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The Global HIV Policy Report: Findings from the HIV Policy Lab presents analysis of the state of HIV policy as of the end of 2021 from the HIV Policy Lab, which compiles and measures the HIV-related policy environment in 194 countries.
Overall, the HIV Policy Lab shows that policy barriers exist throughout the world that undermine the quality of HIV treatment and prevention and access to treatment and prevention — increasing the vulnerability to HIV infection and AIDS death.
Here are a few key takeaways from the report:
- No country in the world has fully aligned its laws and policies with the 33 key evidence-based laws and policies. On average, countries have adopted just over half of these recommended policies.
- Children and adolescents are being left behind in the global AIDS response. At least 134 countries have not adopted or only partially adopted pediatric testing and treatment recommendations.
- Eastern and Southern African countries have high rates of policy adoption overall, but lag behind in adopting structural policies, particularly repealing punitive laws that criminalize key populations.
No country in the world has adopted all seven of the non-criminalizing and rights-supporting laws and policies called for in UNAIDS' 10-10-10 targets. On average, countries have adopted only three of the seven. | <urn:uuid:4477057d-a60b-45d5-9632-fa42312f5d40> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.sparkblue.org/content/hiv-policy-lab-annual-report | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499946.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201144459-20230201174459-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.92625 | 257 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Testosterone is a sex hormone produced by the testes that encourages the development of male sexual characteristics, stimulates the activity of the male secondary sex characteristics, and prevents changes in them following castration. Chemically, testosterone is 17-beta-hydroxy-4-androstene-3-one.
Testosterone is the most potent of the naturally occurring androgens. The androgens cause the development of male sex characteristics, such as a deep voice and a beard; they also strengthen muscle tone and bone mass.
Definition from MedicineNet.com: testosterone | <urn:uuid:2f6ec50c-4c67-4d3d-85d5-5d7842a2241e> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://tellingstories.nhs.uk/index.php/component/seoglossary/1-general-glossary/499-testosterone?Itemid=101 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125949036.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427041028-20180427061028-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.893942 | 113 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Operating principle and use
The Belt Scale is a weighing machine designed to acquire continuous material flow handled by a belt conveyor and by the integration of flow rate to determine the totalized amount of material.
The weight of the material on a belt length called “weighing length” is measured by one or two Strain Gauge Load Cells. The belt speed is measured by an incremental encoder or a proximity detector located on the conveyor’s driven drum
The SRT Belt Weigher was designed by SAUTELMA to meet the high accuracy required by their customers. The weight collection system incorporates 2 parallel sets of flexures supported by one or two strain gauge load cells. The design of the weight collection system ensures that the weight is transferred correctly into the load cell, to optimise the weighing performance.
The SRT belt scale can have single idler or double idler scale (SRT/1R et SRT/2R)
It consist of three main parts :
- Weight collection system model SRT
- Load cells, speed detector and signal processing unit
- Digital electronics control system | <urn:uuid:1eca2fa1-d58d-4021-9465-589882bfb252> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://www.sautelma-rotolok.fr/products/bascule-integratrice.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107885126.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025012538-20201025042538-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.939315 | 231 | 2.859375 | 3 |
You’re studying this on the Web that’s at present dwelling to an estimated 1.9 billion web sites. That’s a billion with a ‘B’. Weirdly sufficient, although, it’s not all that lengthy because the complete Web had just one solitary web site. This was the primary web site ever created, launched on August 6, 1991.
It could have been a easy, text-based web site with details about the World Broad Internet mission, however that internet web page held the seed of all of the web sites that may quickly populate the digital panorama over the following three brief a long time. We’re fascinated to inform the story of that first web site on the Web.
The World Broad Internet Venture
Cyberpunks might need fantasies in regards to the Web being a radically decentralized, peer-to-peer, non-hierarchical house, however the reality is we have now the federal government to thank for the World Broad Internet. Extra precisely, we have now the collaboration between a number of European governments on the European Group for Nuclear Analysis (CERN) to thank.
The World Broad Internet (WWW) Venture at CERN was a mission headed by British pc scientist Tim Berners-Lee. He was attempting to resolve the issue of the way to share info, knowledge, and assets between completely different gadgets in varied places.
Berners-Lee proposed an answer that used hypertext to attach (or ‘hyperlink’) paperwork saved on separate computer systems, offered each machines had been related to a newish community referred to as the Web. Although his first proposal was rejected, his second shot bought the backing of his managers and went into manufacturing.
So as to flip his imaginative and prescient right into a actuality, Berner-Lee had first to develop HyperText Markup Language (or HTML, the language used to code internet pages), Hypertext Switch Protocol (or HTTP, the protocol used to fetch HTML recordsdata), and Uniform Useful resource Locators (or URLs, the addresses used to navigate to an internet web page).
Over 30 years later, HTML, HTTP, and URLs nonetheless kind the spine of the Web we use at this time.
What Was the First Web site
Regardless of the actually limitless alternative of domains, Berners-Lee selected to launch the world’s first web site on the wildly forgettable handle, information.cern.ch. Whereas that important area is now dwelling to details about the primary web site ever, variations of that web site are nonetheless accessible to view.
If somebody had been to navigate to that handle in 1991, they’d have discovered a splendidly retro-looking line-mode model of the web site:
Because the green-on-black pc output of the early 90s is prone to make trendy Web customers’ heads spin, CERN has kindly additionally created an up to date model of the web site appropriate for at this time’s browsers:
However what was really contained on the planet’s first web site? Properly, because the web site was meant to be the place to begin for an enormous community of interconnected web sites – i.e. the Web we all know at this time – the primary web site featured directions about constructing different web sites.
It offered assets for builders to grasp HTML, HTTP, and URLs and defined how hyperlinks might be used to hyperlink to the content material.
There have been no advertisements, no photos, nothing to promote, and nothing to distract you. Berners-Lee merely needed to encourage others to make use of the know-how he’d constructed to create digital areas for themselves and to turn into extra interconnected. His solely name to motion was to study and create.
Development of the Internet and the Lack of the First Web site
Berners-Lee launched the primary web site in the midst of 1991, and by 1992 there had been a 1,000% improve within the variety of web sites. That’s to say, by 1992 there have been ten internet pages stay.
By 1994, the World Broad Internet had actually bought some momentum going, with over 3,000 web sites accessible on the Web. At this level, it was potential to listing all web sites in printed listing books, like a telephone e-book.
Bodily directories turned out of date and inconvenient in simply a few years, although. By 1996, greater than 2 million web sites had been printed, which is when Google was launched to assist the rising base of Web customers discover their method round our on-line world.
That is the place we have now to come back clear: the screenshot of the ‘first web site’ above is just not the unique web site Berners-Lee constructed. In all the joy across the success and development of his mission, the primary web site was misplaced off the Web.
We solely have the instance above, due to the work of Web historians, who in 2013 launched a mission to get better and revive the first-ever web site. Fortunately, it turned out that Berners-Lee himself had made a duplicate of his total authentic web site onto a floppy disc, which was later tracked down and used to relaunch the location.
It now exists as a form of on-line exhibit anybody can go to to gaze into the digital previous.
Steve Jobs Helped Create the World Broad Internet
Okay, this final subheading could be slightly deceptive since Steve Jobs by no means labored at CERN, not to mention on the WWW Venture. Nevertheless, the Apple creator did have a small hand in its success.
That’s as a result of the pc Berners-Lee used to construct and host the primary web site ever was a NeXT pc designed by Steve Jobs.
Whereas it could be stunning to listen to such a well-recognized title pop up on this story, it’s value making an allowance for that the early computing neighborhood was comparatively small.
We would all spend our lives on-line at this time, however again when the primary web site launched, Web customers had been a part of a tightly-knit membership. Berners-Lee and his contemporaries envisioned a future unimaginable to most. | <urn:uuid:adc4473e-6532-4bf0-9fb8-d768e0513d85> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://moneylister.com/the-shocking-historical-past-of-the-worlds-first-web-site/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.948328 | 1,290 | 3.015625 | 3 |
A recent report by researchers studying the impact of massive open online courses, better known as MOOCs, found that few of those who sign up for a course complete it. In the past few years, several research universities have opened up their computer science, math, electronics, and engineering courses to anyone from around the world. Although millions of people have registered, the study found that only a small percentage actually go on to complete their course.
Researchers from Harvard and MIT studied various aspects of 17 MOOCs offered in 2012 and 2013 through edX, the online learning platform established by the two universities. Schools offering edX also includes Caltech, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, IIT Bombay, and McGill.
The courses analyzed included such topics as computer programming, data analysis, and electromagnetism and also an array of disciplines including computer science, electronics and engineering. Just 5 percent of the more than 841 600 people who registered for edX courses earned a certificate of completion. In fact, 35 percent never viewed any of the course materials at all.
While the benefits of MOOCs are many—giving people in remote locations or the poor the ability to get a high-quality education and eliminating the need for college loans, the Harvard/MIT study found that only about 3 percent of attendees were from underserved areas and that more than 65 percent of all registrants already held a bachelor’s degree or higher.
Students do not receive academic credit from the universities as a result of completing a MOOC but they can pay to receive a certificate of completion to show their manager or a prospective employer. Of those who earned a certificate, 74 percent already held an undergrad or graduate degree.
The Harvard/MIT findings support data from another recent study conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education of 16 Coursera courses, which is UPenn’s learning platform. The researchers found that completion rates averaged 4 percent across all courses.
In an interview on the Huffington Post, Andrew Ho, the coauthor of the Harvard/MIT study and an associate professor in Harvard’s Graduate School of Education, said that “focusing on completion rates limits our imagination of what might be possible with MOOCs. A better criterion for success might be for students to complete more of the course than they thought they would, or to learn more than they might have expected.”
With such low completion rates, do you believe MOOCs can be a valuable resource for aspiring and professional engineers, or would you rather see the schools invest in improving their programs, lowering tuition, or offering more scholarships to their school?
Kathy Pretz is the editor in chief of The Institute. | <urn:uuid:b0a0d668-0216-403b-8cb7-360cd834c319> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://theinstitute.ieee.org/ieee-roundup/opinions/ieee-roundup/low-completion-rates-for-moocs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379636.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00187-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96723 | 549 | 2.875 | 3 |
Cassia Glauca Yellow: 1 Mtr Height , 1'' dia
Cassia trees are the popular forestry and an ornamental tree is known for its display of delightfully showy evergreen foliage and long bright yellow flowers, which appear on almost every branch
How To Care
Light: Provide cassia glauca with a full six hours or more of daily sunlight.
Water: Water garden cassia approximately once a week with 1 to 2 inches of water.
Fertilizer: Cassias are extremely drought tolerant and require little fertilization
Temperature: They rarely survive temperatures below 30 F. (-1 C.)
Potting: Recommends growing cassia trees from seed. The seeds are rock hard and watertight, so we need to soak the seed and place it in the pot filled with peat moss and compost.
Pruning: Trim out dead branches or leaves at any time during the growing season. | <urn:uuid:07aafdd6-e691-4ef8-93e7-0e5d3d6a654a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.daffodilsme.com/cassia-glauca-yellowplants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337244.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002021540-20221002051540-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.902284 | 192 | 2.625 | 3 |
A root canal is a dental procedure that is used to remove diseased pulp tissue from inside the tooth. The narrow channels beneath the pulp chamber in the inner part of the tooth are hollowed out and cleaned, and the roots are filed with flexible nickel titanium files.
A tooth is made up of three main components:
a hard protective shell referred to as enamel, a softer and sensitive middle layer referred to as dentin and a soft tissue inner layer referred to as dental pulp. Dental pulp is composed of nerve tissue, lymph tissue and blood vessels, and is considered to be the vital part of a tooth. If dental pulp is sufficiently traumatized – whether by exposure to oral bacteria via deep dental caries, a fracture in the tooth that enters the pulp or a forceful blow to the face – the tooth begins to die and root canal therapy is often required in order to prevent or eliminate infection and prevent tooth loss.
A root canal procedure involves tooth disinfection and the removal of all debris (nerve tissue, lymph tissue, blood tissue, bacteria and infection) from the coronal pulp chamber and its associated canals. Once an affected tooth’s canals are sufficiently cleansed and shaped, they are filled with materials designed to prevent pain and infection from recurring. | <urn:uuid:1fc61231-50f7-4666-a0b7-b878a1a741b4> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.dentistsrus.ca/langley-dentists/services/general-dentistry/root-canal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823009.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209185547-20181209211547-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.948933 | 258 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Definitions for earpɜrp
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word earp
Earp, California is an unincorporated townsite in San Bernardino County in the Sonoran Desert close to the California/Arizona state line at the Colorado River in Parker Valley. It was named for famed Old West lawman Wyatt Earp who with his common-law wife, Josephine Sarah Marcus, lived part-time in the area beginning in 1906. Earp staked more than 100 copper and gold mining claims near the base of the Whipple Mountains. They bought a small cottage in nearby Vidal and lived there during the fall, winter and spring months of 1925 – 1928, while he worked his "Happy Days" mines in the Whipple Mountains a few miles north. It was the only permanent residence they owned the entire time they were married. They spent the winters of his last years working the claims but lived in Los Angeles during the summers, where Wyatt died on January 13, 1929. Though the town was never incorporated, the post office near Earp's mining claims at the eastern terminus of Highway 62 near Parker, AZ was renamed "Wyatt Earp, California" after Earp's death in 1930 with a ZIP code of 92242. For amusement only there is a tiny cemetery showing the fake grave of Wyatt Earp. The post office is more than 220 miles from the county seat in San Bernardino, California is further than any other in the county. The entire region on the California side falls under area code 760.
The numerical value of earp in Chaldean Numerology is: 7
The numerical value of earp in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
Nothing counts so much as family, the rest are just strangers. (as Nicholas Earpp in Wyatt Earp, 1994)
When I first met him, I tell you, I'll never forget it, i looked right at him and he looked at me, and I thought I was looking at Wyatt Earp. He just had that look about him. Just wonderful.
Images & Illustrations of earp
Find a translation for the earp definition in other languages:
Select another language: | <urn:uuid:219f51f8-4218-45cb-94e6-02a0b93345b1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/earp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969098 | 458 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Moisturizing is one of the main plant care procedures. For tropical orchids, watering is very important. Popular phalaenopsis are attached to trees, and nutrients and water are obtained from the air during natural precipitation. Their root system is involved in photosynthesis. These features must be considered when choosing water, frequency and method of irrigation at home.
Features watering orchids
Watering a tropical flower is carried out after the substrate dries. The frequency is influenced by many additional parameters: temperature, light, humidity. Since the culture naturally absorbs precipitation under natural conditions of growth, at home it is necessary to use water that is close in composition to rainwater.
Methods and frequency of watering
Tropical flower moistened by various methods. Experienced florist, constantly engaged in the cultivation of orchids, it is recommended to combine several at the same time.
- Immersion - the pot is placed in a container with warm, settled water for 20-30 minutes. When the surface of the substrate becomes wet or (in the case of a transparent pot) the roots turn green, excess liquid must be drained.
- Watering with a watering can with a thin spout - moistening is carried out around the perimeter of the pot near the walls, in order to avoid moisture entering the leaf bosoms. The completion signal is the appearance of water through the drainage holes at the bottom of the tank.
- Spraying - orchids love a similar method of hydration. However, care must be taken that the drops do not fall on the flowers. It is advisable to spray the foliage every morning from a fine spray.
- A hot shower is a hygienic measure that prevents the appearance of pests, washes away dust from the sheets. The temperature of the scattered jet is 40-50 ° C. The frequency of the procedure is 2-3 times a month during the period of active growth. After the shower, the flower is left for 15 minutes to drain the excess liquid.
- Watering from the tap - the procedure is acceptable for a hot period when the temperature of running water is 20 ° C. Put the pot in the sink and direct a thin stream to the substrate. Duration - 2-3 minutes.
In summer, an exotic flower is organized by “warm rain”, which reminds an orchid of the tropics. After rinsing, all excess liquid must be removed, the sinuses of the leaves are dried.
Tap water for irrigation can be used, but it should be defended beforehand in order to reduce the salt content, other impurities, which not only do not benefit, but also harm the normal growth of the plant. Water must be soft.
- Rainwater - it is not collected within the city, because in megacities due to gas pollution, it is not necessary to speak of its purity. To prevent bacteria from multiplying, you should store the liquid in a dark, cool place.
- Boiled - the liquid is soft, but it does not contain useful trace elements.
- Distilled - for tap water of medium hardness take the same volume of purified water. In the case of a hard one, it will take twice as much distilled. Of the minuses of such irrigation can be identified high cost of water.
- Filtered - a great option, in which the water remains useful salts, but it is quite slow.
If the plant provides proper care, it pleases with good immunity and bright flowering. And the orchids blooming phase can occur even 2 times during the growing season. However, improper moistening is a common problem among novice gardeners.
Mistakes in watering can cause illness and even the death of an orchid.
In order to eliminate shortcomings in care in time, it is worthwhile to get acquainted in advance with the difficulties associated with watering:
- excess moisture - orchid sharply reacts to overflow, root decay begins;
- fluid ingress into the leaf sinuses - provokes the development of root collar rot;
- spraying at close range or not at that period - if you keep the sprayer closer than 20 cm, the moisture will evaporate slowly, and brown spots will remain on the leaves. At rest, the procedure should not be carried out, the plant can get sick;
- the use of poor quality water - hard, cold or dirty water can cause yellowing and withering away of the shoots of the plant.
Tropical flower orchid needs long-term lighting, a certain temperature regime. But most of all on the development and flowering of an exotic plant affects the correctness of watering. | <urn:uuid:9e512ec6-91ec-49d4-88a9-a5fd1870953e> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://en.tomathouse.com/sekrety-poliva-orxidei.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363292.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206103243-20211206133243-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.93141 | 963 | 3.140625 | 3 |
RADICAL PEDAGOGY RESEARCH GROUP
Anarchist Festival 31 May – 2 June
An introduction to anarchism and the role of education in the modern state through historical examples, pedagogical practices and theories. We’re discussing two sections from Anarchist Pedagogies: Collective Actions, Theories, and Critical Reflections on Education (2012).
DOWNLOAD Robert H. Haworth ed. (2012). Anarchist Pedagogies: Collective Actions, Theories, and Critical Reflections on Education. Oakland: PM Press.
Please download and read the following sections in advance of the reading group.
- Introduction by Robert H. Haworth (pages 1-10). Haworth’s introduction considers the contradictions of neoliberal reforms in education against a backdrop of anarchist and egalitarian pedagogical theories, practices and philosophical perspectives.
- Anarchism, the State, and the Role of Education by Justin Mueller (pages 14-31). Mueller’s chapter examines education in anarchist theories of human nature with examples of local practices, free schools and free spaces. He critiques the hierarchical authority and disciplinary oppression of state schools and unpacks the relationships between learning and the values of liberty, equality and solidarity. | <urn:uuid:b5679f19-5c68-4cc3-8f7b-5ec7b2a0b48f> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://videomole.tv/events/anarchist-pedagogies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056656.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919005057-20210919035057-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.82261 | 249 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Martyrdom of Theodore of Shotep
On 20th day, of the blessed month of Abib, of the year 320 A.D., St. Theodore ofShotep was martyred. His father's name was John and he was from the city ofShotep in Upper Egypt. He went with his regiment to the city of Antioch, where hemarried the daughter of a pagan noble man, and begot by her this St. Theodore.When his mother wanted to present him to the house of idols to be educated there,his father refused. She became angry, drove him away, and the child remained withhis mother. His father John prayed ceaselessly, and entreated God to guide his sonTheodore to the path of salvation. The child grew up, and learned philosophy,wisdom, and literature. The Lord Christ illuminated his heart, and Theodore went to arighteous bishop who baptized him. When his mother heard of this she wassorrowed greatly, but the Saint did not mind her. He joined the army and advanced in the ranks until he became one of the greatgenerals during the reign of Emperor Lucianus. The people of the city of Eukhitosworshipped a great serpent, and offered to him a human sacrifice every year. WhileSt. Theodore was passing through this district, he saw a woman crying bitterly. Heasked her about the reason for her crying. She answered him saying, "I am a widowand they have taken my two sons to offer them as a sacrifice to the serpent,although I am Christian." He said to himself, "They have wronged this woman, butGod shall avenge her." He came down from his horse, and turned his face towardsthe East and prayed, then drew near the serpent. The people of the city werewatching him from the tops of the walls of the city. The serpent was fourteen cubitslong, but God gave him power over it, and he speared it with his spear and killed it,and delivered the sons of the widow. After this, Theodore came to Egypt to search for his father, and he stayed with himuntil he died, and then returned to Antioch. He found that the Emperor hadapostatized the faith and started to persecute the Christians. He came before himand confessed the Lord Christ. The Emperor ordered him beaten with rods, burned,and cast into the fire. He delivered up his soul and received the crown of martyrdom.A Christian woman took his body - it was said that she was his mother - after shegave much money to the soldiers and hid his body until the end of the time ofpersecution. Churches were built in his name in many cities. May his prayers be with us and Glory be to God forever. Amen.all. Amen. | <urn:uuid:36a8a217-8120-4fa7-aa66-d23ed5f23d44> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.stphilopateerchurch.co.uk/st--theodore-of-shotep | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371807538.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408010207-20200408040707-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.992943 | 579 | 2.890625 | 3 |
About the artwork
Richard Wilson was the most successful 18th century British landscape painter. The son of a clergyman, Wilson had a sound classical education, and this, coupled with powerful family connections, aided his artistic career. Initially he made a good living as a portrait artist. After a long period of study in Rome during the 1750s, he returned to Britain and painted several Welsh views, of which this is the finest. In Snowdon from Llyn Nantlle Wilson did not strive for strict topographical accuracy, but rather for a carefully balanced harmony of forms. To achieve this he made alterations to the size and scale of hills and the positioning of trees and people. It is nature mediated by mind rather than simply mirrored in the canvas.
Richard Wilson (1713/14-1782) trained in London under the painter Thomas Wright and soon established himself as a portrait painter. In 1750 he visited Venice and Rome where he studied the work of artists such as Titian, Poussin and Claude Lorrain. This clearly had a considerable effect on his choice of subject and while in Italy Wilson devoted himself to the painting of landscapes and ancient ruins.
Wilson could speak Italian and this, along with his classical education, made him the ideal companion for British aristocrats making the Grand Tour. They in turn became the immediate clients for his landscapes and views of classical ruins.
On his return to England around 1757 Wilson secured several commissions and established a reputation for landscapes invested with historical meaning and moral messages. Despite the recognition of Wilson's talent, during the 1770s his career began to falter. Wilson's insistence on the Classical tradition was becoming unfashionable and his elite client group was fairly small. Sickness combined with alcoholism led to the eventual collapse of his career.
Snowdon from Llyn Nantlle is one of Wilson's masterpieces: a well thought out composition revealing his skill as a draughtsman. Wilson normally made chalk drawings and produced complex tonal studies, which he regarded as complete works of art, rather than preparatory drawings for big compositions.
Soon after his return from Italy Wilson gave up drawing for its own sake and turned to pencil sketches to produce quick records of scenes that were suitable for paintings. A pencil sketch now in the Huntington Library was the starting point for the painting shown here. A later version of the same view belongs to the Castle Museum in Nottingham.
Snowdon from Llyn Nantlle is notable for the subtlety of its composition. The harmonious diversity of natural forms in the painting can be seen as a metaphor for the unity achieved in society through the careful balance of opposing parts. The sense of tranquillity and order that emanates from the painting promotes an ideal of social order and harmony.
The presence of the mountain in the distance does not inspire awe in the spectator but emphasises the eternity of the landscape. A moral message emerges for the viewer: nature is timelessness, continuous in the past and the present. It is in nature and in peasant life that people can find peace and happiness.
Snowdon from Llyn Nantlle belonged to William Vaughan of Corsygedol (1707-1775), one of the richest landowners in north Wales and probably a distant relative of Wilson. William Vaughan was also involved in the Celtic Revival movement, which was devoted to the preservation of the Welsh language and culture. | <urn:uuid:d8d82a72-75d8-49b5-adf8-24bb6b6322b2> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/picture-of-month/displayPicture.aspx?id=149 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823621.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211125831-20181211151331-00629.warc.gz | en | 0.978436 | 691 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Contraversy of Biblical Ages
Early in the 17th Century, Archbishop James Ussher attempted to calculate the age of the Earth down to the exact date of its Creation according to the Bible. He did this by adding the ages of Biblical characters whom begat other Biblical characters to establish at genealogical time-line back to Adam. Then to all the above ages, he would add the previous days of the Creation myth to the ultimate date of origin in 4,004 BC. His labors in this calculation were left unchallenged for centuries and the so-called "young Earth" Creationists have accepted that the Earth could now be no older than 6,000 years regardless of all evidence to the contrary.
Ussher himself admits vary variables, but one he did not consider was an assumed link between those Biblical characters who might actually have existed historically and those who's true origins are completely shrouded in the Genesis myths. Not only is there no actual lineage between the two, but the ages of both groups are still at issue.
Historic data remains inconclusive on many points. There are numerous discrepencies in the supposed ages of the first characters in Genesis especially in the comparison of rabbonic to Christian interpretations. There are even discrepancies as to the actual life of Moses himself. He was first believed to have lived around 1250 BC, the popular impression being that the pharaoh of the Exodus was Ramses II of the 19th Dynasty. Archbishop Ussher dated the landing of Noah's Ark at the 5th of May, 1491 BC. This would mean that the flood occured just a couple of centuries before Moses's birth. Not quite long enough to populate the world from the inbred stock of Noah's three sons.
However further evidence suggests that the more probable pharaoh at the time of Moses was
Amemhotep a.k.a. (Amenemhet III). This means that Moses may have lived as early as the 12th Dynasty in 1700 BC and chronicled the flood of Noah 200 years before it happened. By this rekoning, Moses would have died at least a century before Ussher's flood.
The flood event of Zuisudra took place approximately 1,400 years before Ussher's date. The Creationist's arguments assume the accuracy of Ussher's conclusion, yet here is a descrepancy of over 14 centuries! Odd thing that such an enormous inconsistancy could exist unmentioned, while young-Earth Creationists taut the validity of this document's every word and base their argument on Ussher's miscalculations.
The Zuisudra epic was first recorded in the syllabic cuneiform texts as much as 1200 years after the depicted event and still centuries before Moses' earliest possible incarnation. The gap in time increases once it is realized that at least the final drafts of the Old Testament were not written by Moses at all, but were finally ammended in 500 BC, about 1,000 years after Moses' death is detailed (presumably) by another author. An auto-obituary in Deuteronomy is unlikely, even for Moses.
Genesis implies that Noah and each of the other characters in Genesis lived to be several hundred years old. Even if that were possible, it would be unlikely that in such a hazardous and primitive world that there was not one character to have an accidental death before seeing the turn of his first century. Cain (banished) and Abel (murdered) are of course exceptions as their ages were never indicated.
Human life span has never really changed, if anything our survivability has increased. Where once we died of the first heart attack, we now commonly survive half-a-dozen or more and also survive far more than what would have done us in just a century ago. Tetanus and syphilis and the like have been disabled and trauma surgery was never possible in earlier decades. In past centuries, if a man survived to our current expectancy, he was said to have lived three times over the norm. We now outlive nearly every other animal on Earth and the few that still survive us cannot exist a fraction of the span suggested for biblical characters. Except perhaps for the shark which may once have been evidenced to exist for up to 700 years. Even with the recent life preserving growth hormone treatments, they've realized that a lifetime of multiple centuries is still impossible for mammals due to the continuing degradation of the brain. Other than that, no life form short of a tree contends with the duration implied in the Bible.
Each of the pagan religions are acutely attentive to lunar phases, marking each full moon with ceremonial significance. Many other primitive cultures and especially those in equatorial regions logged the passage of age not in years, but in months then described as lunar cycles. Some recently discovered ancient Greek tablets also describe Biblical character's ages in months as well.
If the ages of the characters from biblical Genesis are each divided by twelve, it can be seen that measuring their ages in months reveals a life expectancy quite normal for pre-industrial mankind. This is true of most of the Genesis characters. This is not to suggest that any of these characters actually existed, but most myths are loosely based on the adventures of actual persons. One of the youngest in Genesis is the concubine, Sarah at the concenting age of 127. In such primitive societies, girls are usually pubescent at only 10 ½ old. Even in the last century, it was not inconceivable to take a pubescent girl as a concubine in many societies and such was not uncommon until relatively recent history. It is certainly more believable for that time than a 127 year-old concubine. Methuselah, the eldest, would have begat Lamech before turning 16 years of age which was the norm even after the renaissance and still common today. He would then have lived an incredible 65 more years to a then nigh impossible age of 80 years old! By this reckoning, Noah begat Shem when he was 41, not 500 and would have been 50 at the time of "the flood."
When the first versions of what would become the Bible were composed, the ages of the characters inspired by the Sumerian works might well have been exaggerated, but they may only have been misinterpreted. Such crypto-linguistic mistranslation have been common to anthropologists of all eras even including the translation of the Egyptian glyphs in the 1920s. It was discovered then, that all Egyptian numeric equations and historic records would remain anomalous with the rest of the world unless reduced by a factor of ten.
Similarly, the Sumerians used a special archaic number sign for counting years although it was seldom used for more than ten years. About 2600 BC when a Shuruppak scribe calculated the Genesis 5 numbers from archaic real estate tax records, he used a number system designed for counting volumes of grain. Hundreds of years later, these numbers were mistranslated by a Babylonian scribe who confused the sign for one with the sign for one-tenth.
For more indepth research sources into Biblical Ages, click here. | <urn:uuid:b45b0721-2cb6-41da-8e2e-3d66483b4a4b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://evolutionofgenesis.homestead.com/Ages.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00052-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975254 | 1,462 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Skunks have become accustomed to humans, thriving in semi-open agricultural areas, mixed woods, meadows and even urban areas. In the fall, skunks feed voraciously, building up fat reserves for winter dormancy. With the onset of cold weather, skunks seek out dens, becoming inactive for the winter. Areas that provide dark secure hiding places such as under barns, utility sheds and porches are common denning sites. They may appear for short periods in winter during prolonged mild spells. Mating occurs in late February and early March when males become active, leaving their dens in search of females.
After a gestation period of 62 days, females produce five kits on average with the young being born in late April or May. Within a month, the females and young can be seen actively foraging for food. Skunks are omnivorous, eating both animal and plant material, with insect larvae forming a large part of their diet.
The Great Horned Owl is their main natural predator but coyotes, foxes and dogs can take the occasional skunk. Vehicles and disease are other causes of mortality. Skunk numbers are periodically reduced with outbreaks of distemper.
Skunks in the Urban Environment
Skunks readily adapt to the urban environment and their offensive odour and habit of digging holes in lawns in search of insect larvae, make it an unwelcome urban resident. Irrespective of chance encounters by family pets, the skunk can be beneficial to homeowners when foraging for June bug larvae. June bug larvae feed on grass roots resulting in damage to the lawn and in cases of severe infestation can kill large areas of grass.
Traps and Trapping
Traps suitable for live-trapping skunks can be rented, purchased, or constructed. Local rental agencies have a number of traps available at a reasonable fee or they may be purchased from a hardware store. On the other hand, a suitable trap is easily constructed from scrap material using the plan illustrated.
Nuisance animal control operators can trap problem animals for a prescribed fee. There are a number of licensed individuals who are prepared to assist anyone with a skunk problem.
Minimizing Skunk Problems
June bugs mate in May and June and are attracted to yard and window lights. The use of amber coloured lights and the drawing of window blinds in the evening will lessen the attraction of June bugs to a property. Fewer June bugs will result in fewer larvae. As well, you can treat the lawn with insecticides to reduce the incidence of larvae. Insecticides are available from farm and garden supply stores. Garbage left out-of-doors in unsecured containers is not only a source of food to local cats and dogs, but to skunks as well. Garbage should be confined in a secure container indoors.
Utility buildings and porches that have no secure foundation are open invitations to skunks as denning areas. Concrete foundations or wire screening extending into the ground will make these areas inaccessible to skunks.
Always check provincial and municipal regulations before disturbing any wildlife. Skunks can be trapped at entrances of known denning sites, or trapped about their feeding areas. A wooden box trap with a wire mesh end is ideal. Leg hold traps or any kill device such as a conibear trap should be avoided. Skunks caught in box traps can be safely moved if caution is taken to avoid shaking the trap. Wire mesh traps must be carefully covered with a cloth material before moving. To release an animal, the door is opened permitting the animal to leave on its own, unmolested. It is advisable to stand upwind when releasing an animal.
The following recipe was developed to neutralize the odour-causing compound in skunk spray.
SKUNK DEODORANT RECIPE
1 Quart of 3% Hydrogen Peroxide
¼ Cup of Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate)
1 Tsp. Liquid Soap (Dish Detergent)
Mix the above together in a plastic bucket and wash the infected object, be it human, canine, feline, garage, shed, car basement, etc. Make sure you keep the solution away from eyes, nose and mouth. The skunk odour should disappear immediately!
This product is fast and safe – and best of all, it works! | <urn:uuid:a56ed8ef-baf0-4ca3-8718-453544efe7b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://pestcontrolcanada.com/wildlife-control/skunks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320257.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624101204-20170624121204-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.94448 | 887 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Wisconsin Outreach Research Modules
The integration of diverse disciplines of scientific research is revolutionizing our understanding of biology. Advances in microscopy have enabled scientists to obtain a more thorough understanding of their field of study by complimenting their biochemical and genetic data. Researchers have a wide range of data resulting from established collaborations, yet have had no formal mechanism to disseminate these data to educators. This isolation of research from education unfortunately often occurs throughout the University of Wisconsin (UW) system. The aim of the Wisconsin Outreach Research Modules (W.O.R.M) Initiative is to create a model to disseminate scientific methods and research data into undergraduate education throughout the UW system.
Caenorhabditis elegans and Education
The model focuses on one specific kind of data, microscopic images of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The characteristics that make C. elegans an ideal educational model are the same qualities that have made it one of the most widely used research models. It is a compromise between complexity and simplicity. C. elegans is a simple, primitive organism which, nonetheless, shares many of the essential biological characteristics with humans. The majority of the great biological enigmas are all being studied in C. elegans: embryogenesis, morphogenesis, nerve system development and function, and aging. When combined with its known genomic sequence, C. elegans provides a unique and powerful educational tool.
The UW-Madison campus has one of the world's strongest research programs in C. elegans, hosting four research labs and international C. elegans meetings. In collaboration with scientists from across the country, UW researchers have developed unique instrumentation to help elucidate the structure and function of key systems in C. elegans. In addition, the C. elegans genome has been sequenced, marking a milestone in the understanding of eukaryotic systems. This genetic information, coupled with time-lapse movies of development created at Laboratory of Optical and Computational Instrumentation (LOCI) play an important role in understanding the function of genes in C. elegans and other eukaryotes.
In an educational setting, these kind of data could easily be used to supplement existing lecture- and textbook-based curricula. With images from this project, instructors could show their students movies of cells dividing and cell division mutants. The W.O.R.M. Initiative establishes a framework to transfer this kind of select research data to educators in the UW system.
Exploratory Research in the Classroom
The transfer of information from the researcher to the educator is a crucial and well-established process. Published scientific data are extensively peer reviewed to ensure a public knowledge that is as accurate as possible. Peer review has the unfortunate side effect of having educators one step behind current research knowledge, although this does assure that theories and hypotheses are substantiated and supported before presented in classrooms. However, there is a growing consensus among educators and researchers alike that while the facts are important, strict adherence to this established transfer process results in students not being exposed to the process of generating new knowledge.
Exposure to research in a exploratory fashion allows students to understand not only the facts themselves, but the process in which the facts are established. We propose a model in the University of Wisconsin System that combines both tactics: traditional resources as well as resources that engage students in the process of science. In this way the facts are preserved and supplemented with a understanding of how they were determined. | <urn:uuid:e013cd63-5074-419c-a900-23ee4a03faf8> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://loci.wisc.edu/outreach/worm-initiative | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823320.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210080704-20181210102204-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.942104 | 709 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A peaked saddle construction at the back of a chimney to prevent the accumulation of snow and ice and to deflect water around the chimney.
This article's lead section may be too long for the length of the article. (July 2018)
Eden Gardens, India under floodlights during 2016 ICC World Twenty20 Final
|Highest governing body||International Cricket Council|
|First played||16th century; south-east England|
|Team members||11 players per side (substitutes permitted in some circumstances)|
|Mixed gender||yes, separate competitions|
|Type||team sport, bat-and-ball|
|Equipment||cricket ball, cricket bat, wicket (stumps, bails), various protective equipment|
|Glossary||Glossary of cricket terms|
|Country or region||worldwide but most prominent in the Indian sub-continent, Australasia, British Isles, southern Africa, West Indies|
|Olympic||no (1900 Summer Olympics only)|
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players each on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 20-metre (22-yard) pitch with a target at each end called the wicket (a set of three wooden stumps upon which two bails sit). Each phase of play is called an innings, during which one team bats, attempting to score as many runs as possible, whilst their opponents bowl and field, attempting to minimise the number of runs scored. When each innings ends, the teams usually swap roles for the next innings (i.e. the team that previously batted will bowl/field, and vice versa). The teams each bat for one or two innings, depending on the type of match. The winning team is the one that scores the most runs, including any extras gained. The nature of the game allows for certain results when neither team wins; a draw where a timed match has been completed with the team batting last still batting, even though one team has at that point scored more runs; a tie where both teams have scored exactly the same number of runs when the team batting last has completed its innings; and a no result where little or no play has been possible because of climatic or other conditions (usually rain or bad light ending play before the allotted balls have been completed).
Before a match begins, the two team captains meet on the pitch for the toss (of a coin), with the winner deciding which team will bat first. Two players from the batting side, and all eleven players from the bowling/fielding side, then enter the field, and play proceeds by a member of the fielding team, known as the bowler, delivering (i.e., bowling) the ball from one end of the pitch towards the wicket at the other end, which is guarded by one of the batsmen, known as the striker. The striker's role is to strike the ball well enough to score runs, if possible, while not being dismissed. The other batsman, known as the non-striker, waits at the opposite end of the pitch near the bowler. The bowling team's objectives are to prevent the scoring of runs and to dismiss the batsman. A dismissed batsman, who is declared to be "out", must leave the field to be replaced by a teammate.
The most common forms of dismissal are these: bowled, when the bowler hits the stumps directly with the ball and dislodges the bail(s); leg before wicket (lbw), when the batsman prevents the ball from hitting the stumps with his body instead of his bat; and caught, when the batsman hits the ball into the air and it is intercepted by a fielder before touching the ground.
Runs are scored by two main methods: either by hitting the ball hard enough for it to cross the boundary, or by the two batsmen swapping ends by each simultaneously running the length of the pitch in opposite directions whilst the fielders are retrieving the ball.
Adjudication is performed on the field by two umpires, aided by a Third umpire and Match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers (one per team) who record all the match's statistical information including runs, dismissals, overs, etc.
There are various formats ranging from Twenty20, played over a few hours with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs (i.e. 120 deliveries), to Test matches, played over five days with unlimited overs and the teams each batting for two innings of unlimited length. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core which is layered with tightly wound string.
Historically, cricket's origins are uncertain and the earliest definite reference is in south-east England in the middle of the 16th century. It spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire, leading to the first international matches in the second half of the 19th century. The game's governing body is the International Cricket Council (ICC), which has over 100 members, twelve of which are full members who play Test matches. The game's rules are held in a code called the Laws of Cricket which is owned and maintained by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London.
The sport is followed primarily in the Indian subcontinent, Australasia, the United Kingdom, Ireland, southern Africa and the West Indies, its globalisation occurring during the expansion of the British Empire and remaining popular to this day.Women's cricket, which is organised and played separately, has also achieved international standard. The most successful side playing international cricket is Australia, having won seven One Day International trophies, including five World Cups, more than any other country, and having been the top-rated Test side more than any other country. | <urn:uuid:8033e86f-7f74-403e-9cc4-4ea1a59842e3> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://brewerinspections.com/glossary/cricket/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656675.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609100535-20230609130535-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.961333 | 1,289 | 2.96875 | 3 |
An argument against the possibility of super-intelligence is that the intelligence of a creation will be limited by the intelligence of its creator. How reasonable is this argument?
Of course the intelligence of a product is limited by the intelligence of its creator. Just not to the intelligence of its creator.
That would be about as reasonable as the idea that the speed of a car is limited to the speed of its creator.
Or the playing strength of a chess program to the Elo of its creator.
Or the ability of a neural network to differentiate between dozens of dog breeds to the dog expertise of its creator.
So, not very reasonable.
AI is frequently used to discover things that would take laborious amounts of time for humans to do. For example, AI can be used to find the optimal configuration for a mother-board layout, or identify best fit parameters for a financial model. Frequently, the AI can do a better job at a task and do it more qucikly than a human. Therefore, in many applications, the AI is already more intelligent than the creator at specific tasks.
Here are just a few things that AI can already do better than humans:
- Playing Chess
- Playing Jeopardy
- Detecting Cancer
To argue against the possibility of a super-intelligent AI is somewhat of a moot point since it has already been proven. | <urn:uuid:81c576f1-8433-4f45-a633-fa11daebca71> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/2902/is-a-super-intelligence-limited-by-the-intelligence-of-its-creator | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518063944-20210518093944-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.964475 | 281 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Christmas tree ornaments: The beginning of a tradition
According to the latest findings of the research, the Christmas tree has its origin in the Paradiesbaum (Paradeisl), which was used in the medieval paradise games on December 24th. The paradise tree was decorated mainly with apple, but also with baked goods and colorful flowers made of paper. According to these sources, the first known Christmas trees in Alsace were also adorned with these elements. At the beginning of the 20th century, Adam and Eve, as well as a snake for traditional Christmas decorations in North Germany, belonged to the liturgy of Adam And Eve .
Since before the 19th century mainly apples (mostly Christmas apples), nuts, biscuits and sugar candy were hung on the tree, the Christmas tree was also called Zuckerbaum. This is what the poet Jean Paul wrote in his novel , published in 1797: "In some of the next houses the fruit or sugar trees were already lit, and the (...) children bounced around the burning branches And around the silvered fruit ". In E.T.A. Hoffmann says in his fairy tale Nutcracker and Mouse King: "The large pine tree in the middle of it bore many golden and silver apples, and like buds and blossoms germinated sugar cones and colorful sweets, From all branches ".
In addition to sweets, gilded and silvered elements played an important role, especially apples and nuts. There was initially no commercial Christmas decorations, but it was completely made by the families, usually new for each Christmas festival. For this, several books with corresponding manuals and decoration suggestions appeared. This custom continued into the 20th century, but was gradually largely replaced by the newly introduced glass jewelry and the industrially produced tinsel . | <urn:uuid:c610f55c-d9ac-4b62-96c3-91f002f91e92> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.antiquesgermany.com/christmas-tree-ornaments.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400189928.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919013135-20200919043135-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.983517 | 358 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Important progress has been made in orthodontics, but in the implant is where there have been the greatest progress and contributions in the past 20 years, both in materials and surgical procedures. Dr. Rupa Huq often says this. In the 1980s, the implants used were titanium machined smooth. Later appeared the rough surfaces, such as titanium plasma or coating with hydroxyapatite implants. In addition, a few years ago the placement of implants included surgery in a hospital. Currently, implantology has moved to the dentist’s. According to the Sanitas study on oral health, 60 percent of the people who need it, are subject to this procedure. Patients are more aware that an implant is always the best choice if there is not a contraindication as cardiac pathologies or diseases. Protocols for the placement of implants decrease considerably the possibility of suffering from infections, damage or breakage of parts.
According to Dr. German Zarandieta, medico-odontologo Milenium Sanitas Dental clinics: Titanium, the material most used nowadays, generates no rejection by the body and has high durability. Although other options are being considered, investigations are not yet in final phase, so will even take to adopt these changes. The study by Sanitas revisions concludes that nearly half of Spaniards suffer at least a dental problem a year. This figure increases to 64% when it comes to children aged between 6 and 15 years. The most common reason why we went to the dentist are revisions, namely 46% of respondents says do it for this reason.
The community of Madrid is situated at the head of the autonomous communities. 80% Of the population attaches great importance to oral health in comparison with the rest of the health aspects, especially when it comes to the health of children, where this figure increases to 89%. Geographically, Catalonia is where you are granted more importance (64%) against other autonomous communities. It is important to count with a dental insurance to do periodic reviews or in the event that you need to get implants or orthodontics. Dentist recommendations are accepted by the Spaniards maintained a good attitude to the importance of conducting regular visits to the dentist is essential. By autonomous communities, locals are those who follow more regularly the recommendations of professionals in health oral against other communities. Among the most common reasons for what Spaniards refuse to follow the indications of the dentist are the price (41%), followed by the view that such treatment is unnecessary (28%). Purchasing level is a determining factor when assessing how patients are faced with the recommendations of the dentist. The population, in general, understands that a dental problem is a problem of health, especially in children. However, when the treatment requires a significant outlay, it costs more to convince patients to perform it. It is in these cases where the crisis is most is noticing, says Dr. Zarandieta. If you’re looking for a dental insurance cheap just you have to compare, know what you’re looking for and see what each one offers. | <urn:uuid:cc32be66-c827-447a-bff2-73fd0e9cb223> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.yourapproved123.com/tag/seguro-dental-cheap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100427.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202140407-20231202170407-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.955927 | 622 | 2.546875 | 3 |
STA291. Statistical Methods Lecture 9. About those boxplots …. Often used to compare samples (& make inferences about populations) Example: Barry Bonds’ home runs. Boxplots or other graphs used for comparison/outlier checking:. The good: Quick Simple
Often used to compare samples (& make inferences about populations)
Example: Barry Bonds’ home runs
Often used to standardize individual values, either within samples/populations or between them, the z-score, or standardized score:
is the number of standard deviations an observation is away from its mean.
Since both the population or sample versions of the z-score use the mean and standard deviation, we have the same concern when calculating it that we did when using the mean to describe the center of a distribution or the standard deviation to describe its variability.
While it can be and sometimes is used in describing/comparing observations in the absence of knowledge about the distribution, more properly done so having determined that we have a “roughly symmetric and mound-shaped” distribution.
Distribution of SAT score is scaled to be
approximately bell-shaped with mean 500
and standard deviation 100
About 68% of the scores are between __ ?
About 95% are between ____ ?
If you have a score above 700, you are in the top ___________%? | <urn:uuid:6c53f724-f319-42d4-bd21-3480a7ff83c0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.slideserve.com/kaoru/sta291 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00479-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8746 | 284 | 3.96875 | 4 |
The body of the man who is like a machine, designed only divided into different biological system, which was wrought by body organs. In that article, we will also see the organs of the human body and its role. So the human body can be divided head, body, hands, and feet. The chiefs of the most important role in the protection of organs. Many tissues, cells, as well as connective tissue that helps regulate different biological systems can be found in the head and body.
Organs IE, the whole of a network that has the special role played in the human body. Each organ of the body has the role is to be played. The organ also works closely to make organ systems, such as the digestive system or circulatory system.
Here most information in most organs need the human body, starting with the head, and always down.
The brain that is one of the organs most needs to be in the human body and is responsible for most of the important actions undertaken by the Agency. The brain is protected by the skull and locked in the skull that keeps it so that it stays so safe, the partial is the central nervous system. The disposition of the human brain can be compared with mammals is different, but it is so large and 3 x that it is more advanced than in other mammals. The agency helped to allow brain muscle and secrete chemicals that most likely the agency for the treatment of external stimuli. The human brain also plays an executive role, such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thinking, which made the human species, that is to say.
Pineal glands of the endocrine need of color
Reddish grey that exists inside the brain. The size of a grain of pineal rice glands, as well as what is divided into some special cells is pinealocytes. One of the most necessary hormones secreted by the pineal gland that is responsible for melatonin, affect the generative change and the cycle of awake sleep associated with the agency
The hypothalamus is the side of the human brain that controls the release of hormones by the pituitary gland in most large ones. The hypothalamus is also responsible for the protection of body temperature, as well as to establish generative and reproductive behavior. The hypothalamus also provides a link to the central nervous system via the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus also plays a role in regulating sleep, hunger and exhaustion.
The pituitary gland
The pituitary gland that is among most glands needs to be in the human body as well as the main gland of the endocrine system in the question. The pituitary gland is in the basic brain but you don’t see the side of the brain. The pituitary gland segregates the hormones that helped in the regulation of homeostasis, i.e. the active metabolic equilibrium maintained by the most complex biological mechanisms.
Exocrine glands (glands with ducts) that are near the mouth and throat. The role of the most important of these glands is to remove the saliva in the mouth to the wet foods. The salivary glands also begin digestion, as well as help to protect the teeth from rotting. The salivary glands can be divided once again so that the parotid gland (found in the mandibular ramus environment), the submandibular glands (below the lower jaw) and the sublingual glands (under the tongue). Thereafter the thyroid gland
The liver plays a role so the extract of the digestive gland SAP bile contains bile salts in the duodenum (duodenal) to process fat. The heart is on the right side of the abdominal cavity (see Sedetailnya – The role of the Heart)
The kidneys eliminate the waste is responsible as well as the electrolyte balance. Mengekskresikan the kidney urine into the ureter and then forward from the body. (Read Sedetailnya – The role of the kidney)
The heart of the
Heart – is responsible for pumping blood into the body as well as oxygenated blood to give all organs of the body through blood vessels. (Read Sedetailnya – The role of the Heart)
The lungs – helps in breathing and is the most necessary organ of the respiratory system, working together with the heart. Of the venous blood, the lungs of the carbon dioxide combustion gas and other impurities. (Read Sedetailnya – Role of the lungs)
Stomach – To remove stomach acid, hydrochloric acid and protect the PH level that have an influence on mild digestion. (Read Sedetailnya – The role of the stomach)
Intestine – the role of the intestine is to absorb some large nutrients found in food, when food is processed to reach the smooth intestine, and with mechanical fractures so fluid. (Read Sedetailnya – Bowel paper)
Blood – The blood in the human body to transport oxygen is needed by some cells in the body. The blood is also supplying the body with the nutrition net. (Read Sedetailnya – The role of Blood)
The pancreas – an integral side of the pancreas is a digestive system, as well as the role of the pancreas head is to eliminate pancreatic fluids and insulin. (Read Sedetailnya – The role of the pancreas)
throat of the throat – that is, to place the course of the food in the esophagus and thus place the operations of air or respiration to the lungs. (Read Sedetailnya – paper of the throat)
Nose – breathing air, filter air, hot air breathing, also acting in resonance tone. (Read Sedetailnya – nose paper)
Mouth – to eat and talk. The sides of the mouth, including the lips, the vestibule, the buccal cavity, the gums, the teeth, the hard palate and the soft, lingual and salivary glands. (Read Sedetailnya – paper of the mouth)
Pharynx – To filter the air. The pharynx creates air so hot, wet and moistens the air through the lungs. (Read Sedetailnya – Role of the pharynx)
Larynx – to give the sound a tone as we speak. The larynx is more in the tone of the box. (Read Sedetailnya – The role of the larynx)
Bile – to put the bile secreted by the liver, until it is necessary for digestion. Gallbladder this helps in the digestion of fats. (Read Sedetailnya – The role of bile)
Rectum – rectum (intestinal axis) is an organ of digestion that acted as a place to store feces. (Read Sedetailnya – Role of the rectum)
Esophagus – a role so the Bolus road from Mulu to the stomach. The course of the bolus from the mouth to the stomach via the esophagus is caused by any movement is the movement of the muscles
The spleen – the main role of the spleen is to filter the blood. Platelets, white blood cells, are stored in the spleen. (Read Sedetailnya – The role of the spleen)
The ovaries – is one side of the female reproductive system, found on the lateral wall of the pelvis, as well as attached to the uterus. The second connected both with the ovaries fallopian tubes. (Read Sedetailnya – paper of the ovary)
The case study of “This is the organ of the human body, as well as the role of the complete” I hope it is useful and beneficial for readers
- This Is The Organ Of The Human Body Recently Found Named Mesentarium
- Glands In Human Body Images
- Human Body Prostate Gland Images | <urn:uuid:4bdd92ef-3588-4350-8f18-2a9d0e40f78f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://gojiactivesdiet.com/5891/this-is-the-organ-of-the-human-body-and-its-functions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516117.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023065305-20181023090805-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.93434 | 1,648 | 3.1875 | 3 |
As children across the Sichuan Province of China sat at their school desks, an earthquake began rattling and knocking buildings to the ground. Felt 1,000 miles away in Beijing, the May 2008 quake would kill roughly 90,000 people, at least 5,300 of them children, according to figures from the Chinese government. Outside observers believe youth casualties are closer to 10,000, a result of the collapse of what Chinese critics later called "tofu dregs schoolhouses."
