lover, not her husband." Some of his most successful reoccurring themes of design include Grecian draping, Islamic mosaic, and architectural structure. His inspiration? "The street," Ackermann said simply. "And elegance." | <urn:uuid:1e535bf1-50d1-4a98-b8d7-609fa97ce4b6> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.cjlancione.com/blog/previous/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316075.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821152344-20190821174344-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.971609 | 1,090 | 3.296875 | 3 |
6. The artist in you
Are you aware that the term "copyright" does not mean "the right to copy"? Besides protecting the owner's work, copyright signifies appreciation of the importance of creative ideas and expression in a range of media (music, performing arts, literature and the visual arts).
6.1 What is copyright?
It's not always easy to understand when something is protected by copyright and how copyright-protected items can be used in a legal way. 47% of users cannot confidently identify whether the online content they download, stream or share is legal or not (Ofcom 2012). Why don't you test your knowledge…
6.2 Are you a pirate?
The internet is free for you to use, but the content providers also have their rights and can step in when you violate the law. Do you pay attention to copyright law? Have you ever copyrighted your own work? Where can you find further information?
- Learn how to protect your own creative rights and those of others in Chapter 6, The artist in you
- Find out more about Web We Want, Activities by young people for young people
- Download lesson plans for Chapter 6, The artist in you
- Check out other useful resources | <urn:uuid:7bfe9da6-19ec-4dca-8bc7-62b4cd3004f5> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.webwewant.eu/web/guest/artist_in_you | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400196999.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920062737-20200920092737-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.929867 | 250 | 3.078125 | 3 |
How to Tell if a Bougainvillea Is Dead
Bougainvilleas (Bougainvillea spp.), prized for their masses of colorful floral bracts, grow as evergreen shrubs or groundcovers in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 through 11. It may be cause for alarm when a bougainvillea appears dead, especially following a cold snap that may have killed other plants in the area. If a bougainvillea's leaves are green and lush or simply wilted and able to recover following watering, it is obvious that the plant is not dead. However, when the leaves of a bougainvillea are brown and brittle or drop, especially following a cold event or extensive physical injury to the plant, it is often more difficult to determine if the bougainvillea is still alive and will recover.
Bend a portion of a bougainvillea stem near its tip gently. If the stem section bends easily without breaking, it could indicate that that area of the stem is still living. If it snaps with even slight bending, that part of the bougainvillea is dead. The tissue inside a dead stem is brown, not green.
Scrape a very small section of bark gently off of the bougainvillea using your fingernail and look for green tissue just under the outer bark layer. Where you observe green tissue, that portion of the bougainvillea is likely still alive. First scrape a section off near the tip of a branch, and then progress downward, scraping a small piece of bark off every foot or so until you locate green tissue.
Cut bougainvillea stems that appear dead at the top but still green and living nearer the ground back into living tissue. Make any cut slightly angled and just above a bud or junction with another stem. Check the cut surface to ensure you cut far enough down the stem that you are severing green, living tissue. If the cut surface is completely brown, make a new cut nearer the ground into a living part of the stem.
Cut the bougainvillea stems that appear completely dead, with just brown and brittle tissue, to about 2 inches above the soil surface.
Water the bougainvillea deeply and infrequently, wetting about the top 6 inches of soil around the bougainvillea whenever the soil feels dry to the touch about 2 inches below the soil surface.
Monitor any stems you left standing because they contained living tissue occasionally, looking for the appearance of any new growth. Cut the stem back further, if needed, to remove any portion of the stem above emerging buds that is dead and failing to produce new growth.
Things You Will Need
Hand pruners or loppers
Bougainvillea plants normally lose many leaves following a bloom period. A flush of new growth will generally follow this normal leaf drop.
Do not perform corrective pruning immediately after cold damage occurs as the extend of damage is sometimes not apparent for weeks, and another cold spell could have a greater impact on a pruned bougainvillea than on a bougainvillea that still has dead wood attached. Instead, monitor the bougainvillea for signs of new growth before removing portions that are obviously dead once no more frost is likely.
Work around and prune the bougainvillea carefully as these plants can have long thorns.
Angela Ryczkowski is a professional writer who has served as a greenhouse manager and certified wildland firefighter. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in urban and regional studies. | <urn:uuid:431f03c5-8970-426b-8d0e-58973e8792d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://homeguides.sfgate.com/tell-bougainvillea-dead-75525.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710829.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201153700-20221201183700-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.940625 | 788 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Skip to Main Content
Ash Leachate Can Reduce Surface ErosionAuthor(s): George J. Holcomb; Philip B. Durgin
Source: Res. Note PSW-RN-342. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 4 p
Publication Series: Research Note (RN)
Station: Pacific Southwest Research Station
PDF: View PDF (154 KB)
DescriptionIn laboratory analyses of the Larabee soil from north-western California, ash leachate flocculated the clay fractions. As a result, the soil quickly settled out of suspension. To test the hypothesis that field plots on disturbed areas treated with ash leachate would be more resistant to erosion than nontreated plots, a study was done in July and August 1978, on two skid trails on the Humboldt State University Forest near Freshwater, in northwestern California. A rainfall simulator was used to measure differential erosion rates. Ash-leachate treated plots had 36 percent less erosion than nontreated plots. Differences in total sediment yield were statistically significant at the 97.5 percent level of confidence, as shown by a paired t-test of seven plots.
- You may send email to email@example.com to request a hard copy of this publication.
- (Please specify exactly which publication you are requesting and your mailing address.)
- We recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article, to retain the full citation information.
- This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain.
CitationHolcomb, George J.; Durgin, Philip B. 1979. Ash Leachate Can Reduce Surface Erosion. Res. Note PSW-RN-342. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 4 p
Keywordsfire, surface erosion, ash, rainfall simulator, soil structure, flocculation, skid trails
- Rill erosion rates in burned forests
- Validation of Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model for low-volume forest roads
- Erosion associated with cable and tractor logging in northwestern California
XML: View XML | <urn:uuid:05049ac7-28ed-435b-9d78-49db61fe2c75> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/6903 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202711.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323020538-20190323042538-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.905736 | 484 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Cookies are a tool used by Web servers to store and retrieve information about their visitors or users. It is nothing more than a text file that some servers install during browsing and that allow to know information such as: the place from which you access, the connection time, the device from which you access (fixed or mobile), the system operating and browser used, the most visited pages, the number of clicks made and data regarding user behavior on the Internet. They do not provide references that allow the user’s name and surname to be deduced and cannot read data from their hard disk or include viruses on their computers. Also, you cannot read the cookies implanted in the user’s hard drive from other servers.
Why are they important?
The website is accessible without the need for cookies to be activated, although its deactivation may prevent its proper functioning.
From a technical point of view, cookies allow websites to function more agile and adapted to user preferences, such as storing the language, the currency of the country or detecting the access device.
They establish levels of protection and security that prevent or hinder cyber attacks against the website or its users.
They allow media managers to know statistical data collected to improve the quality and experience of their services.
They serve to optimize the advertising that we show to users, offering the one that best suits their interests.
The user can configure their browser to reject all cookies by default or to receive an on-screen notification of the reception of each cookie and decide whether or not to install it on their hard drive.
This acceptance may be revoked through the content and privacy configuration options available therein. The Owner recommends that its users consult the help of their browser or access the help web pages of the main browsers: Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Chrome.
If you want more information about how to revoke the consent given or about the procedure to disable cookies, as well as ask any questions about the Cookies Policy, you can contact the owner through the following email address email@example.com indicating “Cookies Policy” in the subject.
Types of Cookies used on the Web
The user who browses the Web can find cookies inserted directly by the owner, or cookies inserted by entities other than the owner, as detailed in the following sections:
- Session cookies, expire when the user leaves the page or closes the browser, that is, they are active while the visit to the website lasts and therefore they are deleted from our computer upon leaving.
- Permanent cookies, expire when the objective for which they are used is met or when they are manually deleted, have a date of deletion and are normally used in the process of online purchase, customizations or registration, so as not to have to constantly enter a password.
Depending on the entity that manages the equipment or domain from which the cookies are sent and processes the data obtained, we can distinguish between our own cookies and those of third parties.
- Own cookies are those cookies that are sent to the user’s computer and are managed exclusively by us for the best functioning of the Website. The information we collect is used to improve the quality of our service and your user experience.
- Third-party cookies, when the user interacts with the content of our website, third-party cookies can also be set (for example, by pressing social media buttons or watching videos hosted on another website), which are those established by a different domain of Our Website. We cannot access the data stored in the cookies of other websites when you browse the aforementioned websites. | <urn:uuid:7f4c37a1-3050-4ba0-92a9-42e9d8e53968> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://fondeyur.com/en/cookies-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350942.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225095141-20210225125141-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.93605 | 725 | 2.90625 | 3 |
They’re affordable, nutritious and delicious. They even have their own dedicated day! Yet despite all the things going for pulses, millions of people don’t readily know what pulses are.
Essentially, pulses are the edible seeds of plants of the legume family, which include beans, peas and lentils.
Have you ever tucked into a plate of hummus, dhal or a side of baked beans? If you have, you’ve had pulses!
What you may not have realized, however, is that not only have pulses been featured on dinner tables for thousands of years, many experts believe that these humble seeds could well hold the ticket to a more sustainable world, a more meat-free planet, and one without hunger.
Sustainability is very important to us at QNET. So it’s no surprise that we’re big fans of pulses. We also believe they’re one of the best foods for hardworking entrepreneurs to enjoy.
So, in conjunction with World Pulses Day on 10 February, won’t you please join us in celebrating the world’s oldest superfood and all the ways pulses help Mother Earth and us?
They’re loaded with nutrients
Good nutrition is crucial for any entrepreneur to do their work well, and pulses are full of nutritious goodness.
Whether we’re talking about the humble lentil (one of the most common pulses) or the fancy velvet bean, pulses are all rich in vitamins and minerals that help the body fight against loads of illnesses, including diabetes, heart disease and certain cancers.
Importantly too, they’re low in fat, sodium and cholesterol, and, due to being packed with protein, are an excellent alternative to meat.
So why aren’t pulses more popular?
One criticism is that some beans can take way too long to cook.
The truth is, however, that pulses are diverse. And while there certainly are beans that need to be cooked slowly over a fire, lentils, split peas and black-eyed peas can be prepared relatively quickly. Plus, there are many quick prep options, including canned legumes.
Oh, by the way, some people do complain about mild flatulence upon consuming pulses. But to quote the United Kingdom’s National Health Service: You should not let a bit of wind put you off eating pulses.
We work hard so that we can have a brighter future, right? That’s why caring for the earth is also important to our business.
Unlike many other crops, pulses are climate-resilient and -adaptable. They also require a lot less water.
This means that you can cultivate chickpeas or broad beans in both hot and cool climes. It also means that we could be on the way to ensuring food security.
Food security, as the Food and Agriculture Organization explains, is essentially about providing everyone, everywhere in the world, with sufficient and safe access to food.
Unfortunately, while pulses make up the bulk of people’s diets in developing countries, more needs to be done because as it stands, about a billion people around the world still go hungry daily.
They’re climate change mitigators
Besides being climate-resilient, pulses are unique in their ability to mitigate climate issues.
Legumes, basically, have the ability to capture a lot more carbon from the air than other plant species. Additionally, thanks to their unique root nodules, they help increase soil richness, thus dramatically cutting down the need for synthetic and polluting fertilisers.
Reducing pollutants aside, lentils, chickpeas, pigeon peas and the like are also capable of reversing soil erosion.
Heavy use and overdevelopment can reduce the ability of soil to absorb water during storms and floods. Where pulse cultivation helps is in restoring soil quality and health.
Pulses are economically sustainable and viable
Many countries don’t consider pulses an especially popular crop. But the FAO and food sustainability advocates say it could be.
For example, India — which produces in excess of 20 million tonnes of pigeon peas, green beans and other legumes — is reaping huge economic benefits from pulses. And the best part is, unlike other crops, pulses are sustainable.
For example, pulses like chickpeas and lentils can be grown alongside other crops. This allows smallholder farmers to both diversify crops as well as profit from their sales.
Plus, crop residue from pulses makes good animal fodder!
So, pulses are not just good for us personally; they can also help our larger communities. Aren’t they amazing?
The bottom line here is that pulses and legumes are versatile and dynamic. But most of all, these humble beans and seeds offer a powerful means to more sustainability for our beloved planet, so that we can enjoy the fruits of our work for many more generations to come.
YOU MAY ALSO LIKE | <urn:uuid:d2d5478d-7036-4d00-9590-3a7231002f51> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.qbuzz.qnet.net/2022/02/10/pulses-legumes-sustainability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522270.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518115411-20220518145411-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.942039 | 1,026 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The Superfund program of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in the 1980s to address human-health and environmental risks posed by abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous-waste sites. Identification of Superfund sites and their remediation is an expensive multistep process. As part of this process, EPA attempts to identify parties that are responsible for the contamination and thus financially responsible for remediation. Identification of potentially responsible parties is complicated because Superfund sites can have a long history of use and involve contaminants that can have many sources. Such is often the case for mining sites that involve metal contamination; metals occur naturally in the environment, they can be contaminants in the wastes generated at or released from the sites, and they can be used in consumer products, which can degrade and release the metals back to the environment.
This report examines the extent to which various sources contribute to environmental lead contamination at Superfund sites that are near lead-mining areas and focuses on sources that contribute to lead contamination at sites near the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District. It recommends potential improvements in approaches used for assessing sources of lead contamination at or near Superfund sites.
Table of Contents
|2 Sources of Lead Contamination||12-24|
|3 Environmental Dispersal of Lead||25-41|
|4 Investigative Strategies for Lead-Source Attribution||42-78|
|5 Implications for Southeast Missouri and Research Needs||79-92|
|Appendix A: Challenges to Obtaining Information about Lead Sources at Superfund Sites Associated with Lead-Mining Districts||93-94|
|Appendix B: Biographic Information on the Committee on Sources of Lead Contamination at or near Superfund Sites||95-97|
|Appendix C: Open Session Meeting Agendas||98-100|
The National Academies Press and the Transportation Research Board have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to offer a variety of options for reusing our content. You may request permission to:
For most Academic and Educational uses no royalties will be charged although you are required to obtain a license and comply with the license terms and conditions.
For information on how to request permission to translate our work and for any other rights related query please click here.
For questions about using the Copyright.com service, please contact:
Copyright Clearance Center
22 Rosewood Drive
Danvers, MA 01923
Tel (toll free): 855/239-3415 (select option 1)
Loading stats for Investigative Strategies for Lead-Source Attribution at Superfund Sites Associated with Mining Activities... | <urn:uuid:df053a5b-102f-42e1-a6a7-1d759bad3de5> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24898/investigative-strategies-for-lead-source-attribution-at-superfund-sites-associated-with-mining-activities?utm_source=Sustainability+Mailing+List&utm_campaign=c7c00040bf-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_10_17&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c1fb37455e-c7c00040bf- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540584491.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214042241-20191214070241-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.89366 | 525 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Have you ever looked at a blueprint and known immediately what was worth keeping, what was missing, and what needed to be changed? Do you like to read about the past? Are you happy when you hear the words “best practice”? If so, your strength might be Context. Context is a strategic thinking theme that relies on understanding the past in order to chart a better way to the future. Those with the Context strength see learning opportunities in both success and failure. Often, they love to tell stories about these past experiences. Basketball player Michael Jordan said:
“I’ve missed more than 9,000 shots in my career. I’ve lost almost 300 games. Twenty-six times, I’ve been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I’ve failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed.”Michael Jordan
This is Context. The ability to look for and understand what can be learned from the past is imperative to success in organizations. When coupled with enduring values, relevant information, and a desire to improve, Context becomes critical.
Another advantage of the Context strength is that the individuals are able to sort chaos into order. Because they are curious and caring, they bring worth to projects by asking critical questions before proceeding. Teachers with Context are often excellent planners, especially when using backward design.
Teachers and leaders can assist students and colleagues with Context by helping them to respond favorably to change as it can be easy for the Context individual to become trapped by a “but we’ve always done it this way” mindset. Be certain to recognize the past journey. It is important to affirm the value of past work by helping individuals to see how it supports proposed transformation. Furthermore, if something has been done multiple times and worked, leaders and teachers must take time to ask why and how something worked – what were the key processes, what were the metrics used to calculate success, what were the best outcomes? Then, help these individuals to learn how to communicate these in clear, succinct means by developing outlines, bulleted lists, diagrams, and graphic organizers.
Context helps us to move forward by avoiding past pitfalls. Be certain to bring it to the table to ensure future success. | <urn:uuid:da844fae-3196-4ad9-8b18-cd9f849fba30> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://stellarlearning.ca/context-lessons-learned/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.961046 | 465 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A notebook from the last expedition of legendary British explorer Robert F. Scott was found encased in ice in an Antarctic hut, according to the Antarctic Heritage Trust.
The notebook belonged to George Murray Levick, a surgeon, zoologist and photographer who was part of the ill-fated Terra Nova expedition of 1910-1913.
Scott, also known as “Scott of the Antarctic,” died on March 29 or 30, 1912, after reaching the South Pole and becoming trapped by bad weather. Four other members of the expedition also died during the doomed journey.
Levick was part of the mission’s Northern Party, and his notebook contains entries on photographs he took in 1911 at Cape Adare. The Trust says it contains dates, subjects and exposure details, and was written before the party faced harsh conditions of their own and had to spend the Antarctic winter living in an ice cave.
“It’s an exciting find. The notebook is a missing part of the official expedition record,” Nigel Watson, Antarctic Heritage Trust’s executive director, said in a news release. “After spending seven years conserving Scott’s last expedition building and collection, we are delighted to still be finding new artifacts.”
A video, above, shows the steps researchers have taken to preserve the 100-year-old journal, which was discovered in the thawing ice last year. The binding had been dissolved by the ice so preservationists in New Zealand digitized the pages and sewed them back together.
The restored book was then returned to Scott’s last expedition base at Cape Evans, Antarctica.
More images of the book can be seen here.
Levick, who died in 1956, made headlines recently when an unpublished scientific paper of his was found by the Natural History Museum in London. Titled “Sex Habits of the Adelie Penguin,” the paper detailed what Levick called the “astonishing depravity” of the seabirds, including homosexuality and sex with corpses.
Some of it was written in Greek, apparently to spare English readers.
“There seems to be no crime too low for these penguins,” Levick wrote.
Article by Ed Mazza for The Huffington Post and data from the Antarctic Heritage Trust.
Categories: Leadership in Science | <urn:uuid:1601543a-747c-4ddd-913f-0d233d9762a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://fli.institute/2014/10/25/notebook-from-antarctic-explorers-last-expedition-found-encased-in-ice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623114917-20170623134917-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.973514 | 483 | 2.984375 | 3 |
To graph the function
we may apply transformation of function. Since it is a sine function, the parent function is y=sinx. (See first image for the graph of y=sinx.)
Then, express the given function in the form y =Asin(Bx -C)+D.
So it becomes:
`y=3sin(4x - 0) + 0`
Then, apply the formula:
Since the values of A=3, B=4, C=0 and D=0, then, the given function would have the following properties:
Vertical Shift =0
Then, use these to transform the graph of y=sinx.
See second image for the graph of y=3sin(4x).
Notice that in the graph, the maximum points occur at `(pi/8+pi/2k,3)` .
The minimum points occur at `((3pi)/8+pi/2k,-3)` .
And the x-intercepts occur at `(0,0)` , `(pi/4+pi/2k,0)` and `(pi/2+pi/2k,0)` . | <urn:uuid:23b73037-aa74-4ba1-9306-1183af09200f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/graph-y-3sin-4x-include-min-max-intercepts-label-466860 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323895.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629084615-20170629104615-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.672055 | 257 | 3.421875 | 3 |
"Why did American nativist groups oppose free, unrestricted immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries"?
The Untied States of America is commonly labeled or thought of as the melting pot of the world where diverse groups of people flock to in order to better their current lives. In our countries history this has proven to primarily be our way of living and how the people as a nation view immigration. However, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries this open door mentality was quite the opposite to what the majority of people felt towards the idea of welcoming these huddled masses. Immigrants were not seen as equals or people willing to work hard for a better life but rather a diseased parasite that would suck the prosperous and prestigious life that the old immigrants had become accustomed to. American nativist groups during this time period acted in a hypercritical manner with the impression that open immigration would, in the end cause our country to be overtaken and overrun by a far less superior race.
One reason that the old immigrants had such negative feelings toward open immigration was the amount of jobs that would be taken from them due to the cheap labor these new immigrants provided. In a resolution letter to congress from the AFL the unstated motive to denying Chinese immigrants from entering our country was not that they would increase crime or corrupt the political system but rather that they would consume much desired jobs (Document 1). The paranoia in the country people was evident in actions that they took to ensure the halt of immigration so that security could return to their lives. The fact that these new immigrants posed a threat to the U.S. economy through the consumption of jobs was more then enough reason for some nativist groups to oppose open immigration.
Another more commonly shared reason for opposing open immigration was the question of morality. Document 6 states, "The qualities of...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:1990bb1b-2511-4fc3-9004-28d32bcc2ba0> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Immigration-To-The-United-States-And-41517.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948464.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426183626-20180426203626-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.978199 | 376 | 3.375 | 3 |
In modern Aikido kaiten techniques are typically referred to as “wheel throws” because the uke is projected in a wheel like shape. Traditionally, however, they were referred to as “open and turn” techniques. In the text “Budo“, Master Morihei Ueshiba describes kaiten as a turn and transform movement.
In the below video, Morhiro Saito Sensei demonstrates shomenuchi kaiten nage.
In the below video produced by the London Aikido Club, Andy Hathaway Sensei provides instruction on technical aspect of the technique.
The London Aikido Club shares many of its teachings on the web. Those interested in the study of traditional Aikido as taught by the Founder in the post war period of his life may wish to check out the London Aikido Club’s You tube channel.
- Aikido Warrior Demonstration
See below an informal practice session by Aikido Warrior dojo seniors experimenting with alternate applications of shomenuchi kaiten nage including from hamni handachi (nage is kneeling) . The recording was taken after a Saturday morning class.
- Shomenuchi kaiten nage – Parrying
For detailed instruction on parrying and balance taking methods for shomenuchi strikes see – Shomenuchi deflections methods.
- Oher kaiten nage techniques
For training notes on other applications of kaiten nage see Video Library: Unarmed arts (by technique). Technique groups (e.g. ikkyo, irimi nage etc.) are ordered alphabetically.
Have a great week.
Aikido Warrior Dojo | <urn:uuid:2f4bc245-3ccc-4b1b-aae2-df6cb9cd72b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://theaikidowarrior.com/tag/master-koretoshi-maruyama/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301341.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119125003-20220119155003-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.896623 | 364 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This video is a tutorial on how to start growing tomato plants from seeds. The instructor first explains that it is important to make sure your seeds are fresh and within the proper date frame and that you pick a good artificial soil mix for proper growth. The tutorial goes over a few different fertilizer products that you can choose from, yet they are not completely necessary for growth if the soil is of a high quality. The instructor then fills plastic mini pots with soil and then uses a pencil to make holes in the soil to prepare for putting the seeds in the soil. The last step is to put the tomato seeds into the half inch holes and then cover them up completely with dirt. | <urn:uuid:eb202b72-b4f7-4973-9363-df2eef0f79a0> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://gardening-guide.wonderhowto.com/how-to/start-tomato-plants-from-seed-339670/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526386.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719223744-20190720005744-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.946992 | 134 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Boothbay Harbor is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,165 at the 2010 census. During summer months, the entire Boothbay Harbor region is a popular yachting and tourist destination.