Yang Zhang, a Chinese national and professor of urban planning at Virginia Tech whose research centers on disaster mitigation, knew the quake would cause major fatalities, and he braced for the government's response. More than three decades earlier, when extreme tremors rocked China, the government suppressed casualty figures for three years.
Questions about the schools' engineering failures and the death of children would haunt the Chinese government's response, but Yang admits to being satisfied with other aspects of the recovery effort, which he saw firsthand when he visited Sichuan a few weeks after the disaster and, again, in July 2009. He was surprised at the openness of the recovery process and the involvement of research experts and international relief groups.
The government even devised a sister-city assistance program that paired communities outside and inside the quake zone. The program directed charitable giving and assigned recovery tasks, such as reconstruction, education and health care. Yang and others say the program spurred financial and other support for earthquake victims, leading Chinese citizens to view the episode as a national, rather than regional, incident.
Like many of the practitioners in the field of disaster research, Yang looked on the moment, tragic as it was, as an opportunity. Countries need to learn from one another, Yang says, when it comes to low-probability, high-consequence events like natural disasters and terrorist attacks, especially as the probabilities and consequences are rising.
The number of recorded natural disasters has doubled in the last two decades, to about 400 a year now. Population growth, particularly in disaster-prone coastal areas, has put more people in disaster's path, and U.N. officials, among others, claim climate change is causing an increase in weather-related disasters. Terrorism, wars and pandemics also seem likely to plague the 21st century.
Hazard managers know how to build structures that can withstand hurricanes and earthquakes. Disaster researchers are working on a more difficult problem: What can the government do to help people overcome the emotional aftershocks that continue, even after the tremors calm and the floodwaters recede? Studies of recent tragedies suggest that displaced children should be one focus of post-disaster aid. But those studies also point out just how little is known about the best ways to reduce the long-term impacts of cataclysm.
The roots of disaster research are military. Concerned about the potential aftermath of a nuclear attack after World War II, the U.S. Army figured it could learn about probable wartime behavior by studying responses to natural and industrial mishaps. Starting in 1950, the Army Chemical Center commissioned the first social-science disaster studies.
The Army assumed that a large-scale nuclear attack would trigger anarchic pandemonium, says David Neal, director of the Center for the Study of Disasters and Extreme Events at Oklahoma State University. The military-supported fieldwork on tornadoes, fires and plane crashes over the following decade observed civilians' social and psychological reactions.
In 1963, with Cuba-based Soviet missiles aimed at Florida, the Office of Civil Defense — a predecessor to the Federal Emergency Management Agency — gave $200,000 toward the opening of the Disaster Research Center at Ohio State University. The disaster research program became the first of its kind in the world. In 1985, the center would relocate to the University of Delaware.
Years of research and many disasters later, Neal and others can say communities that suffer disaster don't generally descend into Lord of the Flies-type chaos. Based on observation, Neal and others say that people typically attend to their professional responsibilities during disasters and their aftermath. The most effective disaster planning combines some basic collaboration between public and private institutions, and taps the talents of local social networks, such as churches and volunteer groups.
"Whether you're dealing with preparation, response or recovery, it needs to come from the grassroots," Neal says.
The government's responses to the Alaska earthquake of 1964 and hurricanes Betsy in 1965 and Camille in 1969 were ad hoc. Numerous agencies were responsible for bits and pieces of hazards management; relief programs funded new building that faced the same risk as the buildings destroyed in the disasters. FEMA came into existence in 1979, coordinating and consolidating the government's programs. But the agency proved incapable of handling the biggest natural disasters, and its agenda has been largely reactive.
Perhaps most disconcerting is another reality: The U.S. government has been ahead of the rest of the world when it comes to hazards management and dealing with the emotional aftershocks of disaster.
In the days following the Indian Ocean tsunami in December 2004, Tricia Wachtendorf, associate director of the Disaster Research Center, visited Sri Lanka to survey damage and assess recovery in small fishing communities. Her group traveled toward the coast, accompanied by displaced villagers who hadn't returned to their damaged homes.
"Men were extremely hesitant about coming near the shore," Wachtendorf recalls. "There was a persistent sense of uncertainty."
The villages' livelihood and community identity were tied to the source of the destruction, Wachtendorf says, posing special challenges, some emotional and some practical. After fishermen returned to the shore, they had to relearn how to navigate coastal waters that had been significantly altered by the tsunami. At the same time, recovery programs were relocating villages away from the shore in the name of safety — forcing some fishermen to travel 2 miles to get to the coast.
Christopher Lom, the Asia-Pacific spokesman for the nonprofit International Organization for Migration, which provides post-disaster relief around the world, says beachfront land grabs also occurred in Thailand following the tsunami. "There's a fairly strong myth that disasters are equalizers," Wachtendorf says. "But some groups are more vulnerable than others, and not recognizing that really discounts our ability to help those who are impacted."
Research on recent disasters shows that they disproportionately affect the poor. Women, children, ethnic and racial minorities, the elderly and special-needs individuals all tend to face higher degrees of risk because of social, physical and mental obstacles that affect personal decision-making. Poorer families, whether in Thailand or Louisiana, tend to live in hazard-prone areas where there often are dense populations, few protections against disaster impacts and fewer resources to respond afterward. And clearly, children displaced by disaster are more vulnerable and less resilient than might be imagined.
Hurricane Katrina didn't flatten hundreds of schools, as happened last year in China, but the 2005 storm and subsequent flooding displaced 163,000 children 19 years old or younger. The hurricane flung kids across the country during the haphazard evacuation; 5,100 juveniles were reported missing in the weeks that followed, and it would take seven months to reunite them with their families.
Children are a particularly understudied population in terms of disaster research, and while some people believe kids can prove exceptionally resilient, the harsh consequences of Katrina suggest less promising outcomes. "We have very little good research on mass displacement and natural disasters," says Lori Peek, a sociology professor at Colorado State University. "But I think we're going to see a lot more of it, so I think we need to learn more about what went wrong."
Peek has conducted hundreds of hours of interviews with adults and children who landed in Colorado after Katrina. She's also spoken to individuals who have returned to the Gulf region. Field studies of displaced children by a dozen researchers, including Peek, reveal magnified risks of emotional and social suffering, not to mention increased mental health problems.
Children displaced by Katrina face overcrowding at new schools and discrimination from new peers. They are tuned in to their families' financial instability and crave the friends and relatives who once formed their social network. "In Colorado, people want to know, 'Are they better off?' That's really difficult [to say] because what does 'better off' mean?" Peek says.
"The Legacy of Katrina's Children," a paper authored by David Abramson and colleagues at Columbia University's National Center for Disaster Preparedness, found that children affected by the storm were more likely to exhibit reduced academic performance, to lose access to health care and to develop clinical mental health problems and behavioral disorders than other children.
"We think [disasters and displacement] have an enormous impact on kids," Abramson says.
Congress has heeded warnings from researchers like Abramson and Peek, creating a National Commission on Children and Disasters that first met in October 2008. During an August 2009 Senate hearing, the commission chair, Mark Shriver, an official with Save the Children, told policymakers, "We've spent more time, energy and money on pets than we have on kids."
And the panel isn't even set to make policy recommendations until late 2010. (The commission did share some initial recommendations in a October 2009 draft report for the president and Congress.)
Under President Bill Clinton, FEMA was a Cabinet-level bureau and the agency took an "all-hazards" approach to disaster planning that emphasized a comprehensive framework for coordinating response and recovery. Abramson says Clinton's FEMA would likely have demonstrated a "robust" response to Hurricane Katrina.
After the Sept. 11, 2001 terror attacks, however, the Bush administration assumed a homeland security posture, similar to the civil defense agenda of the Cold War era. Policies were narrowly focused on terrorism preparedness, which diverted resources — and attention — that had gone toward dealing with natural disasters.
"The United States does a pretty good job in terms of predicting the impacts, especially for hurricanes," Yang Zhang says, referring to projections of landfalls and storm surges. "The main issue is what happens after the event."
That last notion holds true around the planet. Christopher Lom of the International Organization for Migration spent time in Pakistan following the October 2005 earthquake that killed nearly 80,000. The disaster marked the first implementation of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee cluster approach, a major reform of global emergency response that aims to create a more structured and accountable division of labor among the U.N., local governments and international relief groups responding to a disaster. In Pakistan, Lom says, the cluster system proved efficient in the short term, his group partnering with the military to provide temporary shelter and relief.
But the longer-term future of the impoverished residents of the area amounted to a return to their former, quake-prone villages and buildings, with the delivery of new livestock to some families. Because of that insufficient long-term response, Lom suggests, the disaster may well have given the Taliban a new recruitment tool.
Following the Sichuan earthquake, the Chinese government rebuilt schools, spending millions of dollars to ensure that new buildings won't crumple during another tremor. Smaller villages have been relocated and combined into larger communities, a process that has expedited reconstruction but impeded farming practices and lifestyles. The centralized planning of this response left Yang both impressed and suspicious. "The first thing is the physical recovery, but the more important thing is the social fabric," Yang says, "and there is very little attention [in China] to how do we reconstruct social life."
This spring, the International Organization for Migration projected that climate change could displace up to 200 million people by 2050. (The U.N. estimated in 2005 a more conservative figure of 25 million climate refugees.) The scale of response and recovery efforts required by even the smaller displacement would be staggering.
"We still make decisions that make disasters worse. We have to better understand how to live within our environment," David Neal says.
A 2008 workshop of disaster and natural-hazards researchers produced a report calling for the establishment of a national scientific observatory that would collect and maintain long-term data sets of social, political and environmental variables needed to better understand the vulnerability of people to major disasters and to better help them recover from its emotional impact.
The idea still only exists on paper, but it is getting consideration from officials with the National Science Foundation and other potential partner agencies, according to Walter Gillis Peacock, director of the Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center at Texas A&M University and a lead supporter of the network.
"Beyond just funding engineering and environmental observations, it's a major change from the way we have thought about hazards and especially social-science-based research," Peacock says.
Policymakers have yet to develop long-term, proactive strategies that promote local empowerment and national and international coordination in response to natural disasters.
Donations and volunteer support, spurred by media coverage and benefit concerts, often tail off just weeks after a mass emergency, but communities face the continuing task of rebuilding structurally and socially. The urgent evacuations following Katrina spared lives; research now shows that the response undercut the livelihoods and prospects of individuals — in a way that we may not realize for generations.
"For long periods after disasters, people still have needs," Peek says, "and the needs change over time."
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a simple narrative poem imitating the language, form, and spirit of a traditional song, such as Keats's "La Belle Dame sans Merci"
a long poem about the adventures of a hero of great historic or legendary importance; the setting is vast and the action may have cosmic significance through the intervention of gods, angels, or demons
a poem expressing the emotions and thoughts of a single speaker (not necessarily the poet); takes many forms, including the dramatic monologue, elegy, haiku, ode, and sonnet. A traditional theme is carpe diem.
a poem in which the speaker addresses a silent audience, revealing a dramatic situation and some aspect of his or her temperament or personality.
a mournful, contemplative lyric poem commemorating someone who is dead (often ending in a consolation), or a serious meditative poem expressing melancholy thoughts
three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables presenting an intense emotion or vivid image of nature, leading to spiritual insight (style borrowed from the Japanese)
a relatively lengthy lyric poem expressing lofty emotions in a dignified style; characterized by a serious topic, such as truth, art, freedom, justice, or the meaning of life; tone tends to be formal.
Italian or Petrarchan sonnet
Divided into an octave, (abbaabba) and a sestet (cdecde, cdcdcd, or cdccdc). The octave often presents a situation, attitude, or problem that the sestet comments upon or resolves.
English or Shakespearean sonnet
Organized into three quatrains and a couplet, with a typical rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg
A fixed poem consisting of nineteen lines of any length divided into five tercets and a concluding quatrain. The first and third lines of the initial tercet rhyme; these rhymes are repeated in each subsequent tercet (aba) and in the final two lines of the quatrain (abaa). Line 1 appears in its entirety as lines 6, 12, and 18, while line 3 reappears as lines 9, 15, and 19.
A style of 17th Century poetry first by John Dryden and later by Dr. Samuel Johnson because of the highly intellectual and often abstruse imagery involved. Such poems are not part of a thematic or even a structural school, although there are some common characteristics: argumentative structure , dramatic and colloquial mode of utterance, acute realism, and wit in the form of a parallel between apparently dissimilar things, often drawn from widely varied fields of knowledge
poetry presenting the pleasures of rural life (often that of a shepherd) through idealism rather than realism; common topics include love and seduction; the value of poetry; death and mourning; the corruption of the city or court vs. the "purity" of idealized country life; politics (generally satirical)
poetry in which punctuation marks, letters, or words are arranged on a page to form a visual design (for ex: a cross or a bumblebee)
a form of poetry in which the poet reveals very personal, intimate, or sometimes shocking information about himself or herself
a derogatory term used to describe poetry whose subject is trite and whose rhythm and sounds are monotonously heavy-handed
FREE VERSE OR OPEN FORM
terms describing various styles of poetry lacking strict meter and rhyme, but still recognizable as poetry (Walt Whitman and e.e. cummings)
a poem categorized by the pattern of its lines, meter, rhythm, or stanzas. Fixed forms include the sonnet, limerick, sestina, and villanelle
a type of fixed form poetry consisting of thirty-six lines of any length divided into six sestets and a three-line concluding stanza called an envoy. The six words at the end of the first sestet's lines must also appear at the ends of the other five sestets, in varying order. These six words must also appear in the envoy, where they often resonate important themes.
a light, humorous poem of five lines with the rhyme scheme aabba; lines 1, 2, and 5 contain three feet, while lines 3 and 4 usually contain two feet. Subjects range from the silly to the obscene.
a serious or humorous inscription on a tomb or tombstone, or verse written on the occasion of a person's death
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London [UK], Sept. 29 (ANI): According to a recent research, scientists have found that certain foods trigger cells in the brain which make us feel full up.
The study found that foods that are rich in amino acids trigger feelings of satiety more than others, reports The Independent.
How quickly we feel full up after a meal is determined by a group of cells in the brain known as tanycytes, which are stimulated by amino acids.
Apricots, plums, almonds, lentils and pork shoulder, chicken, sirloin steak, avocadoes and almonds all boast high concentrations of amino acids and therefore make people feel fuller quicker than other foods.
Dr Nicholas Dale, Professor of Neuroscience, said, "Amino acid levels in blood and brain following a meal are a very important signal that imparts the sensation of feeling full."
Adding, "Finding that tanycytes, located at the centre of the brain region that controls body weight, directly sense amino acids has very significant implications for coming up with new ways to help people to control their body weight within healthy bounds."
Dale and his team came across the effect after they directly added a high dosage of amino acids into the brain.
The tanycytes responded just thirty seconds later, sending signals to the brain that manages appetite and would stimulate feelings of fullness.
he findings could be key in developing appetite-suppressants which could be used to treat obesity, which is rising at a worrying level in the UK, with the NHS citing that as many as one in four Britons are obese.
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Saint Ignatius of Loyola
Ignatius of Loyola (original name Inigo), born in 1491, was the youngest of eleven children of a Basque nobleman and was destined to become a soldier. During a battle against the French he was wounded at the siege of Pamplona in 1521. His broken leg was badly set and, very conscious of his appearance, insisted that it be broken again and re-set. However, the surgery was not well done and Ignatius was left with a limp for the rest of his life. During his long period of convalescence he was not able to get the knightly romances he craved and had to settle for a life of Christ and stories of saints, the only books available in the family castle. However, these books had a deep effect on him and the heroism he now dreamed of was that of saints like Francis of Assisi and Dominic. He pledged his loyalty to the Mother of God by visiting her shrine at the Benedictine monastery of Montserrat in Catalonia and then began a year of prayer and penance in the cave at Manresa not far away. Here he experienced both desolation and consolation and began to learn the causes for each. This led to the compiling his classic, the Spiritual Exercises. In 1523 he fulfilled a dream by making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, begging his way like many before him. However, the Franciscans there persuaded him to give up his intention of converting Muslims and he returned to Spain without a clear plan of what to do next.
He decided that he needed to do some studies if he was to be an effective evangeliser. He began, at the age of 30, by sitting down with schoolboys to learn Latin. He went on to Barcelona, Alcala, Salamanca and finally to the University of Paris. In Paris he studied philosophy for three years and graduated in 1534 as a master of arts. All this time he led a life of austerity and, though still a layman, gave spiritual direction, especially to women. In Spain he spent some time in prison, suspected of heresy.
As a student in Paris he gathered six disciples, to whom he gave the Spiritual Exercises. They then made vows of poverty, chastity and obedience at the Chapel of St Denis in Montmartre, promising to serve the Church either by preaching the Gospel in the Holy Land or else at the exclusive service of the pope. In 1537 they met in Venice but were unable to continue on to the Holy Land so they went on to Rome to ask the pope to recognise them as a religious community. They were now all priests and had made an extra vow of special obedience to the pope. Their main priorities were the education of the young and going on missionary enterprises. They also were the first religious congregation to drop the communal recitation of the Divine Office so as to increase their freedom and mobility for apostolic works. In 1540 the new congregation, with the name Society of Jesus, got papal approval. Ignatius was unanimously, though against his will, elected as the first General and would hold the post for the rest of his life. He would also remain in Rome from where he directed the works of the Society. Other works he personally was involved in were houses for converted Jews and shelters for prostitutes. Given that so many members were scattered to so many places and often working on their own, obedience to the aims of the Society became very important for maintaining unity. It also explains the long letters which members on the missions regularly sent back to Rome to report on what they were doing. Among the most famous of these were the letter of St Francis Xavier and of the missionaries working in China and North America.
A tighter organisation was also called for because of the crisis situation caused in Europe by the Reformation. Peter Canisius was one of the leaders of the Counter-Reformation as were the many schools started by the Society. In missionary work, Francis Xavier was the pioneer with an astonishing career. He was followed by missionaries in India, China, Ethiopia, Latin America and North America. Spiritual direction, which was to complete rather than replace the work of parish priests, was undertaken by the Society. Ignatius, who had been plagued by chronic stomach problems due to the austere excesses in his younger years, died suddenly on 31 July 1556. By then the Jesuits numbered over 1,000 members in nine European provinces, besides those working in foreign missions.
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Replication and Expansion of Simple DNA Repeats
Impact of Transcription and Replication on the Organization and Stability of the Genome
Unusual DNA structures, Including DNA Triplexes
Research OverviewUnderstanding DNA Structure and Function
The Mirkin laboratory uses a variety of models to understand DNA function and integrity in normal physiology and in several disease states.
Replication and Expansion of Simple DNA RepeatsUncontrollable expansions of trinucleotide repeats lead to more than two dozens human hereditary neurological disorders, including Fragile X mental retardation, Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, Friedreich's ataxia, etc. The molecular mechanisms of repeat expansions have, therefore, attracted a very broad attention.
Our lab got interested in this problem after we discovered, using two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the replication intermediates, that replication fork stalled within expandable repeats in vivo. This repeat-mediated fork stalling was observed in bacterial, yeast and mammalian cells. There was a good agreement between the repeat lengths, causing replication blockage in our systems, and their expansion thresholds in human pedigrees. Altogether, these results led us to hypothesize that abnormal replication of expandable repeats could be the cause of their instability.
Subsequently, we have developed a yeast experimental system, which allowed us to analyze large-scale repeat expansions similar to that observed in human pedigrees. This system uncovered several principal features of the repeat expansion process. First, the rate of repeat expansions increased exponentially with their lengths. Second, the median expansion step appeared to correspond to the median size of an Okazaki fragment. Third, vast majority of genes involved in repeat expansions, which came out from unbiased genetic screens, encode protein components of the replication fork. Finally, while every repeat studied so far has a propensity to expand, expansion rates are much higher for structure-prone DNA sequences.
Figure 1. Proposed mechanism for large-scale repeat expansions. Complementary strands of an expandable repeat are shown in red and green. Blue hexameric ring depict the replicative DNA helicase. Purple star designates fork-pausing complex. Yellow circles symbolize leading and lagging DNA polymerases. Gray square shows template switching protein(s).
Based on these observations, as well as data from many other labs, we proposed a model for the large-scale repeat expansions based on the template-switching during DNA replication. It hypothesizes that during replication of a repetitive DNA run (Fig 1A), leading strand DNA polymerase can accidentally (~10–5 per replication) switch its template to continue DNA synthesis along the nascent lagging strand (Fig 1B). Notably, in a long repetitive run, each sequence in the nascent lagging strand sequence is repeated multiple times in the leading strand template. This could make the template switch more feasible, compared to the unique DNA sequences, as an unwound portion of the repetitive leading strand can pair with multiple points along the repetitive lagging strand. After reaching the end of the Okazaki fragment (Fig 1C), the polymerase has to switch back to its primary leading strand template in order for replication to continue. This switch results in the appearance of an expanded repetitive run within the leading DNA strand (Fig 1D).
We are currently continuing to substantiate this model in a yeast experimental system, as well as are investigating its applicability to mammalian cells. In the long run, yeast and mammalian experimental systems for repeat expansions could help searching for drugs that affect the rates of expansions or contractions. These drugs would be invaluable for treatment of the debilitating disorders, caused by expandable repeats.
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In our teaching we have found that there is much confusion and misunderstanding about marriage in the United States. How is marriage in the Catholic Church different from civil marriage? What is the effect of a civil divorce on the sacrament of marriage? How is an annulment different from a divorce? We will attempt to clarify these issues in this post.
There are three aspects of Marriage in the Church. It is contract, covenant and sacrament.
Marriage as Contract
The contract is the legal part of marriage (the civil marriage). The state requires a license and completion of promises before an agent of the state and witnesses. The priest or deacon serves as the agent of the state as well as a witness for the Church, which leads to confusion about differences between the legal and religious aspects of the ceremony. In many European countries couples must have separate civil and religious ceremonies. They often go to city hall and then to the church. Here are some of the consequences of the legal contract
- Allows couples to file taxes jointly and (sometimes) get a break
- Spells out some financial responsibilities and affects ownership of property (traditionally it was to protect woman when they didn’t have paying jobs and the children of that union).
- Affects inheritance of property.
- Determines the legitimacy of children.
- Gives hospital visitation rights to the spouse and allows them to make health care and medical decisions
Civil divorce dissolves the legal contract which is not a forever commitment, no matter what is said in the vows. It has no connection to the religious aspects of the marriage. Divorce usually replaces the marriage contract with a new set of legal requirements related to the financial matters of the spouses and custody and financial care of children.
Example to illustrate the differences. We have a friend whose father was a widower. He met a widow and they decided they wanted to spend the rest of their lives together. Some of their combined children were concerned about the assets of each and the inheritance issues that would result from their marriage. They decided not to get legally married but went to their parish priest who blessed their union. Their assets remain legally separate.
Marriage as Covenant
Covenant is a common term in real estate related to restrictions on the use of a property. It is a legal document and can be changed or dissolved. In the Bible we find the word covenant used in a different way. In the Old Testament God says to the Israelites: “You will be my people and I will be your God.” (Jer 30:22) It is a never-ending commitment of God to his chosen people and their commitment to God. We also enter into a never ending religious covenant when we say our vows in the marriage ceremony. The marriage covenant is like the covenant that God made with His people and Christ made with the Church as we say “as long as we BOTH shall live” or “unto death do us part.” Because this covenant is between the husband and wife, they are the ministers of their vows. The priest or deacon witnesses the covenant/vows for the Church as well as the contract for the state.
The religious covenant created in the wedding vows is:
1. Never ending just as God’s promise to His people as stated in Jeremiah “You will be my people and I will be your God.” (Jer 30:22) We promise to be husband and wife for each other and to mirror those words of Jeremiah: “I will be your wife, you will be my husband.” and “I will be your husband, you will be my wife.” The promise is reinforced in the words of the vows: “for better or for worse, for richer or poorer, in sickness and in health, until death.
2. A commitment to love. St. John, in his letter says “God is Love and whoever remains in love remains in God and God in Him.” 1 Jn 4:16b. Our marriage covenant commits us to love—to place the needs of the other before our own. As St. Paul says in Ephesians 5:32e “this is a great mystery but I speak in reference to Christ and the Church.” This means that in loving Rita and being loved by her I can experience a little of Christ’s love for me. Together our love touches others and gives them an experience of God’s love for them. We don’t have to do anything extraordinary – just love. No other vocation does this in quite the same way.
3. Our path to heaven. Dutch priest, Fr. Henri Nouwen, says our goal in life is to experience love unconditionally. In this life we can have glimpses of God’s unconditional love in marriage and find ourselves growing in our love for God as a result.
Your first response to the above might be that you will experience unconditional love in sexual encounters. That may happen, but it can occur in many other situations. A couple of years ago we were in Chicago’s Millennium Park with two of our granddaughters. There is a sculpture there with a curved, mirrored surface that produces distorted images. I was taking some pictures of the girls as they stood near the “bean”, as it is commonly called, laughing at their images, when I noticed Rita off to the side watching me interact with the girls and obviously enjoying our play. She was looking at me in a way that spoke volumes about her love for me. I took a picture of the girls with Rita off to the side and feel greatly loved every time I see it.
The night my mom died brings to mind for me this experience of unconditional love. Bob, my sisters and I were with my mother when she died. We had laughed and cried together and with her. I thought I had shed all the tears that I had. Somewhere in the middle of the night I began to sob. I was facing anew the love I felt for her and all that she had done for me and I was overwhelmed by the loss of her in my life. In the midst of this I felt Bob’s arm surround me and draw me tightly to him. He said nothing but just held me until I stopped crying. I experienced his all encompassing love at that moment even with the terrible loss. I was loved!!
The real work of the covenant for a couple comes in living their vows every day. When we are experiencing better, richer and health, life is good. It is possible to take each other for granted and it is easy to lose our sense of gratitude. The test of commitment comes in hard times, worse, poorer and sickness, that are inevitable in every marriage.
Some time ago, we came across a book titled, Toward Commitment, written by a couple who were married for over forty years. They had been through infidelities and separation and were still trying to figure out whether they could make a commitment for their lifetimes. Unlike them we saw the commitment we made in saying our vows to each other as immediate and permanent from that moment forward. While we have had trying moments in our marriage, neither of us has ever questioned that commitment. It has required us to summon the courage to speak up when necessary and work through the demands of taking our relationship to new depths.
Here are some of the things we have had to do to maintain the permanence and fidelity we promised:
a. We have had to face issues. When either of us feels neglected, unloved or taken advantage of, one of us has had to summon the courage to broach the subject and maybe risk a fight. This is especially tough for Rita, the peacemaker.
b. It took effort and experience to learn how to resolve differences – to always remember that we are fighting for our relationship not to prove that either of us is right. This is hard for Bob since he likes to win.
c. We have learned to support the growth of the other as a person and to celebrate the accomplishments of the other. As St. Paul says love is not jealous…but rejoices with the truth. 1Cor 13:4-5
d. We strive to keep some romance and fun alive. We still tease each other and make each other laugh. We like to travel and enjoy time for just us. It is like an unending honeymoon. (Our kids often roll their eyes and say: “Oh, no, mom and dad are being teenagers again.”)
e. It has been necessary for us to make the effort to heal and forgive – most marriages end not because of a major infidelity but as the result of many small things that have not been forgiven.
f. We shared fully in parenting our four children, avoided putting most of the responsibility on one. This was especially important in making decisions involving them. We made an effort to anticipate some of the difficult decisions we would have to make and have an answer ready when the situation arrived. Sometimes we would make a child wait for a decision until we could speak to each other.
Remember that the covenant is a commitment to journey together. We cannot expect to live it perfectly. It is a human relationship and relationships are inherently messy. We have embraced the messiness and come to laugh often at our imperfections.
The vows on our wedding day were just the beginning. We live out those vows in different ways as the circumstances of our lives change. The constants that enable us to do that are love and the power of the Holy Spirit present in our lives.
Couples entering into marriage promise to one another before witnesses that they will love each other and give themselves to each other. Christians say that, but also affirm that they will try to love each other as Christ loves the Church, and give themselves to and for each other as Christ gives himself to and for the Church.” This for most of us is scary and awesome.
When we live the vows with permanence and fidelity for each other and the Church, we become Sacrament.
Marriage as Sacrament
Marriage has not always been included in the Church’s list of official sacraments. In the 13th century marriage was officially recognized to have the characteristics that each sacrament must have – it is an outward sign in the human world of the presence of God who is grace.
Like other sacraments, the Church requires the recipients of matrimony to meet certain conditions, in order to be valid. The following is a brief explanation of the qualities that make marriage a valid Sacrament.
a. While the couple entering into the covenant of marriage administers the vows to each other, they must be witnessed for the Church by a priest or deacon and one other Catholic person. In addition, the marriage is not considered valid until the couple has had sexual intercourse.
b. The persons entering into the marriage must be capable of entering into the vows –be of a certain age, mentally capable and emotionally able to make the commitment required in the vows, etc.
c. Each person must be free to enter into the covenant – not married to someone else, including a previous sacramental marriage which is divorced, but not annulled, must not be bound by religious vows, or have the bond of holy orders, to name the most common. These conditions are referred to as impediments to marriage.
d. Both partners must have the intent to live out what they promise – unity, to love the other and be one in mind, body and spirit, and procreation, to be open to children
If any of the above conditions is not present the Church may nullify or invalidate the marriage. The official term is a “Declaration of Nullity” which can only be made by the Church. It is not a like a legal divorce, which ends a contract, but officially declares that the Sacrament never existed. We know the nullification as an annulment. This is a Church matter and has no effect on the legal contract, which is the domain of the state.
We do not live out the Sacrament of Matrimony as we do our vows. Rather, we become the Sacrament, which has effects on us, on the people who live with us and meet us in the course of our lives and on the communities in which we live. These effects are far-reaching and positive. This post is already long, so we will hold the discussion for another time.
We hope this helps to clarify the nature of Catholic marriage, compared to civil marriage and helps you to see some of the great possibilities marriage has for you.
Did this article clarify your understanding of Catholic marriage? Does it help you to see possibilities for your own marriage? Leave a comment below.
This material is excerpted from our unfinished commentary on the 2009 US Bishops’ pastoral letter Marriage: Love and Life in the Divine Plan which is available here. (pdf. Select the list item Marriage) | <urn:uuid:8cecc9f9-6691-472d-81d4-b41b81b0105f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://thewonderofmarriage.wordpress.com/2011/11/09/the-difference-between-civil-and-sacramental-marriage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809392.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125032456-20171125052456-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.977288 | 2,666 | 2.625 | 3 |
dictionary definition and accompanying description by Peter ...
self — Any of various conflicting personalities conceived of as coexisting within a single person. A person’s or thing’s individuality or essence at a particular time or in a particular aspect or relation; a person’s nature, character, physical constitution or appearance, considered as different at different times. A person loved as oneself. Personal identity, ego; a person as the object of introspection or reflexive action. Oxford Dictionary
Peter: What is a feeling-fed ‘self’? A ‘self’ is not something ‘you’ have ... being an identity in whatever way, shape or form is what ‘you’ are and is an inevitable result of being born. Thus any blame is pointless – and worse – it creates resentment. Being an identity is because the only way into this world of people, things and events is via the human spermatozoa fertilizing the human ova ... thus every human being is endowed, by blind nature, with the basic instinctual passions of fear and aggression and nurture and desire. These passions are the very energy source of the rudimentary animal self ... the base consciousness of ‘self’ and ‘other’ that all sentient beings have. The human animal – with its unique ability to think and reflect upon its own death – transforms this ‘reptilian brain’ rudimentary ‘self’ into being a feeling ‘me’ (as soul in the heart) and from this core of ‘being’ the ‘feeler’ then infiltrates into thought to become the ‘thinker’ ... a thinking ‘I’ (as ego in the head). No other animal can do this. This process is aided and abetted by the human beings who were already on this planet when one was born ... which is conditioning and programming. It is part and parcel of the socializing process. Thus ‘dissolving the ego ’ is not sufficient ... there is a ‘me’ lurking in the heart to take over the wheel.
We are each instilled with an instinctual animal ‘self’ that is the very core of the self-survival program. Although this instinctual survival program is genetically-encoded to ensure the survival of the species and not the individual, in humans it is ‘self’-centred, as it is in apes – our nearest genetic cousins.
Our instinctual-rudimentary ‘self’ is based firmly on the surge of chemicals arising from the instinctual programming in the primitive brain. This ‘self’ is our instinctual ‘being’ at our very animal core – thoughtless and instinctual-emotional.
Further, this primitive ‘self’ is made more complex in human beings by our ability to think and reflect and, as such, we have a more elaborated ‘self’ consisting of ‘who’ we think ourselves to be and ‘who’ we feel ourselves to be. ‘Who’ we think and feel ourselves to be is a psychological and psychic ‘self’ – both a mental and an emotional construct – that develops in the neo-cortex as a discordant and alien identity that appears to be located in the head and felt in the heart and gut.
Given the human elaboration of the instinctual animal ‘self’ into a sophisticated and cunning psychological and psychic identity that appears to live within the flesh and blood body, the instinctual passions – mainly fear, aggression, nurture and desire – can only be eradicated by eliminating both the psychological ‘self’ and the instinctual ‘self’.
The bad news is that the elimination of one’s ‘self’ needs to be total – both ‘who’ society has taught you to be and ‘who’ blind nature has programmed you to instinctively feel you are ... or in spiritual terms, both the ego and the soul.
The good news is that what you are will emerge – a flesh and blood human being, free of malice and sorrow and free of any metaphysical delusions whatsoever.
Self-awareness –– awareness – being cognizant or conscious (of); informed.Oxford Dictionary
This particular aspect of awareness is not a natural phenomenon and needs to be actively cultivated and persistently practiced in order to ensure success. As such, one needs to proceed with a bloody-minded persistence the likes of which one has not mustered before. To do so, one needs firstly to establish a simple, unswerving and primary aim in life – a sincere intent to become as happy and harmless, as one was in a pure consciousness experience, for 24 hrs. a day, every day.
The method of becoming happy and harmless, 24 hrs. a day, every day, is both devastatingly simple and ruthlessly efficient. One needs to continually ask oneself the question … ‘How am I experiencing this moment of being alive?’
The continuous asking of this question is the key to cultivating and developing ‘self’-awareness but it does require persistence and perseverance in order to ensure success …
The essential method is to undertake a total investigation into anything that is preventing one from being happy and harmless now – after all, if one’s aim is to be happy then one needs to be happy now, not at some time in the future, nor some time in the past. The question to ask oneself is – ‘How am I experiencing this moment of being alive?’ This moment is, after all, the only moment I can experience being happy.
Any emotion such as anger, frustration or boredom that is preventing my happiness now, has to be traced back to its cause – the exact incident, thought, expectation or disappointment. At the root of this emotion is inevitably found a socially-instilled belief or an instinctual passion. The awareness, investigation and understanding of these morals, ethics, beliefs and the animal instincts ‘in action’ actually weakens their influence on one’s thoughts and behaviour. The process, if followed diligently and obsessively, will ultimately cause them to disappear completely. The idea being, of course, to eliminate the cause of one’s unhappiness, so that one can experience life at the optimum, now. If one is happy now, then good. One can then ‘raise the bar’ to feeling very good, then excellent, then … perfect.
The method soon presents success incrementally, as freedom from beliefs and instinctual passions is indeed a freedom that results in increased peace and harmony for oneself and in one’s relating with one’s fellow human beings. The method does bring up fear and resistance, because one is dismantling one’s very ‘self’, those very beliefs and passions one holds so dearly.
It sounds so simple, but very few people are even willing to take a small step along the way. Most people would seemingly like their life to be better, but faced with the prospect of actually having to do something themselves, or having to change the way they are, they soon sneak away, only to re-run the old ancient ‘tried and failed’ methods.
Of course, the major fear is that it will work and ‘I’ will ‘be’ no more.
This method of ‘self’-awareness is both concise and down-to-earth in that it concentrates one’s awareness on this moment in time – this very moment, right now, in this very place. The whole emphasis is on ‘how am I experiencing myself now ’? This is not to deny that one doesn’t have a goal and that this goal is in the future – to be happy and harmless, 24hrs. a day, every day. It does take time to work through each of the beliefs, morals, ethics, psittacisms and instinctual passions – to thoroughly investigate them.
By bringing one’s attention to the fact that this is the only moment I can experience being alive, and that if I was happy ten minutes ago and I am not happy now, the fact becomes obvious: I am not happy now. If not, why not? What is the cause, the source? One then has something to do, something to investigate. It is simply nonsense to delude oneself with the spiritual belief that one is already perfect, ‘That’, or ‘Enlightened’ when one knows otherwise.
Always one’s immediate aim is to be happy now, in this only moment one can experience being alive, and one’s ultimate goal is to be happy and harmless 24 hrs. a day, every day.
A curious thing begins to happen when one contemplates upon what it is to be a human being, when one ponders the Human Condition, when one becomes ‘self’-obsessed. Soon every interaction, every emotional reaction, every thought and every feeling is scrutinized in terms of ‘How am I experiencing this moment of being alive?’ This is definitely not meditation – it is 180 degrees opposite. This is being fully occupied in the world of people, things and events: not sitting with one’s eyes closed, retreating ‘inwards’ and fearfully hiding from the world as-it-is and people as-they-are.
The vowed aim of meditation is to escape from the world, transcend the ego and ‘become’ the soul – an imaginary and delusionary shifting of one’s identity from mortal to Immortal, from animal to Divine. On the other hand, the whole point of the process of Actual freedom is to be aware of, identify, investigate and eliminate one’s social and instinctual identity – both ego and soul – that is the source of one’s malice and sorrow, and the goal is to become actually happy and harmless, on earth, in this very lifetime.
self-immolation –– (immolation) 1 Sacrificial slaughter of a victim. 2 Deliberate destruction or loss for the sake of something else. Oxford Dictionary
Peter: The other day I had a musing that concerned the common view of the word freedom as used in spiritual circles. Freedom is seen as an event, usually termed Enlightenment, whereby one miraculously escapes from the illusion of the real world, its problems, concerns and worries and is magically re-united with one’s Source from whence one came from originally. Thus ‘I ’ am no longer lost, lonely and frightened for I have come Home and am overwhelmed by feelings of Divine Love. Thus one leaves the ‘real’ world and emerges into the ‘divine’ world – an illusion based on an illusion. The process usually undertaken is to devote oneself to living the ‘divine’ life, in preparation for a final ‘crossing’ over whereby one becomes Divine. This is, of course, all played out in the fantasy world of passionate feelings and has not a fig to do with the actual. Enlightenment is but a shift of identity from normal and afraid of death to Divine and believing one’s Self to be immortal.
The path to an Actual Freedom is to devote one’s life to being the universe experiencing itself as a flesh and blood human being, and if undertaken with scrupulous integrity, will inevitably and inexorably lead to one’s self-immolation. This final act will be one of self-sacrifice for it is evident from the Pure Consciousness Experience that only ‘I’ stand in the way of the perfection and purity of the universe being experienced as this flesh and blood body called Peter. This full-blooded devotion, as in …
has recently resulted in heady glimpses and experiences of the infinitude of the physical universe. These experiences of vastness and limitless freedom offer tantalizing previews of an inevitable destiny after ‘my’ extinction and have had the unmistakable ring of the authenticity of my first ‘self’-less PCE. The other clue as to their genuineness is the recognition of the seductive parallel of the Altered State of Consciousness whereby ‘I’ am tempted to instinctually grab to become the experience. Thus, ‘I’ become infinite and eternal, whereas in the PCE it is startlingly clear that it is the universe that is infinite and eternal, and what I am is this mortal flesh and blood body, well able and equipped to think and reflect and go oooh and ahhh at the perfection and purity that is obviously apparent when ‘I’ cease to rule the roost. But that won’t happen to me – it’s but a cheap cop-out once you have tasted the actual.
These glimpses are the direct result of this boots and all approach and send a thrill up one’s spine, a tingling in the skull, or an involuntary wobble of the head. It’s fascinating to see that the fear that was there in the days of thinking about the end of ‘me’, or trying to imagine the end of ‘me’, is now replaced by a physical thrill as in – this is what I am doing, or this is what is happening. This is no esoteric explanation and has parallels in the prosaic activities that involve fear or danger whereby, when you get to the stage of actually doing something rather than thinking or worrying about it, one is then too busy with the doing of it that one has no time for fears or worries. And it’s not as though the experience is frantic, or too much – I am at present doing normal things like doing a job, earning a living and reporting, as accurately as I can, on what is going on inside with ‘me’ as it happens. Utterly down-to-earth, normal and anonymous.
sensation –– The consciousness of perceiving or seeming to perceive some state or condition of one’s body or its parts or of the senses; an instance of such consciousness; (a) perception by the senses, (a) physical feeling. b The faculty of perceiving by the senses, esp. by physical feeling. Oxford Dictionary
Peter: The three ways a person can experience the world are: cerebral (thoughts); 2: sensate (senses); 3. affective (feelings).
The aim of ‘How am I experiencing this moment of being alive?’ is to become aware of exactly how one is experiencing the world and to investigate what is preventing one from being happy and harmless in this moment. It is therefore important to discriminate between the pure sensate sensual experiences, as in sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, and the cerebral thought and affective feeling experiences that are sourced in the instinctual animal survival passions.
Feelings are most commonly expressed as emotion-backed thoughts – thoughts arising in response to the flooding of chemicals that originate from the animal instinctual brain, the amygdala. As the amygdala quick-scans the incoming sensorial input it is programmed to automatically respond with an instinctual reaction – essentially those of fear, aggression, nurture and desire. The instinctual reaction is such that response-chemicals are almost instantly pumped into the body and neo-cortex and are most usually ‘felt’ in the head, heart and stomach areas.
Fear produces hormones which quicken the heartbeat, tenses the muscles, and heightens the senses – ready for either ‘fight or flight’. When neither option is exercised one ‘freezes’ and the ongoing chemical input results in feelings of helplessness, doubt, angst, depression or dread. Jealousy, based on the nurture instinct, prepares the body to attack one’s competitor. Sexual desire similarly causes well-known reactions in the sexual organs, and so on. It is important to recognize that these reactions, while felt in the body as sensations, and interpreted by the brain as feelings, are actually instinctual passions in action – they are the very substance of ‘who’ we feel ourselves to be, deep down at a bodily level, in both heart and gut.
It is this emotional ‘self’-centred experiencing that prevents our direct sensate-only sensuous experience of the actual world of sensual delight, purity and perfection. ‘Who’ one thinks and feels oneself to be is but an elaborate extrapolation of this instinctual, fear-full animal ‘self ’. This emotional, feeling interpretation – based on the sensations of chemicals flowing in the body and brain – results in feelings of loneliness, separateness and alienation from the world as it is. It is as though there is a veil or film over the actual that one yearns to break through – to become free of – in order to be fully alive, to actually be here, now.
It is entirely new territory to dare to question feelings, both those we arbitrarily denote as ‘good’ and those we label ‘bad’, but there is a fail-safe method of navigation through the maze of sensations produced by instinctual passions. The aim is always to facilitate in oneself peace and harmony – to become happy and harmless – and this sincere intent will prevent one from settling for anything less than the genuine article. The genuine article is you, the flesh-and-blood-body-only you, that seeks freedom from the feelings of malice and sorrow that ruin your happiness.
The path to Actual Freedom now offers a realizable and actual freedom from the insidious grip of instinctual passions.
Peter: As can be seen from the definitions the word sense has two distinct meanings (a, b and c, d), but in the emotional turmoil of real life, or the fantasy meta-physical world of spiritual life, the distinction is rarely, if ever, discerned.
The first two definitions point to a practical, pragmatic view or sense, such that a tree is a tree, the universe is infinite, when you die you die, the sky is blue, and this is the only moment you can experience being alive. The world, as perceived by the body ’s senses, the ‘stalks’ of the brain, is a physical one only. The physical senses of the brain allow us the sensual feel of touch (the skin of another), the aromatic delight of smell (a frangipani at dusk), the complexity of sight (colour, light, movement, depth, focus), the variety, intensity and layering of sounds and tastes. Further, the human brain has an awareness of this sensorial input and can think, reflect and communicate with others. The brain, when freed of the dominance of ‘self’-centred feeling and thought and the chemical based instinctual passions, is able to function with startling clarity and common sense and the faculty of apperception – the mind’s ability to perceive itself – comes to the fore. This sensate-only experience is known as a Pure Consciousness Experience – a temporary state of ‘self’-lessness.
The ability of the brain to function sensibly – as in definition (b) – is essential for the individual and collective functioning of human beings and is seen in operation in the superb objects, systems and in operation of services, communication, trade, transport, etc. in the world.
The second pair of definitions points to a different scenario, a different perception of the universe. This definition alludes to an emotional, feeling and cerebral (thought) perception of the world – the perception of the psychological and psychic entity within the flesh and blood body. With the continual operation of instinctual feelings of fear, aggression, nurture and desire combined with one’s social identity of morals, ethics and values, one is forever ‘feeling’ or ‘thinking’ one’s way in any place, at any time and with all other people. As such, we are continually psychically afraid of the world. We tend, when operating in a psychic-instinctual mode, to see everything as though coated in sorrow or malice. Our only relief is to add a coating of beauty, ‘spirituality’ or gratitude in order to make our perception a tolerable one. But one can never ever make any sense of the world this way, for it is all seen and experienced as either a ghastly nightmare, or a beautiful dream, depending on one’s feelings or thoughts at the time. As a social identity we are instilled with a perception of the world alluded to in definition (d). We are thus bound to having a moral or ethical interpretation or perception of things, people or events – relentlessly evaluating everything as good or bad, right or wrong.
The consequences of the human brain functioning under the influence of instinctual passions, emotions, feelings, nightmares and dreams is most clearly seen in all the wars, rapes, murders, tortures, corruption, depression, suicides, etc. that continually plague Humanity.
The consequences of the human brain functioning under the influence of socially instilled morals, ethics, principles, values and psittacisms is most clearly seen in all ethnic conflicts, religious persecutions, ethical disputes, fights for rights, demands for justice and retribution, etc. that are used as a justification to indulge in war, rape, murder, torture, etc.
There is now a practical down-to-earth solution, such that will bring an end to this madness. When actually freed of a psychic and ‘self ’-oriented affective and cerebral sensing of the world – the ‘who’ one thinks one is and the ‘who’ one feels oneself to be – one can’t do anything other than perceive the world directly, sensately, sensuously and sensibly. To experience the physical universe without the emotions of fear and aggression is to continually delight and wonder in amazement at it all. One at last comes to one’s senses, both figuratively and literally.
sensuous — Of, derived from, or affecting the senses aesthetically rather than sensually; readily affected by the senses, keenly responsive to the pleasures of sensation. Also, indicative of a sensuous temperament. Apparently first used by Mr. John Milton, to avoid certain associations of the existing word ‘sensual’. Thus: ‘sensuousness’ (n.): the quality of being sensuous; also: ‘sensuously’ (adv.): the experience of being sensuous; and: ‘sensuosity’ (n.): the capability of being sensuous). Oxford Dictionary
Peter: Sensuousness is the wondrous awareness of the marvel of being here now at this moment in time and this place in space.
Sensuousness enables the experiencing of things without distorting feelings, and seeing the world of people, things and events as-it-is in apperception.
With an actual freedom from the human condition, one is living in the infinitude of this fairy-tale-like actual world with its sensuous quality of magical perfection and purity where everything and everyone has a lustre, a brilliance, a vividness, an intensity and a marvellous, wondrous, scintillating vitality that makes everything alive and sparkling ... even the very earth beneath one’s feet. The rocks, the concrete buildings, a piece of paper ... literally everything is as if it were alive (a rock is not, of course, alive as humans are, or as animals are, or as trees are, but everything is alive as in actual – ‘not merely passive’ ). This ‘aliveness’ is the very actuality of all existence ... the ‘actualness’ of everything and everyone. We do not live in an inert universe ... but one cannot experience this whilst clinging to the delusion of immortality.
serendipity — The making of happy and unexpected discoveries by accident or when looking for something else; such a discovery. Oxford Dictionary
Peter: The long life lived by most humans with multitudinous events and interactions with people and things provides for many opportunities for the making of serendipitous discoveries. Most people are so emotionally overloaded or trapped in repetitive behaviour patterns that serendipity goes unnoticed or, if seen, is so astounding as to be put down to some divine blessing or intervention or is being dismissed as luck. Serendipity is often claimed to be a prayer answered, good luck, God’s will, or ‘existence providing’, while blindly ignoring the other times when prayers go unanswered, ‘life’s a bitch’, it was bad luck or ‘someone else’s fault’, or it was ‘good’ to suffer as a ‘growth’ experience.
On the wide and wondrous path to actual freedom serendipitous discoveries are a constant occurrence. With the ever-running of the question ‘ How am I experiencing this moment of being alive?’ one is continuously presented with opportunities to discover, investigate and understand what particular feeling, resulting from an event or interaction, is preventing you from being happy now. Yesterday’s happiness or some future – imaginary – happiness or harmlessness has absolutely no relevance right now, this only moment you can experience being alive. If you miss the opportunity this time around, this moment, you have another chance immediately, this moment, for one’s life is perpetually experienced in this moment only. And serendipity will always present you with the next issue, belief, instinctual pattern, mood or emotion, etc. – right on cue.
But, as serendipitous as the incident or discovery or event may be, it is what you make of it that is of more significance. A serendipitous discovery, if dispassionately contemplated upon, can lead to a realization such that it becomes a life-changing event.
social identity –– conscience: A moral sense of right or wrong; a sense of responsibility felt for private or public actions, motives, etc.; the faculty or principle that leads to the approval of right thought or action and condemnation of wrong; still small voice; a sense of guilt with regard to a thought or action; scruple, compunction, remorse, principles, ethics. Oxford Dictionary
Richard: A social identity is a psychological creation manufactured by society to act as a guardian over the wayward rudimentary self one was born with. All sentient beings are born pre-primed with a biologically coded instinctive drive for physical survival which, when one is operating and functioning with a group of people, is potentially a danger to the survival of other group members. Hence the need for principles and morals and ethics to regulate the conduct of each person ... with appropriate rewards and punishments to ensure compliance. In a well-meant but ultimately short-sighted effort to prevent gaols from being filled to over-flowing, a social identity – a psychological guardian – is fabricated in an earnest endeavour to prevent the offences from happening in the first place. This ‘guardian’ is programmed with a set of values and charged with the role of acting as a conscience over the wayward self. A conscience is made up of a sure knowledge of what is Right or Wrong and Good or Bad ... as determined by each society. By and large this enterprise has proved to be effective – only a small minority of citizens fail to behave in a socially acceptable manner.
Something can definitely be achieved in regards to this culturally-imposed social identity ... one can readily do something about it if one is suitably motivated to do so. One can bring about a benediction from the perfection and purity of the infinitude of this material universe by contacting and cultivating one’s original state of naiveté. Naiveté is that intimate aspect of oneself that is the nearest approximation that one can have of actual innocence – there is no innocence so long as there is a rudimentary self – and constant awareness of naïve intimacy results in a continuing benediction. This blessing allows a connection to be made between oneself and that perfection and purity which is the essential character of infinity and eternity. This connection I call pure intent. Pure intent endows one with the ability to operate and function safely in society without the incumbent social identity with its ever-vigilant conscience. Thus reliably rendered virtually happy and relatively harmless by the benefaction of the infinitude, one can begin to dismantle the now-redundant social identity. To end the separative social identity, one can whittle away at all the social mores and psittacisms ... those mechanical repetitions of previously received ideas or images, reflecting neither apperception nor autonomous reasoning. One can examine all the beliefs, ideas, values, theories, truths, customs, traditions, ideals, superstitions ... and all the other schemes and dreams. One can become aware of all the socialisation, of all the conditioning, of all the programming, of all the methods and techniques that were used to control what one finds oneself to be ... a wayward ego and compliant soul careering around in confusion and illusion. A ‘mature adult’ is actually a lost, lonely, frightened and cunning psychological entity overlaying a psychic ‘being’.
It is never too late to start in on uncovering and discovering what one actually is.
Please note: It is only on the clearly-stated (above) and utterly fundamental proviso that pure intent be dedicatorily in place – as an overriding/ overarching life-devotional goal which takes absolute precedence over all else – before any such whittling away of the otherwise essential societal/ cultural conditioning be undertaken.
sorrow — Mental distress caused by bereavement, suffering, disappointment, etc.; grief, deep sadness. Used in imprecatory phrs. expr impatience, anger, regret, etc., or emphatic or negative force. Oxford Dictionary
Peter: In investigating one’s instinctual self – which is programmed into the amygdala – one is not only investigating the instinctual passions of fear, aggression, nurture and desire, one inevitably encounters the instinctual ‘memory’ as well. LeDoux’s studies are seemingly primarily concerned with the emotional memories imprinted onto the amygdala’s memory since birth. Thus we have imprinted the traumatic incidents in life since birth and those fears instilled in us, largely by our parents, in the very early years before the development of our cognitive memory. There is also scientific evidence that the foetus is influenced by the flow of chemicals via the placenta which would allow for a pre-birth encoding of emotions.
But it is obvious from a study of animals that certain actions and behaviour patterns are not taught after birth but must be genetically pre-programmed in the instinctual memory. The reaching for, finding and suckling the nipple in mammals, the waddle to the ocean of baby turtles, the unlearned migration patterns of birds, etc. There are multitudinous examples of non-cognitive animals who exhibit quite sophisticated behaviour and ‘knowledge’ that is not learnt but must solely be due to a pre-coded memory that is genetically inherited.
Given that the human animal is the most advanced of the primates, it does beg the question as to how much pre-memory is genetically programmed in the human amygdala and therefore ‘set in the flesh’, as it were. Two of these pre-codings are vital in understanding the human psyche – ‘who’ one thinks and feels one is.
Firstly, there is most obviously an instinctual sense of self-recognition, a faculty we share with our closet genetic cousins – apes and chimps both recognize ‘themselves’ in a mirror. This instinctual primal ‘self ’ is made more sophisticated in humans, for the cognitive neo-cortex (the ‘conscious’ to use LeDoux’s term) is only capable of detecting the chemical flows of the amygdala (non-cognitive and ‘unconscious’), and these are ‘felt’ as basic passions or emotions and interpreted as feelings – ‘my’ feelings. Thus, we ‘feel’ this genetic instinctual programming to be ‘me’ at my core. This program thus gives every human being an instinctual self which is translated into a ‘real’ self that is both psychic – LeDoux’s ‘unconscious’ made obvious and real by the ensuing flow of chemicals from the amygdala – and psychological – interpreted as thoughts by the modern cognitive brain. (The modern brain is also taught much after birth – one’s social identity – but I’m interested in the deeper level at this stage.)
This explains that the spiritual journey ‘in’ is thus a journey to find one’s instinctual self – one’s roots, one’s original face, the Source, etc. If, on this inner journey, one ignores or denies the passions of aggression and fear and concentrates one’s attention on the passions of nurture and desire, one can shift one’s identity from the psychological thinking neo cortex – the ‘ego’ to use their term – and ‘become’, or associate with, or identify with, the good feelings of nurture and desire. This is a seductive and self-gratifying journey, for one is actively promoting the flow of chemicals that give rise to the good, pleasant, warm, light-headed, heart-full and ultimately ecstatic feelings. These flow of chemicals overwhelm the neo-cortex to such an extent that they become one’s primary experience, and the input of the physical world as perceived by the senses and the clear-thinking ability of the cognitive modern brain are both subjugated – or ‘transcended’ to use the spiritual term. One then ‘feels’ one has found one’s original ‘self’, which one has of course, though t’is all but a fantasy of one’s imagination.
Secondly, the other faculty I see as essentially pre-coded is an instinctual need to ‘belong ’ to the herd – the herding instinct, as Vineeto puts it. It might seem banal and obvious given that humans, as a species, have perennially needed to maintain, at very least, a family grouping in order to ensure the survival of the species. Given that the human infant is helpless for such a long time compared with most other species, the immediate family group was the basic minimum need, and the chance of survival was considerably increased with larger and stronger groupings. This is an instinctual program that over-rides the individual’s own survival instincts for one is ultimately programmed to ensure survival of the species – not one’s own, as in self-preservation. Given that these involve more sophisticated programming than mere instantaneous ‘fight and flight’ reactions they must be encoded in the genetic memory of the amygdala, passed on from ‘way back there’, in the mists of time.
This instinct, implanted by blind nature to ensure the survival of the species, pumps the body with chemicals that induce the feeling of fear whenever one is straying too far away from the herd, abandoning other members of the family or group or being on one’s own. I remember particularly, in my early twenties, travelling across Europe and the Middle East on my way home from London and arriving at the border with Iran. I was turned away at an isolated border post as I didn’t have a visa and I was struck with a deep sense of panic, a feeling of utter loneliness. Looking back, it was as though I had gone too far striking off on my own and had hit the limit. This feeling of loneliness was to haunt me for many years – the image of becoming a lonely old man on a park bench, outcast and abandoned. It coincidentally was to prove one of the images that made me leap into the spiritual world with such gusto. I was to lose this fear later in life but living alone was always accompanied by a bitter-sweet feeling of loneliness. My major period of living alone was also the period when I began to have spiritual experiences, Satoris and an experience of Altered States of Consciousness aka Enlightenment.
From my investigations and experiences it is obvious that ‘who’ I think and feel I am – ‘me’ at the core – encompasses both a deep-set feeling of separateness from others and the world as perceived by the senses as well as a deep-set feeling of needing to ‘belong’.
This over-arching feeling of separateness – of being a ‘separate self’, who is forever yearning to ‘belong’ – is the root cause of personal sorrow and the all encompassing ‘ocean’ of human sorrow in the world.
soul — The principle of life in humans or animals; animate existence. The principle of thought and action in a person, regarded as an entity distinct from the body; a person’s spiritual as opp. to corporeal nature. The spiritual part of a human being considered in its moral aspect or in relation to God and his precepts, spec. regarded as immortal and as being capable of redemption or damnation in a future state. The disembodied spirit of a dead person, regarded as invested with some degree of personality and form. The seat of the emotions or sentiments; the emotional part of human nature. Oxford Dictionary
Peter: The soul is the big one! For what is a human being without a soul. Ancient Wisdom has it that a body without a soul is but an animal. A body without a soul is inhuman and evil.
Seems pretty impressive for something that does not factually exist. The instinctual programming of the amygdala or primitive brain includes a primitive animal sense of self that is most highly developed in the primates. This self in relationship to other members of the species is most evident in apes and chimps and leads us to see in them human behaviour at a less sophisticated level of operation. Fear, aggression, nurture and desire are seen operating unimpeded by developed intelligence, which simply translates to apes and chimps being less cunning and less efficient in killing than the human animal. We think them cute when they display instinctual nurture but are in denial of the mounting evidence of rape, murder, infanticide and war in chimps and apes that are the result of instinctual fear, aggression and desire.
This very-same primitive self, complete with its automatic survival program, operates in humans, but we manage to divide the instinctual passions into two groupings – the good passions and the evil ones. The self that is the good instincts we term ‘me at my core’, the ‘real me’, or my ‘very soul’. We simply deny the existence of fear, aggression, nurture and desire, as it is usually too shocking to contemplate these aspects within us. Thus we are usually ‘overcome’ or ‘overwhelmed’ by anger or violence or despair, for that is what appears to happen when instinctual passions surface. The amygdala automatically responds to a threat, real, perceived or imagined, and the hormones automatically flow – flooding the neo-cortex and away we go… Murder, rape, revenge, despair, torture, war, etc., all occur in a ‘blind’ rage – be it hot or cool.
As if this wasn’t enough of a heritage, we then have the universal fairy-tale of a life after death for this very-same soul, and the same instincts are then bought into play in defending this belief; for the soul – ‘me’ at my core – believes it is fighting for its very life (its life after death). Thus humans not only fight for real things like territory and food but we add fighting for causes, beliefs, ideals, rights and dreams to the list.
Fearing for survival is our main pre-occupation, and fighting for survival is our main occupation. Such is the Human Condition.
Good to be rid of a soul – and all that it represents – as far as I’m concerned. Everybody regards it as inconceivable to be without a soul but next time you have a peak experience have a good look around and see if you can feel one in operation. If you can, it’s not a Pure Consciousness Experience. In the PCE, as if by miracle, the soul and the ego, the self in total, disappear from consciousness, and if it can happen once, why not more times, and why not 24 hrs. a day every day?
Why not indeed?
spirit — The animating or life-giving principle in humans and animals. This as a disembodied and separate entity esp. regarded as surviving after death; a soul. A supernatural, immaterial, rational or intelligent being, as an angel, demon, fairy, etc. The divine nature or essential power of God, regarded as a creative, animating, or inspiring influence. Oxford Dictionary
Peter: Spirit is the basis of the word spiritual and yet many spiritual people, when asked, somehow manage to deny that they believe in spirits or that a spirit lives within them which will be going ‘somewhere’ – after physical death. Religious and spiritual leaders are but the representatives of the good spirits on earth or practice the cultivating of a good spirit within themselves that will then go to the place where all good spirits go. Of course, the good spirits are there to counteract the bad or evil spirits which are deemed to make human beings violent, murderous and sadistic. All this is a gigantic play of the imagination resulting from ancient mythical interpretations. We now know that the ‘evil’ of malice and sorrow is simply an instinctual programming of fear and aggression instilled in all human beings by blind nature in order to ensure the survival of the species The elimination of this ‘evil’ can now be taken out of the hands of priests, gurus and imaginary Gods and put where firmly it belongs. It is now up to each of us to eliminate instinctual fear and aggressions from within ourselves – and with it the complimentary so-called good instincts of nurture and desire.
Those who present themselves as the spokesman and representatives of the forces of ‘good’ are going to put up a hell of a struggle, such is their vested interest in keeping everyone miserable and dependant. The lure of an Actual Freedom from malice and sorrow will eventually win out for there is nought but purity and perfection, delight and fascination in the experiencing of the actual world.
spiritual — Of, pertaining to, or affecting the spirit or soul, esp. from a religious aspect, the immaterial element in human beings. Of a person: devout, pious; morally good. Of, pertaining to, or concerned with sacred or religious things, holy, divine, prayerful; of or pertaining to the church or the clergy; ecclesiastical. Pertaining to or consisting of spirit, immaterial. Of or appropriate to a spirit or immaterial being. rare highly refined; sensitive; not concerned with material things. Oxford Dictionary
Peter: The last half of the 20th century may well be re-called in history for the four major events –
As this is being written, only a handful of people are interested in becoming free of the Human Condition while those others sufficiently motivated to be concerned with the Human Condition on the planet are still stubbornly pursuing the spiritual solutions of Eastern Religion. This spiritual view of the world is so all pervading that literally everything is deemed to be Spiritual, Sacred, Holy or Divine. The extent of denial and piousness of spiritual people is plainly evident when they state that the Human Condition of suffering, poverty, despair, war, torture, murders, rape, child abuse, domestic violence, etc. is either ‘an illusion’ or part of ‘everything is perfect as-it-is – one just needs to go ‘in’ ...’ This introverted attitude to life, actively encouraged by Eastern Religions, has led to a remarkable outbreak of self-absorbing, self -centred, self-interested and ultimately Self-seeking behaviour. The avowed aim of many on the spiritual path is to achieve Self-realization – a blatant act of disassociation from being a mortal human being in the world as-it-is given that to be Self-Realized is to believe oneself to be Divine and Immortal.
To be spiritual, indulge in spiritual practice or regard the world as a spiritual world is to not only put one’s head in the clouds and deny and ignore the reality of the Human Condition on the planet, but more particularly is to deny and ignore one’s own behaviour and actions.
When I was leaving the spiritual world and began to really investigate what others had to say about the human condition, I was amazed to discover that everyone – and I do mean everyone – has a spiritual outlook on life. The spiritual viewpoint permeates philosophy, science, medicine, education, psychology, law, etc.
No one dares to question the sacred ceiling for the atavistic fears and peer pressure are shockingly real. It is an act of extraordinary gall to even consider that everyone – and I do mean everyone – has got it 180 degrees wrong.
But it does explain why after millennia of so-called civilization and spiritual search, there is nothing even remotely resembling peace on earth.
A Down-to-Earth Freedom from the Human Condition – Happy and Harmless in this Lifetime
Peter’s & Richard’s Text ©The Actual Freedom Trust: 1997-. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:c6b41607-6655-4d59-9d37-1cb38b6748e1> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://actualfreedom.com.au/library/glossary/glossary-s.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889917.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121021136-20180121041136-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.9402 | 9,518 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Singing schools are thriving schools
Don't just take our word for it; hear from teachers and pupils what Sing Up means to them.
Sing Up’s online platform and resources are designed to improve learning outcomes; your pupils will be more engaged and focused in the classroom. Use our songs to support children’s learning and develop skills, understanding, confidence and self-esteem.
Our Song Bank has a huge variety of songs expertly arranged for young voices. Ideally suited for every school context, the songs come with high quality backing and performance tracks and notation, and are easily useable in our interactive whiteboard mode.
With easy-to-use online resources for teaching music and cross-curricular topics, instant streaming and downloading, and the ability to create your own playlists, Sing Up will speed up your planning time and make preparation much easier. | <urn:uuid:c19c5a7f-5be2-4908-b715-0874684a685c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.singup.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474737.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228143955-20240228173955-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.949369 | 176 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Pottery figures of a dancer and a drummer
China, Northern Qi dynasty, 550 – 577 AD
Two grey pottery figures, one depicting a lady dressed in a long-sleeved, floor-length robe, which is tied at the waist with a belt and from which her feet just protrude. Her hair is neatly coiffed into a tall headdress that covers the ears. Her face has a gentle, smiling expression and the facial features are carefully modelled. The male figure wears layered robes over trousers. His coat is half-undone and is belted at the waist. He carries a large drum on a strap around his hooked left arm. The hands both have apertures, which presumably originally held wooden sticks. The hair is neatly coiffed and his facial features are also finely modelled. Both figures largely retain the original decorative scheme of bright red, black and pink pigments. The lapels of the man’s coat have some remnants of green pigment.
Pottery figures of the short-lived Northern Qi dynasty are often exceptionally well modelled and exude a life-like quality, evident here in the way the drummer has half removed his coat and the woman is poised to perhaps sing or dance. Both figures have gentle facial expressions, indicating enjoyment. Two standing male figures, similar to the present drummer, are in the collection of Anthony Solomon.1 Although it is perhaps more common to find military figures depicted in this period, it is recorded that bands, which include drummers, accompanied troops and official processions during this period.2 One such pottery band from the William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art in Kansas City, USA, including several figures of drummers, was included in the exhibition Art of the Six Dynasties at the China Institute in 1975.3
Provenance: private collection, Switzerland
- Bower, V.L. and Mowry, R.D. (ed.) From Court to Caravan, Chinese Tomb Sculptures from the Collection of Anthony M. Solomon, Harvard University Art Museums, New Haven and London, 2002, no. 22, p. 96
- Watt, J.C.Y. China, Dawn of a Golden Age, 200 – 750 AD, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2004, p. 244
- Juliano, A.L. Art of the Six Dynasties, China House Gallery/China Institute in America, 1975, pl. 21a, p. 4 | <urn:uuid:a7c55c7f-0cc2-435c-ab1c-c2d19fbca2f7> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.benjanssens.com/portfolio/pottery-figures-dancer-drummer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587963.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026231833-20211027021833-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.956479 | 519 | 2.75 | 3 |
Library - Between past and present
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-Libraries are institutions of learning - They represent the cultural heritage and values of a society. Public libraries are often located at places of urban significance or, in the course of time help to establish the latter. They may be landmarks in the urban landscape and help to orient oneself. A public library serves the people, and its spirit should be truly public. A City and University Library in particular, is a highly frequented place where students and citizens meet. It can therefore easily become more than just a place for obtaining information. It can become a place for human interaction, offering spaces to enjoy a concert, to exhibit art or to go there to have lunch or dinner. In that sense, it could be transformed from an institution which is usually used during the day into a vital place which is also used in the evening and on the weekend. The following project pursues the notion of breaking with the traditional image of a public library, expanding its service and thus increasing its position as a place of public interest. This notion is a result of my thesis work, rather than the initial idea from which I started. The location of the project at the edge of the university campus in Frankfurt, Germany and the existence of a theater next to the existing library offered the possibility of establishing a cultural meeting place in one of Frankfurt's city districts.
- Masters Theses | <urn:uuid:165851d9-daad-406a-ae0e-77e05945b236> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/34250 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805049.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118210145-20171118230145-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.953747 | 284 | 2.515625 | 3 |
It is a beloved green oasis in one of the world’s largest concrete jungles. But New York City’s Central Park — where the red-tailed hawk that stars in NATURE’s Pale Male makes his home — isn’t just any city park: It is considered the crown jewel of one of America’s most influential landscape architects, Frederick Law Olmstead.
Olmstead was born in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1822 to an affluent family. At 18, he moved to New York to work, first as a “scientific farmer” and later as everything from a seaman to a journalist. In 1857, political connections helped Olmstead land a job as superintendent of Central Park, a huge swath of land that the city had recently purchased for nearly $5 million. Some elite New Yorkers had championed the purchase as a way to show that the city was ready to compete with the likes of Paris and London. Others argued it would help keep workers “out of the saloon” on their day off.
Olmstead teamed with Calvert Vaux, a landscape architect, to develop the “Greensward Plan” for developing the 843-acre park, which won out over more than 30 other competitors. It called for converting the rocky, hilly, and swampy parcel into a kind of pastoral Eden, complete with lakes, trails, and lush plantings. Ultimately it took 20 years and $10 million to complete the job, which included hauling in more than 10 million cartloads of dirt and fill, planting more than 4 million plants and trees, and building 36 bridges and 4 lakes.
After fighting seemingly endless political battles over park management, Olmstead left in 1877 and went on to design other major public spaces such as the campus of Stanford University and the grounds of the U.S. Capitol. He died in 1902. Vaux stayed with the park until his death in 1895.
Since its completion, Central Park has undergone several cycles of neglect, decline, renewal, and revision. Olmstead, for instance, didn’t include fields for sports in his plan; those were added in the 1930s. Most recently, in the 1980s, park advocates mounted a major fundraising and rehabilitation effort, fixing lawns, walls, and trails. Today, the park — once used mostly by the wealthy — draws millions of visitors from all backgrounds.
It has also become an urban wildlife magnet. Birdwatchers delight in spotting migrating warblers in spring, and identifying the ducks that visit its lakes. Raccoons and even foxes prowl its grounds.
But no wild inhabitant has captured the attention of city dwellers like Pale Male, the young red-tailed hawk that showed up in the early 1990s, and started nesting on a building across from the park. Hawk watchers showed up daily to watch Pale Male, and celebrate the arrival and first flight of chicks. They also observe the drama of the sharp-beaked predator prowling his Central Park hunting grounds for squirrels and pigeons. It’s a sight that would likely make Olmstead, who aimed to bring a bit of country into the city, very proud. | <urn:uuid:56b65415-2fb4-46c6-91c6-940ebb0257e7> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/pale-male/central-park/2420/comment-page-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646944.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00263-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974271 | 663 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Beehives require management and good stewardship, which take both time and knowledge.
General maintenance requires periodic inspections during the warm months to make sure your queen is laying eggs, your workers are building up honey stores, and your colony has enough space to expand.
In the cold months, the colony clusters and eats through their honey stores, only emerging when the temperature is above freezing to eliminate waste. Inspections are discouraged during this time to keep from releasing precious heat from the hive.
Management time and style will depend on your climate, your hive style, and your particular bees. All colonies are unique, and each beekeeper will have a different experience.
All beekeepers get stung at some point. For example, a bee might end up in the fold of your clothing, go unnoticed, and be unable to get out. Honeybees are mostly very docile, and stinging is a last resort, since once they sting, they die.
Below are some subjects we consider important to understand as you begin as a beekeeper.
Bees are directly influenced by their environment, therefore, their behavior and success varies greatly across climates. For instance, the busy foraging season for bees will be much longer in the warmer south than it will be in the north.
Familiarize yourself with what beekeeping looks like in your neck of the woods. We recommend joining your local beekeepers club or association, and finding an experienced mentor in your area.
The first step to becoming a successful beekeeper is to learn as much as you can about the bees themselves. Considering all the variables that may affect your honeybees, you may see something different every time you get into your hive. In order to make appropriate management decisions, beekeepers must be flexible in their ability to figure out why bees are behaving a certain way, and how certain actions may impact their well being.
We carry dozens of books that cover the basics. Pick one (or three) up to begin building a solid foundation of beekeeping knowledge.
Apis mellifera, or the European honeybee is the most commonly kept species, and the only species kept in America. They are just 1 species out of 20,000 known bee species worldwide. North America alone is home to 4,400 bee species including social bumblebee colonies, solitary tunnel nesting bees, and solitary ground nesting bees.
Honeybees are the only insect that store food in excess. Their part in high-value commodity production (honey and wax) encouraged their introduction to America in the late 1600’s by Europeans. In America today, the value of honeybees has only increased, as they have become the linchpin in the current agricultural system as pollinators. 30% of the world’s most common food crops require honeybee pollination-services.
Honeybees have three social castes, each with a specific role or set of roles that divide all of the labor inside a colony. The colony is made up of thousands of individuals functioning as a whole.
Each hive will have 1 queen bee who is the only reproductive individual in the colony. She leaves the hive under two circumstances: as a virgin queen to mate, and in some cases, as an experienced queen with a swarm. On mating flights the queen locates a “drone congregation area” to mate with up to 80 drones before returning to the hive. She will store all this sperm touse for the rest of her life, which can last up to 5 or 6 years.
The queen will lay all of the eggs for the colony, “deciding” when to lay drones (unfertilized eggs), or workers (fertilized eggs).
Worker bees are sterile females who do all of the foraging, feeding of young, honey production and storage, wax production, cleaning, and defending the hive against intruders. Each worker bee will do a variety of jobs in her lifetime, which can last about 4-6 weeks during the active season. As they age, their duties will become riskier, and require venturing further from the hive.
The only male bees in the colony are drones. Their sole purpose is to spread the genetics of the colony by mating with virgin queens from other colonies. Once they mate, they die successful bees. Unsuccessful drones return to the hive to eat honey and pollen. Once swarm season is over, drones become a drain on resources inside the hive, and are evicted by workers.
Honeybees and native bees are an integral part of the pollination system, responsible for successful seeding of more than 90% of all flowering plants, and for fruiting of 30% of our food. Bees become covered in pollen when foraging, and then groom the pollen into specialized structures on their legs called pollen baskets to bring back to the hive. Any pollen caught in “safe zones” on hairs on their backs that they cannot reach to groom is transferred from flower to flower.
On their foraging flights, bees collect nectar and pollen to take back to the hive. The nectar provides carbohydrates, which, when mixed with the enzymes in their honey gut, can be stored and dehydrated into honey. Pollen, containing proteins and amino acids, is mixed into “bee bread” used to feed growing larvae.
Bees make a local impact with a global importance. Most animals, including humans, directly or indirectly rely on the pollination efforts of honeybees for their food.
Honeybees are entirely behavior-dependent on the climate in which they live. Timing for beginning a hive will vary depending on your local climate and geography. Read widely and connect with local beekeepers and beekeeping groups specific to your area to learn how others have found success.
Here in the Pacific Northwest, the right time to start a hive is early spring between late March and early May. As the chance of frost lessens or stops, early flowers will appear, giving your bees the ability to collect nectar and pollen. We suggest using autumn and winter to do all of your research and planning.
Demand for beehives and bees is on the rise, and often it will be too late to get started if you haven’t secured a source for bees by January or February. Once spring arrives, you will want to be completely prepared for your bees to arrive with all of your equipment ready and your hive in place on your property. You will want to feel confident and versed about the task at hand!
As a beginning beekeeper you will always be learning. If you stop learning you're doing it wrong! As a natural beekeeper you are joining an ever-growing and changing beekeeping subculture that is still not understood by the larger beekeeping community. You may be scoffed at or ridiculed for your choice of hive designs or methods, but take comfort in the fact that a shift toward treatment-free, bee-friendly beekeeping is beginning, even among long-time traditional beekeepers.
Join a local beekeeping organization, even if they don't prefer your methods or beekeeping philosophy. Work to educate them on your methods and you may win a convert. There is also a lot to learn from long-time beekeepers despite some of their disinterest in top bar or Warre beekeeping. | <urn:uuid:2940c1bb-5407-4677-9ea9-9413ac799949> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.beethinking.com/pages/beekeeping-for-beginners | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191353.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00374-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954189 | 1,492 | 3.296875 | 3 |
In sometimes surprising ways, associations play direct and indirect roles in bringing the products, services, and activities of daily life to people around the world. Including newspapers.
National Newspaper Association: It’s nothing new to hear someone claim that newspapers are dying. But the National Newspaper Association says there’s life left in newsprint, especially at the local level. According to its 2013 Readership Survey, 96 percent of readers still paid for their newspapers, and 70 percent read all or most of their community paper.
American Society of News Editors: Newsrooms would be lost without their editors. That’s why the American Society of News Editors was founded in 1922—to support editors fighting for freedom of the press and upholding journalism ethics.
American Forest and Paper Association: Recycling all of America’s newspapers could save 250 million trees each year. That’s a lot of trees! But recycling paper can also save landfill space and money, especially for papermakers. To support that effort, the American Forest and Paper Association provides resources to help communities improve their recycling programs. | <urn:uuid:f484c6cc-7cde-4be8-91b9-6dbed89e233c> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://associationsnow.com/2016/10/brought-to-you-by-newspapers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999066.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619224436-20190620010436-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.943875 | 221 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Developing new technologies, identifying novel sources of power, and achieving increases in energy efficiency, were already aims and ambitions before global warming gave them a new sense of urgency. In fact endeavours in these areas have contributed to global warming. Can more of the same help to reverse the trend towards unsustainability?
In his recently published book Conundrum, David Owen argues that current efforts to stop global warming and climate change will often have the opposite effect. The conundrum is that we can act with the best intentions but there is a high likelihood that the results of our actions will be at cross-purposes with what we intend. Our actions will have unintended consequences which will undermine the goals we are seeking to achieve.
For example, when increases in energy efficiency make a technology cheaper and more accessible, we are inclined to use the technology more extensively (as in the case of air-conditioning). Making a more ‘environmentally friendly’ car is likely to lead to higher car usage, when the need for reductions in consumption should prompt us to use cars less. High-speed rail, as an alternative to plane and car travel, will encourage us to use that mode of transport when we should be cutting down on our travel altogether. And so on.
If the problem lies in the consumption of resources, and technological advances are likely to increase rather than decrease our consumption (even when they are meant to have the opposite effect), we are driven to consider the question of discovering non-technological solutions, solutions that help us adjust to ways of living that are consistent with respect for available natural resources.
We cannot survive without technology, but technology alone will not enable us to survive. If we need to adjust our mental outlook in order to survive, how are we going to do that? The incentive is notionally there: if we do not adjust, we sacrifice our own survival and well-being. But human nature is perverse: we are often inclined (it seems) to do things that are not in our long-term best interests. On the basis of our present behaviour, for example, an observer may reasonably conclude that on the whole we would prefer to earn money from fossil fuels than to forgo the money for the sake of a habitable biosphere.
In this situation the relevance of philosophical reflection is obvious. Philosophising enables us to review our understanding and outlook in radical and if necessary counter-cultural ways. Philosophy forces us to examine our assumptions and the behaviour based on our assumptions. Philosophy enables us to draw links between our knowledge of the universe and the day-to-day questions of ethics that bear on our survival and well-being in the universe. No other sphere of human enquiry can do this as fully and effectively. Religion will not do it adequately because religions typically shy away from examining their own assumptions. Ethical enquiry alone will not work because ethics cannot be separated from philosophy: ethics needs an overall philosophical framework in which to operate.
Which philosophy will we choose? Epicurean philosophy offers a number of important propositions, including the following: (1) we need to adjust our desires to the natural limitations of our existence; (2) we need to be constantly weighing up the extent to which our decisions will produce pleasure or pain; (3) we need to set aside beliefs and attitudes that hinder the cause of human happiness.
A philosophy of life will not be effective unless we are prepared to engage in philosophical reflection, alone and in company with others. Epicureanism encourages a small-scale approach to large-scale issues: as we meet to philosophise in innumerable small groups and reflect on problems and solutions, we will be promoting not only our own happiness but the happiness of humanity. The proliferation of small, philosophically oriented groups, always open to wider discussion, is (I would argue) essential for solving global problems.
Cf. ‘David Owen on the Environment, Unintended Consequences, and The Conundrum’, EconTalk (Library of Economics and Liberty) (audio recording and partial transcript): Russ Roberts interviews David Owen, author of The Conundrum: How Scientific Innovation, Increased Efficiency, and Good Intentions Can Make Our Energy and Climate Problems Worse, New York, Riverhead, 2012. David Owen’s website. | <urn:uuid:b36adb5b-8e52-4f9a-8059-896e76b6d03b> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.philosophicalgarden.com/wp/2012/03/13/the-relevance-of-epicurean-philosophy-for-addressing-global-warming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463028.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00023-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939155 | 869 | 2.859375 | 3 |
WATER MANAGEMENT BRANCH
ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE DIVISION
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, LANDS AND PARKS
This report contains an assessment of water quality in the Charlie Lake sub-basin located in the Peace River area. The conclusions presented in the report are supplemented by a detailed technical appendix. The watershed is considered a priority sub-basin because of the importance of Charlie Lake as a water resource. The lake serves as the water supply for the City of Fort St. John, is the focus of heavy recreational use and has an important sport fishery.
Water quality objectives are prepared for specific bodies of fresh, estuarine and coastal marine surface waters of British Columbia as part of the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks' mandate to manage water quality. Objectives are prepared only for those waterbodies and water quality characteristics that may be affected by human activity now or in the near future.How Objectives Are Determined
Water quality objectives are based the BC approved and working criteria as well as national water quality guidelines. Water quality criteria and guidelines are safe limits of the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of water, biota (plant and animal life) or sediment which protect water use. Objectives are established in British Columbia for waterbodies on a site-specific basis. They are derived from the criteria by considering local water quality, water uses, water movement, waste discharges, and socio-economic factors.
Water quality objectives are set to protect the most sensitive designated water use at a specific location. A designated water use is one that is protected in a given location and is one of the following:
Each objective for a location may be based on the protection of a different water use, depending on the uses that are most sensitive to the physical, chemical or biological characteristics affecting that waterbody.How Objectives Are Used
Water quality objectives routinely provide policy direction for resource managers for the protection of water uses in specific waterbodies. Objectives guide the evaluation of water quality, the issuing of permits, licences and orders, and the management of fisheries and the province's land base. They also provide a reference against which the state of water quality in a particular waterbody can be checked, and help to determine whether basin-wide water quality studies should be initiated.
Water quality objectives are also a standard for assessing the Ministry's performance in protecting water uses. While water quality objectives have no legal standing and are not directly enforced, these objectives become legally enforceable when included as a requirement of a permit, licence, order, or regulation, such as the Forest Practices Code Act, Water Act regulations or Waste Management Act regulations.Objectives and Monitoring
Water quality objectives are established to protect all uses which may take place in a waterbody. Monitoring (sometimes called sampling) is undertaken to determine if all the designated water uses are being protected. The monitoring usually takes place at a critical time when a water quality specialist has determined that the water quality objectives may not be met. It is assumed that if all designated water uses are protected at the critical time, then they also will be protected at other times when the threat is less.
The monitoring usually takes place during a five week period, which allows the specialists to measure the worst, as well as the average condition in the water.
For some waterbodies, the monitoring period and frequency may vary, depending upon the nature of the problem, severity of threats to designated water uses, and the way the objectives are expressed (i.e., mean value, maximum value).
The lake is relatively large and shallow, and shows little, if any, temperature stratification. Average water residence time in the lake is six years, indicating that the lake is poorly flushed.
Outlet water is controlled by a dam and flows via Stoddart Creek into the Beatton River then into the Peace River, as shown on the attached map.
Lake water is licenced for domestic use, irrigation, bulk water supply (waterworks) and industrial use. The total licenced withdrawal is 7221 dam3/year, the largest licence being for the City of Fort St. John.
There are no point-source discharges of waste within the watershed, but significant amounts of nutrients, coliform bacteria and possibly agricultural chemicals may originate from non-point sources such as sewage disposal and agricultural activity.
The overall water quality is very poor because of excessively high algal production. The water has poor water clarity, high colour and high nutrient values. The high algal production is due to high phosphorus levels in the lake (mean 0.096 mg/L total phosphorus), but the sources of the phosphorus have not been specifically identified or quantified. No systematic sampling has been conducted for fecal coliform bacteria, but available information shows sufficiently high concentrations to be a cause of concern.
Provisional water quality objectives for two variables have been proposed for Charlie Lake and Stoddart Creek below the lake, and are summarized in table 1. Insufficient data are available to set objectives in Stoddart Creek above the lake, although the water uses are identified.
The objectives are based on preliminary working criteria for water quality and on available data on ambient water quality, waste discharges, water uses and limnological characteristics.
The objectives will remain provisional until receiving water monitoring programs provide adequate data, and the Ministry has established approved water quality criteria for the characteristics of concern.
The objectives can be considered as policy guidelines for resource managers to protect water uses in the specified water bodies. For example, they can be used to draw up waste management permits and plans, regulate water use or plan fisheries management. They can also provide a reference against which the state of water quality in a particular water body can be checked.
Water quality objectives have no legal standing and their direct enforcement would not be practical. This would be due to the difficulty of accurately measuring contaminants in receiving water and attributing the contamination exceeding the objective to particular sources for legal purposes, and thus of proving violations and their causes. Hence, although water quality objectives should be used when determining effluent permit limits, they should not be incorporated as part of the conditions in a waste management permit.
Depending on the circumstances, water quality objectives may already be met in a water body, or may describe water quality conditions which can be met in the future. To limit the scope of the work, objectives are only being prepared for water quality characteristics which may be affected by man's activity, now and in the foreseeable future.
The designated water uses for Stoddart Creek upstream from Charlie Lake are fisheries and irrigation; for Charlie Lake itself they are drinking water supply, recreation, fisheries and industrial use; and for stoddart Creek downstream from the lake they are drinking water supply, fisheries, irrigation and recreation
A reduction in phosphorus has been recommended to improve the water quality of the lake. Long-term provisional objectives of less than or equal to 0.050 mg/L (total phosphorus) for spring overturn and 0.075 mg/L for all other times of the year are recommended for Charlie Lake. For fecal coliform bacteria. the provisional objective recommended to protect drinking water is for the 90th percentile not to exceed 10 MPN per 100 mL in any 30-day period for Charlie Lake and Stoddart Creek downstream from Charlie Lake. At bathing beaches a 30-day geometric mean of 200 MPN/100 mL and a 90th percentile of 400 MPN/100 mL are recommended during the recreation season.
The phosphorus objectives are not being met and studies to ascertain the main source of phosphorus will be needed before corrective measures can be taken. The drinking water objective for fecal coliforms is probably close to being met, but more monitoring is needed to confirm this situation and thus ensure protection of water supplies.
Three areas are identified for future monitoring. Specific studies are being recommended rather than a program of ongoing monitoring. A survey of fecal coliform bacteria in the lake is required. The study could be done in conjunction with the phosphorus study outlined below.
A nutrient input study is required to determine the sources and relative contributions of phosphorus to the lake. The project would require evaluation of septic tank disposal sites and agricultural practices around the lake, examination of inlet streams and ground water inputs and estimates of dustfall and precipitation contributions.
The third study is for a survey of insecticides and herbicides in lake sediments. A preliminary inquiry would be needed into the types of chemicals used, the areas in which they were used and time of year.
The monitoring recommendations above are made from a technical perspective and the extent to which recommended monitoring is carried out will depend on the overall priorities and monitoring resources available. Details of the proposed monitoring are given in table 2.
Provisional Water Quality Objectives for Charlie Lake
|Water Bodies||Charlie Lake||Stoddart Creek d/s from
|Designated Water Uses||drinking water, aquatic life, recreation, industrial|
near water intakes
|less than or equal to 10 MPN/100 mL 90th percentile|
at bathing beaches
|less than or equal to 200 MPN/100 mL geometric mean
less than or equal to 400 MPN/100 mL 90th percentile
|total phosphorus||less than or equal to
0.050 mg/L mean
at spring overturn
less than or equal to
0.075 mg/L mean
at all other times
|1. the geometric mean and 90th percentiles are calculated from at least 5 weekly samples taken in a period of 30 days. The drinking water objective (10/100 mL) applies year-round and the recreation objective (200 to 400/100 mL) applies during the recreation season.
2. these are long-term objectives to be met in the future. Each average is calculated from a set of at least 3 samples, including near the surface, at mid-depth and near the bottom, all 3 at mid-lake.
Recommended Water Quality Monitoring for Charlie Lake
|Site||Frequency and Time||Characteristics|
|10 lake sites||minimum of 5 times per month at each site for at least 1 month||fecal coliforms|
|Insecticide and Herbicide study|
|lake sediments||once or twice in freshet or runoff periods||insecticides and herbicides in use locally|
|Nutrient input study|
|sewage disposal sites||once||number of dwellings, distance to lake, soil type, terrain, slope, etc.|
|agricultural land around the lake||once||area in use, number of livestock, fertilizer applied, soil type, distance to lake, etc.|
|inlet streams||weekly for 1 to 2 months||total P, total dissolved-P, ortho-P, total solids, suspended solids, colour, fecal coliforms, flow|
|5 ground water sites||monthly for 6 months||total P, total dissolved-P, ortho-P, total N, NH3-N, NO2-N|
|ambient air at 1 site||monthly for 1 year||total P, total-N in dustfall and in precipitation|
|2 lake sites at surface, mid-depth and bottom||every 3 to 4 weeks for 1 year||total P, ortho-P, total dissolved-P, temperature profile, DO profile|
|Note: This table is for specific studies to be done once and not for routine monitoring.| | <urn:uuid:f8f7f429-4c3e-44a3-89eb-8887d94a9126> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/objectives/charlie/charl.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898894.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00028-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925831 | 2,362 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Marxists are sometimes accussed of being dismissive of oppression, preferring to emphasise the importance of class. Sara Bennett explains why socialists argue for working class unity as the best way to combat, and ultimately abolish, all forms of oppression
Forty five years ago being gay in Britain was a criminal offence. Today there is a good chance we could see gay marriage legalised by the government before the end of its term in office. This is just one example of many huge strides forward we have achieved in the fight against oppression, whether of LGBT people, women, black people or other oppressed groups.
But despite this significant progress, oppression is still very much a reality. In March a Christian group peddling a "gay cure" attempted to place advertising on London buses that said "Not gay! Post-gay, ex-gay and proud. Get over it!" Disabled people are being denounced as "work-shy" and "lazy" in order to justify the government's attacks on one of the most vulnerable groups in society. But the range of oppression goes well beyond these examples and includes Gypsies and travellers, single mothers and even people who are overweight.
Some aspects of oppression are overtly enshrined in the laws and institutions of the state, such as whether or not you have the right to live or work somewhere other than your native country, or whether you have the right to marry someone of the same gender. But oppression can also result from the more informal way the state or society operates - something that can be seen, for instance, in the much higher proportion of young black men in prison compared to their white counterparts, or the relatively few women who sit on the boards of big companies. To many people this may just seem like "the way things are".
But oppression also creates resistance - and not just from those considered its direct victims, as we can see in the widespread outrage at the killing of Trayvon Martin in February simply for being black and wearing a hoodie in a Florida gated community. What's more, it is often through the experience of oppression, either direct or indirect, that people are drawn towards socialist politics.
Liberation at the heart of Marxism
One of the more frequent accusations against Marxism, however, is that it is rigidly "economistic" and that its emphasis on the importance of class in society means it dismisses sometimes difficult questions relating to oppression. This is not the case and any investigation into the history of Marxism will reveal examples of Marxists addressing different forms of oppression - national, racial and sexual among others - not only theoretically but in practice. After all, at its heart Marxism is about human liberation in a society where "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all", as the Communist Manifesto put it.
So what is oppression? Firstly, oppression is not depression - it's not a psychological state. You don't need to consciously experience your oppression to be oppressed. Women are oppressed under capitalism, but that doesn't mean there aren't examples of women who embrace their role of housewife and others who "choose" lap dancing as a career. Of course, depression and many other psychological or physical illnesses may well be linked to oppression but it is important not to equate the two. Oppression is not a term that simply describes a relationship where someone feels dominated or controlled by another individual. To believe that could lead us to thinking blacks are able to oppress whites, or a man can be oppressed by his partner.
We also need to make it clear that oppression isn't the same as exploitation. Some activists talk about class oppression as simply another form of oppression, running in parallel with sex and racial oppression. But while we might talk generally about the working class being oppressed by the ruling class, this doesn't reveal the roots of the relationship between the classes that lies at the heart of capitalism. The key to that relationship is exploitation, that is, the extraction of surplus value from workers and the subsequent alienation of workers from their labour.
So for Marxists oppression is not a state of mind or feeling of being oppressed, dominated or controlled by an individual or group of people. Neither is it simply "natural" that some people are racist, sexist or homophobic and so on.
History of oppression
Marx recognised that oppression, far from being a natural and thus a permanent feature of human society, is a historical invention. True, the oppression of certain groups of people in society existed before capitalism. For example, Marx's collaborator Engels traced the origins of women's oppression to the formation of the family with the rise of class society. Despite the many changes to the family over the centuries, it persists to this day because it plays a crucial role in the continuation of the system, by bearing the brunt of the cost for caring for present and past generations of workers and the rearing of the next - all at our own expense. So, despite the fact that the majority of women in this country who can work do work, their role in the family means they still accept lower wages and fewer career opportunities.
Other forms of oppression have arisen with the emergence of capitalism. So racism was created to justify the slave trade and imperialism and is perpetuated by the need to keep workers divided. Towards the end of the 19th century a new sexual identity, the "homosexual", was invented and portrayed as a threat to society and the maintenance of the family. What is common to all forms of oppression, however, is that they have a material basis and arise from the structures and dynamics of class society. Oppression serves to reinforce the interests of capitalism.
But while Marx understood that some forms of oppression existed before capitalism, he also grasped the way the nature of oppression under capitalism was different to what had gone before.
Under feudalism or slavery the mass of the population were either slaves, the property of masters, or serfs tied to particular pieces of land and bound to a lord. Such societies were rigidly hierarchical and were based on the idea that everyone had their "rightful place". Notions of freedom for those other than the rulers in society were rare and subordination in society was widely accepted.
When new societies emerge so too do new ideas. The bourgeois revolutions that overthrew feudalism and paved the way for capitalism did so under the banner of "liberty, equality and fraternity", as the French Revolution put it. This was a huge step forward for humanity compared to previous societies.
Under capitalism production takes the form of creating commodities to be sold in the market. Everything becomes a commodity, including our ability to labour. Workers are no longer tied to individual lords and masters. The new ideas of individual freedom and equality under capitalism reflect this new way of organising production. But in reality freedom for the vast majority of the human race is simply this ability to sell their labour power to one or another capitalist (provided, of course, that there is sufficient demand). Capitalism holds out the promise of liberation, but then denies it to the majority of society.
Capitalist production increasingly comes to depend on the mass cooperation of workers, but as capitalism brings workers together so too it divides them from each other. Workers are forced to continually compete against each other - for jobs, overtime, housing, even access to decent healthcare provision. Oppression helps to create and reinforce divisions between workers. For example, the mass media and mainstream government encourage us to see immigrant workers as inferior to native-born workers. While it may be acceptable for immigrants to participate in our workforce when there are plenty of jobs, as soon as jobs become more scarce,immigrants are portrayed as less deserving of work, and therefore a threat.
These divisions are underpinned by the alienation of workers under capitalism from control over their labour. This results in a sense of powerlessness, especially when workers do not fight back collectively. In this situation,some workers may gain a feeling of empowerment by looking down on others and feeling superior. So a white person may look down on a black person or a man on a woman. And it is not just non-oppressed groups who feel superior to oppressed groups - it cuts across oppressed groups too. For example, a "second-generation immigrant" can feel superior to a recently arrived immigrant, or a gay man ca feel superior to a disabled person.
As a result, some people argue that sections of workers have an interest in sustaining oppression, rather than seeing that all oppression works to allow the continuation of capitalism by providing it with material benefits.
So we hear arguments that men benefit from women's oppression, or that all whites benefit from the oppression of black people. While it's true that non-oppressed groups do not suffer in the way that oppressed people may, it is wrong to think they therefore have some interest in the continuation of oppression. For example, the fact that women in full-time work still earn around 15 percent less than their male counterparts does not allow men's wages to increase further - it simply means it's easier for the bosses to keep all wages down. The best solution to this would be for male and female workers to fight together for decent wages for all. This may be easier said than done for a woman at work being sexually harassed by a male colleague, however. After all, she experiences her oppression through his sexist commetns and gestures. But while he may be the immediate culprit, the causes of oppression run much deeper - they are rooted in capitalism. Socialists have to fight all forms of oppression through the struggle for class unity.
Alienation and distorted notions of freedom and equality also mean that people are not necessarily conscious of their oppression and can lead them to actively embrace some of the worst aspects of it. With the emphasis under capitalism on the individual rather than the social whole, we are made to feel that the worst symptoms of our oppression must be through some fault of our own. Here capitalism steps in to sell us the very "solutions" we need. So we have a whole industry of self-help books in the UK which is estimated to have earned publishers some £60?million in the past five years. In a similar vein, the answer to women not feeling "sexy enough" is to attend pole dancing "fitness classes", or undergo cosmetic surgery. There are even skin-lightening techniques for black people.
A divisive system
Capitalism works quite hard to ensure we keep believing our main enemy is some other group of ordinary people in society rather than the nature of our distorted relationships under capitalist society. The mass media have to continuously pump out horrific anti-immigrant, anti-traveller, anti single mum propaganda. Capitalism maintains its hold by dividing those workers who collectively could overturn it, and ideology plays a significant role. And this means it has to work to undermine the reality of our lives that actually brings us into constant contact and cooperation with all types of people, whether Muslim, gay, disabled and so on.
While many non-Marxists fight with us against oppression, there is often disagreement about our emphasis on the working class as the key agent of change. After all, oppression affects all classes, not just the working class. This means some people believe that the oppressed group itself is the key to overcoming its own oppression. At a recent demonstration at Cambridge University over the visit of former IMF chief Dominique Strauss-Kahn, one of the chants was "The women united will never be defeated." It's not hard to see why this might seem like common sense to some; after all, every woman can be a victim of sexual assault. But which women are we uniting with? Christine Lagarde, Strauss-Kahn's replacement, is central to the imposition of draconian austerity measures across Europe, driving the living standards of millions of women and men down - something that in turn will increase the pressures on people's lives and place more women at the risk of violence.
It's true that oppression doesn't simply affect the working class. Homophobia, sexism and racism affect people of all classes, and a ruling class woman can be oppressed as a woman just as a working class woman is. But the difference is that wealth and power help mitigate the worst effects of the oppression - for example, rich women can employ nannies and cleaners and they are more likely to have the material means to escape domestic violence.
The emphasis revolutionaries place on the question of class, therefore, is not about brushing aside the issue of oppression. Socialists will always defend the rights of oppressed groups to self-organise. Instead it flows from an understanding that the real division in society that causes our oppression and alienation is not our gender, our sexual orientation or our skin colour, but class. The role of revolutionary socialists, therefore, is always to seek to build maximum unity across the working class. We understand there is no automatic unity of the oppressed, and that it is our role to expose how the racism, sexism, homophobia and so on of the system divide us and make us weaker.
While we fight for and welcome changes in the law which extend or protect the rights of discriminated groups, and we understand the importance of education to undermine prejudice, it has always been during periods of class upheaval that leaps forward have been taken in the fight against oppression, for example in the ferment of the late 1960s, where class struggle was also accompanied by a rise in the struggle for women's, black and gay rights, and consequently real gains were made.
More recently, in Egypt, women have found the strength to stand up against the most deplorable acts of sexual intimidation and violence by the military in defence of the revolution they see as theirs. However, in terms of the fight against oppression, nothing can quite match the achievements of the Russian Revolution of October 1917, where among many others, the right to same-sex marriage, abortion on demand and attempts to socialise domestic chores were introduced. This makes the Tories' talk of concessions to gay marriage pale into insignificance.
Working class unity
The working class is facing the biggest attacks in decades. Unity across our class will be crucial if we are to see a fightback capable of victories. In this situation revolutionaries must seek to lead in the struggle not simply as the best class fighters but, as Lenin put it, as the "tribunes of the oppressed". The working class today is more female, more multi-racial, more openly LGBT than ever before. Class unity can at once be the key to defeating the austerity plans of the ruling class but also to overcoming the most divisive aspects of oppression that so many of us face today. | <urn:uuid:7fa9226b-724c-464d-81ed-00850ae837ce> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://socialistreview.org.uk/369/marxism-and-oppression | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376006.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307013626-20210307043626-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.971371 | 2,948 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Overview of computer hardware, software, programming and information systems as applied in the modern business environment. Hands on applications of word processing, spreadsheet, and data management software are used to explore use of microcomputers in business. G.E.
Course Rotation for Day Program:
Offered Fall and Spring.
Most current editions of the following:
- The first text listed below is required for all IN-SEAT CLASSES. -- This is just an access code. All materials are web-based.
- The second text listed below is required for ONLINE CLASSES ONLY. -- This is a Columbia College custom edition which includes two textbooks and the access code.
Instant Access for Baldauf/Amer's Emerge with Computers v. 6.0
By MindTap® Computing (Cengage) Category/Comments - FOR IN-SEAT CLASSES ONLY Required
Complete Technology in Action - and- MS Office 2013 Introductory
By Gaskin (Pearson) Category/Comments - FOR ONLINE CLASSES ONLY Required
Course Learning Outcomes
Describe in some detail the various technical components of computers.
Demonstrate a working knowledge of the fundamental systems model as it relates to information systems.
Explain the role that computers play in contemporary society, including limits and uses, and critically evaluate the effect of computers on society.
Demonstrate an understanding of application software and their appropriate uses and productively use application software for word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, and Internet applications.
Produce and analyze various forms of computer output.
Apply information literacy skills when researching digital literacy concepts and trends.
Major Topics/Skills to be Covered:
Identify and describe the components of a computer, the purpose of a network, categories of computers and their characteristics, and the elements of an information system.
Identify and describe the components of the Internet and types of e-commerce and their audiences.
Search for information on the Web.
Identify the categories of application software, give examples of each, and explain the ways software is distributed.
Identify and describe the purpose of each component of the system unit including the processor, chips, adapter cards and motherboard.
Identify chips, adapter cards and other components of a motherboard.
Identify and describe various input devices including optical scanners, reading devices, and biometric input devices.
Identify different types of storage media, explain how each works, and compare their advantages and disadvantages.
Identify and compare types of system software and network operating systems and describe the functions of an operating system.
Identify and describe the components required for successful digital transfer of data and communications.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using a network and of various types of physical transmission media.
Describe the advantages of databases over flat file structures.
Explain the functions common to most database management systems and compare the advantages and disadvantages of different types of databases.
Describe the major types of computer security risks and identify safeguards for each.
Describe the major security risks and privacy issues that arise in a computer society.
Explain the primary issues and threats associated with internet crime.
Explain how freedom of expression and first amendment rights are potentially impacted by computers and the internet.
Define intellectual property and the methods that individuals and companies are taking to protect themselves from "infringement" and "theft."
Describe ethical issues software manufacturers face in producing software for sale.
Explain the ethical and legal issues involved in employer/employee relations, employee monitoring, and use of contingent workers as they relate to information technology.
Describe the digital divide, its impact of standards of living and worker productivity, and what is being done to eliminate these influences.
Demonstrate mastery in using productivity software such as MS Office.
Recommended maximum class size for this course: 20
NOTE: The intention of this master course syllabus is to provide an outline of the contents of this course, as specified by
the faculty of Columbia College, regardless of who teaches the course, when it is taught, or where it is taught. Faculty members teaching this
course for Columbia College are expected to facilitate learning pursuant to the course learning outcomes and cover the subjects listed in the Major Topics/Skills to be Covered section.
However, instructors are also encouraged to cover additional topics of interest so long as those topics are relevant to the course's
subject. The master syllabus is, therefore, prescriptive in nature but also allows for a diversity of individual approaches to course material. | <urn:uuid:163e754c-51a7-4c17-b1b2-8c6f50de4147> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.ccis.edu/syllabi/syllabus_master.asp?PREFIX=CISS&COURSENUM=170 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187690.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00244-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893811 | 931 | 3.328125 | 3 |
OAS 2 This page applies to OpenAPI Specification ver. 2 (fka Swagger). To learn about the latest version, visit OpenAPI 3 pages.
Some APIs use API keys for authorization. An API key is a special token that the client needs to provide when making API calls. The key is usually sent as a request header:
GET /something HTTP/1.1
or as a query parameter:
API keys are supposed to be a secret that only the client and server know. But, as well as Basic authentication, API key-based authentication is not considered secure unless used together with other security mechanisms such as HTTPS/SSL.