The area was part of Cape Newagen, where the English established an early seasonal fishing camp. In 1666, Henry Curtis purchased the land from the sachem Mowhotiwormet, commonly known as Chief Robinhood, who lived at what is today Woolwich. But the settlement was attacked and burned during King Philip's War, resettled shortly afterwards, then destroyed again in 1689 during King William's War. It was abandoned for 40 years.
In 1730, Colonel David Dunbar, the superintendent and governor of the Territory of Sagadahock, laid out a new town, named Townsend after Viscount Townshend. Despite predations during the French and Indian Wars, and robberies during the Revolutionary War by marauding British sailors, the settlement was successful, not least because of its large, deep and protected harbor. During the Penobscot Expedition, in 1779 Townsend became a rendezvous point for the American naval fleet prior to its disastrous encounter with the British at Castine.
Renamed Boothbay in 1842, the harbor continued to develop as a fishing center. In bad weather, it could hold at a time between 400 and 500 vessels, oftenFriendship Sloops, seeking shelter. By 1881, it had a fishery and fish oil company, an ice company, two marine railways, a fertilizer manufacturer, and a factory forcanning lobsters. On February 16, 1889, the community was set off from Boothbay and incorporated as the town of Boothbay Harbor. Frank L. Sample shipyard at Boothbay Harbor built minesweepers for the United States Navy during World War II and into the 1950s. Some location filming for the 1956 movie version ofRodgers and Hammerstein's Carousel, notably the "June Is Bustin' Out All Over" sequence, was done there. Each summer, Boothbay Harbor draws crowds of tourists. Attractions include the state aquarium, art galleries, restaurants, boat tours to coastal islands and whale watching.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 9.22 square miles (23.88 km2), of which, 5.70 square miles (14.76 km2) of it is land and 3.52 square miles (9.12 km2) is water. Boothbay Harbor is located on a peninsula in the Gulf of Maine, part of the Atlantic Ocean.
The town is crossed by state routes 27 and 96. It borders the towns of Southport to the southwest, and Boothbay to the north and east.
|[hide]Climate data for Boothbay Harbor (Newcastle Weather Station)|
|Average high °F (°C)||29.7|
|Average low °F (°C)||12.1|
|Precipitation inches (mm)||4.35|
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,165 people, 1,084 households, and 550 families residing in the town. Thepopulation density was 379.8 inhabitants per square mile (146.6 /km2). There were 2,175 housing units at an average density of 381.6 per square mile (147.3 /km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.1% White, 0.6% African American, 0.3%Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.7% of the population.
There were 1,084 households of which 14.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couplesliving together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49.3% were non-families. 41.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.90 and the average family size was 2.52.
The median age in the town was 55.8 years. 11.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.6% were from 25 to 44; 33.3% were from 45 to 64; and 33.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 45.5% male and 54.5% female.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,334 people, 1,097 households, and 627 families residing in the town. The population density was 404.3 people per square mile (156.2/km²). There were 1,993 housing units at an average density of 345.2 per square mile (133.4/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.9% White, 0.2%Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.73% Asian, 0.34% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90% of the population.
There were 1,097 households out of which 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.8% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.67.
In the town the population was spread out with 17.4% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 26.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $45,000. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $21,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,146. About 5.9% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.
The local newspaper for the Boothbay/Boothbay Harbor region is the Boothbay Register. The Lincoln County News also circulates in Boothbay Harbor. The Portland Press Herald/Maine Sunday Telegram provides daily newspaper coverage.
- Marc A. Babcock, United States Marine
- Arthur Bradford, author, director
- Lansing Campbell, author, illustrator
- CharlH. Chapman, jazz guitarist and Professor at the Berklee College of Music
- Curvin Farnham, Musician/Conductor, University of Maine
- George Lincoln Rockwell, naval commander, founder of American Nazi Party
- Stanley R. Tupper, congressman
- Jay Zeamer, Jr., Air Force pilot
- Robert H. Conn, assistant Secretary of the Navy | <urn:uuid:bc9a2b66-4682-43bd-9869-191176cd15f0> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.ebay.ca/itm/FISHERMANs-WHARF-BOOTHBAY-HARBOR-ME-Naval-Cover-1988-Boat-NELLIEG-/231283125808?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item35d98c6e30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00103-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970318 | 1,593 | 2.640625 | 3 |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the appearance of the Woman at the end of the play?
(a) She is under the blankets.
(b) She is hanging from her own noose.
(c) She is stabbed with the sword.
(d) She is standing with her back turned.
2. What does the Woman point out on the floor?
(b) Spots of blood.
(c) The woodgrain.
(d) A longtime stain.
3. What does the Woman understand the Man's confession to mean?
(a) He truly loved her.
(b) He was playing a joke on her.
(c) He came to kill her.
(d) He was lying and was a theif.
4. What condition is the Woman in at the end of the play?
(a) She is dead.
(b) She is asleep.
(c) She is weeping.
(d) She is meditating.
5. Why does the Man say he failed in his purpose?
(a) He cannot see.
(b) He has no faith.
(c) He is weak.
(d) He has no money.
Short Answer Questions
1. What is the Man carrying at the beginning of Scene 9?
2. What does the Woman do to stop the Man from meditating?
3. What does the Man pick up at the end of the final scene?
4. What reason does the Woman give for teaching herself?
5. At the beginning of Scene 8, the Woman tries to make plans with the Man to do what?
This section contains 285 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:7c62c2bb-5822-4275-b4b5-7ff5e2bf31d4> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/soundvoice/test4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122102237.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175502-00172-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95849 | 397 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Print version ISSN 0101-3262
FRANCO, Alexia Pádua. Children's media culture and the construction of the notion of historical time. Cad. CEDES [online]. 2010, vol.30, n.82, pp. 310-323. ISSN 0101-3262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-32622010000300003.
This paper examines how cartoons and magazines for children approach the notion of time when they deal with historical themes. These analyses are intended to think how these media products can be discussed in history classes of the first grades of elementary school to encourage reflection and the formation of the concept of historical time
Keywords : Historical Time; Media; History Classes. | <urn:uuid:8e125699-dc68-436d-a8f7-7eef3eb4296a> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0101-32622010000300003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00005-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.782329 | 161 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Renewable energy developers are being invited to provide options for Transport for London (TfL) to power the Underground using low carbon sources.
It has issued a Prior Information Notice (PIN), which is calling for market responses on purchasing low carbon energy directly from local generators with a supply greater than 1MW.
TfL currently uses around 1.6TWh of electricity a year, making it the largest power consumer in London.
Around 1.2TWh is consumed by London Underground and London Overground and given TfL’s extensive infrastructure within the capital, it believes there is an opportunity for direct connections into the private power network.
Dan Curry, Energy and Carbon Strategy Manager for London Underground said: “The Tube is the largest consumer of electricity in London. As part of the mayor’s wider work to make the capital zero-carbon by 2050, we are keen to see how we can start purchasing locally generated, low carbon energy.
“We are keen to hear from any organisation – small or large – who think they can help with this as we develop our plans.”
The PIN is open until 16th November 2018. | <urn:uuid:073ff047-81a5-4bc7-b41d-f4ee7eda052e> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.energylivenews.com/2018/11/07/can-you-provide-low-carbon-power-for-londons-underground/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573098.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917161045-20190917183045-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.92056 | 240 | 2.546875 | 3 |
When I first started at School on Wheels as an AmeriCorps VISTA in 2011, one of my main projects was to revamp the curriculum that we had for tutors to utilize when students were finished with their homework. The main goal was to create activities and games that were easy to play, supported what students were learning at school and, most importantly, make learning FUN for our students. The result: our Tutor Toolkits.
Now five years later, Tutor Toolkits are still a resource that tutors use every night. Over the years, we’ve added lots of games that address different math and language art skills, and we’ve even expanded to add science activities.
It’s been a while since a major addition so today I’m really excited to announce our new LEGOS.
Students of all ages (and adults too) love playing with Legos. And while we often think of them as just a fun thing to play with, they are also a fantastic way to support learning!
Below are three of our new math and science activities for the Tutor Toolkit (language arts coming soon!):
1. Science: Lego Chain Reactions
The science part of the toolkit is still relatively new, and we’ve been actively looking for fun ways to integrate science into tutoring. And although Legos had been on my mind as a toolkit addition for a long time, finding the Lego Chain Reactions book was really what set everything in motion.
Lego Chain Reactions gives students instructions on how to create 10 different machines that spin, pivot, drop and more, using special science-related Lego pieces (right), the paper pieces found in the Science folder and supplemental bricks in the Lego bag. The book is made by Klutz, so the directions are pretty clear and they also give explanations of the physics behind each machine.
Your student should be able to make every machine in the book using what’s in the Lego bag – but they’ll have to use their thinking skills to make the blocks with what’s available! I will also note, these activities may not be as intuitive for adults as they are for kids, but kids are SO used to following Lego directions, they figure it out easily! It’s VERY helpful to watch the video for each machine before you start – there’s a QR code at the beginning of each activity. Every iPad has a QR code reader. Here’s an example video of the very first project, Quintopple.
Extension activity: Make sure to check out the Inventioneers and Tinkerbox apps on the iPads for more physics fun.
2. Math Game: Subtraction Tower (grades K & 1)
We have lots of games in the toolkit about addition, but nothing specifically for subtraction. But we’ve solved that! To play Subtraction Tower, grab the Legos and 1 die. Have each player build a tower with 10 Legos (you can use more or less depending on how advanced the student is). Players take turns rolling the die and taking that many Legos off of their tower.
You can help students understand the math behind the activity better by asking them to say the math equation or give you the reasoning behind what they’re doing (ex. the student has 10 Legos and rolls a 2. She could say, “10 – 2 = 8.” Or “I had 10 legos, I took off 2 and how I have 8.”) Take turns rolling and removing blocks until none are left. The first person to unstack them all is the winner!
Note: This game is great for working with multiple students around the same age/ability level!
3. Math Exploration: Fractions (Grades 3-8)
Most of the activities we have in the Tutor Toolkit are games, but manipulatives, especially Legos, can be a great way to review math concepts as well. Fractions are a concept that is often difficult for students to understand. Using Lego bricks, you can help students physically show what a whole, and then its parts look like.
You can expand this idea even further by helping students practice fraction addition!
These activities (and more) can all be found on the ring attached to the Lego bag! They’re arranged like the iPad rings – each subject is a different color. Many activities also have cards, arranged by subject, in the Tutor Toolkit Direction Card boxes. And when you’re all done playing, the awesome storage bags make clean up a breeze!
Have you tried out the new Lego activities? Let us know what you think in the comments below!
Want to learn even more about our curriculum? Check out even more blogs in our Tutor Tips series! | <urn:uuid:471d9dbf-3bac-44ac-9d2e-34ef5fc210c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://indyschoolonwheels.org/tutor-tips/using-legos-to-support-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320595.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625235624-20170626015624-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.961911 | 999 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Cancer is one of the leading international causes of morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle factors that contribute to causing cancer have been widely studied in recent years. Summarizing relevant studies, lifestyle factors identified include smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, weight management, physical activity, and environmental exposure. These studies use a variety of methodologies to determine the link between the lifestyle factor and risk of cancer. Issues with the methods of these studies can be addressed by future research that attempts to remedy methodological defects while replicating results. Valid and reliable information is essential to using information about lifestyle factors to combat cancer.
Lifestyle Factors Inducing Cancers
As one of the leading causes of mortality in the world, it is estimated that cancers will have killed 10 million people around the globe by 2020 (Haque et al. 2010). In 2009, the American Cancer Society estimated that there were nearly 1.5 million new cancer cases and about 560,000 cancer deaths (Khan, Afaq, and Mukhtar, 2010). Unfortunately, there is no guaranteed form of treatment for cancer and emphasis has been placed on prevention and early detection in order to combat this disease (Haque et al., 2010).
While the precise etiology of the disease is unknown, a number of causes of cancer have been identified and different factors can increase or reduce the risk of developing cancer (Haque et al., 2010). Genetics may predispose an individual to develop cancer or put them at a higher risk for a certain type of cancer because of a mutation at a certain codon (Naguib et al., 2010). Additionally, exposure to certain carcinogens or infections may increase the risk of developing a related type of cancer (Yamaji et al., 2009). Lifestyle factors build on the predetermined risk that comes with one's genetics and can induce cancer (Haque et al., 2010).
With 10 to 70% of cancer mortality being attributable to lifestyle factors (Haque et al., 2010), this article will review studies from the last five years addressing the impact of lifestyle factors on inducing cancer. This author will critique the studies, discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology. Finally, the paper will conclude with recommendations for future research.
Studies on the Correlation of Lifestyle and Cancer
Numerous studies have considered the impact of lifestyle factors such as smoking habits and physical activity levels on cancer. This section discusses the findings of those studies with respect to each lifestyle factor. Many studies consider the same factors, but focus on different types of cancers. Within the discussion of each lifestyle factors, the differing impact on specific cancers may be noted.
Smoking is one of the more well-known lifestyle factors that contribute to the incidence of cancer. It is estimated that smoking cigarettes causes 85 to 90% of lung cancers and long-term smoking leads to an increase in the risk for colon cancer (Khan et al., 2010). Active and passive smoking can lead to the production of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, or PAH, which are established carcinogens that target the following body organs: lungs, breasts, oropharynx, genitourinary tract, and gastrointenstinal tract (Haque et al., 2010).
Khan et al. (2010), used an article review to identify studies of the link between lifestyle factors and cancer. The studies cited by the authors found no significant sex differences in the carcinogenic effects of smoking. The authors explained that intensity and duration of smoking are critical with the largest risks for those that were between 20 and 22 years of age when they started smoking and those that smoke 20 to 29 cigarettes per day. The literature review also noted that current smokers have a higher rate of lung cancer death than do former smokers (Khan et al., 2010).
Boniol and Autier (2010) examined the correlation of cancer and lifestyle risk factors in Europe by looking at the pattern of cancer incidence and data on lifestyle factors. The rate of cancer correlated with smoking rates. For example, in countries where smoking cessation programs had not begun and there were fewer former smokers, there continued to be increases in the incidence rates of cancers in the respiratory tract. This was seen primarily in Eastern European countries. (Boniol and Autier, 2010)
Bissonauth et al. (2009) examined the link between smoking and breast cancer, focusing on female French-Canadians. The researchers were testing the effect of lifestyle factors while controlling for the common BRCA mutations by using equal numbers of carriers the frequent mutations and non-carriers. They found that those who smoked cigarettes for greater than 9 pack-years had a 59% higher risk of breast cancer. When the results were split by premenopausal and postmenopausal women, they found that premenopausal smokers had a 63% increased risk and there was a 49% higher risk for postmenopausal smokers. (Bissonauth et al., 2009)
Yamaji et al. (2009) examined Japanese subjects for the effect of smoking on gastric cancer. In this study, the researchers identified lifestyle factors and evaluated their independent effect on gastric cancer incidence.
Drinking alcohol has also been identified as a lifestyle risk factor for cancer and excessive drinking may cause or increase the risk of liver, pharynx, larynx, oral, esophageal, colorectal, and breast cancers (Haque et al., 2010). According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' National Toxicology Program (2005), alcohol consumption is considered to be a known carcinogen because the peripheral lymphocytes of alcoholics show more frequent chromosomal aberrations, aneuploidies, and sister chromatid exchanges. Drinking potentiates the detrimental effects of smoking tobacco, making simultaneous alcohol consumption and smoking especially dangerous for the development of cancer (Haque et al., 2010).
Khan et al. (2010) also reviewed studies linking alcohol consumption to breast, lung, and colon cancer. A cohort study found that binge drinking led to a 55% increased risk in breast cancer and regular, moderate drinking also increases risk for breast cancer. For lung cancer, increased risk was associated with high consumption of alcohol and consumption of hard liquors. There was no significant association for light and moderate drinking. Finally, daily consumption of three or more drinks was linked to increased risk of colorectal cancer and consumption of seven or more drinks per week increases the risk of colorectal cancers by 72%. One-fourth of colorectal cancer cases can be attributed to alcohol intake. (Khan et al., 2010).
Boniol and Autier (2010) also examined the pattern of alcohol consumption in Europe as compared to the incidence of cancer. Alcohol consumption matched the pattern of cancer incidence, with higher drinking rates in Eastern Europe and higher female consumption of alcoholic beverages in Ireland and Luxembourg. Slovakia and Hungary, countries with high rates of both alcohol consumption and smoking, had a higher incidence and death rate of oral and pharyngeal cancers. (Boniol and Autier, 2010)
Yamaji et al. (2009) considered the impact of alcohol consumption on gastric cancer as an independent risk factor for developing cancer. They found that non-regular drinkers had a 0.06% rate of developing gastric cancer and the rate of gastric cancer incidence in regular drinkers was significantly higher, at more than triple the rate of incidence for non-regular drinkers. (Yamaji et al., 2009)
Diet can both increase and decrease one's risk for various types of cancer. Habits associated with a good or bad diet may correlate with habits regarding physical activity and weight management. However, there are studies that attempt to separate the effects of diet on cancer incidence, which are discussed below.
Khan et al. (2010) found that high fat consumption led to increased risk of breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers. Saturated fat, in particular, was linked with breast cancer. Animal fat, in particular, was linked with prostate cancer. Fat from red and fried meats was linked with lung cancer. Consumption of high-fat dairy products and processed meat was linked with colon cancer incidence. On the other hand, the authors noted studies demonstrating that increasing one's consumption of fruits and vegetables could help decrease the risk of cancer. (Khan et al., 2010)
Naguib et al. (2010) examined dietary lifestyle factors and their correlations with BRAF and K-ras mutations. There were few significant results in the relationship between diet and mutations. Higher white meat consumption was linked with a higher K-ras mutation rate. Similarly, lower fruit consumption was also linked with higher rates of K-ras mutation. (Naguib et al., 2010)
Boniol and Autier (2010) examined the rates of fruit and vegetable consumption to compare to cancer incidence patterns in Europe. The researchers found some indication that lower rates of consumption of fruits and vegetables were linked with higher rates of cancer in those countries. However, the researchers did not emphasize these results as the sources of data were too heterogeneous to compare and remain within the bounds of sound statistical analysis. (Boniol and Autier, 2010)
Haque et al. (2010) did not focus on increasing rates of cancer, but focused on the preventative characteristics of dietary phytochemicals. The authors noted that certain items added to a diet will increase blocking agents that can prevent carcinogens from reaching targets… | <urn:uuid:9c21c717-d411-4138-9dd9-cc83d5631b9a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.paperdue.com/essay/role-of-lifestyle-factors-in-inducing-cancer-120374 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607649.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523183134-20170523203134-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.958631 | 1,924 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Applying Insights from Faculty Teaching Practices to Science and Math Education Reforms
Publication Date: January 2011
Keywords: Teaching and Learning; IHEs
Coverage: United States
Policymakers and educators are increasingly expressing concerns that the U.S. is lagging behind other countries in educating the next generation of mathematicians and scientists. In response, the federal government, private foundations, and many institutions of higher education (IHEs) are encouraging STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) instructors to adopt interactive, inquiry-based teaching methods in their classes, laboratories, and discussion sections.
However, a major challenge facing policymakers and educators engaged in pedagogical reform in math and science is to fully understand teaching practices in IHEs and how instructors experience their organizational environment in regards to their teaching responsibilities. An adequate accounting of these complex phenomena involves capturing many different aspects of teaching practice. This brief presents an approach that captures the nuances of teaching practice with the specific aim of providing actionable evidence for policymakers and practitioners. | <urn:uuid:6d98378d-91d6-41be-9a7d-c86b24a905a9> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/96065 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989897.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00145-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931594 | 213 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Do you teach a Housing or Interior Design class? Are in need of an end of the year project? If you answered “yes,” you must check out this impressive 3-D “Housing Final” project created and shared by Katelyn Propper of Indiana. Now, more than ever, students need a break from their screens and this hands-on housing project delivers that and more!
Teacher & Notes
- This was the first year Katelyn’s Housing class was a full year in length. Because so many styles and designs were explored throughout the year, Katelyn felt it was too much information for her students to remember for a final exam and so the 3-D Housing final was created.
- Building an actual 3-D model ahead of time was actually helpful for both Katelyn and her students. It allowed them to see how things were constructed and allowed them to brainstorm how they would construct their own ideas and problem solve processes along the way. It also gave Katelyn’s students a full picture of her expectations.
- Like many of us, Katelyn is synchronously teaching in person and hybrid and this project will work for both.
- The only differences are that hybrid students must send weekly photos of progress on their creations so that Katelyn knows they are on task and staying current. And, if students need to use school glue guns, they must arrange a time to come in after school to do so as those materials cannot be sent home.
- Students will get 14 class periods to complete this project. Class periods are 70 minutes in length. To save time, students could complete their planning sheets outside of class as homework.
- Materials are supplied by Katelyn, but students are free to bring in additional items.
- Glue Guns & Glue Sticks (affliliate link)
- School Glue
- Fabric Scraps
- Popsicle Sticks
- Exacto Knives (affiliate link)
- Colored Printers (helpful, but not necessary)
- The first thing Katelyn does is go over the project with students, explaining each part in depth and showing examples based on her own model.
- Students receive two different random slips of paper; one providing them with the number of children they have to fill in on their planning sheet, as well as one housing style (they pick the second housing style) that must be represented through the use of three housing features (total between the two) of the housing styles selected. This will help guide them through the planning process on the type of house they are going to build their model after.
- Students work independently throughout the period, constructing structures, furniture and interior design elements as they go.
- Katelyn does not give specific due dates for requirements of the model, but she does provide suggestions on what should be accomplished along the way.
- Once students have created their models, they write up their reflections, note cards and paragraphs to display with their final project. Students view these in a gallery walk.
- Final Housing Project–Planning Sheet (please make a copy)
- Final Housing Project–Floor Plans Planning Guide (please make a copy)
- Final Housing Project Rubric (please make a copy)
- Slips for Students to Select Assignments (please make a copy)
- Paragraph & Note Card Label Instructions (please make a copy)
- Mrs. Propper’s Example (please make a copy)
- Sample Sketches (please make a copy) | <urn:uuid:a2fd25b9-3bf0-4eb2-b95b-9a5e3633dcae> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.familyconsumersciences.com/2021/04/3-d-housing-final/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500076.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203221113-20230204011113-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.966327 | 770 | 3.0625 | 3 |
What is Aplastic anemia?
Aplastic anemia is a serious disorder in which an inadequate number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood (pancytopenia) result from bone marrow failure (aplasia), which is caused by injury to or suppression of the blood's stem cell. When the bone marrow fails to produce stem cells, the lack of red blood cells results in anemia. The lack of white blood cells results in infection, and the lack of platelets results in bleeding manifestations.
Aplastic anemia can be inherited or acquired. Primary or idiopathic aplastic anemia has no known cause, is difficult to treat, and accounts for about half of all cases.
Primary aplastic anemia may also occur during pregnancy but resolves following delivery.
Secondary aplastic anemia includes those disorders for which causes have been discovered. Anticancer treatments (radiation or chemotherapy), viral infections, and certain drugs can interfere with the bone marrow's ability to produce cells. In these cases, once the cause is removed, the bone marrow usually recovers and resumes normal production of cells. A more persistent form of aplastic anemia is caused by long-term exposure to benzene fumes (a constituent of gasoline), exposure to insecticides, or exposure to a moderate to high dose of nuclear radiation (from radioactive fallout or nuclear explosions). Aplastic anemia is most common around the age of 30.
How is it diagnosed?
- History: Symptoms usually develop gradually and include fatigue, lethargy, and shortness of breath due to a low level of red blood cells. As the number of white blood cells decrease, the individual may report feeling ill or feverish or developing frequent infections. A reduction in platelets may lead to easy bruising, oozing around the gums, and nosebleeds.