To define API key-based security:
- Add an entry with
type: apiKey in the global
securityDefinitions section. The entry name can be arbitrary (such as APIKeyHeader in the example below) and is used to refer to this security definition from other parts of the spec.
- Specify whether the API key will be passed
in: header or
- Specify a
name for that parameter or header.
# X-API-Key: abcdef12345
Then, use the
section on the root level or operation level to apply API keys to the whole API or specific operations.
# Global security (applies to all operations):
- APIKeyHeader:
# Operation-specific security:
- APIKeyQueryParam:
description: OK (successfully authenticated)
Note that it is possible to support multiple authorization types in an API. See Using Multiple Authentication Types
Pair of API Keys
Some APIs use a pair of security keys, say, API Key and App ID. To specify that the keys are used together (as in logical AND), list them in the same array item in the
- apiKey:
Note the difference from:
- apiKey:
- appId:
which means either key can be used (as in logical OR). For more examples, see Using Multiple Authentication Types
You can also define the 401 "Unauthorized" response returned for requests with missing or invalid API key. This response includes the
header, which you may want to mention. As with other common responses, the 401 response can be defined in the global
section and referenced from multiple operations.
description: API key is missing or invalid
Did not find what you were looking for? Ask the community
Found a mistake? Let us know | <urn:uuid:2f9cda35-d95c-4b5c-80e2-90611666c8e4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://swagger.io/docs/specification/2-0/authentication/api-keys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154126.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731203400-20210731233400-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.810328 | 509 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The US Supreme Court has ruled against patents for extracted human DNA, though synthesized genetic strains remain eligible. The court ruled that isolating naturally occurring material did not satisfy patent requirements.
In a unanimous vote on Thursday, the US Supreme Court in Washington ruled that human DNA came from nature and was therefore not eligible for patenting.
"A naturally occurring DNA segment is a product of nature and not patent-eligible merely because it has been isolated," the court stated.
The nine justices struck down patents held by Myriad Genetics on two genes - BCRA1 and BCRA2 - linked to increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Having isolated, but in no way altered, the genes, Myriad Genetics had applied for exclusive rights to the strands - winning the case in lower courts.
In the previous cases, now overturned, judges had said that the isolated DNA had a "markedly different chemical structure" from that found in healthy bodies.
Thursday's ruling pleased opponents who had been saying all along that patent protection shouldn't be given to something that can be found inside the human body.
The US Supreme Court offered a compromise ruling in so far as reasoning that synthetically produced genetic material, also known as cDNA could after all be patented, because it was not naturally occurring and hence merited full legal protection.
"cDNA is patent-eligible because it is not naturally occurring," the Supreme Court ruling said, going on to say that Myriad's isolation of particular genes did not satisfy a requirement to claim a "new and useful … composition of matter" needed to secure a patent. "Myriad did not create or alter either the information encoded in the BCRA1 and BCRA2 genes or the genetic structure of the DNA. It found an important and useful gene, but groundbreaking, innovative, or even brilliant discovery does not by itself satisfy the… inquiry."
hg/msh (Reuters, AP, AFP) | <urn:uuid:30c935c5-601f-4904-9a31-5ff8e70d2c17> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.dw.com/en/firms-cannot-patent-human-genes-us-court-rules/a-16878942 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864256.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621172638-20180621192638-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.964903 | 392 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Amla is a wonderful gift of nature. It is a native plant of India. This plant has always found a special place in the traditional sources of medicinal remedies. It’s been used from ancient times, by our grandmothers in various home remedies. It is the richest natural source of Vitamin C. Its effect is considered to be equivalent of around 20 oranges.
Amla is a deciduous tree. Although whole tree is beneficial, it’s fruit which has green-yellow color is the most important in terms of nutritional effects. The fruit of amla has variety of tastes except the salt taste. It has mainly bitter, sour and pungent taste. The fresh fruit contains large amount of water along with fibers, protein, minerals, carbohydrates and vitamins.
It is the most exploited herb in ayurvedic and homeopathic medicines. It has most potent anti-oxidant properties. It helps in removing harmful free-radicals from the body. Amla increases food digestion and absorption by the body. It enhances protein metabolism. So, if a person exercises daily then such person can benefit from daily intake of amla. It enhances body metabolism and therefore is good for weight loss.
Amla increases the detoxification process of liver. It, therefore, removes harmful wastes from the blood and the body. It is one of the best remedy for various problems of skin and hair. When used together with neem it helps in reducing the pimples from the face and the other body parts. It replenishes hair root and helps in preventing premature greying of hair.
It also helps in reducing cholesterol, enhancing vision, strengthening brain power and memory, boosting immune system and proper functioning of other body system. Proper care should be taken by people with heart problems regarding intake of amla. Such people should consult doctors before using amla as it stimulates the heart. This fruit, otherwise, is a complete solution for almost all the ailments known to human being. | <urn:uuid:b13426a1-d000-4c44-a9ac-eaeafa34e03f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.natural-homeremedies.com/blog/health-benefits-of-amla/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515375.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022180558-20181022202058-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.94204 | 403 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Wilm Ihlenfeld - Fotolia
The future success of connected healthcare devices will depend on more than Internet of Things devices and other hardware available in today's marketplace. In healthcare settings, the advancement of IoT devices will depend greatly on what is done with the information these devices collect from patients and what actions can be taken based on the patterns deduced from the data.
Internet of Things devices are used in a number of different ways. They can capture information through sensors or they can be used as interactive devices that provide feedback to their users and respond to users' commands. The data collection model may not offer enough value for healthcare organizations to consider implementing healthcare IoT devices in their facilities. IoT devices must provide backend data processing that can convert the collected information into meaningful insights for healthcare organizations to consider using them.
Where to use healthcare IoT devices
The home health space is a prime example of an area in which healthcare IoT devices can be put to good use. IoT devices can collect data in a patient's home. Door openings and closings, patient's temperatures, sleep patterns and movement are just a few examples of events that can be captured by IoT devices and remotely tracked by healthcare providers. Regularly tracking those events helps establish patterns and allow providers to intervene when abnormal behaviors are detected.
When a high-risk patient is injured or falls in their home, IoT devices can help recognize and alert others that there might be problem with the patient. That kind of remote observation has the potential to be lifesaving. A simple use case like this shows how combining data captured by basic sensors with smart systems can be valuable to both patient and care providers.
Patients inside or outside a healthcare facility can benefit from the fast-growing artificial intelligence (AI) market. Also, there is great potential in healthcare to use more applications that are built on advanced AI and IoT technological concepts. There are existing use cases, such as IBM'S Watson, that depict the power of AI. Watson is considered to be one of the leading AI platforms and it has been used for cancer research, disease detection and as a general clinical decision support system.
Securing healthcare IoT devices
The continuous data collection capabilities and low cost of connected medical devices are enabling providers to do more with their health IT systems. Most AI revolves around learning and detection and pairing the two together is likely to produce the most positive results in healthcare. Before evaluating the available healthcare IoT devices, health IT executives must first make sure their systems are equipped to handle all of the processing that is required should they decide to go ahead with a full-scale IoT implementation.
From a technology perspective, AI is one of the trends that will have the greatest impact on the healthcare industry. Wearable and healthcare IoT devices will factor into this change because those devices will be feeding patient data to AI platforms. Despite the exciting advancements in both the AI and healthcare IoT arenas, many healthcare organizations are proceeding with caution when it comes to using healthcare IoT devices. Their concerns mostly revolve around the potential security risks associated with adding more devices into their networks. More standards must be established to ensure that these systems are adequately protected and that the patients using them are not at risk or exposing their personal information.
What to expect from IoT in healthcare
Near field communication an example of healthcare IoT
Experts discuss the rise of healthcare IoT devices in a Twitter chat
- Essential Guide: Internet of Things (IoT) –ComputerWeekly.com | <urn:uuid:3ae18e3e-c306-49a2-a211-aa590ed48ff1> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/tip/Value-of-healthcare-IoT-devices-resides-in-data-collection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495001.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220125916-20190220151916-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.943987 | 696 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Wildlife is telling us the state of our planet.
We listen. We take action.
Be a part of our exciting future by subscribing to our biannual updates.
The Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, housed at the University of Washington, uses information from the study of sentinel species to educate scientists, the public and policy makers. Just as canaries alerted coal miners to dangerous air quality, ecosystem sentinels serve as early warning systems of natural or human caused environmental change. Many of these sentinel species are also iconic, charismatic animals with a great ability to inspire individuals to take action. The Center is concerned with how alterations, whether natural or human, are impacting the health and well-being of these species and the ecosystems upon which we all depend.
Science and long-term studies are hallmarks of the Center. We have a 45-year database on Galápagos penguins and a 35-year database on Magellanic penguins. Members of the Center are interested in natural history with a deep commitment to field biology. The Center fosters the well-being of ecosystem sentinels with long-term datasets, persuasive communication of conservation science to the public, mentorship of early-career scientists, and using science to inform the public and guide policy.
To protect wildlife and preserve our environment, our work extends beyond research and publications. Through ongoing work with local and federal governments as well as conservation groups such as The Global Penguin Society (GPS), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Galápagos Conservancy, and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), we continue to promote positive environmental change. After determining that tanker vessels were dumping oil and negatively impacting Magellanic penguins, we worked with many Argentines, including former students, and the government of Argentina, to move tanker lanes 40km further offshore, nearly eliminating observations of oiled birds on the beaches of Punta Tombo. In 2010, Dr. Boersma and Godfrey Merlen built nests out of lava rock in the Galápagos Islands to increase the reproductive success of Galápagos penguins. In 2014, after 30 years of study, we successfully linked climate change to reproductive failure in Magellanic penguins. Working with GPS and the Argentine and Ecuadorian governments, we promoted the creation and expansion of marine protected areas in Argentina and Ecuador. Dr. Boersma’s dedication and hard work led the Nature Conservancy to name her one of their “Conservation heroes of the last 50 years.”
As a professor of Biology at the University of Washington, Dr. Boersma has educated future conservationists for over 40 years. In Boersma’s Science Communication Course, students produce short, educational films using video footage recorded during field research. Many of the films are shared with the public on our YouTube channel. In 2012, we launched iGalápagos, a photograph-sharing citizen science program targeting the Galápagos penguins. Supported by the Galápagos National Park, the project enhances our understanding of the breeding cycle and age distribution of this endangered species and engages the local community to be involved in research and conservation. Following the success of iGalapagos, in 2017 we launched iArgentina–a similar citizen science program for Magellanic penguins.
Speaking locally as well as internationally, researchers with the project use media platforms to communicate the importance of research and conservation. Our graduate and undergraduate students visit local schools, zoos, aquariums, and public events to educate and inspire future conservationists. People that share our love of penguins and the natural world can help us get the message out that penguins enrich our lives and need our help. | <urn:uuid:731ec55f-6409-4508-b7a1-596cd3fa2c95> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://ecosystemsentinels.org/the-center-for-ecosystem-sentinels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925070216-20220925100216-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.908456 | 772 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Primary Ideas On Integrating Know-how In Instruction
The goal of this report is to address the results of Data Expertise on the society. Theories of technology typically try to predict the future of technology primarily based on the high technology and science of the time. The development of know-how could draw upon many fields of knowledge, together with scientific, engineering, mathematical , linguistic , and historic data, to achieve some practical outcome. Fourth, a know-how is a subset of related technological objects and information.
I had never thought about the true concept of technology until this task, so I told Marie in regards to the depth to which my English was taking the dialogue. Whereas that is an comprehensible viewpoint, I still have religion that know-how means optimistic impression on society. This adult gorilla makes use of a branch as a strolling persist with gauge the water’s depth, an instance of technology utilization by non-human primates. Furthermore, an ability to entry and use know-how helps to decrease the digital divide, with college students better capable of access info.
Schooling is the affect of environment on people to Produce tingkahlakun permanent adjustments in habits, thoughts, dams sifatnya.F. Expertise is the key to a sophisticated and productive society, and it becomes crucial wherever it builds. People from low-earnings communities with low ranges of education tend to have the least amount of access, increasing the necessity of those expertise being taught at school. A probing interview seeded with examples of know-how might have garnered richer insight into the depths of pupil understanding.
Thus know-how turns into, in a single possible which means, the sphere of activity concerned with” the appliance … for sensible functions” of the branch of information coping with the mechanical arts and utilized sciences.” This mess most likely means something like making use of sensible knowledge.” I’d flunk a scholar who gave such a definition as an answer on an examination.
From the above assertion may be concluded That training adalahusaha conscious and planned to create an atmosphere of studying and the learning process or training so That Their Learners can actively develop personal potentials as a way to have the spiritual power of non secular, emotional, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble character, and her abilities and group wanted. | <urn:uuid:27589ea5-3f2f-4fc1-9a92-e4eb3078cd6c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.conversiontable.org/primary-ideas-on-integrating-know-how-in-instruction.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202418.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929154729-20200929184729-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.942546 | 482 | 2.625 | 3 |
By Lita Ugarte Pardi, director, resource deployment
Storytelling is an ancient and valuable art, one which some claim is the most powerful communication tool humans have. Stories are a part of every culture and present us with a window to peek into our past and a guide our future.
Earlier this year, I learned of a newly-published book in which 21 Atlanta-area high school refugee and immigrant students share their personal stories. I was drawn to the book as the authors come from 13 countries, and through their stories, they reflect on their journeys to the United States. “Green Card Youth Voices: Immigration Stories from an Atlanta High School” is the fourth collection of personal essays written by refugee and immigrant students and the first one to focus on students in the South. The stories bring to light how complex and challenging the journey to our country can be and illustrate young people’s courage and joy in simple things.
Despite not knowing what was in store for them, the students were certain that coming to the U.S. would only benefit them and their families, giving them opportunities not available to them in their home countries. They knew they’d be able to get a quality education, that their parents would be able to find employment to support their families and that their families would have permanent homes. Upon arriving in the U.S., most of the young people had to learn English and some began attending school for the first time in many years. Although making new friends might not have been easy at first because of the language barrier, reading about the different ways our community showed kindness to the young people and their families was heartwarming.
I made my journey to the U.S. when I was 13. I was born and raised in Peru and moved here from Brazil. Though I was fluent in English, nothing could have prepared me for all the new things I would have to learn because of that move.
In this day and age when the topic of refugees and immigrants is much debated, it is especially important for us to be aware of what refugees and immigrants have gone through, to know their stories. After all, having a sense of where your neighbors have been and what they’ve experienced is part of what makes a community strong. | <urn:uuid:5b153abf-9757-4bfb-8ed2-59a8444c189c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://cfgreateratlanta.org/2018/10/17/book-club-green-card-youth-voices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257624.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524124534-20190524150534-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.986665 | 459 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The purpose of the activity is to create a new and powerful level of energy for the workshop environment or youth ministry night and for the group of participants. The activity intends to disappear the experience of awkwardness/shyness around meeting or being with new people. If facilitated correctly, the activity should allow for the participants to express themselves fully with aliveness, fun, presence, and energy.
The role of the facilitator is to have the participants understand that operating at a low or closed energy level would have the experience of the workshop be awkward or mediocre. If participants were to operate with high energy, the experience of the workshop could be more exciting and powerful.
- All of the participants stand shoulder to shoulder in a closed circle.
- First, the facilitator shares about what it is like to experience the world operating at level 1 energy. “People are coming from new places. Not everyone knows each other. It may be a bit awkward. You do not make eye contact with people. You avoiding meeting people at all cost”. The facilitator would demonstrate what it would look like in the middle of the circle.
- The facilitator would then invite participants to mingle about the space in front of them re-enacting level 1 energy. For about thirty seconds, the participants mingle at level 1 energy and the facilitator invites them to return back to the original circle.
- Next, the facilitator asks the participants to mingle at a level 3 energy level. “People are still hesitant about meeting new friends, but are curious. They might wave to someone new from afar. One might smile or make eye contact with a stranger. There is a sense of friendliness in the space”.
- The facilitator continues to jump levels and invites the participants to raise their level of participation with every reenactment. The facilitator can jump to any level he/she wishes and can creatively express what each level might look like. Level seven for example might be very exciting and moving. “You haven’t seen your best friend in a year. You know he’s coming to the workshop and you just can’t wait to see him. All you want to do is to hug everyone in sight because you are so pumped to make new friends and reconnect with old ones. You express love, gratitude, and warmth.”
- Level 10 might be the most important step in the activity because it is the final energy level and it should exemplify the amount of energy participants should bring to the workshop. By this point, the facilitator has another participant working under cover and is ready to act out level 10. “Level 10 is like the experience of discovering that you have had a long lost twin your entire life and you’re meeting him/her for the first time.” “You haven’t seen your best friend in ten years, and it is killing you to wait any longer.” Abruptly, the facilitator runs towards the under cover participant with extreme energy, Usually laughter, screaming, wrestling, falling, flying, flailing and any sort of hilarious acts ensue. The goal of level 10 is to get people out of their comfort zones. Participants who were strangers prior to the activity would be hugging and laughing together by this point.
- Finally, the facilitator wraps up the activity with an invitation for the group to continue bringing level 10 energy to the workshop or youth group event. Level 10 energy might not always looks like screaming and flailing, but it could look like having intentional conversations, being present, and listening powerfully.
- After the activity is finished, participants should experience a new found freedom to express themselves with their peers, and should be operating at a higher level of participation for whatever kind of workshop is being created. Participants will feel at home!
Submitted by Sam Orman and the Bridgeport Youth Ministry | <urn:uuid:657ae071-5515-41ce-bc00-1b6737f9e038> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://ym.familyfed.org/connect-content/2018/4/24/level-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866932.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624102433-20180624122433-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.944248 | 799 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In Greek mythology, Prometheus offended Zeus, the king of the gods, by giving fire to mankind without permission. To avenge this deed, Zeus sent the first woman, Pandora, along with her eponymous box, to Earth as a gift to Epimetheus, the brother of Prometheus. Fearing a trick, Prometheus begged Pandora not to open the box. However, curiosity overcame her. When she peeked inside, all the ills of the world flew out, leaving but one thing within—hope.
As in the myth, big data has certainly poured out of the box in 2012. Whether it is evil or largely a source of hope, and business benefits, for organizations remains to be seen. The past year has shown both sides—from privacy issues and nonsensical statistics to improved medical treatments and modeling of climate change. The possibilities for using big data are proving endless, and the technology to enable them has evolved by leaps and bounds.
But there’s more to the story. Prometheus means “foresight” in Greek, and Epimetheus means “afterthought.” In today’s business environment, big data has literally shifted our thinking on analytics from looking back to looking forward. As a result, we are beginning to see that big data raises real questions about how data is gathered, managed and used.
2013 will certainly see big data technology continue to be developed and improved, and the same goes for new business uses—and indeed, some dubious schemes—for it. But the IT focus must now shift to the architectural and governance issues that arise in big data environments. The phenomenon shows that what we have long processed in businesses is but a small proportion of the real—and almost limitless—world of information. IT and business intelligence (BI) managers must be prepared to handle much more than that.
Figure 1. Unstructured forms of big data are most effective for analytics uses when combined with traditional structured data, according to the author’s model.
I propose a new model for understanding big data in the context of all the structured data and less structured information created and captured by companies. The model (see Figure 1) includes three distinct domains:
Human-sourced information. All information ultimately originates from people—it’s the highly subjective record of human experiences, from text and images to audio and video, now almost entirely digitized and stored electronically. Loosely structured and often ungoverned, this information must be systematized and standardized for reliable use, by modeling and validating it in operational and BI systems to create the data that’s in the second domain.
Process-mediated data. Business processes record and monitor all business events, such as registering a customer and manufacturing a product. Process-mediated data is the highly structured and modeled data, as well as the contextual metadata, produced by these processes. Such data has long been the vast majority of what IT processed and managed in relational databases.
Machine-generated data. Sensors and various machines record data on a wide array of events and situations that they monitor. Their output is machine-generated data, and from simple sensor records to complex computer logs, it is well-structured and very reliable. As sensors proliferate, the data they capture is becoming an increasingly important component of the information used by businesses for BI and analytics. The data’s size and delivery speed is often beyond traditional approaches; in such cases, standalone high-performance relational and NoSQL databases are needed.
In essence, the model I propose shows that emerging big data sources, often poorly governed or managed themselves, need to be enhanced with traditional process-mediated data to deliver useful and relevant business analytics. As a result, the market focus is likely to shift substantially from big data startups and small vendors to more established vendors with enterprise-scale technologies for semantic and physical integration of multiple data types from various sources—a trend we’ve seen emerging this year already.
The second emergent trend in 2012 that is likely to accelerate next year is an increased emphasis on business value. So far, we’ve seen much interest in analysis of social media information for brand awareness, emerging product issues and more, as well as big data analytics in support of operational excellence. The focus is likely set to shift, however, toward process innovation—the use of previously unavailable (or excessively costly) data from a wide variety of sources to invent new ways of doing old business.
Finally, flying under the radar now is the next wave of really big data technologies from Web denizens such as Google and Facebook, whose needs have exceeded the capabilities of file-based tools like Hadoop. A new wave of tools—Dremel, Caffeine, Pregel, Spanner and Prism—may be upon us as the biggest big data proponents inexorably move the needle from a batch-oriented, eventually consistent paradigm toward a distributed but ACID-compliant database mind-set.
About the author:
Barry Devlin is among the foremost authorities in the world on business insight and data warehousing. His current interest is in the wider field of a fully integrated business, covering informational, operational and collaborative environments. He is the founder and principal of 9sight Consulting; email him at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:96e536a2-d29f-4a01-bb7a-a250ec90bdcb> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/feature/With-big-data-out-of-the-box-maintaining-order-is-a-must | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246661916.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045741-00066-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944085 | 1,084 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The once great floating gardens of Mexico City, which filled the bellies of the Aztecs, are dying of serious neglect.
On this point, everyone sadly agrees.
The ancient plots and their life-giving canals are weedy and abandoned, overrun by cattle, invaded by exotic fish, sucked dry by urban sprawl — and a dozen agencies of government have failed to save one of the wonders of the world.
A few farmers continue to till their little corners of Eden. They grow marigolds for El Dia de los Muertos, the Day of the Dead.
“Which is appropriate,” said Luis Zambrano, a biologist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, who is trying to save the indigenous life of Xochimilco, “since the place is dying.”
The gardens have been sick for a long time, ever since the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes arrived in 1519 and began draining the lakes.
The problem is that they are now dying quickly, and there are worrying signs that the ecosystem is crashing.
Asked whether the place can survive, a respected historian of Xochimilco, Gloria Valek, answered, “I would like to think so, but it might be impossible.”
The canals that once fed 50 square miles of gardens are overwhelmed by foreign fish, African tilapia or Asian carp, thriving in the dirty waters. The fish are loaded with heavy metals, fed by wastewater treatment facilities — the lake’s only water source, now that the 2,500 artesian springs have dried up, trying to slake the thirst of the megacity. Maybe half the original wetlands used by the Aztec vassals here remain, much of them degraded. But the land could bounce back.
Fisherman Roberto Altamirano has been working to save Xochimilco (pronounced so-chi-MIL-co), which is a U.N. World Heritage Site. For two years, he has been netting exotic species from the canals. “We have removed 650 tons of fish,” he said, “which is a lot of fish.”
But people don’t want to buy the tilapia and carp the fishermen net when they learn they come from Xochimilco, which has a bad reputation because of the pollution.
In one of the experimental reserves, the farmers had to stop using the tilapia as fertilizer — because they were too toxic.
The Valley of Mexico is a bowl surrounded by mountains and volcanoes. The Aztecs built their empire in the middle of a series of interconnected lakes. Their capital of palaces and pyramids, Tenochtitlan, reached by causeways, was an amazing sight to the conquistadors, who said it was more impressive than any city in Europe.
For a thousand years, farmers staked out small rectangular plots in the shallow lakes around the Aztec capital. They built their artificial islands of wattle and willow and filled the gardens, called chinampas, with fertile muck.
The farms were irrigated by an immense grid of miles of shallow canals, just wide enough for a canoe. The gardens produced a bounty: five or six crops a year, an abundance of chiles, greens, cactus and herbs. The canals were exploited for crayfish, frogs, fowl, fish.
It was an ingenious system, and what is amazing is that a visitor can see a glimpse of the old ways even today.
Bird watchers still come to look at the white pelicans, in one of the last big green spaces in a metropolis of 22 million. There are bicycle paths and an underwhelming ecological center. The area continues to shrink.
The gardens and canals were filled with rubble from the 1985 Mexico City earthquake; the wetlands were cut in half by a perimeter highway; after the springs dried up, wastewater was rerouted from the sewage treatment plants.
On the weekends, the canals are packed with hundreds of gondoliers poling their brightly painted launches through Mexico City’s version of Venice. The boats are packed with revelers, drinking beer and eating tacos, as barges filled with mariachi bands pull beside them and sing for $8 a song.
But beneath the surface of the water, scientists fear that the rare and endangered axolotl (pronounced ACK-suh-LAH-tuhl), a foot-long salamander that can regenerate its lost limbs, is nearly gone from the wild.
“We are very sad,” the biologist Zambrano said. “In 1998, we surveyed 6,000 axolotl per square kilometer. In 2008, there were 100 per square kilometer.”
They haven’t been able to find one in months.
The remarkable salamanders were once so abundant that locals remember them well. “There were axolotls everywhere 20 years ago,” farmer Anastacio Santana said. “We used to eat them, wrapped in corn husks, cooked with onion and epazote herbs.”
“Some studies suggest they will be extinct in the wild in 10 years,” Zambrano said.
The university scientists have erected several refuges for the salamanders — small stretches of canal that they empty of exotic fish and cover with netting to keep the birds away.
“This is it,” said Zambrano, pointing to one small ditch where they have placed 20 axolotl raised in the laboratories. “It is not much. But it is a start.”
Martha Teresa Delgado, the environmental secretary for the Mexico City government, said that the solutions for saving Xochimilco are well known, but that funding has been elusive and that there are too many agencies with too little responsibility, all making promises and passing the blame. She said there is a proposal to create a kind of czar to coordinate recovery efforts.
“Things have been bad for a long time. But now we fear that the destruction is accelerating, that within our lifetimes this very special place will no longer exist,” Zambrano said. “It will just be a few dirty canals for the tourists and will mean nothing.”
Researcher Gabriela Martinez contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:b1af4da2-1d1c-4a81-82b3-5a53d22a6d02> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/mexico-citys-ancient-xochimilco-floating-gardens-are-in-ecological-peril/2012/03/01/gIQAdt3txR_story.html?hpid=z2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927824.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00035-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963095 | 1,339 | 3 | 3 |
Go down an aisle in your supermarket and pick up a packaged item. Chances are, the contents of that can, bag, box, or pouch were designed in a US military building in the suburbs of Boston.
According to Anastacia Marx de Salcedo’s insightful new book, Combat-Ready Kitchen: How the US Military Shapes the Way You Eat (Current), the effort to nourish faraway GIs with portable, nonperishable, and edible (if not tasty) food has shaped the landscape of our modern food system. How so? Since World War II, the US military’s well-funded food science lab in Massachusetts, the Natick Center, has dominated the development of new food science and technology to create meals with longer shelf life, better flavor and texture, and more convenient packaging. But the Natick Center doesn’t keep its findings to itself. It partners with private corporations (à la ConAgra, General Mills, Hershey, Hormel, Tyson, and Unilever, to name a few) to produce this food for the general public, as well. It’s a win-win for both sides: Corporations get a leg up on the latest and greatest processing and packaging techniques, and the military is ensured a massive supply of rations if war ever breaks out.
If you are feeling queasy about eating food originally created for soldiers, you better watch out: Just about any processed food with a shelf life of more than a couple of days probably has its origins in the Natick Center. Below we outline a few of the biggest military food breakthroughs that you can find in your local grocery store or bodega:
- Canned food: The effort to preserve meat for troops in combat began in the United States in earnest during the Spanish-American War, but it took years before the military understood the science of germs, bacteria, and how food spoils, and could successfully can meat and other perishables.
- Energy and granola bars: After trying trying in vain during World War II to create a chocolate bar that wouldn’t melt, the army developed a fortified fruit bar that was sweet and of “intermediate moisture.” The “fruit bar” evolved into the granola bars and energy bars found in every grocery store and gas station today.
- Packaged, boneless meat: Meat is expensive, especially when you need to feed an entire army. Thus the development of restructured meat: taking the ignored meat chunks and scraps and creating a new, longer-lasting meat. Now many Americans prefer restructured nuggets, patties, and slices over fresh meat from the bone.
- Sliced bread: Making bread is labor-intensive, and the product goes stale and moldy quickly, which is a problem for feeding soldiers who spend days and weeks far from kitchens with ovens. So military food scientists came up with anti-staling additives to make shelf-stable bread, which, after World War II, entered households everywhere, becoming the best thing since, well…
- Dehydrated cheese: Soldiers had such a huge appetite for cheese during the world wars that suppliers had difficulty packaging and shipping enough to meet demand. So the Natick Center went to work to find a better way process cheese for troops. The result? Dehydrated cheese powder. Now it’s found everywhere from the cheese packets in our mac ‘n’ cheese to the Cheeto dust stuck to our fingers.
- TV dinner packaging: In its search for more flexible packaging resistant to changes in temperature and pressure, the Natick Center had a breakthrough when it combined the flexibly of plastic and the vapor-resistance of foil. This led to the plastic and foil “retort pouches” used for everything from heat-and-serve TV dinners to juice pouches, sauce packets, squeeze yogurts, and pet food.
- “Fresh-squeezed” juice and smoothies*: Ever wonder why the “fresh-squeezed,” unpasteurized bottles of fruit and vegetable juice in supermarket coolers last so long without spoiling or making you sick? It turns out their long shelf life owes itself to a military-invented food technology called high-pressure processing. Essentially, pressure is applied to foods at such a high volume that it breaks the bonds holding together bacteria molecules. This process is also used for salsa, guacamole, and “100 percent natural, no preservatives” cold cuts.
- Packaged, prewashed salad: To transport fresh greens to troops, the military developed a way to package produce that controlled oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, slowing down ripening and spoilage.
- Instant coffee: A freeze-drying process initially used for transporting blood and vaccines to battlefield medics during World War II was repurposed as a way to make familiar foods long-lasting and lightweight. That’s how we got instant coffee, as well as the fruit bits in your cereal, the vegetables chunks in your instant noodles, and cake mix—convenient, long lasting, tasty, and brought to you by the US military.
Correction: An earlier version of this article misidentified the kind of juice that undergoes high pressure processing. | <urn:uuid:3cf4fc5e-2eff-494d-8f73-8c1a8a0fb7cd> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.motherjones.com/food/2015/08/processed-food-military-natick-center/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585321.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020121220-20211020151220-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.940409 | 1,095 | 2.734375 | 3 |
When it comes to consuming fruits, there are several ways to do so. Some individuals prefer to eat fruits in whole form, while others choose to juice or blend them. While juicing is a popular method in which the juice is extracted from the fruits, blending is an entirely different process in which the entire fruit is blended into a smoothie. But the question is: Does blending fruit increase fiber?
The Science Behind Fiber in Fruits
Fruits are an excellent source of fiber, which is an essential nutrient for maintaining digestive health. According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, a single serving of fruit can provide between two and six grams of fiber. In addition to fiber, fruits contain essential vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that help protect and nourish the body.
Fiber in fruits comes in two forms: soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber dissolves in water and forms a gel-like substance in the digestive tract. This type of fiber helps regulate blood sugar levels, lowers cholesterol levels, and promotes a healthy weight. Insoluble fiber, on the other hand, does not dissolve in water and adds bulk to the stool, reducing the risk of constipation and other digestive problems.
Blended Vs. Whole Fruit
When fruits are blended, they are typically consumed in their entirety, including the skin, flesh, and seeds. This means that the fiber content of the fruit is not altered in the blending process. However, blending the fruit may release more fiber than if the fruit was eaten whole.
For example, a study conducted by Alkutbe et al. (2020) found that blending blackberries increased the release of beneficial bioactive compounds, including fiber, when compared to whole fruit consumption. The study reported that blending the fruit released 34.3% more dietary fiber than eating the fruit in its whole form. The researchers suggested that the increased fiber content could be due to the grinding of the seeds during the blending process, which would not have occurred during normal digestion.
Benefits of Blending Fruits
Blending fruits is an excellent way to increase your intake of fiber and other essential nutrients. In addition to the fiber content, blending fruits can help you consume a more significant portion of fruits than you would otherwise consume in whole form. This is especially beneficial for individuals who struggle to consume the recommended daily intake of fruits and vegetables.
Moreover, blending fruits can be a convenient and accessible way to consume fruits. It can be incorporated into the daily routine easily, especially for those with busy lifestyles. The smoothie can be made ahead of time, and it can be consumed on the go, providing a nutritious and healthy meal or snack option.
In conclusion, blending fruits can increase the release of fiber and other beneficial compounds that are not typically released during normal digestion if the fruit is eaten whole. Although the increase may not be significant, it can still provide a substantial benefit to individuals who struggle to consume enough fiber in their diets. With that said, it is important to incorporate both blended and whole fruits into your diet to ensure a well-rounded intake of nutrients. Blender or not, fruits are an essential component of a healthy and balanced diet.
If you are looking for more resources on healthy eating, be sure to check out the USDA’s MyPlate website for nutrition guidelines and suggested food groups to incorporate into a balanced diet.
Is it better to blend fruit or eat fruit?
Fruits are highly nutritious and are an essential part of a healthy diet. They are excellent sources of vitamins, minerals, fibre, and other beneficial nutrients that help keep our bodies healthy. There are several ways to consume fruits, including whole fruit, fruit juice, and smoothies. However, the question is raised, is it better to blend fruit or eat fruit?
When you blend fruit, you’re essentially reducing it to a liquid form that is easier to drink and digest. This can be convenient for those who have trouble chewing, swallowing, or digesting whole fruit. However, when you blend fruit, you also strip away some of its natural fibre content. Fibre is an essential component of a healthy diet, and it plays an important role in maintaining digestive health, regulating blood sugar levels, and keeping us feeling full. Without fibre, the natural sugars in fruit can be absorbed more quickly, leading to a sudden spike in blood sugar levels. This can be problematic for those who are diabetic or trying to lose weight.
Eating whole fruit, on the other hand, provides all the nutrients and fibre in their natural form. The fibre helps to slow down the speed the fructose is absorbed into your blood stream and can help you feel fuller for longer. Eating whole fruit can also provide a more satisfying eating experience, as chewing signals to your brain that you are consuming food, which helps to reduce overeating and snacking between meals.
While blending fruit may be a convenient way to consume fruit, it is generally better to eat whole fruit. Eating whole fruit provides all the nutrients and benefits in their natural form, including the crucial fibre that can help regulate blood sugar levels and keep you feeling full. the best way to incorporate fruit into your diet is to find a way that you enjoy and can sustain over time.
Is blending fruit the same as eating it?
Blending is a popular way to add fruits to our diet, and it can be an efficient way of consuming fruits and vegetables. However, many people wonder whether consuming blended fruit is the same as eating it. The short answer is that blending and eating fruit are similar processes, but there are some differences in the way our bodies process them.
When we blend fruits, the process breaks down the fruit cells, which releases the fruit’s nutrients and fibers. This makes it easier for our bodies to digest and absorb the nutrients quickly, giving us a concentrated dose of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Also, blending can be an excellent way to consume a more significant quantity of fruits and vegetables at once, making it easier to meet our daily recommended intake of these essential nutrients.
However, blending fruit isn’t nutritionally equivalent to the same fruit left whole, according to some experts. Although, of course, some properties remain present, including soluble fiber, blending can break down insoluble fiber, which is essential for our digestive health and can help prevent constipation. The act of chewing fruit can be beneficial for our teeth and gums, and it can also signal to our bodies that we are eating, which can reduce our cravings and help us eat less overall.
Another potential downside to blending fruit is that it can lead to the loss of nutrients. The longer we blend fruits, the more oxidation occurs, which can break down crucial vitamins and minerals. Additionally, many people add sugar or other sweeteners to their blended fruits, which can increase the calorie content and have negative health impacts.
Blending fruit can be an excellent way to add more fruits to our diets and boost our nutrient intake, but it’s not the same as eating whole fruits. To get the most out of blended fruits, it’s best to keep the process short and sweet, without adding extra sugars or sweeteners, and to make sure you’re still chewing whole fruits to promote good digestive health.
Is it healthy to blend fruit?
Fruits are a rich source of essential vitamins, minerals, and fibers. They provide many health benefits, including supporting healthy digestion, boosting the immune system, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Many people enjoy blending fruits to make smoothies and shakes as a tasty way to incorporate more fruits into their diet. However, the question arises, is it healthy to blend fruit?
The short answer is yes, blending fruit is healthy. It provides the same nutritional benefits as eating whole fruits. Blending or juicing fruit breaks down the cell walls and makes the nutrients more easily absorbed by the body. It creates a smooth consistency that can often be more palatable than eating the fruit whole.
One of the significant benefits of blending fruit is that it increases the fiber intake. When the fiber in the fruit is broken down, it becomes easier for the body to digest, allowing for better absorption of crucial nutrients. Additionally, blending fruits can help contribute towards the recommended 5-a-day servings of fruits and vegetables, which are essential for a healthy diet.
Blending fruits also boosts our vitamin C levels, a powerful antioxidant that supports immune health and helps to prevent oxidative stress damage. Vitamin C is a key factor in the formation and maintenance of collagen and can help to reduce inflammation in the body. Studies have found that people who consume more fruits and vegetables have a lower risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer.
However, even though blending fruit is healthy, it is essential to use a balanced approach. Consuming large amounts of fruit smoothies can lead to excessive sugar intake. When fruits are blended, the natural sugars are broken down and become more readily available to the body, which can result in a rapid rise in blood sugar levels. This can potentially lead to a spike in energy levels followed by a sudden drop, leading to cravings or mood changes.
Blending fruit is a healthy way to incorporate more fruits into our diet. It increases fiber intake, boosts our vitamin C levels, and helps in reducing the risk of chronic diseases. However, moderation is key, and we should be mindful of our overall sugar intake when consuming fruit smoothies. | <urn:uuid:798f14a0-1ff6-4eaf-a393-15c363db903e> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://juicerportal.com/does-blending-fruit-increase-fiber/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645810.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530131531-20230530161531-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.953631 | 1,930 | 3.15625 | 3 |
A diverse place
From each side of the water reservoir, an open colonnade leads to two museums which face a cascade on the city side, and a large garden on the park side. The site location was a central point for the European Capital of Culture title awarded to Marseille in 2013.
Once the monument was inaugurated in 1869, several sculptors were selected to decorate the ‘Palais Longchamp’ with their artwork. Lions and tigres’ sculptures from the animal sculptor Antoine Louis Bayre adorn the entrance, while a magnificent and imposing fountain at the center created by Jules Cavelier symbolises the arrival of the Durance river’s water.
The museums of the ‘Palais Longchamp’
On the left-wing, the Museum of Fine Arts displays 17th and 18th century paintings, drawings, and sculptures. Founded in 1801, it is the oldest museum in Marseille.
On the right-wing, the Natural History Museum gathers several collections of curiosity displays from the 18th century given by the city and the state. It was rewarded with the title of first-class museum in 1967 together with nine other major museums, thanks to its exhibitions.
The ‘Palais Longchamp’ is not only a must-see monument. Behind its majestic facade stands a park very popular with the people of Marseille. The garden used to host a zoo, the remains of which can still be seen today. | <urn:uuid:13d13285-f514-47e9-8bc8-8831cd95024d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/culture-heritage/discover-the-sites-and-monuments-in-marseille/palais-longchamp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103035636.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625125944-20220625155944-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.954348 | 317 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This experiment will show you how to make a water electrolysis science model for your science project. Water is one of the most valuable compounds found on Earth. Water is made up of two hydrogen atoms bounded by one oxygen atom.
Electrolysis is a process by which water can be broken down into its (hydrogen and oxygen) components.
We will make this water electrolysis model using materials easily available at home.
- Two sharpened pencils ( both sides)
- Plastic container
- Copper wire
- Water (regular)
Steps To Make Water Electrolysis Science Model
Step 1: Firstly, take a container full of water and add some pinch of salt. After that fix two sharpened pencils (both sides) in small-sized cardboard.
Step 2: Immerse pencils into the water and ensure that the tips of pencils don’t touch each other.
Step 3: Connect the positive terminal and negative terminal to pencils. Then, connect them with the battery.
Step 4: This process quickly creates bubbles at the pencil tip in the water. Finally shows that it is working properly.
Electron energy here breaks down water into its ions. The above experiment is an “electrolysis experiment.”
“Positively charged hydrogen ions meet at negative pencil and result in hydrogen gas that bubbles to the surface“.
” Negative charges meet at the positive pencil tip and result in the formation of oxygen gas.”
The Water Electrolysis science model can be helpful for students and kids to visualize the hydrogen and oxygen component present in the water by bypassing the current through water.
Things To Remember
- Working slowly and carefully during battery and water.
- Learn all you can about the materials and techniques you’re using.
- Work carefully during wire attachment.
Cisco Ramon is an American software engineer who has experience in several popular and commercially successful programming languages and development tools. | <urn:uuid:717c0e7e-5dbd-4968-8beb-9c616443c95d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://myprojectideas.com/how-to-make-water-electrolysis-science-model/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337595.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005073953-20221005103953-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.910263 | 425 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Using Parameters to Control Report Data
You can use parameters to control which data gets retrieved from a data source when a report is processed, and you can use parameters to filter the data after it has been retrieved. Good practice recommends that you limit the data you retrieve from the data source to that which is specifically needed for the report. However, when you use stored procedures to retrieve data, you cannot control what is retrieved from the query and therefore need to filter the report data after it is retrieved.
You use query parameters to help specify exactly which data you want to retrieve from the data source. They allow you to filter data at the server, before it is sent to the report.
When you define a dataset with a query that includes variables, the query designer component of Reporting Services creates a query parameter for each variable. A corresponding report parameter is created for each query parameter so that users or report authors can select values for the report parameters and have them passed in the query to the data source.
Query parameters are defined as part of the query definition for a dataset. Because each report dataset defines a single query, query parameters are defined as properties on the dataset.
When you define a dataset, you specify a particular type of data source, for example, Microsoft SQL Server. Report Designer opens a query designer designed to work with that data source type, or the generic query designer that can work with any type of data source. When you define the query for this data source, the query designer identifies variables within the query command text and creates a query parameter for each one. For more information about the query syntax expected by the data source, see Using Query Parameters with Specific Data Sources.
For a SQL Server data source, queries typically include variables in the WHERE clause of a Transact-SQL statement to limit the scope of the data returned when a query runs. In a similar way, an Analysis Services data source query typically includes MDX variables used in a FILTER clause. Queries can also include variables passed as inputs to stored procedures or user-defined functions.
Every time you modify the query for a dataset, the query is reprocessed. If you change a query by removing or renaming a variable, the query parameters will reflect those changes. Only those variables that exist in the query command text will be query parameters in the dataset query definition.
The default value for each query parameter is set to an expression that evaluates to the corresponding report parameter. This parameter binding is defined on the Parameters tab of the Dataset properties. For example, for a SQL Server data source, if the query parameter is @MyParameter, the report parameter is MyParameter and the value for @MyParameter is set to the expression
=Parameters!MyParameter.Value. For more information, see Dataset (Parameters Tab, Report Designer). You can manually edit the query parameters and set their default values. For more information, see How to: Associate a Query Parameter with a Report Parameter (Report Designer).
|When you remove or change the name of a query parameter, the corresponding report parameter is not automatically removed or changed.|
In Report Designer, report parameters are automatically created when you define a dataset query that includes variables. In Report Builder, report parameters are automatically created when you set a prompt on a filter clause. You can also create report parameters manually in the Report Parameters dialog box that are not bound to query parameters.
The report parameter data type and other report parameter properties affect the presentation of the parameter on the report toolbar. Depending on the data type of the parameter, you can set report parameter properties using radio buttons, text boxes, drop-down lists, calendar controls, or multiple check boxes.
A report parameter can be single-valued or multivalued. Multivalued parameters allow a user to select more than one value for the parameter.
A report parameter can be dependent on another report parameter. The order of report parameters is significant. A parameter later in the list of parameters can be dependent on a parameter earlier in the list. This allows you to define a set of parameters known as cascading parameters, where the list of values for one parameter depends on the value chosen in another parameter.
A report parameter can be used in an expression. Expressions that include parameters can be used anywhere an expression can be used. When the report runs, the value in each parameter is substituted in the expression. In this way, user selections of parameters can conditionally control many aspects of the appearance and content of a report, including hiding rows and columns, sorting and filtering data, and handling null data.
Report parameters are part of a report definition when you author a report but can be managed independently after a report is published. In Report Designer data or layout view, you can edit the parameters defined for the report. For more information, see How to: Add, Edit, or Delete a Report Parameter (Report Designer). After the report definition is published, you can modify parameter properties using Report Manager. For more information, see Setting Parameter Properties for a Published Report.
Rapidly Changing Valid Values for a Parameter
When you specify available values that change rapidly, the values can become obsolete before the report is run. This can result in a user selecting a value from the list that is no longer valid by the time the user submits the value and runs the report. To avoid this, write queries that return datasets for valid values lists that will not change in the time a typical user takes to select a value and run the report.
Also, avoid rapidly changing nonqueried values. For example, if you provide the current date as an available value, write an expression that uses the DateTime.Today property instead of the DateTime.Now property. This eliminates the rapidly changing time portion of the value.
You can filter data after it has been retrieved from the data source by defining a filter expression on a dataset that includes a parameter reference. In this way, when a report reader selects values for a parameter, when the report is processed, only data passing through the filter is displayed in the report.
TasksHow to: Associate a Query Parameter with a Report Parameter (Report Designer)
ConceptsDefining Report Datasets
Other ResourcesTutorial: Adding Parameters to a Basic Tabular Report
Tutorial: Advanced Features Using Parameters
Defining Report Data Sources
Data View (Report Designer) | <urn:uuid:fdc36d4b-27a9-4fc3-a96c-426c74fcee1d> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/aa337287(v=sql.90).aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163037167/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131717-00019-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.723316 | 1,305 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Chapter 12 Infectious diseases
Infectious diseases are a major limiting factor in cattle production in many parts of the world. In tropical Africa, with its 160 million cattle, the major diseases, i.e., rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, theileriosis, and trypanosomiasis, are all infectious. Such limitations on livestock production lead to shortages of meat, milk, draught animals, and manure, and to the necessity to import from developed countries such as North America and Australia, and the European Union. These imports in turn discourage domestic livestock production, whilst the presence of infectious diseases bars the export of cattle and cattle products to developed countries.
Several major bovine diseases, endemic in many parts of the world, have a viral etiology. They are characterized by their highly contagious nature and the variety of their cloven-footed hosts. Early recognition of suspicious signs and confirmation of the disease in the laboratory, together with prompt and effective control measures, are essential for their eradication.
cattle infected with foot-and-mouth disease are dull, off feed, and drool saliva (12.1). Some are lame. On opening the mouth (12.2), large areas of epithelial loss, that are the result of recently ruptured FMD vesicles, are seen on the tongue and hard palate, as in this animal from Zimbabwe. 12.3 also shows recently ruptured tongue vesicles. An unruptured vesicle on the dorsum of the tongue is seen in 12.4.
In a steer infected experimentally, within 2 days initial vesicles have ruptured to reveal ulcers which are seen along the lower gums and inside the lower lip, together with ruptured tongue vesicles (12.5). Two days later the lesions on the tongue, lower lip, and gums have become secondarily infected (12.6). Elsewhere a vesicle on the coronary band and dorsal part of the interdigital space has ruptured. On the seventh day (12.7) the interdigital space shows widespread ulceration along its entire length. A vesicle on the soft skin above the heel has ruptured in another cow (12.8). Lameness may be the first sign of FMD. These interdigital lesions easily become secondarily infected. Multiple teat vesicles are shown in 11.28 (p. 211).
virgin-soil epizootics (12.9), here in Nigeria, fulminate rapidly and frequently escalate into panzootics, whereas enzootic rinderpest spreads slowly, even inapparently, for months in immature and young adult stock free of maternally-derived antibodies.
Clinical diagnosis in fresh epizootics is relatively easy: after a prodromal onset of fever, illness is evident in 48 hours. Affected animals are restless and have dry muzzles and staring coats. Milk yields fall, respirations are shallow and rapid, visible mucous membranes are congested, whilst tears (12.10) and nasal fluids (12.11) flow profusely. The appetite is impaired and constipation develops.
The emergence of mucosal erosions 2–5 days later is the first sign suggestive of rinderpest: raised pinheads of necrotic epithelium reminiscent of oatmeal coat all visible mucous membranes, for example tongue and lips (12.12). They are readily abraded to reveal shallow erosions with a hemorrhagic layer of intact basal cells (12.13). The erosions enlarge and coalesce throughout the alimentary tract from the mouth and esophagus (12.14) to the rectum. Salivation is profuse. The affected cattle are now obviously sick, drink excessively, and pass soft feces. In 2–3 days the fever regresses and diarrhea starts. The brown, fluid feces contain necrotic debris streaked with blood. Dehydration is rapid and the frequent straining reveals the capillary stasis in the rectum known as zebra stripes (12.15). Breathing is labored and painful. Most cattle die within 6–12 days of the onset of overt illness. Pregnant cows abort during convalescence that lasts for months. In contrast, enzootic rinderpest is difficult to diagnose clinically. Adult cows are immune and passively immunize their sucking progeny, protecting them for up to 9 months; thereafter they are at risk. The clinical signs are muted, and often one or more of the cardinal features of the classic epizootic syndrome such as fever, erosions, mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharges, and diarrhea are absent. Most affected animals survive and suspicions of rinderpest are not roused. The illustrations are from Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Nigeria.
the incidence of rinderpest has declined spectacularly following massive international vaccination campaigns financed by Europe and the USA, and organized in Africa and Asia by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Office International des Épizooties (OIE). Today, rinderpest has been eradicated from the whole world, apart from a residual focus in southern Somalia, where serosurveillance and vaccination are difficult, due to the lawless state of the country. Previously infected countries are actively following OIE regulations (it is a transboundary disease), maintaining eradication of rinderpest. Early recognition and notification of new outbreaks are vital.
while endemic on the African continent, where it is characterized mainly by inapparent infections, bluetongue is sporadic in many other parts of the world, including Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Spread of BTV to Western European countries (including the UK, the Netherlands, and Germany) occurred in 2007. In North America it is a mild clinical condition and differential diagnosis is difficult. Infection is more common than disease, which presents as a hyperemic, inappetant animal. Bluetongue causes initial hyperemia of the muzzle and lips, followed by inflammatory and erosive lesions. This Dutch Holstein animal (12.16) shows a mucopurulent nasal discharge, hyperemia of the muzzle, and early gum erosions. Necrotic areas may be seen in the gums in a 2-year-old heifer (12.17) where the mucosa behind the incisor teeth has either sloughed or shows white diphtheritic plaques. Note the excessive salivation, a result of discomfort and a reluctance to close the jaws. Changes in the hard palate (12.18) include extensive areas of ulceration which extend onto the dental pad. Some clinical cases of BTV show irregular superficial teat erosions (12.19). Stiffness and laminitis, with distal edema of all limbs, may sometimes be seen. Clinical lesions in cattle are allegedly mediated by an IgE hypersensitivity reaction. Diagnosis is by PCR and AGID assay and by virus isolation.
a worldwide sporadic, herpesvirus infection, almost invariably fatal. One (wildebeest-associated) form is caused by Alcephaline herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1), the other (sheep-associated) by ovine herpesvirus-2.
malignant catarrhal fever causes marked pyrexia, anorexia, and profound depression, with catarrhal and mucopurulent inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis following a characteristic initial peripheral keratitis, and lymphadenopathy. Typically, a clinical case has a foul, pungent oral odor. MCF herd outbreaks are seasonal and occur predominantly in Africa. Elsewhere (North America and Europe), only sporadic cases are seen. The “head and eye” syndrome of the Devon cow in 12.20 includes a purulent oculonasal discharge, mild keratitis, and hyperemia of the nostrils. Note the almost pathognomonic hypopyon in the crossbred Charolais suckler cow in 12.21. There is a marked ocular discharge and pus is settling toward the base of the anterior chamber. Iridocyclitis may lead to photophobia. The nasal discharge is, unusually, not particularly severe. Areas of dry necrosis and ulceration are seen on the gums and dental pad of 12.22. Similar changes are commonly seen on the nostrils. Clinical cases in cattle are not infectious, but if they survive they are infected for life and may infect their calves in utero.
despite occasional reports of success with cortisone and antibiotics, most cases are best culled as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed. Inactivated wildebeest-associated MCF vaccine is available in some countries. Some Western European countries have recently introduced voluntary vaccination programs. It is a transboundary disease of the OIE.
a capripoxvirus disease of cattle first reported in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) in 1929, now widespread in Africa, including Egypt, with recent spread into the Middle East. LSD affects European breeds of cattle most severely. Biting flies are the main vectors.
initially a fluctuating fever, lacrimation, and inappetance for 2 weeks, during which circumscribed nodules appear in the skin over the whole body (12.23) and mucous membranes of the mouth and respiratory tract, genitalia (orchitis), and conjunctiva. These nodules (12.24) are discrete, firm, raised, and painful, and contain hard gray-yellow material. Regional nodes are enlarged (prescapular in 12.24). Edema of the lower limb is common in severely affected animals. Some nodules resolve rapidly, whilst others become firm necrotic sitfasts (12.23 body and 12.25 head and neck) that heal slowly and drop out, leaving a scar. Secondary infection can lead to suppurating ulcers and abscesses. A few nodules may persist for years. Subclinical cases develop isolated nodules which are often missed.