- Physical exam may be completely normal. In other cases, the exam may reveal paleness of the skin, nailbeds, and mucous membranes. There may be evidence of bruising, bleeding, or infection. Heart rate may be abnormally fast.
- Tests: A complete blood count (CBC) will usually show reduced numbers of red cells, white cells, and platelets, the hallmark of this disorder. A reticulocyte (immature blood cell) count will be very low, showing no attempt of the bone marrow to respond to the anemia.
A bone marrow analysis should include an aspirate (sample of cells from the bone marrow removed by suction through a needle) and a biopsy (a small core of bone with marrow inside) for microscopic examination. In aplastic anemia, the marrow shows an absence of blood forming cells (hypocellular).
How is Aplastic anemia treated?
Treatment varies according to the type of aplastic anemia. If a chemical agent has caused the problem, removing it sometimes leads to a full recovery in individuals of all ages. Generally, mild cases of aplastic anemia are treated with blood transfusions until the bone marrow resumes normal function. During this period the individual is put on antibiotics to decrease the risk of infection. In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant can be done if a suitable donor is available. The donor must be someone whose tissue type is a genetically close match to the individual (usually a brother or sister). This technique essentially repopulates the bone marrow with new, active stem cells. Adults over 50 or other individuals who do not have compatible donors are usually treated with antithymocyte globulin (an immune system inhibitor) in conjunction with transfusion, antibiotics, and steroids. The success of this treatment has helped confirm the notion that the immune system plays a role in most cases of aplastic anemia. This therapy is occasionally combined with other immunosuppressive drugs (cyclosporine). Injections of EPO (erythropoietin) and gCSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor) are also used in the hopes of raising the white blood cell (hemoglobin neutrophil) count and decreasing anemia and infections.
What might complicate it?
Complications of aplastic anemia include increased risk of infection and hemorrhage. Untreated, it can rapidly become fatal. In pregnancy, aplastic anemia can result in premature birth and increase the risk for mother and/or infant mortality (death).
Without treatment, individuals with severe aplastic anemia will live an average of only three months following diagnosis. Most treatment is 50 to 80% successful. Chemically caused aplastic anemia usually resolves quickly when the exposure to the chemical is eliminated. Individuals who receive antithymocyte globulin typically show improvement in one to three months, with blood counts high enough that they will not require transfusions in the future. Bone marrow transplants are usually quite successful in older individuals (with sibling donors) and in children who have never had blood transfusions.
Hematologist, rheumatologist and medical toxicologist.
Last updated 6 October 2011 | <urn:uuid:2713f5b1-cbe3-4bcb-9a44-cef13289fd08> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.nmihi.com/a/aplastic-anemia.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00139-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913064 | 1,044 | 3.75 | 4 |
Blood clots in the lung (pulmonary embolism, PE) often completely dissolve within a few weeks or months and a patient’s symptoms of shortness and breath and chest pain disappear. Many people return to their normal self and have no physical limitations thereafter. Other people have some residual symptoms of shortness of breath or chest discomfort, but adjust to it well. However, in a few patients, clots do not completely dissolve and significant chronic damage to the lung results.If severe, then this is called pulmonary hypertension. It has also been given the name CTEPH, which stands for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension. Persistent or worsening shortness of breath, particularly with exercise, is the most common symptom. As pulmonary hypertension can eventually lead to right heart failure and death, the condition is to be taken seriously and patients with previous PE should be evaluated for it.
What is pulmonary hypertension? How is it defined?
When blood clots do not completely dissolve, they develop into scar tissue. This obstructs some of the blood vessels (the pulmonary arteries) in the lung. The right side of the heart, which has to pump blood into the vessels of the lung, now has to pump chronically against this resistance. As a consequence, the right heart is under chronic stress and eventually tires out, resulting in right heart failure.
Physicians define pulmonary hypertension by pressure measurements they take at the time of a heart echo examination (cardiac echo) and, if that is abnormal, a subsequent right heart catheterization and pulmonary angiogram (= pulmonary arteriogram). In medical terms, pulmonary hypertension is defined as “a mean pulmonary artery pressure of ≥ 25 mm Hg by right heart catheterization, with normal left atrial pressure and left ventricular capillary wedge pressure”. There are many causes of pulmonary hypertension other than blood clots. If pulmonary hypertension is due to previous PE or due to asymptomatic recurrent clots, the term Chronic Thrombo-Embolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) is used.
How common is it? Who develops it?
Pulmonary hypertension typically occurs within the first 2 years after a PE. It affects up to 4 % of PE patients, i.e. 1 out of 25 PE patients develops it. A patient is at higher risk if (a) the PE was fairly large, and (b) a person has recurrent clots. Also, for unclear reasons, women and younger people are at somewhat higher risk.
What are the symptoms?
Worsening shortness of breath with exercise is the classic presentation. Some patients report that their shortness of breath after a PE never resolved or only partially improved. As the lung disease worsens, additional symptoms may be present: generalized fatigue, chest pain, light-headedness, near-fainting and fainting, and eventually symptoms of right heart failure: swelling of both ankles and whole leg, abdominal distension, feeling full easily.
Who should be screened for it?
The following patients should be evaluated for pulmonary hypertension after they had a PE: the patient with (a) history of large PE, (b) shortness of breath, limited recovery of exercise tolerance after the PE episode and, (c) symptoms or signs of right heart failure after a PE (swelling of both ankles, calves, and whole leg, abdominal distension, near fainting). Typically, patients improve from their PE in the weeks to months following the acute PE, and within 6, 9 or 12 months a steady state is reached. Certainly, there is some variability from patient to patient. However, if there has been no significant improvement at 6-9 months, or improvement has reached a plateau at an impaired functional level, then evaluation for pulmonary HTN is appropriate.
How to screen for it?
The following medical tests are appropriate:
- Pulse oximetry (finger clip device) in clinic at rest and after climbing stairs (or formal 6 minute walk test in a pulmonary function laboratory);
- Heart echo with focus on the right heart and estimation of pulmonary artery pressure;
- VQ lung scan (nuclear medicine perfusion-ventilation scan) to look for chronic/previous/old PE. A CTA (CT angiogram) of the chest is NOT a useful test to detect chronic PE – it is often normal. In medical terms: it is not sensitive enough to detect chronic PE.
- If any of the these screening test raises the suspicion that the patient may have pulmonary hypertension, then appropriate next steps are:
- Referral to a lung specialist (= pulmonologist) with expertise and interest in pulmonary hypertension, and
- Right heart catheterization with pulmonary artery pressure measurements and pulmonary arteriography (contrast injection into the lung vessesl).
- The patient with pulmonary hypertension should be treated with long-term blood thinners (most commonly warfarin), unless the patient has a significant bleeding risk [ref 1].
- Surgical removal of the chronic scar tissue in the lung vessels (= pulmonary endarterectomy) in a specialized center should be considered. This is a major surgery.
- Medications (Bosentan, etc) may be considered by the pulmonologist for patients with pulmonary hypertension who are not surgical candidates or who have residual pulmonary hypertension after endarterectomy surgery [ref 1].
- American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Statement [ref 1]
- AHA, ACCP (American College of Chest Physicians) and PHA (Pulmonary Hypertension Association) Consensus Document 2009 [ref 2]
- European Guideline [ref 3]
Support for Patients
For health care professionals: This same information, written for health care professionals, is available here.
- Jaff MR et al. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2011;123:1788-1830.
- McLaughlin VV et al. ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Apr 28;53(17):1573-619.
- Galie N et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2009 Oct;30(20):2493-537. Epub 2009 Aug 27.
Acknowledgement: This blog entry was written in collaboration with Dr. Hubert (Jimmy) Ford, Assistant Professor, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC. Dr. Ford directs the UNC Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic.
Disclosure: The authors have no financial conflict of interest relevant to this educational post.
Last updated: June 29th, 2011
Disclaimer: ClotConnect.org, its contributors, authors, advisors, members and affiliate organizations do not assume any liability for the content of the website, blog and educational materials. Medical information changes rapidly. While information is believed to be correct, no representation is made and no responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained on or available through this web site and blog. Information is subject to change without notice. | <urn:uuid:2718e321-80bc-4f38-abb3-e599a734e159> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://patientblog.clotconnect.org/2011/06/29/chronic-lung-damage-after-pe-pulmonary-hypertension-cteph/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155924.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919043926-20180919063926-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.915148 | 1,545 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Foundations of the monastic buildings and the back of the museum
|Dedicated to||Saint Bertelin, Saint Mary|
|Diocese||Diocese of Coventry and Lichfield|
|Controlled churches||Runcorn, Great Budworth,|
St Michael, Chester, Castle Donington, Ratcliffe-on-Soar, Kneesall, Burton upon Stather, Pirton (now Pyrton)
|Founder(s)||William fitz Nigel,|
2nd Baron of Halton
|Designated||24 July 1928|
|Designated||23 April 1970|
Norton Priory is a historic site in Norton, Runcorn, Cheshire, England, comprising the remains of an abbey complex dating from the 12th to 16th centuries, and an 18th-century country house; it is now a museum. The remains are a scheduled ancient monument and are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. They are considered to be the most important monastic remains in Cheshire.
The priory was established as an Augustinian foundation in the 12th century, and was raised to the status of an abbey in 1391. The abbey was closed in 1536, as part of the dissolution of the monasteries. Nine years later the surviving structures, together with the manor of Norton, were purchased by Sir Richard Brooke, who built a Tudor house on the site, incorporating part of the abbey. This was replaced in the 18th century by a Georgian house. The Brooke family left the house in 1921, and it was partially demolished in 1928. In 1966 the site was given in trust for the use of the general public.
Excavation of the site began in 1971, and became the largest to be carried out by modern methods on any European monastic site. It revealed the foundations and lower parts of the walls of the monastery buildings and the abbey church. Important finds included: a Norman doorway; a finely carved arcade; a floor of mosaic tiles, the largest floor area of this type to be found in any modern excavation; the remains of the kiln where the tiles were fired; a bell casting pit used for casting the bell; and a large medieval statue of Saint Christopher.
The site was opened to the public in the 1970s. It includes a museum, the excavated ruins, and the surrounding garden and woodland. In 1984 the separate walled garden was redesigned and opened to the public. Norton Priory is now a visitor attraction, and the museum trust organises a programme of events, exhibitions, educational courses, and outreach projects. In August 2016, a larger and much extended museum opened.
In 1115 a community of Augustinian canons was founded in the burh of Runcorn by William fitz Nigel, the second Baron of Halton and Constable of Chester, on the south bank of the River Mersey where it narrows to form the Runcorn Gap. This was the only practical site where the Mersey could be crossed between Warrington and Birkenhead, and the archaeologists Fraser Brown and Christine Howard-Davis consider it likely that the canons cared for travellers and pilgrims crossing the river. They also speculate that William may have sought to profit from the tolls paid by these travellers.
The priory was the second religious house to be founded in the Earldom of Chester; the first was the Benedictine St Werburgh's Abbey at Chester, founded in 1093 by Hugh Lupus, the first Earl of Chester. The priory at Runcorn had a double dedication, to Saint Bertelin and to Saint Mary. The authors of the Victoria County History suggest that the dedication to St Bertelin was taken from a Saxon church already existing on the site. In 1134 William fitz William, the third Baron of Halton, moved the priory to a site in Norton, a village 3 miles (5 km) to the east of Runcorn. The reasons for the move are uncertain. It may have been that fitz William wanted greater control of the strategic crossing of the Mersey at Runcorn Gap, or it may have been because the canons wanted a more secluded site. Nothing remains of the site of the original priory in Runcorn.
The site for the new priory was in damp, scrubby woodland. There is no evidence that it was agricultural land, or that it contained any earlier buildings. The first priority was to clear and drain the land. There were freshwater springs near the site, and these would have provided fresh running water for latrines and domestic purposes. They would also have been used to create watercourses and moated enclosures, some of which might have been used for orchards and herb gardens. Sandstone for building the priory was available at an outcrop nearby, sand for mortar could be obtained from the shores of the River Mersey, and boulder clay on the site provided material for floor and roof tiles.
Excavation has revealed remnants of oak, some of it from trees hundreds of years old. It is likely that this came from various sources; some from nearby, and some donated from the forests at Delamere and Macclesfield. The church and monastic buildings were constructed in Romanesque style.
The priory was endowed by William fitz Nigel with properties in Cheshire, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Oxfordshire, including the churches of St Mary, Great Budworth and St Michael, Chester. By 1195 the priory owned eight churches, five houses, the tithe of at least eight mills, the rights of common in four townships, and one-tenth of the profits from the Runcorn ferry. The prior supplied the chaplain to the hereditary Constables of Chester and to the Barons of Halton.
During the 12th century, the main benefactors of the priory were the Barons of Halton, but after 1200 their gifts reduced, mainly because they transferred their interests to the Cistercian abbey at Stanlow, which had been founded in 1178 by John fitz Richard, the sixth baron. Archaeologist J. Patrick Greene states that it is unlikely that any of the Barons of Halton were buried in Norton Priory. The only members of the family known to be buried there are Richard, brother of Roger de Lacy, the seventh baron, and a female named Alice. The identity of Alice has not been confirmed, but Greene considers that she was the niece of William, Earl Warenne, the 5th Earl of Surrey and therefore a relative of the Delacy family, who were at that time the Barons of Halton. The earl made a grant to the priory of 30 shillings a year in order to "maintain a pittance for her soul". As the role played by the Barons of Halton declined, so the importance of members of the Dutton family increased. The Duttons had been benefactors since the priory's foundation, and from the 13th century they became the principal benefactors. There were two main branches of the family, one in Dutton and the other in Sutton Weaver. The Dutton family had their own burial chapel in the priory, and burial in the chapel is specified in three wills made by members of the family. The Aston family of Aston were also important benefactors.
The priory buildings, including the church, were extended during the late 12th and early 13th centuries. It has been estimated that the original community would have consisted of 12 canons and the prior; this increased to around 26 members in the later part of the 12th century, making it one of the largest houses in the Augustinian order. By the end of the century the church had been lengthened, a new and larger chapter house had been built (I* on the plan), and a large chapel had been added to the east end of the church (N). In about 1200 the west front of the church was enlarged (M), a bell tower was built and guest quarters were constructed. It is possible that the chapel at the east end was built to accommodate the holy cross of Norton, a relic which was reputed to have miraculous healing powers. A fire in 1236 destroyed the timber-built kitchen (Q) and damaged the west range of the monastic buildings and the roof of the church. The kitchen was rebuilt and the other damage was rapidly repaired.
During the first half of the 14th century, the priory suffered from financial mismanagement and disputes with the Dutton family, exacerbated by a severe flood in 1331 that reduced the income from the priory's lands. The direct effects of the Black Death are not known, but during the 1350s financial problems continued. These were party mitigated with the selling of the advowson of the church at Ratcliffe-on-Soar. Matters further improved from 1366 with the appointment of Richard Wyche as prior. He was active in the governance of the wider Augustinian order and in political affairs, and in 1391 was involved in raising the priory's status to that of a mitred abbey. A mitred abbey was one in which the abbot was given permission to use pontifical insignia, including the mitre, ring and pontifical staff, and to give the solemn benediction provided a bishop was not present. It was rare for an Augustinian house to be elevated to this status. Out of about 200 Augustinian houses in England and Wales, 28 were abbeys and only seven of these became mitred. The only other mitred abbey in Cheshire was that of St Werburgh in Chester. In 1379 and in 1381 there were 15 canons at Norton and in 1401 there were 16, making it the largest Augustinian community in the northwest of England. By this time the barony of Halton had passed by a series of marriages to the duchy of Lancaster. John of Gaunt, the 1st Duke of Lancaster and 14th Baron of Halton, agreed to be the patron of the newly formed abbey. At this date the church was 287 feet (87 m) long; it was the second longest Augustinian church in northwest England, exceeded only by the 328 feet (100 m) long church at Carlisle. Towards the end of the 14th century, the abbey acquired a "giant" statue of Saint Christopher. Three wills from members of the Dutton family from this period survive; they are dated 1392, 1442 and 1527, and in each will money was bequeathed to the foundation.
The abbey's fortunes went into decline after the death of Richard Wyche in 1400. Wyche was succeeded by his prior, John Shrewsbury, who "does not seem to have done more than keep the house in order". Frequent floods had reduced its income, and in 1429 the church and other abbey buildings were described as being "ruinous". Problems continued through the rest of the 15th century, resulting in the sale of more advowsons. By 1496 the number of canons had been reduced to nine, and to seven in 1524. In 1522 there were reports of disputes between the abbot and the prior. The abbot was accused of "wasting the house's resources, nepotism, relations with women" and other matters, while the prior admitted to "fornication and lapses in the observation of the Rule". The prior threatened the abbot with a knife, but then left the abbey. The physical state of the buildings continued to deteriorate.
The records of the priory and abbey have not survived, but the excavations and the study of other documents have produced evidence of how the monastic lands were managed. The principal source of income came from farming. This income was required not only for the building and upkeep of the property, but also for feeding the canons, their guests, and visiting pilgrims. The priory also had an obligation from its foundation to house travellers fording the Mersey. It has been estimated that nearly half of the demesne lands were used for arable farming. The grain grown on priory lands was ground by a local windmill and by a watermill outside the priory lands. Excavations revealed part of a stone handmill in the area used in the monastic kitchen. In addition to orchards and herb gardens in the moated enclosures, it is likely that beehives were maintained for the production of honey. There is evidence from bone fragments that cattle, sheep, pigs, geese and chickens were reared and consumed, but few bone fragments from deer, rabbits or hares have been discovered. Horseflesh was not eaten. Although few fish bones have been discovered, it is known from documentary evidence that the canons owned a number of local fisheries. The fuel used consisted of wood and charcoal, and turf from marshes over which the priory had rights of turbary (to cut turf).
The events in 1536 surrounding the fate of the abbey at the dissolution of the monasteries are complicated, and included a dispute between Sir Piers Dutton, who was in a powerful position as the Sheriff of Cheshire, and Sir William Brereton, the deputy-chamberlain of Chester. Dutton's estate was next to that of the abbey, and Dutton plotted to gain some of its land from the Crown after the dissolution; while Brereton supported the abbot against Dutton and held the lucrative position of steward of the abbey. A campaign of vilification was directed at the canons, asserting that they were guilty of "debauched conduct". Then, in 1535, Dutton falsely accused the abbot and Brereton of issuing counterfeit coins. This charge was dismissed mainly because one of Dutton's witnesses was considered to be "unconvincing". Playing into Duttons' hands was the gross undervaluation of the abbey's assets as reported to the royal commissioners of the Valor Ecclesiasticus of 1535; as a result of which the net annual income of the abbey was recorded, falsely, as falling below the £200 (equivalent to £120,000 in 2018) threshold that would subsequently be chosen for the first round of dissolutions in 1536, although whether this subterfuge was due to the machinations of Dutton or the abbot (or both) remains unclear. Brereton and the abbot appear to have attempted to have the dissolution cancelled subject to the payment of a fine, as was the case in large numbers of other houses in similar circumstances; but in the abbot's absence dissolution commissioners arrived unannounced at the abbey in early October 1536. There was considerable opposition, the commissioners being menaced by around 300 local people; for whom the abbot, rushing back, threw an impromptu feast complete with roasted ox. According to Dutton's account, after barricading themselves in a tower the commissioners managed to send a letter to Dutton, who arrived with a force of men in the middle of the night. Most of the rioters fled, but Dutton arrested the abbot and four of the canons, who were sent to Halton Castle and then to prison in Chester. Dutton sent a report of the events to Henry VIII; who demanded that if the abbot and canons had behaved as Dutton reported, they should be immediately executed as traitors. However, because the kings instructions had been conveyed by the Lord Chancellor in the form of letters to both Dutton and Brereton, the two faction leaders would be required to act together to effect them; with the consequence that Brereton was temporarily able to stall any such action by refusing to meet with Dutton. Events elsewhere in the country further delayed the execution and, following an intercession to Thomas Cromwell (whose own informal contacts had cast doubt on the reliability of Dutton's reports), the abbot and canons were discharged and awarded pensions. The abbey was made uninhabitable, the lead from the roof, the bell metal, and other valuable materials were confiscated for the king, and the building lay empty for nine years. The estate came into the ownership of the Crown, and it was managed by Brereton. From the evidence of damage to the tiled floor of the church, Brown and Howard-Davis conclude it is likely that the church was demolished at an early stage, but otherwise the archaeological evidence for this period is sparse and largely negative.
In 1545 the abbey and the manor of Norton were sold to Sir Richard Brooke for a little over £1,512 (equivalent to £720,000 in 2018). Brooke built a house in Tudor style, which became known as Norton Hall, using as its core the former abbot's lodgings and the west range of the monastic buildings. It is not certain which other monastic buildings remained when the abbey was bought by the Brookes; excavations suggest that the cloisters were still present. A 17th-century sketch plan by one of the Randle Holme family shows that the gatehouse remained at that time, although almost all the church had been demolished. An engraving by the Buck brothers dated 1727 shows that little changed by the next century.
During the Civil War the house was attacked by a force of Royalists. The Brookes were the first family in north Cheshire to declare allegiance to the Parliamentary side. Halton Castle was a short distance away, and was held by Earl Rivers for the Royalists. In February 1643 a large force from the castle armed with cannon attacked the house, which was defended by only 80 men. Henry Brooke successfully defended the house, with only one man wounded, while the Royalists lost 16 men including their cannonier (gunner). They burnt two barns and plundered Brooke's tenants, but "returned home with shame and the hatred of the country".
At some time between 1727 and 1757 the Tudor house was demolished and replaced by a new house in Georgian style. The house had an L-plan, the main wing facing west standing on the footprint of the Tudor house, with a south wing at right-angles to it. The ground floor of the west wing retained the former vaulted undercroft of the west range of the medieval abbey, and contained the kitchens and areas for the storage of wines and beers. The first floor was the piano nobile, containing the main reception rooms. The west front was symmetrical, in three storeys, with a double flight of stairs leading up to the main entrance. Clearance of the other surviving remnants of the monastic buildings had started but the moated enclosures were still in existence at that time. A drawing dated 1770 shows that by then all these buildings and the moats had been cleared away, and the former fishponds were being used for pleasure boating. Between 1757 and the early 1770s modifications were made to the house, the main one being the addition of a north wing. According to the authors of the Buildings of England series, the architect responsible for this was James Wyatt. Also between 1757 and 1770, the Brooke family built a walled garden at a distance from the house to provide fruit, vegetables and flowers. The family also developed the woodland around the house, creating pathways, a stream-glade and a rock garden. Brick-built wine bins were added to the undercroft, developing it into a wine cellar, and barrel vaulting was added to the former entrance hall to the abbey (which was known as the outer parlour), obscuring its arcade.
During the mid-18th century, Sir Richard Brooke was involved in a campaign to prevent the Bridgewater Canal from being built through his estate. The Bridgewater Canal Extension Act had been passed in 1762, and it made allowances for limited disturbance to the Norton estate. However Sir Richard did not see the necessity for the canal and opposed its passing through his estate. In 1773 the canal was opened from Manchester to Runcorn, except for 1 mile (2 km) across the estate, which meant that goods had to be unloaded and carted around it. Eventually Sir Richard capitulated, and the canal was completed throughout its length by March 1776.
By 1853 a service range had been added to the south wing of the house. In 1868 the external flight of stairs was removed from the west front and a new porch entrance was added to its ground floor. The entrance featured a Norman doorway that had been moved from elsewhere in the monastery; Greene believes that it probably formed the entrance from the west cloister walk into the nave of the church. An exact replica of this doorway was built and placed to the north of the Norman doorway, making a double entrance. The whole of the undercroft was radically restored, giving it a Gothic theme, adding stained glass windows and a medieval-style fireplace. The ground to the south of the house was levelled and formal gardens were established.
During the 19th century the estate was again affected by transport projects. In 1804 the Runcorn to Latchford Canal was opened, replacing the Mersey and Irwell Navigation; this cut off the northern part of the estate, making it only accessible by a bridge. The Grand Junction Railway was built across the estate in 1837, followed by the Warrington and Chester Railway, which opened in 1850; both of these lines affected the southeast part of the estate. In 1894, the Runcorn to Latchford Canal was replaced by the Manchester Ship Canal, and the northern part of the estate could only be accessed by a swing bridge. The Brooke family left the house in 1921, and it was almost completely demolished in 1928. Rubble from the house was used in the foundations of a new chemical works. During the demolition, the undercroft was retained and roofed with a cap of concrete. In 1966 the current Sir Richard Brooke gave Norton Priory in trust for the benefit of the public.
In 1971 J. Patrick Greene was given a contract to carry out a six-month excavation for Runcorn Development Corporation as part of a plan to develop a park in the centre of Runcorn New Town. The site consisted of a 500-acre (202 ha) area of fields and woods to the north of the Bridgewater Canal. Greene's initial findings led to his being employed for a further 12 years to supervise a major excavation of the site. The buildings found included the Norman doorway with its Victorian addition and three medieval rooms. Specialists were employed and local volunteers were recruited to assist with the excavation, while teams of supervised prisoners were used to perform some of the heavier work. The area excavated exceeded that at any European monastic site that used modern methods. The Development Corporation decided to create a museum on the site, and in 1975 Norton Priory Museum Trust was established.
In 1989 Greene published his book about the excavations entitled Norton Priory: The Archaeology of a Medieval Religious House. Further work has been carried out, recording and analysing the archaeological findings. In 2008 Fraser Brown and Christine Howard-Davis published Norton Priory: Monastery to Museum, in which the findings are described in more detail. Howard-Davis was largely responsible for the post-excavation assessment and for compiling a database for the artefacts and, with Brown, for their analysis.
The excavations have revealed information about the original priory buildings and grounds, and how they were subsequently modified. A series of ditches was found that would have provided a supply of fresh water and also a means for drainage of a relatively wet site. Evidence of the earliest temporary timber buildings in which the canons were originally housed was found in the form of 12th-century post pits. Norton Priory is one of few monastic sites to have produced evidence of temporary quarters. The remains of at least seven temporary buildings have been discovered. It is considered that the largest of these, because it had more substantial foundations than the others, was probably the timber-framed church; another was most likely the gatehouse, and the other buildings provided accommodation for the canons and the senior secular craftsmen.
The earliest masonry building was the church, which was constructed on shallow foundations of sandstone rubble and pebbles on boulder clay. The walls were built in local red sandstone with ashlar faces and a rubble and mortar core. The ground plan of the original church was cruciform, and consisted of a nave without aisles, a choir at the crossing with a tower above it, a square-ended chancel, and north and south transepts, each with an eastern chapel. The total length of the church was 148 feet (45.1 m) and the total length across the transepts was 74 feet (22.6 m), giving a ratio of 2:1. The walls of the church were 5 feet (1.5 m) wide at the base, and the crossing tower was supported on four piers.
The other early buildings were built surrounding a cloister to the south of the church. The east range incorporated the chapter house and also contained the sacristy, the canons' dormitory and the reredorter. The upper storey of the west range provided living accommodation for the prior and an area where secular visitors could be received. In the lower storey was the undercroft where food and fuel were stored. The south range contained the refectory, and at a distance from the south range stood the kitchen. Evidence of a bell foundry dating from this period was found 55 yards (50 m) to the north of the church. It is likely that this was used for casting a tenor bell. A few moulded stones from this early period were found. These included nine blocks that probably formed part of a corbel table. There were also two beak-head voussoirs; this type of voussoir is rare in Cheshire, and has been found in only one other church in the county.
Considerable expansion occurred during the last two decades of the 12th century and the first two or three decades of the 13th century. The south and west ranges were demolished and rebuilt, enlarging the cloister from about 36 feet (11 m) by 32 feet (10 m) to about 56 feet (17 m) by 52 feet (16 m). This meant that a door in the south wall of the church had to be blocked off and a new highly decorated doorway was built at the northeast corner of the cloister; this doorway has survived. The lower storey of the west range, the other standing remains of the priory, also dates from this period; it comprises the cellarer's undercroft and a passage to its north, known as the outer parlour. The outer parlour had been the entrance to the priory from the outside world, and was "sumptuously decorated" so that "the power and wealth of the priory could be displayed in tangible fashion to those coming from the secular world". The undercroft, used for storage, was divided into two chambers, and its decoration was much plainer. The upper floor has been lost; it is considered that this contained the prior's living quarters and, possibly, a chapel over the outer parlour. A new and larger reredorter was built at the end of the east range, and it is believed that work might have started on a new chapter house. A system of stone drains was constructed to replace the previous open ditches. The west wall of the church was demolished and replaced by a more massive structure, 10 feet (3 m) thick at the base. The east wall was also demolished and the chancel was extended, forming an additional area measuring approximately 27 feet (8 m) by 23 feet (7 m).
The excavation revealed evidence of the fire of 1236, including ash, charcoal, burnt planks and a burnt wooden bowl. It is thought that the fire probably started in the timber-built kitchens at the junction of the west and south ranges, and then spread to the monastic buildings and church. Most of the wood in the buildings, including the furnishings and roofs, would have been destroyed, although the masonry walls remained largely intact. The major repairs required gave an opportunity for the extension of the church by the addition of new chapels to both of the transepts, and its refurbishment in a manner even grander than previously. The cloister had been badly damaged in the fire and its arcade was rebuilt on the previous foundations. The new arcade was of "very high quality and finely wrought construction". Brown and Howard-Davis state that the kitchens were rebuilt on the same site and it appears that they were rebuilt in timber yet again. Excavations have found evidence of a second bell foundry in the northwest of the priory grounds. The date of this is uncertain but Greene suggests that it was built to cast a new bell to replace the original one that was damaged in the fire. Later in the 13th century another chapel was added to the north transept. Accommodation for guests was constructed to the southwest of the monastic buildings.
In the later part of the 13th century and during the following century the chapel in the south transept was replaced by a grander two-chambered chapel. This balanced the enlarged chapels in the north transept, restoring the church's cruciform plan. Around this time the east end of the church was further extended when a reliquary chapel was added measuring about 42 feet (13 m) by 24 feet (7 m). A guest hall was built to the west of the earlier guest quarters. After the status of the foundation was elevated from a priory to an abbey, a tower house was added to the west range. This is shown on the engraving by the Buck brothers, but it has left little in the way of archaeological remains. The church was extended by the addition of a north aisle. There is little evidence of later major alterations before the dissolution. There is evidence to suggest that the cloister was rebuilt, and that alterations were made to the east range.
The excavations revealed information about the burials carried out within the church and the monastic buildings, and in the surrounding grounds. They are considered to be "either those of Augustinian canons, privileged members of their lay household, or of important members of the Dutton family". Most burials were in stone coffins or in wooden coffins with stone lids, and had been carried out from the late 12th century up to the time of the dissolution. The site of the burial depended on the status of the individual, whether they were clerical or lay, and their degree of importance. Priors, abbots, and high-ranking canons were buried within the church, with those towards the east end of the church being the most important. Other canons were buried in a graveyard outside the church, in an area to the south and east of the chancel. Members of the laity were buried either in the church, towards the west end of the nave or in the north aisle, or outside the church around its west end. It is possible that there was a lay cemetery to the north and west of the church. The addition of the chapels to the north transept, and their expansion, was carried out for the Dutton family, making it their burial chapel, or family mausoleum, and the highest concentration of burials was found in this part of the church. It is considered that the north aisle, built after the priory became an abbey, was added to provide a burial place for members of the laity.
The excavations revealed 49 stone coffins, 30 coffin lids, and five headstones. Twelve of the lids were carved in high relief, with designs including flowers or foliage. One lid depicts an oak tree issuing from a human head in the style of a green man, another has a cross, a dragon and a female effigy, while others have shield and sword motifs. Two contain inscriptions in Norman-French, identifying the deceased. The remaining lids have simpler incised patterns, mainly decorated crosses. The headstones contain crosses. Most of the coffins were sunk into the ground, with the lid at the level of the floor, although a few were found within the walls. Only three stone coffins for children were discovered. These lay in a group, together with a coffin containing a male skeleton, in the vestibule leading to the enlarged chapter house. The most prestigious type of coffin was tapered towards the feet, with the head end carved externally to a hemi-hexagonal shape. Another sign of higher status was the provision of an internal "pillow" for the head.
A total of 144 graves was excavated; they contained 130 articulated skeletons in a suitable condition for examination. Of these, 36 were well-preserved, 48 were in a fair condition and 46 were poorly preserved. Males out-numbered females by a ratio of three to one, an expected ratio in a monastic site. Most of the males had survived into middle age (36–45 years) to old age (46 years or older), while equal numbers of females died before and after the age of about 45 years. One female death was presumably due to a complication of pregnancy as she had been carrying a 34-week foetus. The average height of the adult males was 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 m) and that of the adult females was 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m).
The bones show a variety of diseases and degenerative processes. Six skeletons showed evidence of Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans). The most severe case of Paget's disease was in a body buried in the nave in a stone coffin. The lid was carved with two shields, indicating that the occupant had been a knight. One skeleton showed signs of leprosy affecting bones in the face, hands and feet. No definite cases of tuberculosis directly affecting bones were found but in two individuals there were changes in the ribs consistent with their having suffered from tuberculosis of the lungs. The only major congenital abnormality found consisted of bony changes resulting from a possible case of Down's syndrome. Relatively minor congenital abnormalities of the spine were found in 19 skeletons, ten of which were cases of spina bifida occulta. Other spinal abnormalities included fused vertebrae, spondylolysis and transitional vertebrae. Definite evidence of fractured bones was found in ten skeletons, and evidence of possible fractures was found in three other cases. One cranium contained a large circular lesion which may have been the consequence of trepanning. Other diseases specific to bones and joints were osteoarthritis, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), and possible cases of spondyloarthropathy. Three skeletons showed possible evidence of rickets, two had changes of osteoporosis, and three crania had features of hyperostosis frontalis interna, a metabolic condition affecting post-menopausal women. Osteomata (benign tumours of bone) were found in three cases.
Examination of the jaws and teeth gave information about the dental health of those buried in the priory. The degree of wear of teeth was greater than it is at present, while the incidence of dental caries was much lower than it is now, as was the incidence of periodontal disease. A consequence of the wear of the teeth was "compensatory eruption" of the teeth in order to keep contact with the opposing teeth. It was concluded that the people buried in the priory had few problems with their teeth or jaws. Loss of teeth was due to wear of the teeth, rather than from caries or periodontal disease.
Little archaeological evidence relates to the period immediately after the dissolution, or to the Tudor house built on part of the site. A sawpit was found in the outer courtyard. It is considered that this might date from the early period of the Brookes' house, or it may have been constructed during the later years of the abbey. The kitchens to the south of the Tudor house and their drainage systems appear to have been used by the Brookes, and according to Brown and Howard-Davis, were possibly rebuilt by the family. The areas previously occupied by the cloisters and the guest quarters were probably used as middens. Few archaeological findings remain from the Georgian house, apart from a fragment of a wall from the south front, and the foundations of the north wing. The much-altered medieval undercroft still stands, with its Norman doorway and Victorian replica, barrel vaulting, wine bins, and blind arcading in the former outer parlour.
A large number of tiles and tile fragments that had lined the floor of the church and some of the monastic buildings were found in the excavations. The oldest tiles date from the early 14th century. The total area of tiles discovered was about 80 square metres (860 sq ft), and is "the largest area of a floor of this type to be found in any modern excavation". The site has "the largest, and most varied, excavated collection of medieval tiles in the North West" and "the greatest variety of individual mosaic shapes found anywhere in Britain". The tiles found made a pavement forming the floor of the choir of the church and the transepts. The chancel floor was probably also tiled; these tiles have not survived because the chancel was at a higher level than the rest of the church, and the tiles would have been removed during subsequent gardening. A dump of tiles to the south of the site of the chapter house suggests that this was also tiled. In the 15th century a second tile floor was laid on top of the original floor in the choir where it had become worn. The tiles on the original floor were of various shapes, forming a mosaic. The tiles were all glazed and coloured, the main colours being black, green and yellow. Many of them had been decorated by impressing a wooden stamp into the moist clay before it was fired; these are known as line-impressed tiles. The line-impressed designs included masks of lions or other animals, rosettes, and trefoils. Other tiles or tile fragments showed portions of trees, foliage, birds and inscriptions. In the chapels of the north transept, the burial place of the Dutton family, were tiles depicting mail, thought to be part of a military effigy, and tiles bearing fragments of heraldic designs. The tiles from the upper (later) pavement were all square, and again were line-inscribed with patterns forming parts of larger designs. A related discovery at the excavation was the kiln in which most of the tiles on the site were fired.
The excavations also revealed stones or fragments of carved stone dating from the 12th to the 16th centuries. The earliest are in Romanesque style and include two voussoirs decorated with beakheads (grotesque animal heads with long pointed bird-like beaks). Other stones dating from the 12th century are in Gothic style; they include a capital decorated with leaves and a portion of the tracery from a rose window. Many of the stones from the 13th century were originally part of the cloister arcade, and had been re-used to form the core of a later cloister arcade. They include stones sculpted with depictions of humans and animals. The best preserved of these are the heads of two canons, each wearing a cowl with the tonsure visible, the head of a woman with shoulder-length hair, parts of a seated figure holding an open book, and a creature that might represent a serpent or an otter. There are numerous fragments dating from the 14th and 15th centuries. These include portions of string courses, tracery, corbels, window jambs, and arch heads. At least three of the corbels were carved in the form of human heads. Over 1,500 fragments of painted medieval glass were found, most of it in a poor condition. These show that the glazing scheme used in the priory was mainly in grisaille (monochrome) style. Almost 1,300 fragments of glass from later periods, and nearly 1,150 sherds of ceramic roof tiles were also found.
Some 500 fragments of pottery were found dating from the medieval period. Most of these were parts of jars, jugs or pipkins and were found in the area of the kitchen range. Most of it was produced locally, although 13 sherds of Stamford Ware, fragments of two jugs from North France, and two small pieces of Saintonge pottery have been identified. Only a few wooden bowls were recovered. Much more pottery was found dating from the post-medieval period and later. Again most of this had been manufactured in England, especially in Staffordshire. Fragments of pottery from abroad included pieces from a Westerwald mug, a jug from Cologne and items of Chinese porcelain. The excavations produced over 4,000 sherds of glass, dating from the 12th to the 20th centuries, but only 16 of these came from the period before the dissolution. A total of 1,170 fragments from clay tobacco pipes were found, dating from about 1580 to the early 20th century.
Six medieval coins were recovered, the earliest of which was a silver penny of John from the early 13th century. Coins from later periods were a silver threepence from the reign of Elizabeth I and a silver penny from Charles I. Only low-denomination coins were found from the 18th century and later, including a 10-pfennig piece from Germany dated 1901. Two silver spoons were recovered, one of which was dated 1846 from the hallmark. Objects made from copper alloy were found, many of which were associated with personal adornment and dress including brooches, buckles, and buttons. Also found from this period was a small simple chape (scabbard tip), and part of a skimmer that had been used in the kitchen. Artefacts made from iron, other than nails, were again mainly items of personal adornment and dress. Other identifiable iron items from this period included keys, two possible rowel spurs (spurs with revolving pointed wheels), and about 12 horseshoes.
Nearly 2,000 fragments of lead were found, 940 of which were droplets of melted metal, some of these being a consequence of the fire in 1236. One of the earliest artefacts was a papal bulla dating from the rule of Pope Clement III (1187–91). Two other possible seals were discovered. A total of 15 lead discs were recovered, some of which were inscribed with crosses. Two of these were found in graves, but the purpose of the discs has not been reliably explained. The other lead artefacts from this period were associated with the structure of the buildings and include fragments of kame (the lead used in leaded windows), ventilator grills, and water pipes. Leather fragments almost all came from shoes, and included an almost complete child's shoe dating from the late 16th or the 17th century. Another find was a small gemstone, a cabochon (polished) sardonyx.
Norton Priory is considered to be "a monastic site of international importance" and is "the most extensively excavated monastic site in Britain, if not Western Europe". It is open to the public and run by a charitable trust, the Norton Priory Museum Trust. The Trust was founded in 1975 and the first museum was opened in 1982; a much enlarged museum was built and opened in 2016. The Trust owns and maintains many of the artefacts found during the excavations, and has created an electronic database to record all the acquisitions. In addition, it holds records relating to the excavations, including site notebooks and photographs. The area open to the public consists of a museum, the standing archaeological remains, 42 acres of garden and woodland, and the walled garden of the former house.
The museum contains information relating to the history of the site and some of the artefacts discovered during the excavations. These include carved coffin lids, medieval mosaic tiles, pottery, scribe's writing equipment and domestic items from the various buildings on the site such as buttons, combs and wig curlers. Two medieval skeletons recovered in the excavations are on display, including one showing signs of Paget's disease of bone. Standing in the museum is a reconstruction of the cloister arcade as it had been built following the fire of 1236. It consists of moulded pointed arches with springer blocks, voussoirs and apex stones, supported on triple shafts with foliate capitals and moulded bases. Above the capitals, at the bases of the arches, are sculptures that include depictions of human and animal heads. The human heads consist of two canons with hoods and protruding tonsures, other males, and females with shoulder-length hair. In one spandrel is a seated figure with an outstretched arm holding a book. Other carvings depict such subjects as fabulous beasts, and an otter or a snake.
The museum contains the medieval sandstone statue of Saint Christopher, which is considered to be "a work of national and even international importance". Saint Christopher was associated with the abbey because of its proximity to the River Mersey and the dangers associated with crossing the river. The statue shows the saint wading through fish-filled water carrying the Christ-child on his shoulder. It has been dated to about 1390, it is 3.37 metres (11.1 ft) tall, and was once painted in bright colours. The gallery also contains a three-dimensional representation of the statue as it is believed it would have originally appeared.
The archaeological remains are recognised as a Grade I listed building and a scheduled ancient monument, and are considered to be the most important monastic remains in Cheshire. They consist of the former undercroft and the foundations of the church and monastic buildings that were exposed during the excavations. The undercroft stands outside the museum building. It is a single-storey structure consisting of seven pairs of bays divided into two compartments, one of four and the other of three bays. It is entered through the portico added to the west front of the country house in 1886 by way of a pair of arched doorways in Norman style. The doorway to the right (south) is original, dating from the late 12th century, while the other doorway is a replica dated 1886. The older doorway has been described as "the finest decorated Norman doorway in Cheshire". It is in good condition with little evidence of erosion and Greene considers that this is because it has always been protected from the weather. The portico leads into the four-bay compartment. This has a tiled floor and contains a medieval-style fireplace. The roof is ribbed vaulted. On the east wall is a two-arched doorway leading to the former cloisters. To the north another archway leads to the three-bay compartment. This also has a tile floor and contains the brick wine bins added in the 1780s. The roof of this compartment has groined vaults. The undercroft also contains a bell mould, reconstructed from the fragments of the original mould found in the excavations.
At the northern end of the undercroft is the passage known as the outer parlour. This has stone benches on each side and elaborately carved blind arcades above them. The arcades each consist of two groups of four round-headed arches with capitals, free-standing columns and bases that are set on the benches. The capitals and mouldings of the arches are decorated with a variety of carvings, the capitals being predominantly late Romanesque in style and the arches early Gothic. The carvings include depictions of human heads, stiff-leaf foliage and animals.
The 38 acres (15 ha) of grounds surrounding the house have been largely restored to include the 18th-century pathways, the stream-glade and the 19th-century rock garden. The foundations exposed in the excavations show the plan of the former church and monastic buildings. In the grounds is a Grade II listed garden loggia in yellow sandstone, possibly designed by James Wyatt. At its front are two Doric columns and two antae, and above these is a cornice with a fluted frieze. The side walls are built in stone, and the back wall is constructed internally of stone and externally of brickwork. Also in the grounds are several modern sculptures, and a sculpture trail has been designed in conjunction with these. In the 1970s the fragments of the mould found in the bell pit were re-assembled and used to create a replica of the bell, which was cast in Widnes and now stands in a frame in the grounds. This was opened at a ceremony performed by Sir Bernard Lovell in 1977. A herb garden was developed as part of the BBC's Hidden Garden programme. This seeks to re-create a herb garden as it would have been during the medieval period, and its plan is based on herb gardens in other monastic sites. The plants grown are those reputed to be of value in treating the diseases revealed in the excavated skeletons.
The 3.5 acre (1 ha) walled garden was restored in the 1980s. It includes an orchard, fruit and vegetable gardens, ornamental borders and a rose walk, as well as the national collection of tree quince (Cydonia oblonga), with 20 different varieties. Close to the walled garden is a Grade II listed ice house, probably dating from the 18th century, which is constructed in brick covered with a mound of earth. The entrance is surrounded by stone walls, from which a tunnel leads to a circular domed chamber.
The museum is a visitor attraction. It arranges a series of events for the general public throughout the year, including guided tours, family fun days and concerts. Its educational programme is aimed at all ages; it includes workshops for the general public, and courses focusing on formal and informal aspects of children's education. An outreach programme is intended for individuals and groups in the community. Since its opening, the museum has won awards for its work in tourism, education, outreach and gardening. In 2004 the museum's Positive Partnerships project, in which people with learning disabilities worked alongside museum staff, was a finalist in the Gulbenkian Prize for museums and galleries. In August 2016 the newly rebuilt and expanded museum opened to the public. This cost £4.5m, of which £3.9m was contributed by the Heritage Lottery Fund. | <urn:uuid:d948baf9-9e0a-40b3-9910-9d3732ed611c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://wikiredia.info/wiki/Norton_Priory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540527010.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210070602-20191210094602-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.980741 | 10,498 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Einstein's legacy is focus of theme semester, lecture series
The year 1905 was good for 26-year-old Albert Einstein, a technical assistant in the Swiss patent office.
Trained in physics and mathematics, Einstein took the office job because he couldn't find a teaching position. That year, he published three papers detailing revolutionary theories related to space and time, quantum mechanics, and the existence of atoms. The ideas would rock the foundations of science and make Einstein famous.
"It was as dramatic a change as the introduction of cubism in art and jazz in music, both of which occurred at about the same time," says Joel Bregman, professor of astronomy. Professor of Physics Dan Amidei, adds, "These papers laid the groundwork for much of the century of physics that has followed."
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Einstein's achievement, the astronomy, physics and chemistry departments are presenting lecture programs. "The Invisible Universe: Einstein's Legacy," is a series of five lectures sponsored by the astronomy department, Exhibit Museum of Natural History and the Student Astronomical Society. The series opens at 7:30 p.m. Sept. 16 with Bregman's lecture, "X-Raying Black Holes." The lectures will be presented in the Chemistry building auditorium.
The "100 Years Beyond Einstein Physics Theme Semester," sponsored by the physics and chemistry departments, will begin with the lecture, "What Astronomy has Done for Einstein," by University of Oxford Professor Jocelyn Bell Burnell, discoverer of astrophysical pulsars, at 4:15 p.m. Sept. 21 in the East Hall auditorium.