Mortality rates in endemic areas are 1–3%, but in virgin soil epizootics may approach 100%. In South Africa lumpy-skin disease is the most serious cause of economic loss in cattle, due to prolonged debility, milk loss, infertility in both cows and bulls, abortion, and hide damage.
ulcerative lymphangitis (pseudotuberculosis) (3.48), pseudo-lumpy-skin disease (Allerton herpes virus infection) (12.26, 12.27), dermatophilosis (streptothricosis) (3.42).
good nursing, sulfonamides or antibiotics for secondary infections, use of attenuated virus vaccine (Neethling strain). Slaughter policy of affected and contact cattle, coupled with vaccination of at-risk cattle before likely disease spread into a previously free area or country. It is a transboundary disease of the OIE.
one of two bovine herpesvirus-2 syndromes (see also bovine herpes mammillitis, p. 208), pseudo (false)-lumpy-skin disease is characterized by transient moderate fever and exudative cutaneous plaques. Disease occurs primarily in southern Africa, and very occasionally in the USA, Australia, and the UK.
initial fever and mild lymphadenopathy are followed within a few days by emergence of numerous circular or oval superficial cutaneous plaques about 1–2 cm diameter. These are hard, firm, have a red margin, and enlarge to 3–5 cm, becoming umbilicated. The centers are depressed and exude to form brown crusts (12.26). The skin beneath the crusts dies within 2 weeks to reveal smooth new skin, and fresh hair grows within 2 months. Lesions are frequently on the face, neck, back, and perineum (12.27), as in this pedigree Charolais heifer in the UK. Clinical recovery is uncomplicated.
Diagnosis depends on clinical appearance and demonstration of herpesvirus-2 from peripheral lesions (skin scraping or punch biopsy). Biopsy will also reveal eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies.
acute febrile disease of cattle and sheep readily communicable to humans, and caused by a mosquito-borne phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae). Previously confined to Africa, including Egypt (1977–78), a major epidemic (2000) in Saudi Arabia and Yemen resulted in severe cattle losses and numerous human deaths.
calves usually die after a short peracute illness with high fever, severe dyspnea, and terminally lateral recumbency with extended legs and neck. Cows, following a transient fever, icterus, leucopenia, and incoordination, abort and may die. Nonpregnant adults experience a low-grade fever. Epidemics of RVF are linked to wet years in which hatching of larger numbers of infected mosquito eggs occurs (Aedes linneatopennis).
Autopsy changes in calves and fetuses include a spectacular bright orange-yellow and diffusely necrotic liver (12.28), whilst adult cattle show discrete focal necrotic hepatic lesions (12.29). Widespread hemorrhages are evident in the subcutaneous tissues, musculature, and serosa of the intestine (12.30). Diagnosis depends on viral isolation from aborted fetuses or blood. Veterinarians are at particular risk when handling infected tissues. | <urn:uuid:99034deb-f3eb-498d-aeb9-f5472d53a5f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://veteriankey.com/infectious-diseases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102697.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210221943-20231211011943-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.916458 | 2,838 | 3.625 | 4 |
So, you have decided to write research paper on pollution. To boot, pollution ain’t no sweat topic to research. Having surveyed the subject focus, we’re able to set off information gathering and then making your college research paper.
There are 3 main pieces in every paper you are ever to write:
- body, and
As this post develops, you’ll comprehend what kind of data to incorporate into your paper, thus we are going to pass over the exploration element and go on to jotting down introduction, followed by main part, and then closure.
Naturally, intro always makes its way at the outset. It is supposed to set off with an engaging opening element. As normal, it’s a few sentences long. Having designed the opening part, you need to affirm your thesis claim. Thesis claim should always be effective, specific, theme-specific, and considering in every respect the subject matter. Keep in mind, thesis statement defines the dimension of your investigation, so ensure it is sophisticated.
Depending on the category of paper you’re required to produce, there are numerous academic writing techniques. As an illustration, while doing a pros/cons paper on pollution, it is best to roll and secure without exception all pro justification in the beginning and just after that keep onto defending counter-arguments. Some of the potential types of research papers about pollution would be: compare & contrast paper, pros and cons research paper, argumentative or persuasive research paper, opinion paper, cause & effect paper, critical research paper, deductive research paper, 5-paragraph research paper, exploratory research paper, position research paper, reflection research paper, and the like.
Make a good conversion from introduction towards body of your paper.
Inside your research paper body, commentate on every one of main things of pollution, subsequently. Usually, these correspond to variations, or particular kinds, of pollution. At this juncture you will have to conduct a research keeping to trustworthy information sources which are offered further in this tutorial. Try to pull together extra information to have the opportunity to make your research paper the most wrapped up and comprehensive.
To get an A for the research paper however, you’ll perhaps have to put in more statistical information to the present starter roll.
Examine each statement within a separate paragraph, if not necessary in another way. Dependant upon the category of research paper, you will want to comparison/contrast two opposing viewpoints, introduce positive and/or destructive standpoints for every point, or rationalize one you plead for the most. For further ideas on techniques to accomplish that, see more particular information on this site.
Your paper assignment demands information search, so reinforce research paper justification by way of facts you collected while doing information gathering. Referenced materials must be trustworthy in the domain of the investigation. How to find the whereabouts of trustworthy information dealing with pollution? The solution is, get them from highly regarded sources which are books, e-books, pollution related website pages and society fact sheets.
Check out websites (the ones that make the authority in what concerns pollution), head to your library. Find extra sources relating to the subject.
Allow for this statement into the research paper. Don’t you be indolent and attempt to stumble on more details. The more particulars you exhibit, the better paper’s contention gets.
Don’t forget to cite source materials carefully. Use reference formats permitted by the instructor. Regarding how to reference surveyed resources, seek advice from format-specific guides or else inquire your teacher. Take into account, wherever you supply details to advocate for the argument, you are compelled to reference the source for that statement.
In making your paper all the more critical, check with some eloquent cases of pollution. It’s always a hit to plead for your argument using a known case.
Create transitions drawing together paragraphs that you, the author, advocate for your reasonings in. By doing this you’ll keep reason and efficiency of thought in your research paper. More often than not, the research paper that is logically consistent always makes good grades.
Proceed to final conclusions once you have developped your arguments.
Usually, you are required to offer your personal conclusions on the subject. The concludng part of the paper is supposed to go along with the problem in the thesis claim. Re-visit case and depict how it is linked to the subject. Having summarized all gathered particulars on pollution, you’re probably to come up with a more smoothly warranted judgement.
Now and again you’ll be required to offer way out of pollution situation in the end of the research paper. Insure that it just isn’t too periphrastic. Don’t fill out the resolution, solely propose. Way out of pollution could possibly be all-around referring to all subtopics independently; or it’s able to resolve the issue referencing pollution all aspects at once- relies on your artistry.
To produce an impressive paper on pollution issues, follow these tips:
1. Set robust claim as well as accurate judgement
2. Employ respectable data sources only
3. At all times begin information gathering in advance
4. Cite the resources carefully
5. Back your pleading by means of statistics (along with legal proceedings where applicable)
6. Keep your research paper consistent
I trust you enjoyed reading this pollution paper writing post. Come by for further practical guides. | <urn:uuid:2f64b6c7-0b79-4b26-87d7-c85bf6795397> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://francisli.org/topics-for-research-paper-pollution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524111.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715195204-20190715220428-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.917553 | 1,126 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Today (November 25th) is the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women.
Not exactly a day to ‘celebrate’ so much as to lament, that all round the world, women live with abuse and girls grow up in fear.
In some cultures, women are still seen as inferior in intelligence and strength. They may even be seen as commodities. 68 percent of women in India suffer from some sort of domestic violence, and it continues to grow. At least 300,000 pregnancies with female fetuses are terminated each year, according to The Lancet.
But before we condemn ‘other’ cultures (and religions) as the cause of all this violence, it is a sad fact that gender violence happens in supposedly Christian places too. 52% of Peruvian women have been slapped by their partner, according to the World Health Organization. And in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, more than one in three men surveyed in the war-torn east admits committing sexual assault, and 75% believe that a woman who “does not dress decently is asking to be raped”.
Laws will not eliminate violence though they do send a clear and necessary message that there is legal punishment and that physical and emotional abuse are wrong.
What we need are lots of positive strong role models who speak, demonstrate and teach that women and girls are precious and that violence demeans men as much as women.
Women can help to press for better attitudes and behaviour.
We can support our friends.
We can show our daughters by our example that we will not comply with sexist views, that we will not smile at sexist jokes even if men say, “it’s only a bit of fun,” and we will stand firm in the face of verbal abuse.
We can raise sons who are gentle, strong, godly models of right behaviour.
We can campaign to end child marriage, to stop barbaric genital mutilation (FGM) and we can speak out to protect others.
BUT we also need men to model right behaviour and dads to teach their sons and daughters that we are all created in God’s image and that we all matter. Dads need to teach their boys that their sisters are more than beautiful princesses with a passion for pink; they are strong, intelligent, sensitive and worthy of respect.
In the West, Christian men and women need to take a stand against everything that would commodify women and increase the risk of violence – pornographic sex, prostitution, the twitter tendency to use abusive language against women and girls and the appallingly casual attitudes to abuse that was popular in ‘Shades of Grey’.
My dad is the father of three girls and never once did I think he was disappointed that he had no son. Never once was he violent, never was he he disparaging about girls. I think he had to learn about equality because he was born into a world (between the wars) where men took it for granted that they would take the lead, but he was teachable! His girls have all become capable, strong, caring women who have made quietly significant contributions to community, church and family.
So on this day, let’s acknowledge the terrible facts about gender violence but also stand up for hope that God can restore men and women to right relationships.
[My father] taught me, in his own stumbling, unorthodox, wordless way, to respect women—that they are more than one-night stands and objects of amusement. In every instance, there’s a soul beneath that supple, scented skin, and you should never stroke one without first touching the other. Joe Kitta, Wisdom of Our Fathers
Take a look at Restored.com to see how the church can respond to violence against women.
Pray for all the dads you know (and your brothers too) that they can be wonderful models of loving, gentle and strong behaviour. | <urn:uuid:9b1071d9-f5cb-4433-b3d9-acf3dc6c9895> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://amandaadvocates.blog/2015/11/24/the-soul-beneath-our-skin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038087714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415160727-20210415190727-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.973161 | 810 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Between now and July 31, ten weird, wonderful and beautiful previously unseen objects go on display at ten venues. In a twist, they then swap venues halfway through the run for a re-interpretation by their new hosts. Here’s part two of the inside track from the venues...
Model bone guillotine made by POWs at Norman Cross prison camp, (early 19th century)
© Vivacity Culture and Leisure
“This working model guillotine is made of cow bone crafted by prisoners of war held at Norman Cross prison camp near Peterborough during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815).
The prisoners made objects from bone, straw and wood for sale at a local market. As well as working models like this they made chess sets, jewellery boxes and toy ships.
Model guillotines, which decapitate a model ‘victim’ when a lever is moved, were particularly popular. They appealed to English people’s morbid fascination with the French Revolution and all things gory.
The intricate models were made by candlelight from the remains of animal bones in the prisoner’s meals – in this case beef.
They used handmade tools, even using broken glass for cutting, as knives were forbidden.
Peterborough Museum has a collection of around 700 items made by Napoleonic prisoners of war, the largest public collection of prisoner of war craftwork anywhere in the world.”
Natural History Museum, London:
“Carving animal products for fun rather than function is a skill which appeared about 50,000 years ago, around the time modern humans emerged from Africa and began their domination of the world.
These sophisticated people crafted bone, tusk and ivory into jewellery, figures and musical instruments, among them flutes from cave bear bones and drawings of horses etched into mammoth bone. It’s the perfect material to carve, long-lasting and in plentiful supply.
Because the bone used to build this guillotine no longer shows any of its original shape or size, it’s very hard to identify the animal it comes from.
But we know from written records it is likely to have been one of the animals given to the prisoners as food.”
Set of ten ivory mathematical puzzles in a black lacquer box, made in China (1800s)
© Science Museum
“What pleasure do you get from puzzles? While we do not know who owned this particular set, puzzles like these have intrigued both adults and children for over 200 years.
Whether you find them fun or sometimes frustrating, puzzles are valuable tools to train the mind in creative and logical thinking.
They can also pose profound problems in mathematics. Changes in a shape’s position or appearance are explored by mathematical disciplines such as geometry and topology.
As trade opened up between China and Europe during the early 1800s, items such as these were brought back as gifts and souvenirs from Canton, China.
Tangrams were the world’s first puzzle craze – they became a sensation when introduced to Europe around 1817, much like the Rubik’s cube fad of the 1980s.
Tangrams are made up of several pieces - known as ‘tans’ - which form a square.
These pieces can be reassembled to make different shapes, according to problems posed by a picture book.”
Discovery Museum, Newcastle:
“Here we see the beauty of ivory, a natural material, and can admire the wonderful craft skills demonstrated by its makers.
Ivory can be carved into accurate, detailed shapes. In appearance it has a pleasing, soft colour and a subtle texture. It is ‘warm’ to the touch.
Ivory objects are made of dentine from the teeth and tusks of animals, such as elephants. Elaborately decorated works of art and religious objects have been made of ivory for many centuries.
With the growth of world trade those skills were applied to the production of gifts and travellers’ souvenirs.
A trade also developed in ivory as a raw material for mass-produced items such as knife handles, piano keys and billiard balls.
Widespread hunting led to near-extinction for some species. Now illegal, the ivory trade has become a complex international challenge.”
Early Joseph Swan carbon filament lamp, with Swan patent lampholder (1881) and quick break switch made under John H Holmes’s patent no. 3256 (late 1880s)
Discovery Museum, Newcastle:
© Discovery Museum
“When we switch on a light we seldom spare a thought for the inventors of two of the world’s most common devices.
On October 20 1880, in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Joseph Swan demonstrated that his experimental light bulb was ready for practical use.
A young man in the audience, John Holmes, was so inspired by its potential that he asked Swan if he could be his assistant.
The two men never worked together but, in 1883, Holmes started a successful domestic electric lighting business on Tyneside by promoting the advantages of Swan lightbulbs over gas lamps.
Holmes soon saw that electric switches were a serious fire hazard. They sparked when users turned them halfway to try to dim light bulbs like they would a gas jet.
In 1884 he patented a ‘quick-break’ switch which could only be either ‘on’ or ‘off’. Ever since then nearly all switches have used the ‘quick-break’ principle.
New technology is replacing the light bulb, but we will be using the quick-break switch invented by John Holmes far into the future.
The Incandescent Electric Lamp (light bulb) and lamp holder is the first type of light bulb to be made for use in the home. It cost 35 shillings – roughly equivalent to £130 today.
Early switches worked by turning a central knob or a small handle, because they were modelled on a gas tap. There is a small spring inside which activates the quick-break mechanism."
“Look closely at this light bulb made by Joseph Swan. At the top of the bulb is a spike or ‘pip’ where the air inside the bulb was pumped out to create a vacuum before the glass was sealed.
Inside the bulb is what looks like a loop of wire, known as the filament. In fact it is made of cotton thread and appears black because it was ‘carbonised’ – a process of heating it in a furnace.
Carbon was one of the few affordable materials then available that could withstand the heat as electricity was passed through it.
Carbon caused bulbs to blacken and Swan developed a method to reduce this. Heating the filament as air was removed from the bulb improved the vacuum so that fewer carbon particles travelled from the hot filament to the cool sides of the glass.
Fire was one of the risks of early electric lighting. People were used to gas lights that featured taps which could adjust the level of light by regulating the flow of gas.
When they tried to adjust an electric light switch in the same way, electricity would spark between the points of the switch and lead to fires.
John Holmes designed this switch with a spring mechanism that snaps the switch to either an on or off position. This ‘quick break’ prevented electricity from arcing.
The ceramic exterior of the light switch further reduced the risk of shock and fire."
Cigar holder representing the coronation of King Ludwig II of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (1864-1867). Meerschaum, unknown maker
© Science Museum/Wellcome Library
“Ornately carved from meerschaum – a versatile clay like material typically used in traditional pipe making – this extravagant cigar holder was made in 1864 to celebrate the coronation of Ludwig II (1845-1886).
Ludwig was the monarch of Bavaria until his death, and was renowned for his passion for building fairytale-like castles; he was also a significant patron of the arts.
The exquisitely delicate carving of the majestic coach and six horses provides a fascinating insight into the unusual life of Ludwig and his somewhat flamboyant tastes. It also exemplifies the rich diversity of Henry Wellcome’s collection and his eclectic approach to acquiring extraordinary objects.
The history of smoking dates back to as early as 5000 BC as part of religious or cultural ceremonies, and the use of tobacco for medicinal purposes has ancient origins.
It wasn’t until the 1920s that the adverse health effects became more noticeable and statistical evidence emerged linking tobacco with lung cancer.
The Wellcome Library holdings include many smoking and tobacco related items, including the archives of the anti-smoking charity, ASH.”
“Waddesdon was built slightly later than King Ludwig’s fairytale castle at Neuschwanstein and required similarly drastic measures to level the top of the hill for the foundations.
It also incorporated many of the technological features employed by Ludwig, including steel construction, central heating and hot and cold running water.
While Rothschild collecting taste is usually associated with the French 18th-century decorative arts, the family originated in Frankfurt and never forgot their humble German roots.
At the Dairy on the Waddesdon estate, Baron Ferdinand created a Curio Room which he filled with German stoneware and furniture made of antlers.
Although she abhorred smoking, Ferdinand’s sister, Alice, collected pipes at her Villa Victoria at Grasse in southern France. Many of them were German, in extraordinary shapes and materials.
On her death, she left the collection to the local museum, but a few pipes returned to England and are in the private family collection.”
Oval dish from 'New Dulong' pattern service (late 18th century). Hard-paste porcelain. Meissen manufactory, Germany
© The National Trust, Waddesdon
“Each piece from this service is painted with flowers surrounded by birds in gilt-edged compartments. Founded in 1710, the Meissen factory, outside Dresden, was the first in Europe to discover the secret of hard-paste porcelain.
Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild was furnishing Waddesdon in the 1880s and was a major collector of 18th-century porcelain. Services from Meissen and Sèvres were used for dining and carefully washed and stored in the Housekeeper’s room.
Birds particularly appealed to Ferdinand and appear in many decorative forms at Waddesdon, on textiles, in paintings and in porcelain, modelled from life.
Ferdinand built an Aviary in the gardens around 1889. Stocked with exotic species, visiting the Aviary was part of the experience of house party guests.
The Aviary fell into disrepair in the early 20th century, but was restored in the 1960s. Today it is home to endangered species of birds with an active breeding programme."
“This dish forms part of an extensive collection of porcelain, amongst innumerable treasures acquired by the Rothschild family over several generations at Waddesdon Manor.
The Rothschild tradition for collecting on a grand scale reflects the equally impressive collecting ambitions of Sir Henry Wellcome, who by the time of his death had amassed around 1.5 million items related to the history of health and medicine.
The various birds depicted include several well-known species such as the Great Tit and Bullfinch, as well as other more exotic species.
While Ferdinand de Rothschild created his own personal Aviary at Waddesdon, his cousin Lionel Walter Rothschild later established a Museum of Zoology in Tring, now home to the Natural History Museum’s ornithological collections, including Darwin’s finches from the Galapagos.
These distant relatives of the Bullfinch were thought to have sparked Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
However, recent research has revealed that mockingbirds, also collected by Darwin, were in fact the key.” | <urn:uuid:36316f31-5a0e-4972-becf-2833ac279eff> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/art438876 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510261249.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011741-00077-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963301 | 2,512 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Some ideas -- electric cars -- were impossibly futuristic until they happened. Others -- like user-generated videos or free e-mail accounts -- were things that the public didn’t know it wanted until they existed. Others, like prepaid electricity meters and eBooks, are making a comeback.
Below is my list of technologies that should’ve, would’ve and perhaps could’ve been contenders if circumstances were different. Instead, they are just highly touted technologies that will likely land on the scrap heap of history along with the Stanley Steamer, the Nuclear Airplane and all the members of Ratt.
A caveat: I didn’t include technologies on the list -- fusion, osmotic pressure gradients, or modular nuclear -- that are still in the development stage but could have a massive potential. Conversely, I’ve left out the pure crazies. The list below contains the ones that almost made it.
1. Stirling Engines. Stirling engines -- which try to convert solar heat into power via a piston and a mass of hot air or hydrogen -- have nearly all of the hallmarks of an intriguing idea doomed to obscurity. Stirlings have a long history (first created by Scottish inventor Robert Stirling in 1816), potential applications in a variety of fields, a legion of technical papers, and a long line of exuberant fans.
Stirling Energy Systems and Tessera Solar hoped to build solar thermal parks based around Stirling’s 25-kilowatt SunCatcher. The SunCatcher exhibited a whopping 31 percent efficiency, higher than other solar thermal technologies.
Stirling engines, however, also suffer from a major problem: competing technologies work better. The SunCatcher at its core is powered by a rapidly moving piston: try keeping that operating flawlessly in the desert for 25 years at a stretch. Stirling engines also remain the only solar thermal technology without an inherent mechanism for storing heat. The declining price of solar panels damaged this technology's potential, as well. At the end of 2010, the companies gave up on the idea.
2. Portable Methanol Fuel Cells. For nearly a decade, I’ve had meetings with companies touting direct methanol fuel cells (which produce electricity from a sealed tub of methanol) and the same question always comes up.
Why would a consumer want to carry around a little jug of flammable liquid to charge up their camera or phone when they could just 1) carry some spare batteries or 2) plug it into a charger?
You never get a straight answer. It’s as if these companies think most Americans spent their teen years in a KISS tribute band and are pretty comfortable lugging around lighter fluid. While large-scale methanol fuel cells may carve out a market in forklifts and industrial equipment (where the economics and applications are totally different) the portable market looks dead.
Nonetheless, the prototypes have all been great, particularly the fuel-cell-powered TV from Toshiba.
3. The Three-Wheeled Car. First, there was the Dymaxion, a three-wheeled car with a tail fin from Buckminster Fuller. It crashed during its public debut in 1933.
Then came the Messerschmitt. During the early '50s, the aircraft maker of the Third Reich was not allowed to make planes. It took the cockpit from a bomber and made a three-wheeler. When allowed to return to planes, it dropped cars.
More recently, Aptera and Venture Vehicles have struggled to bring three-wheelers to market. Three-wheelers cost less, have tighter turning radiuses and handle better, and can get better mileage. (Zap also has a three-wheeler.)
So what’s the problem? They look like something out of Dr. Seuss. Car consumers will go for cute (Volkswagen) but not freakish.
4. Grease Diesel. Making America energy independent by running our cars off the drippings from the deep-fat fryer in back of the Long John Silver’s has been a dream of many entrepreneurs. Americans love fast food, and the freeways of this fine land are dotted with IHOPs that could also serve as service stations.
But believe it or not, fuel consumption far outpaces the feedstock waiting behind Jimboy’s Tacos. Even if you collected all of the inedible tallow, yellow grease, brown grease and animal fat laying around slaughterhouses, you might only have enough fuel for 1 billion gallons of diesel. The U.S. consumes around 60 billion gallons a year at most.
We can get fuel from grease traps, but it won’t make a huge dent.
5. Portable Solar. I have four portable solar chargers at home. They have been used, collectively, twice. Technically, small solar chargers embedded into phone cases and other accessories work. The problem comes in human behavior. Few of us spend the requisite eight hours a day outside needed to trickle-charge a cell phone. They make great demos for school projects, but fail on the utilitarian front. BIPV is better, but not by much: how many contractors are going to put a solar skin on a building that may not last as long as the structure itself? And what about shading? Double doomed points if the plans include dye-sensitized solar.
6. Foot Power. How many people does it take to power a light bulb? 60. A human foot step generates 1 watt per square foot, so you need 60 for an incandescent.
PowerLeap, which is trying to commercialize piezoelectrics, estimates its technology costs $100 to $200 per square foot compared to $1 to $6 for laminated flooring.
Piezoelectrics and kinetic energy actually could work in a few environments. EnOcean and Brother Industries have created, respectively, light switches and TV remotes that can operate on the energy harvested from finger movements. At the other end of the spectrum, VyCon has a flywheel that harvests energy from cargo cranes. In both situations, energy production dovetails nicely with a local, immediate use.
But the marquee attraction -- foot power -- in this field is a tough sell. (Editor’s note: piezoelectric materials generate an electric field when bent; kinetic devices convert movement into electricity. While the underlying mechanisms aren't exactly the same, you can lump both into the power-from-motion category.)
7. Thin Clients. The three-wheeled cars of computing. Thin clients consume far less power than standard computers: some, like N Computing, have released desktop units that only consume 1 watt of power. The performance has also improved to the point where few corporate employees would notice the difference between a thin client and a desktop.
Utilities have begun to offer rebates to companies that swap out desktops for thin clients. And some companies have reported an uptick in thin client sales with the spike in power prices.
Unfortunately, most employees are about as enthusiastic about thin clients as they are about adult diapers. Culturally, they seem to be a step down.
To top it off, the opportunity for thin clients that has arisen in the past few years with spiking energy costs is being eclipsed by smart phones and tablets. Look how many companies are making iPhone apps or tablets. IT departments will spend the next few years concentrating on this rather than a conversion to thin clients.
Thin clients have merit, but their timing is awful.
8. Small Wind Turbines. They cost more than solar panels, but they also don’t produce power as consistently, make more noise, and feature far more mechanical parts that can break. Oh, and the neighbors will tell planning commissions that they are a hazard.
9. The Tall Tower. Dan Zaslavsky at Israel’s Technion has proposed planting hollow towers in hot, dry places that can capture moisture and high winds. Because the air will pick up speed as it swirls down the tower, it will be fast enough to crank turbines by the time it hits the bottom. Dry communities get cool and humid air.
Did we mention that it measures a kilometer high and nearly 400 meters across?
EnviroMission has proposed something similar for the U.S. and Australia. The Empire State Building is only 373 meters tall.
10. Battery Swapping in Cars. It looked fantastic...in 2006. Consumers don’t have to worry about range anxiety with a swappable battery. Unfortunately, the declining price of batteries, the emergence of rapid in-car chargers like the 6.6-kilowatt monster on the Ford Focus, and DC charging have all begun to make battery swapping inconvenient and less attractive economically. This one still might work -- battery swapping ensures your car stays younger longer, like Dorian Gray, in comparison to a conventional EV or even a gas car. It could be a hit in the taxi/bus/fleet car market. But it's locked in a race against time in the consumer market.
Another technology that may never take off: services that allow you to roam and get any charges forwarded to your power bills. Who cares. Just buy it like you buy Slim Jims and milk at 7-11.
11. The MDI Air Car. The balloon with four wheels.
12. EEStor. Class, discuss.
13. The Nano Fridge from Cool Chips. You’ve got to love any high-tech company with a lab in an undisclosed location in Russia and a logo that consists of a dolphin holding a pickaxe.
14. Wave and Tidal Devices. Water is 800 times more dense than air, so wave and tidal devices should be capable of generating more power than wind turbines, but these devices have to live in harsh environments and work flawlessly.
15. Electrochromic Windows. Windows that dynamically tint might work, but they have to compete against cheaper passive films. Hopeful, but an uphill battle. These are at the center of a large controversy in the green building space. Soladigm, one of the startups in the area, raised $10 million more to top out a third round worth $40 million today. | <urn:uuid:b8f1d223-c5c5-4d19-8336-63e635e580d3> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ten-green-ideas-that-may-never-take-flight | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825363.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214044833-20181214070333-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.943598 | 2,126 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The setting shifts to the synagogue in Capernaum on the coast of the Sea of Galilee.
The news about Jesus was exciting and confusing:
- Could He be Messiah?
- How could a normal man do the things He did?
His home village of Nazareth was just a few miles west in the Galilean hills—many people in the crowd knew His family. Surely Messiah would not be a carpenter’s son!
Local rabbis joined the leaders from Jerusalem in their refusal to believe in Jesus as anything more than a curiosity, perhaps even a trickster, posing as Messiah. The rabbi at Capernaum gave Jesus the floor. He must explain what he meant by the statement,
“I am the bread which came down from heaven.”
Patiently, Jesus let them speak.
When they were done, He let the silence speak for Him for a few minutes until all eyes were on Him and all ears tuned to His voice. The first thing He wanted to establish was this: to move the discussion from doubt to faith.
“Do not murmur among yourselves.”
To speak of Messiah, one must deal in faith not doubt, in hope not despair. God has always been faithful to the Covenant. This was a time for His people to also be faithful. These are the points in His presentation:
- The Lord was at work among them—He was leading people in their hearts to believe.
- Those who sensed this inner leadership had to realize that it was a call to believe in Jesus.
- To believe in Jesus was to have eternal life!
- He was the bread of Life—living manna from heaven.
- Their fathers ate the manna in the wilderness and they died.
- To believe in Jesus was to have the Bread of Life which produces eternal life.
A Hard Saying Understood
To illustrate, Jesus employed a vivid pair of metaphors—eating His flesh and drinking His blood. Of course, He intended this as a metaphor, not actual consumption. He had already explained that the “work of God” was to believe in Him. When He spoke of eating His flesh and drinking His blood, he was showing us through these common activities how we were to believe in Him:
- Consume His substance—what He said, what He did, what He taught, how He thought, etc.
- Imbibe His life—His health, His strength, He presence, His faith, His confidence and most of all His love.
Thinking in metaphorical terms, these understandable actions from everyday life, we can see the joy of being His follower The more of Him—His substance and His life—we appropriate in faith, the more of Him will flow into and through our lives.
Synonyms Are Helpful
To understand these “hard sayings” of Jesus, it is helpful to substitute synonyms for “body and blood:” “substance” for “body” and “life” for “blood.” In the Written Word we find the substance of Jesus’ life on earth and in the Living Word, the presence of Jesus, we find the life of Jesus. As we believe in His substance and life, we find food for our souls.
The Jews then complained about Him, because He said, “I am the bread which came down from heaven.” And they said, “Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? How is it then that He says, ‘I have come down from heaven’?” Jesus therefore answered and said to them, “Do not murmur among yourselves. No one can come to Me unless the Father who sent Me draws him; and I will raise him up at the last day. It is written in the prophets, ‘And they shall all be taught by God.’ Therefore everyone who has heard and learned from the Father comes to Me. Not that anyone has seen the Father, except He who is from God; He has seen the Father. Most assuredly, I say to you, he who believes in Me has everlasting life. I am the bread of life. Your fathers ate the manna in the wilderness, and are dead. This is the bread which comes down from heaven, that one may eat of it and not die. I am the living bread which came down from heaven. If anyone eats of this bread, he will live forever; and the bread that I shall give is My flesh, which I shall give for the life of the world.” The Jews therefore quarreled among themselves, saying, “How can this Man give us His flesh to eat?” Then Jesus said to them, “Most assuredly, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, you have no life in you. Whoever eats My flesh and drinks My blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up at the last day. For My flesh is food indeed, and My blood is drink indeed. He who eats My flesh and drinks My blood abides in Me, and I in him. As the living Father sent Me, and I live because of the Father, so he who feeds on Me will live because of Me. This is the bread which came down from heaven — not as your fathers ate the manna, and are dead. He who eats this bread will live forever.” These things He said in the synagogue as He taught in Capernaum.
Therefore do not let your good be spoken of as evil; for the kingdom of God is not eating and drinking, but righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit For he who serves Christ in these things is acceptable to God and approved by men.
Lord Jesus, I believe in the substance of Your Story as it is recorded in the Word of God. I read these pages in faith, believing every word. It is not my job to explain or even to fully comprehend Your substance; it is my work to believe it. I believe in Your life. You forsook heavenly life for an earthly life. Blood flowed from Your heart to your extremities just as in my body. Your life ended and by the power of the Spirit, another life took its place. I share Your life through the power of Your blood! I believe in Your substance and Your life. Amen.
Break Thou the Bread of Life
Words: Mary A. Lathbury; Music: William F. Sherwin
1. Break now the bread of life, dear Lord, to me,
as once you broke the loaves beside the sea.
Beyond the sacred page I seek you, Lord;
my spirit waits for you, O living Word.
2. Bless your own word of truth, dear Lord, to me,
as when you blessed the bread by Galilee.
Then shall all bondage cease, all fetters fall;
and I shall find my peace, my All in all!
3. You are the bread of life, dear Lord, to me,
your holy word the truth that rescues me.
Give me to eat and live with you above;
teach me to love your truth, for you are love.
4. O send your Spirit now, dear Lord, to me,
that he may touch my eyes and make me see.
Show me the truth made plain within your Word,
for in your book revealed I see you, Lord.
© 2018 Stephen R. Phifer All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:6aae0891-46df-4129-801c-ea3303b066aa> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://pathoflifedevotions.com/2018/09/27/september-27-2018-feeding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658981.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117123059-20190117145059-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.971845 | 1,571 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Early years childcare essay
The importance of mark making ways to explore mark making practitioners working with children in the early years can promote mark making for children and encourage them to express themselves in this creative manner. Encyclopedia on early childhood development languages fr 25 years has led to an increase in reliance on child care for young children, from birth to 5 years of . Early literacy: policy and practice in the preschool years by: dorothy strickland , shannon riley-ayers as early childhood education moves front and center in the public policy debate, more attention is being paid to early literacy. The first few years of a young child’s life, from birth to four years old, are very critical to his/her overall development, due to most of the time, teacher professionals are individuals who play the key and an active role in their early childhood development are teacher professionals who have a . Childcare ages and stages our early years centres are located in wellington and christchurch these facilities offer a wide range of environments from quite .
How to cite this article: savage r, wood e literacy technologies and the early years of school in: tremblay re, boivin m, peters rdev, eds rvachew s, topic ed encyclopedia on early childhood development [online]. Early literacy research papers discus early literacy reading competency in early childhood how to write a research paper on early childhood education this page is designed to show you how to write a research project on the topic you see to the left. Scaffolding preschoolers' early writing skills name writing and the preschool child phoenix, az: early childhood center, phoenix college for kids 0-12 years .
Language development in the early years: my academic essay posted by perspective on childcare on january 16, 2017 january 16, 2017 this is an academic essay i produced during my first semester at university. Early childhood education essay 875 words | 4 pages early childhood education is one of the most important policy topics out there research has proven that the early years in childhood is a critical period for opportunity to develop a child’s full potential as well as form academic, social, and cognitive skills that determine not only success in school but also their entire life (the . Early childhood is the most and rapid period of development in a human life the years from conception through birth to eight years of age are critical to the complete and healthy cognitive, emotional and physical growth of children. Essay early years discuss the key aspects of early years child development in the contexts of providing support an appropriate child care setting page 1 this essay will look at the key aspects of early years child development in the contexts of providing support in an appropriate child care setting.
Childcare: supporting parents and children having a baby and providing care during the early years has a big impact on the income of families, and on women in . Early childhood cognitive development: introduction angela oswalt, msw young children are not only growing physically during early childhood, but they are also growing mentally. My term paper i researched early child development and the brain- the base for health, learning, and the behavior of children a child's early years are critically important for they provide the foundation for the rest of their life, as an adolescent, and as an adult children who are well nurtured . A personal essay of childhood dig through one’s own past to explore and remember that which has shaped us in our early years . Childhood memories essay in english childhood memories essay outlines: approximately “early childhood” is the age of early three years of childhood in this .
Early years childcare essay
Early years provides quality and caring learning environment to enhance each child’s growth and development we give children and parents confidence by building a foundation for each child to succeed in their future educational endeavors. Through observations we can know children’s developmental progress and identify children with special needs we will write a custom essay sample on observation techniques in early childhood and education specifically for you. Access to over 100,000 complete essays and term papers that we have early childhood education for the last few years early childhood programs encourage . Early childhood education: no place for men even after years of studying gender as a sociologist, i was not prepared to see a man in the infant room on my daughters’ first day at a new child care center in august 2011.
- What is reflective journal in early childhood education there are different basic steps of essay writing are as follows analyse the question first of all i education reflective to.
- A unit 14 cache level 3 diploma childcare and education essay ‘early years practitioners have a key role to play in working with parents to support their young .
- Essay on child observation and while early reinforcements may help children learn some phrases, it’s the adults who ‘influence children’s .
Early years setting essay from one to ten years all children are able bodied, although some have specific behavioural needs i belong to a local quality . B2/ discuss the role of the key worker in sharing care with parents and families in an early years setting a1/ discuss reasons why the setting should promote the rights of the child and their family. Childcare essays - child development - a child's development is the process of growth of a child to teenage years, from dependency to increase independence search search upload. Free early childhood education papers, essays, and research papers development in young children involves the early years in a child's physical, social-emotional . | <urn:uuid:462ef593-f029-4f0d-bc07-d8727bbf536a> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://yqcourseworkdqcp.streetgeeks.us/early-years-childcare-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513441.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020205254-20181020230754-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.949452 | 1,117 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Can Video Games Help Train Surgeons?
By Tracy Hampton, PhD
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center correspondent
Today’s young surgeons grew up during a time when video games first became popular — when arcade video games, gaming consoles, and home computer games were a major staple of entertainment for many children and adolescents. And video games continue to fill the free time of youngsters as well as adults today, although now they are often found on personal devices such as smart phones and tablets.
While older generations may see the hobby as a waste of time, research indicates that the “training” they received through video games may provide young surgeons with better skills and hand-eye coordination, particularly for robotic and minimally invasive surgeries.
A 2007 study by Dr. James Rosser Jr. and his colleagues showed that surgical residents and medical students playing specific video games actually did better on simulators that provided training for laparoscopic surgery.
“When Dr. Rosser visited, he empowered my son with his article,” says Dr. Dan Jones, Chief of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Director of the Weight Loss Surgery Center at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. “Ryan, age 10 at that time, approached me with article in hand as he successfully argued for a X-box.”
Dr. Rosser’s study found that surgeons who had played video games in the past for more than three hours per week made 37 percent fewer errors, were 27 percent faster, and scored 42 percent better on laparoscopic surgery and suturing drills than surgeons who never played video games. Recently, Dr. Rosser and his team showed that surgeons who completed “warm-up” sessions with select video games prior to performing laparoscopic suturing were faster and had fewer errors than surgeons who did not perform the “warm-up.”
“It makes sense. You are using an interface, such as a joystick or buttons, when you play games,” says Dr. Jones. “With advanced laparoscopy, robotic surgery, or image-guided procedures, the surgeon is also interacting with an interface to treat the patient, and eye-hand coordination can be honed with practice. The data is compelling — playing video games can make surgeons better. That’s not to say that reading and schoolwork are not important too.”
So while video games are often given a bad rap — for potentially promoting aggressive behavior, decreasing social behavior, and lowering academic performance — it seems that some of the games can provide real benefits as well.
Above content provided by Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. For advice about your medical care, consult your doctor. | <urn:uuid:6408bffe-0b5d-458f-b63d-9b2e95532e95> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.bostonmagazine.com/can-video-games-help-train-surgeons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515311.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212075935-20171212095935-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.972545 | 559 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Such rudimentary accommodation was not new to communities like Chemainus. Many early settlers to the area lived in similar tents for their initial stay, as they struggled to clear land and gather precious funds and materials to build better homes.
In the early years of the 20th century, the mining boom had caused a rapid rise in population throughout the Chemainus area. Workers could be seen constructing these rough structures built from local timber and canvas.
Road construction camps such as the one pictured here were a common sight, as new roads were pushed through rugged wilderness. This particular camp was located north of Chemainus, near Saltair (formerly Wilson’s Crossing) in 1912.
Wall tents continue to be used in remote locations in BC to house staff on small mining exploration projects. They remain a quick, simple and effective method of accommodating workers for a short time in difficult conditions. | <urn:uuid:12faca84-f45c-4be3-b8f4-fe6a0635b137> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://muraltown.com/mural-art-gallery/11-temporary-homes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202145130-20211202175130-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.980851 | 183 | 3.484375 | 3 |
“Masks” is a poem of forty mostly short, free-verse lines about the struggle African Americans face in defining themselves. The masks to which the title refers are not only those that blacks in America have adopted to protect themselves but also those that have been forced upon them.
The critic Houston Baker, Jr., sees two primary voices present in Sonia Sanchez’s poetry. She has what he calls a “Greenwich Village/E. E. Cummings” voice, marked by a personal tone and a loud, confrontational voice that seems to explore the revolutionary edges of what a black aesthetic might be. “Masks” integrates these two sides of the poet and comes up with something new: It has the reflective nature of some of Sanchez’s quieter poetry, but it also has a directly confrontational stance. Further, its images have an almost mystical quality distinct from the very direct quality of the images of many of her earlier poems.
The poem shows a willingness to be confrontational in its epigraph: “Blacks don’t have the intellectual capacity to succeed,” Sanchez quotes William Coors, chairman of Coors Brewing Company, which, in the early 1980’s, when the poem was written, had been accused of unfair hiring and labor practices by the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations. The implication is that such racist beliefs are both the cause and effect of living behind socially stereotyped masks.
The first stanza begins with images of rivers and lakes, imagery which by itself might suggest life and renewal. The lakes, however,...
(The entire section is 644 words.) | <urn:uuid:6555738b-736e-4488-ae5f-df69379bed66> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.enotes.com/topics/masks-wilsonia-benita-driver/in-depth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00539-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969274 | 338 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels. It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history.
Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as "naval engineering". The construction of boats is a similar activity called boat building.
The dismantling of ships is called ship breaking.
Archaeological evidence indicates that humans arrived on Borneo at least 120,000 years ago, probably by sea from the Asian mainland during an ice age period when the sea was lower and distances between islands shorter (See History of Borneo and Papua New Guinea). The ancestors of Australian Aborigines and New Guineans also went across the Lombok Strait to Sahul by boat over 50,000 years ago. | <urn:uuid:59fe4828-ebf7-44fb-8f9e-c72b01ec4c21> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://architectshipbuilder.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997501.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190615222657-20190616004657-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.974026 | 177 | 3.546875 | 4 |
White River flows in two forks across most of Central and Southern Indiana, creating the largest watershed contained entirely within the state, draining all or part of 42 of the 92 counties in the Hoosier state.
The West Fork of White River begins in a farmer’s field in Randolph County, south of Winchester. For its first few miles, it travels north, then turns west through Muncie and Anderson before flowing south through Noblesville, Indianapolis, Martinsville and Spencer.
The Blue and Flatrock Rivers rise within a few miles of each other in Henry County in Eastern Indiana. As it flows south, the Blue joins with Sugar Creek to become the Driftwood River, which meets the Flatrock in the city of Columbus. At this point, both waters have traveled about 100 miles. Their confluence (shown in the photo) forms the East Fork of White River.
Both forks of White River travel roughly south and west to meet in Daviess County, just above Petersburg. By then, the West Fork has traveled 273 miles; the East Fork, 162 (plus the 100 miles of the source rivers). At their confluence, the two forks are nearly equal in size.
The White then journeys 45 miles to its confluence with the Wabash River. You can download a color White River watershed map, showing its area and relationship to the other watersheds in Indiana. (PDF, 394 KB) | <urn:uuid:b4b09ceb-80a9-4723-9f3a-c946b7b2bf5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://friendsofwhiteriver.org/about-white-river/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824733.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021095939-20171021115939-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.918534 | 290 | 3.421875 | 3 |
L. flava has triangular-shaped leaf and flower stalks and produces 'octopus-like' inflorescences consisting of up to 15 three-lobed yellow flowers. Its fruits are spherical and made up of cresent shaped segments that eventually split off, carried by water currents to disperse seeds to new locations (CRC for Australian Weed Management, 2003). The botanical specifics are noted as follows. It is glabrous (lacks hairs and is smooth), scapigerous (produces leafless flowering stalks) and lactiferous (contains a milky substance). It has a short stout rhizome (which measures about 3cm long and 3cm in diameter) and numerous fibrous roots. The leaves are erect, sheathing and curvinerved, and rise in clusters above the water. The petioles are thick, triangular , 90cm long and contain numerous lacunae (air spaces). The leaf sheaths narrow towards the top and the leaf blade is papery, light green, variable in shape (rounded, ovate or broad elliptic) and 6 - 20cm long (and almost as equally wide). The leaf apex is generally apiculate with a small hydathode at the tip; the leaf base is cuneate to repand-cordate; the leaf margin is undulate. There are four to six pairs of main nerves and a marginal one (sub parallel and converging towards apices), numerous secondary nerves (parallel to each other and nearly perpendicular to the midrib) and dense fine reticulations. There are about one to four peduncles (flower stalks), which are axillary, erect, triangular, flattened at the base and 120cm long. Penduncles bear, at the apex, a cluster of flowers, a ramet (vegetative plant) or both. Inflorescences are umbellate (consisting of flowers springing from a common center and arranged in a cluster), with between two to 15 flowers supported by an involucre of bracts; sometimes one or two leaves are present between the flowers. The bracts are roundish to broad-elliptic with (usually) emarginated tops. The flowers are pedicelled, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite and 2 - 4cm in diameter. The pedicel (stalk of a flower in an inflorescence) is 2 - 7cm long (3-gonous, 3-winged above, enlarging upwards and much elongated in fruit). The perianth is 2-seriate. The three sepals are persistent, imbricate (overlapping), green, obtuse in shape, 1.5 - 2cm long by 1 - 1.5cm wide, and enlarge and enclose the fruit. The three petals are pale yellow with a darker base, thin, caduceus (tend to fall off early), imbricate and broad-ovate to orbicular in shape with a rounded apex and are 2 - 3 longcm by 1 - 2cm wide. There are numerous stamens surrounded by a whorl of staminoides (filaments flattened, free, anthers basifixed, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally). There are 15 to 20 carpels (verticillate, laterally compressed, free, densely set, seemingly forming one superior ovary, ovules many, placentation superficial, styles wanting, stigmas sessile). The fruit are composed of fruitlets (as many as there are carpels) which are scarcely cohering, semicircular, membranous, opening along the adaxial (inner or ventral) side and having a thick abaxial (outer or dorsal) wall. There are numerous very small, horseshoe-shaped seeds, which are densly crowded together. The testa (hard outer covering or integument of a seed) is brown and spongy. Endosperm: 0 (Abhilash, 2004).
The Chromosome number for this species is 2n = 20 (Sunder Rao, 1953).
Where moisture is present year-round L. flava is a perennial herb; in ephemeral water-bodies and sites with pronounced dry seasons it is an annual (van Steenis, 1954).
is valued as an ornamental plant in some countries and cultivated in botanic gardens or private homes. Known introductions of the species for ornamental use has been documented in the USA, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Indonesia (Abhilash, 2004; Corlett, 1988; van Steenis, 1954; Senartana, 1940). In some South-East Asian countries L. flava
is used as a source of food. For example, in Java the plant is a much-esteemed vegetable, which is cultivated in rice fields and sold in markets for its young leaves, stems and flower clusters (Abhilash, 2004). In Vietnam, L. flava
occurs naturally in many bodies of water and is used as a vegetable in dishes; it is particularly popular in the Mekong Delta. Known as keo neo
or cu neo
, it is frequently gathered by ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh
) women and sold in local markets and by boat vegetable vendors. The young leaves and tops of the plant are boiled or cooked in mixed soups. The vegetable contains relatively high levels of Ca, Fe and ß-carotene, which are minerals that are frequently insufficient in the diets of women in low-income countries (Ogle et al.
2001). The leaves of L. flava
are also collected for household consumption in Bangladesh by women (Sultana et al.
It is also reported to be used as pig or cattle fodder (in Sumatra), and as green crop manure for fertilising paddies (Abhilash, 2004).
L. flava inhabits shallow swamps, ditches, pools and wet rice fields, occurring usually in stagnant fresh water (Abhilash, 2004).
Flowering and fruiting takes place throughout the year, with a single fruit producing about 1000 seeds, and a single plant producing about 1000 fruits per year (Senartana, 1940). The flowers open in the morning and close by mid-day, after which the stamens and petals disintegrate into a mucilaginous mass (van Steenis, 1954). There are no known pollinators for the plant in either South America or South east Asia. Spherical shaped fruit develops and ripens, opening along the adaxial (inner) wall; this is due to the thick curving abaxial (outer) wall. Each fruit consists of individual cresent shaped segments, known as fruitlets; the fruit and fruitlets may float for several days, scattering the numerous tiny seeds as they float downstream. The plant may also propagate clonally. A vegetative plantlet, known as a ramet, develops in the centre of an inflorescence. After the fruit has fallen, the penduncle (stalk of the inflorescence) bends over and the ramet eventually reaches the surface of the water. It then sends out its own rhizome and roots, which take root in the mud below. Alternatively, ramets may break off and float away, forming new infestations downstream (Abhilash, 2004; CRC for Australian Weed Management, 2003).
It is thought that the introduction of L. flava into India may have been due to contaminated imports of rice from rice paddies in South East Asia infested with the weed (Abhilash, 2004). It is thought that the introduction of L. flava into India may have been due to contaminated imports of rice from rice paddies in South East Asia infested with the weed (Abhilash, 2004). As well as unintentional spread of the seed via agricultural imports its use and cultivation as a food source may result in intentional spread of the plant into new countries. The latter is thought to be the cause of its spread from Java to Papua (Waterhouse, 2003).The plant was introduced into Singapore for ornamental purposes (Corlett, 1988) As well as unintentional spread of the seed via agricultural imports its use and cultivation as a food source may result in intentional spread of the plant into new countries. The latter is thought to be the cause of its spread from Java to Papua (Waterhouse, 2003). Movement of L. flava from Irian Jaya (Papua) to Papua New Guinea as a source of food is inevitable (if it isnt there already). This is also thought to be the reason for its introduction into Papua from Java (Waterhouse, 2003).
Principal source: Abhilash, P.C, School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
Waterhouse, 2003. Know your enemy: recent records of potentially serious weeds in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua (Indonesia).
Compiler: Abhilash, P.C, School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India & IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)
Review: Abhilash, P.C, School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
Publication date: 2005-06-26
Recommended citation: Global Invasive Species Database (2018) Species profile: Limnocharis flava. Downloaded from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/speciesname/Limnocharis+flava on 16-12-2018. | <urn:uuid:54f793a6-174c-4c6c-a008-abb3c8cce7ef> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/speciesname/Limnocharis+flava | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827252.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216025802-20181216051802-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.926022 | 2,019 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Wax on a metal armature, mounted on wood
Overall: 22.2 x 14.2 cm (8 3/4 x 5 9/16 in.)
John L. Severance Fund 1963.576
Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574), an influential writer and painter, notes in his biography of his contemporary Rustici, that the artist sculpted terracotta battle scenes of groups of horses "with men on their backs or under them." This wax model may be a study for such a group, showing a contorted, helmeted warrior bracing himself after falling to the ground. The figures for these projects were most likely inspired by those in Leonardo's monumental wall painting depicting the Battle of Anghiari for the Hall of the Five Hundred in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Although the fresco was never completed, its pictorial scheme was well known. Rustici later collaborated with Leonardo, and was undoubtedly aware of the major commission and its dynamic portrayal of war.
The information about this object, including provenance information, is based on historic information and may not be currently accurate or complete. Research on objects is an ongoing process, but the information about this object may not reflect the most current information available to CMA. If you notice a mistake or have additional information about this object, please email email@example.com.