How has Einstein impacted our lives? "Sometimes a thing is so big you can't see it," Amidei says. "The photoelectric and atomic hypotheses allowed the understanding of materials that underlie the modern electronic industry. Relativity changed our ideas about space and time, allowing the further development of cosmology, the understanding of the expanding universe, and our ideas about the 'Big Bang.' It also filters down to the small stuff. The photoelectric switch is used to open doors."
"The conversion of mass to energy, E = mc2, is central to the production of electricity in every nuclear power plant," Bregman says. "The GPS network of satellites would give us the wrong locations if we did not account for the speed of these satellites around the Earth, and we calculate that correction from Einstein's theories." The corrections also are crucial for spacecraft bound for planets in orbit. "So if you want to send a probe to orbit or land on a planet, you'd better know some relativity," Bregman says.
"We do take a lot of his work for granted today," says Sally Oey, assistant professor of astronomy.
"I think it's remarkable that he has had an impact on so many different areas of physics," Oey adds. "It's important to use this as an opportunity to present his work and for the public to plug into science and technology."
Einstein's theory of relativity found that time and space, as perceived by a moving person, were not absolute. "This was so dramatic that it helped remove boundaries in the way we thought about things," Bregman says. "It also showed that mass could be converted to energy, which is summarized by E=mc2, the most famous single equation in science."
Later, Einstein showed that space was curved, which also was mind-boggling. "These remarkable revelations in our physical world gave generations of scientists the freedom to think of anything when trying to solve the mysteries of physics and astrophysics," Bregman says.
FALL 2005 CAMPUS EVENTS COMMEMORATING KEY RESEARCH
100 Years Beyond Einstein Physics Theme Semester
Sept. 21Jocelyn Bell Burnell, "What Astronomy has Done for Einstein," 4:15 p.m.,
Fall 2005 Saturday Morning Physics lectures
Oct. 1Thomas Zurbuchen, "1905: Einstein and Bern, A Year to Remember,"
Distinguished Public Lecture SeriesThe Invisible Universe: Einstein's Legacy
Sept. 16Joel Bregman, "X-Raying Black Holes" | <urn:uuid:b79dc48c-1a8d-4ba8-a567-73710b830f21> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.ur.umich.edu/0506/Sept06_05/05.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886397.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116090056-20180116110056-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.962036 | 866 | 3.328125 | 3 |
By the end of the decade, fuel-cell vehicles from GM, Honda, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, and Toyota are due to start trickling into dealers. They’ll be reliable and versatile, though they’ll cost a small fortune, and refueling them will be difficult. Clearly, fuel-cell vehicles have a lot of hurdles to clear as they make their way to consumers. Here’s how they’ll get there:
Pumping hydrogen and oxygen through anode and cathode channels into contact with a platinum catalyst causes a chemical reaction yielding water and an electrical current. A stack of multiple cells is required to raise the 0.7 volt per cell that’s produced to a higher, more useful voltage. Fuel cells can be up to 80 percent efficient.
The fuel-cell revolution can’t begin without filling stations, and a marked lack of infrastructure still dogs hydrogen. The old “chicken and egg” excuse seems less credible now that fuel-cell cars such as the Honda FCX Clarity are transporting folks to and from work every day [see “Fuel Cells in the Field”]. So where are the stations?
Depending on where you live, you may have to wait awhile. Five years ago, the conventional wisdom was that “hydrogen highways” would fuel the future, with stations planned along the California coast and the I-95 corridor from Maine to Miami.
Now, a new model is taking hold: building local clusters of stations to serve a metro area until the clusters merge together. Using such a plan, it’s easier to initially saturate a particular market with fueling stations, making hydrogen a more attractive option for nearby car buyers.
Where the hydrogen will come from also will depend on where you live and what resources are available. In the near future, stations will be fueling cars with hydrogen that is brought in on tankers from large reformers, much as gasoline is tanked in from refineries today. In the long term, local hydrogen-processing plants will take advantage of nearby sources and renewable energy.
Steam methane reforming separates hydrogen from a fossil fuel, usually natural gas, by heating it and exposing it to a catalyst. Natural gas isn’t renewable, but it is available domestically, and the Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that a fuel-cell vehicle running on reformed hydrogen still has half the total well-to-wheel carbon emissions of a gasoline-fueled vehicle. Reformed hydrogen also is produced on a large scale and is currently cheaper than hydrogen from other sources.
Hydrogen can also be obtained from biomass, such as agricultural byproducts, animal waste, and sewage. Using a process called gasification, the biomass is exposed to heat, steam, and oxygen to form a gas that, after further processing, eventually yields pure hydrogen. “There are landfills that are ready sources of gas that would otherwise be wasted and that can be a source of hydrogen,” says the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association’s (FCHEA) policy director, James Warner.
There’s also electrolysis, the process of separating hydrogen from water using an electric current. It sounds enticing when compared with fossil fuels and animal waste, but it has its drawbacks. Currently, electrolysis is competitive in areas of the country where electricity is cheap, but that power usually comes from coal-fired plants. Solar- and wind-powered electrolyzers exist [see illustration above], but renewable-energy costs haven’t come down enough for them to be viable.
“Once we have a market for hydrogen and a demand for it, as for the various ways of getting at it, we’ll see what shakes out in the marketplace,” says Warner. “Some of it will require some regulations. If there’s a renewable requirement, then you’ll see more of a push to have landfill gas or electrolyzed water.
Currently, the tallest hurdle facing automakers is the cost of existing technology. For example, the fuel-cell stacks used in cars up to this point have relied on platinum as a catalyst. If you’ve shopped for an engagement ring lately, you’ll know how pricey that can get.
Researchers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory have demonstrated that it’s possible to substitute more-common materials such as iron and cobalt for some of the catalyst, and scientists at Case Western Reserve University have developed a carbon nanotube catalyst that’s 650 times cheaper than platinum. Recycling catalysts may bring down costs even further, though automakers aren’t yet talking dollar amounts.
Mercedes is also looking at compressing hydrogen to more than 10,000 psi so that more fuel could be stored onboard a vehicle, with advanced lithium-ion batteries for additional energy storage. With such improvements, Dr. Herbert Kohler, Daimler’s vice-president of future mobility, estimates that upcoming vehicles could have ranges topping 600 miles.
There are additional efficiencies to be gained from refining the stack architecture. Already, the DOE estimates that the cost to build an automotive fuel cell has come down 30 percent in the past three years and 80 percent in the past decade. At the same time, durability doubled—but it needs to double again. Today’s fuel-cell vehicles are expected to run for at least 2500 hours (about 75,000 miles), and that’s not good enough. “We still need to be at 5000 hours to compete with other technologies,” says Sunita Satyapal, the DOE’s fuel-cells program manager.
Toyota hopes to sell a hydrogen-powered sedan for $50,000, less than half of what its FCHV-adv prototype vehicle currently costs to build. Although technology advances might bring down costs eventually, real short-term savings will come from volume production, according to the FCHEA. Since fuel-cell cars have no existing parts-supply chain, even production cars like the FCX Clarity can’t take advantage of volume pricing. The hope is that manufacturers can install fuel cells in high-end vehicles to early adopters, thereby minimizing their losses. “We might end up with a luxury-like price point, and the market will respond to that, while at the same time, we ramp up the volume,” says Steve Ellis, Honda’s manager of fuel-cell vehicle sales.
Starting in 2008, Honda began a limited lease program for 200 hydrogen-fuel-cell FCX Clarity sedans. Ultimately, 24 customers in Southern California paid $600 per month for a three-year lease. As those leases have ended, Honda has re-leased some of the cars to customers and dissected the others for research. Here’s what the company learned:
Dealerships that lease the FCX Clarity go through rigorous training to educate customers. “These salespeople are being asked questions they’ve never been asked before,” says Honda’s manager of fuel-cell-vehicle sales and marketing, Steve Ellis.
Automakers and infrastructure builders agree that one way to lower costs in the short term is through government intervention. In the U.S., though, that seems unlikely.
With Energy Secretary Steven Chu, the Obama administration moved quickly to put all its eggs into the battery basket and repeatedly tried to slash fuel-cell funding, but those cuts have so far been largely overturned by Congress.
The focus on battery technology seems shortsighted to hydrogen proponents. “These are complementary technologies,” says Honda’s Steve Ellis. Tech developed for the FCX, for instance, is now being deployed on the Fit EV. “You could almost say fuel-cell electric vehicles have advanced battery-electric cars.”
The 2012 Senate Appropriations Bill may not contain that much money for hydrogen vehicles and fuel-cell research, but it does include language that supports validation and infrastructure. “It’s going to take a congressional push, and we’re starting to see the inklings to do that,” the FCHEA’s Warner says.
As far as infrastructure is concerned, those who are paying out of their own pockets to build stations say they could use some help while waiting for increased demand and lower-cost renewable energy.
Tom Sullivan believes in energy independence so strongly that he’s pouring the money he made from starting the Lumber Liquidators flooring-superstore chain into SunHydro, a firm that builds solar-powered hydrogen refueling stations. He thinks that targeted tax cuts would encourage entrepreneurs like him to build more stations. “You need something to spur it on,” he says. “People who are sane probably wouldn’t build a station.”
For Honda’s Ellis, it’s a practical issue as well as a political one. “These technologies strike at societal concerns,” he says. “If that’s the case, then will society help us transition?” | <urn:uuid:acfd18a7-bba1-41b1-8073-172b1cfea9e5> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a15121089/what-the-h-everything-you-need-to-know-about-a-hydrogen-fueled-future-feature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986692126.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019063516-20191019091016-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.949605 | 1,880 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Testosterone is more than just a sex hormone. Its role goes beyond giving pubescent boys growth spurts, and its effects on the male body are lifelong. But talk of a male menopause, marked by reduced testosterone from middle age, is often met with controversy.
Here are a few things you might not know about men and testosterone:
1. Older men tend to have lower testosterone levels than younger men
Testosterone plays a part in maintaining muscle mass, physical energy and mental alertness, as well as libido and sexual stimulation . Since these characteristics are associated with youth, it's no surprise that men produce gradually less testosterone as they age. The rate of decline varies, but levels typically drop by around 20 to 50 per cent between early adulthood – when they are at their peak – and when a man reaches his 80s .
2. Testosterone deficiency usually has an underlying cause
The medical term for low testosterone in men is 'male hypogonadism'. It can be caused by problems with the testicles, for example resulting from infection, chemotherapy, certain autoimmune conditions and some tumours.
It can also signal a condition affecting the pituitary gland, which sits at the bottom of the brain stem. If the function of the pituitary gland becomes impaired – through a head injury, tumour or using anabolic steroids, for example – it has a knock-on effect on certain hormones, which in turn means the testicles don't make as much testosterone.
3. The term 'male menopause' is a misnomer
Professor Mike Kirby, a GP and visiting professor to the Prostate Centre, says that as they get older, men develop more long-term conditions "such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease… and all those things impact on testosterone levels".
Being overweight or obese, also more common in older than in younger men, is also linked with hypogonadism.
So, although it's normal for testosterone levels to fall a certain amount as men get older, the ageing process itself doesn't ordinarily cause testosterone to dip beneath the lower end of normal range. Other health problems are responsible for almost all cases of reduced testosterone in older men, and that, says consultant endocrinologist Dr Richard Quinton, negates the concept of a male menopause. He says:
"For a tiny minority, there is a slightly similar phenomenon to the female menopause, but it's mild and partial rather than complete and absolute."
4. Symptoms of low testosterone levels are often unspecific
When a man's testosterone levels are low, he'll often get quite vague symptoms. As well as a change in the sex department – loss of libido and erectile dysfunction – he might experience difficulty concentrating, insomnia, mood disturbances, weight gain and loss of muscle bulk.
These signs are all-too-easy to ignore, but Dr John Chisholm CBE, a GP and chair of the Men's Health Forum, urges men to get them checked:
"Erectile dysfunction in particular should be looked into because it can be a symptom of serious underlying disease."
5. Low testosterone levels can be treated
Low testosterone levels can be confirmed by a blood test, and the standard treatment is testosterone replacement by way of a tablet, patch, gel, implant or injection . Evidence suggests that with regular monitoring, testosterone treatment is safe, effective and relatively free of side effects when it's prescribed appropriately .
6. Testosterone treatment isn't suitable for everybody
The problem is that experts disagree about who should be prescribed testosterone. Professor Kirby argues that men with the lowest levels of testosterone level will "almost certainly benefit from treatment regardless of the cause" and that in men whose levels are at the lower end of normal, "it may well be worth addressing the cause first, but some would still benefit from testosterone treatment".
But others, including Dr Quinton, dispute this. He supports treatment only in men who are "genuinely hypogonadal" – in other words, those who have consistently low testosterone but aren't obese and have no underlying illness.
"Giving testosterone to men who are either normal, or just have hypogonadism due to chronic ill health – including obesity – cannot be justified on the basis of available safety and efficacy data."
7. Testosterone treatment can suppress fertility
As well as restoring testosterone levels, testosterone treatment slows the production of certain hormones, switching off sperm production in the testicles. Alternative hormone treatments can work for younger men and those who want to maintain their fertility.
8. If you have symptoms, see your doctor
The clear message is that if you're worried about anything, talk to your doctor. The chances are symptoms are nothing to worry about and any problems can be easily rectified
"It's important for men to seek medical advice to rule out underlying disease," says Dr Chisholm.
"We'd also recommend they seek help if they're experiencing mental health disturbance. It's better to talk than to avoid issues and conceal symptoms." | <urn:uuid:79f03c67-289c-46c9-8983-a2cf27fa0e24> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/sex-life/a27733/testosterone-therapy-male-menopause/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439213.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604063532-20200604093532-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.955622 | 1,033 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Lung cancer is a condition wherein the cells divide in the lungs
uncontrollably. These cells accumulate and form a tumor and these tumors reduce
the person’s ability to breathe. The body is programmed in such a way that the
cells die after a certain stage in their life cycle to avoid overgrowth. But
cancers cause these cells to grow and multiply when they should not. Let’s see
here about lung cancer.
Lung cancer symptoms are found in advanced stages only and they are:
while you Cough
- Shortness of
- You get a
cough which does not go away
- Chest pain
- Losing weight
- Bone pain
If the signs or symptoms persist, then you should consult the Cancer specialist in India.
The causes of lung cancer are as
- Exposure to secondhand smoke
- Exposure to radon gas
- Exposure to asbestos and other carcinogens
- Family history
- Prior history of lung cancer
- Lung disease
- Air pollution
- Exposure to diesel exhaust
Based on their appearance, the lung cancer is divided into two types
and they are:
- Small cell lung cancer: Heavy
smokers get affected by these types of cancers and are less common when
compared to non-small cell lung cancer.
- Non-small cell lung cancer: These are of different types which have
similar behavior and are grouped under this type of cancer. Some of them are
squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
The staging of cancer indicates its severity and how far it has spread
through the body. This helps in deciding the course of treatment. Staging for
lung cancer is extremely complex and extensive with many sub-groups within each
stage. cell lung cancer has the
- Hidden or Occult: This will
not show on imaging scans but cancerous cells might appear in the mucus or
phlegm and might have spread to other body parts.
- Stage 0: These cells are found in the top layers of
cells which lines the airways.
- Stage I: A tumor of under5 cm
has developed in the lung but has not spread to other body parts.
- Stage II: The tumor is either 5
cm or 7 cm and has spread to other lymph nodes and in some cases to nearby
tissues but not to the lymph nodes.
- Stage III: Cancer has spread to
lymph nodes and to other parts of the lung and surrounding area.
- Stave IV: Cancer has spread to
distant body parts such as bones or brain.
Small cell lung cancer categories are limited and extensive based on
whether cancer has spread within or outside the lungs.
Lung Cancer Treatment in India
is based on the stage and
location along with the overall health of the individual. The treatments
- Radiation Therapy
- Targeted Therapy
A team of medical experts such as surgeons, radiation
oncologists, a specialist in lung treatment called pulmonologists and pulmonary
therapists work together in treating the patient. | <urn:uuid:e7c4b578-7a52-4c32-90dc-05a9ee7863d2> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://naturalholistichomeopathic.com/lung-cancer-symptoms-causes-stages-treatment-types | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313589.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818022816-20190818044816-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.934887 | 644 | 3.328125 | 3 |
LED-based light sources have long been touted as efficient and long-lasting alternatives to incandescents. They last even longer than compact florescent lights (CFL’s), and use even less energy.
They also create an extremely harsh, blue-based light that can be irritating to the eyes, and quite simply, don’t live up to the warm light an incandescent bulb creates, and therefore have not received a whole lot of acceptance for household use. LED’s can be made to be more “warm” in their lighting, but that then decreases their efficiency significantly, making them cost ineffective.
Two small companies (Nexxus Lighting and QD Vision) have now come out with an LED light that uses “quantum dots” in a screen in front of the LED projection. Depending on the size of the dots, the light emitted can be manipulated to be warmer and more “incandescent-like.” Stilly pricey so probably only good for commercial applications, these quantum dot LED lights do show promise for the future of LED for household use.
The other advantage of LED lighting is that it is more impervious to heat and cold than CFL’s, which right now cannot be used in environments with moderate to extreme heat (like the lightbulb in your over-the-range hood in your kitchen). They also can potentially last 75% longer than a halogen bulb, which already has a longer life than a standard CFL. This means a lightbulb that can burn for 10 years or more without needing replacement, while also using 10% or less of the energy of a traditional incandescent bulb. | <urn:uuid:29568599-57e9-4fa9-9693-413766177d5d> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://geeknewscentral.com/2009/05/06/quantum-dots-and-the-quality-of-light/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990114.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00201-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946167 | 345 | 2.859375 | 3 |
You've seen it on packages, spec sheets, and websites when you're looking for a new pair of headphones, but you’re still not quite sure what it is...so...what is frequency response?
Frequency response is usually given as a range of numbers; for example, Tweedz's headphones measurements are 20Hz to 20kHz. You'll also often see it charted...often looking something like this:
The first number represents the bass response, or the low frequencies that are prominent in genres like Hip Hop and Rock. Generally, the lower the better. If a headphone cuts off at 80-100Hz, you’re not going to hear much bass at all. The effect might almost sound like you’re listening to music on a telephone because all of the bass frequencies aren’t present. That said, you don’t want to go too low because the human ear can’t hear all the way down to 0Hz, so music is generally the most pleasing when the bass starts to get rolled off around 20-40Hz. Bass guitar and the kick drum are often dominant in this frequency range.
The second number represents the treble response, or the high frequencies which are prominent in all forms of music but oftentimes most prominent in Pop music. Generally, the higher the better. That said, the human ear can’t hear above 20Khz (similar to how you can’t hear a dog whistle), but if cut off too low (say at 14-15kHz) a lot of the high frequency information will be muffled. Vocals, cymbals, brass instruments, and guitars have their main frequencies in the treble range. While often their main tones are in the 1kHz ti 5kHz range, overtones can extend much higher and really add to the real-ism of a recording.
Understanding frequency response and how it relates to your favorite music is important because some headphones will boost bass so that the low end of the music is really accentuated. This is great for Hip Hop and in some cases Pop but could make other genres like Rock & Roll, Folk, Country or Classical sound “muddy” without enough definition for vocals and mid range instruments. On the flip side, some headphones boost the treble, which can have an initially flattering sound but can fatigue your ears if you listen for too long. Additionally, treble boosted headphones on music that’s already heavy of treble, like Pop, can make the music sound harsh.
At Tweedz, our goal is to provide a full, flat frequency response which allows you to listen to your favorite music as the artist and producer intended. No heavy boosting of bass or treble and a full spectrum range - 20Hz to 20kHz - so they sound great across a range of genres, from Rock, Hip Hop, Country, Classical, Folk, Bluegrass, Jazz…you name it. Check out more headphone buying tips. | <urn:uuid:e7f88fb1-3c36-446e-b157-f25a19477bd4> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.tweedz.com/blogs/news/15580456-understanding-frequency-response-for-headphones-a-novice-guide-for-shoppers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103037089.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626040948-20220626070948-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.944314 | 609 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
The incorporated town of Slick had its beginning as an oil-boom town in March 1920 after oil tycoon Thomas B. Slick drilled a discovery well in the area. Located in eastern Creek County, it is situated ten miles southeast of Bristow on State Highway 16. Named for Slick, a post office was established on April 28, 1920, with Carroll W. Holmes serving as the first postmaster. The Oklahoma-Southwestern Railway built a line from Bristow to Slick in 1920 and extended its line south to Nuyaka in 1921. In October 1920 the Slick Townsite Company, with Thomas B. Slick as president and R. E. Brooke as general manager, announced that arrangements had been made to furnish gas to businesses and residences. The company also planned to build bungalow-style houses to meet the housing need due to the influx of oil-field workers. With the arrival of the railroad Slick became a distribution and shipping point for the surrounding oil field. It also served as a supply and market center for the local farmers, who were served by a gristmill and a cotton gin. By 1923 the African American population had a separate school, a Baptist church, and a hotel.
In early years the town and surrounding area had an estimated population of five thousand. However, by 1930 (the first federal census for Slick) the number had dwindled to 422, and the railroad was abandoned. The census reported 300 and 151 in 1940 and 1950, respectively. The population remained steady at 151 in 1960 and climbed slightly to 171 in 1970 and 187 in 1980. In the 1970s the town had one store, one gas station, and the former railroad depot served as a Baptist church. At the turn of the twenty-first century, Slick had 148 citizens. All of its employed residents commuted to work in larger communities such as Bristow, Sapulpa, and Tulsa. The 2010 census counted 131 living in Slick.
John W. Morris, Ghost Towns of Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977).
Profiles of America, Vol. 2 (2d ed.; Millerton, N.Y.: Grey House Publishing, 2003).
"Slick," Vertical File, Research Division, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City.
Browse By TopicUrban Development
The following (as per The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition) is the preferred citation for articles:
Linda D. Wilson, “Slick,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=SL004.
© Oklahoma Historical Society | <urn:uuid:4c184807-62d9-4e75-8bed-3622667fa172> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=SL004 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945333.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325130029-20230325160029-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.964294 | 572 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition in which the heart gets enlarged and is not able to efficiently pump blood. The reduced heart function can affect the functioning of other organs such as lungs, liver, and kidney. The heart muscles begin to dilate (stretches), which result in thinning and increased area of the chamber, further it spreads to the right ventricle and atria’s. As the heart chambers dilate, heart muscles do not contract normally and not able to pump blood in a normal manner. Furthermore, heart becomes weak, which can ultimately lead to heart failure. Common symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, edema in ankles, legs, feet, veins in the neck and abdomen. There are various reasons for the cause of dilated cardiomyopathy such as viral infection, uncontrolled blood pressure, excessive amount of alcohol, and problem with the heart valve. There is no proper drug for the treatment of DCM, healthcare professionals use congestive heart failure drugs for treatment. Dilated cardiomyopathy majorly occurs in the age group of 20-60 years and rarely among children. It is easily diagnosed by normal chest X-ray and echocardiogram, and at times using cardiac MRI. There are certain implantable devices such as Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) and pacemaker which is implanted in the high risk patient body to maintain the proper rhythmic function of the heart and keeps the track of heart rate to avoid the chances of cardiac arrest. As per British Heart Foundation, in 2015, there are around 25,000 implants of pacemaker implanted every year in the UK.
Dilated cardiomyopathy market taxonomy:
Rise in congestive heart failure fuels the growth of dilated cardiomyopathy market
Globally increase in the congestive heart failure cases, which leads to the increase in dilated cardiomyopathy cases. As per American Heart Association, in 2016, there were around 5.7 million adults in the U.S. who suffered from heart failure. However, there is no drug approved by FDA for the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy furthermore, companies are investing in research and development of new drugs such as ARRY-797 and Ixmyelocel-T, which is expected to support the growth of dilated cardiomyopathy market. Major challenges for DCM market are increased use of defibrillators, pacemaker, and lack of proper drugs.
Developed regions are major growth engine of dilated cardiomyopathy market
Dilated cardiomyopathy market is segmented into North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa. North America has shown significant growth in DCM market due to increase in congestive heart failure cases. Europe is the second largest market of DCM as per, European Heart Network 2017 report, there are around 3.9 million deaths caused by cardiovascular disease in Europe and more than 1.8 million deaths in the Europe Union. Asia Pacific is the third largest market and expected to grow at a higher rate due to increased awareness of cardiovascular disease and demand of generic drugs is expected to support the growth of DCM market.
Key players of dilated cardiomyopathy market
There are various players in the DCM market present across the globe, which contributes to the DCM market. Some key players are Pfizer Inc., Johnson & Johnson Pvt. Ltd., Array BioPharma, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline Plc., and Sanofi.
Coherent Market Insights followsa comprehensive research methodology focused on providing the most precise market analysis. The company leverages a data triangulation model which helps company to gauge the market dynamics and provide accurate estimates. Key components of the research methodologies followed for all our market reports include:
In addition to this, Coherent Market Insights has access to a wide range of the regional and global reputed paid data bases, which helps the company to figure out the regional and global market trends and dynamics. The company analyses the industry from the 360 Degree Perspective i.e. from the Supply Side and Demand Side which enables us to provide granular details of the entire ecosystem for each study. Finally, a Top-Down approach and Bottom-Up approach is followed to arrive at ultimate research findings.
Coherent Market Insights desk research is based on a principle set of research techniques:
Coherent Market Insights has a large amount of in-house repository of industry database. This is leveraged as a burner for initiating a new research study. Key secondary sources include:
Preliminary Data Mining
The raw data is obtained through the secondary findings, in house repositories, and trade surveys. It is then filtered to ensure that the relevant information including industry dynamics, trends, and outlook is retained for further research process.
Holistic approach is used to ensure that the granular and uncommon parameters are taken into consideration to ensure accurate results. The information from the paid databases are further combined to the raw data in order to standardize it.
Coherent Statistical model
We arrive at our final research findings through simulation models. Coherent Data Analytics Model is a statistical tool that helps company to forecast market estimates. Few of the parameters considered as a part of the statistical model include:
Once the findings are derived from the statistical model, large volume of data is process to confirm accurate research results. Data analytics and processing tools are adopted to process large chunk of collected informative data. In case, a client customizes the study during the process, the research finding till then are benchmarked, and the process for new research requirement is initiated again.
This is the most crucial stage of the research process. Primary Interviews are conducted to validate the data and analysis. This helps in achieving the following purposes:
The primary research is conducted with the ecosystem players including, but not limited to:
Finding it difficult to find the research that would cater to your business demands? Give us a chance to help you. One of our Research Consultants will connect to provide a customized solution.[email protected]
Talk to our research consultant to design an exclusive report as per your research needs.
We aim to fulfil client's research demands with tailored research solutions.
We aim to provide research studies in quickest turnaround time and in a much cost effective manner.
We cover each industry from supply and demand side with an aim to provide a most holistic research study.
We strive to provide most accurate and reliable research findings in our research reports. | <urn:uuid:018c9504-57f1-49fd-a1fb-6580e91270bd> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/ongoing-insight/dilated-cardiomyopathy-market-514 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513844.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021094247-20181021115747-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.934675 | 1,340 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Did you know that this one plant called Milk Thistle is unique in its ability to protect the liver and has no equivalent in the pharmaceutical drug world? It has been so drastically beneficial that the treatment has never been disputed, even by the traditional medical community.
Milk Thistle is a plant native to the Mediterranean region that has been used for its medicinal properties since the 1st century AD. John Gerard, a sixteenth-century English herbalist, said this about milk thistle. “My opinion,” he wrote, “is that this is the best remedy that grows, against all melancholy diseases.”
According to studies, milk thistle may protect the cells of the liver by blocking the entrance of harmful toxins, and remove these toxins from liver cells. As an antioxidant, milk thistle works to maintain health and energy by protecting the body against free radicals.
The active ingredient, or liver-protecting compound in milk thistle is known as silymarin. This substance, which actually consists of a group of compounds called flavonolignans, helps repair liver cells damaged by alcohol and other toxic substances by stimulating protein synthesis.
One study in particular concerning workers exposed to toxic chemicals for 5-20 years showed significant improvement to overall liver function when given a standardized Milk Thistle extract (80% silymarin) for 30 days.
A comprehensive review by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) recently identified 16 scientific studies on the use of milk thistle for the treatment of various forms of liver disease.
Milk thistle also repairs our liver from the harmful effects of alcohol, prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, and other toxic substances.
Silymarin may also have anti-cancer benefits. The University of Maryland found that it stops cancer cells from proliferating, also shortening their life span and reducing blood supply to tumors.
Integrative Oncology Essentials notes that milk thistle has been shown to have anti-cancer activity for numerous cancer cell types, including:
- and skin cancers | <urn:uuid:20ce70bf-4c03-4e03-a6ad-428ba9515993> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://thehealthology.com/2017/01/one-plant-save-liver-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609610.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528082102-20170528102102-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.955224 | 428 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Can you give me an example of a metaphor in the book "Lord of the Flies"?
In the book Lord of the Flies, can you give me some examples of a metaphor in there? One that I can draw on a price of paper.
1 Answer | Add Yours
What about the vines hanging from trees that become "snake things" to the "littluns"? Or, in Chapter 4 of "Lord of the Flies," Jack smears clay ("dazzle paint") on his face, then black, then he changes the colors making a savage mask. Another metaphor exists in Chapter 5 as Ralph walks down a narrow path and "finds himself understanding the wearisomeness of this life where every path was an improvisation and...one's waking life was spent watching one's feet."
N.B. The question somehow has been misplaced into "Candide."
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:c9e49724-406f-4d89-bedf-f4e8df4974bf> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/can-you-give-me-an-example-metaphor-this-book-42903 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444582.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00289-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945924 | 206 | 3.046875 | 3 |
THE COLONY OF GEORGIA IS FOUNDED
The Gentleman’s Magazine
London, April, 1733
James Oglethorpe establishes the last of the Thirteen Original Colonies! An extremely historic news item states, “The Trustees for establishing a Colony in Georgia, received a Letter from James Oglethorpe, Esq; advising his safe Arrival there, with all the People under his Care on the 1st of February last; that he had mark’d out the Town; that they had received great Encouragement from the Assembly, Governor, and Council of Charles Town; and that a little Indian Nation, about 50 miles off, were desirous to be Subjects to K. George, and to breed their Children in Christian Schools.” The new town was, of course, Savannah. The periodical also publishes a remarkabl poetic, “An Address” to James Oglethorpe, Esq; on his settling the Colony in Georgia.” And, there is yet another poem on the Colony of Maryland with the lead-in: “A Description of Maryland, extracted from a Poem, entitled, “Carmen Seculate, addressed to L(or)d Baltimore, Proprietor of that Province, now there.”
55 pp., in near mint condition, just beautifully preserved for over well over 270 years! It even has a complete Table of Contents listing the various 18th century articles, news stories, publications, obituaries and much more. The Gentleman’s Magazine was the very first periodical to use the term “Magazine,” having made its first appearance in January, 1731. | <urn:uuid:dbe2c169-25b0-41d9-baba-dc11082eba90> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://mitchellarchives.com/georgia-colony-founded.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171053.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00114-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969296 | 355 | 2.609375 | 3 |
If you didn’t see the six-legged dog,
It doesn’t matter.
We did, and he mostly lay in the corner.
As for the extra legs,
One got used to them quickly
And thought of other things.
Like, what a cold, dark night
To be out at the fair.
Then the keeper threw a stick
And the dog went after it
On four legs, the other two flapping behind,
Which made one girl shriek with laughter.
She was drunk and so was the man
Who kept kissing her neck.
The dog got the stick and looked back at us.
And that was the whole show.
“Country Fair” by Charles Simic from Hotel Insomnia. © Harcourt Brace & Company, 1991. Reprinted with permission. (buy now)
On this date in 1960, the Food and Drug Administration approved the drug Enovid for use as a birth control pill.
Margaret Sanger, the founder of The American Birth Control League — which later became Planned Parenthood — once said: “No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother.” Sanger was a former nurse who had seen firsthand the effect that multiple pregnancies had on women, particularly poor women. She had opened the first birth control clinic in 1916, and had been on the lookout for an affordable, safe, and convenient method of contraception for women. She joined forces with biochemist Gregory Pincus and gynecologist John Rock, and in 1953 she helped them get funding to develop a hormone pill that would prevent a woman’s ovaries from releasing an egg every month. The first clinical trials began in 1954.
The Pill became a central symbol of the “sexual revolution” of the 1960s. In its earliest form, it was nearly 100 percent effective when taken as directed, but it came with some serious side effects, including life-threatening blood clots. Researchers later figured out that the dosage was much stronger than it needed to be — 10 times stronger, in fact. They tinkered with the hormone formula and, by the 1980s, had come up with an effective, lower-dose formula that was much safer.
It’s the birthday of Scottish novelist and playwright J.M. Barrie (1860) (books by this author), the creator of “Peter Pan,” an impish boy who doesn’t want to grow up. Barrie was born in Angus, Scotland, the seventh of eight children. He was small in size and took refuge in books, particularly the penny dreadfuls and James Fenimore Cooper. Barrie graduated from Edinburgh University and published his first novel, Better Dead (1887), the first in a successful series of books set in Scotland.
When his marriage began to flounder in the late 1890s, he started taking long walks in London’s Kensington Gardens, where he met a group of young brothers. The Davies boys loved the way Barrie would wiggle his ears and play with them, and Barrie became a trusted family friend. He told the boys stories about a baby who could fly and would never grow up, and from there, he began writing the character of Peter Pan, partly inspired by the Davies boys and partly by the death of his older brother in a skating accident when Barrie was six.
Peter Pan first shows up in a story in Barrie’s collection The Little White Bird (1902). As a baby, he falls out of his carriage and is taken by faeires to Neverland. In Neverland, he can fly and is the champion of the Lost Boys. Barrie named the boys in the story after the Davies boys. He expanded the story of Peter into the play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn’t Grow Up (1904), which was a rousing success. The actors used harnesses to fly around stage, which excited the audience. Peter in the play is much different from versions of Peter in later incarnations, like the 1953 Disney film. He’s somewhat malicious and selfish in the play and looks forward to dying, saying, “To die will be an awfully big adventure.” Barrie described Peter as a beautiful boy, “clad in skeleton leaves and the juices that flow from trees.”
In the play and the later novel, Peter and Wendy (1911), Peter Pan teaches the Darling children to fly using a combination of “lovely wonderful thoughts and fairy dust.” Barrie had to add fairy dust, he said, because, “After the first play, I had to add something at the request of parents about no one being able to fly until the fairy dust had been blown on him; so many children having gone home and tried it from their beds and needed surgical attention.”
After their parents died, Barrie became guardian to the Davies boys and dedicated the book Peter and Wendy (1911) to them. The preface reads: “I always knew that I made Peter by rubbing the five of you violently together, as savages with two sticks produce a flame [...] That is all he is, the spark I got from you.” Though he wrote many other books in his lifetime, they were always overshadowed by Peter Pan.
When J.M. Barrie died, he left the copyright to the Peter Pan works to Great Ormand Street Hospital, which still benefits to this day.
It’s the birthday of the poet who once said, “Words make love on the page like flies in the summer heat and the poet is merely the bemused spectator.” That’s Serbian-American poet Charles Simic (books by this author), born in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (1938). He lived his early life in the tumult of World War II. When he was three, the first bombs began to fall on Belgrade, and his family was forced to evacuate their home several times over the next years. His father, who had Royalist sympathies, was repeatedly arrested, eventually fleeing to Italy. His mother tried several times to join him there, but she, Charles, and his brother were always turned away. Simic’s father made his way to the U.S. — alone.
Simic’s mother settled them in Paris, living in a small hotel room for a year while paperwork for America was being processed. Simic and his older brother attended school, where he was forced to memorize and recite poems by Baudelaire and Verlaine, whom he loved, but his accent made pronunciation difficult and recitation brought him to tears. His mother brought home Look and Life magazines, and he and his brother pored over the photos of shiny, new-model cars and girls in bathing suits.
About his childhood during wartime and his life in Paris, Simic said: “Being one of the millions of displaced persons made an impression on me. In addition to my own little story of luck, I heard plenty of others. I’m still amazed by all the vileness and stupidity I witnessed in my life.”
Eventually, the family was reunited in New York, and then moved to Chicago. Simic was 16. He secretly wanted to be a painter, but mostly stuck to poetry. He said, “I was just another high school kid who wrote poems in order to impress girls.” He never wrote in his native language, only English, explaining, “No American girl was likely to fall for a guy who reads her love poems in Serbian as they sip Coke.”
He read Rilke, Pound, and Apollinaire, graduated high school, and when there was no money for college, he moved to New York and worked as a parcel-packer, housepainter, and payroll clerk during the day while taking classes and writing poetry at night. His first poems were published in the Chicago Review (1959). Early editors found his work interesting, though many thought he was trying to be a smart aleck with his odd, short poems. For Simic, though, the process of putting together his poems reminded him of the game of chess he’d grown to love as a boy in Belgrade: “They depend for their success on word and image being placed in proper order and their endings must have the inevitability and surprise of an elegantly executed checkmate.”
His first book, What the Grass Saw (1967), received good reviews and made his name. Simic said: “I was happy to have a book, and at the same time, astonished by how ugly it was. It embarrassed me to show it to anyone.” The poems showed the first sparks of what would come to be his trademark style: terse, imagistic poems that found the extraordinary in the ordinary, like a spoon or an insect. One critic said his poems were “like tightly constructed Chinese puzzle boxes.”
He’s a constant reviser of his poems. “Even when I’m stretched out in my coffin, they may find me tinkering with some poem. Even published poems I won’t leave alone. I very rarely get it right in one go.”
Simic has taught at the University of New Hampshire since 1972. He’s written more than 60 books of poetry and nonfiction, including Somewhere Among Us a Stone is Taking Notes (1968), Dismantling the Silence (1972), Hotel Insomnia (1992), and A Fly in the Soup: Memoirs (2000). His latest collection is The Lunatic (2015). He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1990 for The World Doesn’t End: Prose Poems (1989).
About writing poetry, Charles Simic says: “My fantasy goes like this: a reader, in a bookstore, browsing in the poetry section. They pull out a book and read a few poems. Then they put the book back. Two days later they sit up in bed at four o’ clock in the morning, thinking — I want to read that poem again! Where’s that poem? I’ve got to get that book.” | <urn:uuid:9c61be86-5033-48aa-8149-001d0c763af5> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.writersalmanac.org/index.html%3Fp=7992.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864940.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623035301-20180623055301-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.985388 | 2,144 | 2.75 | 3 |
High-Speed Hardware Partition Generation
Butler, Jon T.
MetadataShow full item record
We demonstrate circuits that generate set and integer partitions on a set S of n objects at a rate of one per clock. Partitions are ways to group elements of a set together and have been extensively studied by researchers in algorithm design and theory. We offer two versions of a hardware set partition generator. In the first, partitions are produced in lexicographical order in response to successive clock pulses. In the second, an index input determines the set partition produced. Such circuits are useful in the hardware implementation of the optimum distribution of tasks to processors.We show circuits for integer partitions as well. Our circuits are combinational. For large n, they can have a large delay. However, one can easily pipeline them to produce one partition per clock period. We show (1) analytical and (2) experimental time/complexity results that quantify the efficiency of our designs. For example, our results show that a hardware set partition generator running on a 100MHz FPGA produces partitions at a rate that is approximately 10 times the rate of a software implementation on a processor running at 2.26GHz.
The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1145/2629472
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Crafting a Usable Microkernel, Processor, and I/O System with Strict and Provable Information Flow Security Tiwari, Mohit; Oberg, Jason K.; Li, Xun; Valamehr, Jonathan; Levin, Timothy; Hardekopf, Ben; Kastner, Ryan; Chong, Frederic T.; Sherwood, Timothy (2011);High assurance systems used in avionics, medical implants, and cryptographic devices often rely on a small trusted base of hardware and software to manage the rest of the system. Crafting the core of such a system in a ...
Huffmire, Ted; Valamehr, Jonathan; Sherwood, Timothy; Kastner, Ryan; Levin, Timothy; Nguyen, Thuy D.; Irvine, Cynthia E. (IEEE International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust, 2008-06-01);While hardware resources in the form of both transistors and full microprocessor cores are now abundant, economic factors prevent specialized hardware mechanisms required for secure processing from being integrated into ...
Imvidhaya, Ming (Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1990-09);Since VHDL is a DoD standard hardware description language, it is widely used in the design of logic circuits at different levels. VHDL can be used to do behavioral modeling which is desirable in top-down system design. A ... | <urn:uuid:b2c3cdd2-970d-4742-8c61-13340673dc45> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/46362 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937440.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420100911-20180420120911-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.877112 | 569 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Experts do not exactly understand why some students are targeted as victims and others are not.
When we look at research, physical characteristics are not clear indicators. Unusually tall or short children, children with braces or glasses, and children with freckles or weight problems are often teased, but this does not mean they will become a serious and persistent victim of bullying. However, studies show that the best indicator for whether or not a child will be targeted is usually how they react to teasing.
Interview with Dr. Rona Novick for Operation Survival’s Prevention101series.
Bullying is about power. If a bully teases a child because he or she is much shorter than the other children, but that child shrugs it off and doesn’t seem bothered, then that child is not a likely victim. A child who is teased and runs out of the room crying has shown the bully that he or she has power over the child.
About Dr. Rona Novick
Dr. Novick is the Dean of the Azrieli Graduate School of Jewish Education and Administration at Yeshiva University and holds the Raine and Stanley Silverstein Chair in Professional Ethics and Values. | <urn:uuid:289dde80-1ded-4a47-b6df-628097ed5fd9> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://bronx.com/why-is-my-child-being-targeted-by-bullies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738982.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813103121-20200813133121-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.962396 | 242 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Erin, a four-year-old girl with Down syndrome, is the pickiest eater around. Erin’s parents are always worried about her eating habits and how her food choices will affect her future. But, now a new food has entered Erin’s life and she is eating the new food. What makes Erin so different from her peers is that she eats raw food. She has a big appetite which means she needs to eat more raw foods like carrots and celery.
Erin is a picky eater. For example, if Erin can’t find a particular food in a bowl of soup, she will eat the entire bowl. But even when she eats something she knows is edible, she is extremely sensitive to the taste and texture of food. It’s very difficult for Erin to eat anything that doesn’t taste or look good. The only way to satisfy Erin is to teach her what tastes good.
Erin had developed a unique pattern of picking food from various foods. She also had an extreme dislike for the foods she consumed. Erin was not a very pleasant child, and her parents were worried that their child would not be able to enjoy a tasty meal. They therefore decided to take their child to a restaurant so that they could try new foods. The restaurant had a variety of foods for Erin, and the children were surprised at how much she loved the new foods.
Erin has always been a picky eater. She is a four-year-old girl who is extremely picky about what she eats. She has no patience for anything that is new and she will eat things if she has to. She is also very intelligent and always on the lookout for the next new food. This can often make her eat foods that she does not enjoy and can be frustrating for her family.
Erin is a picky eater. She loves food all the time, but she has this one thing that she hates about food. She refuses to eat it at all. So, when her parents take her to a restaurant a few days a week, they don’t just ask her if she wants to eat. They ask her what she wants. They know she’s not happy about it and they would just like her to enjoy her food. But Erin is a picky eater.
Erin loves to play with her food. She adores to eat things she isn’t supposed to eat. She also loves to play with candy, and has decided that she’s a picky eater. She’s been eating the white stuff – things like cereal and pretzels. When Erin’s family noticed that she wasn’t eating the normal food that everyone else is eating, they decided that it was time for Erin to start eating the things she wasn’t supposed to be eating.
Erin is a picky eater. She loves to eat whatever is in front of her, but she doesn’t like to touch the food. This gets her very frustrated and she wants to learn how to eat and understand food better. Well, that’s exactly what Erin’s parents are hoping for. They are taking the first step by introducing Erin to a new food that is very new to the food world. The new food is called Choco-Chocolate. | <urn:uuid:fa058c27-f66b-417d-ab68-9969cccabac0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://abditrass.org/four-year-old-erin-is-a-picky-eater-how-can-erins-parents-encourage-her-to-eat-a-new-food/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.9937 | 684 | 3.375 | 3 |
There's a vicious cycle in Crook County. A high number of adults are smoking and teens are mimicking their behavior.
Nine percent of eighth graders and 19 percent of 11th graders say they use tobacco in Crook County. Those numbers are much higher than Oregon's state average.
"Kids are smart -- they can find ways to get things if they want them," Alyssa Bruhn with the Crook County Health Department said Friday.
In Crook County, tobacco is within reach for teens.
"We have 50 percent of our tobacco retailers within 1,000 feet of schools in Crook County," said Kris Williams of the health department.
For example, the high school is less than 1,000 feet from R and R, a grocery store that sells alcohol and tobacco. It is one short walk from the open campus.
"Students have complained about walking through clouds of smoke to get to the grocery store," Bruhn said.
NewsChannel 21 is told kids gather there to smoke and get lunch.
"When the kids are walking to and from school, they're exposed to it a minimum of twice a day," Williams said.
Laws regulate how many tobacco ads stores can put in their windows, but that is not enough. Tobacco companies are targeting teens in other ways, like social media.
"The tobacco industry spends $1 million an hour on advertising and promotion," Williams said.
That means tobacco companies are spending more in a day than the state spends in a whole year for prevention ads. Much of their ads are specifically directed towards rural areas like Crook County as well.
Health officials say education for the whole community is crucial.
"I've actually seen a parent give their kid a packet of Skoal," the chewing tobacco, Bruhn said.
Fighting trans-generational smoking is important in changing a century-old mindset, and saving lives in the process. | <urn:uuid:de421405-1c8f-452d-9e45-8b67de6aecd9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ktvz.com/news/crook-county-tackles-high-smoking-rates/25099318 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00138-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968401 | 393 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Uncertainty estimation for Canada’s National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting, and Reporting System
Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories that are consistent with good practice, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), are “those which contain neither over- nor underestimates, so far as can be judged, and in which uncertainties are reduced as far as is practicable.” Therefore, in any national GHG inventory, it is necessary to measure the uncertainty of the estimates and their contribution to overall uncertainty in the inventory. The Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) is the model used by Canada’s National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting, and Reporting System (NFCMARS) to quantify the GHG inventory of the forest sector. Uncertainty in NFCMARS estimates of the carbon balance of managed forests in Canada arises from uncertainties in model inputs, parameters, and structure, as well as from human error.
In this project, Monte Carlo methods are used to obtain estimates of uncertainty directly from the model, an approach that has been recommended in a review of uncertainty assessments for carbon cycle models.
In GHG inventories, the purpose of uncertainty assessments is to guide efforts to reduce future uncertainty. Future work on the project will aim to attain this goal, with the understanding that, although some sources of uncertainty are more easily measured than others, they may not be those most easily reduced. In general, uncertainty consists of two components — accuracy and precision. This analysis attempts to measure the precision of model estimates. The accuracy of model estimates is improved annually by model and data changes suggested by new scientific evidence. However, the accuracy of estimates is very difficult to determine because there are no “true” reference values for most estimates in NFCMARS.