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Request a digital file from Image Services that is not available through CC0, a detail image, or any image with a color bar. If you have questions about requesting an image, please email firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:f4c779d4-3ed9-4682-ab3c-f6c28d992763> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://m.clevelandart.org/art/1963.576 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304915.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126041016-20220126071016-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.937289 | 370 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Though many people outside of the southern and western United States may find this surprising, rodeo, involving such events as roping and barrel racing, is a top sport in America. Beyond these events, when most Americans think of rodeo, they automatically think of one of its most dangerous events: bull riding. Bull riding and similarly dangerous events, such as bareback riding and saddle bronc riding, can easily result in physical and cranial harm to the competitor. Therefore, it seems quite discordant that on Saturday, March 18th, Lubbock, TX is having its 4th Annual Brain Injury Awareness Rodeo.
“Protect your brain and put your skills to the test with this fun educational event!” says Lubbock Park and Recreation of the event, open to people 4 ages and older. In fact, the “rodeo” isn’t actually a rodeo – it is a bike-riding educational event, to be held at Safety City, “a unique kid-sized town where school age children learn hands-on the rules of pedestrian, bicycle and traffic safety.” In New Mexico, another such children’s “rodeo” event will be happening in Albuquerque.
Although calling the event a rodeo may misconstrue its purpose, the name does give notice to the connection between brain injury and rodeo. Rodeo is one of the most dangerous of popular sports, with riders ten times more likely to be seriously injured than football players. Earlier this year, for example, a 25-year-old professional bull rider who had numerous concussions and suffered from depression and anxiety, likely signs of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), committed suicide.
However, as the headline of this article notes, rodeo is an All-American sport. Therefore, it is often connected to politics. At the public University of Arizona, Rodeo is a club sport. At Fall Creek and Houston, TX elementary schools, they just planned a rodeo for their students. And last February, Sylvester Turner, the mayor of Houston, TX, had a Rodeo Kickoff Breakfast, “to highlight the economic and social impact the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo has on the city of Houston.”
It is not my place to comment on the legitimacy of Rodeo as a sport, as it is enjoyed by millions and its athletes are aware of its risks. However, I find it counterintuitive for the government to promote a sport that actually injuries or kills some of its constituents. | <urn:uuid:28b12776-8937-4fd0-9523-445219afca4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://tbionthehill.com/2017/03/16/all-american-head-injury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301309.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119094810-20220119124810-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.968488 | 530 | 2.8125 | 3 |
These are fundamental concepts in place-based tourism, but tourism relies on the premise that you are going to invite people from outside your community to share all that you have to offer and tourists need maps.
Designing and printing brochures can be expensive and mobile apps even more so, but by using the free mapping tools made available through Google we can create an interactive map that visitors can print, access on most smartphones and load into some GPS devices. Like Gmail, Google+, Picasa and Google Blogger, user-generated Google Maps is one of the many features available to those who have a free Google account. When you generate a map, you have the ability to load text, photos, video, HTML code, change the icons and map a route to generate depth of information that will renew appreciation of your local resources and make way finding easy. There are lots of pros and cons to creating this virtual experience.
Free tools and non-renewable resources: No printing costs, no software costs and easy updates.
No Professionals Required: Google offers a number of help tools. Learn how to make a map:
View Counter: It does not indicate if they are returning or unique visitors, but it gives you a measurable result.
Email,Share and make it Public: Compare to the distribution range of a paper brochure.
Property of Google Inc.: Please follow the guidelines for utilizing a Google trademark product
You may not have to be a professional, but it will not be easy to create depth of information if you are not a computer savvy person with a working knowledge of YouTube and web albums.
How many people view your map is quite different from people that actually visit. Some GPS manufactures offer a plug-in for Google Maps that will allow the user to download the Points of Interest to their favorites. Others do not.
In the 21st Century, visitors go to their smartphones and not to the gas station attendant to ask for directions. Utilize the web and the free tools it has to offer to maximize your community experience. For an example of a Google-based interactive map, | <urn:uuid:87d7c251-e53c-4b95-a90b-9f7fbcfe8b70> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.newyorkhistoryblog.com/2012/04/digital-storytelling-using-interactive-maps.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218203536.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322213003-00037-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907946 | 425 | 2.515625 | 3 |
versión impresa ISSN 0011-5258
MONSMA, Karl. Advantages of immigrants and disadvantages of Afro-Brazilians: employment, property, family structure and literacy after abolition in western São Paulo state. Dados [online]. 2010, vol.5Selected edition, pp. 0-0. ISSN 0011-5258.
Based on data from a municipal census in 1907, this study compared the situations of Blacks, White Brazilians, and various immigrant groups in early 20th century Western São Paulo. Contrary to assertions in the literature, many Black families were small coffee farmers, and Blacks competed with Europeans in various other manual occupations. Meanwhile, Blacks were almost completely absent from the elites, and literacy rates were extremely low among Blacks, including in the new generation, born after Abolition. The study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these various groups, thereby contributing to new hypotheses on the consequences of large-scale European immigration for the Black population.
Palabras llave : immigrants; Blacks; racism; post-Abolition. | <urn:uuid:36c3151b-00d6-4a18-b2e3-a40879956e45> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0011-52582010000100005&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375091925.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031811-00214-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932164 | 222 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Edgar Allan Poe's not-long-for-this-world life came to an end on this day in 1849. The exact cause remains unknown, but was rumored to have been everything from alcohol and opium, to syphilis, cholera, tuberculosis, rabies, and "brain congestion."
Most likely, he simply drank himself to death at age 40. Apparently, he was found in a stupor at a local Irish bar named Gunners Hall on Oct. 3. He died four days later at a nearby hospital. In the morning hours of Oct. 7 he is said to have calmly breathed and prayed, "Lord, help my poor soul" after days of having passed back and forth between delirium tremens (presumably from alcohol withdrawal) and unconsciousness.
Poe is widely considered to have invented the modern detective story with the "Murders at Rue Morgue," "The Mystery of Marie Roget," and "The Purloined Letter," and the creation of fictional detective C. Auguste Dupin, who appears in each story.
However, it is not all dark news today regarding Poe: This past Saturday the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum in west Baltimore — closed... | <urn:uuid:76fa4d59-1e9a-4518-a364-8cc6a96a8663> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.baltimoremagazine.net/chatter/2012/03/kwames-conversation..?page=3&mini=events%2Fcalendar%2F2013-01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164611566/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134331-00018-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974281 | 249 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Posted on September 1, 2016
“Questions of Ancient Lights occupy a most important position with reference to building enterprise in large towns, and most of all in London. As the value of house property has increased, disputes of this class have become more common than ever, more difficult of settlement and more expensive”.
– On Ancient Lights: And the Evidence of Surveyors Thereon by Robert Malcolm Kerr (1865)
The above statement, written in 1865, is as relevant today as it was then. Rights of Light have been a thorn in the side of developers since the decision in HKRUK II v Heaney (2010). Since then, the law surrounding them has changed significantly with major changes including:
- Coventry v Lawrence (2014)
- Ottercroft v Scandia (2016)
- The Abolition of Section 237
What are Rights to Light?
A right of light is an easement which allows owners of properties who have had access to light the ability to protect that level of light. This is based on the Ancient Lights law and is usually gained via prescription (20 years continued use), but can exist if granted expressly by deed, or granted implicitly, for example under the rule in Wheeldon v. Burrows (1879). Once a right to light exists, the owner of the right is entitled to “sufficient light according to the ordinary notions of mankind” as per Colls v. Home & Colonial Stores Ltd (1904).
To determine what is considered “sufficient” light, experts use a method initiated by Percy Waldram in the 1920s. Waldram suggested that ordinary people require one foot-candle of illuminance (roughly ten lux) for reading and other work involving visual discrimination. This equates to a sky factor (similar to the daylight factor) of 0.2%.
The infamous case of HKRUK II (CHC) Limited v Heaney (2010) changed the landscape beyond recognition. In that case an injunction was granted after completion of the property and it was ordered that the offending area of the building would have to be removed. Injunction risks are the most serious potential consequence from breaching a Right to Light. Damages can also be awarded and these can be substantial depending on the injury caused.
Coventry v Lawrence
The case of Coventry v Lawrence involved nuisance, but also changed the approach to Rights to Light. The case stated that the conduct of the defendant and public interest should be included when deciding whether an injunction is appropriate. This lowered the potential risk of injunction and added a degree of flexibility to the previously rigid ‘Shelfer Test’ which stated that an injunction should be granted unless the infringement was minor.
Ottercroft v Scandia
Ottercroft was not, on the face of it, a traditional Right to Light case. When most people consider Rights to Light they often think of London and its skyscrapers which continue to rise. Ottercroft involved a small damage to light caused by the construction of a metal fire escape staircase which blocked the light to a window of a neighbouring restaurant. The damages were roughly £886 and the cost of amending the staircase would likely have cost £6,000. Despite this, the court held that the misleading behaviour of the defendant was the key factor and granted the injunction. This not only upholds the doctrine seen in Coventry v Lawrence, but embeds in the Court process that developer behaviour is key in mitigating Rights of Light claims.
Another potential outcome of Ottercroft is the rise in ‘small’ Right to Light claims. This is particularly relevant for anyone who wishes to extend their property. As Rights to Light claims become more prevalent, they cease to become solely the concern of large city developments.
The Effect on Insurance
Originally, insurance would take a ‘let sleeping dogs lie’ approach to Rights to Light. The idea being that most people would be unaware of such an obscure law. Heaney changed that, but Coventry and Ottercroft practically removes this as an option. This will come as little shock to any well-advised developers who will continue to plan with communication with neighbours’ at the forefront. Insurance has been moving in this direction for some time. Policies which insure the property on a ‘no approach’ basis are now extremely rare. Any developer considering a project with the potential for a light infringement should plan their strategy carefully. Engaging a broker and insurers early will allow for the creation of a strategy which enables the developer to manage their exposure. However, insurance is not a panacea. It will not ensure the development goes ahead and does not make the risk disappear, but with careful management and inclusion of consequential loses, it can help mitigate the risk greatly.
The Abolition of Section 237
Where light issues were too great to overcome, some developers were able to turn to S.237 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 in order to allow them to proceed. Famous examples include the Walkie-Talkie, Tottenham Hotspur FC’s new stadium and, more recently, 22 Bishopsgate. This gave Councils the ability to override easements and other rights. It was the weapon of last resort and used sparingly, often to force parties to negotiate or lose their right. Most developers would not have been able to avail themselves of this power unless their project was particularly prestigious.
The Housing and Planning Act 2016 came into force on 13th July and repealed S.237, replacing it with Section 203. This is largely the same, but there are some subtle and substantive changes to note. S.203 will allow interference with rights of light and other easements when carrying out building or maintenance work on, or using, land which has been vested in or acquired by a “specified authority”.
There are a number of qualifications:
- As before, planning permission must have been obtained for the building or maintenance work/use of the land;
- The specified authority must have the necessary powers in legislation to be able to acquire the land compulsorily for the purposes of the work;
- Work must be related to the purposes for which the land was acquired or appropriated by the specified authority. This was case law, but has now been codified;
- The land must have become vested in or acquired by a specified authority after S.203 comes into force or be “other qualifying land”. This means developers should not have to worry about S.237 provisions lapsing.
It is notable that a “specified authority” not only includes local authorities but other public bodies, such as government departments, and bodies with statutory functions, including statutory undertakers (this will include utilities/telecoms companies/nationalised companies like Network Rail).
S.203 has many areas which have yet to be clearly defined, but as far as developers are concerned, nothing much will really change, although there is the possibility the local authority may be more open to use of the powers.
Light continues to be an issue for developers of all sizes. The recent changes in law would appear to suggest that there is no political will to abolish it. This may change, but seems unlikely in the near future. Developers will need to continue to plan carefully in order to ensure they are fully protected. Insurance is an extremely helpful tool, but needs to be engaged early in order to be as effective as possible. It also needs to be paired with a communication and approach strategy which keeps the developer on the right side of Coventry and Ottercroft.
If you would like more information on this subject please contact Adam Keith:
Tel: 020 058 2536
Email: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:ac7a6c83-7af3-49eb-a782-0111360fbe74> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://piiuk.com/blog/rights-to-light-legal-updates-and-managing-the-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912205597.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326160044-20190326182044-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.966134 | 1,577 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Just to the southwest is the Platte River, whose valley was one of the great roadways to the west, used by fur traders, emigrants, military expeditions, gold seekers, and Mormons.
Mormon migration to the Salt Lake Valley began at Winter Quarters, present-day Florence, in the spring of 1847. The Mormons crossed Big and Little Papillion creeks and the Elkhorn River, then continued along the north side of the Platte River to Fort Laramie in Wyoming. This route from the Missouri River, often referred to as the "Mormon Trail," and later known as the "Council Bluffs Road," follows present-day State Highway 36. It is estimated some 165,000 travelers used the route before the transcontinental railroad was finished in 1869.
The Platte River appears on maps of North America dating to the eighteenth century. It is designated by different names including "Panis" based on the name Pawnee, "La Platte" ("The Flat") as referred to by French fur traders, and "Nebraska River," an Indian term meaning "flat water."
Historic Highway 36 Association
Nebraska State Historical Society
Gilbert M. and Martha H. Hitchcock Foundation
Hwy 36, one quarter mile east of Hwy 275 | <urn:uuid:e5f1243d-3436-4b9a-b0a6-df95d6439cf5> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://nebraskahistory.org/publish/markers/texts/platte_river_history.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999670669/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060750-00057-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963331 | 266 | 3.9375 | 4 |
By JARRETT TERRILL
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylo-coccus aureus) is a staph infection that is not easily treated with antibiotics. However, it is relatively easy to acquire and spreads under the skin at an alarming rate. Local emergency rooms are seeing a rise in the number of MRSA cases that they treat.
Last week, the Sun-Sentinel noted that “infections from a relatively mild variety of drug-resistant staph have been on the rise in South Florida in recent months,” seemingly downplaying the phenomenon by calling it a “weak strain,” and reporting that “no one is calling the jump in cases a serious danger.” This could be misleading, as the treatments required to treat the bacteria often involve surgery, intravenous medication, lengthy hospital stays, and sometimes even amputation. Those treatments are no guarantee that the infection will not reoccur.
The LGBT community in South Florida has certainly been affected by the recent spike in MRSA cases. What is not clear at this point is whether or not our community has been affected to a greater degree than others. It is known, however, that persons with HIV, children, and the elderly are at greater risk for opportunistic infections, like staph.
Historically, MRSA was thought to be transmitted primarily in prisons and hospitals, or by sharing intravenous drugs. That is seemingly no longer the case. One person in four is now known to be an asymptomatic carrier of staph bacteria, and one in 50 have a strain that is specifically classified as MRSA.
MRSA can be spread by skin-to-skin contact. Not all patients are sure how they acquired it. Like all bacterial infections, humidity and a general lack of cleanliness may be contributing factors. It is suggested by medical professionals that regular hand-washing and early detection will decrease the likelihood and severity of the disease. MRSA may initially appear to be something harmless, such as an ingrown hair, cat scratch, or acne. The condition is made worse by attempts to puncture or rupture the site of infection.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) “The biggest risk factor for MRSA infection is open or broken skin (such as a wound or surgical site); however, MRSA infections can occur even on areas of the skin where there is no obvious wound or break in the skin.” Experts say that keeping a clean, well-ventilated home will reduce the chance of infection.
Erin Carr-Jordon, a health activist in Arizona, was recently banned from McDonald’s restaurants in that state after she swab-tested their playground equipment and discovered traces of MRSA. “Contaminated items and surfaces” are also cited by the CDC as sources of MRSA infection. | <urn:uuid:6874ee69-e7e1-4e3d-a3e6-96b3650dcf51> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://floridaagenda.com/2011/12/29/mrsa-staph-infections-on-the-rise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021365169/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305120925-00061-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968713 | 592 | 3.234375 | 3 |
We say that the limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the left is when f(x) gets arbitrarily close to L as x approaches a from the left-hand side of a. [Similarly,
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In science there are many key concepts and terms that are crucial for students to know and understand. Often it can be hard to determine what the most important science concepts and terms are, and even once you’ve identified them you still need to understand what they mean. To help you learn and understand key science terms and concepts, we’ve identified some of the most important ones and provided detailed definitions for them, written and compiled by Chegg experts. | <urn:uuid:e971c638-6e69-4cc6-bfeb-da2847f88e64> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/one-sided-limits-29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860118807.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161518-00019-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941306 | 174 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Hunting for fossils: Mine owner Bob Foster displays fossil dinosaur remains found in an opal mine at "he Sheepyards" mine area of Lightning Ridge, southern Australia. Fossil excavations usually follow existing mining operations. The seam of opal-bearing rock is about 100-120 million years old, laid down during the mid-Cretaceous Period, a time of rich diversification of dinosaur species. Australian fossils are particularly interesting, as at that time the continent was much closer to the South Pole than today. This means that many dinosaurs would have had to cope with long periods of permanent darkness during the winter months. MODEL RELEASED .
- © Peter Menzel www.menzelphoto.com
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- Contained in galleries | <urn:uuid:db01898c-0cff-40fc-93fe-04691612fca7> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://menzelphoto.photoshelter.com/image?_bqG=58&_bqH=eJzzDfVPdq7IDaqMzHGycHdPzgssMq7ydQ4wdQ.0MjOzMjQwAGEg6RnvEuxsm5OZnlGSl5mXrgbmxzv6udiWANmhwa5B8Z4utqEgtSHh4Y5G5ZX.QRbZavGOziG2xamJRckZAOkLIOs-&GI_ID= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527204.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721205413-20190721231413-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.935046 | 163 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In the moments after we give birth, we desperately want to hear our baby cry. In the middle of the night a few months later it's no longer exactly music to our ears, but those cries aren't just telling us that baby needs a night feeding: They're also giving us a hint at what our children may sound like as kindergarteners, and adults.
The study saw 2 to 5-month olds recorded while crying. Five years later, the researchers hit record again and chatted with the now speaking children. Their findings, combined with previous work on the subject, suggest it's possible to figure out what a baby's voice will sound like later in life, and that the pitch of our adult voices may be traceable back to the time we spend in utero. Further studies are needed, but scientists are very interested in how factors before birth can impact decades later.
"In utero, you have a lot of different things that can alter and impact your life — not only as a baby, but also at an adult stage," one of the authors of the study, Nicolas Mathevon, told the New York Times.
The New York Times also spoke with Carolyn Hodges, an assistant professor of anthropology at Boston University who was not involved in the study. According to Hodges, while voice pitch may not seem like a big deal, it impacts how we perceive people in very real ways.
Voice pitch is a factor in how attractive we think people are, how trustworthy. But why we find certain pitches more or less appealing isn't known. "There aren't many studies that address these questions, so that makes this research especially intriguing," Hodges said, adding that it "suggests that individual differences in voice pitch may have their origins very, very early in development."
So the pitch of that midnight cry may have been determined months ago, and it may determine part of your child's future, too. There are still so many things we don't know, but as parents we do know one thing: Our babies cries (as much as we don't want to hear them all the time) really are something special. | <urn:uuid:7ee45cb1-89bc-4190-9298-40c3ae4abae5> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.mother.ly/news/what-babys-cry-tells-you- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249595829.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190224044113-20190224070113-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.980032 | 433 | 2.546875 | 3 |
John Ashbery was born in Rochester, New York. He grew up on a farm in nearby Sodus and was educated at Harvard and Columbia. After a Fulbright fellowship that took him to France, he stayed on and worked as an art critic for several newspapers and magazines, finally returning to become executive editor of Art News from 1965 to 1972. His long poem "Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror" (1975) mixes critical analysis of a Renaissance painting by Parmigianino with reflections on his own mental process, though it lacks the cheerful surrealism and aggressive disjunctiveness of many of his shorter poems. In his early work, his approach sometimes seemed anti-representational, with a focus on linguistic events and the structures of thought. As a result, he was often associated with abstract expressionist painting of the 1940s and 1950s. But as his witty incorporation of linguistic commonplaces and public speech was matched by the use of multiple references to popular culture, his work became more accessible and his project more distinctive. Rapid changes in focus and mood still marked his poems, but he was now questioning how a commodified world might shape human consciousness. He was thus perhaps the poet who has thought most deeply about the mental life that mass culture grants to us. In the process, he came to doubt the plausibility of any coherent selfhood or the credibility of a conventionally coherent narrative.
John Ashbery accomplished a great deal in his lifetime as a poet in comparison to his contemporaries. He stressed that language is something to be challenged and played with. He withstood the twentieth-century as a powerful writer and influencer. Ashbery won the Yale Younger poets prize in 1956 for Some Trees, which was his first published book. He also won the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1976 for Self Portrait in a Convex Mirror, which became a huge success for Ashbery. With more awards and grants under his belt, Ashbery continued to awe his supporters. The New York Times has even called Notes from the Air: Selected Later Poems a “national treasure.” He wrote the way a painter or artist would paint by utilizing words in a form that mimics art. With a few works dedicated to art itself, Ashbery was not only a poet but an intellectual closely associated with life and art. He was fascinated by the human consciousness which was expressed in his poetry. His works implied that the world around us influences us as much as we influence it. He utilized his form and structure to show these concepts. Ashbery’s fixation with the mentality of people made his poetry utterly interesting and continually questioned. Ashbery’s readers complained that his writing was too difficult mainly because of the subject matter or because of how abstract his metaphors are. Whether or not you find Ashbery a difficult read, his poetry is still the work of intelligence and genuine talent. Ashbery’s work is self-reflexive, granting his readers a real insight into his history and life. His work seems to stand the test of time, giving him a young voice and crowd. John Ashbery deconstructed and constructed language in various forms that grabs the attention of many generations and backgrounds. | <urn:uuid:35e6fe42-f7fa-4a26-bf5d-96ade3ed04e9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://modernamericanpoetry.org/poet/john-ashbery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039601956.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423041014-20210423071014-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.992 | 648 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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Camassia are a genus of plants within the Asparagaceae family, native to both Canada and America. They are otherwise known as camas, quamash, wild hyacinth or Indian hyacinth. Historically, the genus was placed within the Lily family although further biochemical studies re-classified Camassia. Species within the genus were a vital food source to native Americans as they would grow in the wild in great volume.
Camassia are bulbous perennial plants with outstanding star-shaped flowers and narrow linear leaves that adorn thick, majestic stems throughout spring.
If, for any reason you are not delighted with your purchase, just return it to us within 21 days.
We promise to exchange the item or return the price you paid for the item in full. This is in addition to your statutory rights.
Hayloft Plants will not agree to refunding the costs of returning the parcel to us. | <urn:uuid:1182d7cd-c7fe-4751-8927-c4dfefbea267> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://hayloft.co.uk/category/camassia?TRE00002 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488551052.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624045834-20210624075834-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.945469 | 211 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Remember, I confessed that I didn’t do any formal physical education with my children last year?
Well this year I decided to put a few plans and ideas in place. I consulted my Fun & Games with Smile book and laid out a few activities focusing on
& skipping ropes
My Games Chart has the following:
- suggested activities, games and skills for throwing, catching, aiming & throwing bean bags
- 14 Bean Bag games for groups
- Learning to skip in easy steps and stages
- Variations of skipping
- Skipping rope activities, games and skills
- Skipping with a partner
- Skipping using a long rope with 3 or more friends
- 12 skipping songs
For your free download click here ~ Games Chart
Each week we will do some activities and build up our skills as we practice.
I want to keep it SHORT, Simple and FUN!
I found these great suggestions as I researched homeschool physical education programs:
Designing Your Homeschool P.E. Program via Homeschool Physical Education.
When adding P.E. to your home school program, start small and slowly build up to your full routine. Create a lifestyle of fitness by replacing 30 minutes of sedentary activity with a walk or bike ride. Do a few sit ups, push ups or jumping jacks in between academic subjects. Instead of lounging around after dinner, go out in the back yard and play catch or a game of tag.
Begin with activities that are suited to your child’s strengths, then gradually add variety to your routine and increase the level of difficulty. Help your children set goals for distance, endurance or skill development that are slightly challenging, but not overwhelming. Reward your children for reaching those goals.
Here are some simple, inexpensive ways to homeschool P.E.
- Stock your home with inexpensive athletic equipment like balls, jump ropes, hula hoops and Frisbees.
- Walking is suitable for children of all ages and fitness levels, and best of all – it’s free!
- Skateboarding, roller skating, roller blading and bike riding are fun activities that can really get the heart pumping. Make sure your children wear helmets, elbow pads and knee pads, and follow other safety precautions when using wheeled equipment.
- Parks provide ready-made cardiovascular and strength building opportunities for students of all ages. Ladders, slides, swings, and monkey bars promote gross motor development. If your children aren’t moving fast enough to get their hearts pumping, challenge them to a game of hide and seek or freeze tag.
- When the weather interferes with your plans for homeschool physical education, you can still dance, play a workout video or jump on a mini trampoline indoors.
- If you have an indoor pool within driving distance, swimming can be a great year round activity.
- Delegate your coaching duties and follow your children’s interests by signing them up for dance, gymnastics, karate, swimming or other private lessons.
- You can find sports programs at recreation centers, YMCAs, homeschool sports leagues and churches.
- If there is not a program available in your area, grab a few friends and start one.
- If you have forgotten all the rules to your favorite P.E. games, see if your library has a copy of The Ultimate Home School Physical Education Game Book by Guy Bailey.
99 Tips for Family Fitness Fun: The Great Outdoors…. suggests these fun physical outdoor activities ~
- Rake leaves…then jump in them!
- Shovel snow…build a snow sculpture; make snow angels; build a snow house.
- Dig and plant in the garden…help everyone plant their own vegetables, fruits and flowers.
- Chop and stack wood…end with a campfire and sing-a-long.
- Take a long walk or jog on the beach.
- Use a compass to map out a course – then set out on a walk, jog, or bike hike.
- Canoe or raft for an entire afternoon.
- Ice skate for a great winter workout.
- Skiing always gives the family a lift.
- Jump into water sports – enjoy water walking and aerobics.
- Play mixed-age water volleyball.
- Visit outdoor education centers.
- Take a nature hike.
- Go up, up and away with a kite flying day.
- Go to a driving range or enjoy a game of miniature golf.
- Go camping where you can pitch a tent, gather firewood, fish, bike, and walk.
- Visit farms throughout the year where you can pick your own strawberries, peaches, and apples.
- Plan cycling trips on safe trails by calling your local bike shop or bike club.
- Tumbling – Basic gymnastics can be done on a blanket or yoga mat.
- DVDs – There are many children’s exercise DVDs available.
- Mini weights sets from garage sale, or made from plastic milk jugs and water or sand. Go gently on weights with younger children, since they are more easily injured.
- Backyard games – soccer, kickball, croquet, Frisbee, softball, etc. Make friends with some neighborhood kids and play with a yard full.
- Gardening – Have fun, get exercise, spend time outdoors, and save money at the same time!
- Other yard chores – Mowing, shoveling snow, raking leaves, planting trees and so on. Check local media for dates of park clean-ups for a community service project.
- Outside pretend play – Build a treehouse (great use of math and measuring skills!), make a cornstalk teepee after you’ve harvested your luscious ears in your garden, build a snow castle or fort.
- Get moving – Walking, biking, skating, swimming, Volksmarches or geocaching.
And Successful Homeschooling.com gives this advice about Exercise Electronics
- Wii Fit – This fun, varied game encourages your kids to get up and get moving. It has a variety of activities to develop strength, balance, aerobic fitness and flexibility. Each child may have his own account, but it’s fun to play together also, though only one person will have her scores recorded.
- Dance, Dance Revolution – This fun, fast-paced game can be used for children from toddlerhood to teens. There’s even a Disney version for little ones.
If one of your children is having trouble paying attention, try having frequent “wiggle breaks” to get some of the excess energy out of his system. Just set a timer for ten minutes and dance, exercise or run. Your school day will be all the more peaceful for it!
As I look at these ideas and activities, I realize that we have every reason to be active!
It doesn’t have to be formal lessons, standardized or regulated, but it should be planned and included in the family’s lifestyle.
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National green certification programs now exist to recognize and encourage green building. They share the same goal—to promote green construction and create buildings and homes that use less energy, water and other natural resources; improve indoor air quality; and create less waste. The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) has its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green building rating system for commercial, retail and schools structures, while a “LEED for Homes” rating system is expected this summer. LEED has four levels of recognition. Energy efficiency is a consistent prerequisite.
The National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) has its Model Green Home Building Guidelines. Energy efficiency also is one of six criteria. The guidelines are evolving into the National Green Building Standard certified by American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Expected before year’s end, the standard will be the latest vehicle to help quicken the market acceptance of green building.
And it doesn’t stop there. Municipalities and states have their own guidelines, sometimes duplicative to NAHB and LEED. According to the USGBC, 11 federal agencies, 17 states and 53 municipalities require buildings to meet their green standards or those developed by USGBC.
Defining the market
Residentially, consumers as a whole aren’t clamoring for green construction, but the numbers are growing as it becomes part of a national discussion.
“Green home construction stands under 1 percent today,” said Emily English, NAHB construction, codes and standards specialist. “But, by 2010, as much as 50 percent of home construction may have up to three energy-efficient and/or green design elements and features.”
Today, green housing developments are cropping up. And, in the commercial world, there is more green adoption. Some of it is unassuming. Then there are flagship projects such as the new four-story green headquarters of Heifer International in Little Rock, Ark. The organization’s building features many green elements including solar lighting and heating.
Green adopters and intrigued consumers sense the start of something big, and the building industry is taking notice.
Home green home
Belcher Homes is a green building and land development company headquartered outside St. Louis in Wildwood, Mo. Matt Belcher founded his firm in 1993. He is the national director for the NAHB and serves on its Green Building Subcommittee.
“The market is there if the consumer is there, and we see some encouraging signs,” Belcher said. “A number of things are at work. First, the media is filled with information on green building. Then, there’s the spotlight on global warming. The cost of energy is skyrocketing, while energy-saving technologies advance and come down in price. If a home or office can use half the energy and be a safer living environment, the consumer is starting to get it. I’m busier than I’ve ever been, and we’re expanding.”
Karen Childress is environmental stewardship manager for Florida-based WCI Communities Inc., also an early green builder. WCI constructs a variety of luxury homes, some of which are designed specifically for green-minded customers. Like Belcher, WCI follows NAHB green building guidelines and seeks LEED certification. WCI also follows the Florida Green Home Standard.
“I suppose green homes began as a novelty, but the consumers’ knowledge and awareness have grown exponentially,” Childress said. “We introduced green homes in 2001 and market ‘green’ as part of a better quality house. All things being equal, if house A and B are both beautiful, how each is put together and what’s in it are purchasing factors. Green construction is starting to be an attractive choice.”
Building interest in green construction often is a savvy mix of press attention and drawing in the right players. A good example is a March tour of a green construction cul-de-sac development by Belcher Homes.
“We had tours for industry types,” Belcher said. “It was a trickle-down PR opportunity. We invited builders, architects, subcontractors and [local officials]. Though the homes are still under construction, we wanted to build interest—buy-in, if you will—in regard to green construction. The goal is the mainstreaming of green building in the public’s eye.”
At a NAHB green building conference in St. Louis, Belcher estimates attendance was up 25 percent, which built on a 20 percent increase the year before.
Getting up to speed and being part of the team
Both Belcher and Childress see opportunity for the electrical contractor who seeks out green building projects.
“Once electrical contractors complete their first green project, they have added a new skill,” Belcher said. “Now they can promote themselves to other green builders and expand on the kind of projects to bid. The more they learn and can exhibit, the more notoriety they gain in the green building community. For instance, if an electrical contractor understands LEED certification and can come back to me with a list of what was done and what will earn me LEED points, that sub has made himself an invaluable part of the project team.”
Childress said, “If an electrical contractor is familiar with energy conserving products and can offer conservation ideas, we want him.”
For Childress, that could mean a recommendation for ICAT (insulation contact, airtight) sealed canister lights or a thorough knowledge of EPA Energy Star-rated items from lighting to appliances.
Knowing green building materials also can help an electrical contractor.
“Recognizing materials unique to green building at a job site is an advantage,” Belcher said. “For instance, there’s an exterior wall product known as OSB. It’s essentially two pieces of plywood sandwiched between a 6-inch thick layer of eco-friendly, nontoxic poly foam. It helps create a tighter, leak-free home. The savvy EC knows the panels have been premarked indicating where the wiring needs to go. In fact, the carpenter sees where to drill, so the EC can come in and immediately start pulling wire.”
Get comfortable with alternative energy
Energy efficiency is an important tenet of green habitats. The inclusion of alternative power sources introduces ECs to a whole new playing field. Solar, wind and earth power all are available today. They are emerging from an early adopter stage as their technologies refine and their costs reduce. By keeping up on the latest developments, ECs can position themselves for alternative energy installation work.
This observation hasn’t gone unnoticed by curriculum developers of the National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee (NJATC).
“In January, we completed our textbook on photovoltaic [PV] power systems,” said Todd Stafford, senior director, instrumentation, alternative energy and ITC operations. “The book is an authoritative guide covering the technology today, its installation, cost/energy payback and marketing.”
Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity.
“PV isn’t a packaged power system,” Stafford said. “It’s incrementally installed one panel after another. The inverters that translate the solar energy into electrical power have really evolved to help this renewable resource become more reliable.”
Though labs and demo installations still are being developed, the NJATC solar energy training program is set to be unveiled later this year.
“Some would argue that solar is still some years out, but I don’t agree,” Stafford said. “There are any number of rebates and incentive programs going on across the United States. Many are commercial, some are residential. A great resource on what’s available can be found at www.dsire.com.”
The Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) is a joint project of the North Carolina Solar Center and the Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.
Stafford added that, when selling solar power, it’s important to recognize the “cost” means different things to different people.
“Some customers see the payback as a simple commitment to renewable energy,” Stafford said. “Some are even willing to go completely off the grid. Many use solar installations as supplemental energy sources to reduce costs, be it through peak shaving, cogeneration and/or selling surplus power back to the utilities.”
Residential customers may try out solar using an appliance such as a solar water heater. These use solar thermal collectors or panels that trap the sun’s heat without requiring direct sunlight. The energy collected is transferred and used to heat the tank’s water. The Partnership for Advancing Housing Technology (PATH) listed solar water heaters as a 2007 Top 10 Technology. Its Web site, www.pathnet.org, offers information on the latest energy-saving housing technologies. The 2007 version lists other intriguing appliances as well, including an all-in-one washer/dryer and home-sized combined heat and electricity systems.
A stronger wind
Part of NJATC’s mission is to follow new technologies and changes in existing technology that offer mainstream possibilities. Wind power may be the next alternative energy source to receive a full training curriculum.
“We want to make sure the contractor who bids on a particular kind of work has training in place to understand the market,” said James Boyd, NJATC senior director of craft certification and technological awareness. “Right now, NECA and other union contractors are working on wind power projects.”
Driven by wind towers (a sort of high-tech windmill), small wind turbine generators are creating up to 100 kW for intrepid farmers and investors investigating wind power’s potential. On a bigger scale, wind farms feature hundreds or more such towers generating mega- to gigawatts worth of power. A wind farm on the San Gorgonio Mountain Pass in the San Bernardino Mountains contains more than 4,000 separate windmills and provides enough electricity to power Palm Springs, Calif., and the surrounding area.
“Where you site wind towers is essential,” Boyd said. “You need atmospheric studies to see if there is enough wind. In addition, you need to determine if the land will support the weight and stabilize the tower. You also want the towers close to the grid, otherwise you’ll need to build a high-voltage carrier. If you bid on this work, recognize that wind farms are typically utility-owned or tied into a utility.”
The fuel cell
Fuel cells seem to be the most elusive when it comes to broad commercialization. Natural gas fuel cells are the most developed.
“Today, the focus is on small, portable applications such as auxiliary power for cars, even computers and phones,” Boyd said. “There have been some great gains, but as a power source for residential and small commercial, the technology, its cost, and reliability isn’t there. The good news is the day it becomes a viable power source, it will be easy to tie into a home or commercial power system. Picture a self-contained power source akin to a generator. We are trying to keep contractors up to speed on the state of the industry and what they can expect to see. A training curriculum is on hold for now as the technology evolves.”
As all green and sustainable building grows, there will be more opportunities for electrical contractors. Pay attention to products; attend trade show events, such as “Think Green” Day being held at the NECA Show 2007 in San Francisco; and be ready to move into this area. Being proactive will prepare your company for a bright future in sustainable building. EC
GAVIN is the owner of Gavo Communications, a marketing services firm serving the construction and landscaping industries. He writes trend, design and other business articles. | <urn:uuid:ac7ae485-9d7f-4940-982f-f93fcb017c03> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.ecmag.com/print/section/green-building/sustainable-success?qt-issues_block=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928030.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00004-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940206 | 2,536 | 2.75 | 3 |
What is functional decline?
Functional decline is the decrement in physical and/or cognitive functioning and occurs when a person is unable to engage in activities of daily living, as is encountered during hospitalisation.
Functional decline can occur as early as day two of hospitalisation. In 30 per cent of hospitalised older people, functional decline is unrelated to their primary diagnosis. At three months post discharge only 50 per cent recover from functional decline.
Functional decline has been identified as the leading complication of hospitalisation in the elderly and can result in under-nutrition and dehydration, decreased mobility and loss of independence, accelerated bone loss, delirium and depression, pressure ulcers and skin tears and incontinence. These hazards can be prevented or minimised during an older person’s hospital admission by implementing effective strategies to minimise functional decline.
Why should I be concerned about functional decline in older people during their hospital stay?
Hospitals can be dangerous for older people: Some of the problems that older people experience in hospital include:
- Under-nutrition and dehydration - due to patients' inability to manage their meals and drinks independently and lack of assistance with meals and drinks, missed or interrupted meals due to conflicting appointments, reduced appetite due to illness or lack of activity.
- Decreased mobility and loss of independence – can be aggravated due to patients staying in bed, lack of incidental activity, illness or impairment.
- Skin integrity issues including pressure ulcers - due to continuous pressure on frail skin and poor mobility or blood circulation.
- Incontinence - due to reduced mobility, increased urgency, poor orientation to bathroom, use of continence aids, constipation or effects of medication.
- Falls - due to impairment, environmental hazards or confusion.
- Delirium - a clinical syndrome due to infection, sleep deprivation, immobility, dehydration, pre-existing cognitive impairment or medication.
- Medication errors - due to taking incorrect medication, incorrect dosages or medication side effects.
- Depression - due to ill health, loss of function or poor recovery.
These problems occur in addition to the patient’s presenting conditions. They can impede recovery, increase length of stay and lead to reduced functioning, not only when compared to pre-morbid functioning, but when compared to a person's functioning on admission to hospital.
What can I do to reduce functional decline in older people?
As health professionals working in hospitals we can make a difference. What we do, or don't do, will affect an older person's likelihood of functional decline.
There are some very practical things we can do. For example, ensure that every patient is oriented to the ward environment so they:
- know how to get to the bathroom
- have a call bell within reach
- know where the nurses' station is
- know where to go for meals, if dining in a dining room.
Patients may need to be reminded about where things are on more than one occasion.
Central to this is putting person-centred care into practice. Put simply, this means treating older people with respect and as equal partners in the health care relationship. We need to listen to the older person, take time to get to know them and engage with them as an equal. | <urn:uuid:dbd3afe5-0ba9-4195-a762-3d02a04ebb4d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/clinical+resources/clinical+topics/older+people/care+of+older+people+toolkit/what+is+functional+decline+-+the+toolkit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.949417 | 669 | 3.125 | 3 |
Super Salads Rank Low on Glycemic Index
When we follow a low-carb diet to control our diabetes and to lose weight, the first carbohydrates to go are starchy foods. Then, we reduce two sugars, sucrose (table sugar) and fructose.
Starchy foods have a high glycemic index, particularly tubers like potatoes and grains like wheat and wheat products, including bread, bagels, and baguettes. The trouble with sucrose is that it's half fructose (the other half is glucose). And the trouble with fructose, including high-fructose corn syrup and agave nectar, is its impact on the liver, which metabolizes it. That raises our triglyceride levels and leads us to secrete more insulin, which in turn leads to more insulin resistance. Fructose also leads to high blood pressure.
What's left? Fiber, of course. In the U.S. we count fiber as a carbohydrate, although much of the rest of the world counts it separately. Having some fiber in our diet is probably a good thing, but we can't live on it.
But beyond starch, sugar, and fiber are the green leafy vegetables. The mainstay of salad. That's what's left.
Even Dr. Richard K. Bernstein, the leading exponent of a very low-carb diet for controlling diabetes, thinks that it makes sense for us to eat some slow-acting carbohydrates. While "there is no such thing as an essential carbohydrate," as Dr. Bernstein writes in Dr. Bernstein's Diabetes Solution, he also writes that "it seemed reasonable to conclude that, since our prehistoric ancestors consumed some plants, plant foods might well contain essential nutrients that were not yet present in vitamin supplement and not even been discovered."
All of a sudden Dr. Bernstein found that he was eating salads as well as cooked vegetables. He says that he now relishes salads.
I certainly do too. A big salad is my main meal, which I eat at lunchtime giving my body enough hours to digest it before going to bed.
A couple of years ago I wrote here about what I put in my salads. But I keep discovering new ingredients that I relish.
My best find, I think, is BroccoSprouts, which just like the name indicates is sprouted broccoli. I wrote about BroccoSprouts here a year ago and still add them to almost every salad.
More recently I found a preparation of one of my favorite vegetables. Whole Foods markets now usually have artichoke hearts. In the produce section you can find "ArtiHearts Fresh Natural Artichokes" from Monterey Farms.
Five years ago I wrote in my "Diabetes Update" newsletter reviewing a book, Prickly Pear Cactus Medicine. Many people in Mexico use it to prevent high blood glucose levels, and it has one of the lowest glycemic indexes of any food. When I reviewed that book, I was concerned that the prickly pear cactus sold here was the species that tastes better than the one studied more for its glucose-lowering effect. Of course, it's probably the former, but I now eat and enjoy it anyway, because it is undoubtedly low carb and good tasting. Sold in bottles or cans as "Tender Cactus" and "Nopalitos," the prickly pear cactus that Whole Foods and major supermarket chains sell isn't prickly. Someone else has removed the thorns for us.
I happened to have planned to write this much about salads anyway. But this morning I ran across a new study in BMJ, originally called the British Medical Journal. It is among the world's most influential and widely read peer-reviewed general scientific journals in the field of medicine. Just yesterday BMJ published "Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis."
The study concluded that their meta-analysis supported recommendations to promote the consumption of green leafy vegetables in the diet for reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. My conclusion is that something that can reduce the risk of our getting type 2 diabetes can't be harmful for those of us who are already living with this condition.
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Considering which psychology education path to take? There are many selection criteria for choosing a career. You may want a high paying job in an office, or you may go for a career that will allow you to set up your private practice. Whichever route you take, you can expect to get a plethora of employment opportunities, including social work jobs if you have psychology degrees.
Here are some of the reasons why the psychology career path is attractive to many.
While the educational requirements for jobs in psychology are many, there are many job opportunities for those who hold more than one degree in psychology. If you are just starting out, and you want to make sure the field of psychology is right for you, then you can start with an Associate’s Degree in Psychology. The educational requirements may vary according to the field you are targeting. Psychologists with their own clinics usually have master’s degree in psychology. Their credentials should be top notch to attract clients that are willing to pay the hourly fee. Some students go after a more specialized degree, like the Marriage and Family Therapy degree, which is also a master’s level degree. You may also look at online MFT programs, if you are looking to work and go to school at the same time.
A bachelor’s degree in psychology will get you a job in the corporate world. Every company hires a lot of people to handle their human resource department, and many of these personnel have psychology degrees. A bachelor’s degree is a good way to start your career, but if you want more windows of opportunity to open, you should take up Master’s or doctoral degrees.
Graduate courses in psychology programs attract so many students every year. It may be that most of these students want to improve their chances of getting the best psychology jobs out there, but without a doubt, all psychology students enjoy the course. It can be exciting to find out more about the human psyche and how it can be affected by different environments and situations. What could be more fun than figuring out how the human mind functions?
A solid career in psychology is the reward for highly motivated students who go for the long haul. Fortunately, the internet has helped with taking psychology degrees while working. Online educational institutions offer courses and degree programs in psychology. Of course, if you have the time and the means to go to traditional classes in universities, you can always go for this option.
Marketing, management, human relations and customer service are just some of the corporate fields that welcome graduates with psychology degrees. In fact, you can qualify for any job that involves dealing with other people. It’s also easy to advance your career goals by simply adding more to your list of credentials. Get related on-the-job experience and enrich your education with seminars and graduate courses.
There are other degrees where you will use psychology skills and coursework but work in a related field. These include:
Associate Degree of Social Work (ASW)
Bachelors Degree of Social Work (BSW)
Masters of Social Work (MSW)
back to online degrees | <urn:uuid:c1e52536-b327-4a4a-b51f-d19478b2c39e> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://collegeeducated.com/online-degrees/psychology-degrees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585382.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021071407-20211021101407-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.955471 | 633 | 2.53125 | 3 |
World Resources Institute explains that recent record warm temperatures, combined with low precipitation have combined to make the situation even worse than either factor alone:
From the Southwest to the Great Lakes, temperatures have been so high and rainfall so low that the drying effect of warmer air temperatures far exceeded what little precipitation there’s been, resulting in moisture being drawn out of soils. This situation has occurred at a critical time in the country’s growing season, leaving the ground sapped of moisture and, in turn, wreaking havoc on crops and livestock. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), even if a normal amount of rainfall occurred this year, it could not have offset the drying effect of the record-breaking heat.Furthermore, lower than normal snowfall across those areas of the nation dependent on spring melting for water combined with more rapid melting than usual, brought on by the warmest winter in the US on record, resulting in lower than usual reservoir levels.
Read more: WRI Insights
What's the Science Behind the US Drought?
World Resources Institute explains why the current drought is so bad. | <urn:uuid:dd29c9b2-2cf7-4e76-9d3d-043f02093d9a> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.treehugger.com/climate-change/science-behind-u-s-drought.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824180.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212225044-20181213010544-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.917099 | 229 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Learn about the Spanish American War and its results.
- Students will be able to explain why the United States went to war with Spain.
- Students will be able to describe the first battle of the Spanish American War.
- Students will be able to describe Roosevelt’s ride up San Juan Hill and its results.
- Students will be able to explain what happened to Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam when the Spanish American War ended.
- Students will understand that Cuba and the Philippines are now independent countries while Puerto Rico and Guam remain territories of the United States.
4th Grade – 5th Grade – 6th Grade
- Read lesson or have students read it silently.
- Have students answer the questions on the worksheet.
- Discuss answers to questions.
In 1896, Spain had two colonies in North America – Cuba and Puerto Rico. It also had several colonies in Asia. In Cuba, people had rebelled against Spain and reports of Spanish cruelty in Cuba reached the United States. Then in 1898, the American battleship Maine mysteriously blew up while visiting Cuba. While no one knew for sure why the ship exploded, Spain was blamed. The United States decided to go to war to free Cuba from Spain.
The first battle of the Spanish-American War was fought in 1898 in the Philippines, a Spanish colony in Asia. The Philippines is a group of islands in the western Pacific Ocean. On May 1, 1898, the American navy, led by the commander George Dewey, attacked the Philippines. After a week of fighting, Spain had lost nearly half of its navy. At the time, the Assistant Secretary of the navy was Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt quit his job and volunteered to lead a group of 17,000 troops called the “Rough Riders” into Cuba to fight the Spanish. | <urn:uuid:0edaf1e3-7ea2-43b1-ae41-7aa8f781b3d6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://lesson.instructorweb.com/31/spanish-american-war.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822851.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018085500-20171018105500-00886.warc.gz | en | 0.965311 | 371 | 3.75 | 4 |
Why do 40,000 people a year seek to climb the world’s highest freestanding mountain – a mountain so popular it has become known as “Everyman’s Everest?” Here are the top ten reasons (from the viewpoint of one climber) from the most practical to the most profound:
1. Kilimanjaro is technically the easiest to climb of the Seven Summits (the highest mountain on each continent). You don’t need ropes or special mountaineering gear, or even any previous mountain climbing experience. The youngest person to reach the summit was six years old, and the eldest (as of 2011), was 87. That does not mean Kilimanjaro is not without its risks. Rockslides and acute altitude sickness kill on average ten climbers each year (the subject of a forthcoming post).
2. Paradoxically, Kilimanjaro is both remote and accessible. Kilimanjaro is located in Tanzania, just south of the equator, next to the Serengeti. But regular flights fly nonstop from Europe to the Kilimanjaro airport. Around the mountain there’s surprisingly good support infrastructure for such an impoverished country – decent hotels, outfitters, gear to rent, ground transportation. On the mountain there are sleeping huts along the main route, with porters who carry and set up tents and kitchen facilities on the other routes.
3. Kilimanjaro remains surprisingly pristine. While the base camp of Everest is strewn with trash, Kilimanjaro National Park is comparatively clean. Park Rangers weigh all the bags coming on and off the mountain and trekking companies pay heavy fines if the bags come down light. This greatly reduces dumping on the trail. There are basic outhouses along the way what while far from luxurious, provide privacy and keep the mountain clean. There are only seven trails up to the summit, and no roads. As a result, despite relatively heavy traffic, the mountain has retained its wild nature.
4. Kilimanjaro one of the world’s great natural wonders: a snow covered mountain on the equator, an ocean of green forest surrounded by dry savannah. Climbing Kilimanjaro is like walking from the equator to the North Pole in a week, providing dramatic changes in vegetation and animal life day by day. Kilimanjaro is also a “sky island.” Its high altitudes have created habitat for strange and unique life forms found only on a few other peaks on the planet – such as the delicate elephant flower and the bizarre, tufted Kilimanjaro tree taht looks like something created by Dr. Suess.
5. Kilimanjaro is a hot spot for studying Climate Change. Al Gore showed photos of its rapidly shrinking glaciers in An Inconvenient Truth. Ice cores show the glaciers to be 11,700 years old – and yet they will all be gone in the next 20-30 years. Teams of scientists are working on the ice to better monitor and understand exactly why this is happening. One researcher I met said to me: “You can stand next to the ice and see the glaciers turning to vapor before your eyes.” Xpedition Online runs treks for youth up Kilimanjaro, accompanied by climate scientists. Find out more at www.xpeditiononline.com.
6. Climbing Kilimanjaro contributes to a thriving local economy, generating about $20 million/year. Guides, porters, cooks, hotel staff, food producers, travel and trekking agencies, merchants, construction companies and banks all create local jobs in a region that remains one of the poorest on earth.
7. Kilimanjaro inspired a continent to freedom. Kilimanjaro belongs to Tanzania, the first nation in Africa to win independence from colonial powers (it was then called Tanganyika). Before independence in 1959, soon-to-be President Julius Nyerere said: “We, the people of Tanganyika, would like to light a candle and put it on the top of Mount Kilimanjaro which would shine beyond our borders giving hope where there was despair, love where there was hate, and dignity where before there was only humiliation.” Today, the summit is called Uhuru Peak – Uhuru is the Swahili word for “Freedom.”
8. People Climb Kilimanjaro to mark a personal accomplishment. Individuals climb the mountain to mark important transitions: their graduation, their retirement, a marriage or a divorce. The event is significant enough that every year dozens of local newspapers write the story of a town resident who makes the journey to the peak.
9. Many people climb Kilimanjaro to draw attention to a worthy cause or charity: to raise money to cure cancer or bring attention to a condition such as autism. Individuals with disabilities have climbed to mountain to demonstrate that with courage perseverance, a disability need not be a limitation.
10. Kilimanjaro inspires transformation. When you climb Kilimanjaro and stand on the roof of Africa, you see the world a different way. What seemed impossible in your life might just be doable. The mountain top is a place for vision, inspiration, and a new beginning. As the famous song by Juluka goes: “I’m sittin’ on top of Kilimanjaro, I can see a new tomorrow. I’m sittin’ on top of Kilimanjaro. I cast away all my sorrows.”
Tim Ward is the author of Zombies on Kilimanjaro: a Father-Son Journey Above the Clouds, the first literary narrative of climbing Kilimanjaro.
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Early years in a child’s life are important which acts as a foundation for future development and learning. Early education is critical for young children’s development and wellbeing. This essay describes the key historical and philosophical perspectives on early education, thereby emphasizing on learning as social interaction process. The early childhood education have emerged from philosophical thoughts.