- Periodically updated estimates of the uncertainty of GHG sinks and sources in Canada’s managed forest, as reported in Canada’s national GHG inventory report
- Guidance for research that is likely to yield reductions in the uncertainty of reported GHG sinks and source in Canada’s managed forest
- Guidance regarding methodologies to generate error estimates for complex ecosystem simulation models (involving multiple data sources and poorly known error structures of both the model and the data)
Links to more information
Metsaranta, J.M. Uncertainty: A property of minds or of nature? Implications for forest carbon accounting. Presented at Statistical Issues For. Manage., May 2–4, 2011. Quebec City, QC.
Metsaranta, J.M. Experiences in quantifying the uncertainty of the estimates of Canada's National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting, and Reporting System (NFCMARS). Presented at IPCC Expert Meeting Uncertainty Validation Emission Inventories. March 23–25, 2010. Utrecht, Netherlands.
Metsaranta, J.M. Forest carbon quantification with an emphasis on uncertainty estimation. Presented at Ont. Minist. Nat. Resour. Carbon Manage. Web Sem. Ser, November 12, 2009. Ontario, ON.
Metsaranta, J.M. and CFS Carbon Accounting Team. Quantifying the uncertainty of the carbon dynamics of Canada’s managed forest (1990–2007). Presented at Can. Carbon Program Annu. Meeting, February 26–28, 2010. Montreal, QC.
Metsaranta, J.M.; Kurz, W.A.; Stinson, G.; Neilson, E.T.; Rampley, G.J.; Smyth, C.; Shaw, C. Quantifying the uncertainty of the carbon dynamics of Canada’s managed forest. Presented at Int. Soc. Ecol. Modelling 2009 Conf., October, 2009. Quebec City, QC.
- Date modified: | <urn:uuid:f7911dba-1843-4871-a106-5325cedf9ebc> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/projects/130 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982939756.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200859-00145-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895822 | 798 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines health as a state of physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of symptoms.
In our contemporary life, we seem to relate health to the lack of symptoms or ill health to the presence of symptoms. Our wellbeing is more related to the way our body functions in our daily lives than to the symptoms or pain we may feel on any given day.
For example, we tend to think of pain as something to be eliminated, while thinking that pain itself is the body’s way of communicating with us about something that is going wrong. Our body is asking us to change the way we are doing things. Pain is sometimes called “the gift that no one wants”.
Let’s take an example: Is a headache a lack of painkillers in the body?
NO, this is how our body warns us that something in our behaviour is not being beneficial to it (and to us, obviously) and therefore requires our attention.
Symptoms are just a sign, health is more than that.
Experiencing health and well-being requires that we take care of our body. Better to treat it well, without waiting for pain or illness to manifest itself.
Remember that health is not just “feeling good” because we know that problems can progress for years without manifesting themselves. For example, heart disease often goes unnoticed until serious disorders occur and set in. It makes sense to do all we can to reduce the risks and optimise our health, quality of life and comfort….: | <urn:uuid:d2040917-cd7d-48f9-a280-d5d401e1e5ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chirofrey.com/en/what-is-health-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.952688 | 323 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Food Insufficiency, Food Stamp Participation, and Mental Health
Metadata[+] Show full item record
Th is study examines the ways in which enrollment in the food stamp program affects the mental health status of enrollees. The results find that the negative mental health effects associated with food insufficiency are higher among food stamp participants than nonparticipants. It is estimated that 35.1 million people lived in food-insecure households (Nord, Andrews, and Carlson, 2006) in 2005. Th is means that at some point in the previous year, due to scarce household resources, these families were unable to acquire enough food or were uncertain of having enough food to meet their basic needs. Food insuffi ciency is defined as not having enough to eat periodically over the previous 12 months and is a more severe level of food insecurity. This study examines food insufficiency, rather than food insecurity, due to its relation to food expenditures, and nutritional intake (Basiotis, 1992; Cristofar and Basiotis, 1992).
Hefl in, C.M., and Ziliak, J.P. (2008). “Food Insuffi ciency, Food Stamp Participation, and Mental Health.” Report 27-2008. Retrieved [Month Day, Year], from University of Missouri Columbia, Institute of Public Policy Web site: http://www. truman.missouri.edu/ipp/ | <urn:uuid:36ab3676-7fcb-40be-a4de-1735614bb022> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/2525 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109157.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821152953-20170821172953-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.944458 | 292 | 2.96875 | 3 |
If you open up a dryer, one surprising thing is the lack of any gears on the tumbler. It turns out that the tumbler is one giant gear (or actually a pulley), and the motor drives a tiny pulley. Because of the ratio between the huge tumbler diameter and the tiny motor pulley diameter, no other gears are needed!
You can see the thin belt wrapped around the tumbler in the picture above.
A motor drives the small silver pulley that is visible beneath the black pulley in the picture above. The belt loops through the silver pulley, through the black pulley and then around the tumbler. The black pulley provides tension -- when the belt is hooked up, the pulley is drawn off center, and the spring tries to pull it back. This gives the belt its tension.
The same electric motor drives both the fan and the tumbler. The pulley for the tumbler belt is hooked up to one output of the motor, and the fan is hooked to the other. | <urn:uuid:fb3c7c30-3779-470f-8d42-0767783457dd> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://home.howstuffworks.com/dryer2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986666467.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016063833-20191016091333-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.909888 | 219 | 2.875 | 3 |
Worked in conjunction with researchers at Aalto University, Åbo Akademi University and the University of Lapland, scientists at the VTT Technical Research Centre in Finland led by Tomi Erho have created a test for haemoglobin by printing antibodies on paper.
The test produces a line on the paper that appears depending on whether haemoglobin is present in a sample placed on it.
The researchers say that the printed paper test could also be adapted to different purposes by exchanging the antibody printed on the paper for another.
The technology could be applied to produce a rapid diagnostics tests in the healthcare market, or to bring additional features to packaging or labelling. The technology also presents new possibilities for ensuring product authenticity.
The bioactive paper research has been funded by Tekes, the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation, with support from commercial partners UPM-Kymmene Corporation, Tervakoski, BASF, Orion Diagnostica, Hansaprint, Oy Medix Biochemica, Starcke Securities and Eagle Filter. | <urn:uuid:e8a60def-b44d-4606-9311-746ca095e950> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.theengineer.co.uk/vtt-researchers-develop-paper-based-haemoglobin-test/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587711.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025123123-20211025153123-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.922325 | 218 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Access to long-vanished sites and experiences are enriching learning for American students visiting museums and cultural centers from coast to coast, as the United States begins to catch up with Europe and parts of Asia in the emerging field known as “virtual heritage.” Many of the technology-driven advances in this new discipline are likely to become accessible to schools and colleges in the months and years ahead.
For one Kentucky resident, that future is now.
Kathy Choi touches a kiosk screen, then looks up at a larger wall screen to see digitally created yellowish-brown mounds snaking through bright green grassland dotted with brilliant blue rivers and lakes.
The ancient earthworks in the Ohio River Valley now are grass- and tree-covered mounds and walls diminished by development, floods, and agriculture. But she’s seeing them as they might have looked 2,000 years ago, by way of a computerized fly-over.
“It makes it all seem more real,” said Choi, 59, of Covington, Ky., maneuvering her way through the Cincinnati Museum Center’s interactive video tour of Fort Ancient and other earthworks.
Archaeologists and historians agree. Museums, educators, and others increasingly are using video, animation, graphics, and other technology to depict historical sites virtually, in three dimensions–beyond what text, maps, and drawings can offer.
On a virtual tour of an 18th-century American Indian village in North Dakota, visitors can enter an earthen lodge and hear sound effects as the animated figure of a woman scrapes a deer hide. The Archaeology Technologies Laboratory at North Dakota State University used 3-D computer visualizations to re-create the On-A-Slant Village of the Mandan, a tribe that inhabited the Plains area.
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation is creating a virtual 3-D model of a recently excavated theater in Williamsburg, the restored 18th-century capital of Virginia. The foundation also plans to add animation to the theater project and eventually create a virtual tour of the entire town, said Lisa Fischer, manager of the foundation’s digital history center.
An exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston used computerized 3-D animation to re-create a temple and a palace built by Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti. The museum plans a virtual heritage exhibition next year on the Assyrian empire.
Phil Getchell, the museum’s director of new media, said museum officials are looking for other new ways to use virtual-reality technology, and he sees museums increasingly turning to virtual heritage.
“It really seems to have taken off over the past two or three years, especially as [the technology] has become more affordable,” Getchell said.
Virtual-heritage exhibits and projects–considered novel a decade ago–have become popular in Europe and parts of Asia, where there has been more national funding. Virtual-heritage projects are found in several countries, including Italy, Germany, and Japan.
They are gaining momentum in the United States, too, as computer speed and technology improve and costs drop. Equipment costing more than $1 million a few years ago now can be purchased for tens of thousands of dollars less.
“Depending on the project, you can still spend a lot generating the content itself, but the equipment and technology is easier to use and more affordable,” said Donald Sanders, president of Learning Sites Inc., a company that designs and develops interactive 3-D models of sites, including those of a palace at Nimrud in Iraq.
At the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H., visitors can view actual stone reliefs from the palace of a ninth-century Assyrian king, Ashurnasirpal II, at Nimrud. A computer animated fly-through of digitally reconstructed palace rooms shows the reliefs in their original locations. Visitors also can navigate their way through a virtual tour of a 3-D model of the palace.
Besides offering a means of improving understanding of the past, virtual heritage also is seen as a way to digitally preserve and document sites threatened by the environment, pollution, or–like the palace at Nimrud–by warfare and looting.
“It creates a vivid image that can persist in the public imagination and provide more insight and appreciation of lost architecture and cultures,” said John Hancock, a University of Cincinnati architecture professor and director of “Earthworks: Virtual Explorations of the Ancient Ohio Valley.”
The interactive video tour has traveled to sites in Ohio and Kentucky, and discussions are under way to take it to museums in Indiana, Minnesota, Oklahoma, and Connecticut. Parts of the traveling exhibit are permanently displayed at such sites as the Cincinnati Museum Center and the Field Museum in Chicago.
The Adena, Hopewell, and Fort Ancient American Indian cultures that flourished 800 to 2,400 years ago built the earthworks, which include mounds and enclosures of varying sizes, often in geometric or animal shapes. Some were used for ceremonial and social activities.
The 18,000 feet of ancient earthen walls at Fort Ancient, north of Cincinnati, contain enough soil to fill 200 miles of dump trucks carrying 15 to 20 tons each and laid end-to-end.
In trying to find the best way to re-create the earthen architecture, Hancock’s team first thought the animation camera had to move viewers as if they were walking on the ground, because most virtual-heritage projects involve more standard types of architecture, such as buildings, where the camera moves alongside and even into sites. But they decided to move the camera up, providing a bird’s-eye view to give viewers a better idea of the scope of the earthworks when they were intact.
Reconstructions in movies such as Gladiator have pressured university research and media labs to make their projects look more real, but virtual-heritage reconstructions aren’t intended to compete with Hollywood or replace site visits, Hancock said.
“You see that these are computer representations. But if done well enough, people can get just the right amount of reality to spark their imagination,” he said.
Advocates have raised concerns about how to verify data used to create reconstructions and make sure the public understands that no reconstruction can be exact.
Jeffrey Clark, director of the North Dakota State laboratory that created the On-A-Slant project, said colleagues at a Berlin conference he recently attended discussed how to make sure the public understands the limits of virtual reconstruction.
“Archaeologists realize that any reconstruction–physical or virtual–is only conjecture, but the casual museum visitor may attach a validity to it that isn’t there,” he said.
Some Italian colleagues at the Berlin conference proposed a “sliding scale of certainty” that would rank the level of confidence archaeologists have in a particular reconstruction. No formal guidelines have yet been adopted.
Despite potential drawbacks, virtual heritage is moving forward, researching ways of connecting to senses other than vision and hearing–and even the possible use of holograms.
“History didn’t happen in 2-D,” Sanders said. “It happened in 3-D with people interacting with each other, and that’s why this field will grow as the benefits become more understandable.”
“Earthworks: Virtual Explorations of the Ancient Ohio Valley”
Learning Sites Inc.
On-A-Slant Virtual Village | <urn:uuid:61a18c95-4e6d-4a57-a2c4-bda11979c06c> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.eschoolnews.com/2007/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986649035.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014025508-20191014052508-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.942535 | 1,564 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The packaging of a number of popular food items has attracted the attention of Consumer Reports, given the presence of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), because of which fast-food giant McDonald’s is currently facing class-action lawsuits. Claimants are citing health risk concerns, yet McDonald’s is currently abiding by industry standards. So let’s review what PFAS are, some contradictions for this case, and the overall implications of PFAS for business practices.
What are PFAS and what are the concerns?
PFAS is a chemical family of over 9,000 man-made substances, ranging from gas to liquids, which have a variety of applications, from being a moisture barrier for tech gadgets to serving as a means for improving the durability of medical implants.
PFAS are present in numerous household items, and are often referred to as ‘Forever Chemicals’ given the difficulty in breaking down their concocted components. It is precisely this lasting power that makes PFAS appealing for food containers. Packaging with PFAS can handle heat, steam, saturation, and grease – making it quite the innovation.
The superior functionality of PFAS, however, doesn’t mean they should be used in excess. Just because someone has a fast car doesn’t mean he should recklessly speed down the highway.
To be sure, there are significant health risks when overexposure to PFAS occur and spillovers sometimes happen. Fortunately though, a 2018 Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls by the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry says that “industrial releases have been declining since companies began phasing out the production and use of several perfluoroalkyls in the early 2000s.” In addition to that, a CDC report shows that since 2000, “mean blood levels of PFOS have declined approximately 84 percent and mean blood levels of PFOA have declined about 70 percent,” and recent reports are showing that bodies of water contain only trace amounts of PFAS, and they have been declining.
When higher levels of PFAS are found to be present in ground materials and waterways, it is often connected to communities with nearby military bases and fire training sites. PFAS are a major component for firefighting foam, and although this foam does pose serious health hazards, there is currently no alternative that is as effective.
Given this understanding, it seems obvious that the focus should be on how to prevent the need for using firefighting foam rather than the banning of PFAS altogether. Just like that fast car, it is handy to have in an emergency (and blanket bans rarely result in positive outcomes).
What’s next and what was already in the works?
It should be noted that if McDonald’s could have more environmentally friendly packaging, it likely would. According to its 2020-2021 Purpose and Impact Progress Reportlast year, it made great strides in ensuring that a majority of its food packaging (99.6 percent) was derived from recycled or sustainable fiber. The report states “Improving the sustainability of our packaging and moving toward a circular economy are top priorities for our business.”
But change takes time, and it is not clear as to what the lawsuit claimants would have McDonald’s do in the meantime – revert to Styrofoam? And to be frank, McDonald’s founding core competencies were in serving customers burgers and fries, not sustainable sourcing or package manufacturing.
PFAS will likely remain a core component of containerization strategies for food retailers until something better comes along that is either comparable or superior. And actually, McDonald’s may help lead the charge with funding to find alternative options given its previous pledge to continuously improve in this realm.
In a statement given to Today, McDonald’s asserted that it “stands behind its commitment to the safety of its food and food packaging” and that the process of taking steps to remove PFAS use in packaging began in 2008 with a target to completely eliminate it by 2025.
So to get slammed with a lawsuit for its packaging seems like a slap in the face, particularly since many restaurant chains are aspiring to recoup lost profits as pandemic policies are lifted. And for restaurants aspiring for a rebound, calls for modifying packaging purchases may be too much to bear during a time of supply chain constraints.
What are the intentions and contradictions?
For those truly scared of PFAS presence at McDonald’s, it is important to remember that no one is forcing anyone to eat there (and those concerned should probably refrain from fast food altogether, given that a majority of restaurants from Panera to Popeyes have PFAS levels found in their packaging).
The hard truth is that being good for the environment isn’t always conducive to current needs. Take for example the extreme use of single-use plastics throughout the pandemic, let alone the pollution generated from disposable masks.
It is also important to remember that when we pressure firms to do what is thought to be better, it can sometimes turn out to be worse – take how the banning of plastic straws can backfire, or how cotton tote bags can be a bigger problem than their plastic counterparts, or how even tree-planting campaigns can become environmentally costly.
As with all in life, there are tradeoffs – which is why PFAS use should be assessedaccording to the risk-related exposure for each chemical as well as the purpose of its use. Effort should also be placed on how best to test and treat PFAS presence when it does reach hazardous levels and any discovery of the misuse of these chemicals should be punished.
And this brings us to the irony of the McDonald’s packaging problem. It is doing nothing wrong since the FDA has approved the use of PFAS in food packaging.
As noted by the FDA, “the FDA does not have any indication that these substances are a human health concern, in other words a food safety risk in human food, at the levels found in this limited sampling.”
As such, the present lawsuits are not only a curious occurrence, but impose unwarranted pressure on any retailer tied to PFAS presence.
And for those jumping on the bandwagon as a contributor to the fast-food court case claims, consideration should be given to the collateral damage that may occur. Over 90 percent of McDonald’s restaurants are franchises, meaning most McDonald’s stores are owned and operated by small business owners within your community.
Smaller shops unaffiliated with McDonald’s may also be affected and fearfully pivot their packaging purchases despite the fact that what is being used is safe and approved, which is an important point: McDonald’s must consider more than the safety of the environment; it also must ensure the safety (as well as satisfaction) of its customers. For example, although PLA (polylactic acid)-coated paper could be an alternative packaging choice for McDonald’s, this material is not well-suited for heat transfer, and so someone ordering a hot beverage may feel the burn (and McDonald’s is no stranger to coffee-related court cases).
What is the role for the consumer?
Before complaining in court or accusing wrongdoing, customers should cool it with the sue-happy culture and take accountability for the role they play, since history has shown that regardless of whether an organization wishes to do good for the planet, it is all for naught if consumers are not on board.
And perhaps no firm knows this better than Frito Lay. For four years, it invested in the creation of a fully compostable bag for its SunChip snacks, only to have it be phased out in a matter of 18 months due to consumer complaints. The reason for shunning the SunChip sustainability effort was simply because consumers didn’t like the noise it made.
Just imagine the number of complaints that McDonald’s would receive from boisterous buyers if its packaging failed to keep grease drippings at bay, or the heat of coffee contained.
Considerations and Implications
New inventions are making the world better and safer every day, and given that PFAS impact numerous industries, there is a strong incentive for alternative innovations to come about over time to appease the various stakeholders present – thereby leading to safer options.
Take for instance, vaping, which is 95 percent less harmful than cigarettes. Vaping has proved to be a worthwhile alternative for those seeking to quit but have found little success in kicking their smoking habit. Although it’d be best not to ingest any nicotine from the start, vaping is certainly a step in the right direction for those eager to transition away from tobacco consumption.
And, while on the subject of consumption, most people would probably be better off not eating Big Macs on a regular basis. Even McDonald’s acknowledges this and has rolled out the McPlant – a vegan friendly alternative. And for now, McPlant sales are proving strongand PFAS packaging concerns don’t seem to be a deterrent.
At the end of the day, experimentation is necessary for firms to advance their offerings, which can lead to an improved society. A marketplace that binds entrepreneurs with rules and rulings will hardly encourage exploration for innovations – and firms will grow to fear their customer base rather than have a desire to cater to them. Consumers should be wary of using the power of the courts rather than the power of their purse to influence business practices.
Originally published here | <urn:uuid:cde844eb-7203-4e7f-a0ea-681ee30c3a6b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://consumerchoicecenter.org/the-pfas-packaging-predicament-mcdonalds-isnt-loving-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100276.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201053039-20231201083039-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.9618 | 1,944 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Find and Reduce Database Fragmentation in SQL Server
Summary: This blog is all about the fragmentation in SQL server & various ways to get rid of such issues. Types of index fragmentation in SQL server is also discussed here. In addition, users will get to know how to find this fragmentation & reduce it to make the server run smoothly.
Table of Content
What is Fragmentation In SQL Server Database?
Fragmentation in SQL Server occurs when the data within a table is inserted, deleted or modified over time this is just another issue like SQL server error 824 or any other error. There are two kinds of fragmentation that can occur in SQL Server:
1. Logical Fragmentation
Logical fragmentation in SQL Server Database occurs when logical ordering of pages containing indexes does not match the physical ordering of pages inside the data file. This logical fragmentation occur by the splitting of pages due to any insert or update operation or heavy deletion of pages that result in discontinuation in page chain.
2. Extent Fragmentation
Extent fragmentation occurs when the extent of indexes are not contiguous with the database leaving extents. We can say that this extent fragmentation occurs due to some random delete or interleaving table’s data extent with other objects.
As we keep on modifying our data in the database the indexes in the database gets fragmented. Because of this, it results in the degraded performance of the database and data becomes less efficient. Therefore,we need to identify the techniques, which will help in finding the database fragmentation in SQL Server.
How to Check Database Fragmentation in SQL Server Easily?
In order to clear the problem of both fragmentation types the user has to use the DMV command sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats.
Two important columns helpful in detecting the database fragmentation or to find fragmentation in SQL Server are:
This query to check fragmentation of table in SQL server represents the External Fragmentation and is represented in percentage value. In Logical Fragmentation this query is suitable for the clustered table and for the heap it’s called Extent Fragmentation. Lower the value better will be the result. 10% value is good and less than 10% value is okay and more than 10% value corrections are required in the database.
This query calculates the percentage use of pages and it represents as Internal Fragmentation. Higher the value better the results. If the value is less than 75%, corrections are required in the database.
How to Reduce Fragmentation in SQL Server?
After finding the database fragmentation or table fragmentation in SQL server one can use the following procedures and methods in order to reduce fragmentation in SQL Server database. It will help the user to remove the fragmentation from table in their database and get accurate results from that. They are as follows:
1. Reducing Fragmentation in a heap
In order to reduce the fragmentation in a heap user must create clustered index on a table. After creating the clustered index, rearrange the values in the database and then place the pages contiguously on the disk. This method is only useful, whenever the data is in the heap and unable to verify the data.
2. Reducing Fragmentation in an Index
There are three methods which can be used by the user to reduce fragmentation in an index. It depends on the user which method they want to use according to the percentage value user has got from the detection of fragmentation of a database. User has to choose from one of the following methods:
- If avg_fragmentation_in_percent >5% and less than 30% then use ALTER INDEX REORGANIZE: This statement is replaced by DBCC INDEXDEFRAG and leaf order pages are reordered in a logical order. It is performed when the user is online as this is an online operation the index is available while the statement is running.
- If avg_fragmentation_in_percent >30% then use ALTER INDEX REBUILD: This statement is replaced by DBCC DBRINDEX and the index can be rebuild both online or offline mode. In that case, we can use drop or re-create index method.
- Drop or Re-Create the clustered Index: Re-creating the clustered index redistributes the data and full data pages are created. Fullness level can be done by replacing CREATE INDEX in place of FILLFACTOR.
NOTE: This method is less recommended then the previous methods. These methods must be known to the user if they want to reduce the fragmentation from their database.
Also Read: SQL Server Error 4014 Best Solution
This blog discusses about the SQL Server Database Fragmentation and its types. It also covers, how to find fragmentation in SQL Server and ways to reduce fragmentation in SQL Server. We are sure that by reading the entire article, users can easily check SQL server fragmentation & even reduce it as they want. | <urn:uuid:0d40bfde-af6c-4cf9-a00a-73f33874a84e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.sqlserverlogexplorer.com/how-to-find-database-fragmentation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00834.warc.gz | en | 0.880528 | 1,001 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Byzantine calendar facts for kids
The Byzantine calendar was a calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from the year 691 to 1728. It was also used by the Byzantine empire from 988 to 1453, and by Russia from 988 to 1700. The Byzantine calendar is like the Julian calendar, but the year starts on 1 September instead of 1 January. Year one of the Byzantine calendar is from 1 September, 5509 BC to 31 August, 5508 BC.
The Great Schism, dated to 1054, created two religions from what was formerly one. The Western part later became the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern part is known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. At that time the Roman Catholic church used the Julian calendar. In 1453 the Byzantine Empire collapsed ending the use of their calendar. But others still used it, notably Russia. Numbering differences began to appear when the Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.
Peter the great became czar of Russia in 1682. At the time the Russians used a form of the Julian calendar with Byzantine influence. The calendar year started on 1 September and not 1 January. The years were numbered from the date given as earth's creation and not from the birth of Christ. Peter changed the calendar to start on January 1 and numbered the years from Christ's birth. But he continued basing the calendar on the Julian system instead of the Gregorian calendar. By the early 1800s the Russian calendar was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar used by western Europe. So dating something between the two systems became a problem. Dating notations such as 1 March O.S. (meaning Old Style, Julian or Russian) were used. Another example is 16 May 1582 N.S. (New Style or Gregorian calendar). Other notations included both: 25 October/6 November 1917, trying to show how the same day appeared in different calendars.
On 1 January 1700, by decree of Peter the Great, the Russian/Byzantine calendar was no longer used.
Images for kids
Byzantine mosaic of the Creation of Adam, (Monreale Cathedral).
Byzantine calendar Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:be757fa1-0ba8-4b49-8390-3406748e8caa> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Byzantine_calendar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145713.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222180557-20200222210557-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.963581 | 448 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Garbage turns into gold in Bangladesh
Organic waste becomes salable compost – and millions in carbon credits.
Maqsood Sinha and Iftekhar Enayetullah like to talk trash, but that’s because they’re pioneers in Bangladesh’s organic-waste recycling. They are the founders and directors of Waste Concern. Since 1995, this NGO has reduced the amount of urban garbage produced here, created jobs and healthier living environments for poor residents, provided for more-sustainable farming, and cut down on greenhouse-gas emissions.
Bangladesh is one of the world’s poorest and most populous nations. Its 150 million people live in an area the size of Iowa and have an average per capita income of about $600 per year, according to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Because it lacks space for landfills, trash disposal is a major concern.
Every day 3,500 tons of garbage is produced in Dhaka, says Mr. Sinha, a tall formidable man sitting in a conference room at their offices in Dhaka lined with numerous awards. Almost half of the city’s trash goes uncollected, Sinha adds. Dhaka simply does not have the resources to gather and dispose of all that waste. Most of it is left on the streets or in open trash sites.
But 80 percent of the waste is organic – food waste, such as vegetable and fruit peels, meat scraps, and spoiled fish.
That’s where Sinha, an architect and urban planner, and Mr. Enayetullah, a civil engineer and urban planner, stepped in. After earning degrees abroad, they came back to turn organic trash into a profitable resource: compost.
Page 1 of 4 | <urn:uuid:ecac597f-3e07-4f2b-89ad-06a7978097e3> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://m.csmonitor.com/Environment/Living-Green/2009/0303/garbage-turns-into-gold-in-bangladesh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447559374.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185919-00015-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93156 | 359 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Saturn’s auroral emissions. Image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Colorado. Click to enlarge
New images of Saturn obtained by a University of Colorado at Boulder-led team on June 21 using an instrument on the Cassini spacecraft show auroral emissions at its poles similar to Earth’s Northern Lights.
Taken with the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph aboard the Cassini orbiter, the two UV images, invisible to the human eye, are the first from the Cassini-Huygens mission to capture the entire “oval” of the auroral emissions at Saturn’s south pole. They also show similar emissions at Saturn’s north pole, according to CU-Boulder Professor Larry Esposito, principal investigator of the UVIS instrument built at CU-Boulder’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, and Professor Wayne Pryor of Central Arizona College, a UVIS team member and former CU graduate student.
In the false-color images, blue represents aurora emissions from hydrogen gas excited by electron bombardment, while red-orange represents reflected sunlight. The images show that the aurora lights at the polar regions respond rapidly to changes in the solar wind, said the researchers. Previous images have been taken closer to the equator, making it difficult to see the polar regions.
Major changes in the emissions inside the Saturn south-pole aurora are evident by comparing the two images, which were taken about one hour apart, they said. The brightest spot in the left aurora fades, and a bright spot appears in the middle of the aurora in the second image.
Made by slowly scanning the UVIS instrument across the planet, the images also contain more than 2,000 wavelengths of spectral information within each picture element. Researchers will use the wavelength information to study Saturn’s auroras, gases, and hazes and their changing distributions.
The UVIS observation team includes researchers from CU-Boulder, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Central Arizona College and the University of Southern California.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini- Huygens mission for NASA’s Space Science Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C.
Original Source: CU-Boulder News Release | <urn:uuid:b17ac95d-c56f-4014-9e60-43f884513a9e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.universetoday.com/10802/saturns-eerie-southern-lights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.887031 | 502 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Download Horizontal Lines In Interior Design
Pics. Find & download free graphic resources for horizontal lines. A horizontal line might be the very first line humans were aware of.
Knowing some basic home interior design rules of color theory will help you make good choices with your color schemes. What does the horizontal dashed line across a construction drawing means? Each variation of an aspect carries with it physical visual effects which affect apparent physiological size, dimension • they are used in interior designs to give a feeling of movement.
Here are some simple horizontal lines.
• because the eye travels along a line, lines can appear to alter the size or proportion. A gold pass member suggested that i create a tutorial that demonstrates how to draw three parallel horizontal lines on a chart. We can use real or implied lines in combination with the gestalt principles of continuity. Horizontal lines suggest a solid, harmonious relationship with the earth; | <urn:uuid:ae53f76d-593a-4dc0-aabb-ba604378291d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://interiorshomedesign.com/download-horizontal-lines-in-interior-design-pics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038064898.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411174053-20210411204053-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.899817 | 183 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Proteins: It all depends on a correct folding plan - The protein researcher Franz-Ulrich Hartl will be awarded the Heinrich Wieland Prize 2011
What do neurodegenerative diseases such as Morbus Alzheimer, Chorea Huntington and Morbus Parkinson have in common? They all occur more and more frequently in an aging society, and wrongly folded, clumped proteins play a central role in disease development. Once that scientists have successfully decoded the molecular mechanisms underlying protein folding, new approaches for the prevention, diagnosis and therapy of these illnesses could emerge. The Heinrich Wieland Prize 2011 will be awarded to Prof. Franz-Ulrich Hartl, director at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried for his pioneering work in the field of protein folding. The award is sponsored by the Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation and comes with a prize money of 50,000 Euros.
The award ceremony will take place on 27 October 2011 from 02.00 – 04.00 p.m. in the Baeyer Auditorium of the LMU Munich (Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, LMU Munich, Butenandtstr. 13, House F, Room FU 1,017, 81477 Munich). Journalists are cordially invited to join in the ceremony. Please register by e-mail to communications[a]bifonds.de.
Cells constantly produce thousands of different proteins involved in every bioprocess. Most proteins can only fulfill their biological functions – e.g. as enzymes in cell metabolism, antibodies in immune defense or structural proteins in the muscular system – when they adopt a defined, three-dimensional structure. Hartl’s pioneering work has changed our way of thinking of how proteins fold within cells. Contrary to the previously held view that all proteins fold spontaneously and of their own accord, the scientist developed a new concept – namely that protein folding is a complex process requiring the assistance of other proteins, known as chaperones.
Many chaperones belong to the stress or heat shock proteins. They not only facilitate the correct folding of newly synthesized proteins, but also step in during stress situations, for instance to repair any proteins that misfolded due to high temperatures. Furthermore, molecular chaperones now play an important role in biotechnology. Biotechnological companies use, for example, bacterial cells with an increased chaperone content to produce large amounts of active forms of proteins required for the production of drugs. The groundwork for this was provided, among other things, by one of Hartl’s discoveries – the “chaperonin”, a cylindrically formed molecule which folds proteins inside a protected chamber. In the past few years, Hartl has concentrated on the analysis of those neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by the misfolding and aggregation of certain proteins.
“Professor Hartl’s research is a prime example of how basic research can find its way into biotechnological or medical application – in the long run, the results also have the potential to provide progress for the good of patients afflicted by such diseases”, declared Professor Dr. Konrad Sandhoff, chairman of the board of trustees of the Heinrich Wieland Prize.
Franz-Ulrich Hartl studied medicine and obtained his doctoral degree in Heidelberg in 1985. He then moved to the laboratory of Walter Neupert in Munich, where he first worked as a post-doc and then as a group leader. In 1991 he accepted a professorship in cell biology and genetics at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cornell Medical College in New York. He returned to Germany in 1997 to take up his present postion as director at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried, near Munich.
The international Heinrich Wieland Prize (HWP), which comes with a prize money of 50,000 Euros, honours outstanding research on biologically active molecules and systems and its clinical impact in the areas of chemistry, biochemistry and physiology. It is named after the German chemist and Nobel Prize winner Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877 – 1957), who was professor of chemistry in Munich for many years. The prize has been awarded annually by an independent board of trustees since 1964. The Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation assumed sponsorship of the prize in 2011. The Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation is an independent, non-profit-making foundation for the promotion of medical, biological, chemical and pharmaceutical research (see www.boehringer-ingelheim-stiftung.de). Further information on the history of the prize and the names of former prize winners can be found at www.heinrich-wieland-preis.de.
Communication Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation
Schlossmühle / Grabenstr. 46
Tel. +49 (0) 6132 / 89 85 16
Fax +49 (0) 6132 / 89 85 11
Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
Am Klopferspitz 18
Tel. +49 (0) 89 8578-2824 | <urn:uuid:f183b252-a208-4ffc-becc-115adfd9ef55> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.biochem.mpg.de/546432/052_hartl_wieland_preis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531352.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520030533-20220520060533-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.920602 | 1,130 | 2.71875 | 3 |
“It’s not what happens to you, but how you react to it that matters.” Epictetus
SEL Connection: Life is a mystery on so many levels. Things happen, we react. Then other things happen and we react. There are times we wonder why things happen the way they do, we get confused and then we resolve the confusion by saying “everything happens for a reason.” And then we move on, until the next unexplained event happens and we’re back to the start, perplexed. How things happen (determinism) and what we can or can’t do about them (free will) are two things that are very difficult to reconcile.
(1) Claim: Epictetus has a good point for the determinism angle. if we sit down and think about it, much of our life is beyond our control. Our birth, what city we grew up in, our parents, our personality. The list goes on. We don’t control any of these things. Epictetus assures us, though, that we can control how we think about the hand that is dealt us. In practice this means we can choose to complain about the fact that we aren’t born into wealth, or we can accept it and focus on other things that give us joy. We have the power to shape our attitudes.
(2) Counterclaim: If you are born into a difficult home situation where there is neglect and poverty, then sometimes it doesn’t matter what attitude you take. You can’t think positive thoughts in the midst of despair. You should do everything in your power to escape it. So Epictetus offers a very unrealistic way of dealing with problems. It certainly matters what happens to you because that is what set the guidelines for what is possible for you to do to get out of a bad situation.
(3) Essential Question: Is our life guided by free will or determinism? | <urn:uuid:0127a3e5-b36d-4b68-b0ca-e07645acb6be> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://teachdifferent.com/2019/07/free-will-v-determinism-teach-different-with-epictetus-step-one/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660323.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015205352-20191015232852-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.93999 | 408 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Pregnant women who are highly exposed to common environmental chemicals — polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) — have babies that are smaller at birth and larger at 20 months of age, according to a study from Emory University’s Rollins School of Public Health published online in the August 30 edition of Environmental Health Perspectives.
PFCs are used in the production of fluoropolymers and are found widely in protective coatings of packaging products, clothes, furniture and non-stick cookware. They are persistent compounds found abundantly in the environment and human exposure is common. PFCs have been detected in human sera, breast milk and cord blood.
The study, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, included 447 British girls and their mothers in the United Kingdom participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a large-scale health research project that has provided a vast amount of genetic and environmental information since it began in the early 1990s.
The researchers found that even though girls with higher exposure were smaller than average (43rd percentile) at birth, they were heavier than average (58th percentile) by 20 months of age. The authors say this path may lead to obesity at older ages.
“Previous animal and human research suggests prenatal exposures to PFCs may have harmful effects on fetal and postnatal growth,” says lead researcher Michele Marcus, a professor of epidemiology in Emory’s Rollins School of Public Health and the assistant program director at Kaiser Permanente’s Center for Health Research.
“Our findings are consistent with these studies and emerging evidence that chemicals in our environment are contributing to obesity and diabetes and demonstrate that this trajectory is set very early in life for those exposed.”
According to Marcus, a recent study in Denmark found that women exposed to PFCs in the womb were more likely to be overweight at age 20. And experimental studies with mice have shown that exposure in the womb led to higher levels of insulin and heavier body weight in adulthood.
Marcus and her colleagues focused on the three most studied PFCs: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS).
The researchers measured maternal serum concentrations of PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS during pregnancy and obtained data on the weight and length of the girls at birth, 2, 9 and 20 months. They explored associations between prenatal PFC concentrations and weight at birth as well as changes in weight-for-age scores between birth and 20 months.
Source: Woodruff Health Sciences Center | <urn:uuid:359ff9a6-9ab0-4167-9b08-ce6d41d64129> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.parenthub.com.au/news/parenting-news/chemical-exposure-womb-household-items-contribute-obesity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516135.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023111223-20181023132723-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.959621 | 553 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In 1818 sculptor Ivan Martos built this statue honoring Kuzma Minin (a wealthy Nizhni-Novgorod butcher) and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, who drove Polish invaders out of Moscow in 1612 during the Time of Troubles. This period of internal strife and foreign intervention began in approximately 1598 with the death of Tsar Fyodor I and lasted until 1613, when the first Romanov was elected to the throne. This was the first monument of patriotism funded by the public. The inscription
on the pedestal reads, "To citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky from a thankful Russia 1818." The statue originally stood in the center of the square, but was later moved to its current spot in front of St. Basil's. In 2005, November 4 was named a new public holiday in honor of Minin and Pozharsky, replacing the old Communist November 7 holiday, which celebrated the anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution.
Red Sq., Moscow, 109012, Russia | <urn:uuid:07f36f1b-350c-4c55-ac8c-ae491d68cd76> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/russia/moscow/review-191116.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121981339.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175301-00000-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958567 | 211 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In an era of far-reaching, user data breaches from banking to social networks, the European Union (EU) is set to initiate its April 2016-approved legislation known as the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR.
This is a bold move in the right direction for consumers whose information is spread far and wide on the internet, whether it’s logging into apps on smartphones or providing personal data to companies for products and services. However, it has an equally important but potentially dangerous impact on business and commerce in the United States.
What is GDPR?
Simply put, GDPR will give control to consumers and users to manage and own the data collected by companies. It also puts restrictions on the export of consumer data and allows users the access to delete or cease sharing information.
It also covers other urgent consumer-first protections including:
- Data breaches. Under GDPR, companies have to alert users and/or the public within 72 hours of a data breach.
- Underage users. Users under age 16 require parental or guardian approval before sharing information.
- Easy-to-understand consent. Consent given by users must be agreed to with plain language, easy-to-understand policies. Likewise, there must be an efficient way for users to reverse consent at their choosing, if needed.
- Right to user data. GDPR also ensures users have the right to request access to their data to understand how and where it’s being used by organizations.
- Stronger system protection. New regulations also require that more solid, protective systems be put in place for users first, rather than organization- or profit-first.
It also means companies have to be honest about data breaches when they happen. Under GDPR, companies have 72 hours to alert the public if a breach occurs. Users under the age of 16 are also protected, requiring approval from a parent or guardian before sharing information.
The first iteration of this policy was put in place in 1995 as the Data Protection Directive, which helped collate online rules and regulations of data use across the EU’s 28 nations.
Data breaches, particularly high-profile breaches like the Equifax breach in 2017 or the recent Facebook and Cambridge Analytica data sharing, have made users weary of sharing information online. According to a recent RSA Privacy & Security report, 40 percent of respondents admitted to using false information when engaging with a company for products or services.
To further help protect users, the GDPR is putting more emphasis on ownership of data and particularly, consent that users give for companies to access their information and data.
According to CNBC, these new regulations mean that companies can’t “bundle consent together” into confusing jargon that allows loopholes for organizations to abuse user data.
Are there penalties for GDPR?
Businesses that don’t comply, or refuse to comply, can face major financial penalties that could cripple investments and profits. Specifically, failure to comply can result in a fine up to 4 percent of annual global turnover or 20 million euros ($24.6 million), whichever is bigger.
Companies have images to uphold, too. And GDPR ensures that with these strict requirements. Nearly 62 percent of people in the RSA survey said they blame companies before hackers when a data breach occurs. GDPR agrees, which is one of the many foundations of these new, stringent regulations.
How do I know if GDPR applies to me?
Professionals across all industries are, no doubt, asking not only how to comply, but if GDPR applies to their organizations.
Europe, by and large, has had a more strict code of conduct when it comes to the protection of user data, far more than the United States. But GDPR, while protecting EU-citizens specifically, reaches across the pond in every direction.
Companies in the United States, especially multinational businesses, will have to comply to the new regulations if they serve users in the EU. Even happenchance visitors to websites or applications from the EU are protected, which creates an urgent need for organizations to put rules in place now.
Whether you develop a smartphone application or you’re seeking newsletter subscribers, collecting data from any EU audience requires adherence to GDPR.
Can I be exempt from GDPR?
If your organization doesn’t target users in the EU, nor does business with users in the EU, you’ll likely fall out of scope for GDPR.
Users in the EU who happen to find a U.S.-based website meant for U.S. audiences, or not specifically targeted to EU users, won’t be protected with GDPR. However, any targeted marketing efforts for EU visitors, as well as transactions or requests of information from EU users, are who GDPR will be protecting.
A quick review of your Google Analytics can tell you quickly if you have EU visitors engaging with your web properties. A discussion with your organization’s marketing, especially targeted marketing, will help you know how to proceed as well.
Regardless, it’s best to seek legal guidance from your organization’s legal team and I.T. team to ensure the level of care you put forth adhering to GDPR.
Are companies prepared for GDPR?
Technically, organizations around the world have had more than two years to prepare for GDPR. Many organizations and webmaster tools, such as Google, are giving companies and “controllers” (any organization that requests or accesses user data) information and tools for how to comply with GDPR.
In 2017, compliance firm TrustArc and the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP) surveyed more than 500 privacy professionals across various industries and found that 84 percent planned to have GDPR adherence in place by May 2 of this year.
Many organizations have already met or started scheduling meetings with their I.T. and legal teams to make sure privacy policies and other small print legal conditions are aligned with GDPR to keep consumers safe and dodge potentially crippling fines.
How can we prepare for GDPR?
The most important question for companies is how their organizations can personally prepare for GDPR. Not only will your organization want to be prepared, but you’ll want to ensure any third-party applications or functionality in your app or website also adhere to the new regulations.
- Meet with your legal team. If possible, get face-to-face with any legal representatives you have available. Talk about the changes that need to come, and potentially how to communicate those changes internally and externally.
- Bring I.T. into your marketing initiatives. MarTech recommends that it’s wise to integrate your I.T. and marketing teams at the very least, so all understand what’s at stake. You’ll both stay updated on what’s happening on both sides of your worlds: From cyber technology to marketing efforts around the globe, and how they work together.
- Revise your company’s privacy policies. As mentioned, clear, easy-to-understand policies about the use of user data is integral to GDPR. If you’re asking users for information, even to register to join your mailing list, make sure plain language is used to explain how this information is collected and used by your company. And always give users an opt-out or reversal of permission option.
- Understand where data goes and how it’s used. HR and payroll solution company MHR, based in the United Kingdom, recommends data mapping to identify the key information that’s collected and documenting how it moves between departments or the organization as a whole. This will help you understand any potential privacy risks, which could implement protection in advance.
- Use clearly identified options for users to to revert their data, or delete it. Squinting to find a hidden “unsubscribe” button in email footers should be forbidden anyway, but with GDPR, it will be even more important that users can easily revert their permissions for data, or delete it entirely. See an example of this email option:
- Check your own Google Analytics (GA) data. See how much traffic, if any, is coming from the EU and verify if any of your campaigns or marketing is meant to target EU users, as this puts you under the GDPR umbrella.
- Verify (and understand) the privacy policies and terms of third-party vendors. If you use any third party applications or functionality, you’ll want to verify and understand their privacy policies to make sure they’re adhering to GDPR, too, if needed. Under GDPR, if you use third-party applications that aren’t in compliance, then your organization isn’t in compliance, either. Get on the phone and discuss in detail with their respective customer service or teams if it’s unclear from their legal language. If you find third party vendors that aren’t in compliance and failing to adhere to GDPR, consider other avenues for that functionality. Likewise, work only with third-party providers who are GDPR-compliant in the future.
- Expand your team. MarTech recommends hiring a Data Protection Officer (DPO) to help assign liability and adherence to regulations like GDPR. While it may be an investment to find someone who can carry this load for your organization, it’s worth your time. “Consumer information deserves to remain private,” MarTech writes. “So anything you can do to stay in compliance will help you overall.
You’ll want to know what Google’s up to, too. Like many companies, you’re no doubt engaging with Google Analytics or other webmaster tools in the Google shed. And part in response to GDPR, and part in following their stringent Terms of Service, Google is making some important changes.
For example, starting May 25, Google is changing its default for data retention. If you use Google Analytics for tracking user data, you’ll want to check in on the changes as certain data older than the cutoff will be automatically deleted, according to a recent article by Moz. However, author Will Critchlow points out that this change isn’t necessarily a direct response to GDPR, it gives the tools controllers might need, to restrict data storage in the future.
Google is also making deep strides to combat any accounts that are collecting personally identifiable information, or PII, such as full name, address, social security information, and date of birth. It’s important for controllers to audit their GA profiles for any PII risks, as well as update your data retention settings, as needed.
So what does this all mean?
The truth is, we’ll likely see the outcomes of GDPR in the coming months and years as organizations are penalized or highlighted in the media for breaking the rules. It’s possible, too, that more of our favorite tools (like Google’s webmaster suite) will adjust as the reach of GDPR becomes better known.
It’s always best to be safe than sorry, so make sure you collaborate with your team — from marketing to I.T. to your own legal counsel — to make sure you’re delivering the safest and most trusting experience to your users.
Written By Erin Schroeder
Erin Schroeder is a senior content strategist and writer at Geonetric, where she helps healthcare brands organize user-first websites, content marketing, and brand messaging. As a former journalist, she never lost her love to write. You'll also see her articles on content strategy and user experience around the web, including UX Collective, UX Booth, and Prototypr. | <urn:uuid:c2a17be5-2408-47c6-987b-610bb1fcc584> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://slickplan.com/blog/preparing-for-success-with-gdpr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890028.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025212948-20201026002948-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.925625 | 2,416 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The inventory turn rate is the number of times that a business goes through its average inventory. For a small business, the inventory turn rate is a useful measure because a low turn rate can mean increased costs for storage. Calculate your turn rate using your inventory and the cost of goods sold.
Add the inventory at the beginning of the year to the inventory at the end of the year. These figures are on the balance sheet from the start and end of the year.
Divide the sum of the inventories by two to get the average annual inventory.
Divide the cost of goods sold for the year by the average inventory. The cost of goods sold is located on the income statement. This will give you the annualized inventory turn.
- "Management Accounting"; Pauline Weetman; 2010
- Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:155b64fe-6651-4cb2-9af6-2d278ceb10a1> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://smallbusiness.chron.com/calculate-annualized-inventory-turn-rate-10484.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145316.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220224059-20200221014059-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.932635 | 173 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.