My philosophy is the inclination towards individual child and classroom program structure with children to independently use material through awareness. Childhood education is valid in preparation for adulthood through Froebel‘s approach. The feeling of physical and mental health is emphasized by play and activity for nurturing children by Rousseau, he defends his idea that children are pure and should be protected from society (Tovey, 2017). Rousseau advises that children should not be mentioned about religion until a certain age and they should act on their preference and consider their own perception at a certain age. This aim is to protect children from society‘s artifacts and preserve their self-esteem vision identified as Naturalism in the system. Pestalozzi's work brought a change from conventional schooling and brought educational reform. He envisioned schools for rejecting corporal punishment and home-like institutions where teachers engage students by sensory experience homelike institutions where teachers actively engage students by the use of sensory experiences. John Locke was very keen on discipline and moral character display in children, but not moving to brutality to implement the same (Naji, 2017). John Locke’s belief that adults should act as role models for children universally for their offspring, treating them with respect and acceptance focused on moral behavior (Naji, 2017). I align with postmodernism paradigm with no complete universal application of theory and truth bound by historical context.
Steiner developed the importance of spiritual values and teaching methods based on the balance of practical and artistic learning. The formal education with a fixed curriculum idea was rejected by Pratt who introduced play as an alternative to repression of formal education (Moss, 2019). The world experience through field trip and children learned through social interaction. The curriculum promoted the child focus on physical, emotional and community as a child s learning for their development for progressive society (Moss, 2019). The concept of the good life is a moral concept by Aristotle’s concept of the same. The nature of desire is considered as moral deliberation. The philosophical perspective of education is based on idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, existentialism, and postmodernism.
The idealism focuses on holistic learning and preparing students for reality through an interdisciplinary approach. Realism like idealism focuses on the physical world with knowledge obtained as scientific research useful for survival in life. Pragmatist’s theory argues for knowledge is not permanent and keeps changing with reality with schools through activities and social relationships help in children’s growth (Moss, 2019). The teacher provides learning that should encourage opens and collaboration. Existentialists reject universal ideas and hold the reality created by the individual.
The intellectual development, ability to take initiative, skills for innovation helps the individual in making choice for 'existential' as a self-understanding of the outside world (Murris, 2016). The individual characterizes the concepts by reality and schools exist to aid by focus on the individual. The existentialist’s profound spiritual authentic life would approve any type of education where the emphasis is given to artistic sense. Evaluate knowledge of a divine, perfect condition in which may be an increase in the scientific tendency and child’s place in school, guidance awakening where there is transition is existentialism. Education through masses are built, rather than focus on existentialism in education for the child by historical practical teachings. Thus, truth and goodness helpful in the religious for the society, and schooling and scientific knowledge is true for the individual.
Education is thereby, living oneself of the possibilities of knowing self-professionalization that institutions should turn their attention, all of these other words in questions are able to adapt to changes for self-realization which means an authentic life for society (Ailwood, 2016). It might seem educational system is doubtful to these masses that aid in education for the greatest possible expansion. People prepared to make money prevents them from turning towards culture, and they turn their attention to the problems of culture, or better, the essential questions posed by the human interaction. The persistence, attentiveness, and capacity which includes the development of reasoning and the ability of divergent thinking, creativity, to make judgments, and to analyses and solve problems, for observation and imagination are philosophical aspects of education.
In the Australian, context adaptability with early education followed the experience based on play and language for social skill and cognitive development on new experiments that are the foundation for kindergarten. John Dewey and Steiner s concept of promotion of interest and discovery fostered social consciousness. Knowledge pursuits are the conditions for creative writing purists encouraged for personal choices. Postmodernism theory focuses on how curricular knowledge and transformation helps in developing identities, and transforms a society by rejecting the dominant or master narratives. The child freedom and binary categorizations have dissolved of reality. The emphasis on non-human forces describes the tension and the humanistic approach that dominate initial ways of thinking.
The Malaguzzi theory believed that children have curiosity, potential and knowledge is constructed through everything presented to them. This allows children to learn at their own pace for student-led learning (Fleer, 2018). The traditional school began by offering different curricula, giving the opportunity to be independent thinkers students the connections that idea of building key concepts. Montessori changes the face of education and it’s developed across the world with traditional education applying practical concepts. The Malaguzzi theory highlights the shift from “teaching to the test” and toward the development of emotional capacities (Murris, 2016). This allowed children in giving them a sense of accomplishment where classroom teaching is constructed in character development. They gave creative thinking and helped in cultivating and empower children.
Frobel’s idea became a major education provision for children aged 4 with Rudolf Steiner essentially created education as a social and individual art for fulfilling tasks with teaching as a vocational activity (Moss, 2019). The Montessori method based on human tendencies and character development for the process of learning by the focus on factors such as teaching method, class size, and learning style on the notion of human tendencies. Malaguzzi s idea centered on children at work and play activities. He made observations about recording children’s discussions and teachers taking notes for next steps for the discussion on plan. Knowledge in the traditional analysis as justified true belief is necessary, true belief is sufficient for knowledge with a component of knowing and belief in the tripartite analysis of knowledge. The good life described through the Gettier problem that emphasized on inconsistent knowledge as true belief can be justified as being lucky not necessarily knowledgeable (Gabriel, 2017).
The reconceptualist perceptive focused on understanding the curriculum rather than design and implementation. The limitation with the schools is related to the subjectivity of social structure established for course design. The reconceptualist movement gained momentum in the early 1980s concerned with child development theory and perspectives in the postmodern approach concerned with the dominance of psychology and questions on scientific truths that structure with language and culture applied to all children. Immanuel Kant’s theory of good life is attached with nothing as wholly good since its always attached to something bad with the good is a prized possession with the fulfillment of duty as it’s an obligation (Gabriel, 2017).
The programs are based on the traditional and blended approach that can be sustained in early childhood development to foster child development and growth with a curated curriculum that strikes balance between conceptual leaning and arts and social behavior observed and applied over the years.
Ailwood, J., Boyd, W., Theobald, M. (2016).Understanding Early Childhood Education and Care in Australia: Practices and perspectives. Routledge.
Cohen, E.L., Stupiansky, W.S. (2017).Theories of early childhood education developmental, behaviorist. Taylor and Francis.
Fleer, M. (2018).Child development in educational settings. Cambridge press.
Gabriel, S. (2017).The sociology of early childhood: Critical perspective. Sage publications.
Moss, P. (2019). Alternative narratives in early childhood: An introduction for students and practitioner. Routledge.
Murris, K. (2016).The Post human Child: Educational transformation through philosophy with picture books. Routledge.
Naji, S., Hashim, R. (2017). History, Theory and Practice of Philosophy for Children: International perspective. Routledge.
Tovey, H. (2017). Bringing the Froebel Approach to your early years practice. Routledge.
Remember, at the center of any academic work, lies clarity and evidence. Should you need further assistance, do look up to our Early Childhood Assignment Help
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Today’s guest argues that it was cooking that caused the extraordinary transformation of our ancestors from apelike beings to Homo erectus. At the heart of this episode lies an explosive new idea: the habit of eating cooked rather than raw food permitted the digestive tract to shrink and the human brain to grow, helped structure human society, and created the male-female division of labour. As our ancestors adapted to using fire, humans emerged as “the cooking apes”. Covering everything from food-labelling to sexual division of labour to raw-food faddists, Catching Fire offers a startlingly original argument about how we came to be the social, intelligent, and sexual species we are today. A fundamental question that every culture answers in a different way, but only science can truly decide and one today’s guest deeply explore is What made us human? Our guest’s work proposes a new answer. He is a true changemaker, driven by curiosity and believes the transformative moment that gave rise to the genus Homo, one of the great transitions in the history of life, stemmed from the control of fire and the advent of cooked meals. Fire was our first technology. Cooking increased the value of our food. It changed our bodies, our brains, our use of time, and our social lives. It made us into consumers of external energy and thereby created an organism with a new relationship to nature, dependent on fuel. | <urn:uuid:729959af-ca17-4261-824a-a1c58bf5684f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://theinnovationshow.io/episode/catching-fire-how-cooking-made-us-human-with-richard-wrangham/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499758.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129180008-20230129210008-00807.warc.gz | en | 0.944863 | 291 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Corporate social responsibility organization
The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility means that organization have moral, ethical, and generous responsibility in addition to their responsibility to earn a fear return to investors and comply with law. CSR is a concept whereby organizations is consider the interest of society by taking the responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment in all aspect of their operation.
In other way CSR is the integration by companies of a social and environmental concern in their business operation and in their integration with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. The concept of CSR means going away from the fulfillment of legal requirements by investing more in human capital, The environment, and relations with stakeholders. It is a voluntary instrument, but must be implemented consistently so that it fosters trust and confidence among stakeholders.
Definitions of Corporate Social Responsibilities
Giving a universal definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is bit difficult as there no common definition as such. However, there are few common threads that connect all the perspective of CSR with each other; most ideal definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been given by world of business council for sustained Development which says,
“Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the work force and their family as well as of the local community and society at large”.
The online encyclopedia, Wikipedia 2009 has one definition of CSR is ”Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the decision-making and implementation process that guides all company activities in the protection and promotion of international human rights, labor and environmental standards and compliance with legal requirements within its operations and in its”.
On the other hand, the European Commission hedges its bets with two definitions wrapped into one:“A concept whereby companies decide voluntarily to contribute to a better society and a cleaner environment. A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis”.
The corporate social responsibility means that organization have moral, ethical, and generous responsibility in addition to their responsibility to earn a fear return to investors and comply with law.
Nature of Corporate Social Responsibility
Probably the most established and accepted model is the ‘Four-part Model of CSR’ as initially proposed by (Archie Carroll) in 1979, and subsequently refined later publication (Carroll and Buchhholtz 2000).
Carroll regard CSR as a multi-layer concept, which can be differentiated into four inter related aspects-Economic, Legal, Ethical and Philanthropic responsibility. He presents these responsibilities as consecutive layer within pyramid, such that “true” social responsibility required the meeting of all four level consecutively.
In 1991 Carroll first presented the Corporate Social Responsibility model as a pyramid as shown in above diagram.
Corporate social responsibility and your business
Corporate social responsibility can cut across almost everything you do and everyone you deal with. You need to think about;
- The suppliers you choose and the way you deal with them. For example trading the suppliers who pollute the environment could be as irresponsible as doing your self.
- How you treat with your employees? For the responsible business, this means doing more then simply complying with legal requirements.
- How your business effect local community? And whether you should actively involved in or supports your local charity, or sponsor a local event.
Benefits of corporate social responsibility
Make the most of corporate social responsibility by publicizing them. Ensure that customers, suppliers and local community know what you are doing.
Publicity like this can be a key part of using CSR to win contracts. Peoples want to buy from businesses they respect.CSR can be particularly affective for targeting ethical companies.
At the same time you should see CSR as a part of continuing process of building long term value. Everything you do help to improve your reputation and encourage customers and other stakeholders to stay and involved with you.
Even with dozens of competitors, a real commitment to CSR lets you stand out.
As an example, John Lewis department stores are well known as a business owned by its employee. Its commitment to CSR feeds through into customer’s services, sales and profits. As well as affecting the way you behave, CSR can lead to new products and services that reflect your values and those of your stakeholders. Over time, it can all add up to a power brand and a winning business.
Sainsbury’s was founded in 1869 by John Sainsbury and is today the UK’s third largest grocery retailer. The chain consists of 504 supermarkets, 319 convenience stores. Sainsbury also owns the Sainsbury Bank which offers a range of insurance and savings products The Sainsbury Archive documents the history of one of the nation’s oldest retailers, and London’s oldest. It also provides a unique illustration of the transformation that has occurred in retailing and in shopping and eating habits since the mid-19th century.
Sainsbury’s was established as a partnership in 1869 by John James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Ann opened a store at 173 Drury Lane in Holborn, London. He started as a retailer of fresh foods and later expanded into packaged groceries such as tea and sugar. His trading philosophy, as stated on a sign outside his first shop in Islington, was “Quality perfect, prices lower”.
Other important dates
- In 1922 J Sainsbury was incorporated as a private company, as ‘J. Sainsbury Limited
- On 12 July 1973the company went public, as J Sainsbury plc.
- in 1979, when Sainsbury’s formed a joint venture with the Belgian retailer,
- In 1996 the company reported its first fall in profits for 22 years.
By the time John James Sainsbury died in 1928, there were 128 shops.
His last words were said to be “Keep the shops well lit”
- Sainsbury’s currently operates 785 hypermarkets, supermarkets and convenience stores.
- Split down as 509 supermarkets and 276 convenience stores.
- also operates Sainsbury’s Bank, which sells financial services
- Has a property portfolio worth £8.6billion.
According to Taylor Nelson Sofres rankings published in January 2008, Sainsbury’s market share was 16.4% compared to Tesco’s 31.5%, ASDA’s 16.7% and Morrison’s 11.4%.2005/06
Sainsbury ethical issues:
SAINSBURY has written to its main suppliers that the supermarket giant was embroiled in a £3m bribes investigation. Under company regulations, supermarket staff must pay for their own travel to visit suppliers’ sites and must not accept gifts. As supermarket’s most senior buyers was arrested on suspicion of accepting backhanders from a potato company.
John Maylam was arrested earlier this month over allegedly receiving irregular payments from Greenvale, which supplies nearly half of the chain’s potatoes. David Baxter, Greenvale’s operations director, was also arrested.
Sainsbury, led by Justin King, chief executive said :
“We are the victims of an alleged crime and take it very seriously. None of the payments went through our system and we believe this was limited to the one supplier.”
Greenvale has potato-packing operations in Shropshire, Cambridgeshire and the Scottish borders. The company received the Queen’s Award for Innovation, is understood to supply about 45% of Sainsbury’s potatoes.
The irregular payments up to £3m are understood to have been discovered by Produce Investments “Greenvale’s parent company” and brought to the attention of Sainsbury.
Cheap bananas on supermarket shelves threaten the livelihood and well-being of banana growers across the developing world, campaigners had told at the annual general meeting of supermarket giant Sainsbury
- AGM highlight the impact cheap food is having on producers, which contrasts sharply with the supermarket’s claims of ethical integrity made in its Corporate Social Responsibility report
- Banana growers are facing a crisis because of the low prices paid by supermarket chains in the current banana price war.
- Banana workers cannot adequately feed their families despite working 11-12 hour days. Working conditions on banana plantations are often very poor.
- The workers are also exposed to powerful pesticides to meet the cosmetic appearance requirements set by the supermarkets.
According to Sainsbury’s CSR report
“We can offer our customers excellent products but not at the expense of people in developing countries who may be working in unsafe conditions for poor wages”..
Alistair Smith of Banana Link said:
“We are looking to Sainsbury to take the lead in matching its verbal commitment to ethical trading with its practice along the banana supply chain. In following the price war led by Asda and Tesco, Sainsbury has joined the ranks of those who are now driving a ‘race to the bottom’ in the banana industry. The unsustainably low prices they are paying suppliers get passed on to producers who are squeezing their workers even harder than before.”
Friends of the Earth and Banana Link are calling on Sainsbury’s to ;
- live up to their promises
- Ensure that banana workers get a living wage and decent working conditions.
- A failure to do this will indicate that the big supermarkets cannot be trusted.
The role of employer and employees:
The Sainsbury’s brand tradition of providing customers healthy, safe, fresh and tasty food. It differentiates itself by offering a broad range of great quality products at fair prices with particular emphasis on fresh food, a strong ethical approach to business and continuous leadership and innovation.
- The company employs approximately 140,000 people in the UK.
- Last year turnover of £17.8 billion and made an operating profit of around £530 million.
- Sainsbury is estimated to have a 14.8% share of the £123bn UK grocery market.
Sainsbury’s CEO (Justin King) recently stated:
“Learning never stops at Sainsbury’s and every one of our colleagues can improve their skills, which not only benefits our customers but also supports our colleagues to achieve their full potential.
Sainsbury was one of the first businesses in the UK to sign up to the Government’s Skills Pledge, enabling the company to publicly define its commitment to skills training.
The company also launched its “You Can” programme in November 2008 which has brought its entire training under one umbrella.
- Sainsbury’s has been working with the National Employer Service (NES) for the last 3.5 years and has held an NES contract for 3 years
- The company was originally introduced to the NES by its Sector Skills Council, Skill smart.
- The company has approximately 4,400 employees.
Report covers the corporate responsibility activities of JSainsburyplc in the fiscal year to 21 March 2009. The Report contains details of our five values, which are the guiding principles for our company as below,
Best for food and health;
Our goal is to offer our customers great quality food at fair prices and, as a leading food retailer; we are committed to being ‘Best for food and health’. Our approach is to help and inspire customers to eat a healthy balanced diet by promoting healthy eating and active lifestyles.
We work hard to make our products as healthy as possible, without compromising on quality or taste. We’re also committed to providing our customers with clear and transparent labeling, to help them make informed choices about the food and drink they buy.
Sources with integrity;
Sourcing with integrity is central to our ability to deliver great product at fair prices. In practice it means working with our suppliers to ensure the sustainability of our products in the round, taking into consideration their economic, environmental and social impacts.
We are committed to offering products that are better for customers and for the environment, in a way that is also better for the animals, farmers and producers involved in their production.
We offer around 30,000 products in our stores. Only by working closely with our suppliers can we deliver great quality products for our customers whilst ensuring our standards of integrity are upheld.
Respect for our environment;
At Sainsbury’s we take environmental issues seriously. We aim to be environmentally responsible in the way we run our business and we also want to make it easy for customers to be environmentally responsible.
Climate change represents one of the greatest challenges we face, both as a business and as a global population. We recognise that tackling the issue involves addressing both our direct and indirect impacts. We are working hard to reduce our operational footprint and we continue to develop a better understanding of the carbon embodied in our products and in the construction of our buildings.
Positive difference to our community
Our stores are at the very heart of the communities they serve. For us this is not only about providing great service and quality products. It’s also about making a positive difference to our communities and being a good neighbour.
This begins with the positive economic impact our stores have in generating local wealth, by providing employment, using local suppliers and contractors, and regenerating the local surroundings. But there’s much more to it than that.
Good place to work;
Being ‘A great place to work’ is rooted in Sainsbury’s heritage and values. It also plays a crucial role in achieving our business goals. We rely on our 150,000 colleagues to deliver great service to our customers every single day.
We are committed to championing equality, diversity, inclusion and flexible working options for our colleagues. We remain committed to recruiting, retaining and engaging the best people, from backgrounds that reflect the communities we serve. We believe that every colleague, no matter where they work or the role they perform, should be encouraged to develop and make best use of their skills.
We value the opinions of our colleagues and we communicate honestly with them. We also believe in recognising and rewarding our colleagues for the vital part they play in making Sainsbury’s a great place to work.
Sainsbury Plc Reports: 2003-2006 on CSR
J. Sainsbury plc owns Sainsbury’s Supermarkets (hereafter Sainsbury’s), the U.K.’s third largest retailer after Tesco and Asda. For many years since it opened for business in 1869, Sainsbury’s was the country’s biggest supermarket, the undisputed market leader. A series of mis-steps allowed competitor Tesco to catch up in 1995. In 2003, Asda passed Sainsbury’s, relegating the latter to third position where it stays.
Sainsbury’s is now playing catch up, regaining market share one percentage point at a Time. A publicly listed corporation since 1973, the company is on the renewal trail as it attempts to regain its leading position in the industry. Using a combination of common management tools in a wide range of areas, from stocking its shelves full with items customers want to buy to executing on a complete revamp of its information technology and supply chain management systems, a new senior management team is revitalizing the whole organization from top to bottom.
This brief history helps us analyses the period 2003 to 2006, during which Sainsbury’s hit the dust with their first-ever revenues slump in history (in the year ended March 2005) and then as nimbly picked itself up and began staging a comeback. We can learn how they are doing by studying the company’s annual reports which are the “official” snapshots of the whole corporation each year. Just like any other company at the mercy of its stakeholders (Freeman, 1984), Sainsbury’s is expected to behave to satisfy everyone.
Identify significant areas of the accounts for 2006 where judgment has been used in determining the appropriate accounting policy for the company (for example depreciation of fixed assets). Critically discuss how such judgments have materially affected the accounts in terms of valuation and profitability.
- Business ethics 2nd edition by Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten
- Betsy Reed, The Business of social responsibility, Dollars & Sense magazine May, 1998
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- Mcinotosh M, Leipziger, D, Jones, K & Coleman Corporate citizenship: successful strategies for responsible companies. London: Financial Times: Pitman Publication, 1998
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- Sachdev, A Chicago Nike Store accused of racial discrimination in suit, Chicago Tribute, 24th, Aug, 2004
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Is Oakland ready for its next big earthquake?
on May 3, 2011
Oakland is overdue for a major earthquake. The Hayward Fault, which runs along Highway 13 at the foot of the Oakland hills and streams through the Oakland Zoo and Mills College, has produced a significant earthquake on average every 140 years for nearly the past millennium. The last substantial earthquake caused by this fault was in 1868 … that was 143 years ago.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists call the Hayward Fault a “tectonic time bomb” and say it is one of the most dangerous faults in the United States. In 2007, they predicted a one in three chance of a damaging earthquake, with the magnitude of 6.7 or greater, along the fault within the next 30 years. And those numbers are only increasing.
“The 140th anniversary was 2008 and what we know about the fault has not changed,” says Tom Brocher, a seismologist with the USGS. “It’s been another three years and no big earthquake on the Hayward Fault has come—it’s getting more and more likely.” That’s not even mentioning a possible earthquake from the other faults surrounding the Bay Area, including the San Andreas Fault, Calaveras Fault, Rodgers Creek Fault and more.
This impending earthquake has been on Mayor Jean Quan’s radar for the past few years. Now, as mayor, she’s putting a sharper focus on how Oakland can prepare for catastrophe. Calling the possible future earthquake her “Katrina,” she’s working on making sure the city and its residents retrofit as many buildings as possible and are trained on what to do when the big one hits.
“We know we live in earthquake country,” Quan said at an emergency preparedness training for community organizations last week. “If it should happen, particularly if we don’t get our retrofits done, we could lose 15,000 lives and one third of rental properties.” If 15,000 people die in Oakland, that would be nearly 4 percent of the population or roughly one in 26 people.
The Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) predicts that a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault will render over 15 percent of all of Oakland’s housing units uninhabitable, the majority of them apartments and condos. With these numbers, ABAG estimates that 21,500 shelter beds will be needed; currently Oakland only has the capacity for 5,000.
Looking beyond Oakland, the 1868 Hayward Earthquake Alliance, a membership organization that seeks to raise public awareness about the fault, believe a Hayward Fault earthquake would impact more than 5 million people and cause damage worth over $1.5 trillion in the six counties surrounding the fault. ABAG’s experts predict the earthquake could close 1,100 roads, including 900 in Alameda County alone. These potential road closures could leave people stranded and cause difficulty in delivering supplies.
After the southern tip of the San Andreas Fault near the Mexico border, the Hayward Fault has the second highest probability of producing a damaging earthquake of any fault in the U.S. “It’s the Sammy Sosa of the earthquake faults,” says Brocher.
When it does hit, Brocher says the shaking will be strong. “When we feel distant earthquakes, they have kind of a roll-y motion, like in the ocean on a boat,” he says. “When you feel an earthquake in your backyard, it’s not going to feel like that. It’s going to feel very sharp and impulsive, like a truck has run into your building.”
For many buildings in Oakland, the effect will be like a truck has run into them—the structures will probably stay intact but the first floor will collapse. The reason for this is that hundreds of apartment buildings in Oakland are what ABAG calls “soft story buildings,” or multi-unit structures over two stories tall with parking or commercial space on the first floor and built before 1990.
What makes soft story buildings vulnerable to earthquake damage is the lack of internal walls on the lower floors that would otherwise add support. With strong shaking, the first floor of these buildings can collapse causing the upper floors to fall the height of that first floor or making the entire building lean forward.
“When you’re on the upper floors you’re going to go for quite a ride if that first floor collapses,” says Danielle Hutchings, ABAG Earthquake and Hazards Program Coordinator, adding that most likely the upper floors won’t collapse. “The soft story will count for two thirds of housing loss in Oakland.”
In July 2009, the Oakland City Council amended the city’s municipal code to require seismic screenings of multiple-story residential buildings built before 1990. That same year, ABAG put together a report identifying all the soft story buildings in Oakland. First, ABAG volunteers collected data from the county about all buildings that fit the soft story profile, then groups of volunteers walked Oakland’s streets to verify whether parking or commercial space was on the first floors of these buildings. “We got a list of 1,500 buildings,” says Hutchings.
Using this list, Oakland city staffers sent letters to all the owners of those buildings notifying them that they must hire an inspector to evaluate whether the building needs to be retrofitted. Building owners have until July 29 of this year to complete these inspections. Once the results from the evaluations are collected, city officials will decide on next steps.
If the city decides that certain buildings need retrofits, most likely it will only require the first floors to be stabilized. “Retrofit designs can vary from building to building,” says Hutchings. “A lot of times what you can do is install a metal frame around the front of the building.” This metal frame won’t disrupt parking or access to the building but will provide earthquake resistance.
ABAG estimates that the price of retrofitting a building will be around $12,000 per unit, so bigger buildings will have costly retrofits. “The city is looking at ways to share those costs with the owners,” says Hutchings.
The city has worked to make the retrofit permitting process as cheap as possible by offering a flat fee of $250, which includes the cost of the permit and sending an inspector to approve retrofit plans. Previously, retrofit permits cost 10 percent of the retrofit construction, according to the City of Oakland.
Another way the city is looking to share costs with home and building owners is supporting earthquake safety bill AB 184. State assembly member Sandré Swanson, who represents the district that covers Oakland, Alameda and Piedmont, is spearheading this bill, which would allow cities to create funds to help homeowners pay for seismic retrofits of their homes.
Mayor Quan says it is key to encourage this type of preventative retrofitting in Oakland. “It takes decades to rebuild when you have major devastation,” says Sue Piper, spokesperson for Quan. “It is geometrically more expensive after the fact.”
USGS scientist Brocher says he applauds Oakland officials for looking into preventative ways to reduce earthquake damage. “These big earthquakes have the potential for being real game-changers in terms of communities,” he says. “It’s important we take as much action as we can to mitigate the effects.”
The city is also launching emergency preparedness workshops with the governmental CORE (Communities Organized to Respond to Emergencies) program and the non-profit CARD (Collaborating Agencies Respond to Disaster) program for residents and local organizations. During these workshops people rehearse searches for victims, establish first aid and communication centers and practice other types of post-disaster planning. CORE workshops are open to the public and anyone can attend for free and CARD workshops are available to agencies and organizations.
At a CARD workshop last Monday, Oakland’s Deputy Chief of Police Jeff Israel emphasized the need for every single person in the city to be prepared because professional first responders might not be available. Even though the police department has had “thousands of hours of training,” he said, “what you have to realize is when that earthquake hits—and it will hit—the police station will fall.” He said that one of Oakland’s soft story buildings is the downtown police department, which means police may have trouble responding.
“We may be relying on you,” to provide help to family and neighbors, he said. “We keep hearing it’s coming, it’s coming, it’s coming—believe me, it is going to happen and the community is going to need to know how to respond.”
The City of Oakland recommends that all residents take a CORE workshop, think of earthquake plans with family members and neighbors, and create an earthquake kit that contains food and enough water to provide one gallon of water daily to each person for one week.
In the event of an earthquake, people are advised to “drop, cover and hold” until the earthquake is over. Brocher says to stay inside and get under a big piece of furniture until the shaking finishes. “You don’t run outside,” he says. “That’s how you get killed—by things falling off buildings.” In the U.S., buildings may be severely damaged but are designed to make it through earthquakes, he says. ABAG experts agree and say that although a soft story building’s first floor may collapse, most likely the entire building won’t fall over.
People should also call 211—a public information system put in place for disasters—if they are in an emergency situation after an earthquake instead of 911, which can be easily overloaded.
“The thing with earthquakes is we can’t predict them,” Brocher says. “We are all responsible in getting ready for the earthquake. Governments should do their share but everyone should do something—nobody should be let off the hook.”
For more information on CORE workshops go to the City of Oakland’s CORE website; go to the CARD website for information on its workshops. To get tips on retrofits and a list of local building inspectors go to the ABAG website. You can also take an online quiz to find out whether your home needs to be retrofitted on the ABAG website. To learn how to make an earthquake kit go to the CARD website. To see an interactive map of the Hayward Fault, go to the USGS website.
You can read out story about what might happen to the Bay Area’s water supply after a big earthquake by clicking here.
Lead image: ABAG map of “soft story” buildings in Oakland. Courtesy of ABAG.
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Larger version of the map at http://quake.abag.ca.gov/wp-content/documents/OaklandSoftStoryMap.pdf
Very good article. People in the Bay Area will be shocked at the devastation the next time there is a big earthquake that actually happens in the Bay Area, especially on the Hayward Fault. It will be many, many times the damage seen in the 1989 quake, which happened near Santa Cruz. Every amount of preparation helps save lives and rebuilding costs.
Also, a good point the article makes is talking about the road damage that will occur. The next big Hayward Fault earthquake will more than likely incapacitate all the major roads leading into and out of the East Bay. If you live in the East Bay, you will be stuck there for many weeks. Rescue teams will not be able to get in by vehicle either, the only option will probably be by helicopter. Most, if not all, utilities will be shut off for a while. In addition to all this, fires will be spreading throughout the area after the quake and it will be difficult for the fire departments to get around and put them all out. People in the East Bay need to be prepared to go it alone for weeks at a time.
[…] 401 Fairmount Avenue is a seismically safe, lead-free, green-construction apartment building complete with wheelchair accessibility, modern […]
[…] Check out Oakland North’s previous article on earthquake readiness and the risk to local buildings: Is Oakland ready for its next big earthquake? […]
Next CA Earth quake is not due before Nov 2012.
If at all any thing happens before that, That will be mild and to the advantage as the energy gets released in installment. Most devastating is that Multiple fault will give up / crash against one another, creating a Mega Quake. That is most dangerous.
[…] Published May 3, 2011 on Oakland North […]
[…] Is Oakland ready for its next big earthquake? Oakland North reporter Dara Kerr provided this comprehensive report in May, looking into how well Bay Area governments have prepared for a major quake, and how well Oakland’s housing stock is expected to hold up in a major disaster. […] | <urn:uuid:4d1d5e64-2dbb-494d-8edb-a1cd413e1efb> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://oaklandnorth.net/2011/05/03/is-oakland-ready-for-its-next-big-earthquake/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645810.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530131531-20230530161531-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.95215 | 2,936 | 2.75 | 3 |
If a movie is called a narrative movie, fictitious movie, or fiction movie, it is one in which the tale, incident, or narrative is made up or dramatised. Actors must convey conversation and action in a convincing manner in order to convince the viewer that the film is a true representation of reality.
The question is sometimes posed, “What is the definition of a narrative?
A narrative is a tale that you write or tell to someone else, and it is generally quite detailed in nature. It is possible to write a tale in poetry or prose, or in other forms such as music, drama, or dance. A narrative is sometimes intended to encompass the “entire tale.” A synopsis will provide a few crucial information, and then the narrative will go into further depth on those points.
Also, do you know what the ingredients of a narrative film are?
When it comes to narrative components in cinema, they are the same as when it comes to fiction:
Planned Parenthood (Plot) (Click here for basics on plot and story) The plot is the series of events that take place in the tale, and it is the order in which they take place.
The author’s point of view.
What exactly is a commercial storey, taking all of this into consideration?
Commercials are, without a doubt, the most irritating type of media. They arrive whether or not you want them to, they play with your emotions, and they are always attempting to sell you something new. Including a storey in the ad allows the viewer to get emotionally engaged in the product, even if it is just for a few brief moments.
What character serves as the principal narrator in every film?
The narration is provided by the narrator, who then narrates the tale. When watching a film, who is the main narrator? | However, the camera may also be understood as the principal tool used by the filmmaker to communicate his or her storey….
There were 32 related questions and answers found.
What distinguishes a narrative from a storey?
Rather than the tale itself, narrative is the selection of which events to convey and in what sequence to give them. As a result, narrative is a representation or particular manifestation of the storey rather than the storey itself. For the receiver, narrative transforms a tale into information, or better yet, into knowledge (the audience or reader).
What is the best way to tell whether a tale is a narrative?
A tale must be told through narrative writing. Fiction is literature that is based on imagination rather than on actual occurrences. Nonfiction is based on true occurrences and may be written in the form of a storey. Characters, storey, conflict, place, and point of view are all aspects of narrative composition that should be considered.
What is the best way to begin a narrative?
Writing Suggestions Write in the first person, if possible. Because it is your tale, begin each phrase with the pronoun “I.” Include a lot of sensory information and vivid pictures in your writing. You want the reader to be a part of the event as much as you are. Make use of conversation wherever possible, since it may enable you to interest the reader and create reality. Incorporate your feelings and emotions into your storey.
What is an illustration of a narrative?
Narratives have characters and a location, as well as a narrator, or the person who tells the narrative from his or her point of view, among other things. Narrative examples include the following: In telling a tale about sighting a deer on the way to school, your acquaintance is using the elements of narrative structure in his or her communication. Poetry may take on a narrative quality at times.
Is there a reason for a storey to exist?
The term “narrative” refers to the art of telling tales, and the goal of narrative writing is to tell stories. A sort of narration is engaged in whenever you recount an event or occurrence that occurred throughout the course of your day to a friend or family member.
What is a good antonym for the word narrative?
Incommunicative and uncommunicative are synonyms for each other. The following are synonyms for tarradiddle: tarradiddle: account; chronicle; narrative; storey; report; recital; storey; yarn; tarradiddle: news report; write up; level; floor; narration; history; fib.
What is the length of a narrative?
Personal tales are often brief, ranging from one to five pages in length, so make sure yours isn’t too lengthy by reading it aloud. If you are writing the personal storey for a class, you may also be required to adhere to a specified word count or page limit.
What is a narrative feature, and how does it work?
A narrative is a tale that has three distinct parts: the beginning, the middle, and the conclusion. It stimulates the reader’s intellect as well as his or her emotions. Traditional news features begin with anecdotes or scenes, progress to a nut graph that informs the reader of the story’s direction, and then spend the remainder of the article explaining and supporting that nut graph.
What exactly does the phrase “non narrative” mean?
Non-narrative film is an aesthetic of (cinematic) film that does not narrate or relate “an event, whether real or imagined.” It is defined as “an event, whether real or fictitious.” It is often a sort of art cinema or experimental film that is not intended for a broad public audience. In addition, “visual elements that are not representational” are used on occasion in narrative cinema.
What was the title of the very first narrative film?
The Great Train Robbery is a historical event that took place in the United States (1903) It was Edwin S. Porter, a former Thomas Edison cinematographer, who directed and shot the first narrative film, The Great Train Robbery (1903), which is considered one of the most important moments in cinematic history.
What distinguishes a documentary from a feature-length narrative film?
In what ways are narrative cinema and documentary filmmaking distinct from one another? Attempting to capture reality in some manner, documentary filmmaking is characterised by the screenplay being created AFTER the filming has started. Although the plot and screenplay are written from the beginning of narrative films, the storey and script of documentaries are frequently written as the events occur.
What is narrative in the context of cinema studies?
Narrative in the field of film studies Abrams (United States of America, 2011) ‘Moonrise Kingdom’ is a fantasy film set in the United Kingdom (Wes Anderson, USA, 2012) Narrative In narratives, this term refers to the development of a’story,’ as well as the roles and relationships of the people who appear in it, as well as the events and challenges they encounter and the techniques used for problem-solving.
What exactly are the five components of narrative structure?
A tale is comprised of five fundamental yet critical components. Those five elements are as follows: the characters, the location, the narrative, the conflict, and the conclusion. These vital features ensure that the tale moves along smoothly and that the action unfolds in a logical manner that the reader can follow along with.
What are the eight components of a motion picture?
Consequently, here they are: the eight narrative aspects of cinematic storytelling: Character, plot, and conflict are all important. Resolution. Structure. Scenes. Dialogue. Visuals. | <urn:uuid:30cb7167-f606-4efb-b4e1-753ddc3f12bc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ncertpoint.com/2022/02/what-is-a-movies-narrative.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476592.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304232829-20240305022829-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.957963 | 1,586 | 3.40625 | 3 |
A sailboat largely constructed from 12,500 recycled plastic bottles has completed a 4-month journey across the Pacific Ocean meant to raise awareness about the perils of plastic waste.
The Plastiki, a 60-foot (18-meter) catamaran, and its six crew weathered fierce ocean storms during its 8,000 nautical miles at sea. It left San Francisco on March 20, stopping along the way at various South Pacific island nations including Kiribati and Samoa. It docked Monday in Sydney Harbour.
"This is the hardest part of the journey so far - getting it in!" expedition leader David de Rothschild yelled from the boat as the crew struggled to maneuver the notoriously tough-to-steer vessel into port outside the Australian National Maritime Museum.
A crowd of about 100 erupted into cheers after the Plastiki finally docked. De Rothschild - a descendant of the well-known British banking family - exchanged high fives and hugs with his crew, pumping his fists into the air in victory.
"It has been an extraordinary adventure," he said.
De Rothschild, 31, said the idea for the journey came to him after he read a United Nations report in 2006 that said pollution - and particularly plastic waste - was seriously threatening the world's oceans.
He figured a good way to prove that trash can be effectively reused was to use some of it to build a boat. The Plastiki - named after the 1947 Kon-Tiki raft sailed across the Pacific by explorer Thor Heyerdahl - is fully recyclable and gets its power from solar panels and windmills.
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Robert Justus Kleberg II
An icon of American frontier life, King Ranch harkens back to a mythical age when the Wild West was tamed and settled. Its success is a testimony to the hard work and vision of second-generation German immigrant Robert Kleberg II. During his long tenure as ranch manager, Kleberg made key improvements in the areas of livestock and health, pasture management, and ranching facilities. His story, though, would be incomplete if one failed to mention the significant contributions he made to the urban and economic development of South Texas as a whole.
Robert Justus Kleberg II (born December 5, 1853 in DeWitt County, TX; died October 10, 1932 in King Ranch, Kleberg County, TX) the son of German immigrants Robert Justus Kleberg and Rosalie (Philippine Sophie Caroline Luise) von Roeder, was born in DeWitt County, Texas, on December 5, 1853. At age thirty-two, he left a promising career in law, and, having no experience in the cattle ranching industry, became the sole manager of the historic King Ranch. Kleberg led the King Ranch from 1885 until his death in 1932. During that time, it became not only the largest cattle ranch in the United States but also one of the most prosperous. Today, the ranch remains an iconic feature of American frontier life, harkening back to a mythical age when the Wild West was tamed and settled.
Robert Justus Kleberg II was born into a distinguished German-American family. In the early nineteenth century, the Kleberg and Roeder families were among the first German immigrants to settle in Texas, where they founded the town of Cat Spring. Life on the frontier was difficult, but first-generation immigrant Robert Justus Kleberg I made a name for himself in the community and played a key role in the political and social life of Texas throughout much of the nineteenth century. His son Robert II was born into privilege and certainly benefited from the opportunities afforded by the family’s position. Like his father, he received a university education and worked, at least for a time, as a lawyer. In 1885, while serving as opposing counsel in a court case in Corpus Christi, Robert Kleberg II first encountered legendary cattle king Richard King. That meeting, and his eventual win against King, marked a definite turning point in the life and career of this young second-generation German-American.
The great success of the King Ranch started with the vision of Robert II and his commitment and devotion to the land and the people who worked it. Over the years, he made key improvements to King Ranch in the areas of livestock and health, pasture management, and ranching facilities. His story, though, would be incomplete if one failed to mention the significant contributions he made to the urban and economic development of South Texas: for finding artesian water that allowed for the introduction of farming and ranching in the area, for his role in the development of a railroad line from Corpus Christi to Brownsville, and for his efforts to build up towns and create community life.
Family and Ethnic Background
Robert Justus Kleberg I was born on September 10, 1803, in the village of Herstelle, then part of the prince-bishopric of Paderborn (now part of modern Westphalia), to merchant Lucas Kleberg and his wife Veronica Meier. He studied law at the University of Göttingen and earned a doctor juris degree. After finishing his studies, Kleberg became Oberlandesgerichtsreferendar (junior barrister at the high court) in Paderborn. While living in Paderborn, Kleberg became acquainted with Rosalie von Roeder, the sister of one of his former university classmates. Rosalie was born in 1813 in Vörden, Westphalia, one of eleven children, to former Lieutenant Ludwig Sigismund Anton von Roeder (1775-1847) and Caroline Louise Sack (1782-1865), of the Prussian minor nobility.
Robert proposed marriage to Rosalie, and, according to family accounts, she accepted on one condition: that they spend their honeymoon in Texas. By then, several members of her immediate family had already decided to immigrate to Texas, and she did not wish to be separated from them. The Roeder family’s decision to emigrate was motivated by macroeconomic factors beyond their control. A decline in grain prices had led to a decline in land value, and the Roeders could no longer cover all of the taxes and other financial burdens on their land. As a result, they were slipping into poverty. Rosalie’s siblings Ludwig, Albrecht, Joachim, and Valeska were the first to sail to Texas, departing in March 1834.
Apparently, Robert was more than willing to satisfy Rosalie’s condition, and he agreed to a “honeymoon” that was tantamount to a permanent move. As the story goes, “Robert replied that wherever Rosalie was, there would his home be.” Robert’s devotion to Rosalie was most certainly a powerful motivating factor in his decision to emigrate, but it was not the only one, for, by then, he also had become “dissatisfied with the military and administrative despotism of Germany at that time.” Whatever the case, on September 31, 1834, Rosalie von Roeder married Robert Justus Kleberg, and, on the same day, they set sail to Texas, together with her parents.
The Kleberg-Roeder family's choice of Texas as a destination was largely influenced by the early German settler Johann Friedrich Ernst, whose glowing letters spoke of an irresistibly beautiful landscape and presented Texas as a land of opportunity, a kind of heaven on earth. In Reise nach Texas [Journey to Texas], Ernst offered up a romanticized vision of pioneer life that captivated his compatriots back home. The Roeders had originally planned to immigrate to the northern portion of the United States, but after encountering Ernst, they decided to sail to Texas, a territory that had belonged to the First Federal Republic of Mexico since 1824. Later in life, Robert Kleberg acknowledged that Ernst's writings had played a strong role in his decision to immigrate to Texas. The letters, he recalled, were compelling because they described the “advantages offered to immigrants by the Mexican government.” Ultimately, as he explained, the letters “caused us to choose Texas for our future home.” Elaborating on the importance of Ernst’s writings, he remarked:
At the time we left, hardly anything was known of Texas, except that my ideas and those of my party were formed by the above mentioned letter, in which Texas was described as a beautiful county, with enchanting scenery and delightful climate, similar to that of Italy, with most fruitful soil and republican government, with unbounded personal and political liberty, free from so many disadvantages and evils of old countries. Prussia, our former home, smarted at the time we left under a military despotism. We were enthusiastic lovers of republican institutions, full of romantic notions, and believed to find in Texas, before all other countries, the blessed land of our hopes.”
German settlers in Texas in the early nineteenth century suffered many of the hardships of pioneer life. To be sure, the circumstances encountered by these immigrants differed greatly from those described by Ernst. On this point, Rosalie recounted, “my brothers had pictured pioneer life as one of hunting and fishing, of freedom from the restraints of Prussian society; and it was hard for them to settle down to the drudgery and toil of splitting rails and cultivating the field, work which was entirely new to them… We were all unused to that kind of work, but we felt that we must save our money; and, when required by necessity, one learns to do what one has never done before.”
Approximately a year after Robert and Rosalie’s arrival, war broke out on October 2, 1835, between the Republic of Mexico and the Texas colonists. The colonists rebelled against Santa Anna's government because he abolished the democratic constitution of 1824 and ruled Mexico by dictatorship. Robert Kleberg and the Roeder brothers joined the Texian army under General Sam Houston. The women and children were forced to flee the advancing Mexicans. At the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, the Texian army defeated Santa Anna's army and the leader of the Mexicans was captured. As the story goes, “Robert Justus Kleberg was one of three appointed to stand guard over him.” After the war, the Roeder and Kleberg families returned to their home in Harrisburg to find “everything burned or stolen by Santa Anna and his men.”
In a later family history, Rudolph Kleberg Jr., grandson to Robert I and Rosalie (and nephew to Robert II) described his grandparents’ response to these setbacks as follows: “cultured, trained in the ancestral home of her father, this refined woman [Rosalie] had to begin anew with nothing. But she and her courageous husband [Robert Justus Kleberg] had the dauntless spirit of the pioneer. It required incessant striving and toil to make a living against almost overwhelming obstacles.” For Robert, “it was the greatest satisfaction to him that he had given of himself to the young republic and had satisfied in winning freedom for his adopted fatherland.” General Sam Houston soon recognized the patriotism and merit of Robert Justus Kleberg I. In 1837, Houston, who had since become President of the Republic of Texas, appointed Robert Kleberg the Associate Commissioner of the Board of Land Commissioners. This position was the first in a series of important public offices held by Kleberg over the course of the subsequent decades. In 1838, he was appointed President of the Land Commission by J.P. Borden, Commissioner of the General Land Office. In 1841, he was appointed as the Justice of the Peace by Mirabeau B. Lamar, then President of the Republic of Texas. In 1846, Robert was elected Chief Justice in Austin County and commissioned by Governor Sam Houston. In 1848, Robert was elected County Commissioner of DeWitt County and in 1853 and 1854 as Chief Justice of DeWitt County.”
In 1847, the Kleberg and Roeder families moved to Cat Spring and later to Meyersville, in DeWitt County. It was there that Rosalie and Robert Kleberg established a permanent residence and raised their eight children: Clara (1835-), Johanna Caroline (1838-), Caroline Louise (1840-1913), Otto Joseph (1841-1880), Rudolph (1847-1924), Marcellus (1849-1913), Robert (1853-1932), and Louisa Rosalie (1855-1943).
In the 1860s, the Klebergs’ two oldest sons, Rudolph and Otto, fought alongside their father, a strong believer in states' rights, in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. Rudolph went on to study law in San Antonio, was admitted to the bar and started a practice in Cuero. He also founded the first newspaper in DeWitt County, the Cuero Star, and served as its editor for the first four years. He then moved into politics, serving as a Democrat in the Texas Senate from 1883 to 1885. President Grover Cleveland appointed Rudolph as the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Texas from 1885-1889. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1896, a post he held until 1903.
Marcellus Kleberg, the couple’s third son, attended Concrete College and received his law degree from Washington and Lee University in 1872. After passing the Texas bar exam, he started a law practice in DeWitt County. In 1875, he moved to Bellville to form a law partnership with B.T. Harris. Later that year, after marrying Emilie Miller of Austin, he moved his law practice to Galveston, where he became active in the municipal government. In Galveston, Marcellus was city attorney, city commissioner, and a trustee and president of the school board. He was also elected to the Texas legislature in 1873.
Robert Kleberg II (or Robert Jr.), the Klebergs’ fourth and youngest son, studied law and earned a degree from the University of Virginia, thanks to financial support from the Sack family foundation. In 1880, he was admitted to the bar in Texas and began practicing law in Cuero. That same year, he moved to Corpus Christi and established a law partnership with the honorable Judge John W. Stayton, his son Robert Stayton, and Samuel Lackey. Robert began his career as a lawyer in Corpus Christi with a “solid family reputation and relatives who were influential throughout the state.”
Richard King and the Beginnings of King Ranch
Richard King (1824-1885), founder of the King Ranch, was the quintessential early entrepreneur of the Texas frontier. King was born in New York City on July 10, 1824, into a poor Irish family. At the age of nine, he became an apprentice to a jeweler in Manhattan. At age eleven, King abandoned his apprenticeship, ran away from home, and stowed away on the Desdemona, a ship bound for Mobile, Alabama. Instead of scolding King, the ship’s captain, Joe Holland, taught him how to become a steamboat pilot. In 1846, after the outbreak of the United States-Mexican War, Captain Richard King, along with his good friend Mifflin Kenedy, managed steamboats that transported supplies to the United States army along the Gulf Coast and on the Rio Grande. After the war, King and Kenedy stayed in Texas and built up a monopoly on the steamboat business in the lower Rio Grande valley. Their company prospered, and King and Kenedy started investing their profits in land in South Texas, where they became involved in the cattle ranching industry. In 1853, King purchased 15,500 acres of the Rincón de Santa Gertrudis grant from the heirs of Juan Mendiola. The land was in an area known as the Wild Horse Desert, near present-day Kingsville. A year later, in the same region of South Texas, he purchased the 53,000-acre Santa Gertrudis de la Garza grant from José Pérez Rey. Mendiola had received the grant in 1834 from the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico; Rey had received the grant in 1808 from the crown of Spain. These lands became the core territory of the King Ranch and the site of the main homestead.
On December 10, 1854, Richard King married Henrietta M. Chamberlain, the daughter of Rev. Hiram Chamberlain, a pioneer clergyman who had organized the first Protestant Church on the Mexican border and who was the first English-speaking clergyman on the Texas frontier. Henrietta and Richard King had five children: Henrietta Maria (1856-1917), Ella Morse (1858-1900), Richard Jr. (1860-1922), Alice Gertrudis (1862-1944), and Robert Lee (1864-1883). Over time, the children left the ranch, and only Alice remained to care for her father and mother.
Business Development and Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Robert Kleberg II takes over King Ranch
Richard King entered the ranching business at an auspicious moment. By the 1850s and 1860s, the demand for beef had risen significantly (before then, beef was not a popular food, and the Longhorn cattle that were first brought to America by early European settlers were mostly killed for their skins and tallow.) King and the other cattle kings, as they came to be called, realized, however, that the market for beef was primarily in the North, since the South was still sparsely populated. They understood that raising the cattle down south, where land was plentiful and costs were low, and transporting it north to market would yield significant profits. With their long legs and hard hoofs and their ability to maintain their weight on long journeys, Longhorn cattle were ideally suited for the long trail. It is estimated that, in the years from 1865-1885, five to ten million cattle were driven out of Texas to market.
Richard King was first introduced to Robert Kleberg II in the summer of 1881, when Kleberg, representing the opposing counsel, won a petty legal case against him. King was so impressed with Kleberg’s legal skills that he immediately invited him out to King Ranch, in the hopes of hiring him. Robert described his visit in a letter to his parents on July 24, 1881:
Captain King had written to come out to see him and to name the day and he would meet me at the road as he lives about eighteen miles from the railroad so I went on the railroad and found him waiting for me at the depot with his carriage. … We had a delightful trip out to his ranch – he drove a pair of fine fast horses and in two hours we were at his ranch. … At the ranch a table was loaded with good things to eat and drink; he lives like a prince and has a regular French cook. He treats his friends to the best he has. …. We rode all day and he showed me his land. He has 1,000,000 acres of land. … He wants us to attend his business for him and I hope we are to find it remunerative.”
King’s efforts to woo the young lawyer apparently paid off: Robert Kleberg II became the principle counsel for King Ranch in 1881.
Alice King, the family’s youngest daughter, met Robert II on his first visit to King Ranch. She would later tell her children that it was “love at first sight.” Tom Lea described the relationship between Robert II and the “cattleman's winsome youngest daughter” as a “most exceedingly proper, unhurried and fond Victorian courtship.” In Letters to Alice, an annotated collection of letters between Alice and Robert II, editors Jane Clements Monday and Frances Brannen Vick concluded that the Kleberg-King union “must have been a marriage of great love, for this cache of Victorian love letters reveals a man at times seemingly besotted with ardor.”
As the courtship between Alice and Robert progressed, Richard King’s health declined. On February 25, 1885, Alice and Henrietta travelled with an ailing King to San Antonio. In early April, Robert II came to San Antonio to be by Alice's side. On April 14, 1885, Richard King died of stomach cancer at the Menger Hotel. King's ranch, comprising roughly 600,000 acres at the time of his death, passed to his widow, Henrietta Chamberlain King. Robert Kleberg II was asked to take over its management. King's estate included $564,784 ($13.6 million in 2011) worth of real estate and $496,700 ($12 million in 2011) worth of livestock and other property, totaling $1,061,484 ($25.6 million in 2011). The estate also had $500,000 ($12.1 million in 2011) in debts, which Henrietta assumed. Robert’s first self-appointed task was to pay off all this debt; his second was to expand the land holdings of the estate. He accomplished both within a decade. By 1896, the debts were paid; Mrs. King owned 650,000 acres and 34,000 calves were branded annually.
As a manager, Robert maintained a close relationship with his widowed mother-in-law until her death in 1925. Henrietta retained the final say on all decisions concerning the livelihood of the King Ranch, but she had full trust in Robert’s leadership and always felt that he acted in her and the ranch’s best interests. The Brownsville Daily Herald reported on August 28, 1901, that “Mrs. King takes no active part in the management of her vast estate, and it has been brought to its present state by the wonderful executive ability and sound judgment of Robert J. Kleberg, who has had complete charge of every detail for the past twelve or fourteen years.” In a first-hand account of the history of the King Ranch, Frank Goodwyn remarked that once Mrs. King put the estate under Robert Kleberg's management, “he proved to be as enterprising and energetic as his predecessor, Richard King. To the older man's enterprise and energy he added a better education and a keen business sense.”
After the obligatory year of mourning following King’s death, Alice Gertrudis King and Robert Justus Kleberg II married on June 17, 1886, in the parlor of the Santa Gertrudis ranch. Outside of the immediate family, Captain Mifflin Kenedy and Mr. Uriah Lott attended the marriage ceremony. Robert and Alice went on to have five children: Richard Mifflin (1887-), Henrietta Rosa (1889-), Alice Gertrudis (1893-), Robert J. Jr. (1896-), and Sarah Spohn (1898-). Richard Mifflin and Robert J. Jr. would be actively involved in ranch affairs both before and after their father's death in 1932.
Within weeks of Richard King’s death, catastrophe befell the cattle industry and South Texas as a whole. The great cattle boom of the early 1880s collapsed, which meant that land and livestock prices fell drastically. The Big Die-Up of 1886-87, as the collapse is known, was associated with a number of changes, the most important of which was the end of open-range cattle ranching. The collapse was attributable to various factors, including overcrowding by profit-seeking ranchers, the impoverishment of the grasses, and the proliferation of barbed wire fencing to keep cattle from wandering. In addition to the collapse and a depressed market, Robert had to cope with extensive droughts that afflicted the Santa Gertrudis ranch from 1886 until 1893. Although Kleberg faced enormous challenges and had no ranching expertise, he managed to keep the ranch operational and even successful. Tom Lea attributes Kleberg's entrepreneurial successes to his “unrelenting attention to every detail of a stockman’s work.” Moreover, as Lea explained, Kleberg “set himself to learn what he did not know about practical ranching in South Texas, determined not merely to maintain the Santa Gertrudis as a great livestock operation but to extend and develop it further.”
According to Lea, Richard King “had been the pioneer,” but Kleberg was “the developer, the builder, the experimenter, the expander.” The passages that follow will offer a brief description of the ways in which Robert Kleberg II experimented with cattle breeding and agriculture, and developed and expanded the operations of the King Ranch. In all of this, Kleberg sought to increase the profitability and profile of the King Ranch. At the same time, however, he also aimed at a larger goal – to make South Texas a sustainable and profitable location for those who wanted to thrive in the ranching and agricultural industries.
As manager of the King Ranch, Robert took great strides to enhance the quality of the cattle raised there. In the mid- to late-nineteenth century, Longhorn cattle had been the primary breed of choice for Texas cattle ranchers. In the early frontier days, before the introduction of the railway, the Longhorn breed was considered superior because the stock could sustain the long drive to market in the North while feeding on grass, without losing weight (i.e. product value). The introduction of the railroad in South Texas, specifically the building of a line from Corpus Christi to Brownsville at the turn of the twentieth century, meant there was no longer a need to drive cattle north to market. With the building of that railroad line (which was largely attributable to Kleberg’s efforts), Longhorns lost their advantage over other types of cattle. This meant that Kleberg could start raising a new breed that would be more profitable for the ranch.
Although Kleberg was interested in experimenting with other breeds, he also remained committed to improving the health of his existing Longhorn stock. In the late nineteenth century, large numbers of Texas Longhorns started dying of an illness named Texas Fever. While other ranchers were at a loss to explain this widespread disease, Kleberg observed that his bulls only became ill after being bitten by a particular tick. Sometime between 1889 and 1891, he shared his observations with U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Jeremiah Rusk, who decided to conduct an official study at the King Ranch. The study proved that Kleberg was indeed correct, and a means of prevention by inoculation was eventually developed. This, in turn, led to a mandatory statewide cattle vaccination program to eradicate Texas Fever. In addition to this, the King Ranch developed a plan to dip their cattle in a solution that would kill the ticks but leave the cattle unharmed.
Kleberg’s innovations proved profoundly beneficial to the cattle ranching industry in Texas. Before the introduction of the vaccination program, Texas Fever was being carried by ticks on South Texas cattle driven to the northern market. The cattle would become infected, and, in most cases die. As a result, a quarantine line was drawn, and for some time, Texas ranchers below the line were prohibited from sending their cattle north to market, except for a short period each year. Of course, this caused the price of Texas cattle to drop significantly. After the discovery of the cause of Texas Fever and the introduction of the vaccination program, the cattle industry in Texas experienced an upswing.
After helping to ensure the basic viability of the Longhorn breed, Kleberg, along with other ranchers, began to introduce other breeds of cattle to Texas, and he experimented with ways to improve his livestock to yield more quality beef. The King Ranch, under his leadership, looked for a cattle breed capable of enduring the hot, harsh South Texas climate. To that end, Robert introduced “fresh blood from British breeds,” the Hereford, and began to systematically increase the number of Shorthorn Durham bulls on the ranch. By 1920, the vast majority of beef cattle on the King Ranch were full-blooded Herefords or Shorthorns. The Hereford and Shorthorn breeds were fenced-off from one another and Robert never intended to crossbreed them.
The Brahman breed, a breed that developed as the result of crossing various cattle of Indian origin, had been introduced on the King Ranch in 1910 for crossbreeding experimentation. That year, Tom O'Connor gave Henrietta King and Kleberg “a hyper-healthy black half-bred Brahman-Shorthorn bull whose offspring produced a King Ranch cow. When that cow was mated with a Brahman bull in 1920, the result was Monkey, the famous deep-red bull calf that became the foundation for the Santa Gertrudis breed.” The 3/8 Brahman bull and 5/8 British Shorthorn crossbreed produced the Santa Gertrudis, which became a recognized American breed of beef cattle. The King Ranch was not the first, nor the only, ranch in Texas to introduce the British breeds of Hereford and Shorthorn cattle; nor was it the first to crossbreed the Shorthorn with the Brahman bull. What sets the King Ranch apart from less successful Texas ranches of the time was its persistent efforts to experiment and arrive at the perfect mix of Shorthorn and Brahman cattle. These efforts eventually paid off: the Running-W breed of the King Ranch began to be regarded as a symbol of good beef.
In 1911, the Washington Times published a brief synopsis of a Munsey magazine article (November 1911) on Robert Kleberg II and Texas cattle history. Quoting article author Forrest Crissey, the Times declared that Robert J. Kleberg was “largely responsible for the international reputation of Texas as a great cattle State.” Summarizing Crissey’s assessment for its own readership, the Times commented:
Kleberg looked upon the droves of old-type Texas Longhorn cattle that grazed on the great ranch, and asked: 'Why not raise butchers' meat instead of horns?' …. 'You can't,' cried his abutting ranchers. 'The Longhorn is the only kind that can stand Texas. Bring in blooded stock, and the fever will get 'em and get you, too, if you go into the importing game deep enough!' …. Kleberg brought in some thoroughbred 'white-faces' and Durhams, and began his experiment. They died-but in the course of time the Texas fever tick was tracked to its lair by the persistent watchfulness of this man of modern ideas; and being tracked, a speedy and effective means of its destruction was devised. When Robert Kleberg demonstrated that the tick, and not the climate of Texas, was what killed all the blooded cattle of the modern beef type that had been brought into the State, he established Texas cattle-ranching on a scientific basis, and added many millions of dollars to the wealth of the State.”
From this, it becomesclear that Kleberg was recognized as a man of strong enterprise and good business sense both within Texas and across the United States.
After scientific upbreeding programs were introduced at the King Ranch, significant improvements needed to be implemented in order to execute livestock operations in a more streamlined and methodical manner. As part of this effort, Kleberg did away with one particular breeding pasture where, for years, a great herd of cattle had been allowed to breed unmolested, largely unworked and unbranded. He also rid the ranch of the wild mustangs that roamed free in the pastures. He then divided the ranch’s acreage into managed pastures, separated by barbed wire cross fencing. The Brownsville Daily Herald commented on these changes:
Santa Gertrudis, the home ranch of Mrs. H.M. King, as is well known, is one of the model ranches of Texas. It is conducted under the management of Mr. Robert H. Kleberg who has made a study in detail of every thing that tends to develop and enhance the value of the stock. The fences are kept in thorough repair, and are so subdivided as to keep within convenient distance for feeding, the registered stock. Thousands of improved cattle graze on the broad plateau in sight of the ranch.”
Aware that he lacked ranching expertise, Kleberg employed experienced, knowledgeable men to support ranch operations. At the King Ranch, labor relations between the patrón Kleberg, and the gente, or Mexican ranch hands, remained amicable and paternalistic in nature. In this worker-employer relationship, the patrón expressed “personal regard and responsibility” toward the gente; in return, the gente exhibited “personal faith and loyalty” toward the patrón. As a young child growing up on the King Ranch, Frank Goodwyn recounted that:
Robert kept many of the experienced personnel on the payroll, but he still had a major hurdle to overcome. The trusted kineños, King's cadre of workers, had built the ranch with their sweat and expertise, and their loyalty to the captain and La Madama was unquestioned. Now there was a new man in charge, and they watched him carefully before extending their loyalty to him. Robert had to earn their loyalty, and earn it he did. Before long they were calling their new patron “El Abogado” (the lawyer).
Today, many of the ranch’s cowboys are fourth- and fifth-generation kineños, who, much like their fathers and grandfathers, began working on the ranch as young children, and who uphold some of the same traditions. After Kleberg’s death in 1932, the community commemorated his commitment to the Mexican laborers who aided in the development the ranch. One obituary of Robert Kleberg II stated: “he performed other wonders in this little kingdom; and the thing that most revealed his human character and heart was his benevolence and aid to the hundreds of Mexicans who worked and lived on the ranch.” His triumph as a ranch manager was at least partially attributable to his ability to maintain strong relationships with his employees.
Robert Kleberg II and the Development of South Texas: The Search for Water, the Introduction of the Railroad, and the Building of Towns and Communities
Robert Kleberg’s desire to expand his ranching operations was greatly inhibited by a severe lack of water in South Texas. Residents of the arid Wild Horse Desert had always contended with water shortages, but the problem was seriously exacerbated in the late 1880s and early 1890s by a prolonged drought. The drought wreaked havoc on the ranching industry in South Texas, and thousands of King Ranch cattle died every day as a result. It was clear that Kleberg had to find a solution to the problem – he needed to locate reliable water sources for the King Ranch and the entire South Texas community. In 1891, Kleberg worked together with the Department of Agriculture in an experiment that attempted to produce rainfall by releasing explosives directed skyward. The experiment was ultimately unsuccessful, but it spurred Robert II to continue searching for other ways to bring water to this scorched land.
After many unsuccessful attempts, water sources were finally reached underground. In 1893, Kleberg hired Theodore Herring, who, with the help of a highly specialized drill, was able to drill deep enough to pass the salt water layer. At 535 feet below the surface, Herring and his crew unearthed a gushing supply of clear, palatable water in free flowing artesian sand, providing a reservoir of 1,150,000 gallons of water at the disposal of the King Ranch and the surrounding region. The reservoir was said to have been many times the size of Connecticut. For this achievement, Kleberg earned the nickname “Modern Moses.” The King-Kleberg family financed the newly discovered well and supplied artesian well water to the community, including ranches and farms in the area, through the Algodon Land and Irrigation Co. With the discovery of water in South Texas, Kleberg believed he could attract capital to build a railroad that would connect the South Texas frontier with markets in the North.
Robert was able to capitalize on business opportunities for the ranch by continually reassessing his business strategy and by modifying his business plan, as needed, to adapt to ever-changing market conditions. Doing so allowed him to expand and secure additional profits for the ranch. One factor that contributed to Kleberg’s success at the King Ranch, an advantage typical for the Anglo ranching empires, was the ranch’s solid connection to financial credit. This guarantee of financial leverage meant that the ranch could survive times of economic hardship and seek gain when smaller, more vulnerable ranch or farming families went bankrupt. Despite a depressed cattle market and a prolonged drought, which combined to put many South Texas ranches out of business, the King Ranch not only survived, but was able, under the leadership of Kleberg, to expand both its territory and its livestock operations. The vulnerability of smaller ranching estates meant that King Ranch enjoyed virtual monopoly status. In the 1880s and 1890s, the King-Kleberg empire acquired significant land acreage, which allowed it to consolidate the ranch’s land holdings. In response to the cattle market crisis in the early years of his management, Kleberg brought in additional profit by diversifying the ranch's business interests and introducing horse and mule breeding. By 1895, a mere ten years after he took over as manager of the ranch, the horse and mule breeding department was among the world’s largest commercial producers of horses and mules.
During the hard times that befell the ranching industry, Robert introduced farming, one of his long-time passions, to the ranch. In 1901, one local newspaper wrote, “an adjoining field has been prepared for experimental farming; it is forty acres in extent, and will be planted, outside of a garden patch, with alfalfa. The soil is fertile, and it is expected that the yield will be large.” To the question of what he cultivated on Mrs. King’s irrigated farm, Kleberg responded, “Forty acres in onions as fine as any in Texas, fields of cabbages, beets and turnips, fine crops of peas and other table vegetables in abundance. The fruits common to other parts of Texas are at home in this section. Olives can be raised here successfully and profitably.” In part, the experimental farming at the King Ranch was to show prospectors and potential land buyers that South Texas was a smart and profitable choice.
Robert Kleberg II was instrumental in the introduction of the railroad in South Texas. First, he realized that the railroad would benefit the operations of King Ranch (i.e. by carrying its livestock produce to market). At the same time, and just as importantly, he also knew that urban and economic development would entice prospective homesteaders and farmers to settle the land. With the help of Uriah Lott and James B. Wells, two old friends of Richard King, Kleberg persuaded B. F. Yoakum of St. Louis to build a railway in South Texas. In 1904, the St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico Railroad Company, with Uriah Lott as President and Kleberg as Vice President, completed work on a railroad line from Robstown, twenty miles north of Kingsville, to Brownsville. A July 1904 letter from Lott to Mr. and Mrs. Kleberg described Robert's role in the project. Lott congratulated and thanked the Klebergs for their many efforts on behalf of the South Texas railway, which, as he wrote, “could not have happened but for your interest, efforts and hearty and loyal cooperation.” The King Ranch had given 70,000 of the total 200,000 acres of land contributed by land owners to the syndicate to finance the construction of the railroad. The 150-mile railway line, stretching from Corpus Christi (Robstown) south to Brownsville, had been completed as planned.
Local newspapers reported frequently, and with great interest, about the development of the railroad in South Texas. In one instance, the Brownsville Daily Herald wrote,
Many have doubted that the building of a road through the sparsely settled country would be a paying investment, but the advent of flowing wells settles the point. There are between Alice and Brownsville 300,000 acres of irrigable land within four miles of the surveyed line. [Discussion of farming on this land as a source of wealth and description of the region as “the most fertile lands of Texas”] … The transportation of livestock would yield a rich revenue to the investors. The possibilities of Southwest Texas are great, and with the building of a railroad, this section would soon be densely populated by a class of industrious farmers, who would develop the vast resources of this section.
To this, Kleberg added his own personal observations:
… there is no question about this country settling up rapidly as soon as this road is built. Only recently we have discovered that an abundance of artesian water can be obtained at depths varying from 500 to 1000 feet, and with irrigation there is nothing that cannot be grown in this South Texas country. Already there are any number of people flocking to where the road will be run, endeavoring to purchase lands.
In myriad ways, Robert Kleberg II played a crucial role in the urban and economic development of South Texas in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Leroy Denman Jr., legal attorney for the King Ranch, remarked once that he and Mrs. King were “interested in colonizing and town building, subdividing and selling the land to bring civilization to the area,” an interest that was quite typical for large landowners in South Texas at the time. Leroy also observed that “they all wanted to name towns after themselves and get the railroad in and be the one that had colonized this great wild country.” To that end, Robert Kleberg, along with John T. Kenedy and Henrietta M. King, organized the Kleberg Town and Improvement Company, of Corpus Christi, with a capital stock of $500,000 ($13.2 million in 2011). On January 17, 1903, a charter to build a town was filed at the office of the Secretary of State in Austin, Texas. The town was later named Kingsville. Henrietta chose the location of the town, which was situated three miles from the ranch homestead. It was a place where she had fond memories of her and her late husband picnicking as a young couple. To support the development of Kingsville, she donated 41,820 acres along the railway route and 34,854 acres around the town site to the Kleberg Town and Improvement Company. With the financial backing of Henrietta King and the leadership of Robert Kleberg II, the Kleberg Town and Improvement Company also installed waterworks for the town of Kingsville in 1905 at a cost of $75,000 ($1.98 million in 2011), built the Kingsville Power Company, established the Kingsville Publishing Company, the Kingsville Lumber Company, the R. J. Kleberg & Co Bankers, and began a weekly newspaper for the town. Mrs. King also gave $40,000 for a schoolhouse and 660 acres to establish a college for Tejano children.
The town of Kingsville is a testimony to Kleberg’s role in making South Texas a place where people wanted to live and where businesses could thrive. In the final analysis, Robert Kleberg II supported the development of communities and towns in South Texas by providing significant financial investment in public infrastructure, by supplying an abundance of artesian well water, and by facilitating the construction of railroads that linked communities in South Texas with the north and, thus, enabled local farmers to transport products to market.
Social Status and Personality
Kleberg was certainly advantaged by his upbringing. From his parents, he acquired both a strong work ethic and a strong commitment to education and learning. His brothers’ lives and careers also bear witness to these familial advantages. The Kleberg sons became lawyers and were, throughout their life, active in Texas politics. For historian Tom Lea, heritage played a significant role in Robert Kleberg II’s prosperity. In Life Magazine, he wrote that “the confidence, the tenacity, the vigor that characterized him must be viewed in the light of the family and the background from which he sprang.” Lea emphatically elaborated, “son of a San Jacinto hero, member of an intellectually and physically vigorous family whose fortune resided not in cash but in character, Robert Justus Kleberg Jr. displayed the strong traits of his heritage. His Prussian mettle, with its scientific bent, its passion for orderly method, appears not to have been too heavily encumbered with opinionated didacticism, that is, with square-headedness. In the well-ordered space of Kleberg’s mind he found room for honest self-appraisal as well as honest self-esteem.”
Over the years, Kleberg’s contributions to King Ranch and his larger environs won him the esteem and regard of his family, employees, and the community. The reputation that he enjoyed during his lifetime formed the basis of a legacy that persisted long after his death on October 10, 1932, at the King Ranch estate. Decades later, one of Kleberg’s descendants described him as follows: “Robert Justus Kleberg, the second, was truly an empire builder of South Texas! It was his faith, his energy, his forceful leadership, and his humanitarianism that blazed a trail across new frontiers and turned South Texas from a desert into a garden spot with comfortable cities, railroads, schools, and universities, a wonderful agricultural and citrus industry, and high bred cattle.” To be sure, the assessment, like so many offered by Kleberg family members, is excessively praiseworthy. At the same time, however, it contains elements of truth. A similar account was provided in the History of Kleberg County Texas, which was published in 1976 by the county historical commission: “While it would be an over simplification to say that one man is responsible for Kingsville and Kleberg County's origin and development, Robert J. Kleberg II comes near fitting this description; certainly without his ingenuity, drive, persistence, and above all vision, South Texas would not be the sound progressive area it is today.”
While Kleberg’s biography demonstrates the influence of his family on his life and career, his German ethnicity, as a separate factor, was not necessarily a defining element of his success. There is no evidence, for instance, that Robert used his German heritage to establish business contacts or secure financial backing. In fact, his primary business contact (and later father-in-law), Richard King, was of Irish background. Later, many of the people with whom he worked most closely were of Mexican heritage. That he came from a well-known and highly-respected immigrant family certainly had some influence in business matters. But again, the salient point was that his family was hardworking and successful, not that they belonged to a particular ethnic group. At the moment, there is no historical evidence (at least none that is accessible to the public) that establishes the influence of Robert Kleberg’s German heritage on his entrepreneurship at the King Ranch.
On November 5, 1961, the King Ranch became a national historic landmark. “National Historic Landmarks Survey, Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State,” (accessed July 18, 2014).
On the German immigrant experience in Texas and for background on the Kleberg family, see Moritz Tiling, History of the German Element in Texas from 1820-1850 and Historical Sketches of the German Texas Singers’ League and Houston Turnverein from 1853-1913 (Houston: Moritz Tiling, 1913); Cat Spring Agricultural Society, The Cat Spring Story (San Antonio: Lone Star Print Co., 1956); and “Germans,” the Handbook of Texas Online, Texas Historical Association (accessed July 18, 2014); Terry G. Jordan, “The German Element in Texas: An Overview,” Rice University Studies 63 (Summer 1977); Terry G. Jordan, German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1966); Glen E. Lich and Dona B. Reeves, eds., German Culture in Texas (Boston: Twayne, 1980); Glen E. Lich, The German Texans (San Antonio: University of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures, 1981); Rudolph Biesele, The History of the German Settlements in Texas 1831-1861 (Austin: German-Texan Heritage Society, 1987); Charles Christopher Jackson, “Cat Spring, Texas,” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas Historical Association (accessed July 18, 2014).
For a biography of Robert Justus Kleberg, see Kleberg County Texas (A Collection of Historical Sketches and Family Histories Compiled by Members of the Kleberg County) (Kingsville: Kleberg County Historical Commission, 1976), 60-61; Zachary Taylor Fulmore, The History and Geography of Texas, as Told in County Names (Austin: Press of E. L. Stack, 1915), 162-64; Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas, Robert Justus Kleberg 1803-1888 (accessed July 18, 2014); and the entry on “Rosalie von Roeder Kleberg” in the Handbook of Texas Online, Texas Historical Association (accessed July 18, 2014).
Andreas V. Reichstein, German Pioneers on the American Frontier: The Wagners in Texas and Illinois (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2001).
Untitled essay on the history of the Sack family, Rudolph Kleberg Family Papers, 1829-1966.
“Texas Honors Memory of Kleberg, County is Named for Man Who Established First German Colony,” El Paso Herald, March 8, 1913. Likewise, the marriage itself was the product of multiple and unclear motivations. Love was certainly not the only consideration. Many years later, Rudolph Kleberg Jr., the nephew of Robert Justus Kleberg II, wrote about his grandmother Rosalie's thoughts on love and marriage. “Again and again I have heard her declare that she was never 'verliebt,' or passionately in love with her husband, but on the contrary she truly respected, honored, and loved him, and that therefore she married him. … To imagine one is 'verliebt,' has 'fallen' in love was to her the height of silliness. Truly to love means to see another's shortcomings as well as to respect his virtues. To think one another angels and heroes is to sow the seeds of marital unhappiness.” Quote taken from “Mother” by Rudolph Kleberg Jr., Yorktown, Texas [Mother refers to his grandmother Rosalie Kleberg], “Rudolph Kleberg family papers, history and genealogy, 1961 and undated,” Rudolph Kleberg Family Papers, 1829-1966, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
Reichstein, German Pioneers on the American Frontier, 67-8.
Detlef Dunt, ed., Reise nach Texas, nebst Nachrichten von diesem Lande; für Deutsche, welche nach Amerika zu gehen beabsichtigen (Bremen: Carl W. Wiehe, 1834); and Rudolph Biesele, “The First German Settlement in Texas,” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 34 (1931): 334-39.
Caroline von Hinueber, “Life of German Pioneers in Early Texas,” Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association 2 (1899): 228. Caroline Ernst von Hinueber was born on February 13, 1819; she immigrated to the United States with her family in 1829. Her father was the famous Friedrich Ernst, who established the first permanent German colony in Texas, later called Industry. This statement is often quoted in historical accounts of first-generation German immigrant Robert Justus Kleberg and can also be found, among others, in Helen Kleberg Groves, Bob and Helen Kleberg of King Ranch (Houston: Bright Sky Press, 2004), 18, and Reichstein, German Pioneers on the American Frontier, 68.
Dunt, ed., Reise nach Texas, and Biesele, “The First German Settlement in Texas.”
Hinueber, “Life of German Pioneers in Early Texas,” 231.
James W. Pohl and Stephen L. Hardin, “The Military History of the Texas Revolution: An Overview,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 89 (1986); Stephen L. Hardin, Texian Iliad: A Military History of the Texas Revolution (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994); Paul D. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1992).
Untitled essay on the history of the Sack family, Rudolph Kleberg Family Papers, 1829-1966.
Kleberg, Robert Justus (No: F505) and Roeder, J. von (No: F782) in DeWitt County Historical Commission, The History of DeWitt County, Texas (Dallas: Curtis Media, 1991), 535, 695; Jane Clements Monday and Frances Brannen Vick, eds., Letters to Alice: Birth of the Kleberg-King Ranch Dynasty (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2012), 1-3; and Dick Frost, The King Ranch Papers: An Unauthorized and Irreverent History of the World's Largest Landholders: The Kleberg Family (Chicago: Aquarius Rising Press, 1985), 702.
Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas, “Robert Justus Kleberg” (accessed July 18, 2014).
Gary Keith, Eckhardt. There Once Was a Congressman from Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007), 15.
“Kleberg, Marcellus E.,” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas Historical Association (accessed July 18, 2014).
Monday and Vick, eds., Letters to Alice, 1. A “Notice of Dissolution” in The Daily Herald, Brownsville, Texas, January 9, 1894, stated that the law partnership between Robert W. Stayton, Robert J. Kleberg, and James B. Wells, known as Wells, Stayton & Kleberg, was dissolved by mutual consent in January 1894.
Monday and Vick, eds., Letters to Alice, 6.
Theodore Reed Fehrenbach, Lone Star, A History of Texas and the Texans, from Prehistory to the Present, the People, Politics, and Events that have Shaped Texas (New York: Da Capo Press, 2000), 289. Also useful are Tom Lea, Captain King of Texas: The man who made the King Ranch (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1957); Frost, The King Ranch Papers; Pat Kelley, River of Lost Dreams: Navigation on the Rio Grande (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986).
Bruce S. Cheeseman, “King, Richard,” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas Historical Association (accessed July 18, 2014); Monday and Vick, eds., Letters to Alice, 9; Kleberg County Texas, 16, taken from the October 6, 1954, anniversary issue of the Kingsville Record.
Cheeseman, “King, Richard.”
Kleberg County Texas, 52.
Ibid., 74.
Monday and Vick, eds., Letters to Alice, 7. Taken from Robert J. Kleberg II, letter to his parents, July 24, 1881, Special Collections & Archives, Mary and Jeff Bell Library, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi.
Monday and Vick, eds., Letters to Alice, 18.
Ibid., 35. Robert’s great affection for Alice can be seen in a letter he wrote to her on April 18, 1884: “I unconsciously found myself dreaming instead of thinking – dreaming of you, my little Darling, dreams and not reality. Yet I have the consolation of having enjoyed that happiness even if it is but imaginary – I cannot tell you, my little heart, with what emotions your candid expression of your love for me filled me. It fills my breast with pride and my soul with a peace that I never before experienced. I feel that I have won forever the greatest and most precious prize that man can win – the unreserved and never dying love of a true and pure woman – but every attempt at describing, in expressing in words my feelings, proves but too plainly that is not the way to do it.” Monday and Vick, eds., Letters to Alice, 36.
Ibid., 82.
Here, as elsewhere in this entry, sums are converted into 2011 U.S. dollars via MeasuringWorth, on the basis of the Consumer Price Index.
Monday and Vick, eds., Letters to Alice, 83; Goodwyn, Life on the King Ranch, 24ff.
Tom Lea, The King Ranch (Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1957).
“Mrs. King Buys Land,” Brownsville Daily Herald, August, 28, 1901. “Mrs. Richard King of Nueces county, the cattle queen of Texas, or of the United States, for that matter, [ . . . ] besides being the largest individual owner of land in Texas, is the owner of the largest number of cattle most certainly of any woman in the United States, and it is exceedingly doubtful if any cattle baron brands so many calves as she. There has been about 22,000 head of young steers and yearling heifers sold off the ranch this year, and the number now on the ranch is by a most conservative estimate places at 100,000 head.”
Frank Goodwyn, Life on the King Ranch (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1951), 24.
Monday and Vick, eds., Letters to Alice, 123.
The end of open-range ranching through the introduction of barbed wire fencing brought significant changes to the ranching industry. The territorializing of ranch estates through barbed wire fences made it impossible to drive the cattle north to market as was customary in the days of the open range. On the other hand, the closing off of ranch territory made breeding possible.
Henry D. and Frances T. McCallum, The Wire that Fenced the West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965); H. Allen Anderson, “Big Die-up,” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas Historical Association (accessed July 18, 2014).
Lea, The King Ranch, 474.
Ibid., 482.
Ibid., 488.
Sterling Bass, History of Kleberg County (M.A. thesis, University of Texas, 1931), 95.
Kleberg County Texas, 17; Goodwyn, Life on the King Ranch, 26-27; “Credit Belongs to Mr. Kleberg, Originates the Plan of Dipping Cattle to Kill Ticks, he made the discovery and built a dipping tank on the Santa Gertrudis ranch six years ago,” undated and unknown newspaper article, “Rudolph Kleberg family papers, history and genealogy, 1961 and undated,” Rudolph Kleberg Family Papers, 1829-1966, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
Groves, Bob and Helen Kleberg of King Ranch, 20.
The King Ranch, (accessed July 18, 2014).
Goodwyn, Life on the King Ranch, 25; and Lea, The King Ranch, 488.
Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, and Paul Schellinger, eds., International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume I, Americas (New York: Routledge, 1996), 306.
Erin Davies, “The Biggest Ranches, from the Fabled King to the Formidable 06, the Twenty Most Storied Spreads in Texas,” Texas Monthly, August 1998, (accessed July 18, 2014); Robert J. Kleberg Jr., “A Review of the Development of the Breed, Historical Data About the Origin of the Santa Gertrudis Breed,” Pamphet, n.d.; W.H. Black, A.T. Semple, and J.L. Lush, “Beef Production and Quality as Influenced by Crossing Brahman with Hereford and Shorthorn Cattle,” Technical Bulletin No. 417, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, May 1934. All breeds of Brahman cattle are from the Bos indicus subspecies. English breeds of cattle, such as the Shorthorn, Hereford, and Angus breeds, are from the Bos taurus subspecies.
Goodwyn, Life on the King Ranch, 25.
“Texas Cattle History Described in Munsey's,” The Washington Times, November 8, 1911.
Lea, The King Ranch, 485-87.
“A Vast Amount of Undeveloped Wealth Waiting a Railroad,” Brownsville Daily Herald, January 29, 1901.
Lea, The King Ranch, 489.
David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987), 81 and 106.
Monday and Vick, eds., Letters to Alice, 122.
Kineños translates as King's men. Mary Lee Grant, “Kineños recall their culture's creation on King Ranch,” Corpus Christi Caller Times, September 7, 1998.
“R.J. Kleberg, Texas Cattle King, Expires,” newspaper article, unknown source, 1932, “Rudolph Kleberg family papers, history and genealogy, 1961 and undated,” Rudolph Kleberg Family Papers, 1829-1966, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
“A Cattle King Passes,” newspaper article, unknown source, 1932, “Rudolph Kleberg family papers, history and genealogy, 1961 and undated,” Rudolph Kleberg Family Papers, 1829-1966, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
Bass, History of Kleberg County, 88. Also informative are Don Graham, Kings of Texas: the 150-year saga of an American ranching empire (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2003), 194-97; and Lea, The King Ranch, 501-06.
“A Vast Amount of Undeveloped Wealth Waiting a Railroad,” Brownsville Daily Herald, January 29, 1901; and Goodwyn, Life on the King Ranch, 25.
David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986, 81.
Kleberg County Texas, 62; and Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 111.
In this instance, Anglo means non-Mexican.
Bass, History of Kleberg County, 78.
“A Vast Amount of Undeveloped Wealth Waiting a Railroad,” Brownsville Daily Herald, January 29, 1901.
“What Will Grow in This Section,” Brownsville Daily Herald, April 2, 1904.
Bass, History of Kleberg County, 83; and “St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway,” Brownsville Daily Herald, June 10, 1903. The newspaper stated that the Attorney General had approved and the Secretary of State had filed a charter for Colonel Lott's railroad to Brownsville. The name of the corporation was St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico Railway Company, with its principal office in Kingsville. “The incorporators are: Robert J. Kleberg, A.E. Spohn of Corpus Christi; Robt. Driscoll Sr., Uriah Lott, R. King, John G. Kennedy, James B. Wells, Francisco Yturria, Thomas Carson, Robert Driscoll, Jr., E.H. Caldwell, Geo. F. Evans, Caesar Kleberg, John B. Armstrong, John J. Welder. Board of directors. Uriah Lott, president; vice president and treasurer, Robert J. Kleberg; John G. Kennedy, secretary.”
Bass, History of Kleberg County, 83.
Ibid., 84.
“Robert J. Kleberg will grow sugar beets,” Brownsville Daily Herald, October 28, 1903.
“The Full Route of the Lott Road,” Brownsville Daily Herald, July 23, 1903.
“A Vast Amount of Undeveloped Wealth Waiting a Railroad,” Brownsville Daily Herald, January 29, 1901.
“Robert J. Kleberg will grow sugar beets,” Brownsville Daily Herald, October 28, 1903.
Graham, Kings of Texas, 198.
“Will Build Towns,” Brownsville Daily Herald, January 21, 1903. “Armstrong Town and Improvement Company, of Corpus Christi; capital stock $500,000. Incorporated by John B. Armstrong, John T. Kenedy and Robert J. Kleberg.” “Kenedy Town and Improvement Company, of Corpus Christi; capital stock $250,000. Incorporated by John T. Kenedy, Robert J. Kleberg and George F. Evans.”
Monday and Vick, eds., Letters to Alice, 144; Kleberg County Texas, 62; “What Will Grow in This Section,” Brownsville Daily Herald, April 2, 1904.
David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 64.
Scholarly accounts of the King Ranch and the Kleberg family remain sparse. The Tom Lea account was commissioned by the family as an official history. Few other journalists or historians have been invited to the King Ranch, a situation that has likely contributed to the mythic character of the ranch today. See Tom Lea, “Prodigious Growth of the King Ranch, the founder’s descendants have expanded the great King Ranch,” Life Magazine, July 15, 1957.
Lea, The King Ranch, 478.
Untitled essay on the history of the Sack family, presumably written by a descendent of Rudolph Kleberg, the brother of Robert II, “Rudolph Kleberg family papers, history and genealogy, 1961 and undated,” Rudolph Kleberg Family Papers, 1829-1966, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
Kleberg County Texas, 62. Here again, it must be emphasized that very few historians or journalists have been granted access to Kleberg family correspondence or to the King Ranch archives. As a result, published accounts of Kleberg’s life and career are almost always highly laudatory in nature. Thus, one ought to approach these narratives from a critical standpoint. Nevertheless, they remain one of the historian’s few sources of insight into the Kleberg-King dynasty.
Secondary literature on Robert Kleberg Jr. and archival resources at the Briscoe Center for American History in Austin, Texas, provide no information on whether Kleberg participated in German clubs, associations, or cultural institutions; likewise, it is unclear whether he maintained personal ties with members of the German-immigrant community apart from his family. The King Ranch archive in Kingsville, Texas, which might provide evidence of such ties, remains closed to the public at this time. | <urn:uuid:78031442-0aee-4fff-a338-04b6716b533c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entries/robert-justus-kleberg-ii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606045924-20230606075924-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.960951 | 14,405 | 2.875 | 3 |
- Historic Sites
O-Kee-Pa -- American Heritage Book Selection
In words and pictures, George Catlin recorded the secret ceremony, a blend of mysticism and horrific cruelty, by which the Mandans initiated their braves and conjured the life-sustaining buffalo.
October 1967 | Volume 18, Issue 6
Such was the appearance of the interior of the Medicine Lodge during the three first (and part of the fourth) days. During the three first days, while things remained thus inside of the Medicine Lodge, there were many curious and grotesque amusements and ceremonies transpiring outside and around the “Big Canoe.”
The principal of these, which they called Bel-lohk-na-pick (the bull dance), to the strict observance of which they attributed the coming of buffaloes to supply them with food, was one of an exceedingly grotesque and amusing character, and was danced four times on the first day, eight times on the second day, twelve times on the third day, and sixteen times on the fourth day, and always around the “Big Canoe,” of which I have already spoken.
The chief actors in these strange scenes were eight men, with the entire skins of buffaloes thrown over them, enabling them closely to imitate the appearance and motions of those animals, as the bodies of the dancers were kept in a horizontal position, the horns and tails of the animals remaining on the skins, and the skins of the animals’ heads served as masks, through the eyes of which the dancers were looking.
The eight men were all naked and painted exactly alike, and in the most extraordinary manner; their bodies, limbs, and faces being everywhere covered with black, red, or white paint. Each joint was marked with two white rings, one within the other, even to the joints in the under jaw, the fingers, and the toes; and the abdomens were painted to represent the face of an infant, the navel representing its mouth.
Each one of these characters also had a lock of buffalo’s hair tied around the ankles, in his right hand a rattle (she-shée-quoin), and a slender staff six feet in length in the other; and carried on his back, above the buffalo skin, a bundle of willow-boughs, of the ordinary size of a bundle of wheat.
These eight men representing eight buffalo bulls, being divided into four pairs, took their positions on the four sides of the Ark, or “Big Canoe,” representing thereby the four cardinal points; and between each couple of these, with his back turned to the “Big Canoe,” was another figure engaged in the same dance, keeping step with the eight buffalo bulls, with a staff in one hand and a rattle in the other: and being four in number, answered again to the four cardinal points.…
Two of these figures were painted jet black with charcoal and grease, whom they called the night, and the numerous white spots dotted over their bodies and limbs they called stars. The other two, who were painted from head to foot as red as vermilion could make them, with white stripes up and down over their bodies and limbs, were called the morning rays (symbols of day).
These twelve were the only figures actually engaged in the Bull dance, which was each time repeated in the same manner without any apparent variation. There were, however, a great number of characters, many of them representing various animals of the country, engaged in giving the whole effect to this strange scene, and all of which are worthy of a few remarks.
The bull dance was conducted by the old master of ceremonies (O-kee-pa-ka-see-ka) carrying his medicine pipe; his body entirely naked, and covered, as well as his hair, with yellow clay.
For each time that the bull dance was repeated, this man came out of the Medicine Lodge with the medicine pipe in his hands, bringing with him four old men carrying the tortoise drums, their bodies painted red, and headdresses of eagles’ quills, and with them another old man with the two she-shée-quoins (rattles). These took their seats by the side of the “Big Canoe,” and commenced drumming and rattling and singing, whilst the conductor of the ceremonies, with his medicine pipe in his hands, was leaning against the “Big Canoe” and crying in his full voice to the Great Spirit. Squatted on the ground, on the opposite side of the “Big Canoe,” were two men with skins of grizzly bears thrown over them, using the skins as masks covering their faces. Their bodies were naked, and painted with yellow clay.
These characters, whom they called grizzly bears, were continually growling and threatening to devour everything before them, and interfering with the forms of the ceremony. To appease them and keep them quiet, the women were continually bringing and placing before them dishes of meat, which were as often snatched away and carried to the prairies by two men called bald eagles, whose bodies and limbs were painted black, whilst their heads and feet and hands were whitened with clay. These were again chased upon the prairies by a numerous group of small boys, whose bodies and limbs were painted yellow, and their heads white, wearing tails of white deer’s hair, and whom they called antelopes.
Besides these there were two men representing swans, their bodies naked and painted white, and their noses and feet were painted black. | <urn:uuid:e434cbf9-032e-482c-9769-e6fa4e9b9dda> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.americanheritage.com/content/o-kee-pa?page=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717783.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00163-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989543 | 1,163 | 2.75 | 3 |
More info about the name "Genesis"
Genesis originates in Greek language and means "the beginning". It is the name of the first book of the Bible and the Old Testament, containing stories about the creation, Adam and Eve, the great flood, and others. It was also popularized by the English rock band of the same name, led by Phil Collins. As a feminine given name, Genesis is rather rare in the United States. | <urn:uuid:447b8305-2d47-4248-b514-9ad95d6089a3> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.babynames.net/names/genesis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936833.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419091546-20180419111546-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.957313 | 91 | 2.5625 | 3 |
It's a technique that has previously been used for oil exploration "” now researchers at The University of Nottingham have developed a new, highly sensitive, anti-doping steroid test using hydropyrolysis.
It’s a technique that has previously been used for oil exploration — now researchers at The University of Nottingham have developed a new, highly sensitive, anti-doping steroid test using hydropyrolysis.
The process — which uses high pressure environments to investigate the chemical structure and make-up of a sample — has been refined and developed at the University to develop highly accurate tests for detecting levels of illicit steroids in urine. The test procedure is already in the process of being commercialised and is expected to be ready for use in the 2012 Olympics.
Funding from the Natural Environment Research Council’s Ocean Margins LINK programme saw researchers take the hydropyrolysis technique and apply it to geochemical studies. This allowed the team to reconstruct the history of ocean basins to help assess whether it was worth drilling for oil. By taking core samples over geological time, the technique can detect the first ’charge’, or presence, of oil.
But the same process can be used to detect the presence of illicit steroids in the urine of athletes — and racehorses. High pressure hydrogen is used to bombard the sample at pressures of 150 atmospheres and temperatures of up to 500 degrees Celsius. This leaves sample molecules in a cleaner, less degraded state than other extraction techniques, allowing more accurate readings to be taken. Carbon isotopes are then measured, with the results showing the ratios of carbon 12 and carbon 13 in the sample — whether geochemical or biological.
Colin Snape, Professor of Chemical Technology and Chemical Engineering at the University, said: “Steroids are produced naturally in the body, but they have a different carbon 13/carbon 12 ratios to those that have been introduced illicitly. By refining the measurements of these two isotopes we can produce a very accurate test for the presence of illegal steroids in athletes.
“We are currently working with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) to develop the technique for trial and have entered into partnership with Strata Technology, a London-based company with expertise in high pressure equipment, to commercialise the technique.”
The technique is also being used to refine current radio carbon dating processes, which use the carbon 14 isotope to measure the age of an archaeological sample.
“Most of these samples use charcoal,” Professor Snape added. “But the stuff you are trying to accurately date is often mixed in with much later debris from the same site. Hydropyrolysis can remove this very rapidly and efficiently. We are hoping that this will become the accepted model for cleaning up radio carbon dating samples in the future — the fundamental research for this is taking place at the moment.”
Professor Snape is an expert on hydropyrolysis — he’s been working on the technique, both in industry and academia, for the past 25 years. Over the coming year he hopes to refine the testing process, exploring optimum sample sizes and checking the sensitivity of the technique, working with WADA and experts in steroid testing from Imperial College London.
Notes to editors: The University of Nottingham is ranked in the UK's Top 10 and the World's Top 70 universities by the Shanghai Jiao Tong (SJTU) and Times Higher (THES) World University Rankings.
It provides innovative and top quality teaching, undertakes world-changing research, and attracts talented staff and students from 150 nations. Described by The Times as Britain's "only truly global university", it has invested continuously in award-winning campuses in the United Kingdom, China and Malaysia. Twice since 2003 its research and teaching academics have won Nobel Prizes. The University has won the Queen's Award for Enterprise in both 2006 (International Trade) and 2007 (Innovation — School of Pharmacy).
Its students are much in demand from 'blue-chip' employers. Winners of Students in Free Enterprise for three years in succession, and current holder of UK Graduate of the Year, they are accomplished artists, scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs, innovators and fundraisers. Nottingham graduates consistently excel in business, the media, the arts and sport. Undergraduate and postgraduate degree completion rates are amongst the highest in the United Kingdom. | <urn:uuid:24ef6553-3c79-4ac1-86bc-123a108df6b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/pressreleases/2008/april/newsteroidtestusesoilexplorationtechnique.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823168.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018233539-20171019013539-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.942098 | 899 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Andean region is characterised by high altitudes, low rainfall and bitter winters. Not only does this make it hard to grow crops, but it also results in a hungry populace. Here we look at four cornerstones of the Andean diet, with a particular focus on Peru and Bolivia.
The potato was first cultivated 10 000 years ago in the region that now straddles South-Eastern Peru and North-Western Bolivia. Of the 5000 potato varieties in the world today, more than 3000 are found exclusively in Andean countries. What we think of as a generic foodstuff has a hundred different tastes, textures and uses in the Andes. Different varieties are used in different soups, stews and roasts.
Perhaps the strangest potato is the chuño: after harvesting, the potatoes are laid out on the ground and left to freeze during the cold Andean night. The following day the potatoes are exposed to full sun, and trampled under foot to remove moisture. This process continues for two more days. Chuño is used extensively in Andean cuisine, but – if you ask me – it does taste a lot like you’d imagine freeze-dried potato to taste. That’s not the point, obviously: in the past it allowed farmers to keep food in reserve for winter months.
Quinoa has recently taken the nutritional world by storm as a true superfood, and 2013 has actually been declared The International Year of Quinoa by the UN. Unlike most grains which are considered to be inadequate as total protein sources, quinoa has a significant protein content, making it a life-saver for families who cannot afford meat…and for rich vegans and vegetarians. But this is not all…high levels of: essential minerals, good fats, amino acids, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory polysaccharides make it the grain everyone is talking about. Better still is the fact that quinoa loses very little of its goodness from boiling, stewing or steaming.
In Andean countries, quinoa – which is usually grown at altitudes above 8200ft – has long been a staple food. It was considered sacred by the Incas, who called it chisaya mama, “the mother of all grains.” Due to its association with traditional religious ceremonies, the conquistadores actually banned its cultivation, and for a few centuries the locals were forced to grow wheat instead. These days, quinoa is used in soups and as an accompaniment to stews throughout the region. Its circular grains have a slightly bitter taste and are naturally al dente.
A few months ago, quinoa hit the headlines again: this time its newfound status as a cash crop was being blamed for a change in locals’ diets.
Cuy and llama
These days Andean people eat chicken, pork and beef like the rest of us, but two traditional protein sources – cuy and llama – are still integral to their diet.
Cuy or guinea pigs, may be cuddly pets to us, but in Andean societies they were – and still are – a very important food source. Not only are they high in protein and low in fat, but they are also easily raised in captivity and have a very short reproductive cycle. Over 65 million cuy are eaten in Peru every year, with many families raising them in their own back yards.
As a tourist you will have to actively seek out cuy if you want to eat it, as locals – perhaps rightly – think we are squeamish about such things. Whatever your standpoint may be, you may as well be aware that it tastes much like rabbit (or the dark meat of chicken) and is commonly served fried, boiled or roasted.
Llamas, on the other hand, cannot be missed on a visit to the Andes. True, they are most evident in their living, snorting, spitting form, but their meat is also a regular on menus in the region. Once again it is low in fat and high in protein and fibre, making it a much healthier option than beef. It is commonly served as chicharrón (fried) and fricassee (a spicy stew) but more recently it has even started to make its way onto the plates of the region’s haute cuisine establishments in the form of carpaccio and filet mignon. | <urn:uuid:f3d10efe-0594-41ad-b718-667f43704331> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.vayaadventures.com/blog/four-key-ingredients-of-andean-cuisine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523429.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00072-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971026 | 902 | 3.109375 | 3 |
How to Write a Critical Essay - A Research Guide Critical Essay Definition: A critical essay is a piece of writing intended to analyze, interpret or evaluate a specific text or other media forms. More specifically, this type of critical paper is normally viewed by academic audiences and typically supports an argument made by the writer. Top 10 Essay: Critical response example essay and academic ... Critical response example essay - What makes things a manager example critical response essay are planning, organizing, leading and controlling (stoner et al., 1999) and the stages of modelling. While I concede that contemporary comics may represent some aspects of a learning activity. However, it toward a picture of those results. Critical Response Essay Example - BestWritingService.com Buy Cheap Critical Response Essay Introduction It does not require a critical look in order for one to realize that the society is as it is because of the norms and the rules that regulate people's behavior.
Helpful hints for Writing a Critical Response Paper: See page discussing MLA Format (i.e. using proper header, etc. ) See page listing more specific hints for the Research Paper . First and foremost, remember that this is a Critical response paper, NOT a Personal response paper.
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Critical Response - English For Everyone Essay English for Everyone English has already been an international language for many years, and it has proven that this status wasn't awarded to it without a reason. Critical response essay example - whitehouseatwestclay.com Experience essay ideas general business plan outlines point of view creative writing exercise case study essay frames aquaponics farm business plan template abstract of a research proposal nba referee assignments today steps for chemistry problem solving practice essay writing pdf statistics problem solving websites team building critical ...
Sep 19, 2018 ... Critical Essay: How to Write a Critical Analysis ... critical analysis; you've analyzed the author's work and offered your own opinion in response.
PDF How to write a reader response paper Prof. Margaret O'Mara How to write a reader response paper Prof. Margaret O'Mara What a reader response paper is: A critical essay that tells the reader what a historical monograph (book) means to you. It reflects a close reading of the work, contains specific examples drawn from the work How to Write a Movie Response Essay | Education - Seattle PI
Critical Response Essay Writing: Simple Advice For Newbies
Buy Response Essay from the Best Online Writing Service Time is of the essence! Essay writing is never easy, especially when the deadline is fast approaching. How to write a response essay WELL? How to impress the tutor? Contact us and leave all your worries behind! Critical essay | Custom Essay Critical analysis has a purpose of evaluating a piece of writing (a book, an article, an essay, etc.). The purpose of writing critical analysis is to help a reader understand the criticized piece of literature better. Critical Response Essay Writing: Simple Advice For Newbies
Writing the Critical Response Essay - 3570 Words A critical response essay (or interpretive essay or review) has two missions: to summarize a source’s main idea and to respond to the source’s main A Critical Response To Byatts Possession English Literature Essay The focus of critical response will be to discern what is acceptable for each gender when dealing with relationships, the fascination and confusion of sexual orientation, and the issues regarding true love and faith. Byatt introduces several unusual relationships throughout her novel. Critical Response Essay Example | Graduateway | <urn:uuid:2ee387e6-810a-43d4-bf30-7c9593c4e8be> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://writezoes.firebaseapp.com/metrick3589mufy/critical-response-essay-example-wyk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644506.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528182446-20230528212446-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.884933 | 797 | 3.453125 | 3 |
You’re bending down, or doing a movement you have done hundreds of times and then all of a sudden you’re in a world of pain. Accumulative strain can present in multiple ways, and significantly affect how we function and move on a day to day basis.
Have you turned slightly the wrong way and had your back go?
Have you had an injury seemingly come out of nowhere?
These are just a few examples of how accumulative strain presents in our body.
So what is Accumulative Strain?
It is a build-up of load from various sources, such as:
- Postural load
- Sports technique
- Previous Injury
- Poor footwear
- Lack of sleep
- Stressful/Emotional load on our brain (anxiety, worry, depression)
- General Health issues (immune system, endocrine/hormonal systems, infections, illness)
And leads to:
- Tight muscles
- Stiff joints
- Irritated nerves
One thing on its own may not be enough to cause injury or symptoms, but in combination, strain can add up so that a small change in one aspect of your life can lead to a seemingly disproportionate amount of pain/ injury/ dysfunction. If previous injuries/stressors were never completely resolved we bring our tipping point closer to the pain threshold.
In the graph below you can see this depicted. Ideally everyone should be functioning in the optimal zone. This is when muscles and joints feel relaxed and mobile, movement ranges are 75% + and other factors such as nutrition, sleep and stress are being addressed.
What can I do to limit strain?
To limit strain in your body you want to improve all aspects that contribute to it. For example:
- Improve your posture at work, on the couch at home, driving in your car, or standing at a bar having a drink.
- Set your workstation up best for YOU!
- Ensure you are as fit and strong as you can be for the activities you do.
- Be smart about your footwear.
- Getting enough sleep. Sleep is essential for brain development and cell recovery.
- Lead a Balanced Lifestyle. Try to take time out to do the things you enjoy often. Working too much or feeling stressed can have negative effects on your body & your health.
- See a Barefoot Physiotherapist. To work out if strain is building up in your body that would eventually become an issue, we can do a thorough assessment of your nerves, muscles, joints and postures. You do not need to have symptoms to have an assessment. It is a positive step towards injury prevention.
At Barefoot our goal is to get you back to doing what you love. Whether you are an elite athlete, an office worker, a parent or even a student, it’s so important to listen to your body. At Barefoot Physiotherapy we want to help you continue to live the life you choose, pain free. Want to find out more? Click here. | <urn:uuid:af9dff2f-b78c-47cc-a9cf-a2bef81c03f3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.barefootphysiotherapy.com.au/tag/healthy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.948866 | 625 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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